A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea /paÉªËsiËÉ/, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal regions of the Earth. Spruces are large trees, from about 20â60 m tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical form. The needles, or leaves, of spruces are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion, each needle on a small, peg-like structure. The needles are shed when ...
RESULTS: Cytokines are regulators of host responses to infection, immune responses, inflammation, and trauma. Some cytokines act to make disease worse (proinflammatory), whereas others serve to reduce inflammation and promote healing (anti-inflammatory). Attention also has focused on blocking cytokines, which are harmful to the host, particularly during overwhelming infection. Interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are proinflammatory cytokines, and when they are administered to humans, they produce fever, inflammation, tissue destruction, and, in some cases, shock and death.
An inflammatory response begins when cells of the immune system and/or cells involved in metabolic pathways sense pathogens, irritants and cellular damage, triggering the release of inflammatory substances, including cytokines, free radicals, hormones and other small molecules.t extends throughout the cytoplasm of the cell and is contiguous with the nuclear envelope. The ER is mainly recognized as a protein-folding factory, responsible for the biosynthesis, folding, assembly and modification of numerous soluble proteins and membrane proteins.