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This is termed non-spuriousness, which simply means ânot false.â A spurious or false relationship exists when what appears to be an association between the two variables is actually caused by a third extraneous variable.
For example, if we have an association between two variables (X and Y), and that association is due to the fact that both X and Y are affected by a third variable (Z), then we would say that the association between X and Y is spurious and that it is a result of the effect of an extraneous variable (Z).