In this sense the therapist is non-directive because they are tracking and following the client. Metaphorically the therapist is walking alongside the client, sometimes a few paces behind and sometimes a few paces ahead, sometimes stopping to discuss where to go next, but always going wherever the client goes.
Martin Seligman developed the theory of learned helplessness, and defined it as the motivational and behavioral deficits displayed by humans when exposed to uncontrollable circumstances.
The use of Appreciative Advising can be related to the earlier research by Seligman (1975) who coined the term âlearned helplessness,â which was later changed to âlearned optimism.â The former includes students who have an external locus of control and a belief that they have no influence over their own destiny.he use of Appreciative Advising can be related to the earlier research by Seligman (1975) who coined the term âlearned helplessness,â which was later changed to âlearned optimism.â The former includes students who have an external locus of control and a belief that they have no influence over their own destiny.