Main articles: Growth hormone 1 and Growth hormone 2. Genes for human growth hormone, known as growth hormone 1 (somatotropin) and growth hormone 2, are localized in the q22-24 region of chromosome 17 and are closely related to human chorionic somatomammotropin (also known as placental lactogen) genes.
The U-shape of the marginal cost curve is directly attributable to increasing, then decreasing marginal returns (and the law of diminishing marginal returns). As marginal product (and marginal returns) increases for relatively small output quantities, marginal cost declines.
Marginal Cost and Average Cost curves. Average Total Cost is the sum of average variable cost and average fixed cost. or we can say, average cost is equal to the total cost divided by the number of units produced. Marginal Cost is the addition made to the total cost by producing 1 additional unit of output.