Scratch visibility of polymers measured using optical imaging by Rangarajan, P.; Sinha, M.; Watkins, V.; Harding, K.; Sparks, J. / Polymer Engineering and Science. For reflection, the incident light wave is resolved into components in the. and normal to the. (the plane of the surface).
The intermolecular forces and bonds of water are many. All molecules have Van der Waal or London dispersion forces. Since the OH bonds are polar, dipole-dipole interactions exist. Due to the bonding of H to the O, hydrogen bonding is present between molecules. That is all, ionic bonding does not exist for water. Hydrogen and hydroxide do not completely separate into ions.
An ionic bond is a chemical bond between two dissimilar (i.e. a metal and a non-metal) atoms in which one atom gives up an electron to another. Hence both atoms become ions as one atom has one electron less, while the other has an extra. The metal ion which lost an electron has a positive charge.