Used to view spending and available funding to cover new obligations. It shows. the AFP, Allotment, Commitment, Obligation, Expenses, Disbursement, Available Allotment, and available AFP for budget objects (including Fund, Fund. Center, Commitment Item, Functional Area, and Funded Program).
A landmark case representing one of the earliest examples of the use of the Supremacy Clause is that of McCulloch v. Maryland. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Maryland had no legal right to tax the Second Bank of the United States as a Federal entity.
The Supreme Court decisions also reflected nationalism. The Supreme Court cases empowered the central government and expanded the power and independence of the Supreme Court. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall played an important role in establishing the independence of the Judicial Branch. Almost all of his rulings promoted commerce and favored the central government. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819