A nuclear membrane, or nuclear envelope, is the lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear membrane consists of two lipid bilayersâthe inner nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane. The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space, a region contiguous with the lumen (inside) of the endoplasmic reticulum.
An antegrade percutaneous internal/external nephroureteral (PCNU) stent is placed percutaneously, establishing antegrade access to the kidney, ureter, and urinary bladder. A segment of the stent remains outside the patient from the flank, which can be capped or connected to gravity drainage.ephroureteral stents including antegrade, retrograde, or internal (double-J) stents are routinely placed by interventional radiologists. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed and comprehensive description of indications, contraindications, technique, and various technical challenges of these procedures.
Local drug delivery by stent can reduce in-stent restenosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen.After stenting, the arterial wall is almost denuded of endothelium. This loss of endothelium contributes to the smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation seen in restenosis, since the endothelium actively inhibits SMC hyperplasia.fter stenting, the arterial wall is almost denuded of endothelium. This loss of endothelium contributes to the smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation seen in restenosis, since the endothelium actively inhibits SMC hyperplasia.