Biology of bacterial inclusion bodies. Bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) are protein aggregates that have been commonly observed in recombinant Escherichia coli since the implementation of recombinant DNA technologies.
How is the lower atmosphere warmed from the surface upward? The lower atmosphere is warmed from the surface upward by ground temperature. As the ground warms up, the heat rises and causes warmer temperatures.
It's warmed from the surface. Shortwave radiation passes through the atmosphere, or at least about half of it, where it reaches the ground and is absorbed. The ground re-emits it at a longer wavelength, thereby warming the lower atmosphere. It's warmed from the surface.