With aircraft, other factors affecting optimum cruise altitude include payload, center of gravity, air temperature, humidity, and speed. This altitude is usually where the higher ground speeds, the increase in aerodynamic drag power, and the decrease in engine thrust and efficiency at higher altitudes are balanced. Typical cruising airspeed for a long-distance commercial passenger aircraft is 475â500 knots (878â926 km/h; 546â575 mph).
The process of saturation and slumping continues, leading to failure of dam. c) Structural Failure: About 25% of failure is attributed to structural failure, which is mainly due to shear failure causing slide along the slopes. The failure may be due to:
The spillway is a critical part of dam construction. An under-designed spillway will result in the dam overtopping or serious spillway erosion during peak runoff. These situations can cause major water losses, potential flooding and damage downstream, in addition to the costs to repair the dam.he dam must be constructed from an impervious (clay or clay-based) material. A simple field test to determine the suitability of the material for compaction requires adding a small amount of moisture to a handful of material and then mixing to the consistency of putty.