Chest pain is always an alarming symptom since it usually raises the fear of heart disease. And because chest pain may indeed be a sign of angina or of some other heart problem, it is always a good idea to have it checked out. But heart disease is only one of the many types of conditions that can produce chest pain.
Concept 27 Mutations are changes in genetic information. Hermann Muller received the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on mutations induced by X-rays. Seymour Benzer used genetics to prove that mutations were caused by changes in the DNA sequence.
Alan Turing was a computer theorist who invented the Turing test which humans use to see if a machine can converse like a human being. A CAPTCHA is actually an inverted Turing test whereby a machine tests to see if you are human or not, but the core principle remains.