A form of apparatus often used for testing specimens of steel consists of a small electric furnace in which to heat the specimen, and a special thermo-couple pyrometer (see  Pyrometers ) for indicating the range of temperatures through which the steel passes.
Where the American Civil War Began. Decades of growing strife between North and South erupted in civil war on April 12, 1861, when Confederate artillery opened fire on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.
major civil war battles the first shots of the long feared civil war were fired by the south on fort sumter on april 12 1861 the fort was named for a revolutionary war hero thomas sumterhe union troops were commanded by gen irvin mcdowell the confederate army by generals joseph e johnston and beauregard the armies clashed on july 21 1861 two battles of the civil war were fought in northern virginia near a small river called bull run and a town called manassas junction