Aminoglycosides are excreted by glomerular filtration and have a serum half-life of 2 to 3 h; the half-life increases exponentially as the GFR falls (eg, in renal insufficiency, in the elderly).
Madagascar is the world's major natural vanilla producer, accounting for about 75% of production. Cloves are the third main export crop, grown mostly by smallholders. Production follows a 4-year cycle with 2â3 years of high output followed by one year of low production.
The lack of infrastructure holds back other sectors which are important to Madagascarâs economy, such as mining. The island has a number of natural resources including chromite (for chrome) nickel, platinum, gold and precious gems such as sapphire, topaz, garnets and amethysts.