Action Learning and Action Research engages the context of research with systemic thinking and practices. ALARA will promote the use of the Principles, and provide members, where possible, with education
Reduced (hypoactive) bowel sounds include a reduction in the loudness, tone, or regularity of the sounds. They are a sign that intestinal activity has slowed. Hypoactive bowel sounds are normal during sleep. They also occur normally for a short time after the use of certain medicines and after abdominal surgery.
Large-bowel obstruction is typically characterized by a slow onset of symptoms and may not cause vomiting despite a markedly distended bowel. Paralytic ileus can be seen in the setting of peritonitis or traumatic injury. Bowel sounds are diminished, and abdominal cramping is less common.