Figure 2: The Law of Cosines is just the deï¬nition of the dot product! The geometry of an orthonormal basis is fully captured by these properties; each basis vector is normalized, which is (3), and each pair of vectors is. orthogonal, which is (5). The components of a vector ~v in an orthonormal basis are just the dot. products of~v with each basis vector.
Then, one chromosome from each pair is pulled toward each pole. At the end of this reduction division, each daughter cell receives only one homologous chromosome from each pair, ending up with one set. Meiosis halves the set of chromosome and randomly assorts homologous chromosomes into sex cells. The full chromosome number is restored when sperm and egg unite. This exactly mirrored the behavior of genes as deduced by Mendel three decades earlier.
Asexual reproduction. Before a cell divides, its nucleus divides. Each chromosome is copied, and each nucleus receives the same genetic material: genes, made of DNA. As each cell divides into two, the resulting daughter cells are therefore exact copies of one another.