A sprain is an injury to a ligament. Ligaments are the connective tissues that connect bones to bones across a joint. The most common thumb sprain involves the collateral ligaments of the Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. These types of injuries are common in sports and falls on to an outstretched hand.
Nicotinamide is a water-soluble component of the vitamin B complex group. In vivo, Nicotinamide is incorporated into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). NAD and NADP function as coenzymes in a wide variety of enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions essential for tissue respiration, lipid metabolism, and glycogenolysis.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) is a dinucleotide that functions as one of the most important coenzymes in the cell. The interconversion of NAD between the reduced (NADH) and oxidized (NAD+) forms is a common reaction in biological redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions.In cells, most oxidations are accomplished by the removal of hydrogen atoms. Each molecule of NAD + can acquire two electrons; that is, be reduced by two electrons.he oxidizing agent is NAD+, which is reduced to NADH. The process is exergonic and the mechanism that has evolved allows the energy of reaction to be captured as two moles of ATP per glucose molecule: 2 NAD +. 2.