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Because anencephaly is caused by abnormalities of the neural tube, it is classified as a neural tube defect. Because the neural tube fails to close properly, the developing brain and spinal cord are exposed to the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus in the womb.
The most common neural tube defects are: 1  spina bifida, an incomplete closure of the spinal cord and spinal column. 2  anencephaly, severe underdevelopment of the brain. 3  encephalocele, when brain tissue protrudes out to the skin from an abnormal opening in the skull.