Increased conduit vessel stiffness results in increased characteristic impedance of the aorta and decreased arterial compliance, which cause an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure as well as a decrease in diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
Local trauma is the most common cause, followed by facial trauma, foreign bodies, nasal or sinus infections, and prolonged inhalation of dry air. Children usually present with epistaxis due to local irritation or recent upper respiratory infection (URI).
Most cases of epistaxis occur in the ante-rior part of the nose, with the bleeding usually arising from the rich arterial anas-tomoses of the nasal septum (Kiesselbachâs plexus). Posterior epistaxis generally arises from the posterior nasal cavity via branches of the sphenopalatine arteries.