Once you send your scores, it will take about 10-15 days to reach the schools you're applying to :)
A discouraged worker is someone who has given up looking for work and has left the labor market. The United States government does not treat discouraged workers as unemployed people because they are not actively looking for work. This creates some counterintuitive results when calculating the unemployment rate.
Employers almost always need more time to fill a job than they believe they will. Particularly if it has only been few days or a couple of weeks past the date the employer said they'd get back to you, don't give up on the job.