Aminoglycosides are excreted by glomerular filtration and have a serum half-life of 2 to 3 h; the half-life increases exponentially as the GFR falls (eg, in renal insufficiency, in the elderly).
Madagascar is the world's major natural vanilla producer, accounting for about 75% of production. Cloves are the third main export crop, grown mostly by smallholders. Production follows a 4-year cycle with 2â3 years of high output followed by one year of low production.
Madagascar's first wave of settlers arrived along the southeastern coast, and practiced a form of slash-and-burn agriculture known as tavy to clear rainforests for crop cultivation. These early settlers began to move inland around 600 AD, clearing the central Highlands and planting taro and rice.