Relative density
A pycnometer (from Greek: πυκνός (puknos) meaning "dense"), also called pyknometer or specific gravity bottle, is a device used to determine the density of a liquid. A pycnometer is usually made of glass, with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a capillary tube through it, so that air bubbles may escape from the apparatus. This device enables a liquid's density to be measured accurately by reference to an appropriate working fluid, such as water or mercury, using an analytical balance.
Viscosity
where formula_58 is the Boltzmann constant, formula_59 the molecular mass, and formula_60 a numerical constant on the order of formula_61. The quantity formula_62, the mean free path, measures the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. Even without "a priori" knowledge of formula_60, this expression has interesting implications. In particular, since formula_62 is typically inversely proportional to density and increases with temperature, formula_10 itself should increase with temperature and be "independent" of density at fixed temperature. In fact, both of these predictions persist in more sophisticated treatments, and accurately describe experimental observations. Note that this behavior runs counter to common intuition regarding liquids, for which viscosity typically "decreases" with temperature.