Extrafusal muscle fibers are the skeletal standard muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. They make up large mass of skeletal (striated) muscle and are attached to bone by fibrous tissue extensions (tendons). Each alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers innervated by it make up a motor unit. The connection between the alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fiber is a neuromuscular junction, where the neuron's signal, the action potential, is transduced to the muscle fiber by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Budgeting. Budgets are an essential feature of the control system and, as such, an integral feature of effective management. However, it is still worth considering the advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of budgets are: 1. As an essential part of the management process budgets compel planning, making people within an organisation think about the future. A formal budgeting procedure with specified deadlines compels operations managers to divert their attention away from day-to-day business and get down to completing the budget.
One of the major shortcomings of zero-based budgeting is that it can reward short-term thinking by shifting resources towards areas of the company that will generate revenues over the next calendar year. Some areas of the company are long-term investments, such as research and development or worker training. These won't be generating revenue in the near term, but over the long term, they are the keys to remaining competitive. Zero-based budgeting is also quite resource-intensive. It takes a lot more time and effort to draw up a budget from scratch rather than modify an existing budget. Many critics argue that the benefits of zero-based budgeting do not justify its time cost. Further, the process can be gamed by savvy managers to get more resources into their departments.