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excited state: state in which an atom or molecule picks up outside energy, causing an electron to move into a higher-energy orbital.
A single electron occupying an orbital. valence electron. Electrons that can be actively involved in chemical change; usually electrons in the shell with the highest value of n. For example, sodium's ground state electron configuration is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1; the 3s electron is the only valence electron in the atom.