A key process in surfactant secretion is exocytosis of LB, and there have been several ultrastructural observations of lamellar material passing from AT II cells into alveoli (reviewed in ref.
In one general practice sample, costochondritis, also known as costosternal syndrome and anterior chest wall syndrome, was the most common specific cause of anterior musculoskeletal chest pain, with a prevalence of 13%.
A large number of conditions other than obstructive coronary artery disease may cause chest pain. The source may be from other structures and organs within the chest, the chest wall itself, the spinal column, or the abdomen.