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Thus, a person called to testify before Congress can refuse if they believe the government could use the testimony against them in criminal proceedings. To render the protections against self-incrimination ineffective, Congress can provide immunity from criminal prosecution.
The Fifth Amendment protects criminal defendants from having to testify if they may incriminate themselves through the testimony. A witness may plead the Fifth and not answer if the witness believes answering the question may be self-incriminatory.