In the wake of the war, the Congress submitted, and the States ratified, the Thirteenth. Amendment (making slavery illegal), the Fourteenth Amendment. (defining and granting broad rights of national citizenship), and the. Fifteenth Amendment (forbidding racial discrimination in elec-. tions). The Fourteenth Amendment was the most controversial and. far-reaching of the three ââReconstruction Amendments.ââ.
A key element in calculating the HDI is life expectancy at birth. The life expectancy factor helps to determine how long the average citizen lives, how healthy she can remain during her life and how much she can contribute in her working life.
The non-income Human Development Index. The non-income HDI is Human Development Index calculated without the income component (just with health and education). The non-income HDI seeks to show countries in the world that do best in terms of non-income development.