From commercial banks. a) commercial banks give up the govt bonds to the federal reserve banks. b) the federal reserves increase the reserves of commercial banks by the amount of purchase when the federal reserve pays for those securities.
stratosphere Section of the Earth 's atmosphere between the troposphere and the higher mesosphere. It is c. 40km (25mi) thick, and for half this distance the temperature remains fairly constant.The stratosphere contains most of the atmosphere's ozone.tratosphere The layer of the earth's atmosphere that lies above the troposphere and extends to about 50 km above the earth's surface. The temperature within the stratosphere remains fairly constant but can rise in the upper regions of this layer due to absorption of ultraviolet radiation by ozone. See ozone layer.
As well, clouds are identified by the way in which they form. There are two basic types: cumulus and stratus. Cumulus clouds form in rising air currents and are evidence of unstable air conditions. Stratus clouds form in horizontal layers and usually form as a layer of moist air is cooled below its saturation point.