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These elements are grouped as austenite-forming, ferrite-forming, carbide-forming and nitride-forming elements. Austenite-forming elements The elements C, Ni and Mn are the most important ones in this group. Sufficiently large amounts of Ni or Mn render a steel austenitic even at room temperature.
The face-centered cubic structure, which is called austenite, is stable in a temperature range everywhere between the above-mentioned two temperature ranges, and the iron of this structure in this temperature range is called iron.articularly important lattice defects are (i) vacancies, which are point-like defects in which an iron atom is missing at a lattice point, and (ii) dislocations, which are linear defects. Vacancies play an important role in the diffusion of atoms, and plastic deformation occurs when dislocations move.