A form of apparatus often used for testing specimens of steel consists of a small electric furnace in which to heat the specimen, and a special thermo-couple pyrometer (see  Pyrometers ) for indicating the range of temperatures through which the steel passes.
Where the American Civil War Began. Decades of growing strife between North and South erupted in civil war on April 12, 1861, when Confederate artillery opened fire on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.
Where The Civil War Began. Pick up any history textbook and it will indicate the American Civil War began April 12, 1861, when Confederate batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. That may have been the first âofficialâ military engagement, although there were no casualties during the bombardment.