Who first identified the process of autophagy?
Yoshinori Ohsumi
Christian de Duve coined the term autophagy in 1963 whereas Ohsumi began his work in 1988. Prior to that time, less than 20 papers per year were published on this subject. During the 1990s, Ohsumi's group described the morphology of autophagy in yeast, and performed mutational screening on yeast cells that identified essential genes for cells to be capable of autophagy.
List of Orthodontic Functional Appliances
It is important to note that the dento-facial Orthopedics was mainly done in Europe initially as United States was introduced to Fixed Orthodontics by Edward Angle. Norman William Kingsley was the first person to show "jumping the bite" by using an anterior bite plate. Hotz then developed the Vorbissplate which was modification of Kingsley's plate. Wilhelm Roux is credited to be the first person who studied the effects of functional forces on Orthodontics in 1883. His workings were used by other dentists in future to study the dental orthopedics. His teachings became known as Roux Hypothesis, which Karl Haupl later expanded. Monobloc developed by Pierre Robin (surgeon) in 1902 is considered to be one of the first functional appliances in Orthodontics. The Monobloc was a modification of Ottolengui’s removable plate. In 1908, Viggo Andersen developed the Activator appliance. This was the first functional appliance to be widely accepted, especially in Europe. This appliance became the "Norwegian" system of treatment in Orthodontics in early 1900s.