All rights reserved. Terms of use. Â¨ 37 11 Thermodynamics andThermochemistry Thermodynamics is the study of heat, and how heat can be interconverted into other energyforms. In thermodynamics the system is a specific part of the universe that is being studied,often the system is a chemical reaction. The surroundings are all parts of the universe that arenot the system, typically everything outside the test tube.Â¥ An open system can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings.
Pepsin is commonly used in the preparation of F(ab')2 fragments from antibodies. In some assays it is preferable to use only the antigen binding (Fab) portion of the antibody. For these applications, antibodies may be enzymatically digested to produce either an Fab or an F(ab')2 fragment of the antibody.
The pepsin then breaks the peptide bonds in proteins, freeing the amino acids and allowing them to be absorbed by the body. Ad. In addition to helping to break down food, HCl also acts as a sort of safety mechanism to help protect the body against dangerous bacteria that may have been ingested with food or water.