Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun
Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun adalah sebuah konflik yang terjadi antara tahun 1618 hingga 1648, khususnya di wilayah yang sekarang menjadi negara Jerman, dan melibatkan sebagian besar kekuatan-kekuatan di kawasan tersebut. Ada beberapa sebab mengapa perang ini terjadi. Meskipun tampak sebagai konflik keagamaan antara kaum Protestan dan Katolik, persaingan antara Dinasti Habsburg dan kekuatan lainnya juga merupakan salah satu motif penting terjadinya perang ini, hal ini dapat terlihat dari fakta kaum Katolik Perancis mendukung pihak Protestan, yang meningkatkan persaingan Perancis dan Habsburg. Perang mungkin hanya berlangsung tiga puluh tahun, tetapi konflik yang memicunya tetap berlanjut hingga waktu yang lama. Perang ini diakhir melalui Perjanjian Westfalen.
Hubungan Jerman dengan Rusia
Earlier on it seemed as if the two great empires would be strong allies. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck formed the League of the Three Emperors in 1872 binding together Russia, Austria, and Germany. The League stated that republicanism and socialism were common enemies and that the three powers would discuss any matters concerning foreign policy. Bismarck needed good relations with Russia in order to keep France isolated. In 1877–1878, Russia fought a victorious war with the Ottoman Empire and attempted to impose the Treaty of San Stefano on it. This upset the British in particular, as they were long concerned with preserving the Ottoman Empire and preventing a Russian takeover of the Bosphorus. Germany hosted the Congress of Berlin (1878), whereby a more moderate peace settlement was agreed to. Germany had no direct interest in the Balkans, however, which was largely an Austrian and Russian sphere of influence.
In 1879, Bismarck formed a Dual Alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary, with the aim of mutual military assistance in the case of an attack from Russia, which was not satisfied with the agreement reached at the Congress of Berlin. The establishment of the Dual Alliance led Russia to take a more conciliatory stance, and in 1887, the so-called Reinsurance Treaty was signed between Germany and Russia: in it, the two powers agreed on mutual military support in the case that France attacked Germany, or in case of an Austrian attack on Russia. Russia turned its attention eastward to Asia and remained largely inactive in European politics for the next 25 years.