When the Soviet Union entered the war between the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States no longer needed their aid, but Stalin was there to collect on Western promises. All these factors contributed to a climate of mistrust that heightened tensions at the outbreak of the Cold War.
Talipes equinovarus, commonly known as âclubfoot,â is a congenital deformity of the foot. It is characterized by plantar flexion (equinus), inversion (varus), and an exaggerated arch (cavus) that may involve one or both feet. Taken together, these deformities are said make the foot resemble a golf club, hence the name.
Nonoperative treatment of toe walking includes stretching, casting, orthotics, and chemodenervation with botulinum toxin. The success of such treatment depends on the age of the patient, the severity of the equinus deformity, and the underlying etiology. Stretching is often the first treatment attempted for toe walking because it is the least invasive.