Singers in Russian Military Choir Among 92 Feared Dead After Plane Crashes Into Black Sea. Russian Military Plane Crashes into Sea. Shortly after takeoff on Sunday morning, a Russian military plane carrying 92 people crashed into the Black Sea near Sochi.
Keywords: chloride in concrete, near-infrared spectrometry, rapid determination. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Background. Penetration of chloride ions into concrete is a well-known problem, because it eventually results in. corrosion of rebars, leading to cracks, spalling, delamination and other roadway defects [1]. The problem is. particularly acute in bridge decks, which are subject to frequent salt applications during the winter months.
Chloride. A chloride ion (Cl-) is a negatively charged ion that forms when the element chlorine picks up an extra electron. Chloride ions make up approximately 55 percent of seawater's salinity.g2+, or a magnesium molecule that has gained two extra electrons, creates approximately 3.7 percent of an ocean's salinity. Calcium ions, or Ca2+, are calcium molecules that have gained two extra electrons. Calcium ions make up about 1.2 percent of the salinity of seawater.