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1) That looks right. 2) Step 1: Moles=Mass/Mr, so it's 144/72= 2mol. Step 2: Stoichiometry means the ratio of oxygen to pentane is 1:8 so moles of oxygen is moles of pentane times 8. 2*8=16mol of oxygen. Step 3: 16= 9.6*10^24. 3) The ratio of oxygen to carbon in CO2 is 1:2. so it's 192/3 = 64.
A mole is a chemical counting unit, such that 1 mole = 6.022 * 10^23 particles. Stoichiometry also requires the use of balanced equations. From the balanced equation we can get the mole ratio. The mole ratio is the ratio of moles of one substance to the moles of another substance in a balanced equation.