1 Reading 5.2. Reading 5.2 â Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects. Genetic Drift; When one trait becomes more common in a population due to random. chance (not because it is advantageous or non-advantageous) Population Bottleneck: is event in which a large number of a species is killed causing the. remaining population to reproduce.
Overall, wind farms cost in the area of $1,000 per kW of capacity, so a wind farm consisting of seven 1.8-MW turbines runs about $12.6 million.
44 Cost Analysis of Wind Power 6.1.2 o&m costs for onshore and offshore wind farms The overall contribution of O&M costs to the LCOE of wind energy is significant. Data for seven countries show that O&M costs accounted for between 11% and 30% of the total LCOE of onshore wind power.&M costs for onshore wind farms in major wind markets averages between USD 0.01/kWh and USD 0.025/kWh. The O&M costs of oËshore wind farms are higher due to the diâculties posed by the oËshore environment and can be between USD 0.027 and USD 0.048/kWh.