Damage may be a result of the direct effects of alcohol on the brain or may result indirectly, from a poor general health status or from severe liver disease. For example, thiamine deficiency is a common occurrence in people with alcoholism and results from poor overall nutrition.
In the case of a longitudinal wave, a wavelength measurement is made by measuring the distance from a compression to the next compression or from a rarefaction to the next rarefaction. On the diagram above, the distance from point A to point C or from point B to point D would be representative of the wavelength.
The length L of the pendulum is the distance from the center of the mass m to the pivot point, which the center of the top axle. To measure L, first measure the distance l from the top of the mass to the pivot point; then measure the height h of the mass. L = l + h/2.