Bickerstaff's encephalitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, first described by Edwin Bickerstaff in 1951. It may also affect the peripheral nervous system, and has features in common with both Miller Fisher syndrome and GuillainâBarrÃ© syndrome. 1  1 Signs and symptoms.  2 Pathophysiology.
Pathophysiology. Tears are produced in the lacrimal gland and drain through the upper and lower puncta into the canaliculi and then into the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct (see Figure: Anatomy of the lacrimal system. ). Obstruction of tear drainage can lead to stasis and infection.
The lacrimal gland can be involved in a wide spectrum of orbital pathology.1 As lacrimal gland lesions can be difficult to accurately diagnose, this overview can help avoid pitfalls and aid in the differential and management. Background, Exam. To diagnose lacrimal lesions, a brief anatomy review is useful. The lacrimal gland has the size and shape of an almond and is located on the superolateral aspect of the orbit. Two lobes are recognized: the palpebral and the orbital lobe that are separated by the lateral horn of the levator aponeurosis.