What is the wingspan of the eastern spruce budworm?
Hedya nubiferana
Hedya nubiferana, the marbled orchard tortrix or green budworm moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the Palearctic and the Nearctic ecozones.
The wingspan is 15–21 mm. The moth flies from May to August. .
Ectoedemia platanella
Ectoedemia platanella, the sycamore leaf blotch miner, is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found in the eastern parts of the United States.
The wingspan is 5.5–7 mm.
Eastern brown snake
The eastern brown snake ("Pseudonaja textilis"), often referred to as the common brown snake, is an extremely venomous snake of the family Elapidae, native to eastern and central Australia and southern New Guinea. Considered the world's second-most venomous land snake after the Inland Taipan and based on its value (subcutaneous) in mice, it is responsible for about 60% of snake-bite deaths in Australia. First described by André Marie Constant Duméril in 1854, the adult eastern brown snake is a slender snake up to 2 m (7 ft) long with variable upperparts that can be various shades of brown, ranging from pale brown to almost black. Its underside is pale cream-yellow, often with orange or grey splotches.
Zeiraphera canadensis
In 1980, the moth was named a pest due to its effects on the white spruce tree’s growth. The spruce bud moth defoliates young white spruce trees, stunts tree growth, and deforms buds. Although the moth does not lead to spruce tree death, the deformation negatively affects the quality of wood harvested from spruce tree plantations. As a result, much research is being conducted into control methods for the spruce bud moth, including the use of sex pheromones in traps and annual pesticide sprays.
Protambulyx strigilis
The wingspan is 108–134 mm. Adults are on wing in March and from June to July in Florida, year round in Costa Rica, from April to August and October to December in Bolivia, April in Brazil and June in Peru.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on "Spondias dulcis", "S. mombin", "S. purpurea", "S. cytherea", "Astronium graveolens", "Anacardium occidentale", "Comocladia dodonea", "C. dentata", "Simarouba glauca", "S. amara", "Erythroxylum havanense", "Eupatorium villosum", "Lycopersicon" species, "Sambucus australis" and "Schinus terebinthifolius". Later instar larvae hide at the bases of leaves or near the base of the tree trunk when not feeding.
Halipegus eccentricus
The adult "H. eccentricus" is an orange-brown elongated worm approximately 6.0-6.5 mm long and 1.8 mm wide, with the greatest width at the posterior end. It has a subterminal oral sucker and a short esophagus. When laid, the eggs are fully embryonated, straw colored, and operculated. Each egg contains a single recurved filament. The cercariae are cystophorous, while the metacercariae have two flame cells, a large acetabulum, and a spiny cuticula with eight pen-shaped apical hooks, which are used to penetrate the snail intestines.
"H. eccentricus" can be differentiated from the related species "H. occidualis" depending on where the adult is found inside of frogs; "H. eccentricus" is found primarily in the Eustachian tubes whereas "H. occidualis" is found primarily in the esophagus and under the tongue. "H. eccentricus" overwinter in their amphibian hosts.
Cydia strobilella
The spruce seed moth "Cydia youngana" Kearfott is found across Canada and the northern United States feeding in the cones of various spruces. Severe damage to white spruce has been reported from central and western Canada (Rose and Lindquist 1985). In Ontario the moths fly in May, about the time that spruce pollen is shed, and lay a single egg per cone if cones are plentiful. On hatching, the larva initially tunnels in the cone scales and then moves deeper to feed on the developing seeds. In late June, the larva makes a narrow tunnel down the axis of the cone from which it feeds. When full grown in the fall it is about 10 mm long. It hibernates in the central tunnel in the cone and pupates in the spring, the adult moths emerging from the pupal cases in about 18 days. Some of the larvae do not change to pupa in the first spring but remain dormant for 1 or more years. It seems that the number of adults present in any year correlates with the number of cones developed.
Dendroctonus rufipennis
Dendroctonus rufipennis, the spruce beetle, is a species of bark beetle native to British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, the Yukon, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and Maine. They are known to destroy forests of spruce trees including Englemann, White, Sitka, and Colorado blue spruce. Adults average 4 to 7 mm in length.
Macaria brunneata
The wingspan is 25–30 mm. The length of the forewings is 11–13 mm. It flies during the day, and when at rest often holds its wings closed as a butterfly does. The moth flies in June and July in Britain and in July and August in North America.
Eretmocera bradleyi
The wingspan is about 10 mm. The forewings are dark brown with a diffuse, pale yellow costal spot at the beginning of the costal fringe, and a similar dorsal spot obliquely below the costal one. The hindwings are pale red, but appear darker at the extreme apex due to some brownish scales. Adults have been recorded on wing in February.
Eastern screech owl
Adults range from in length and weigh . Among the differently sized races, length can average from . The wingspan can range from . In Ohio, male owls average and females while in central Texas, they average and , respectively. They have either rusty or dark gray intricately patterned plumage with streaking on the underparts. Midsized by screech-owl standards, these birds are stocky, short-tailed (tail averages from in length) and broad-winged (wing chord averages from ) as is typical of the genus. They have a large, round head with prominent ear tufts, yellow eyes, and a yellowish beak, which measures on average in length. The feet are relatively large and powerful compared to more southern screech owls and are typically feathered down to the toes, although the southernmost populations only have remnant bristles rather than full feathering on the legs and feet. The eastern screech owl (and its western counterpart) are actually some of the heaviest screech owls, the largest tropical screech owls do not exceed them in average or maximal weight, but (due to the eastern screech owls' relatively short tails) they are surpassed in length by Balsas ("M. seductus"), long-tufted ("M. sanctaecatarinae"), white-throated ("M. albogularis"), and rufescent owls ("M. seductus"), in roughly increasing order.
Eastern meadowlark
The adult eastern meadowlark measures from in length and spans across the wings. Body mass ranges from . The extended wing bone measures , the tail measures , the culmen measures and the tarsus measures . Females are smaller in all physical dimensions. Adults have yellow underparts with a black "V" on the breast and white flanks with black streaks. The upperparts are mainly brown with black streaks. They have a long pointed bill; the head is striped with light brown and black.
Catocala ultronia
The dark red underwing or ultronia underwing ("Catocala ultronia") is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in most of eastern North America, south to Florida and Texas. It ranges west across the southern parts of Canada to extreme southeast British Columbia.
The wingspan is 46–60 mm. Adults are on wing in August in one generation depending on the location.
Barn spider
Araneus cavaticus, commonly known as the barn spider, is a common orb-weaver spider native to North America. They are around three-quarters of an inch (20 mm) in length and are usually yellow and brown in color. They often construct their webs in wooden human structures, hence their common name. The species is notable for being the basis for the character Charlotte in the book "Charlotte's Web" by American writer E. B. White.
Southern forest bat
"Vespadelus regulus" is an aerial predator of insects that hunts at night. It has a reddish-brown coloration at the upperside, while its ventral fur is a grey or light brown colour.
This fur is thick, hairs are slightly greater than five millimetres in length, with an overall coloration at the dorsal side of dark Prout's brown.
The ears and wings are dark grey.
The range of measurements for the forearm is from 28 to 35 millimetres, and their weight is 4 to 7 grams. The skull, at its longest measurement, is 11.9 to 13.4 millimetres with a mean of 12.7 mm.
It has a very short snout, large ears, a flat skull and a triangle-shaped head.
Zeiraphera canadensis
The spruce bud moth defoliates young white spruce trees, and after 1980, upon the plantation of extensive regions of white spruce, has been considered a pest. As mentioned, the larvae of the spruce bud moth, in particular, deform the buds of the spruce tree greatly, specifically destroying the cortical tissue and crown of the tree, weakening shoots, and causing tree height loss. "Zeiraphera canadensis" has caused a high incidence of multiple and abnormal leaders in white spruce in the Maritime provinces, Quebec, and Maine. However, although severe feeding damage has seldom been extensive in forests, new shoots on open-grown white spruce are frequently disfigured.
Essex skipper
With a wingspan of 2.5 to 2.9 cm, it is very similar in appearance to the small skipper "Thymelicus sylvestris". They can be told apart by the undersides of the tips of their antennae: the Essex skipper's antennae are black, whereas those of the small skipper are orange. This butterfly occurs throughout much of the Palaearctic region. Its range is from southern Scandinavia through Europe to North Africa and east to Central Asia It was only identified in the UK in 1889, and its range is expanding both in England and in northern Europe. In North America, this butterfly was accidentally introduced in 1910 via London, Ontario and has spread across southern Canada and into several northern US states.
Eggs are laid in strings on the stems of grasses where they remain over the winter. The Essex skipper's favoured foodplant is cock's-foot ("Dactylis glomerata"), and it rarely uses the small skipper's favoured foodplant Yorkshire fog. Essex skippers' other foods include creeping soft grass ("Holcus mollis"), couch grass ("Elymus repens"), timothy-grass ("Phleum pratense"), meadow foxtail ("Alopecurus pratensis"), false brome ("Brachypodium sylvaticum") and tor-grass ("Brachypodium pinnatum"). This skipper's caterpillars emerge in the spring and feed until June before forming shelters from leaves tied with silk at the base of the foodplant to pupate. Adults fly from July through August. Like most skippers, they are fairly strictly diurnal, though individuals are very rarely encountered during the night.
Strymon albata
The wingspan is 29–35 mm. The upperside is gray with large areas of white patches. The underside of the hindwings is pale gray with a faded postmedian line. There are two generations in southern Texas with adults on wing from June to December. Adults are on wing year-round in the tropics. Adults feed on flower nectar of various flowers, including the blue boneset.
Choristoneura fumiferana
Long distance migration of the spruce budworm does occur as they can disperse across distances ranging from 20 to 450 km. In northern Minnesota, spruce budworm moths emigrate to the east lakeshore of Lake Superior in Ontario, Canada, because of seasonal changes. Dispersal is influenced heavily by temperature as low temperatures can slow down both take off and arrival. Other factors include dispersal direction, precipitation, altitude, and wind flow. It is likely that mass exoduses of the "C. fumiferana" over long distances are a result of food shortage in the local area.
Ectoedemia spinosella
The wingspan is 3.2-4.9 mm for males and 3.4–5 mm for females. Adults are on wing in August and October.
Crocidosema plebejana
The wingspan of adults is 12–16 mm. In the seasonal parts of its range, this moth flies from midsummer to early autumn, e.g. from July to October in southern England. It is not quite clear whether there are several broods per year in the tropics, as it has been recorded on the Marquesas Islands only between January and April for example. The adults are active in the evening and are attracted to lights.
Condica videns
The wingspan is about 28 mm. The forewings are yellowish to reddish-brown with a dark brownish to blackish shade in the middle of the wing and a black line from the base through the reniform spot, which is indicated by a white dot. There are dark grey to black lines on the subterminal area and the terminal line is marked by white dots. Adults are on wing from April to September in at least two generations per year.
Choristoneura freemani
Throughout most of its range, the western spruce budworm completes one cycle of development from egg to adult within 12 months. Moths emerge from pupal cases usually in late July or early August; in the southern Rockies, adults often begin emerging in early July.
Southern birch mouse
The most prominent characteristic of the southern birch mouse is the dark stripe down the center of the back, which is bordered by two narrow bright stripes on both sides. From head to rump it measures from 56 to 72 mm, with a tail from 110 to 130% of the main body length. The background fur color is gray-brown.
Dasychira mendosa
Sexes show dimorphism with variable colour morphs. The wingspan of the female is about 46–54 mm, whereas the male's is about 30–40 mm. The adult male has two morphs. The common form is smoke brown with uniformly brown forewings and pale greyish hindwings. In the forewing, black specks and a pale patch outside the subbasal line can be seen.
Spruce budworm
The first recorded outbreak of the western variety, which was in 2008 from "occidentalis" rechristened "freemani", occurred in 1909 on the southeastern part of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. Since that year, infestations have frequently been reported in western Canada. The budworm was first recorded in 1914 in the United States, in Oregon. However, it was not initially recognized as a serious threat to coniferous forests in the western U.S.
Picea mariana
The spruce budworm, a moth larva, causes defoliation which kills trees if it occurs several years in a row, though black spruce is less susceptible than white spruce or balsam fir. Trees most at risk are those growing with balsam fir and white spruce.
Condica vecors
The wingspan is 29–38 mm. Adults have mottled dark brown and black forewings. The hindwings are greyish-brown with a conspicuous whitish fringe. They are on wing from May to August in the north and from April to October in the south. There are two generations per year.
Choristoneura freemani
There is no typical pattern for western spruce budworm epidemics. Most of the early epidemics subsided naturally after a few years. Others persisted longer, but without spreading over large areas. An epidemic which began in 1949 in the northern Rocky Mountains has persisted for over 30 years despite insecticidal treatment of more than between 1952 and 1966.
Choristoneura fumiferana
About 90 parasitoids have been collected from spruce budworm in eastern North America. In 1996, Henry found that the suite of parasitoids collected from spruce budworm in isolated white spruce plantations of southern Ontario differed from the usual suite of parasitoids found in the boreal forest.
Ectoedemia fuscivittata
The wingspan is 4.1-4.3 mm for males. Adults are on wing in April in Belize and in January in Ecuador.
Picea rubens
Red spruce is the provincial tree of Nova Scotia.
Like most trees, red spruce is subject to insect parasitism. Their insect enemy is the spruce budworm, although it is a bigger problem for white spruce and balsam fir. Other issues that have been damaging red spruce has been the increase in acid rain and current climate change.
Spruce
The eastern spruce budworm ("Choristoneura fumiferana") is a major pest of spruce trees in forests throughout Canada and the eastern United States. Two of the main host plants are black spruce and white spruce. Population levels oscillate, sometimes reaching extreme outbreak levels that can cause extreme defoliation of and damage to spruce trees. To reduce destruction, there are multiple methods of control in place, including pesticides.
Eretmocera agassizi
The wingspan is 11–13 mm. The forewings are olive brown, with a cream streak in the fold extending to a cream spot at the tornus or ending just before that spot. There is a cream spot at the costa beyond the tornal spot. The hindwings are fuscous, sparser scaled at base. The fringes of both wings are fuscous. Adults have been recorded on wing in November and February.
Choristoneura fumiferana
Eastern spruce budworm egg masses are immobile and less vulnerable to predation than other stages of the cycle. Small larvae are exposed to predators during dispersal but become safer while bud or needle mining or overwintering in hibernacula. Large larvae actively escape predation by dropping from the tree foliage, which can also attract the attention of other predators. Predators outside of host plants on the forest floor include ants, spiders, beetles, and small mammals. Pupae are vulnerable because the budworm are generally immobile in this state. The adult moths can fly away from predators but are then exposed to various birds, dragonflies, and robber flies. Spruce budworm male and female moths experience increased vulnerability during copulation.
Eastern towhee
The eastern towhee is a large and striking species of sparrow. The total length ranges from and the wingspan is . The body of mass of this species ranges from , with an average of . Adults have rufous sides, a white belly, and a long dark tail with white edges. The eyes are red, white for birds in the southeast. Males have a black head, upper body, and tail; these parts are brown in the female. Juveniles are brown overall. Eastern towhees of all ages and both sexes generally are unmistakable and are not known to co-exist with the similar western spotted towhee.
Emmelina buscki
The wingspan is 20–21 mm. Adults are tawny or brownish white, the abdomen with a slight brown dorsal stripe and some brown scales on the sides and below. The forewings are whitish tawny with scattered brown scales forming a dot in the cell and a dash before the cleft which projects toward a costal spot beyond the base of the cleft. The fringes are grey brown. The hindwings and fringes are grey-brown. Adults are on wing in February, August, September and December.
Picea breweriana
The cones are longer than most other North American spruces, pendulous, cylindrical, 8–15 cm long and 2 cm broad when closed, opening to 3–4 cm broad. They have smoothly rounded, thin, flexible scales 2 cm long. The immature cones are dark purple, maturing red-brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 3–4 mm long, with a slender, 12–18 mm long pale brown wing.
Spodoptera eridania
The southern armyworm ("Spodoptera eridania)" is a moth that is known to be a pest. They are one of the most important defoliators in the tropical and subtropical regions of the western hemisphere that feed heavily on plants while they are young, often resulting in skeleton leaves on their food plants. They are also heavy feeders on tomato in Florida. There is a lot of development in producing pesticides against the "S. eridania", specifically a neem-based pesticide that can result in smaller and prolonged development. The wingspan is 33–38 mm. Adults are on wing year-round. The larvae feed on various weeds but prefer "Amaranthus" species and "Phytolacca americana."
Ectoedemia ortiva
The wingspan is about 5.6 mm. The forewings are grey-brown, with a distinct bronze lustre. The hindwings are fuscous or grey-brown. Adults are on wing in July.
Spruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea , a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. Spruces are large trees, from about 20–60 m (about 60–200 ft) tall when mature, and have whorled branches and conical form. They can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by their needles (leaves), which are four-sided and attached singly to small persistent peg-like structures (pulvini) on the branches, and by their cones (without any protruding bracts), which hang downwards after they are pollinated. The needles are shed when 4–10 years old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pegs. In other similar genera, the branches are fairly smooth.
Epidromia rotundata
The wingspan is 40–45 mm. The forewings are brown with a purplish tint. The hindwings are similar to the forewings in both colour and pattern, but the outer margin is rounded. Adults are on wing from April to September.
Choristoneura occidentalis
The name "Choristoneura occidentalis" was also used by Freeman for the North American western spruce budworm. However, this name was already in use by the species described by Walsingham. The replacement name for the North American species is "Choristoneura freemani".
Eastern grass owl
The eastern grass owl is a medium-sized owl, similar in size to the barn owl. Adult males measure from in length, while the larger females can measure from . The wingspan is from . The female weighs while the male weighs . They have dark brown or tan upper parts with pale spots. They have black and tan bars on its wings and a very pale beak, feathered legs, and dark brown eyes. Like all "Tyto" owls, it has a heart-shaped facial disk with brown buff and a white bordering.
Noisy scrubbird
The noisy scrubbird features a dark brown coloured back, rust-like coloured wings and a speckled chestnut colored breast region with a grey-brown or pink bill and brown or silver legs and feet. They vary from 19–23 cm. in length and 25-58 grams. The males are distinguished from the females by exhibiting a black triangle on their throat . They are closely related to the lyrebird, having only evolutionarily distinguished from them approximately 30-35 million years ago. They prefer feeding upon small invertebrates, such as ants and beetles, in the extremely dense understory and vegetative cover that only occurs after environmental damages.
Eastern worm snake
The eastern worm snake is a burrower, and is seldom seen. The annual activity period of the worm snake varies with latitude and elevation. Some have found them active in every month but February on the coastal plain of South Carolina. Farther north "C. amoenus amoenus" is active from March–April to October–November. Few are active above ground in the summer, but a second, lesser period of activity occurs in the fall. To escape overheating or desiccation, it has adopted a fossorial lifestyle and it usually spends most of the year underground or in rotting logs. They are normally found in forests with high leaf litter and canopy cover. They generally remain inactive during extreme temperatures. They burrow by working their small, pointed heads into cracks and crevices. Activity periods begin mainly in the late afternoon and early evenings and rarely last more than 12 hours. "C. amoenus amoenus" does not move much but has been seen traveling 45m in a 24‑hour period. Males travel much farther than females and their diets consist primarily of earthworms, but may also include other soft-bodied invertebrates, such as insect larvae.
Taiga
It has been hypothesized by Serge Payette that the spruce-moss forest ecosystem was changed into the lichen woodland biome due to the initiation of two compounded strong disturbances: large fire and the appearance and attack of the spruce budworm. The spruce budworm is a deadly insect to the spruce populations in the southern regions of the taiga. J.P. Jasinski confirmed this theory five years later stating “Their [lichen woodlands] persistence, along with their previous moss forest histories and current occurrence adjacent to closed moss forests, indicate that they are an alternative stable state to the spruce–moss forests”.
Evergreen bagworm
The evergreen bagworm's case grows to a length of over 6 cm, tapered and open on both ends. Newborn larva are blackish and turn brown to tan as they grow, mottled with black. The heads and thorax develop a yellow tint as they grow to a full length of 24 to 32 mm. Adult males resemble bees, having a 25 mm wingspan with transparent wings ("thuris" window + "pterux" wing) and black furry bodies. Adult females are maggot-like with yellowish-white soft bodies 19 to 23 mm long and small tufts of hair near the end of the abdomen. The cream-colored eggs are 0.75 mm in diameter.
Ectaga promeces
The wingspan is about 19 mm. The forewings are fawn-brown, mixed with brownish fuscous and some brownish cinereous scaling. There is an elongate patch of raised brownish fuscous scales immediately below the middle of the fold and a series of four small discal spots, also consisting of raised brownish fuscous scales being distributed alternately along the upper and lower margins of the cell, the first and third in the upper series, the second and fourth in the lower, the latter about the lower angle of the cell. The hindwings are greyish brown, slightly paler toward the base.
Zeiraphera canadensis
Spruce bud moth larvae are approximately one centimeter in length. They begin as brown and by the time they reach the fourth-instar stage, they transition to a light yellow color. Adult spruce bud moths have dark wings and a wingspan of half an inch.
Eurema salome
The wingspan is . The wings are yellow, the upper surface of the forewings with black margins projecting into the yellow ground color. Males have a black border on the hindwings, while females are lacking this border. Both sexes have tail-like hindwing projections. Adults are on wing from August to September in southern Texas and all year round in the tropics. Adults feed on flower nectar of a wide variety of flowers.
Choristoneura fumiferana
Balsam fir is the most susceptible host to outbreaks of the spruce budworm. Annual defoliation of current-year growth for 5 to 8 years will kill the host tree. Defoliation by the spruce budworm is most clearly reflected in the fir's radial growth. The population of mature balsam fir in a forest is greatly reduced by a combination of factors: its shorter lifespan and a great vulnerability to lethal budworm attacks. The dietary preference for balsam fir over white spruce has the potential to alter the structure and composition of spruce-fir forests. Similarly, the next-generation stand of trees are influenced by the late instar larvae that disperse to the understory of the forest and feed on the regeneration of plants. During a 1957 budworm outbreak in Quebec, balsam fir mortality was greater than 75% in stands in which no mortality was reported among the smaller component of white spruce.
Spodoptera ornithogalli
Spodoptera ornithogalli (yellow-striped armyworm, cotton cutworm) is a moth of the family Noctuidae found in Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, Saint Kitts, Dominica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica. In North America, it is found from California to Florida plus the eastern states, west to Kansas, and in south-eastern Canada from Nova Scotia to Ontario. In South America, it is found in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. This particular species is known to be the American representative of the sister species "Spodoptera littoralis" as two species have very similar forms. However, "S. ornithogalli" is known to have much darker color body with sharper markings.
The wingspan of the adult moth is 32–44 mm. Adults are on wing from April to November depending on the location.
Evergreen bagworm
The evergreen bagworm ("Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis"), commonly known as bagworm, 
eastern bagworm, common bagworm, common basket worm, or North American bagworm, is a moth that spins its cocoon in its larval life, decorating it with bits of plant material from the trees on which it feeds.
Spruce carpet
Its wingspan is about 30–36 mm.Very similar to grey pine carpet, but is usually more richly marked and greyer in appearance. The ground colour of the forewing varies between light grey to blackish grey.Within the median band there are individual dark brown reddish-brown stains (shapes) which are often marked with a white border.Three or more of these shapes are ovoid areas located towards the trailing edge. The median band is fluted and normally edged narrowly with white.The sub-terminal line is generally well marked.The spring brood is an overall brown rather than grey. Important differential characters are the white marginal line to central band, the distinct sub-terminal line and the dark grey brown hindwings.
Lumbricus badensis
Lumbricus badensis is a type of giant earthworm, a species of annelid. It is endemic to the upper-elevation spruce forests of Germany's Black Forest, where its common name is "Badischer Riesenregenwurm" ("giant rainworm of Baden"). It inhabits exclusively the region between the mountains Feldberg and Belchen, and the Wiese Valley at elevations above 1000 m. Up to 60 cm in length, this earthworm is one of the largest European species. It weighs between 25 and 35 g and lives in subterranean tubes which are up to 2.5 m deep. It feeds on organic matter it ingests from the surface and aerates the soil as it moves through it, contributing to the formation of humus. It is prey for foxes and owls. An informational trail about this giant earthworm, the "Riesenregenwurm-Erlebnispfad," has been established on Belchen mountain.
Wormwood pug
The wormwood pug ("Eupithecia absinthiata") is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is a common species across the Palearctic region and the Near East, as well as North America.
The wingspan is 21–23 mm and the forewings are warm brown with two black spots along the costa with a black discal spot completing a distinctive triangle. There is a narrow pale line near the fringe with a distinct whitish spot near the tornus, although this is not as prominent as in the rather similar currant pug. The hindwings are greyish brown. The species flies at night in June and July and is attracted to light.
Epiphryne verriculata
The wingspan of the adult moth is about 40 mm. Adults can be seen from spring to late summer (October to May). "E. verriculata" have light brown wings with parallel horizontal stripes that resemble the veins in dead cabbage tree leaves; the moth sits with its body perpendicular to the leaf's long axis and wings pressed up against the leaf, its markings lining up with the veins. If disturbed, the will only fly a short distance before finding another dead brown leaf to settle on, avoiding the green fresh leaves. Although attracted to light, the adult moth is inconspicuous when resting by day on cabbage tree leaves, and this camouflage helps protect it from predators.
Eastern green mamba
The eastern green mamba ("Dendroaspis angusticeps"), also known as the common mamba, East African green mamba, green mamba, or white-mouthed mamba, is a large, tree-dwelling, highly venomous snake species of the mamba genus "Dendroaspis". This species of mamba was first described by a Scottish surgeon and zoologist in 1849. This snake mostly inhabits the coastal regions of southern East Africa. Adult females average approximately in length, and males are slightly smaller. Eastern green mambas prey on birds, eggs, bats, and rodents such as mice, rats, and gerbils. They are shy and elusive snakes which are rarely seen, making them somewhat unusual among mambas, and elapids in general. This elusiveness is usually attributed to the species' green colouration which blends with its environment, and its arboreal lifestyle. However, eastern green mambas have also been observed to use "sit-and-wait" or ambush predation like many vipers, unlike the active foraging style typical of other elapids, which may be a factor in the rarity of sightings.
Prostanthera calycina
Prostanthera calycina, the West Coast Mintbush or Limestone Mintbush, is a spreading perennial shrub that grows to 0.5 m tall. It is endemic to Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. The species has dark green leaves, which smell of mint when crushed. Its red, tube-shaped flowers are about 2 cm long, with petals opening out. A maroon (or sometimes green) outer envelope (calyx) encloses each flower. The West Coast Mintbush is listed nationally under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act as vulnerable to extinction.
Synanthedon scitula
The average adult has a wing span of 18 to 22 millimeters. Both the fore and hind wings are mostly clear, and the thorax and the abdomen are navy blue or black with yellow markings. Female dogwood borer's 4th abdominal segment is entirely yellow, while the male's is black with a narrow yellow ring. In the Northeast, adult emergence begins in early June and continues into early September, peaking in mid July. The adult's emergence begins earlier further south.
Choristoneura fumiferana
In spruce-fir forests throughout Maine, the late-instar spruce budworm larvae is preyed on by eumenid wasps such as the "A. adiabatus", and "E. leucomelas". This predation is important in controlling populations of the spruce budworm in forest stands.
Proteoteras aesculana
Proteoteras aesculana, the maple twig borer, early proteoteras or maple tip moth, is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found from coast to coast in the northern United States, south to Mississippi in the east and to California in the west. It has a scattered distribution in Canada, from Nova Scotia to southern Alberta.
The wingspan is 11–18 mm. Adults are on wing from April to October in the northern United States. In California, adults have been collected as early as February and as late as September, suggesting that there are multiple generations in the San Francisco Bay Area. There is one generation per year in the eastern part of the range.
Tetropium fuscum
Tetropium fuscum, the brown spruce longhorn beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787. "Tetropium fuscum" is native to Europe and Northern Asia, and has been introduced to Nova Scotia, Canada. Brown spruce longhorn is a pest of spruce trees.
Northern flying squirrel
The northern flying squirrel ("Glaucomys sabrinus") is one of three species of the genus "Glaucomys" and one of the two flying squirrel species found in North America. They are found in coniferous and mixed coniferous forests across much of Canada, from Alaska to Nova Scotia, and south to the mountains of North Carolina and west to Utah, Washington, and Oregon in the United States. They are light brown with pale underparts and grow to a length of . They are proficient gliders but clumsy walkers on the ground. They feed on a variety of plant material as well as tree sap, fungi, insects, carrion, bird eggs and nestlings. They mostly breed once a year in a cavity lined with lichen or other soft material. Except when they have young, they change nests frequently, and in winter a number of individuals may huddle together in a shared nest. Unlike most members of their family, flying squirrels are strictly nocturnal.
Choristoneura fumiferana
The main hosts of the eastern spruce budworm in eastern North America are balsam fir, white spruce, and black spruce, but the larvae feed almost exclusively on current-year needles of balsam fir and white spruce. In massive outbreaks, populations of the insect can become so high that the larvae will feed on old foliage after the current-year foliage has been depleted.
Choristoneura orae
Choristoneura orae, the spruce budworm, is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in North America.
Ectoedemia rosae
The wingspan is 4.5–4.7 mm for males and 5.0–5.2 mm for females. The forewings are dark fuscous and coarsely scaled. The hindwings are grey brown. There is one generation per year.
Picea abies
Norway spruce is a large, fast-growing evergreen coniferous tree growing tall and with a trunk diameter of . It can grow fast when young, up to per year for the first 25 years under good conditions, but becomes slower once over tall. The shoots are orange-brown and glabrous (hairless). The leaves are needle-like with blunt tips, long, quadrangular in cross-section (not flattened), and dark green on all four sides with inconspicuous stomatal lines. The seed cones are long (the longest of any spruce), and have bluntly to sharply triangular-pointed scale tips. They are green or reddish, maturing brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, long, with a pale brown wing.
Crambus satrapellus
The wingspan is about 21 mm. The forewings are light golden brown with a silvery-white stripe. The hindwings are white to pale yellowish. Adults are on wing from July to September in most of North America, but year round in Florida.
Isturgia limbaria
"Isturgia limbaria" has a wingspan of . Forewings can reach a length of . The male has feathered antennae, while those of the females are filiform. The upperside of the wings is yellow or orange yellow with a chocolate brown margin, less evident in the females. The underside of the hindwings is pale yellowish or greyish and strongly mottled, with visible longitudinal white stripes.
These day-flying moths fly from mid April to mid August in one or two generation. The larvae feed on broom. They over-winter as a pupa.
Fall webworm
The adult is mostly white in the North America regions, but in the south it may be marked with black or brown spots on the forewings. It is quite 'hairy' and the front legs have bright yellow or orange patches. The underwings will have less marking than the forewings, and the abdomen often has a sprinkling of brown hairs. It has a wingspan with a range of 35–42 mm.
Choristoneura fumiferana
Choristoneura fumiferana, the eastern spruce budworm, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is also commonly referred to as the spruce budworm. It is one of the most destructive native insects in the northern spruce and fir forests of the eastern United States and Canada. Its range is also the widest of all the budworm species. Eastern spruce budworm populations can experience significant oscillations. During outbreaks, populations grow to extremely high densities, compared to the relatively low levels that occur in between. These outbreaks are highly destructive and can cause both economic and ecological damage. As a result, methods of control are utilized. Several theories exist regarding these cyclical outbreaks: association with balsam fir maturation, catastrophe theory, dispersal from an epicenter, and oscillations synchronized by entrainment.
Eastern amberwing
The eastern amberwing ("Perithemis tenera") is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. 
It is very small, reaching a total length of no more than 25 mm.
The males have orange or amber wings. Both genders have a red pterostigma. 
The eastern amberwing dragonfly is one of the only types of dragonfly that actively mimics a wasp. The yellow and brown stripes on its abdomen encourage predators to stay away. When perched, they will wiggle their abdomen and wings in a wasp-like fashion to deter other animals from eating it. 
Males have an elaborate courtship ritual. When a female approaches his territory, the male will lead her to his selected egg-laying site and hover above it with wings whirring and abdomen raised.
Spodoptera eridania
The adult moth measures about 33 to 38 mm in wing span. The forewings are colored gray and brown. Its wing pattern is highly variable with some with bean-shaped spot near the center of the wing whereas others do not have the spot. The back or hind wings are opalescent white.
Choristoneura fumiferana
Massive outbreaks of spruce budworm occur irregularly throughout the range, but populations of this insect can remain at an endemic level for long periods. In 1943, a continuing outbreak in Ontario and western Quebec caused heavy mortality, particularly in stands of balsam fir. Half of the 25 million cords (90,615,000 m) of balsam fir standing in 1931 were estimated to have died or been injured beyond recovery. Millions of cords of white spruce were also probably killed. Atwood noted increased difficulty of logging in affected stands as well as an increased risk of fire.
Hydraecia micacea
Forewing pale greyish ochreous, or dark grey, or brownish grey with strong rufous tinge; the median area darker, suffused with olive brownish, except along costa and inner margin, especially between median shade and outer line, the paler ground colour showing only in the terminal third; inner and outer lines brown; the inner excurved below middle, the outer oblique inwards, curved only below costa, generally followed by a paler, sometimes whitish line; upper stigmata large, of the ground colour, with fine brown outline; a dark median shade; submarginal line very variable, sometimes preceded by a dark shade, sometimes also followed by the same, in other cases hardly visible, sharply angled on vein 7, above which it is preceded by a dark costal patch; veins towards termen dark; hindwing luteous, generally grey-tinged, with a dark outer line and submarginal cloud; the typical form is brownish grey tinged with rosy; — the paler, more ochreous, forms, with very little red in them are ab. "grisea" Tutt; the dark olive grey, also without the red flush, are ab. "brunnea" Tutt.
The wingspan is 28–45 mm. The length of the forewings is 14–21 mm. The moth flies in one generation from early July to November. .
Chlamydastis smodicopa
The wingspan is about 30 mm. The forewings are whitish, sprinkled with light fuscous and with a small fuscous spot on the base of the costa and brownish spots becoming dark fuscous on the costa at one-fourth and before the middle, and a larger one at two-thirds, where a brownish line, fine and dentate on the upper half, then thick and straight, runs to the tornus. A fuscous spot mixed with blackish above is found on the dorsum at two-fifths and there is a small white tuft edged posteriorly with fuscous in the disc at one-third, a larger one on the fold obliquely beyond this, one in the disc beyond the middle, and two small ones edged posteriorly with some dark fuscous scales beneath this. There is also a slightly oblique strong black transverse mark in the disc at two-thirds. Three cloudy light brownish spots are found before the upper part of the termen and there is a blotch before the lower, as well as a terminal series of fuscous triangular dots. The hindwings are light grey.
Mimozethes lilacinaria
The wingspan is about 40 mm. Adults are fuscous brown, the forewings speckled with lilacine atoms and suffused with golden brown on the outer marginal area. There are two faint lilac transverse lines, the outer one angled below the costa, continued across the hindwings to the middle of the margin, where it terminates in a patch of golden brown, and is outwardly bordered with the same colour. All the wings have indications of a dark submarginal band near the inner margin.
Brown-backed solitaire
The brown-backed solitaire ("Myadestes occidentalis" or "Western fly-eater") is considered a thrush and is placed in the family Turdidae. It is a medium-sized bird about 21 centimeters (8 inches) long. It is a mostly grayish bird with brown flight feathers (hence the "brown back" when it is perched), a white eye ring and white retrice (tail) feathers.
Spruce sawflies
Larvae are about 20 mm long when fully grown, and have chestnut-brown to reddish-brown heads. The body is yellowish-green above, lighter beneath, with a double row of broad, brown to olive-green stripes along the back, with another green stripe on each side. A small spot occurs near the legs on all but the rearmost section of the body.
Eublemma pudica
Adult wingspan is 1.3 cm. Forewings pale brown with a shaded dark band across the middle. A black spot found at the wingtip. Hindwings pale brown with a shaded dark triangle on the margin.
Stictea ejectana
The wingspan is about 20 mm. Adults are brown with a complex pattern on the forewings.
Apamea scolopacina
Apamea scolopacina, the slender brindle, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found across the Palearctic ecozone from central Europe to the Kuril Islands to Japan.
The wingspan is 32–36 mm. Forewing pale ochreous, usually washed with pale brown; a black-brown streak on inner margin before inner line; inner and outer lines fine and double, conversely lunulate edentate on the veins; a dark brown or pale brown median shade, enlarged, like the inner line, on the costa into a cloud; orbicular stigma pale, brown-edged: reniform with brown lunular centre and white annulus, constricted at middle; terminal area brown, traversed close to termen by the paler subterminal line which forms a pale spot at apex; fringe mottled brown and ochreous; hindwing ochreous washed with grey or fuscous; — in ab. "abbreviata" Haw. the ground colour is pale ochreous without the brownish suffusion; in "hammoniensis" Sauber the costal and terminal dark areas are intensified, and the whole wing is suffused with greyish fuscous; in the Japanese form, however, ab. "subbrunnea" ab. nov. [Warren], the whole wing is washed with pale brown; the oblique bar near base of inner margin is either brown or obsolete: the dark blotches on costa and the brown terminal area are pale brown; all the lines are obscured, the only clear marking being the whitish reniform; hindwing pale grey or brownish grey, with dark cellspot and outer line; in all the forms the male is regularly slightly darker than the female.
The adult is on wing from July to August depending on the location. It lives in woodlands.
Choristoneura fumiferana
Clemens originally named the eastern spruce budworm, "C. fumiferana", in 1865, which was recognized as a Nearctic representative of the genus C"horistoneura". At this time, the name applied to populations in a variety of geographic regions and biotopes. The "C. pinus," a distinct form of the "Choristoneura," was later established as a separate species. However, a large group of this genus in the western part of North America remained taxonomically undefined as the "western complex" until T.N. Freeman established several new species in 1967. Field collections of late instar larvae of "Choristoneura" populations were taken from a range of localities in a wide arc, from the Atlantic seaboard along the edge of the Laurentian Shield to the Mackenzie River area near the Arctic Ocean. From these collections, only points east of the Rocky Mountain foothills yielded "C. fumiferana." The two-year-cycle budworm "C. biennis" occurs only in the subalpine forest region, with alpine fir and interior spruce as hosts. Budworm populations from Rocky Mountain regions south of the area of introgressive hybridization of spruce differ from "C. biennis". Other budworms are of little or no consequence with respect to spruces.
Bicyclus anynana
The bush brown is a small brown butterfly with a wingspan of 35–40 mm for males and 45–49 for females. Males have sexual traits on their wings called androconia that release pheromones during courtship. The butterflies is characterized by their unusually short front legs and their rather non-descript brown wings. Bush browns, however, are known for having several large eyespots in the wet season. There are two extended generations per year. The wet-season form is on wing in spring and summer and the dry-season form in autumn and winter
Spruce sawflies
The larvae of the little spruce sawfly "Pristiphora lena" Kincaid feed on spruce needles in June and July. The insect has been reported from Ontario and Newfoundland, but damage has been inconsequential (Rose and Lindquist 1985). The larvae are black-headed until almost fully grown (about 10 mm long) when the head colour changes to reddish brown. The life history is similar to that of the other spruce sawflies.
Eastern brown snake
The eastern brown snake is of slender to average build with no demarcation between its head and neck. Its snout appears rounded when viewed from above. Most specimens have a total length (including tail) up to , with some large specimens reaching . The maximum recorded size for the species is . There is evidence that snakes from the northern populations tend to be larger than those from southern populations.
Paranthrene simulans
Paranthrene simulans, the red oak clearwing borer, hornet clearwing or oak clearwing borer, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in eastern North America, from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota, Missouri and Mississippi.
The wingspan is 27–40 mm. Adults emerge during June and July.
Epinotia radicana
The red-striped needleworm moth occurs commonly in the spruce-fir forests of North America, but there are no records of serious outbreaks. White spruce is the preferred host tree. The eggs overwinter on the needles and the larvae feed on the new foliage from late May to late July. Full-grown larvae, about 9 mm long, drop to the ground and pupate in silken cocoons in the litter. The adults emerge in late summer and the fall, and the females lay their eggs singly at the base of the needles.
Eurema boisduvaliana
The wingspan is . The upperside is lemon yellow with black borders. Each hindwing is slightly pointed. There is a weak "dog's head" pattern on the male forewing. The hindwings have a wide black border projecting into a yellow ground colour. The female forewing is black at the apex and the hindwing has a narrow black edge. Adults are on wing from April to November in southern Texas and northward. They are on wing year round in the tropics. Adults feed on flower nectar.
Eustalodes oenosema
The wingspan is about 14 mm. The forewings are ochreous-whitish with a slight rosy tinge, irrorated with light brown except on the anterior half of the costa. There is an oblique-triangular rosy-fuscous spot on the middle of the costa, and four or five suffused oblique strigulae between this and the apex. A rosy brownish linear dot with two or three black scales is found just above the dorsum before the tornus, and one or two others in the disc posteriorly. There is also a slight blackish dot on the termen beneath the apex. The hindwings are grey, thinly scaled and subhyaline towards the base, the apex suffused light brownish.
Cydia strobilella
Cydia strobilella, the spruce seed moth, is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in Europe.
The wingspan is 10–15 mm. The moth flies from April to June depending on the location.
Eastern worm snake
"C. amoenus" is a small snake. Adults are in total length, with a record length of . The 13 rows of dorsal scales are smooth and glossy. It has five upper labials and one postocular scale. "C. amoenus" is unpatterned and can be tan to dark brown in color. It has pinkish ventral pigmentation which extends onto dorsal scale rows one to two. The tail is short in comparison with its body and ends in a spine-like scale. Females are longer than males, but have shorter tails. The head is small, conical and no wider than the neck. The eyes are reduced and black.
Eudemis profundana
"Eudemis profundana" has a wingspan of . Forewings are rather broad and rounded. The coloration is quite variable, ranging from dark brown to reddish, with greyish marbling and a large whitish dorsal patch. The upper edge of this patch is not deeply indented and the basal fasciae are developed also dorsally. These moths also show a raised reddish-brown mane and unusual starry eyes. They have one brood per year (univoltine). The larvae feed on "Quercus" and "Malus" species. They roll a leaf of their host and feed within. Adults are on wing from July to August.
Western bean cutworm
The wingspan is about 40 mm. The moth flies from July to August depending on the location.
Eastern small-footed myotis
The Eastern small footed bat is between 65 and 95 millimeters in length, has a wingspan of 210 to 250 millimeters, and weighs between 4 and 8 grams. The bat got its name from its abnormally small hind feet, which are only 7 to 8 millimeters long. The fur on the dorsal side of their body is dark at the roots, and fades to a light brown at the tips, which gives the bats a signature shiny, yellow-brown appearance. The fur on the dorsal side of the body is a dull gray color, which is believed to help camouflage themselves in their hibernacula. The defining characteristic of this bat is its face-mask, which is completely black. They also have black ears, wings and interfemoral membrane, (the membrane between the legs and tail). Like all bats, the Eastern small-footed bat has a patagium that connects the body to the forelimbs and tail, allowing the animal to fly. Their head is very flat and short, with a forehead that slopes gradually away from the rostrum, a feature that is unique to other individuals in the Myotis species. They have erect ears, which are very broad at the base and a short flat nose. They have a keeled calcar (protruding cartridge on the hind legs to support the interfemoral membrane) as well as a pointed tragus Their tail is between 25-45 millimeters in length and protrudes past their interfemoral membrane, and they have a dental formula of 2/3, 1/1, 3/3, 3/3.
Ethmia nigroapicella
Ethmia nigroapicella, commonly known as the kou leafworm, is a moth of the Depressariidae family. It is found in Madagascar, the Seychelles, India, Assam, Burma, Samoa, the Philippines, Hawaii, Taiwan, Japan and Australia.
The wingspan is 24–28 mm. The forewings are overlaid with fifteen black dots on a grey background and a row of seven marginal dots. The hindwings are orange-yellow, but the apical patch is dark brown and covers one-seventh of the hindwing.
Picea glauca
Although sometimes described, e.g., by Switzer (1960), as relatively resistant to attack by insects and disease, white spruce is far from immune to depredation. Important insect pests of white spruce include the spruce budworm ("Choristoneura fumiferana" [Clemens]), the yellow-headed spruce sawfly ("Pikonema alaskensis" Rohwer), the European spruce sawfly ("Gilpinia hercyniae" [Hartig]), the spruce bud moth ("Zeiraphera canadensis)""," and spruce beetle ("Dendroctonus rufipennis" [Kirby]) (Fowells 1965, Rose and Lindquist 1985, Ives and Wong 1988). As well, other budworms, sawflies, and bark beetles, gall formers, bud midges, leaf miners, aphids, leaf eaters, leaf rollers, loopers, mites, scales, weevils, borers, pitch moths, and spittlebugs cause varying degrees of damage to white spruce (Ives and Wong 1988).
Western long-beaked echidna
The western long-beaked echidna is an egg-laying mammal found in the Bird's Head Peninsula and Foja Mountains of West Papua and Papua provinces, Indonesia, respectively, in regions of elevation between ; it is absent from the southern lowlands and north coast. Its preferred habitats are alpine meadow and humid montane forests. Unlike the short-beaked echidna, which eats ants and termites, the long-beaked species eats earthworms. The long-beaked echidna is also larger than the short-beaked species, reaching up to ; the snout is longer and turns downward; and the spines are almost indistinguishable from the long fur. It is distinguished from the other "Zaglossus" species by the number of claws on the fore and hind feet: three (rarely four). It is the largest extant monotreme.
Choristoneura freemani
Choristoneura freemani, the western spruce budworm, is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family. It is the most destructive defoliator of coniferous forests in western North America.