A blood calcium level that is too HIGH, and is associated with a HIGH parathyroid hormone level MUST be due to a tumor in the parathyroid gland. That is, the high blood calcium is a result of the excess parathyroid hormone (PTH). It is the parathyroid gland that is the problem.
Urethral sphincters. The urethral sphincters are two muscles used to control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through the urethra. The two muscles are either the male or female external urethral sphincter and the internal urethral sphincter. When either of these muscles contracts, the urethra is sealed shut.
the bladder sphincter is a muscular valve that lies at the bottom of the bladder it works to control the flow of urine in pregnancy the expanding uterus puts pressure on the bladder the muscles in the bladder sphincter and in the pelvic floor can be overwhelmed by the extra stress or pressure on the bladder urine may leak out of the bladder when there is additional pressure exerted for example when a pregnant woman coughs or sneezes