Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), also known as B-type natriuretic peptide, is a hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricles in response to stretching caused by increased ventricular blood volume. BNP is named as such because it was originally identified in extracts of pig brain.
How your bladder works. Your bladder is controlled by a complex system of nerves from your autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic), as well as by your spinal nervesare nerves that enter and exit the spinal cord, transmitting sensory and motor information to and from the brain.
The physiology behind a normal pupillary constriction is a balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Parasympathetic innervation leads to pupillary constriction. A circular muscle called thesphincter pupillae accomplishes this task. The fibers of the sphincter pupillae encompass the pupil. The pathway of pupillary constriction begins at the Edinger-Westphal nucleus near the occulomotor nerve nucleus.