Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves. On average, the human tongue has 2,000â8,000 taste buds.
Harm reduction is a technique used to treat drug addiction that focuses on preventing harm to addicts before preventing use of drugs or alcohol.
Only Stanton doesnât think that âabstinence-orientedâ is a type of treatment. Harm reduction, which incorporates abstinence as one end of a spectrum of harm-reduction techniques, does represent a therapeutic approach, which Stanton explains in the SMART newsletter. Harm reduction therapy is based on four principles: While absolute abstinence may be preferable for many or most substance abusers, very few will achieve it, and even that small group will take time to do so and may relapse periodically;