An element is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a nuclear reaction.
Almost 40 years separate Shirley Ann Jackson's achievement, as the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in theoretical high energy physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Jedidah Isler, the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Astrophysics from Yale.
first African-American graduate of Western Michigan College; first African-American female to attend Oxford; first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in government and international relations from Harvard University; one of the first women members of the Department of History at Howard University; expert in diplomatic history; professor 1942-77