In the wake of the war, the Congress submitted, and the States ratified, the Thirteenth. Amendment (making slavery illegal), the Fourteenth Amendment. (defining and granting broad rights of national citizenship), and the. Fifteenth Amendment (forbidding racial discrimination in elec-. tions). The Fourteenth Amendment was the most controversial and. far-reaching of the three ââReconstruction Amendments.ââ.
A key element in calculating the HDI is life expectancy at birth. The life expectancy factor helps to determine how long the average citizen lives, how healthy she can remain during her life and how much she can contribute in her working life.
-HDI: (human development index) an aggregate index of development, which takes into account economic, social and demographic factors, using GDP, literacy and education, and life expectancy. -PQL (physical quality of life index) based on literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy at age one.