In the wake of the war, the Congress submitted, and the States ratified, the Thirteenth. Amendment (making slavery illegal), the Fourteenth Amendment. (defining and granting broad rights of national citizenship), and the. Fifteenth Amendment (forbidding racial discrimination in elec-. tions). The Fourteenth Amendment was the most controversial and. far-reaching of the three ââReconstruction Amendments.ââ.
A key element in calculating the HDI is life expectancy at birth. The life expectancy factor helps to determine how long the average citizen lives, how healthy she can remain during her life and how much she can contribute in her working life.
This paper examines the consequences of data error in health, education and income statistics used to. construct the Human Development Index (HDI). We identify three sources of data error which are due to. (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) the use of thresholds to assign a country as âlowâ,