DEFINITION of 'Substitution Effect'. The idea that as prices rise (or incomes decrease) consumers will replace more expensive items with less costly alternatives.
Dysmenorrhea, also known as dysmenorrhoea, painful periods, or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. It usually begins around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen.Other symptoms may include back pain, diarrhea, or nausea. In young women painful periods often occur without an underlying problem.t usually begins around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. Other symptoms may include back pain, diarrhea, or nausea. In young women painful periods often occur without an underlying problem.
Primary dysmenorrhea also occurs more frequently in unmarried women than in married women (61% vs. 51%), decreases with age, and does not appear to be related to the type of occupation or physical condition of the woman.sually appearing within 6â12 months after the menarche, primary dysmenorrhea occurs almost invariably in ovulatory cycles. About 88% of adolescents with dysmenorrhea experience their first painful menstruation within the first 2 years after menarche.