జార్జి బెంథామ్
జార్జి బెంథామ్ George Bentham"' CMG FRS (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) 19వ శతాబ్దానికి చెందిన ప్రముఖ బ్రిటిష్ వృక్ష శాస్త్రవేత్త.
జిహాద్
During the 1870s, European initiatives against the slave trade caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan, precipitating the rise of Mahdist forces. Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi was a religious leader, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi - the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will appear at end times - in 1881, and declared a Jihad against Ottoman rulers. He declared all "Turks" infidels and called for their execution. The Mahdi raised an army and led a successful religious war to topple the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation of Sudan. Victory created an Islamic state, one that quickly reinstituted slavery. In the West he is most famous for defeating and later killing British general Charles George Gordon, in the fall of Khartoum.