meninges. plural of meninx; the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord: the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. adj., adj meninÂ´geal.Meninges of the central nervous system.eninx. Etymology: Gk, meninx, membrane. the three membranes enclosing the brain and the spinal cord, comprising the dura mater, the pia mater, and the arachnoid membrane. The pia mater and the arachnoid can become inflamed by bacterial meningitis, causing serious complications that may be life-threatening.
The exact cause of cholangiocarcinoma is unknown, and most cases occur sporadically, but there are several well-defined risk factors. The most common of these is primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The true incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in the setting of PSC is reported as 8%-40%, depending on the type of study.
The precise mechanism of liver fluke infection causing CCA (cholangiocarcinogenesis) is also not known. OV produces mechanical injury to the biliary epithelia by attachment with suckers, inflammation caused by OV and mitogenic factors secreted by OV to help the biliary epithelial cells transform to CCA[ ].e confirmed that the presence of the antibody against OV significantly increased the risk for CCA; odds ratio (OR) = 27.09 [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.30-116.57]. The results confirmed the previously reported data by Parkin et al[ ]. In addition, we found that alcohol drinking is another risk factor for CCA.