Peloponnesian War. Introduction. Athens and Sparta, both powerful Greek city-states, had fought as allies in the Greco-Persian Wars between 499 and 449 B.C. In the wake of the Persian retreat, however, Athens grew more powerful and tensions rose, escalating into nearly three decades of war.
READING GUIDE TO: the chapter on Rousseau, Althusser L (1972) Politics and History, Part 2, New Left Books: London. Here, Althusser argues that ideology is a theoretical practice, which is locked in a problematic which defines both problems and solutions.
Watson (1913) stated that âpsychology as a behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is â¦ prediction and controlâ (p. 158). * Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion. Watson (1913) launches the behavioral school of psychology (classical conditioning), publishing an article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It. * Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned an orphan called Albert B (aka Little Albert) to fear a white rat. * Thorndike (1905) formalized the  Law of Effect .