Movement Across a Membrane and Energy. There are two major ways that molecules can be moved across a membrane, and the distinction has to do with whether or not cell energy is used. Passive mechanisms like diffusion use no energy, while active transport requires energy to get done.
Citizenship, Immigration and the Constitution. The 14th Amendmentâs Citizenship Clause is one of the Constitutionâs most important and underappreciated provisions. The clause grants full United States citizenship to anyone born on American soil (with a narrow exception for children of foreign diplomats) or naturalized by the federal government.
Although the Supreme Court has held that the Constitution ordinarily confers citizenship on children born in the U.S. â so-called jus soli citizenship â some legal scholars note that the 14th Amendment defines a U.S. citizen as anyone born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, a phrase they interpret as a license for Congress to exclude from citizenship persons born of foreigners in the country temporarily or illegally.