List of lingua francas
Turkish is still in use and widely spoken in several areas formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and may be understood by older people in other parts of the Middle East.
Sanjak
Sanjaks (; ; Modern Turkish: "Sancak", ) were administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire. "Sanjak," and the variant spellings "sandjak, sanjaq," and "sinjaq," are English transliterations of the Turkish word "sancak," meaning "district," "banner," or "flag". Sanjaks were also called by the Arabic word for banner or flag: "liwa".