Pernicious Anemia. Macrocytic anemia, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy, weakness, hyperreflexia, ataxia, and other neurological manifestations characterize classical vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency. It is common, however, to encounter patients with vitamin B12 deficiency who have atypical clinical or laboratory features.
Nutrient, Liquid and Energy Distribution. Most of the advantages of vascular tissues stem from this functional one: A tracheophyte's xylem and phloem--which comprise the vascular system and are housed in the stem--enable liquids, nutrients and energy to be transported and distributed throughout the whole of the plant.
Review of Xylem. You may remember that vascular tissue is the tissue used to transport water and nutrients throughout a plant. There are two types of vascular tissue: xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals, while phloem transports food. We will focus on the structure of xylem and how this vascular tissue actually transports water throughout a plant. Let's first review a few basic aspects of xylem.