The first type of telescope to be built was the refractor. It uses a lens to bend, or refract, light rays to a focus. Glasswork matured in Europe in the 16th Century and by the end of the century artisans had learned how to grind convex lenses that could magnify an image.
Please choose PRINT from your browser menu. Close Window. Lumps and Bumps on the Outside of the Foot. Written By: Dr. Kirk A. Koepsel, D.P.M. Description. There are a few causes of lumps, bumps or prominence on the outside of the foot. Some of these are just normal anatomy; others are due to abnormal processes. Starting from the fifth toe and working back to the heel: A common prominence on the fifth toe is due to the formation of a hammertoe.
A bunion (also referred to as hallux valgus or hallux abducto valgus) is often described as a bump on the side of the big toe. But a bunion is more than that. The visible bump actually reflects changes in the bony framework of the front part of the foot.