Force
Sir Isaac Newton described the motion of all objects using the concepts of inertia and force, and in doing so he found they obey certain conservation laws. In 1687, Newton published his thesis "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica". In this work Newton set out three laws of motion that to this day are the way forces are described in physics.
Torque
The term "torque" was introduced into English scientific literature by James Thomson, the brother of Lord Kelvin, in 1884. However, torque is referred to using different vocabulary depending on geographical location and field of study. This article refers to the definition used in US physics in its usage of the word "torque". In the UK and in US mechanical engineering, torque is referred to as "moment of force", usually shortened to "moment". In US physics and UK physics terminology these terms are interchangeable, unlike in US mechanical engineering, where the term "torque" is used for the closely related "resultant moment of a couple".