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Many temples, like the Parthenon at the Athenian Acropolis, were made of marble. Others, like the temple of Zeus at Olympia, were limestone. Greeks built using the materials they had access to.
The Egyptians used calcined gypsum as a cement and the Greeks and Romans used lime made by heating limestone and added sand to make mortar, with coarser stones for concrete. The Romans found that a cement could be made which set under water and this was used for the construction of harbours.