Cognitive development is Jean Piaget's theory. Through a series of stages, Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational period.
The versatility of Bifidobacterium longum as a lactic acid microorganism is reflected in its capacity to resist under harsh conditions such as stomach acid, bile, pH fluctuations, and gastrointestinal passage.
Like other Bifidobacterium species, B. longum is a Gram-positive, non-motile, non-sporulating lactic-acid bacteria that also produces other acids and ethanol. B. longum is a strict anaerobe for fermentation, but it is also aerotolerant so it can be more versatile than some other bifido species.