Ulrich Graf
Shortly after the First World War, Graf became a member of the German Workers' Party (DAP). Later, the DAP was renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP; Nazi Party) and taken over by Adolf Hitler. Founded in 1920, the "Sturmabteilung" (SA) was the first of many paramilitary protection squads that worked to protect Nazi officials. These storm troopers, outfitted in brown uniforms, were initially charged with the duty of keeping order at Nazi Party meetings. They soon expanded their role to include disruption of rival political party's functions. Graf was an early member of the SA. In 1921, he became member number 2882 of the Nazi Party.
French National-Collectivist Party
The party was officially founded by the journalist Pierre Clémenti on April 7, 1934 under the name French National Communist Party (Parti Français National Communiste). The movement was restarted in July 1940, after France's defeat by Nazi Germany. The German occupying authorities rejected the adjective 'Communist' in the party's name, so it switched to Collectivist and kept the same acronym. With several other parties, the PFNC helped organize the Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism, a unit of French soldiers that fought on alongside the Germans on Eastern Front against the Soviet Union.