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Folds are created in rock when they experience compressional stress. This is when the rock is being pushed inward from both sides. This is like if you put a spring between your hands and push them together. As you push, you're compressing the spring, and rock can be compressed in the same way over long periods of time.
One type of stress that we are all used to is a uniform stress, called pressure. A uniform stress is a stress wherein the forces act equally from all directions. In the Earth the pressure due to the weight of overlying rocks is a uniform stress, and is sometimes referred to as confining stress. If stress is not equal from all directions then we say that the stress is a differential stress. Three kinds of differential stress occur. Tensional stress (or extensional stress), which stretches rock; Compressional stress, which squeezes rock; and; Shear stress, which result in slippage and translation. When rocks deform they are said to strain. A strain is a change in size, shape, or volume of a material. Stages of Deformation When a rock is subjected to increasing stress it passes through 3 successive stages of deformation. 1  Elastic Deformation -- wherein the strain is reversible. 2  Ductile Deformation -- wherein the strain is irreversible. 3  Fracture - irreversible strain wherein the material breaks.