Law and Legislation. CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS. California led the nation in 1991 by enacting criminal sanctions for the violation of civil rights laws. The laws provide enhanced sentences for those convicted of violent or threatening behavior based on race, gender, religion, age, disabilities or sexual preference.
The fact that current carrying loops experience a net torque in a magnetic field is the principle behind the electric motor, where the electrical energy involved in establishing a current is converted into the mechanical energy of rotating a shaft.
However, the electric field can produce a net torque if the positive and negative charges are concentrated at different locations on the object. An example is shown in Figure 23.10. The figure shows a charge Q located on one end of a rod of length L and a charge - Q located on the opposite end of the rod.