What years did Zhu Xi live?
Confucius
During the Song dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (AD 1130–1200) added ideas from Daoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death, his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different and call his way of thinking "Neo-Confucianism". Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam until the 19th century.
The works of Confucius were first translated into European languages by Jesuit missionaries in the 16th century during the late Ming dynasty. The first known effort was by Michele Ruggieri, who returned to Italy in 1588 and carried on his translations while residing in Salerno. Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and a team of Jesuits—Prospero Intorcetta, Philippe Couplet, and two others—published a translation of several Confucian works and an overview of Chinese history in Paris in 1687. François Noël, after failing to persuade ClementXI that Chinese veneration of ancestors and Confucius did not constitute idolatry, completed the Confucian canon at Prague in 1711, with more scholarly treatments of the other works and the first translation of the collected works of Mencius. It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.
Zhao Rukuo
Zhao Rukuo (; 1170–1231), also written as Chau Ju-Kua/Chou Ju-kua/Zhao Rugua, or misread as Zhao Rushi, is a Song dynasty official who wrote a two-volume book titled "Zhu Fan Zhi". The book deals with the world known to the Chinese in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; the first volume is a list of foreign places with descriptions of each place and the customs of its local people. The second volume is a catalog of trade goods.
Zhu Xicai
Little is known about Zhu Xicai's background, and it is not known when he was born. According to the Tang Dynasty historian Ping Zhimei (平致美), whose "Jimen Jiluan" (薊門紀亂) is no longer extant but is often cited in other works, he served under Shi Chaoyi, the final emperor of the state of Yan during the An Shi Rebellion against Tang Dynasty rule, and, after Shi Chaoyi had become emperor after assassinating his father Shi Siming in 761, the Yan general remaining at the major city of Fanyang (范陽, in modern Beijing) went through major bloody infighting, at the end of which Li Huaixian emerged the victor. Zhu Xicai was then serving under Li, and he remained at Fanyang to continue to serve under Li after the disturbance. After Li submitted to Emperor Daizong of Tang in 763 and turned against Shi Chaoyi (leading to Shi Chaoyi's committing suicide, ending Yan), Zhu continued to serve under Li.
Zhu Zhaoxiang
Feb 4, 1921, Zhu was born in Zhenhai County (current Zhenhai District), Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. Both his father and grandfather were fishermen. In 1949, Zhu graduated from the Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University. In the early 1940s, Zhu joined the Communist Party of China (CPC). From 1944 to 1949, Zhu was a lecturer and assistant in the Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University.
Xu Zhi
Xu Zhi (died 254) was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He participated in a battle against an invading army from Wei's rival state, Shu Han, led by the Shu general Jiang Wei. His name is sometimes incorrectly romanised as Xu Zi.
Zhu Zhi
Following Sun Jian's death in 191, Zhu Zhi continued to serve under Sun Jian's successor, Sun Ce, who at the time was loyal to the northern warlord Yuan Shu. Upon learning that Yuan Shu was not a man of integrity or administrative ability, Zhu Zhi advised Sun Ce to return to their territory in Wu and operate independently. Around this time, the Grand Tutor Ma Midi gave Zhu Zhi bureaucrat status and promoted him to Administrator of Wu Commandery. Zhu Zhi displayed ability and talent in all his missions, including an instance of protecting Sun Ce's family members, and was widely lauded as Sun Ce conquered the entire lower Yangtze region.
Zhang Ni
Zhang Ni (died 254), courtesy name Boqi, was a military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was instrumental in pacifying the indigenous tribes residing within and around the border of Shu. He spent at least 18 years dealing with the continuum of domestic uprisings around Yuexi/Yuesui and Ba commanderies, and only entered the central government after numerous petitions. He was killed in battle by the Wei general Xu Zhi during one of Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions. His name is sometimes rendered as Zhang Yi.
Academies (Shuyuan)
However, academies had begun to decline by the twelfth century. The White Deer Grotto Academy, which had fallen into ruin, was rebuilt by the prominent neo-Confucianist Zhu Xi in 1179-80 during the Southern Song (1127–1279) and reopened in 1180. It became an important centre of Confucian thought during eight centuries. Zhu Xi himself taught here during the Southern Song as did Wang Yangming during the Ming. As a result of Zhu Xi's efforts, the "shuyuan" became a permanent feature of Chinese education, taking up major responsibilities of local education.
Zhu Yunming
Zhu Yunming (; 1461–1527) was a Chinese calligrapher, poet, writer, and scholar-official of the Ming dynasty, known as one of the "Four Talents of Wu" (Suzhou). Most admired for his accomplishment in calligraphy, he is also a popular cultural figure for his uninhibited lifestyle and iconoclastic thinking. He criticized the orthodox Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi and admired the philosophy of mind advocated by Wang Yangming. He wrote a large number of essays that criticize traditional values, and was an influence on the iconoclastic philosopher Li Zhi.
Zhu Xi
"Zhu" Xi maintained that all things are brought into being by the union of two universal aspects of reality: "qi", sometimes translated as vital (or physical, material) force; and "li", sometimes translated as rational principle (or law). The source and sum of "li" is the "Taiji" (Wade-Giles: T‘ai Chi), meaning the Supreme Ultimate. The source of "qi" (Wade-Giles: ch‘i) is not so clearly stated by Zhu Xi, leading some authorities to maintain that he was a metaphysical monist and others to maintain that he was a metaphysical dualist.
Zhu De
Zhu De ( (also Chu Teh; 1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976) was a Chinese general, warlord, politician, revolutionary and one of the pioneers of the Communist Party of China. Born poor in 1886 in Sichuan, he was adopted by a wealthy uncle at age nine; this prosperity provided him a superior early education that led to his admission into a military academy. After his time at the academy, he joined a rebel army and soon became a warlord. It was after this period that he adopted communism. He ascended through the ranks of the Chinese Red Army as it closed in on securing the nation. By the time China was under Mao's control, Zhu was a high-ranking official within the Communist Party of China. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1955 he became one of the Ten Marshals of the People's Liberation Army, of which he is regarded as the principal founder. Zhu remained a prominent political figure until his death in 1976. As the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1975 to 1976, Zhu was the head of state of the People's Republic of China.
Sheng Xian
Sheng Xian ( 190s–200s), courtesy name Xiaozhang, was an official who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was from Kuaiji Commandery, which is around present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
Khoo Kheng-Hor
Sun Tzu (pinyin: Sun Zi; c. 544 BC – 496 BC) was a native of the Qi state (now Huimin county in Shandong) during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history, that was characterised by warring factions and a fragmented state. He came to the attention of King He Lu of Wu, who was impressed by his 13-chapter military treatise, "The Art of War". In 512 BC, He Lu made Sun Tzu his Commander-in-Chief of the Wu army. For almost 20 years, the armies of Wu were victorious over their hereditary enemies, the kingdoms of Chu and Yue. In 496 BC, after He Lu died from his wounds in battle, his son, Fu Chai succeeded him. After numerous victories in battles, Fu Chai became arrogant and began to indulge in merrymaking. In time, the king started to disregard Sun Tzu's counsel and began to distance himself from Sun Tzu. Sensing this, Sun Tzu wisely gave up his position and left Wu for Qi in retirement. Fu Chai and his generals did not follow Sun Tzu's precepts and his kingdom was subsequently conquered by Chu in 473 BC. Out of shame, Fu Chai committed suicide after he had fled with the remnants of his defeated army.
Zhu Zuoli
Zhu Zuoli (; born January 1955) is a former Chinese politician who spent most of his career in Shaanxi Province. Zhu was the Director of the Shaanxi Provincial Development and Reform Commission between 2008 and 2013, a department with broad powers over the provincial economy, and then the Vice-Chairman of the provincial People's Political Consultative Conference ("Zhengxie"), a mostly ceremonial legislative consultation body. He was placed under investigation for corruption by the Communist Party's internal anti-corruption agency in February 2014, and dismissed from his positions.
Wang Xiu (Han dynasty)
Wang Xiu ( 190s–210s), courtesy name Shuzhi, was an official who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He rose up to the highest echelon of government under the warlord Cao Cao, then the "de facto" head of the Han central government, in the lead-up to the Three Kingdoms period. He was known for being compassionate and daring.
Cen Xi
Cen Xi (; died July 29, 713), courtesy name Bohua (伯華), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Shang, Emperor Ruizong, and Emperor Xuanzong. He was known for his integrity as an official in charge of civil service affairs, but was later implicated as a partisan of Emperor Xuanzong's aunt Princess Taiping in 713 and was executed when Emperor Xuanzong suppressed Princess Taiping's party.
List of Chinese quotations
Zhuangzi (pinyin), Chuang Tzŭ (Wade-Giles), Chuang Tsu, Zhuang Tze, or Chuang Tse (Traditional Chinese characters: 莊子; Simplified Chinese characters: 庄子, literally meaning "Master Zhuang") was a famous philosopher in ancient China who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States Period, corresponding to the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical summit of Chinese thought. Another well-known part of the book, which is also found in Chapter 2, is usually called "Zhuangzi dreamed he was a butterfly".
Zhang Shi (scholar)
He was a native of Mianzhu (綿竹), Sichuan, and son of a distinguished general and statesman, named Zhang Jun (1097–1164), otherwise known as Duke of Yi (益). After studying under Hu Hong, son of Hu Anguo, he entered upon an official career and became aide-de-camp and secretary to his father. In 1164 the latter died, and Zhang Chi buried him according to his wish at the foot of Mount Heng in Hunan, remaining in seclusion near the grave for several years. While there he was visited in 1167 by Zhu Xi, and it is said that they spent three days and three nights arguing upon the "Doctrine of the Mean". The result was that Zhang returned to official life, and became a violent opponent of the Tartars and of the policy of conciliation and concession which had been introduced by Qin Gui. He was alternately promoted and degraded until he died as Governor of Zhingzhou in Hubei. He was the author of divers treatises and commentaries upon portions of the Confucian Canon, in which he gave expression to doctrines which his friend, Zhu Xi, felt himself called upon to refute. Nevertheless, Zhu Xi held him in high esteem and always spoke of him with admiration. He was canonised as Xuān 宣, and in 1261 was admitted into the Confucian Temple.
Yu Xi
Yu Xi (虞喜; 307-345 AD), courtesy name Zhongning (仲寧), was a Chinese official, scholar, and astronomer of the Jin dynasty (265-420 AD). He is best known for his discovery of the precession of the equinoxes, independently of the earlier ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus. He also postulated that the Earth could be spherical in shape instead of being flat and square, long before the idea became widely accepted in Chinese science thanks to the European influence of the Jesuits in the 17th century.
Wei Zhongxian
Wei Zhongxian (1568 – December 12, 1627) was a Chinese court eunuch who lived in the late Ming dynasty. He is considered by most historians as the most powerful and notorious eunuch in Chinese history. He is best known for his service in the court of the Tianqi Emperor (r. 1620–27), when his power eventually appeared to rival that of the emperor.
Zhu Muzhi
Zhu Muzhi (25 December 1916 − 23 October 2015) was a politician of the People's Republic of China. Zhu was a member of the 10th, 11th and 12th CPC Central Committee. Zhu served as president of the Xinhua News Agency, deputy head of the Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China, Minister of Culture, and chairman of the State Council Information Office.
Guo Xi
Guo Xi () ( 1020 – c. 1090) was a Chinese landscape painter from Henan Province who lived during the Northern Song dynasty. One text entitled "The Lofty Message of Forest and Streams" (Linquan Gaozhi 林泉高致) is attributed to him. The work covers a variety of themes centered on the appropriate way of painting a landscape. He was a court professional, a literatus, well-educated painter who developed an incredibly detailed system of idiomatic brushstrokes which became important for later painters. One of his most famous works is "Early Spring", dated 1072. The work demonstrates his innovative techniques for producing multiple perspectives which he called "the angle of totality." This type of visual representation is also called "Floating Perspective", a technique which displaces the static eye of the viewer and highlights the differences between Chinese and Western modes of spatial representation.
Duke Wu of Chen
Duke Wu succeeded his father Duke Xi of Chen, who died in 796 BC. Duke Xi's reign coincided with that of King Xuan of Zhou. He reigned for 15 years and died in 781 BC, the year that King You, the last king of Western Zhou, ascended the throne. Duke Wu was succeeded by his son Yue, known as Duke Yi of Chen. Duke Yi died after only three years of reign, and was succeeded by his younger brother Xie, known as Duke Ping of Chen.
Lu Zhi (Tang dynasty)
Lu Zhi (陸贄; 754–805), courtesy name Jingyu (敬輿), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong. Even before he became chancellor, he became a trusted advisor to Emperor Dezong, who greatly valued his opinion. However, eventually he offended Emperor Dezong by repeatedly accusing Emperor Dezong's associate Pei Yanling of misconduct, and he was demoted and died in exile. He left a relatively large body of writing on his advice to Emperor Dezong, which discussed in fair detail the condition of the Tang people at the time and thus is considered valuable, by historians such as the modern historian Bo Yang, in understanding mid-Tang life.
Zhou Xuan
Zhou Xuan (; born Su Pu ; August 1, 1918 – September 22, 1957), also romanized as Chow Hsuan, was an iconic Chinese singer and film actress. By the 1940s, she had become one of China's Seven Great Singing Stars. She was the best known of the seven, nicknamed the "Golden Voice", and had a concurrent movie career until 1954. She recorded more than 200 songs and appeared in over 40 films in her career.
Xu Yushi
Xu Yushi (許圉師) (died 679), formally Duke Jian of Ping'en (平恩簡公), was briefly a chancellor of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong.
Zhou Tai
Zhou Tai died sometime during the Huangwu era (222–229) in Sun Quan's reign. His year of death was not specified, but the Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny estimated it to be around 223.
Disciples of Confucius
It is not certain what state Bu Shang (卜商) was a native of, but he was said to have been born either in Wei or Wen. His courtesy name was Zixia (子夏). He was 45 years younger than Confucius and lived to a great age, for in 406 BC (73 years after Confucius's death) he was recorded serving at the court of Prince Wan of Wei, to whom he gave copies of some of the classics. He is represented as an extensively well-read and exacting scholar but one without great comprehension of mind. The "Maojing" is said to contain his philosophical views. Gongyang Gao and Guliang Chi studied the Spring and Autumn Annals with him. When Zixia died, his son wept so greatly it is said that he became blind. In the Temple of Confucius, he is placed in the fifth east position, among "The Wise Ones".
Zhu Huan
Zhu Huan (177–238), courtesy name Xiumu, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Although he started his career early under the warlord Sun Quan, he did not receive any important responsibilities until after the Battle of Jiangling in 209. Since then, Zhu Huan had taken charge of some local defences and successfully quelled a few rebellions. Between 222 and 225, when Cao Pi, the emperor of Wu's rival state Wei, launched a three-pronged invasion of Wu, Sun Quan appointed Zhu Huan as a military commander to resist the Wei invaders. Zhu Huan defeated the Wei general Cao Ren at the Battle of Ruxu (222–223).
Zhu Zuxiang
Zhu was born in Cixi City (current Yuyao), Zhejiang on 5 October 1916. In 1934, Zhu graduated from Ningbo Xiaoshi Middle School. In 1938, Zhu graduated from the School of Agricultural Sciences of Zhejiang University. In 1946, Zhu earned MSc from Michigan State University (MSU), United States. In 1948, Zhu obtained PhD from MSU.
Zhang Xiu (Eastern Wu)
In the 240s, a power struggle broke out between two of Sun Quan's sons — Sun He, the Crown Prince; Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu. Zhang Xiu was a supporter of Sun He. In 241, after Zhang Xiu returned from a battle against Wu's rival state, Cao Wei, at Quebei (芍陂; south of present-day Shou County, Anhui), the Wu general Quan Cong and his son Quan Ji (全寄) accused Zhang Xiu, Gu Tan and Gu Cheng of conspiring with an officer Chen Xun (陳恂) to make a false report about their achievements in the battle. In 245, Zhang Xiu and the Gus were exiled to Jiao Province. As Zhang Xiu previously had a feud with Sun Hong (孫弘), the Director of the Imperial Secretariat, the latter used the opportunity to make further complaints against Zhang Xiu, which resulted in Zhang Xiu being ordered to commit suicide by Sun Quan. Zhang Xiu was 40 years old when he died.
Yue Fei
Yue Fei's second biography, is a wuxia novel titled "Shuo Yue Quan Zhuan" (), was written by Qian Cai (錢彩), who lived sometime during the reigns of the Kangxi and Yongzheng (1661–1735) emperors of the Qing dynasty. A dating symbol in its preface points either to the year 1684 or to 1744. It was banned during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. There are two main versions of this novel in existence. The original one had 80 chapters. There was an illustrated edition of this version published in 1912. The other version also had 80 chapters and was published during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (1861–1875). Starting in 1964 and finishing in 1995, Sir Yang Ti-liang, former Chief Justice of Hong Kong, current Chairman of the Hong Kong Red Cross, combined the first chapters of these works (in an attempt to weed out the overabundance of supernatural elements) to create a 79-chapter version with 961 pages, which he translated into English. It is currently sold under the title "General Yue Fei" ().
Zhu Zuxiang
Zhu Zuxiang (; a.k.a. Chu T.S. by Wade-Giles; 5 October 1916 – 18 November 1996) was a Chinese soil scientist, agricultural scientist, educator and politician. He is considered as the founder of modern soil chemistry in China.
Jiu Guo Zhi
The Jiu Guo Zhi ("Records of the Nine Kingdoms") is a Chinese history book written by Lu Zhen (957–1014), covering the "unorthodox" states or 9 of the "Ten Kingdoms" in the 10th-century Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period: Wu, Southern Tang, Wuyue, Former Shu, Later Shu, Northern Han (which it calls "Eastern Han"), Southern Han, Min Kingdom, and Chu. Lu Zhen died before completing the book, and Zhang Tangying (張唐英) added some materials. Later Lu Zhen's son Lu Lun (路綸) added 2 chapters on Jingnan (which he called "Northern Chu").
Zhu Xi
His philosophy survived the Intellectual Revolution of 1917, and later Feng Youlan would interpret his conception of "li", "qi", and "taiji" into a new metaphysical theory.
Zhang Zai
Zhang Zai () (1020–1077) was a Chinese Neo-Confucian moral philosopher and cosmologist. He is most known for laying out four ontological goals for intellectuals: To build up the manifestations of Heaven and Earth's spirit, to build up good life for the populace, to develop past sages' endangered scholarship, and to open up eternal peace.
Zhu Xuan
It is not known when Zhu Xuan was born, but it is known that he was from Xiayi (下邑, in modern Suzhou, Anhui). As of 882, he was serving under Cao Cunshi (曹存實) the military governor of Tianping Circuit, when Cao was killed in battle when Tianping came under attack by Han Jian the military governor of neighboring Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei). Zhu took over the defense of Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture (鄆州) after Cao's death and was able to prevent it from falling to Han. Then-reigning Emperor Xizong thereafter made Zhu the acting military governor.
Zhu Hong
Zhu Hong (; 1535–1615) Chinese Buddhist leader and anti-Jesuit. He was known as the “Master of Yunqi”, after a monastery restored in his honor. He was born in Hangzhou into a family with the surname Shen. Zhu was an excellent student, although he never succeeded along the path of officialdom. His first connection to Buddhism was that of the Pure Land variety. After failure in the official examinations he became a monk at thirty-one despite the existence of his second wife, who later became a nun. Zhu Hong died at the age of eighty-one. Zhu Hong is best remembered for his persistent hostility to Roman Catholicism. Zhu’s writings are a direct rebuttal to the Jesuit Matteo Ricci (利瑪竇).
Deng Xi
Deng Xi (; , also written as 祁奚; c. 546 – 501 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher and rhetorician who has been called the founding father of the Chinese logical tradition, or School of Names (Xingmingjia). Once a senior official of the Zheng state, and a contemporary of Confucius, he was actually China's earliest renowned lawyer, teaching the people word play in lawsuits. The "Zuo Zhuan" and "Annals of Lü Buwei" critically credit Deng with the authorship of a penal code opposing and twisting that of the more Confucian Zichan. Arguing over forms and names (xing ming zhi bian), Deng is cited by Liu Xiang as the originator of the "Legalists" and Logicians Xing-Ming principle judging names and realities (ming-shih), likely making him an important contributor to both Chinese philosophy and the foundations of Chinese statecraft.
Zhu Xi
Zhu Xi wrote what was to become the orthodox Confucian interpretation of a number of concepts in Taoism and Buddhism. While he appeared to have adopted some ideas from these competing systems of thought, unlike previous Neo-Confucians he strictly abided by the Confucian doctrine of active moral cultivation. He found Buddhist principles to be darkening and deluding the original mind as well as destroying human relations.
Xu Shu
Xu Shu ( 207–220s), courtesy name Yuanzhi, originally named Shan Fu, was an official of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was born in the late Eastern Han dynasty and used to be a vigilante swordsman in his early life. However, after running into trouble with the authorities, he renounced his old ways and took up scholarly pursuits. He lived a reclusive life from the 190s to mid-200s in Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan provinces), where he met and befriended Zhuge Liang. In late 207, he became an adviser to the warlord Liu Bei and served under Liu for about a year. He also recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei during this period of time. In late 208, Liu Bei was defeated at the Battle of Changban by his rival Cao Cao. Xu Shu's mother was captured by Cao Cao's forces during the battle. Feeling lost and without a sense of direction, Xu Shu eventually left Liu Bei and joined Cao Cao. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei – founded by Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi, who ended the Eastern Han dynasty – and died of illness in office.
Yang Xi
Few historical facts are known about Yang Xi's life, and most information comes from his own revealed texts. The "Zhen'gao", for instance, is the only early record of Yang's birth and death dates; it says that when he was betrothed to the heavenly Consort An in 365, he told her that he had been born in October of 330 and was 36 (Smith 2013: 61). The actual date of his death is unknown; Tao Hongjing accepts the revelatory prediction that Yang would ascend to the heavens "in broad daylight" in 386, thus avoiding death in the forthcoming end of the world in 392 (Smith 2013: 104, Strickmann 1977: 47). Yang had an early connection with Daoism in 350 when Wei Huacun's eldest son, Liu Pu (劉璞) gave Yang a manuscript of the Lingbao School "Wufu xu" (五符序, Prolegomena to the Five Talismans of the Numinous Treasure) (Espessett 2008a: 1147). Although Tao had copies of the Xu's "jiapu" (家譜, Family Genealogy), he preferred to rely upon the prophetic contents of the revelations themselves; the family records said Xu Mi died in 373, but Tao said 376 when it was predicted that he would enter Shangqing heaven (Strickmann 1977: 42).
Zhu Zhi
Sun Ce was assassinated by a servant of Xu Gong in 200 for reasons that have long been debated. Zhu Zhi stayed in Wu and, along with the general Zhou Yu, served Sun Ce's successor, Sun Quan. In 202, Sun Quan appointed Zhu Zhi as the Administrator of Wu Commandery and promoted him to the rank of General Who Upholds Righteousness (扶義將軍). Sun Quan gave Zhu Zhi feudal land holdings in Gelou, Youzhang, Wuyi and Piling, allowed Zhu Zhi to enter semi-retirement.
Zhu Ziqing
Zhu Ziqing (November 22, 1898 – August 12, 1948), born Zhu Zihua, was a renowned Chinese poet and essayist. Zhu studied at Peking University, and during the May Fourth Movement became one of several pioneers of modernism in China during the 1920s. Zhu was a prolific writer of both prose and poetry, but is best known for essays like "Retreating Figure" (), and "You. Me." (). His best known work in verse is the long poem "Destruction" or "Huimie" ().
Zhu Bian
Zhu Bian (1085–1144), courtesy name Shaozhang, was a Song dynasty diplomat, poet, and writer who was detained by the Jurchen Jin dynasty for 15 years, during which he authored "Quwei Jiuwen".
Xu Zhongxing
Xu Zhongxing (? - 1578) was a Chinese litterateur of the Ming Dynasty. He was one of the Latter Seven Masters. He completed the Jinshi level of the Imperial Examination in 1550. Later he was appointed as Xingbu Zhushi (刑部主事), and became Buzhengshi (布政使) of Jiangxi at last.
Zhang Qi (Song dynasty)
Zhang Qi (died 1048), originally named Zhang Min, was a high-ranking Song dynasty official and military general. He was one of the longest-serving ministers during Emperor Zhenzong's reign. He also served the assistant commissioner and commissioner of military affairs from 1025 to 1033 during the regency of Emperor Zhenzong's widow Empress Dowager Liu. He was well trusted by both Emperor Zhenzong and Empress Dowager Liu mainly because he had been their personal servant when all 3 were teenagers.
Xu Shen
Xu Shen ( CE) was a Chinese scholar-official and philologist of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-189). He was born in the Zhaoling district of Run'an prefecture (today known as Luohe in Henan Province). During his own lifetime, Xu was recognized as a preeminent scholar of the Five Classics. He was the author of "Shuowen Jiezi", which was the first comprehensive dictionary of Chinese characters, as well as the first to organize entries by radical. This work continues to provide scholars with information on the development and historical usage of Chinese characters. Xu Shen completed his first draft in 100 CE but, waited until 121 CE before having his son present the work to the Emperor An of Han.
Xu was a student of the scholar-official Jia Kui 贾逵 (30-101). Under Jia, he established himself as a master in his own right and enjoyed a positive reputation. This education allowed him to hold several government offices at the prefecture level, and ultimately rise to a post in the royal library. Before undertaking the "Shuowen", he was already a prolific writer. Although lost, one of his better known early works was a commentary on the Huainanzi, an important sociopolitical work from the second century BCE.
Zhu Yi (Liang dynasty)
Zhu Yi (483 – February 16, 549), courtesy name Yanhe (彥和), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Liang Dynasty. He was greatly trusted by Emperor Wu in Emperor Wu's old age. He is often depicted by historians as corrupt and duplicitous, as well as a reason for Liang's downfall.
Zhu Ju
Zhu Ju (194–250), courtesy name Zifan, was an official and military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. A son-in-law of Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan, Zhu Ju served briefly as the fifth Imperial Chancellor of Wu from 249 to 250.
Zhu Zhixian
Zhu Zhixian (; 31 December 1908 – 5 March 1991) was a psychologist, educator, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology in China. He graduated from National Central University, and then worked as a researcher in the University of Tokyo in Japan. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he returned to China and worked in Jinagsu College of Education, Sichuan College of Education, Sun Yat-sen University and Dade College of Hong Kong. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhu was responsible for the school textbooks in Ministry of Education, and then worked as associate editor in People's Education Press. In 1951, he was invited to work in Beijing Normal University. He was the chairman of Education Department, director of Institute of Child psychology, and editor of Journal of Psychological Development and Education. Zhu was one of the first doctoral tutors, and cultivated China's first doctor in psychology, Lin Chongde.
Zhang Yi (Bogong)
Zhang Yi (died 3 March 264), courtesy name Bogong, was a military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Zhang Yi was a 10th-generation descendant of Zhang Liang. He started his career as a scribe under the warlord Liu Bei, who founded Shu later, and gradually rose to the positions of a county prefect and commandery administrator. In the early 230s, he served as an area commander tasked with maintaining the peace in Shu's southern commanderies. In 234, he led the Shu vanguard during the Battle of Wuzhang Plains against Shu's rival state Wei. From 238 to 259, Zhang Yi steadily rose through the ranks to become one of Shu's top generals. During this time, although he strongly opposed the Shu general Jiang Wei's aggressive stance towards Wei, he still accompanied Jiang Wei on his military campaigns against Wei. In 263, he surrendered to Wei forces along with the Shu emperor Liu Shan when Wei launched a large-scale invasion of Shu. In the following year, Zhang Yi was killed by mutineers during a rebellion by the Wei general Zhong Hui.
Zhou Shuxi
Zhou Shuxi (; 1624–1705) was a female Chinese painter in Qing Dynasty. She was a native of Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, and the second daughter of Zhou Rongqi. Her sobriquet was 'Lady on the River' ().
Zhang Xiu (warlord)
Zhang Xiu (died 207) was a military general and minor warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. In 197, he clashed with the warlord Cao Cao, who was then the "de facto" head of the Han central government, at the Battle of Wancheng and subsequent skirmishes. However, in 200, he heeded the suggestion from his adviser Jia Xu and surrendered to Cao Cao, who accepted his surrender and appointed him as a general. Having fought on Cao Cao's side at the decisive Battle of Guandu against a rival warlord Yuan Shao and in the subsequent campaigns against Yuan Shao's heirs, Zhang Xiu made great contributions during his service under Cao Cao. In 207, he died en route to joining Cao Cao on a campaign against the Wuhuan tribes. The Han imperial court honoured with the posthumous title "Marquis Ding".
Yang Xi (Three Kingdoms)
Yang Xi (died 261), courtesy name Wenran, was an official of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is best known for writing the "Ji Han Fuchen Zan" (季漢輔臣贊; pub. 241), a collection of praises of notable persons who served in the Shu Han state. Chen Shou, the third-century historian who wrote the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi"), extensively quoted and annotated Yang Xi's collection.
Zhu Jin
Zhu Jin (朱瑾) (867-918) was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty who would later be a major general of the Wu (also known as Hongnong) state during the subsequent Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In the late Tang years, Zhu Jin, as the military governor ("Jiedushi") of Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong) would form a power bloc with his cousin Zhu Xuan the military governor of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), but they were both eventually defeated by Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan). Zhu Xuan was killed, and Zhu Jin fled to the domain of Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu); he would thereafter serve under Yang and Yang's successors, whose domain formed the Wu state eventually. In 918, angry at the arrogance of the Wu junior regent Xu Zhixun (the son of the regent Xu Wen), he assassinated Xu Zhixun, but Xu Wen's troops attacked him; he committed suicide when he saw that there was no escape.
Guo Ziyi
Guo Ziyi (Kuo Tzu-i; Traditional Chinese: 郭子儀, Simplified Chinese: 郭子仪, Hanyu Pinyin: Guō Zǐyí, Wade-Giles: Kuo Tzu-i) (697 – July 9, 781), formally Prince Zhōngwǔ of Fényáng (汾陽忠武王), was the Tang dynasty general who ended the An Lushan Rebellion and participated in expeditions against the Uyghur Khaganate and Tibetan Empire. He was regarded as one of the most powerful Tang generals before and after the Anshi Rebellion. After his death he was immortalized in Chinese mythology as the God of Wealth and Happiness ("Lu Star" of Fu Lu Shou). Guo Ziyi was a reportedly a Nestorian Christian.
Zhang Ti
Zhang Ti (236–280), courtesy name Juxian, was an official of the state of Eastern Wu during the late Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. He was the last Imperial Chancellor of Wu. In 280, when the Jin dynasty invaded Wu as part of its strategy to reunify China under Jin rule, Zhang Ti led the Wu forces into battle to resist the Jin invasion. He was killed in action during a battle around present-day He and Dangtu counties in Anhui. In the same year, the Wu emperor Sun Hao surrendered to the Jin dynasty, thus bringing an end to the existence of Wu and the Three Kingdoms period.
Zhu Xiao Di
Zhu Xiao Di (, born 1958) is a Chinese-American writer. He authored a novel, "Tales of Judge Dee", and a biographical work, "Thirty Years in a Red House: A Memoir of Childhood and Youth in Communist China", and contributed to "Father: Famous Writers Celebrate the Bond Between Father and Child", an anthology including contributions by Annie Proulx, John Updike, Dean Koontz, and Calvin Trillin. His latest work is in Chinese, a collection of over 60 essays, "Leisure Thoughts on Idle Books" (闲书闲话).
Xu Xi (painter)
Xu Xi (died before 975), was a Chinese painter in the Southern Tang kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
Zhang Xi (Tang dynasty)
Zhang Xi (), formally the Duke of Pingyuan (平原公), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, serving as chancellor on two occasions.
Zheng Ji (biochemist)
Zheng Ji () (6 May 1900 – 29 July 2010) was a nutritionist and a pioneering biochemist from Nanxi, Sichuan province, China. He was reputed to be the world's oldest professor and the founder of modern nutrition science in China. He lived to the age of 110.
Zhu Shugui
Zhu Shugui (1617 – 21 July 1683), courtesy name Tianqiu and art name Yiyuanzi, formally known as the Prince of Ningjing, was a Ming dynasty prince and the last of the pretenders to the Ming throne after the fall of the Ming Empire in 1644. He committed suicide when forces of the Manchu-led Qing Empire conquered the pro-Ming Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, where he took shelter after mainland China fell under Qing control. He was a ninth-generation descendant of Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), the founder of the Ming dynasty, via the line of Zhu Yuanzhang's 15th son, Zhu Zhi (the Prince of Liao).
Zhuang Zhou
The only account of the life of Zhuangzi is a brief sketch in chapter 63 of Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian", and most of the information it contains seems to have simply been drawn from anecdotes in the "Zhuangzi" itself. In Sima's biography, he is described as a minor official from the town of Meng (in modern Anhui) in the state of Song, living in the time of King Hui of Liang and King Xuan of Qi (late 4th century BC). Sima Qian writes:
Chuzi II
Chuzi (, 389 BC or 388–385 BC) was from 386 BC to 385 BC the 28th ruler of the Zhou Dynasty Chinese state of Qin that eventually united China to become the Qin Dynasty. His ancestral name was Ying (嬴), and Chuzi was his posthumous name. He was the second of two child rulers of Qin called Chuzi. He is also variously referred to as Duke Chu of Qin (秦出公), Shaozhu of Qin (秦少主), or Xiaozhu of Qin (秦小主) (Shaozhu and Xiaozhu both mean "Young Lord").
Zhu Xi
"Life" magazine ranked Zhu Xi as the forty-fifth most important person in the last millennium.
Zhuangzi (book)
The "Zhuangzi" is named for and attributed to Zhuang Zhouusually known as "Master Zhuang" (Chinese: "Zhuangzi" 莊子)a man generally said to have been born around 369 at a place called Meng () in the state of Song (around modern Shangqiu, Henan Province), and to have died around 301, 295, or 286. Almost nothing is concretely known of Zhuangzi's life. He is thought to have spent time in the southern state of Chu, as well as in Linzi, the capital of the state of Qi. Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian" ("Shiji" 史記), the first of China's 24 dynastic histories, has a biography of Zhuangzi, but most of it seems to have simply been drawn from anecdotes in the "Zhuangzi" itself. The American scholar and "Zhuangzi" translator Burton Watson noted, "Whoever Zhuang Zhou was, the writings attributed to him bear the stamp of a brilliant and original mind."
Emperor Wu of Liang
Xiao Yan had six other brothers born of Xiao Shunzhi's concubines. One of them, Xiao Xiu (475–518) is now mainly remembered because of his comparatively well-preserved funerary statuary ensemble near Nanjing.
Zhuozi (Jin)
Zhuozi (, died 651 BC) or Prince Zhuo () was for a month in 651 BC the ruler of the State of Jin during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His ancestral name was Ji (姬) and given name was Zhuo (卓). He was the son of Duke Xian of Jin, and his mother Shao Ji was the younger sister of Duke Xian's favored concubine Li Ji.
Zhu Wen
Emperor Taizu of Later Liang (後梁太祖), personal name Zhu Quanzhong (朱全忠) (852–912), né Zhu Wen (朱溫), name later changed to Zhu Huang (朱晃), nickname Zhu San (朱三, literally, "the third Zhu"), was a "Jiedushi" (military governor) and warlord who in 907 overthrew the Tang dynasty and established the Later Liang as its emperor, ushering in the era of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The last two Tang emperors, Emperor Zhaozong of Tang and Emperor Ai of Tang, who "ruled" as his puppets from 903 to 907, were both murdered by him.
Zhu Yi (Three Kingdoms)
Zhu Yi (died 26 September 257 A.D.), courtesy name Jiwen, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Zhu Shijie
Zhu Shijie (, 1249–1314), courtesy name Hanqing (), pseudonym Songting (), was one of the greatest Chinese mathematicians living during the Yuan Dynasty.
Zuo Ci
Zuo Ci, courtesy name Yuanfang, was a legendary personage of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period (169 – 280 AD) of China. Though he is known to be from Lujiang Commandery (盧江郡; around present-day Lu'an, Anhui), the years of his birth and death are unknown. It is believed that he had existed before the collapse of the Han dynasty, and it is claimed that he lived until the age of 300. He learned his magic and path to longevity from the Taoist sage Feng Heng (封衡), and eventually passed his arts to Ge Xuan.
Duke Xian of Qi
Duke Xian of Qi (; died 851 BC) was from 859 to 851 BC the seventh recorded ruler of the State of Qi during the Western Zhou Dynasty of ancient China. His personal name was Lü Shan (呂山), ancestral name Jiang (姜), and Duke Xian was his posthumous title.
Zhu Jingze
Zhu Jingze (朱敬則; 635–709), courtesy name Shaolian (少連), was an official of China's Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during Wu Zetian's reign.
Zhao Xi
Zhao Xi died of illness in 80 CE, during Emperor Zhang's reign, at the age of 84. He was granted a posthumous title, "Marquis Zheng" (正侯).
Zhu Quan
Zhu Quan is an important figure in the history of the Chinese zither, or "guqin", for his compilation of the important "Manual of the Mysterious and Marvellous" (, "Shénqí Mì Pǔ") in 1425. This is the earliest known large scale collection of qin scores to have survived to the present day.1. Zhu Panshi (), Hereditary Prince Zhuanghui (), posthumously as Prince Hui of Ning (), created as Hereditary Prince of Ning () in April 1403. He was married to a daughter of Yu Sheng (), Eastern Military Forces Commander () as Hereditary Princess Consort of Ning () in March 1417.
2. Unnamed, died young.
3. Zhu Panye (), Commentary Prince Kangxi of Linchuan (). He married to daughter of Huang Fu (), Northern Military Forces Commander () in July 1425, then married to Wang Xing's () daughter in May 1455. Demoted as Commoner in 1461.
4. Zhu Panyao (), Commentary Prince Anjian of Yichun (). Born in September 1414, title created in July 1428. He married a daughter of Liu Xun (劉勛), Jinwu Guard Commander () in October 1430. He died in July 1492 when he was 79, his mother was Lady Wang ().
5. Zhu Panzhu (), Commentary Prince Anxi of Xinchang (). Born in October 1419, title created in October 1430. He married to daughter of Ge Tan (), Xiaoling Guard Commander () in February 1437. He died in 1459, his title later cancelled due to his not having a son, but he had a daughter, County Princess Nankang ().
6. Zhu Panmuo (), Commentary Prince Daohui of Xinfeng (), title created in October 1432. He died in January 1437 when he was 19. His title later cancelled due to his not having a son.
Yang Xi (Three Kingdoms)
As the "Ji Han Fuchen Zan" was written in 241, it did not contain information about notable persons from Shu who died after that year. When he was writing Yang Xi's biography in the "Sanguozhi", Chen Shou added information on the notable persons who died after 241 at the end of the "Ji Han Fuchen Zan" so as to allow readers to have a rough understanding of these persons' lives.
Shang Xi
Shang Xi (; fl. ca. 1430–1440); was a Chinese mural and scroll painter during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). His specific birth and death dates are not known.
Duke Xi of Qi
Duke Xi reigned for 33 years and died in 698 BC. He was succeeded by his son, Duke Xiang of Qi, who would later be murdered by Duke Xi's nephew Wuzhi. Wuzhi himself was also killed soon afterward, and Duke Xi's younger son Xiaobai ascended the throne, posthumously known as Duke Huan of Qi. Qi grew strong under Duke Huan's rule and he became the first of the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period.
Zhuang Zhou
Zhuang Zhou (), commonly known as Zhuangzi (; ; literally "Master Zhuang"; also rendered as Chuang Tzu), was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BC during the Warring States period, a period corresponding to the summit of Chinese philosophy, the Hundred Schools of Thought. He is credited with writing—in part or in whole—a work known by his name, the "Zhuangzi", which is one of the foundational texts of Taoism.
Yang Zhu
Yang Zhu (; ; 440–360 BC), also known as Yang Zi or Yangzi (Master Yang), was a Chinese philosopher during the Warring States period. An early ethical egoist alternative to Mohist and Confucian thought, Yang Zhu's surviving ideas appear primarily in the Chinese texts "Huainanzi", "Lüshi Chunqiu", "Mengzi", and possibly the "Liezi" and "Zhuangzi".
Shizi (book)
The oldest surviving reference to Shizi is found in the (91 BCE) "Shiji" "Scribal Record" biography of Xunzi (c. 312–230 BCE). 
And (in addition to Xun Zi, the state of) Zhao also had Gongsun Long, who made arguments about the similarity and difference of hardness and whiteness, and the sayings of Ju Zi; (the state of) Wei had Li Kui (with his) teaching on fully using the powers of the land; (the state of) Chu had Shizi, Chang Lu, and Yu Zi from A in it. Following from Meng Zi down until Yu Zi, the world has their writings in abundance; therefore (I) will not discuss their biographies. (tr. Fischer 2012:794-797)
Mo Xi
Mo Xi (), also called Mei Xi 妹喜, was the concubine of Jie 桀, the last ruler of the legendary Xia dynasty 夏 (trad. c. 2070 – c. 1600 BCE). According to tradition, Mo Xi, Da Ji 妲己 (the concubine of the last ruler of Shang) and Bao Si 褒姒 (the concubine of the last ruler of Western Zhou) are each blamed for the fall of these respective dynasties. According to the "Wu Yue chunqiu" 吳越春秋 (Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue) “Xia fell because of Mo Xi; Yin (Shang) fell because of Da Ji; Zhou fell because of Bao Si” (夏亡以妹喜，殷亡以妲己，周亡以褒姒). Neither Mo Xi nor the Lake of Alcohol, with which she is associated, is mentioned in the story of Jie and the fall of Xia in the "Shiji" 史記 (Records of the Grand Historian).
Zhao Xi
Emperor Guangwu died in 57 CE. In his final edict, he ordered Zhao Xi to assist his successor, Emperor Ming. In 58 CE, Emperor Ming named Zhao Xi "Marquis of Jiexiang" (節鄉侯). In the spring of 60 CE, Zhao Xi was stripped off his post of Grand Commandant for making an erroneous report on Xue Xiu (薛脩), the chancellor of Zhongshan (中山). In winter that year he replaced Dou Rong (竇融) as Minister of the Guards (衛尉). In 65 CE, he took over Yu Yan (虞延) and served as acting-Grand Commandant. When his mother died of illness, Zhao Xi returned home to mourn, and Emperor Ming attempted to persuade him to remain in court.
Zhu Xi
Zhu Xi (; ; October 18, 1130 – April 23, 1200), also known by his courtesy name Yuanhui (or Zhonghui), and self-titled Hui'an, was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer of the Song dynasty. He was a Confucian scholar who was the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His contributions to Chinese philosophy including his assigning special significance to the "Analects", the "Mencius", the "Great Learning", and the "Doctrine of the Mean" (the Four Books), his emphasis on the investigation of things ("gewu"), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts, formed the basis of Chinese bureaucracy and government for over 700 years. He has been called the second most influential thinker in Chinese history, after Confucius himself.
King Li of Zhou
King Li of Zhou (died in 828 BC) () was the tenth king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. Estimated dates of his reign are 877–841 BC or 857–842 BC ("Cambridge History of Ancient China").
King Li was a corrupt and decadent king. To pay for his pleasures and vices, King Li raised taxes and caused misery among his subjects. It is said that he barred the commoners from profiting from the communal forests and lakes. He enstated a new law which allowed him to punish anyone, by death, who dared to speak against him. King Li's bad rule soon forced many peasants and soldiers into revolt, and Li was sent into exile at a place called Zhi near Linfen (842 BC). 
His son was taken by one of his ministers and hidden. 
When Li died in exile in 828 BC, power was passed to his son.
Zhu Yizun
Zhu Yizun (; 1629–1709) was an author and poet during the Qing dynasty. In his early literary career, Zhu was recognized for his talent and helped by Gong Dingzi. Zhu became the founder of the Zhexi school of "ci" poetry (song lyrics). 
Zhu Yizun was particularly influenced in this regard by the work of the Southern Song "ci" of Jiang Kui and Zhang Yan.
Cui Shi
Cui Shi (崔湜; 671–713), courtesy name Chenglan (澄瀾), was a Chinese writer and politician. He served as an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian's sons Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong and grandsons Emperor Shang and Emperor Xuanzong. In 713, with Emperor Xuanzong locked in a rivalry with his aunt Princess Taiping, Cui chose to side with Princess Taiping, and after Emperor Xuanzong suppressed Princess Taiping's party, Cui was exiled and ordered to commit suicide in exile.
Xi Shi
Xi Shi (Hsi Shih; , literally "(Lady) Shi of the West", 506 BC – ?) was one of the renowned Four Beauties of ancient China. She was said to have lived during the end of the Spring and Autumn period in Zhuji, the capital of the ancient State of Yue. Her name was Shi Yiguang (施夷光).
Teng Xiu
Teng Xiu (died 288), courtesy name Xianxian, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the late Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. After the fall of Wu in 280, he continued serving under the Jin dynasty. He is sometimes tied to a legend about the Temple of the Five Immortals in present-day Guangzhou, Guangdong.
Zhu Xuan
Zhu Xuan (朱瑄 or 朱宣) (d. 897) was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, who, from 882 to 897, controlled Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) as its military governor ("Jiedushi"). He formed a power bloc with his cousin Zhu Jin, who ruled neighboring Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong), and subsequently, they, along with their ally Shi Pu the military governor of Ganhua Circuit (感化, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), engaged in a lengthy war with their former ally Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) that ravaged the countryside. By 897, all three had been defeated, and Zhu Xuan was captured and executed by Zhu Quanzhong.
Wang Zhuxi
Wang Zhuxi (Chinese: 王竹溪; Pinyin: "Wáng Zhúxī"; June 7, 1911 - January 30, 1983), who had the given name Zhuqi (治淇) and the sobriquet Zhuxi, was a renowned Chinese physicist, educator, and philologist.
Zhen Dexiu
Zhen Dexiu (; 1178–1235) was a Chinese politician and philosopher during the Southern Song dynasty. His Neo-Confucianist views were influential at court and together with his colleague Wei Liaoweng he was instrumental in making Neo-Confucianism the dominant political philosophy of his time.
Zhu Dexi
Zhu Dexi (; 1920–1992) was a Chinese linguist, grammarian, and educator. He was vice-president of Peking University and made significant contributions to Modern Chinese and Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language.
Xu Zhixun (elder)
Xu Zhixun (徐知訓) (died 918) was the oldest biological son of Xu Wen, the regent of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Wu. He served as the junior regent from 915 to his death in 918, with his father stationing himself at Jinling away from the capital Guangling (廣陵, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). Xu Zhixun's arrogance alienated the Wu generals, and, in 918, after he angered the general Zhu Jin, Zhu assassinated him.
Duke Zhuang I of Qi
Duke Zhuang I of Qi (; died 731 BC) was from 794 to 731 BC the twelfth recorded ruler of the State of Qi during the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China. His personal name was Lü Gou (呂購), ancestral name Jiang (姜), and Duke Zhuang was his posthumous title. He was the first of the two Qi rulers called Duke Zhuang.
Zhuzi yulei
The Zhuzi yulei (朱子語類 "A Collection of Conversations of Master Zhu") is a medieval Chinese text containing discussions between the eminent neo-Confucian scholar Zhu Xi and his disciples, in 140 chapters. Although the text was first arranged in 1270, the version of the text available is a 19th-century reprint of a 17th-century edition of the text.
Zhang Xiu (Eastern Wu)
Zhang Xiu ( 205–245), courtesy name Shusi, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Emperor Zhi
Di Zhì () or simply Zhì, was a mythological emperor of ancient China. Di was a title as in HuangDi "Yellow Emperor" and YanDi "Flame Emperor". Zhi was a son of DiKu "Emperor Ku". Di Zhi ruled for nine years (roughly 2366- 2358 BC) until he died and was succeeded by his younger half-brother Yao.
Sima Qian, in the ShiJi (the Records of the Grand Historian), says in its section on the "Annals of the Five Di", that Zhi reigned badly and died, and his brother FangXun, 'the highly meritorious one', then reigned under the title of Di Yao.
The Bamboo Annals says that when Emperor Zhuanxu died, a descendent of Shennong named ShuQe raised a disturbance, but was destroyed by the prince of Sin, who was Ku (GaoXin), a descendant of HuangDi, who then ascended to the throne. In the 45th year, Ku designated the prince of Tang (唐) (his son Yao) as his successor, however upon his death in the 63rd year, his elder son Zhi then took the throne instead, ruling nine years before being deposed and replaced by Yao.
Liu Xin (scholar)
Liu Xin (; c. 50 BCE – 23 CE), courtesy name Zijun (), was a Chinese astronomer, historian, librarian and politician during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Xin Dynasty (9 – 23 CE). He later changed his name to Liu Xiu () due to the naming taboo of Emperor Ai of Han. He was the son of Confucian scholar Liu Xiang (77 – 6 BCE) and an associate of other prominent thinkers such as the philosopher Huan Tan (c. 43 BCE – 28 CE). Liu founded the Old Text school of Confucianism.