Bismuth subsalicylate may cause ringing in the ears, but that side effect is rare. Possible side effects from loperamide include skin rash, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, tiredness, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and swelling, pain, and discomfort in the abdomen.
In the United States, the annual cost of soil erosion for both on-site and off-site effects has been estimated at 44 billion dollars a year (Pimentel et al., 1995). In the European Union, the figure is 38 billion Euros a year (Montanarella, 2007).
The 2002 report, titled âCorrosion Costs and Preventive Strategies in the United States,â includes results indicating that the annual estimated direct cost of corrosion in the United States was $276 billion. The study led Congress to develop a Corrosion Policy and Oversight Office within DoD.