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As nouns the difference between oligomerization and polymerization is that oligomerization is (chemistry) the formation of an oligomer from a monomer while polymerization is (chemistry) the chemical process, normally with the aid of a catalyst, to form a polymer by bonding together multiple identical units (monomers).
Monomers form polymers by forming chemical bonds or binding supramolecularly through a process called polymerization. Sometimes polymers are made from bound groups of monomer subunits (up to a few dozen monomers) called oligomers. A related term is monomeric protein, which is a protein which bonds to make a multiprotein complex.