The Hierarchy of Needs. The Maslow motivation theory is one of the best known and most influential theories on workplace motivation. Psychologist Abraham Maslow first developed his famous theory of individual development and motivation in the 1940âs. He suggested that human beings have a hierarchy of needs. That is, that all humans act in a way which will address basic needs, before moving on to satisfy other, so-called higher level needs.
Diseases in other organs, such as the kidneys and the liver, may cause dyspnea by a combination of the interactions we have discussed. In end stage renal disease, for example, dyspnea can be due to metabolic acidosis, volume overload causing pulmonary edema, and/or pleural effusions impairing lung expansion.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea may be caused by mech-anisms similar to those for orthopnea. The failing left ven-tricle is suddenly unable to match the output of a more normally functioning right ventricle; this results in pul-monary congestion. Additional mechanisms may be re-sponsible in patients who experience paroxysmal nocturnal