(1 + c)/(r + e + c). The money multiplier (also called the credit multiplier or the deposit multiplier) is a measure of the extent to which the creation of money in the banking system causes the growth in the money supply to exceed growth in the monetary base.
A buzzing light switch could mean the fixture is wearing out, causing an arc of electricity behind the wall plate. If this is the case, the potential for an electrical fire may exist.
All mains-powered light sources flicker, all the time. So if all lights flicker, why do some people think flickering LEDs are a problem? LED flicker used to occur because â unlike incandescents, halogens and fluorescents â LEDs have no persistence. When the power supply to an LED is switched off, the light output stops instantly.