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1 Achalasia. 2  Achalasia is a condition that affects the smooth muscle portion of the esophagus, that is, the lower esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter. 3  Specifically, the peristaltic wave disappears, and the lower sphincter does not relax.
Smooth muscle is present throughout the body, in blood vessels and skin, but is most often considered in the context of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera. In that it innervates muscle, causing contraction or relaxation, the ANS is similar to the system of skeletal muscle innervation.