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Blood tests are done to measure the sodium level. Usually, fluids are given intravenously to slowly reduce the sodium level in the blood. In hypernatremia, the body contains too little water for the amount of sodium (see Overview of Sodium). The sodium level in the blood becomes abnormally high when water loss exceeds sodium loss, as typically occurs in dehydration. Usually, hypernatremia results from dehydration (see Dehydration).
The body needs sodium to help keep fluids in balance. After you consume sodium, the body processes it through the kidneys and sends excess out of the body in sweat and urine. Low sodium levels can occur when there is not enough sodium in the blood compared to the amount of fluid, so sodium dilution occurs. Normal blood levels for sodium range between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center.