In this sense the therapist is non-directive because they are tracking and following the client. Metaphorically the therapist is walking alongside the client, sometimes a few paces behind and sometimes a few paces ahead, sometimes stopping to discuss where to go next, but always going wherever the client goes.
Martin Seligman developed the theory of learned helplessness, and defined it as the motivational and behavioral deficits displayed by humans when exposed to uncontrollable circumstances.
1 Feelings of Helplessness or Hopelessness â A feeling that nothing will ever get better and thereâs nothing you can do to change it. 2  Loss of Interest in Daily Activities â No interest in former hobbies, pastimes and social life.. 3  Youâve lost your ability to feel joy and pleasure.