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High BUN indicates increased protein breakdown, which is associated with decreased immune function. A study shows that patients with elevated BUN (> 20 mg/dl) have an increased risk of infection (R). High BUN is associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients (R, R, R, R).
A patient who is severely dehydrated may also have a high BUN due to the lack of fluid volume to excrete waste products. Because urea is an end product of protein metabolism, a diet high in protein, such as high-protein tube feeding, may also cause the BUN to increase. Extensive bleeding into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract will also cause an elevated BUN because digested blood is a source of urea.