A form of apparatus often used for testing specimens of steel consists of a small electric furnace in which to heat the specimen, and a special thermo-couple pyrometer (see  Pyrometers ) for indicating the range of temperatures through which the steel passes.
Where the American Civil War Began. Decades of growing strife between North and South erupted in civil war on April 12, 1861, when Confederate artillery opened fire on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.
This month, Ken âBurnsâ Jennings will reveal that a lot of what you think you know about the Civil War is a bunch of Bull Run. Civil War Myth #1: The First Shots of the War Were Fired at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. Since the north never recognized the Confederacy as a foreign government, but only as a âbelligerent foreign power,â there was no formal declaration of war in 1861.