APA style. APA Style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as journal articles and books. It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), which is titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
A pain doctor, also called a pain specialist or pain management specialist, is a medical doctor (M.D.) or doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) who specializes in pain medicine.
The growth of treatment options to relieve pain has given rise to the medical specialty of pain management, whose practitioners have a variety of condition-specific options to relieve--or manage--pain. They work in conjunction with treating physicians or alone.