Definition of scholarship. 1  1 : a grant-in-aid to a student (as by a college or foundation) 2  2 : the character, qualities, activity, or attainments of a scholar : learning. 3  3 : a fund of knowledge and learning drawing on the scholarship of the ancients.
Restriction of the mother's blood flow through the placenta is the most common cause of placental insufficiency. Any restriction can have a serious effect upon fetal growth and development. Placental damage can cause restriction - damage for example caused by infarction (tissue death) or the separation from the uterine wall (placenta abruption). Spasm or blood clots in the placenta veins also have the same effect.
Most ascending infections are usually caused by bacteria. However, hematogenous infections may be caused by non-bacterial pathogens as well. Infection of the placenta causes infiltration of leukocytes into the infected region, resulting in cloudiness of the amniotic fluid. The infected tissue may also display vascular congestion and tissue swelling (technically referred to as villitis).