A form of apparatus often used for testing specimens of steel consists of a small electric furnace in which to heat the specimen, and a special thermo-couple pyrometer (see  Pyrometers ) for indicating the range of temperatures through which the steel passes.
Where the American Civil War Began. Decades of growing strife between North and South erupted in civil war on April 12, 1861, when Confederate artillery opened fire on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.
Abner Doubleday Fires First Union Shots of the Civil War. On April 12th 1861 South Carolina troops opened fire on Fort Sumter. In response to this assault Abner Doubleday divided his company into three details to return fire, the first shot against the rebellion was fired by Abner Doubleday and his men.