Bismuth subsalicylate may cause ringing in the ears, but that side effect is rare. Possible side effects from loperamide include skin rash, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, tiredness, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and swelling, pain, and discomfort in the abdomen.
In the United States, the annual cost of soil erosion for both on-site and off-site effects has been estimated at 44 billion dollars a year (Pimentel et al., 1995). In the European Union, the figure is 38 billion Euros a year (Montanarella, 2007).
As shown in Figure 23, the budget includes $3.6 billion (mostly special funds) for the support of various environmental protection programs in 2017-18. This is a decrease of $2.2 billion, or 38 percent, from the revised 2016-17 spending level.