From this graph, Fujita then released the following descriptions for the F-Scale http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f-scale.html. Over the years, the F-Scale has revealed the following weaknesses: 1  It is subjective based solely on the. 2  caused by a tornado.
9 Answers. The empty weight is the weight of the airplane including anything that is permanently attached to it and includes any un-drainable fluids. There is a maximum gross weight for takeoff and on larger aircraft there may be a maximum landing weight. The useful load is the difference between the maximum gross weight and the empty weight. To the empty weight, you have to add the fuel, oil, any other fluids, pilot and passengers, and baggage.
Figure 1. Forces acting on an aircraft during a level coordinated turn. Load factor is a very important structural design parameter of an aircraft, as it. indicates the amount of the load which the structure of an aircraft can bear. For. this reason, maximum load factor is a maneuvering and performance limit. The. limit load factor is the highest load factor to be expected over the lifetime of the. aircraft.