As with the series' parent show Wallace and Gromit, there are many allusions to other aspects of popular culture and movies such as Star Wars, The Lion King, E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial, The Matrix, and Pulp Fiction. 1  These include: 2  Shirley's training in the episode Shape Up with Shaun is based on the film Rocky.
Many pathogenic bacteria exist in nature as multiple antigenic types or serotypes, meaning that they are variant strains of the same pathogenic species. For example, there are multiple serotypes of Salmonella typhimurium based on differences in cell wall (O) antigens or flagellar (H) antigens.any pathogenic bacteria exist in nature as multiple antigenic types or serotypes, meaning that they are variant strains of the same pathogenic species. For example, there are multiple serotypes of Salmonella typhimurium based on differences in cell wall (O) antigens or flagellar (H) antigens.
We review how bacterial, protozoan and fungal pathogens from distant evolutionary lineages have evolved surprisingly similar mechanisms of antigenic variation to avoid eradication by the host immune system and can therefore maintain persistent infections and ensure their transmission to new hosts.echanisms involving DNA recombination. DNA recombination that leads to the movement of non-expressed coding regions into defined genomic expression sites is one of the most common molecular mechanisms used by both bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens to produce antigenic variation (Fig. 4a).