Immanuel Kant
Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. These include the "Universal Natural History" (1755), the "Critique of Practical Reason" (1788), the "Metaphysics of Morals" (1797), and the "Critique of Judgment" (1790), which looks at aesthetics and teleology.
Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces
Written in 1744–46 and published in 1749, it reflected Kant's position as a metaphysical dualist at the time. In it he argues against the "vis motrix" ("moving force") view supported by Wolff and other post-Leibnizian German rationalists that proposed that bodies have no essential force, and claimed that, instead, the existence of an essential force can be proven by metaphysical arguments. Kant criticized Leibniz's followers for looking "no further than the senses teach," and stayed close to Leibniz's original "vis activa" ("active force"; also known as "vis viva", "living force") point of view.