When you hire an electrician, even for a small job like installing a light switch, be aware that most charge a minimum fee for a visit. But that fee will roll into the cost of the job. In other words, although an electrician may charge $70 just to walk in the door, that money might cover the first hour of work. The cost of the job will vary depending on the complexity and parts needed. One factor that often contributes to a job's complexity is access.
1 Kidney stones. Large kidney stones cannot enter the ureter but a stone less than 5mm in diameter can cause a sudden obstruction.  Blood clots may obstruct the ureter and this is usually seen with massive hematuria (blood in the urine). Bleeding in these cases may be due to tumors, papillary necrosis or kidney stones.
1 This involves a prolapse of the back wall of the vagina (rectovaginal fascia). When this wall weakens, the rectal wall pushes against the vaginal wall, creating a bulge. This bulge may become especially noticeable during bowel movements.  Cystocele (prolapse of the bladder, bladder drop). This can occur when the front wall of the vagina (pubocervical fascia) prolapses. As a result, the bladder may prolapse into the vagina. When this condition occurs, the urethra usually prolapses, as well.