In the US legal system, judicial decisions create legal precedents that guide judges in deciding similar future cases. The decisions of the highest court in a jurisdiction create mandatory precedent that must be followed by lower courts in that jurisdiction.
Usually a bubble echo is looking for an opening between the top 2 chambers in the heart. During a regular echo, which is totally noninvasive, they inject some saline with a small amount of air into an IV. That is the only invasive part of the test. They then look at the screen and see where the bubbles go. In a negative study, they all go over to the left side of the heart. In a positive study, some don't go to the left side, indicating a possible connection or small hole in the heart. It is totally painless; I have had 2 done.
An economic bubble or asset bubble is trade in an asset at a price or price range that strongly exceeds the asset's intrinsic value. It could also be described as a situation in which asset prices appear to be based on implausible or inconsistent views about the future. Asset bubbles date back as far as the 1600s and are now widely regarded as a recurrent feature of modern economic history. Historically, the Dutch Golden Age's Tulipmania is often considered the first recorded economic bubble. Be