Ashkenazic Jews were among the last Europeans to take family names. Some German-speaking Jews took last names as early as the 17th century, but the overwhelming majority of Jews lived in Eastern Europe and did not take last names until compelled to do so.
In 1860, Lincoln won the partyâs presidential nomination. In the November 1860 election, Lincoln again faced Douglas, who represented the Northern faction of a heavily divided Democratic Party, as well as Breckinridge and Bell.
Lincoln needed a general who could fight, but, even more, one who could coordinate.â 35 The Union victory at Chattanooga on November 23-25, 1863 determined Grantâs fate. Historian William B. Hesseltine wrote: âWhen the news of Chattanooga was received in Washington Congress was just assembling for its long session.