Statistical significance considers the first and third of these concerns. The middle one, bias, cannot be detected by mathematical deductive logic: it needs detailed information on the way the sample was chosen. This is dealt with in the notes on bias.
A HEIC file is a raster image saved in the High Efficiency Image Format (HEIF), a lossy compressed format. It may contain still images, image collections, image bursts, or image sequences, along with metadata that describes each image. HEIC files may also appear as .HEIF files.
The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the East Indies (in present-day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent.