Damage may be a result of the direct effects of alcohol on the brain or may result indirectly, from a poor general health status or from severe liver disease. For example, thiamine deficiency is a common occurrence in people with alcoholism and results from poor overall nutrition.
In the case of a longitudinal wave, a wavelength measurement is made by measuring the distance from a compression to the next compression or from a rarefaction to the next rarefaction. On the diagram above, the distance from point A to point C or from point B to point D would be representative of the wavelength.
One linkage map unit (LMU) is 1% recombination. Thus, the linkage map distance between two genes is the percentage recombination between those genes. In this case, we have a total of 300 recombinant offspring, out of 2000 total offspring.Map distance is calculated as (# Recombinants)/(Total offspring) X 100. linkage map unit doesn't actually correspond to a fixed length of chromosome. Non-randomness of crossover location (eg, crossover repression near the centromere) affects the relationship between the size of an LMU and actual chromosome size. And the distance calculated between two genes is situational.