Bismuth subsalicylate may cause ringing in the ears, but that side effect is rare. Possible side effects from loperamide include skin rash, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, tiredness, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and swelling, pain, and discomfort in the abdomen.
In the United States, the annual cost of soil erosion for both on-site and off-site effects has been estimated at 44 billion dollars a year (Pimentel et al., 1995). In the European Union, the figure is 38 billion Euros a year (Montanarella, 2007).
Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental and public health problems facing human. society. Humans obtain more than 99.7% of their food (calories) from the land and less than 0.3% from. the oceans and other aquatic ecosystems. Each year about 10 million ha of cropland are lost due to soil.