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So you are sucking a lot of cold dry air into your throat and lungs which drys out the natural mucuses that exists there, and causes temporary inflammation and pain. This results in that burning sensation you feel in your throat/chest/lungs, which may or may not be accompanied by wheezing and coughing. It can be quite painful and quite distressing, but usually, it should subside within, hmm, about 15-20 mins after you stop exercising.
Your lungs burn during exercise because they are being used more than normal. This extra work that your lungs are doing may lead to an inflammatory process and also an engorgement of blood vessels in the lungs.