Patogen
Fungi adalah organisme prokariot yang termasuk dalam kingdom protista dengan sekitar 75.000 spesies yang sudah diidentifikasi..Fungi dapat menjadi parasit pada manusia contohnya seperti "Candida albicans" yang adalah fungi patogen oportunis yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada hampir semua bagian dari tubuh manusia dan dapat menyebabkan kematian. "C. albicans" seringkali menyerang rongga mulut ataupun vagina, namun sewaktu sistem imun inang sedang baik, "C. albicans" tidak akan menimbulkan infeksi dan hidup secara normal pada rongga mulut manusia misalnya. Dalam bidang pertanian, fungi dibagi menurut perannya setidaknya menjadi tiga macam, yakni penyakit tumbuhan/ hewan, dekomposer, dan agens pengendali hayati. Ketiganya memiliki fungsi dan peran yang berbeda yang sangat penting dalam keseimbangan agroekosistem. Sebagai agens pengendali hayati dan dekomposer, fungi telah dikembangkan sedemikian pesatnya hingga bioteknologi dan nanoteknologi.
Thanatephorus cucumeris
"R. solani" causes a wide range of commercially significant plant diseases. It is one of the fungi responsible for brown patch (a turfgrass disease), damping off (e.g. in soybean seedlings), black scurf of potatoes, bare patch of cereals, root rot of sugar beet, belly rot of cucumber, sheath blight of rice, and many other pathogenic conditions. The fungus, therefore, has a wide host range and strains of "R. solani" may differ in the hosts they are able to infect, the virulence of infection, selectivity for a given host ranges from nonpathogenic to highly virulent, the temperature at which infection occurs, the ability to develop in lower soil levels, the ability to form sclerotia, the growth rate, and survival in a certain area. These factors may not always show up given the environment and host that "Rhizoctonia" attacks.
"R. solani" primarily attacks seeds of plants below the soil surface, but can also infect pods, roots, leaves, and stems. The most common symptom of "Rhizoctonia" is "damping off", or the failure of infected seeds to germinate. "R. solani" may invade the seed before it has germinated to cause this pre-emergent damping off, or it can kill very young seedlings soon after they emerge from the soil. Seeds that do germinate before being killed by the fungus have reddish-brown lesions and cankers on stems and roots.