Tonofibrils, discovered by Rudolf Heidenhain, and first described in detail by Louis-Antoine Ranvier, are cytoplasmic protein structures in epithelial tissues that converge at desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. Characterized by the fine fibrils in the epithelial cells[3].
In a collapsed lung, air from the lung leaks into the chest cavity. The example shown is a complete left pneumothorax. A pneumothorax (noo-moe-THOR-aks) is a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. In most cases, only a portion of the lung collapses. A pneumothorax can be caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures, or damage from underlying lung disease. Or it may occur for no obvious reason. Symptoms usually include sudden chest pain and shortness of breath.
Pneumothorax is a condition in which air or gas collects in the pleural space or pleural cavity, which is the space between the lungs and the chest cavity. This can cause the lung to collapse. Normally, the lungs sit next to the inner surface of the chest wall. Thin membranes called pleura cover both the lungs and the chest wall. A pneumothorax occurs when air either escapes the lung or leaks in through the chest wall and builds up in the pleural space between them. This build-up of air can result in the collapse of the affected lung. There are different types of pneumothorax, and each one is defined by its cause.