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Most frequently humeral shaft fractures occur as a result of a direct blow to the upper arm (transverse fractures). Indirect trauma from a fall or a twisting action (e.g. arm wrestling) are also encountered and usually result in spiral or oblique fractures 1,3.
Shaft work is a kind of contact work, because it occurs through direct material contact with the surrounding matter at the boundary of the system. A system that is initially in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium cannot initiate any change in its internal energy.