=COUNTIF(A2:A5,A2)+COUNTIF(A2:A5,A3) Counts the number of apples (the value in A2), and oranges (the value in A3) in cells A2 through A5. The result is 3. This formula uses COUNTIF twice to specify multiple criteria, one criteria per expression. You could also use the COUNTIFS function.
Punctuated equilibrium. Definition. noun. A theory that describes an evolutionary change happening rapidly and in brief geological events in between the long periods of stasis (or equilibrium). The theory is based on the stasis in fossil records, and when phenotypic evolution occurs, it is localized in rare, rapid events of branching speciation.
In contrast, Gouldâs punctuated equilibrium [sic] as a process explaining punctuated equilibria has serious competition. A pattern of rapid evolution leading to stasis is the logical expectation of Darwinian gradualism when evolution is fast, geological time is long, and major events of environmental change are widely spaced in time.