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is equivalent to a pure resistance. (E5C12) '''The coordinate system that is often used to display the resistive, inductive, and/or capacitive reactance components of an impedance is rectangular coordinates.''' (E5C13) The coordinate system that is often used to display the phase angle of a circuit containing resistance, inductive and/or capacitive reactance is polar coordinates. (E5C14)
A dot convention is often used in transformer circuit diagrams, nameplates or terminal markings to define the relative polarity of transformer windings. Positively increasing instantaneous current entering the primary winding's dot end induces positive polarity voltage at the secondary winding's dot end.