238 Answers to quick quiz 1 Marginal costing is an alternative method of costing to absorption costing. In marginal costing, only variable costs are charged as a cost of sale and a contribution is calculated (sales revenue â variable cost of sales).
The elderly are an at-risk population because they have increased risk for adverse health outcomes, a need for health services, and unique social circumstances. Risks for common diseases increase over the life span, and other diseases are linked specifically to old age.
Aging is the most significant risk factor for thoracic disc degeneration due to normal age-related changes in disc integrity. As in the lumbar spine, genetics is probably the main risk factor for premature disc degeneration. In the elderly, the presence of chronic disease such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis increases the risk of pain in the thoracic spine. Thoracic herniated discs occur equally often in men and women (Manges).