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A set peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is applied, and the pressure difference between the ventilator and the lungs results in inflation until the peak pressure is attained and passive exhalation follows. The delivered volume with each respiration is dependent on the pulmonary and thoracic compliance.
The a wave is the result of right atrial contraction. The c wave is caused by a slight elevation of the tricuspid valve into the right atrium during ventricular contraction. The v wave is due to blood flow into the right atrium before the tricuspid valve opens. Think about a central venous pressure (CVP) waveform: you know what the a, c and v waves represent. What do the x-descent and y-descent indicate? On the central venous pressure (CVP) waveform, the x-descent occurs during ventricular systole and represents atrial relaxation with downward displacement of the tricuspid valve. The y-descent occurs during diastole and represent early ventricular filling through the open tricuspid valve.