Fungi
Sebelum dikenalkannya metode molekuler untuk analisis filogenetik, dulu fungi dimasukkan ke dalam kerajaan tumbuhan/Plantae karena fungi memiliki beberapa kemiripan dengan tumbuhan yaitu tidak dapat berpindah tempat, juga struktur morfologi dan tempat hidupnya juga mirip. Seperti tanaman, kebanyakan fungi juga tumbuh di tanah dan, pada jamur, membentuk tubuh buah, yang kadang-kadang menyerupai tumbuhan seperti lumut. Fungi sekarang dianggap sebagai kerajaan tersendiri, berbeda dari baik tumbuhan maupun hewan, yang tampaknya telah berpisah sekitar satu miliar tahun lalu (sekitar awal dari Era Neoproterozoikum). Beberapa ciri-ciri morfologi, biokimia dan genetik dimiliki bersama dengan organisme lain, sementara yang lain unik pada fungi, memisahkan fungi dari kerajaan lain dengan jelas:
Thanatephorus cucumeris
"R. solani" causes a wide range of commercially significant plant diseases. It is one of the fungi responsible for brown patch (a turfgrass disease), damping off (e.g. in soybean seedlings), black scurf of potatoes, bare patch of cereals, root rot of sugar beet, belly rot of cucumber, sheath blight of rice, and many other pathogenic conditions. The fungus, therefore, has a wide host range and strains of "R. solani" may differ in the hosts they are able to infect, the virulence of infection, selectivity for a given host ranges from nonpathogenic to highly virulent, the temperature at which infection occurs, the ability to develop in lower soil levels, the ability to form sclerotia, the growth rate, and survival in a certain area. These factors may not always show up given the environment and host that "Rhizoctonia" attacks.
"R. solani" primarily attacks seeds of plants below the soil surface, but can also infect pods, roots, leaves, and stems. The most common symptom of "Rhizoctonia" is "damping off", or the failure of infected seeds to germinate. "R. solani" may invade the seed before it has germinated to cause this pre-emergent damping off, or it can kill very young seedlings soon after they emerge from the soil. Seeds that do germinate before being killed by the fungus have reddish-brown lesions and cankers on stems and roots.