Since summer (and other seasons) can begin and end on different days each year on the astronomical calendar, it can be hard to compare seasons from year to year in this way. To standardize the length and start of the seasons, in meteorology, the 12 months of the year have been split up into four, 3-month periods. Therefore, in the meteorological calendar, summer includes the months of June, July and August - always starting on 1 June and ending on 31 August.
NADPH or NADP plus stands for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate. NADPH is created in the Stoma on the duration of light reactions accumulation. NADPH or NADP plus stands for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate. NADPH is created in the Stoma on the duration of light reactions accumulation.
Light reactions turn light energy into chemical energy. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll and causes a transfer of e- and hydrogen from water to NADP+. They temporarily store the electrons. Water is split throughout this process and O2 is made a by-product. Light reactions use solar power to lower NADP+ to NADPH by adding a pair of electrons and H+. The light reactions also make ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP. This process is photophosphorylation.