APA style. APA Style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as journal articles and books. It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), which is titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
A pain doctor, also called a pain specialist or pain management specialist, is a medical doctor (M.D.) or doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) who specializes in pain medicine.
Pain doctors work in a variety of settings, such as private practices, hospitals, and pain clinics. In some cases, pain associated with certain diseases, conditions, and injuries can be treated by a physician who does not have specific pain management credentials.