Measuring cup, graduated cylinder, anything that has volumetric markings to tell you how much liquid you have. Or if the liquid has a known density, you can weigh it and determine its volume from mass/density. (You just have to make sure your units are all the same scale--if you weigh in lbs. and have density in grams/cubic centimeters, you have to convert lbs. to grams before using the density equation.
I know the basics of how to find these values from a graph, but not sure how to prove that average voltage of half-wave rectifier is peak/pi and rms is peak/2. Same for full-wave rectifier where average is 2peak/pi.
Output power factor remains in the range of 0.96 or higher from half to full load. Because it regenerates an output voltage waveform, output distortion, which is typically less than 4%, is independent of any input voltage distortion, including notching. Efficiency at full load is typically in the range of 89% to 93%. However, at low loads, efficiency can drop below 60%.