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These elements are grouped as austenite-forming, ferrite-forming, carbide-forming and nitride-forming elements. Austenite-forming elements The elements C, Ni and Mn are the most important ones in this group. Sufficiently large amounts of Ni or Mn render a steel austenitic even at room temperature.
In normalizing low-carbon and medium-carbon steels, decomposition of austenite takes place, with formation of a mixture of ferrite with pearlite and sorbite. Shaped steel castings are normalized to remove the coarse-grained cast structure, which results in poor mechanical properties.