Used to view spending and available funding to cover new obligations. It shows. the AFP, Allotment, Commitment, Obligation, Expenses, Disbursement, Available Allotment, and available AFP for budget objects (including Fund, Fund. Center, Commitment Item, Functional Area, and Funded Program).
A landmark case representing one of the earliest examples of the use of the Supremacy Clause is that of McCulloch v. Maryland. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Maryland had no legal right to tax the Second Bank of the United States as a Federal entity.
In ruling for the federal government, then, John Marshall and the Supreme Court established three main concepts: first, the national government is supreme to the states; second, that there are implied powers in the Constitution; and third, that the 'necessary and proper' clause allowed them to exist.