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Penetrating captive bolt to induce unconsciousness in combination with an adjunctive step such as exsan-guination, administration of IV potassium chloride, or pithing (increasing destruction of brain and spinal cord tissue) to ensure death. When properly applied, the above euthanasia meth-ods can cause rapid loss of consciousness and death
The aim of this study was to examine the behavioural and cranial/spinal responses of alpacas culled by captive bolt shooting and the resulting pathophysiology of captive bolt injury. Ninety-six alpacas were shot (103 shots) in a range of locations with a penetrating captive bolt gun (CBG).