Although catalytic converters are most commonly applied to exhaust systems in automobiles, they are also used on electrical generators, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses, locomotives and motorcycles. They are also used on some wood stoves to control emissions.n vehicles with OBD II, a second oxygen sensor is fitted after the catalytic converter to monitor the O 2 levels. The O 2 levels are monitored to see the efficiency of the burn process. The on-board computer makes comparisons between the readings of the two sensors.
Prospective cost is a future expenditure or past cost that can be recovered. In other words, it is any cost that can be altered by your current or future decisions and strategies. Prospective costs are often contrasted with sunk costs, a past cost that can't be recovered. Business Cost Guide.
Both retrospective and prospective costs may be either fixed (continuous for as long as the business is in operation and unaffected by output volume) or variable (dependent on volume) costs. However, many economists consider it a mistake to classify sunk costs as fixed or variable..For example, if a firm sinks $1 million on an enterprise software installation, that cost is sunk because it was a one-time expense and cannot be recovered once spent. common example of a sunk cost for a business is the promotion of a brand name. This type of marketing incurs costs that cannot normally be recovered. It is not typically possible to later demote one's brand names in exchange for cash. A second example is R&D costs.