A liquidated damages clause sets an amount in a contract in the event of a breach. A liquidated damages clause isn't a penalty, though it may sound like one. A penalty is usually disproportionate to the actual harm, and is meant to punish or deter breaching a contract.
Acidic stools can be caused from absorption problems from the diet and foods you eat. Some people have acidic stools as a result of a lactose intolerance.
Common causes of black stool are: 1  Bleeding stomach or duodenal ulcer. 2  Gastritis. 3  Mallory-Weiss tear (a tear in the esophagus from violent vomiting) 4  Trauma or foreign body. 5  Bowel ischemia (a lack of proper blood flow to the intestines) 6  Vascular malformation.