Some root cause analysis approaches are geared more toward identifying true root causes than others; some are more general problem-solving techniques, while others simply offer support for the core activity of root cause analysis.
All data in modern computers is stored as series of bits. A bit is a binary digit and can have one of two values; the two values are generally represented as the numbers 0 and 1. The most basic form of representing computer data, then, is to represent a piece of data as a string of 1s and 0s, one for each bit.
Two's Complement Binary. Two's Complement signed integers use a coding that is intuitive for positive numbers but that takes some getting used to for negative numbers. If the most significant (left-most) bit is 0, the number is construed as positive, and the coding looks just like straight binary.