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Apoptosis is not the primary pathway of cell death after a freeze-thaw cycle, but its induction occurs in a significant part of mussel larval cells (up to 24%). Unlike sea urchin cells , we found that 5% dymethyl sulfoxide without any additives provided the maximum level of cell survival according to the MTT assay, trypan blue exclusion test, and DAPI staining to estimate cell viability.
In preliminary work, we found that repeated freezeâthaw (FT) cycles cause mortality such that without intervening opportunities for growth, populations become extinct. Therefore, the opportunity for growth every other day allows populations to recover and multiply, including the generation of new mutations that might allow improved survival during or faster recovery following FT cycles.