Tonofibrils, discovered by Rudolf Heidenhain, and first described in detail by Louis-Antoine Ranvier, are cytoplasmic protein structures in epithelial tissues that converge at desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. Characterized by the fine fibrils in the epithelial cells[3].
In a collapsed lung, air from the lung leaks into the chest cavity. The example shown is a complete left pneumothorax. A pneumothorax (noo-moe-THOR-aks) is a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. In most cases, only a portion of the lung collapses. A pneumothorax can be caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures, or damage from underlying lung disease. Or it may occur for no obvious reason. Symptoms usually include sudden chest pain and shortness of breath.
Lung collapse, a condition called a pneumothorax, occurred in 15 percent of the patients. Of that group, 6.6 percent needed a chest tube to expand the lung and a longer hospital stay. These patients were also more likely to develop respiratory failure that required mechanical ventilation, the researchers found.