Gelatin is a protein and in aqueous solutions is a hydrophilic colloid. Gelatin derived from an acid-treated precursor is known as Type A, and gelatin derived from an alkali-treated precursor is known as Type B.
The philosophes (French for philosophers) were the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment. [1] Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics and social issues.
Montesquieu and Rousseau were two of the philosophes during the Enlightenment that had a profound impact on Europe and the world. Although they came from different backgrounds, one a nobleman, the other a commoner, both were dissatisfied with the French kings' rule.