Thus, the AS procedures were still compatible in factor of safety for concrete members. LF rating procedures usually assign a dead load factor of 1.3 and live load factors of 2.17 (when computing Inventory Ratings) and 1.3 (when computing Operating Ratings).
Of the three rat species found in Hawaii, the black . rat, because of its size and arboreal behavior is considered the greatest threat to native Hawaiian forest birds. Rats also compete with forest birds for food items . such as native snails, insects, fruits, and seeds. Polynesian rats first arrived in Hawai`i with the . Polynesians (approx. 400A.D.) and black and Norway rats arrived with Westerners in the 1780s. Some species of rats can swim over a mile in open water, and can tread water for up to three days. Some species of rats can travel through sewer pipes and dive through water plumbing traps.
Additionally, both rats and mongooses carry leptospirosis which their droppings transfer to our streams and water supplies, so not only are these creatures destroying native birds, they also threaten human habitats (and is one good reason not to swim in Hawai'i streams and ponds).