Shastra (à¤¶à¤¾à¤¸à¥à¤¤à¥à¤°, IAST: ÅÄstra, IPA: ) is a Sanskrit word that means precept, rules, manual, compendium, book or treatise in a general sense. The word is generally used as a suffix in the Indian literature context, for technical or specialized knowledge in a defined area of practice.
Ice calving. Ice calving, also known as glacier calving or iceberg calving, is the breaking of ice chunks from the edge of a glacier. It is a form of ice ablation or ice disruption and is normally caused by the glacier expanding. It is the sudden release and breaking away of a mass of ice from a glacier, iceberg, ice front, ice shelf, or crevasse.
Tidewater Glaciers, Figure 2 Calculated response of a small tidewater glacier to a rise in ELA at time 0. The modeling results are shown from 900 years onward. (a) Modeled calving rate (solid line), terminus velocity (dashed line), and retreat rate (dotted line) against model time.