Power Management applications: load shedding; active and reactive power control; busbar synchronization. * Horizontal communication to IEDs via GOOSE and Vertical communication via MMS for standard data objects and SoE for breaker and switch commands.
A paraesophageal hernia is also known as a hiatal hernia, where a portion of the stomach slides through the diaphragm and into the chest. This may cause symptoms of pain, heartburn, reflux, and difficulty swallowing food. Sometimes it causes food or even liquids to become stuck as they go down the esophagus.
Most patients with a paraesophageal hernia remain asymptomatic. In this type of hernia, symptoms from acid reflux usually do not occur. Instead, the most common symptom is epigastric or substernal pain.Some patients complain of substernal fullness, nausea, and dysphagia. significant proportion of patients with this type of hernia develop incarceration of the hernia and possible gastric volvulus, which can lead to perforation. If perforation occurs, the mortality rate is high.