DEFINITION of 'Substitution Effect'. The idea that as prices rise (or incomes decrease) consumers will replace more expensive items with less costly alternatives.
Dysmenorrhea, also known as dysmenorrhoea, painful periods, or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. It usually begins around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen.Other symptoms may include back pain, diarrhea, or nausea. In young women painful periods often occur without an underlying problem.t usually begins around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. Other symptoms may include back pain, diarrhea, or nausea. In young women painful periods often occur without an underlying problem.
Secondary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain due to pelvic pathology. Secondary dysmenorrhea usually occurs after a woman has had normal menstrual periods for some time. It differs from primary dysmenorrhea in that the pain is caused by an abnormality or disease of the uterus, Fallopian tubes or ovaries.The pain may be similar to menstrual cramps, but often lasts longer than the menses, and may also occur at other times of the month.t differs from primary dysmenorrhea in that the pain is caused by an abnormality or disease of the uterus, Fallopian tubes or ovaries. The pain may be similar to menstrual cramps, but often lasts longer than the menses, and may also occur at other times of the month.