A form of apparatus often used for testing specimens of steel consists of a small electric furnace in which to heat the specimen, and a special thermo-couple pyrometer (see  Pyrometers ) for indicating the range of temperatures through which the steel passes.
Where the American Civil War Began. Decades of growing strife between North and South erupted in civil war on April 12, 1861, when Confederate artillery opened fire on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.
The war began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter. and ended on June 22, 1865 with the Confederate raider CSS Shenandoah firing the last shot of the Civil War in the Bering Strait, more than two months after General Lee's surrender at Appomattox. 1  Civil War Leaders. 2  Civil War P.O.W.3  Camps.he war began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter. and ended on June 22, 1865 with the Confederate raider CSS Shenandoah firing the last shot of the Civil War in the Bering Strait, more than two months after General Lee's surrender at Appomattox. 1  Civil War Leaders. 2  Civil War P.O.W. 3  Camps.