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Roman Government. Ancient Rome experienced three different types of government: Monarchy; Republic; Empire; While the myth of Romeâs origins involve Romulus killing his twin brother Remus to rule Rome and name it after himself, we know that the area was ruled by the Etruscans in the seventh century B.C. This means that Rome was under the power of a monarchy in its earliest period, which is a system of government that has one ruler. Evidence points to seven different kings ruling Rome at this time. However, sometime around 509 B.C., the citizens of Rome gained control from the Etruscans and established the Roman Republic.
With the Punic Wars, Rome gained dominance over the Mediterranean. Soon, Ancient Rome would displace Hellenistic Greece as the dominant world power, with the city of Rome as its capital and most dominant city for the next five centuries.After Julius Caesar 's conquest of Gaul, followed by a period of civil war, the Roman Empire was established under Octavian in 27 BC.uring the Italian unification in the 19th century, the Roman Question referred to the status of Rome under the temporal power of the popes. Rome was declared the capital of the kingdom of Italy on 27 March 1861, but the Italian government could not take its seat there because it was defended by a French garrison.