Cytoprotection is defined as an ability of pharmacologic agents, originally PGs, to prevent gastric and intestinal mucosal injury produced by a variety of ulcerogenic agents (eg, aspirin, indomethacin, bile acids) and by necrotizing agents (eg, boiling water, absolute alcohol, 0.6 mol/L HCl, 0.2 mol/L NaOH).
Definition of systematic error. : an error that is not determined by chance but is introduced by an inaccuracy (as of observation or measurement) inherent in the system.
This means the systematic error is 1 volt and all measurements shown by this voltmeter will be a volt higher than the true value. This type of error can be offset by simply deducing the value of the zero error. In this case, if the voltmeter shows a reading of 53 volt, then the actual value would be 52 volt. In this case, the systematic error is a constant value.