Tachypnea - Distinction from other breathing terms. 1  Different sources produce different classifications for breathing terms. 2  Some describe tachypnea as any rapid breathing. Hyperventilation is then described as increased ventilation of the alveoli (which can occur through increased rate or depth of breathing, or both) where there is a smaller rise in metabolic carbon dioxide relative to this increase in ventilation.
However, guidance is also possible, e.g., by the use of reflections, e.g. at metallic interfaces. Some waveguides also involve plasmonic effects at metals. Figure 1: Two different kinds of waveguides. Planar waveguides guide light only in the vertical direction, whereas channel waveguides guide in two dimensions.
The planar DBR-mirrors consist of layers with alternating high and low refractive indices. Each layer has a thickness of a quarter of the laser wavelength in the material, yielding intensity reflectivities above 99%. High reflectivity mirrors are required in VCSELs to balance the short axial length of the gain region.pecial forms [edit]. 1  Multiple active region devices (aka bipolar cascade VCSELs). 2  VCSELs with tunnel junctions. 3  Widely tunable VCSELs with micromechanically (MEMS) movable mirrors (either optically or electrically pumped). 4  Wafer-bonded or wafer-fused VCSEL: Combination of semiconductor materials that can be fabricated using different types of ....