A sprain is an injury to a ligament. Ligaments are the connective tissues that connect bones to bones across a joint. The most common thumb sprain involves the collateral ligaments of the Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. These types of injuries are common in sports and falls on to an outstretched hand.
Nicotinamide is a water-soluble component of the vitamin B complex group. In vivo, Nicotinamide is incorporated into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). NAD and NADP function as coenzymes in a wide variety of enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions essential for tissue respiration, lipid metabolism, and glycogenolysis.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is the coenzyme form of the vitamin niacin. Most biochemical reactions require protein catalysts (enzymes).n the case of NAD + , the nicotinamide ring has a positive charge on its nitrogen atom: This is the + indicated in the designation NAD + . This is often confusing, because the molecule as a whole is negatively charged due to the presence of the phosphate groups, as shown in the figure.