7 - 1. SECTION 7. EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR PIPELINES. 7.1 GENERAL. The work covered by this specification consists of furnishing all labor, tools, materials, equipment, and performance of all operations in connection with the excavation, trenching, and. backfilling for underground pipelines and appurtenances.
Originally, the term was used to mean government by a body of priests. Currently, a hierarchy is used to denote any body of individuals arranged or classified according to capacity, authority, position, or rank.
(b) Chain-of-Command - The chain-of-command is an organized hierarchy of authority. (c) Unity of Command - Unity of command means that everyone reports to one person. and one person is in charge of each function. (d) Span of Control - The optimum span of control ratio is 1:5, which is one supervisor. to five subordinates. The span of control can range from a ratio of 1:3 to 1:7 while. maintaining effective control.