Joscelin II dari Edessa
Pada tahun 1143 baik John II dan Fulk dari Yerusalem meninggal, meninggalkan Joscelin tanpa sekutu yang kuat untuk mempertahankan Edessa. Pada tahun 1144 Zengi menyerang dan merebut Edessa. Joscelin melarikan diri ke Turbessel, dimana ia memegang sisa negara di barat Euphrates. Ketika Zengi meninggal tahun 1146, Joscelin hendak merebut kembali Edessa namun ia dikalahkan oleh anak Zengi Nur ad-Din. Perang Salib Kedua dicetuskan sebagai respon jatuhnya Edessa, dan juga gagal mengalahkan Muslim. Joscelin ditangkap sebagai tahanan tahun 1150 dan meninggal tahun 1159.
Surat Jaminan Muhammad
Muhammad is supposed to have died in 632; the Muslims conquered Egypt between 639 and 641. The document says of the Christians, “No one shall bear arms against them.” So were the conquerors transgressing against Muhammad’s command[?]...Did Muhammad draw up this document because he foresaw the Muslim invasion of Egypt? There is no mention of this document in any remotely contemporary Islamic sources; among other anomalies, it bears a drawing of a mosque with a minaret, although minarets weren’t put on mosques until long after the time Muhammad is supposed to have lived, which is why Muslim hardliners consider them unacceptable innovation (bid’a)...The Achtiname, in short, bears all the earmarks of being an early medieval Christian forgery, perhaps developed by the monks themselves in order to protect the monastery and Egyptian Christians from the depredations of zealous Muslims.