Chinese Abacus. The abacus is first known in China from the Northern Song dynasty through the work of Shao Yong (1011-1077). Like many early inventions it is not clear precisely where it originally came from. Some say Central Asia; some Asia Minor and others China.
Snag(noun) a stump or base of a branch that has been lopped off; a short branch, or a sharp or rough branch; a knot; a protuberance. Snag(noun) a tooth projecting beyond the rest; contemptuously, a broken or decayed tooth.
The snaffle is generally considered one of the gentlest types of bits. Snaffles are often used on young horses and those in training. A snaffle is a direct pressure bit; it can have a broken or jointed mouthpiece, or a straight mouthpiece. The cheekpieces of snaffle bits are rings.