The distance from Earth to Mars changes dramatically depending on where the planets are in their orbits. At closest approach, when Mars and Earth are on the same side of the Sun, the distance between the planets can be as low as 54.6 million kilometers. At their greatest separation, when the planets are on opposite sides of the Sun, they can be as far as 401 million km apart.
DEFINITION of 'Joint Venture-JV'. A business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task. This task can be a new project or any other business activity.
Joint Stock Company. A business backed by a powerful charter that sold shares to individuals to raise money for it's trading enterprises and to spread risks/profits among many investors. First such companies were the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company.