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The left diagram shows a steroid (lipid) hormone (1) entering a cell and (2) binding to a receptor protein in the nucleus, causing (3) mRNA synthesis which is the first step of protein synthesis. The right side shows protein hormones (1) binding with receptors which (2) begins a transduction pathway. The transduction pathway ends (3) with transcription factors being activated in the nucleus, and protein synthesis beginning. In both diagrams, a is the hormone, b is the cell membrane, c is the cytoplasm, and d is the nucleus.
The 28âamino acid peptide hormone ghrelin, produced predominantly in the stomach, represents the only known orexigenic gut hormone identified to date. Ghrelin binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor which is highly expressed in the hypothalamus and brain stem.