How many species of kelp are there?
Kelp
Kelps are large brown algae seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera.
Kelpfish
A kelpfish is a member of the genus Chironemus of perciform fishes in the family Chironemidae, native to coastal Australia and New Zealand.
Kelp
Because of its high concentration of iodine, brown kelp ("Laminaria") has been used to treat goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine, since medieval times.
Kelp forest
Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp. They are recognized as one of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems on Earth. Smaller areas of anchored kelp are called kelp beds.
Australian Kelpie
Kelpies are partly descended from dingoes, with 3–4% of their genes coming from the native Australian dog. 
There is no doubt that some kelpie breeders deliberately mated dingoes into the breed, and some sources have suggested that the best degree of admixture is one 32nd or one 16th, but kelpies with a quarter or half dingo ancestry have also become successful sheepdogs. The two breeds have become similar in conformation and colouring. As the dingo was regarded as a savage sheep killer from the earliest stages of European settlement in Australia, dog breeders were unlikely to admit the practice. At the time of the origin of the kelpie, it was illegal to keep dingoes as pets, and the owners of some dingoes and dingo crosses evidently registered their animals as kelpies.
Wheeler J. North
North’s principal research interest was marine ecology, specifically the kelp beds off Southern California and the population ecology of sea urchins. He studied the effects of sewage outfalls and El Niño on kelp forests, and the predation of kelp by sea urchins. He served as a consultant for California’s kelp-harvesting industry. He was one of the first marine scientists to employ SCUBA technology for marine research beginning as a student in 1949. While at Scripps, he worked with group studying the physiology of diving and was a pioneer in establishing scientific diving safety protocols. He was a consulting scientist after the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, and after 1973 oil crisis, he studied the possibility of kelp farms to produce biomass as an alternative fuel. He contributed to the growth of the kelp farming industry in China. He also studied the ecological effects of warm-water discharges from nuclear power plants on kelp forests, and in the early 1990s he undertook studies to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide using marine biomass and clathrate hydrates.North was married on 16 Aug 1952 in La Jolla to Nance J. Fountain (1927-2011) of Oklahoma, who was a laboratory technician at Scripps Oceanographic Institution and they had a son Wheeler O. North (b. 1957). On April 25, 1964 he married his second wife, biologist Barbara A. Best. In 1974, Barbara Best North was a co-author along with Grover C. Stephens of a textbook on Biology. She received further training as a physician and she entered private practice specializing in holistic health. Upon Wheeler North's death on December 20, 2002 at Newport Beach, California, the Southern California Academy of Sciences established the "Wheeler North Award for Scientific Excellence" given for excellence in research emphasizing the Southern California area and a commitment to the Southern California scientific community.
Kelp forest
In addition to ecological monitoring of kelp forests before, during, and after such disturbances, scientists try to tease apart the intricacies of kelp forest dynamics using experimental manipulations. By working on smaller spatial-temporal scales, they can control for the presence or absence of specific biotic and abiotic factors to discover the operative mechanisms. For example, in southern Australia, manipulations of kelp canopy types demonstrated that the relative amount of "Ecklonia radiata" in a canopy could be used to predict understory species assemblages; consequently, the proportion of "E. radiata" can be used as an indicator of other species occurring in the environment.
Coelopa
Coelopa is a genus of kelp flies in the family Coelopidae. There are about 13 described species in "Coelopa".
Coelopa frigida
Coelopa frigida is a species of seaweed fly or kelp fly. It is the most widely distributed species of seaweed fly. It can be found on most shorelines in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Other species of seaweed flies include "Coelopa pilipes".
Kelp poacher
The Kelp poacher is reported to spawn from January to May, in the United States.
Nereocystis
Nereocystis (Greek for "mermaid's bladder") is a monotypic genus of kelp containing the species Nereocystis luetkeana. Some common names include edible kelp, bull kelp, bullwhip kelp, ribbon kelp, bladder wrack, and variations of these names. It forms thick beds on rocks, and is an important part of kelp forests. It can grow to a maximum of . "Nereocystis" has a holdfast of about , and a single stipe, topped with a pneumatocyst containing carbon monoxide, from which sprout the numerous (about 30-64) blades. The blades may be up to long, and up to wide. It is usually annual, sometimes persisting up to 18 months. "Nereocystis" is the only kelp which will drop spore patches, so that the right concentration of spores lands near the parent's holdfast. It is common along the Pacific Coast of North America, from Southern California to the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.
Alaria (alga)
"Alaria" the second largest genus of Laminariales, with about 17 currently recognized species. However, due to its highly plastic morphology, the kelp has over 100 specific and subspecific names, which have arisen since it was first described in 1830. These synonyms have been tailored down to the present species through genetic comparisons.
Australian Kelpie
Show Kelpies are restricted to solid colours (black, chocolate, red, smoky blue, fawn, black and tan, red and tan) in a short double coat with pricked ears. It was during the early 20th century that Kelpies were first exhibited, at the Sydney Royal Easter Show. Different kennel clubs' breed standards have preferences for certain colours. Show Kelpies are generally heavier and shorter than working Kelpies.
Tegula pulligo
It is usually found on kelp; once it falls to the bottom, it is easy prey for a number of predators, including sea stars, whelks, and octopus.
Coast
Coastal areas are famous for their kelp beds. Kelp is a fast-growing seaweed that grows up to a metre a day. Corals and sea anemones are true animals, but live a lifestyle similar to that of plants. Mangroves, seagrasses and salt marsh are important coastal vegetation types in tropical and temperate environments respectively.
Laminaria pallida
Laminaria pallida, the split-fan kelp, is a species of large brown seaweed of the class Phaeophyceae found from Danger Point on the south coast of South Africa to Port Nolloth, Tristan da Cunha and Gough islands in the Atlantic and Île Saint-Paul in the Indian Ocean.
Kelp forest
Kelps are primarily associated with temperate and arctic waters worldwide. Of the more dominant genera, "Laminaria" is mainly associated with both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and the coasts of China and Japan; "Ecklonia" is found in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa; and "Macrocystis" occurs throughout the northeastern and southeastern Pacific Ocean, Southern Ocean archipelagos, and in patches around Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The region with the greatest diversity of kelps (>20 species) is the northeastern Pacific, from north of San Francisco, California, to the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.
Kelp goose
There are about 15,000 breeding pairs in existence.
Lessonia nigrescens
Lessonia nigrescens, the grey weed or giant grey weed, is a South American kelp species in the genus "Lessonia".
Laminaria ochroleuca
Laminaria ochroleuca is a large kelp, an alga in the order Laminariales.. They are commonly known as golden kelp, due to their blade colouration, distinguishing them from "Laminaria hyperborea"
Ecklonia
Ecklonia is a genus of kelp (brown algae) belonging to the family Lessoniaceae.
Aquaculture of giant kelp
At the beginning of the 20th century California kelp beds were harvested for their potash. Commercial interest increased during the 1970s and the 1980s due to the production of alginates, and also for biomass production for animal feed due to the energy crisis. However commercial production for "M. pyrifera" never became a reality. With the end of the energy crisis and the decline in alginate prices, research into farming "Macrocystis" declined.
Alariaceae
Alariaceae are a family of kelp.The distribution of Alariaceae includes the northeastern Pacific Ocean, South Africa, southern Australia, and New Zealand coasts.
Saccharina japonica
The species has been cultivated in China, Japan, Russia, France and Korea. It is one of the two most consumed species of kelp in China and Japan. Saccharina japonica is also used for the production of alginates, with China producing up to ten thousand tons of the product each year.
Pterygophora californica
Pterygophora californica is a large species of kelp, commonly known as stalked kelp. It is the only species in its genus Pterygophora (Ruprecht, 1852). It grows in shallow water on the Pacific coast of North America where it forms part of a biodiverse community in a "kelp forest".
Macrocystis integrifolia
Macrocystis integrifolia is one of four species of kelp (large brown algae) in the genus "Macrocystis" which grows to about long.
Cochleoceps orientalis
"Cochleoceps orientalis" normally lives in the demersal zone at depths of 3 to 40 metres. It is most often found on the kelp species "ecklonia radiata" but can sometimes occur on ascidians and sponges at greater depths.
Ulva
Until the mid-19th century its main industry was kelp collection and export. At the turn of the 19th century, the kelp industry supported a large amount of the population. It was seasonal work, with collection taking place in the months of May, June and July, when it was considered possible to dry it outdoors. The dried kelp would usually then be burnt, and the ash used to produce various products, including fertiliser (mostly soda ash) and iodine. The ruined kiln on the south shore may have been used for this. Between 1817 and 1828, no less than 256 tonnes of kelp were collected in Ulva. Kelpers collected on average, a wage of two shillings a week, and a stone of wheat.
Kelp noodles
Kelp noodles are mostly prepared in various Asian cuisine as a low-carbohydrate substitute for rice and pasta. They are commonly used in soups, salads, stir-fries and vegetable side dishes. Since they have a neutral taste they take on the flavors of the dishes to which they are added. The noodles can be purchased online or in health food supermarkets, and restaurants are beginning to offer kelp noodles as an alternative to more traditional noodles or rice in their dishes.
Pugettia
Pugettia is a genus of kelp crabs, in the family Epialtidae. It comprises the following species:
Kelp forest
Kelp forests occur worldwide throughout temperate and polar coastal oceans. In 2007, kelp forests were also discovered in tropical waters near Ecuador.
Kelp
Kelp ash is rich in iodine and alkali. In great amount, kelp ash can be used in soap and glass production. Until the Leblanc process was commercialized in the early 19th century, burning of kelp in Scotland was one of the principal industrial sources of soda ash (predominantly sodium carbonate). Alginate, a kelp-derived carbohydrate, is used to thicken products such as ice cream, jelly, salad dressing, and toothpaste, as well as an ingredient in exotic dog food and in manufactured goods. Alginate powder is also used frequently in general dentistry and orthodontics for making impressions of the upper and lower arches.
Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area
Kelp forests
Kelp forests are a variation of rocky reefs, as the kelp requires a fairly strong and stable substrate which can withstand the loads of repeated waves dragging on the kelp plants. The Sea bamboo "Ecklonia maxima" grows in water which is shallow enough to allow it to reach to the surface with its gas-filled stipes, so that the fronds form a dense layer at or just below the surface, depending on the tide. The shorter Split-fan kelp "Laminaria pallida" grows mostly on deeper reefs, where there is not so much competition from the sea bamboo. Both these kelp species provide food and shelter for a variety of other organisms, particularly the Sea bamboo, which is a base for a wide range of epiphytes, which in turn provide food and shelter for more organisms.
Laminariaceae
Laminariaceae is a family of brown algal seaweeds, many genera of which are popularly called "kelp." The table indicates the genera within this family. The family includes the largest known seaweeds: "Nereocystis" and "Macrocystis".
Naples Reef
Naples Reef is a rich, productive habitat, with anemone-covered underwater walls rising 30-feet from the sea floor and a kelp forest that supports various fish and wildlife. White seabass, kelp bass, rockfish, colorful nudibranchs, red gorgonians, pelicans, harbor seals and a variety of crabs, lobster and scallops all share the reef. This coastal area is home to many threatened and endangered animals such as the steelhead trout, the tidewater goby, the white-tailed kite, and the red-legged frog.
St Kilda, Scotland
Plant life is heavily influenced by the salt spray, strong winds and acidic peaty soils. No trees grow on the archipelago, although there are more than 130 different flowering plants, 162 species of fungi and 160 bryophytes. Several rarities exist amongst the 194 lichen species. Kelp thrives in the surrounding seas, which contain a diversity of unusual marine invertebrates.
Kelp forest
The architecture of a kelp forest ecosystem is based on its physical structure, which influences the associated species that define its community structure. Structurally, the ecosystem includes three guilds of kelp and two guilds occupied by other algae:
Heteroclinus eckloniae
Heteroclinus eckloniae, the Kelp weedfish, is a species of clinid native to the Indo-Pacific waters of the southern coast of Australia where it can be found in kelp and algal reefs. This species can reach a maximum length of TL.
Large kelpfish
The large kelpfish, "Chironemus marmoratus", is a kelpfish of the genus "Chironemus", found in southern Australia, and between North Cape and East Cape on the North Island of New Zealand, at depths down to 30 m. Their length is between 25 and 40 cm. In New Zealand, the species is known as the" hiwihiwi".
Marine habitats
Kelp forests provide a unique three-dimensional habitat for marine organisms and are a source for understanding many ecological processes. Over the last century, they have been the focus of extensive research, particularly in trophic ecology, and continue to provoke important ideas that are relevant beyond this unique ecosystem. For example, kelp forests can influence coastal oceanographic patterns and provide many ecosystem services.
Elk
There are numerous subspecies of elk described, with six from North America and four from Asia, although some taxonomists consider them different ecotypes or races of the same species (adapted to local environments through minor changes in appearance and behavior). Populations vary as to antler shape and size, body size, coloration and mating behavior. DNA investigations of the Eurasian subspecies revealed that phenotypic variation in antlers, mane and rump patch development are based on "climatic-related lifestyle factors".
Of the six subspecies of elk known to have inhabited North America in historical times, four remain, including the Roosevelt ("C. canadensis roosevelti"), Tule ("C. canadensis nannodes"), Manitoban ("C. canadensis manitobensis") and Rocky Mountain ("C. canadensis nelsoni"). The Eastern elk ("C. canadensis canadensis") and Merriam's elk ("C. canadensis merriami") subspecies have been extinct for at least a century.
Seashore wildlife
Non-flowering plants range from microscopic plants through to seaweed or kelp up to 5 meters in height. Many animals feed on kelp and kelp provides sheltered habitats for yet others. Sea grass is the only type of flowering plant that grows in British seas, but it nonetheless forms vast beds.
Kelp forest
Physically formed by brown macroalgae, kelp forests provide a unique, three-dimensional habitat for marine organisms and are a source for understanding many ecological processes. Over the last century, they have been the focus of extensive research, particularly in trophic ecology, and continue to provoke important ideas that are relevant beyond this unique ecosystem. For example, kelp forests can influence coastal oceanographic patterns and provide many ecosystem services.
Brown algae
The brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as habitat. For instance, "Macrocystis", a kelp of the order Laminariales, may reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and forms prominent underwater kelp forests. Kelp forests like these contain a high level of biodiversity. Another example is "Sargassum", which creates unique floating mats of seaweed in the tropical waters of the Sargasso Sea that serve as the habitats for many species. Many brown algae, such as members of the order Fucales, commonly grow along rocky seashores. Some members of the class, such as kelps, are used by humans as food.
Aquaculture of giant kelp
Aquaculture of giant kelp, "Macrocystis pyrifera", is the cultivation of kelp for uses such as food, dietary supplements or potash. Giant kelp contains compounds such as iodine, potassium, other minerals vitamins and carbohydrates.
Undaria
Undaria is a genus of kelp that includes "Undaria pinnatifida" (wakame).
Kelp forest
Frequently considered an ecosystem engineer, kelp provides a physical substrate and habitat for kelp forest communities. In algae (kingdom Protista), the body of an individual organism is known as a thallus rather than as a plant (kingdom Plantae). The morphological structure of a kelp thallus is defined by three basic structural units:
In addition, many kelp species have pneumatocysts, or gas-filled bladders, usually located at the base of fronds near the stipe. These structures provide the necessary buoyancy for kelp to maintain an upright position in the water column.
Kelp
Kelp grows in "underwater forests" (kelp forests) in shallow oceans, and is thought to have appeared in the Miocene, 23 to 5 million years ago. The organisms require nutrient-rich water with temperatures between . They are known for their high growth rate—the genera "Macrocystis" and "Nereocystis" can grow as fast as half a metre a day, ultimately reaching .
Kelp gull
There are five subspecies of kelp gull. The African subspecies "L. d. vetula" is sometimes split as the Cape gull, "L. vetula". It has a more angular head and a smaller shorter bill. The adult has a dark eye, whereas the nominate kelp gull usually has a pale eye. Young Cape gulls have almost identical plumage to similarly aged kelp gulls.Kelp gulls are omnivores like most "Larus" gulls, and they will scavenge as well as seek suitable small prey. They gather on landfills and a sharp increase in population is therefore considered as an indicator for a degraded environment. Kelp gulls have been observed feeding on live right whales since at least 1996. The kelp gull uses its powerful beak to peck down centimetres into the skin and blubber, often leaving the whales with large open sores, some of which have been observed to be half a meter in diameter. This predatory behavior has been documented in Argentinian waters, and continues today. At rocky sites along the southern African coast, such as at Boulders Beach in Cape Town, kelp gulls ("Larus dominicanus vetula") can be seen picking up shellfish and repeatedly flying up several meters and dropping them onto the rocks below in order to break them open. They have also been reported pecking the eyes out of seal pups on the coast of Namibia before attacking the blind seals in a group.
Kelp
Kelp may develop dense forests with high production, biodiversity and ecological function. Along the Norwegian coast these forests cover 5800 km, and they support large numbers of animals. Numerous sessile animals (sponges, bryozoans and ascidians) are found on kelp stipes and mobile invertebrate fauna are found in high densities on epiphytic algae on the kelp stipes and on kelp holdfasts. More than 100,000 mobile invertebrates per square meter are found on kelp stipes and holdfasts in well-developed kelp forests (Christie et al., 2003). While larger invertebrates and in particular sea urchins "Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis" (O.F. Müller) are important secondary consumers controlling large barren ground areas on the Norwegian coast, they are scarce inside dense kelp forests.
Kelp
Some animals are named after the kelp, either because they inhabit the same habitat as kelp or because they feed on kelp. These include:
Lessonia (alga)
This is one of two principal genera in kelp forests (the other is "Macrocystis"). In Chile, the preservation of "Lessonia" kelp is a important to help preserve the biodiversity that exists on rocky shores. By studying the harvesting of these wild populations of "Lessonia" kelp marine biologists are able to analyze the effects of this activity on wildlife.
Đerdap national park
Some 1,100 plant species inhabit the park. The include Tertiary relicts like Turkish hazel, walnut tree, European yew, largeleaf linden, downy oak and European holly. The Đerdap's tulip ("Tulipa hungarica Borbás"), became extinct after the reservoir was formed. Out of 15 species which can be found only on the Balkans are Pančić's maple and certain species of heartsease, wild thyme and meadow fescue. There are also Carpathian endemites like sweet carrot and "Seseli rigidum". Internationally protected are floating fern, "Fritillaria degeniana", water caltrop, "Bulbophyllum loroglossum" and cat grass.
Kelp forest
Multiple kelp species often co-exist within a forest; the term understory canopy refers to the stipitate and prostrate kelps. For example, a "Macrocystis" canopy may extend many meters above the seafloor towards the ocean surface, while an understory of the kelps "Eisenia" and "Pterygophora" reaches upward only a few meters. Beneath these kelps, a benthic assemblage of foliose red algae may occur. The dense vertical infrastructure with overlying canopy forms a system of microenvironments similar to those observed in a terrestrial forest, with a sunny canopy region, a partially shaded middle, and darkened seafloor. Each guild has associated organisms, which vary in their levels of dependence on the habitat, and the assemblage of these organisms can vary with kelp morphologies. For example, in California, "Macrocystis pyrifera" forests, the nudibranch "Melibe leonina", and skeleton shrimp "Caprella californica" are closely associated with surface canopies; the kelp perch "Brachyistius frenatus", rockfish "Sebastes" spp., and many other fishes are found within the stipitate understory; brittle stars and turban snails "Tegula" spp. are closely associated with the kelp holdfast, while various herbivores, such as sea urchins and abalone, live under the prostrate canopy; many seastars, hydroids, and benthic fishes live among the benthic assemblages; solitary corals, various gastropods, and echinoderms live over the encrusting coralline algae. In addition, pelagic fishes and marine mammals are loosely associated with kelp forests, usually interacting near the edges as they visit to feed on resident organisms.
Ecklonia maxima
Ecklonia maxima, or sea bamboo, is a species of kelp native to the southern oceans. It is typically found along the southern Atlantic coast of Africa, from the very south of South Africa to northern Namibia. In these areas the species dominates the shallow, temperate water, reaching a depth of up to in the offshore kelp forests.
Australian Kelpie
There were a number of Kelpies named Red Cloud. The first and most famous was John Quinn's Red Cloud in the early 20th century. In the 1960s, another Red Cloud became well known in Western Australia. This started the tradition in Western Australia of calling all red or red and tan Kelpies, especially those with white chests, Red Cloud Kelpies. Other notable specimens include Gunner and Red Dog (c. 1971 – 21 November 1979), a Kelpie mix which was the subject of a movie, "Red Dog", released in 2011.
Kelp forest
Another major area of kelp forest research has been directed at understanding the spatial-temporal patterns of kelp patches. Not only do such dynamics affect the physical landscape, but they also affect species that associate with kelp for refuge or foraging activities. Large-scale environmental disturbances have offered important insights concerning mechanisms and ecosystem resilience. Examples of environmental disturbances include:
Margarites pupillus
Habitat preference:
"Margarites pupillus" is found among kelp beds of the large brown kelp "A. fimbriatum" in the San Juan Islands, WA, USA. These snails are typically found on the upper surfaces of kelp rather than on the bottom beneath it. Evidence suggests that the kelp provides a safe haven for these snails where they are separated from benthic predators, especially crabs. Gut analyses of local crab-eating fishes including kelp greenling and cabezon sculpin showed that 85% of all guts analyzed contained remains of crabs, including those known to prey on "M. pupillus" while only 2% contained operculi of "M. pupillus". These results suggest that crabs probably avoid upper surfaces of kelp where they would be more exposed to fish predation, making them safer places for snails to live.
Australian Kelpie
The breed has been separated into two distinct varieties: the Show (or Bench) Kelpie and the Working Kelpie. The Show Kelpie is seen at conformation dog shows in some countries and is selected for appearance rather than working instinct, while the Working Kelpie is bred for working ability rather than appearance.
Kelp Bank
Kelp Bank () is a shoal, covered with kelp, lying northeast of Cape Crewe, off the north coast of South Georgia. The name appears to be first used on a 1931 British Admiralty chart.
Monterey Bay Aquarium
At tall and long, the Kelp Forest exhibit is the focal point of Monterey Bay Aquarium's Ocean's Edge wing. Nearly three stories high, the exhibit is regarded as the first successful attempt to maintain a living kelp forest in an artificial setting. During the facility's planning and construction, professionals doubted that kelp could be grown in an aquarium at this scale. And, even if it could be grown, critics of the project did not think the public would be interested in seeing this representation of Monterey Bay. During the design phase, kelp scientists Wheeler North at the California Institute of Technology and Mike Neushal at the University of California, Santa Barbara informed the aquarium of the kelp's needs. The exhibit's success at sustaining giant kelp and its realistic appearance are attributed to the availability of direct sunlight, the use of natural seawater from Monterey Bay, and a surge machine (a large plunger) that replicates California's pulsing water currents. The surge machine, which plunges every 6 seconds, allows the kelp in the exhibit to grow an average of per day and was designed and constructed by David Packard.. Kelp forests are important ecosystems along California's coast—compared to tropical rainforests in their biodiversity—and, alongside giant kelp, the exhibit contains species of fish indigenous to Monterey Bay, including rockfishes and leopard sharks.
Salt Point State Marine Conservation Area
Salt Point SMCA protects a complex rocky habitat which includes coves, kelp, wash rocks, shelves, walls, cobble and boulders as well as associated species like red abalone, red urchin and rockfish. Bull kelp thrives along this area and can grow up to ten inches per day as it reaches for sunlight at the ocean's surface.
Kelp fly
Kelp fly is one common name of species of flies in a number of families of "true flies" or Diptera. They generally feed on stranded and rotting seaweed, particularly kelp in the wrack zone. When conditions are suitable they are very numerous and may be ecologically important in the turnover of organic material on the coast. In this role they also may be an important item in the diet of beach-dwelling animals and birds. The flies most generally referred to as kelp flies are the widely distributed Coelopidae. In popular speech however, they are not clearly distinguished from other flies with similar feeding habits, such as the Heterocheilidae, the Helcomyzinae and sundry members of the Anthomyiidae.
Penang National Park
During the nutrition bloom from November to January, kelp blooms upon the rocks, attracting jellyfish to the shores. Turtles lay their eggs here all year round. The three species recorded to have shored are the green turtle, hawksbill turtle and olive-ridley turtle. gorgonian coral also grow in these waters.
Kelpie
Victorian artist Thomas Millie Dow sketched the kelpie in 1895 as a melancholy dark-haired maiden balanced on a rock, a common depiction for artists of the period. Other depictions show kelpies as poolside maidens, as in Draper's 1913 oil on canvas. Folklorist Nicola Bown has suggested that painters such as Millie Dow and Draper deliberately ignored earlier accounts of the kelpie and reinvented it by altering its sex and nature.
Great Southern Reef
Kelp forests are a defining feature of the reef. The reef supports economic activities along Australia's southern coastline, such as commercial and recreational fishing, scuba diving, surfing and other tourism. These activities contribute at least $10 billion to the Australian economy each year. Biologically, it is a unique temperate marine ecosystem, with 30 to 80% of its species found nowhere else.
Kelp
Growth occurs at the base of the meristem, where the blades and stipe meet. Growth may be limited by grazing. Sea urchins, for example, can reduce entire areas to urchin barrens. The kelp life cycle involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage. The haploid phase begins when the mature organism releases many spores, which then germinate to become male or female gametophytes. Sexual reproduction then results in the beginning of the diploid sporophyte stage, which will develop into a mature individual.
Kelp
Through the 19th century, the word "kelp" was closely associated with seaweeds that could be burned to obtain soda ash (primarily sodium carbonate). The seaweeds used included species from both the orders Laminariales and Fucales. The word "kelp" was also used directly to refer to these processed ashes.
Pterygophora californica
"P. californica" grows in underwater kelp forests with other brown algae including the annual species, bull kelp ("Nereocystis luetkeana") and giant kelp ("Macrocystis pyrifera"). Brown seaweeds are photosynthetic organisms and their growth is mainly restricted by the availability of light. Various algae try to get a head start by attaching themselves to "P. californica" well above the ocean floor. These include red algae (Rhodophyte spp.), bull kelp ("Nereocystis luetkeana") and sea belt ("Saccharina latissima"). The most common cause of death of "P. californica" is being torn from the rocks during storms. This is made more likely by the drag caused by the epiphyte burden. "P. californica" and other Laminariales attempt to reduce their epiphytic load by periodically sloughing off their surface layers and by the production of "antifouling" substances such as phenols in their tissues.
Durvillaea willana
This species of kelp is endemic to New Zealand and is found on the southeastern shores of the North Island, although not in Cook Strait, as well as on the shores of the South Island and Stewart Island.
Coelopa frigida
The fly oviposits in dead kelp that washes up on beaches. This is the only place it lays eggs, and it can do so on many species of kelp and seaweed, including species of "Laminaria" and "Fucus". A female fly lays up to five clutches of 80 eggs each. The larvae feed upon the bacteria coating the dead kelp. The life cycle is about 11 or 12 days long.
Kelisia
Kelisia is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae. There are at least 50 described species in "Kelisia".
Kelp
In 2007, Erlandson et al. suggested that kelp forests around the Pacific Rim may have facilitated the dispersal of anatomically modern humans following a coastal route from Northeast Asia to the Americas. This "kelp highway hypothesis" suggested that highly productive kelp forests supported rich and diverse marine food webs in nearshore waters, including many types of fish, shellfish, birds, marine mammals, and seaweeds that were similar from Japan to California, Erlandson and his colleagues also argued that coastal kelp forests reduced wave energy and provided a linear dispersal corridor entirely at sea level, with few obstacles to maritime peoples. Archaeological evidence from California's Channel Islands confirms that islanders were harvesting kelp forest shellfish and fish, beginning as much as 12,000 years ago.
Taliepus nuttallii
Taliepus nuttallii, known generally as the southern kelp crab or globose kelp crab, is a species of true crab in the family Epialtidae. It is found in East Pacific.
Kelp
Kombu (昆布 in Japanese, and 海带 in Chinese, "Saccharina japonica" and others), several Pacific species of kelp, is a very important ingredient in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cuisines. Kombu is used to flavor broths and stews (especially "dashi"), as a savory garnish ("tororo konbu") for rice and other dishes, as a vegetable, and a primary ingredient in popular snacks (such as "tsukudani"). Transparent sheets of kelp ("oboro konbu") are used as an edible decorative wrapping for rice and other foods.
Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
Kelp Forests
Kelp forests are a variation of rocky reefs, as the kelp requires a fairly strong and stable substrate which can withstand the loads of repeated waves dragging on the kelp plants. The Sea bamboo "Ecklonia maxima" grows in water which is shallow enough to allow it to reach to the surface with its gas-filled stipes, so that the fronds form a dense layer at or just below the surface, depending on the tide. The shorter Split-fan kelp "Laminaria pallida" grows mostly on deeper reefs, where there is not so much competition from the sea bamboo. Both these kelp species provide food and shelter for a variety of other organisms, particularly the Sea bamboo, which is a base for a wide range of epiphytes, which in turn provide food and shelter for more organisms.
Kelp
Commercial production of kelp harvested from its natural habitat has taken place in Japan for over a century. Many countries today produce and consume laminaria products; the largest producer is China. "Laminaria japonica", the important commercial seaweed, was first introduced into China in the late 1920s from Hokkaido, Japan. Yet mariculture of this alga on a very large commercial scale was realized in China only in the 1950s. Between the 1950s and the 1980s, kelp production in China increased from about 60 to over 250,000 dry weight metric tons annually.
Kelp
In most kelp, the thallus (or body) consists of flat or leaf-like structures known as blades. Blades originate from elongated stem-like structures, the stipes. The holdfast, a root-like structure, anchors the kelp to the substrate of the ocean.
Gas-filled bladders (pneumatocysts) form at the base of blades of American species, such as "Nereocystis lueteana," (Mert. & Post & Rupr.) to hold the kelp blades close to the surface.
Kelp gull
The kelp gull ("Larus dominicanus"), also known as the Dominican gull, is a gull which breeds on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere. The nominate "L. d. dominicanus" is the subspecies found around South America, parts of Australia (where it overlaps with the Pacific gull), and New Zealand (where it is known as the southern black-backed gull, simply the black-backed gull, or by its Māori name karoro). "L. d. vetula" (known as the Cape gull) is a subspecies occurring around southern Africa.
Blue cod
Since "P. colias" are generalists, which means that they prey on various species instead of depending on only one species, habitats that are rich in diversity of species are also favoured by them. An example of this is the kelp forest which is often established on rock beds where it is also desirable for "P. colias". However, they can be also found in less species diverse habitats such as barren rock flats (4-12m deep) that are dominated by sea urchins grazing on algae.
Australian Kelpie
The Australian Kelpie, or simply Kelpie, is an Australian sheep dog successful at mustering and droving with little or no guidance. It is a medium-sized dog and comes in a variety of colours. The Kelpie has been exported throughout the world and is used to muster livestock, primarily sheep, cattle and goats.
Plum
Plum has many species, and taxonomists differ on the count. Depending on the taxonomist, between 19 and 40 species of plum exist. From this diversity only two species, the hexaploid European plum ("Prunus domestica") and the diploid Japanese plum ("Prunus salicina" and hybrids), are of worldwide commercial significance. The origin of these commercially important species is uncertain but may have involved P. cerasifera and possibly P. spinosa as ancestors. Other species of plum variously originated in Europe, Asia and America.
Lessonia trabeculata
Lessonia trabeculata is a species of kelp, a brown alga in the genus "Lessonia". It grows subtidally off the coasts of Peru and northern and central Chile, with the closely related "Lessonia nigrescens" tending to form a separate zone intertidally.
Kelp
Overfishing nearshore ecosystems leads to the degradation of kelp forests. Herbivores are released from their usual population regulation, leading to over-grazing of kelp and other algae. This can quickly result in barren landscapes where only a small number of species can thrive. Other major factors which threaten kelp include marine pollution and the quality of water, climate changes and certain invasive species.Species of "Laminaria" in the British Isles;
Bull kelp
Bull kelp is a common name for the brown alga "Nereocystis luetkeana" which is a true kelp in the family Laminariaceae).
Macrocystis pyrifera
Where the bottom is rocky and affords places for it to anchor, giant kelp forms extensive kelp beds with large "floating canopies". When present in large numbers, giant kelp forms kelp forests that are home to many marine species that depend upon the kelp directly for food and shelter, or indirectly as a hunting ground for prey. Both the large size of the kelp and the large number of individuals significantly alter the availability of light, the flow of ocean currents, and the chemistry of the ocean water in the area where they grow.
Macrocystis pyrifera
In recent years, the kelp forests have decreased dramatically throughout Japan, Chile, Korea, Australia and North America. Harvesting of kelp as a food source and other uses may be the least concerning aspect to its depletion.
Kelp (disambiguation)
Kelp may also refer to:
Graus nigra
"Graus nigra" is found in the forests of giant kelp off the coast of Chile. Associated with it in this habitat are the Chilean abalone ("Concholepas concholepas"), keyhole limpets ("Fissurella" spp.), the Chilean sea urchin "Loxechinus albus", and the labrid fish Galápagos sheephead ("Semicossyphus darwini"). Other carnivorous fish in the kelp forest include the Peruvian morwong ("Cheilodactylus variegatus"), the Chilean sandperch ("Pinguipes chilensis") and the Cape redfish ("Sebastes capensis"); also present in this habitat is the herbivorous "Aplodactylus punctatus". These fish are present in the dense lower storey of the kelp forest where they feed on the benthos. If for some reason the kelp is removed or thinned, the predacious fish feed in the water column instead.
De Hoop Marine Protected Area
Kelp forests
Kelp forests are a variation of rocky reefs, as the kelp requires a fairly strong and stable substrate which can withstand the loads of repeated waves dragging on the kelp plants. The Sea bamboo "Ecklonia maxima" grows in water which is shallow enough to allow it to reach to the surface with its gas-filled stipes, so that the fronds form a dense layer at or just below the surface, depending on the tide. The shorter Split-fan kelp "Laminaria pallida" grows mostly on deeper reefs, where there is not so much competition from the sea bamboo. Both these kelp species provide food and shelter for a variety of other organisms, particularly the Sea bamboo, which is a base for a wide range of epiphytes, which in turn provide food and shelter for more organisms.
Heterokont
The heterokonts or stramenopiles (formally, Heterokonta or Stramenopiles) are a major line of eukaryotes currently containing more than 25,000 known species. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton. Other notable members of the Stramenopiles include the (generally) parasitic oomycetes, including "Phytophthora" of Irish potato famine infamy and "Pythium" which causes seed rot and damping off.
Postelsia
Postelsia palmaeformis, also known as the sea palm (not to be confused with the southern sea palm) or palm seaweed, is a species of kelp and classified within brown algae. The sea palm is found along the western coast of North America, on rocky shores with constant waves. It is one of the few algae that can survive and remain erect out of the water; in fact, it spends most of its life cycle exposed to the air. It is an annual, and edible, though harvesting of the alga is discouraged due to the species' sensitivity to overharvesting.
Kelp
Non-Laminariales species that may be considered as kelp:
Marine habitats
Frequently considered an ecosystem engineer, kelp provides a physical substrate and habitat for kelp forest communities. In algae (Kingdom: Protista), the body of an individual organism is known as a thallus rather than as a plant (Kingdom: Plantae). The morphological structure of a kelp thallus is defined by three basic structural units:
In addition, many kelp species have pneumatocysts, or gas-filled bladders, usually located at the base of fronds near the stipe. These structures provide the necessary buoyancy for kelp to maintain an upright position in the water column.
Kelp noodles
Kelp noodles are cholesterol, fat, gluten-free and also rich in nutrients. A 1/2 cup serving includes 186 milligrams of sodium, 134 milligrams of calcium, 2.28 milligrams of iron, and 52.8 micrograms of vitamin K. They are a good dietary source of iodine. Consumers with thyroid and heart disease should take the sodium and iodine content into account.
Kelp forest
Though urchins are usually the dominant herbivores, others with significant interaction strengths include seastars, isopods, kelp crabs, and herbivorous fishes. In many cases, these organisms feed on kelp that has been dislodged from substrate and drifts near the ocean floor rather than expend energy searching for intact thalli on which to feed. When sufficient drift kelp is available, herbivorous grazers do not exert pressure on attached plants; when drift subsidies are unavailable, grazers directly impact the physical structure of the ecosystem. Many studies in Southern California have demonstrated that the availability of drift kelp specifically influences the foraging behavior of sea urchins. Drift kelp and kelp-derived particulate matter have also been important in subsidizing adjacent habitats, such as sandy beaches and the rocky intertidal.
Kelp forest
Given the complexity of kelp forests – their variable structure, geography, and interactions – they pose a considerable challenge to environmental managers. Extrapolating even well-studied trends to the future is difficult because interactions within the ecosystem will change under variable conditions, not all relationships in the ecosystem are understood, and the nonlinear thresholds to transitions are not yet recognized. With respect to kelp forests, major issues of concern include marine pollution and water quality, kelp harvesting and fisheries, invasive species, and climate change. The most pressing threat to kelp forest preservation may be the overfishing of coastal ecosystems, which by removing higher trophic levels facilitates their shift to depauperate urchin barrens. The maintenance of biodiversity is recognized as a way of generally stabilizing ecosystems and their services through mechanisms such as functional compensation and reduced susceptibility to foreign species invasions.
Kelp tea
Kelp tea is a traditional Japanese and Korean tea made by infusing kelp in hot water. It is called kobu-cha or konbu-cha () in Japan and dasima-cha () in Korea.
Cape Peron
The underwater flora of Cape Peron consists of many species of algae, including red, green and brown algae, that develop dependent on the exposure of the reef platform they grow on to weather and tides. Away from the rocky limestone reefs, expanses of sandy seafloor beds contain large seagrass meadows containing a variety of species of kelp.
Eucalyptus
There are more than 700 species of eucalyptus and most are native to Australia; a very small number are found in adjacent areas of New Guinea and Indonesia. One species, "Eucalyptus deglupta," ranges as far north as the Philippines. Of the 15 species found outside Australia, just nine are exclusively non-Australian. Species of eucalyptus are cultivated widely in the tropical and temperate world, including the Americas, Europe, Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, China, and the Indian subcontinent. However, the range over which many eucalypts can be planted in the temperate zone is constrained by their limited cold tolerance.
Giant kelpfish
The Giant Kelpfish ("Heterostichus rostratus") is a species of clinid native to the west coast of North America where it is found from California to southern Baja California. It inhabits rocky areas with kelp and other large seaweeds. Its diet consists of small crustaceans, mollusks and fishes. This species can reach a maximum size of TL and has been reported to live for 4 years. It can also be found in the aquarium trade. It is currently the only known member of its genus.