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In statistics we tend use the 'hat' notation to imply a statistic. We designate P to represent the proportion in the population. Because P is unknown and unknowable we use Phat to designate the proportion in the sample. Suppose 30 out of 100 people in my sample support Trump. P = unknown and unknowable.
PAGE RETIRED: Click here for the new StatsDirect help system. P values. The P value or calculated probability is the probability of finding the observed, or more extreme, results when the null hypothesis is true â the definition of âextremeâ depends on how the hypothesis is being tested.