The shortcuts for Windows 7. If you have not made the leap to Windows 8, this little cheat sheet will help you work more efficiently with Windows 7. Note: This list is part of Greg Shultz's comprehensive collection of Windows keyboard shortcuts, available as a PDF download. Also read: Free cheat sheet of 100 Windows 8 keyboard shortcuts.
i just ran across a problem asking me to identify the valence electrons on a sulfur atom in a sulfate ion. my understanding is that sulfate ion = 4 oxygen + 1 sulfur atom and has a 2- charge. now, in the answer to this question, it reads: sulfur in a sulfate ion has 12 valence electrons, its original six... *which i was able to find; 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p4 plus 6 more from the oxygens to which it is bonded.
When atoms are charged, the number of electrons in its outermost energy level, or shell, will change based on the amount of charge. For example, if sulfur is charged to S-2, this means that sulfur now has eight, or two in addition to its usual six, valence electrons. Knowing the number of an element's valence electrons can be helpful in knowing how it will bond with other atoms. In some cases, the term valence electrons may be abbreviated as VE.