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Ch.6 Vision. 1  Describe the characteristics of light and color, outline the anatomy of the eye and its connections with the brain, and describe the process of transduction of visual information. 2  Describe the coding of visual information by photoreceptors and ganglion cells in the retina. The photoreceptors form synapses with bipolar cells, neurons whose two arms connect the shallowest and deepest layers of the retina. 2  In turn, these neurons form synapses with the ganglion cells, neurons whose axons travel through the optic nerves (the second cranial nerves) and carry visual information into the brain.
Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction of the visual system. It is a process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the rod cells, cone cells and photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina of the eye. The visual cycle is the biological conversion of a photon into an electrical signal in the retina. This process occurs via G-protein coupled receptors called opsins which contain the chromophore 11-cis retinal. 11-cis retinal is covalently linked to the opsin receptor via Schiff base forming retinylidene protein.