BVD is recognised as one of the most economically important endemic diseases of cattle. Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) is caused by the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae consists of four recognised species: Bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine viral diarrhoea type 2 (BVDV-2), Border disease virus (BDV) and Classical swine fever (CSF) virus . Pestiviruses are single stranded positive-sense RNA viruses. Although the natural host for BVDV is cattle, it can also affect sheep and wild animals, including deer and pigs. BVD is recognised as one of the most economically important endemic diseases of cattle.
Often, an electric device, known as an ultrasonic, sonic scaler, or power scaler may be used during scaling and root planing. Ultrasonic scalers vibrate at a frequency to help with removing stain, plaque and calculus. In addition, ultrasonic scalers create tiny air bubbles through a process known as cavitation.
Ultrasonic sensors are based on measuring the properties of sound waves with frequency above the human audible range. They are based on three physical principles: time of flight, the Doppler effect, and the attenuation of sound waves. Ultrasonic sensors are non-intrusive in that they do not require physical contact with their target, and can detect certain clear or shiny targets otherwise obscured to some vision-based sensors. On the other hand, their measurements are very sensitive to temperature and to the angle of the target.