Penalties for computer related crimes in New York State can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor such as unauthorized use of a computer up to computer tampering in the first degree which is a Class C felony and can carry 3 to 15 years in prison.
In coordination chemistry, a ligand (/lÉªÉ¡Énd/) is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs.he arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal complexes.
The ligands which have only one donor atom and are coordinated through one pair of electrons are called mono-dentate ligand or uni-dentate ligands. Such ligands are coordinated to the central metal ion at one site or by one metal-ligand bond only.igands. A ligand can be defined as a specific substance that is capable of binding and forming a thermodynamically stable complex with other bio molecules through either ionic and hydrogen bonding or Van der Waals forces to perform a specific biologically important function.