Critique of the Kantian philosophy
"Critique of the Kantian philosophy" is a criticism Arthur Schopenhauer appended to the first volume of his "The World as Will and Representation" (1818). He wanted to show Immanuel Kant's errors so that Kant's merits would be appreciated and his achievements furthered.
Critique of Pure Reason
The "Critique of Pure Reason" was the first of Kant's works to become famous. According to Frederick C. Beiser, the work helped to discredit rationalist metaphysics of the kind associated with Leibniz and Wolff which had appeared to provide "a priori" knowledge of the existence of God, although Beiser notes that this school of thought was already in decline by the time the "Critique of Pure Reason" was published. In his view, Kant's philosophy became successful in the early 1790s partly because Kant's doctrine of "practical faith" seemed to provide a justification for moral, religious, and political beliefs without an "a priori" knowledge of God. However, the "Critique of Pure Reason" received little attention when it was first published. Kant did not expect reviews from anyone qualified to appraise the work, and initially heard only complaints about its obscurity. The theologian and philosopher Johann Friedrich Schultz wrote that the public saw the work as "a sealed book" consisting in nothing but "hieroglyphics". The first review appeared in the "Zugaben zu den Göttinger gelehrte Anzeigen" in 1782. The review, which denied that there is any distinction between Kant's idealism and that of Berkeley, was anonymous and became notorious. Kant reformulated his views because of it, redefining his transcendental idealism in the "Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics" (1783) and the second edition of the "Critique of Pure Reason". The review was denounced by Kant, but defended by Kant's empiricist critics, and the resulting controversy drew attention to the "Critique of Pure Reason".