Germany became a modern, unified nation under the leadership of the âIron Chancellorâ Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), who between 1862 and 1890 effectively ruled first Prussia and then all of Germany.
Laser effects on the skin. Thermal (burn) injury is the most common cause of laser induced skin damage. Thermal damage is generally associated with lasers operating at exposure times greater than 10 microseconds and in the wavelength region from the near ultraviolet to the far infrared.
The potential for eye injury depends on the wavelength, the intensity of the laser radiation and the absorption characteristics of different eye tissues. Absorption of laser radiation occurs in the cornea, the lens and the retina. Absorption occurs at atomic and molecular level and is a wavelength-specific process.