The beginning of the amazing events at Krakatoa in 1883 date to May 20 when there were initial rumblings and venting from the volcano, which had been dormant for about 200 years.
A refinery margin is the revenue associated with refining petroleum, expressed as a value per volume (e.g. $/L), net of the cost of the crude oil input. The simplest refining
The refining cash marginper barrel of crude oil (Figure 87) represents all productrevenues minus the costs of feedstocks (crude oil plus otherfeedstocks) and minus other operating costs per barrel ofcrude oil.he revenues and raw material costs were generated from spot prices, and werecalculated per barrel of crude oil charged to the refinery. The other cash operating costs are limited to refining costs(i.e., no distribution or marketing costs) and include fuel, electricity, maintenance materials and labor.