People who are infected with HIV do not get sick immediately. It can take the body months to attempt to fight off the virus and for a patient to test HIV-positive. So, paradoxically, the period when an HIV-positive person is most infectious coincides with the period he or she is least likely to know their status.
The ATP synthase of mitochondria and chloroplasts is an anabolic enzyme that harnesses the energy of a transmembrane proton gradient as an energy source for adding an inorganic phosphate group to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Note that GTP hydrolysis drives the first step and that the lyase in the second step is the same lyase that we saw in reaction 9 in the IMP synthesis pathway. Note that a guanine nucleotide (GTP) is involved in the AMP pathway and that an adenine nucleotide (ATP) is involved in the GMP pathway. This reciprocity is fundamental to the control of production of both AMP and GMP and their di-and triphosphates.