Scratch visibility of polymers measured using optical imaging by Rangarajan, P.; Sinha, M.; Watkins, V.; Harding, K.; Sparks, J. / Polymer Engineering and Science. For reflection, the incident light wave is resolved into components in the. and normal to the. (the plane of the surface).
The intermolecular forces and bonds of water are many. All molecules have Van der Waal or London dispersion forces. Since the OH bonds are polar, dipole-dipole interactions exist. Due to the bonding of H to the O, hydrogen bonding is present between molecules. That is all, ionic bonding does not exist for water. Hydrogen and hydroxide do not completely separate into ions.
Water has a simple molecular structure. It is composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to the oxygen via a shared pair of electrons. Oxygen also has two unshared pairs of electrons. Thus there are 4 pairs of electrons surrounding the oxygen atom, two pairs involved in covalent bonds with hydrogen, and two unshared pairs on the opposite side of the oxygen atom. Oxygen is an electronegative or electron loving atom compared with hydrogen.