Scratch visibility of polymers measured using optical imaging by Rangarajan, P.; Sinha, M.; Watkins, V.; Harding, K.; Sparks, J. / Polymer Engineering and Science. For reflection, the incident light wave is resolved into components in the. and normal to the. (the plane of the surface).
The intermolecular forces and bonds of water are many. All molecules have Van der Waal or London dispersion forces. Since the OH bonds are polar, dipole-dipole interactions exist. Due to the bonding of H to the O, hydrogen bonding is present between molecules. That is all, ionic bonding does not exist for water. Hydrogen and hydroxide do not completely separate into ions.
No. Covalent bonds exist within a water molecule. Hydrogen bonds exist between water molecules.