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As nouns the difference between oligomerization and polymerization is that oligomerization is (chemistry) the formation of an oligomer from a monomer while polymerization is (chemistry) the chemical process, normally with the aid of a catalyst, to form a polymer by bonding together multiple identical units (monomers).
Usually, polymers are organic (but not necessarily). A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains. Here is a monomer: Here is a polymer: A polymer can be made up of thousands of monomer. This linking up of monomers is called polymerization. It is the long chains that give polymers their unique properties.