A nuclear membrane, or nuclear envelope, is the lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear membrane consists of two lipid bilayersâthe inner nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane. The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space, a region contiguous with the lumen (inside) of the endoplasmic reticulum.
An antegrade percutaneous internal/external nephroureteral (PCNU) stent is placed percutaneously, establishing antegrade access to the kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder. A segment of the stent remains outside the patient from the flank, which can be capped or connected to gravity drainage.ephroureteral stents including antegrade, retrograde, or internal (double-J) stents are routinely placed by interventional radiologists. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed and comprehensive description of indications, contraindications, technique, and various technical challenges of these procedures.
A ureteral stent is a small, soft, tube about 10 - 12 inches long and about as big around as a coffee swizzle stick (see. picture above, on left). It is placed in the ureter, which is the muscular tube that drains urine from the kidney to the. bladder (see picture above, on right). Each end of the stent is shaped like a pigtail. One end of the tube sits inside. the kidney, and one end sits in the bladder.