A liquidated damages clause sets an amount in a contract in the event of a breach. A liquidated damages clause isn't a penalty, though it may sound like one. A penalty is usually disproportionate to the actual harm, and is meant to punish or deter breaching a contract.
Acidic stools can be caused from absorption problems from the diet and foods you eat. Some people have acidic stools as a result of a lactose intolerance.
Ask a Doctor Online Now! Any blood passing through the stomach will be colored black, due to oxidation of hemoglobin iron by stomach acid. Some stomach acid may appear in the duodenum, so any bleeding arising from the duodenum or above, will cause black, tarry, foul smelling stool that sticks to the toilet. Possible causes of black stool from bleeding include: 1  Stomach or duodenal inflammation (gastritis), erosion, or ulcer due to alcohol, smoking, strong spices, or infection with H. pylori bacteria. 2  Stomach or duodenal cancer.  Esophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis (often in alcoholics), or portal hypertension.