Acoustic reflex. The acoustic reflex (also known as the stapedius reflex, middle-ear-muscles (MEM) reflex, attenuation reflex, or auditory reflex) is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear in response to high-intensity sound stimuli or when the person starts to vocalize.
Wildlife provides a variety of benefits for private landowners. Many landowners are willing to spend time and money to enhance habitat for wildlife on their property, with deer often the primary focus of these efforts.Because deer are valued economically and recreationally by many hunters, some private landowners are tolerant of a certain degree of damage from this species.abbits (10%). The evidence farmers used to determine which species were responsible for damage included: visual observations of the animals in or near crop fields (80%), observations of tracks or scat (56%), observation of damage to plants (43%), and digging or rooting in crop fields (25%).
Estimates of soil erosion costs are therefore widely variable and controversial. At the extreme high side Pimentel et al (Science Magazine, 1995) stated that the total on-and off-site costs of damages by wind and water erosion and the cost of erosion prevention each year is 44,399,000,000 US$ in the USA alone.oil erosion has both on-site and off-site effects. Loss of soil productivity is the main on-site effect, while enhanced productivity of downstream land, sedimentation and eutrophication of waterways and reservoirs are common off-site effects.