Standing orders enable all members of the care team to function to their fullest capacity. In order to be effective, standing orders must be approved by the clinical leadership. Staff members must be trained in our how to use the standing order and must be supervised, so that someone can check to be sure that they are doing it properly.
Owing to the absence of the king and the economic independence of Brazil, Portugal entered a severe political crisis that obliged John VI and the royal family to return to Portugal in 1821. The heir of John VI, Pedro I, remained in Brazil.
This was around the same time of great Portuguese influence on the coast with the great explorer Vasco de Gama arriving in 1498; the Portuguese were finally driven out after the siege of Fort Jesus at Mombasa in 1698 (and failed their renewed attack in 1728).