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As nouns the difference between oligomerization and polymerization is that oligomerization is (chemistry) the formation of an oligomer from a monomer while polymerization is (chemistry) the chemical process, normally with the aid of a catalyst, to form a polymer by bonding together multiple identical units (monomers).
The word polymer means 'many units' and refers to a group of molecules which react to form a chain of molecules. Each 'unit' is a smaller, individual molecule called a monomer. Monomers become polymers through polymerisation, which is the chemical process by which monomers link together. Polymers contain one type of monomer or link two types in an alternate pattern. A polymer containing more than one monomer is a co-polymer.