What does sui generis mean?
Sui generis
In sociology, the "sui generis" is what has been externalized, then internalized in the overall public and becomes a part of society that simply exists in its construct. It is not something that is not thought to have been created, because it is imbedded in everyone's way of thinking and being. Instances include the idea of love, or going to school, or clothing belonging to a specific gender. These examples are "sui generis" for they simply exist in society and are widely accepted without thoughts of where they come from or how they were created.
Transgender inequality
Transgender, while a new term, is not a new phenomenon. In North America, many Native American cultures had identifications for transgender people, being people whose gender identity does not match up with their biological sex. Sabine Lang, in her research, defines non-binary people as women-men and men-women (the first referring to the expression and the second referring to the biological sex), and discusses how different Native American tribes had designations for this and had transgender people integrated and integral to society. From the Navajo to the Shoshoni to the Pueblo de Zuni, there were different definitions and characterizations of what we now know to be transgender people. The Navajo described both men and women who did not identify as their birth sex as being “nádleehé, ‘someone who is in a constant process of change,” while the Shoshoni entitled it “tianna wa’ippi,” which is a combination of the word for man and the word for women, which was used interchangeably for both the biologically male and female. For those who were men-women or women-men, it was considered to be a spiritual journey if one was to renounce their born gender and assume the other. According to Lang, unlike in current United States culture, these third-gender designations were not seen as deviant, or strange. Lang further highlights how many tribes considered relationships heterosexual as long as the gender identity lined up as so: in this case, the gender identity was what indicated heterosexual relationships, rather than biological sex. However, in tribes such as the Navajo and Shoshoni, Lang discusses how it would be seen as “unthinkable” and borderline “incestuous,” respectively, for two transgender people to be in a sexual relationship. While transgender people in Native American cultures were largely accepted, Lang discusses that when Europeans came over and colonized, they brought with them oppressive ideas on gender non-conformists, and began to influence Native cultures to do the same
Professional services networks
Professional service networks are sui generis, and each network is formed for a different reason. Current and potential members are attracted to networks in which they can pursue their own individual objectives. While networks clearly do have things in common, each must be viewed in the context of its uniqueness. A successful network is one that meets the expectations of all of its members.
Sui generis
Analytic philosophy often uses the expression to indicate an idea, an entity, or a reality that cannot be reduced to a lower concept or included in a higher concept.
Issue (genealogy)
"Issue" typically means a person's lineal descendants—all genetic descendants of a person, regardless of degree. Issue is a narrower category than heirs, which includes spouses, ancestors, and collaterals (siblings, cousins, aunts, and uncles). This meaning of issue arises most often in wills and trusts. A person who has no living lineal descendants is said to have died without issue.
American anthropology
Attention to symbols, the meaning of which depended almost entirely on their historical and social context, appealed to many Boasians. Leslie White asked of cultural things, "What sort of objects are they? Are they physical objects? Mental objects? Both? Metaphors? Symbols? Reifications?" In "Science of Culture" (1949), he concluded that they are objects ""sui generis""; that is, of their own kind. In trying to define that kind, he hit upon a previously unrealized aspect of symbolization, which he called "the symbolate"—an object created by the act of symbolization. He thus defined culture as "symbolates understood in an extra-somatic context."
Surrogacy
Traditional surrogacy (also known as partial, genetic, natural or straight surrogacy) involves natural or artificial insemination of a surrogate. If the intended father's sperm is used in the insemination, then the resulting child is genetically related to the intended father and genetically related to the surrogate. If donor sperm is used, the resulting child is not genetically related to either intended parent but is genetically related to the surrogate.
Traditional knowledge
Currently, only a few nations offer explicit "sui generis" protection for traditional knowledge. However, a number of countries are still undecided as to whether law should give traditional knowledge deference. Indigenous peoples have shown ambivalence about the intellectual property approach. Some have been willing to investigate how existing intellectual property mechanisms (primarily: patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets) can protect traditional knowledge. Others believe that an intellectual property approach may work, but will require more radical and novel forms of intellectual property law ("sui generis rights"). Others believe that the intellectual property system uses concepts and terms that are incompatible with traditional cultural concepts, and favors the commercialization of their traditions, which they generally resist. Many have argued that the form of protection should refer to collective human rights to protect their distinct identities, religions and cultural heritage.
Sui iuris
The Latin sui iuris (the individual words meaning 'self' and ('law) corresponds to the Greek 'αυτονόμος', from which the English word autonomy is derived.
Glossary of patent law terms
A "sui generis" right notably available for medicinal and plant protection products. The right comes into force after the corresponding patent expires and, for medicinal and plant protection products, has a maximum term (i.e., lifetime) of 5 years.
Suggrundus
Suggrundus is a genus of flatheads native to the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean.
Sui generis database right
Although Law No. 9610/1998 confers database owners exclusive rights specifically for copying, distribution and translation of databases, it also states that this right is contingent upon the database being the result of an intellectual creation, therefore offering no sui generis database rights.
In article 1260 of the Civil Code of Russia, a database is a collection of independent materials presented in an objective form (articles, accounts, legal texts, judicial decisions, and other similar materials), which are systematically arranged in a way that these materials can be found and processed by a computer. A database need not be registered to enjoy legal protection, but the Civil Code of Russia provides for the registration of rights, which is useful if the claims are disputed in court.
Uncreative collections of facts are outside of Congressional authority under the Copyright Clause (Article I, § 8, cl. 8) of the United States Constitution, therefore no database right exists in the United States. Originality is the "sine qua non" of copyright in the United States ("see Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service"). This has not stopped database owners lobbying for the introduction of such a right, but so far bills to introduce it in the US have been prevented by the successful lobbying of research libraries, consumer groups and firms who benefit from the free use of factual information.
Humani generis redemptionem
Humani generis redemptionem is an encyclical by Pope Benedict XV given at St. Peter's, Rome, on 15 June, the Feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in the year 1917, in the third of his Pontificate. The encyclical points to an ever-increasing number of Christian preachers and an ever-decreasing effect of their preaching. He admonished bishops to be preachers first of all, and to be more careful in the selection of preachers and confessors, for whom Humani generis redemptionem prescribed basic preconditions.
Social teachings of Pope Pius XII
In 1950, Pius XII promulgated "Humani generis" which acknowledged that evolution might accurately describe the biological origins of human life, but at the same time criticized those who use it as a religion, who "imprudently and indiscreetly hold that evolution... explains the origin of all things". While "Humani generis" was significant as the first occasion on which a pope explicitly addressed the topic of evolution at length, it did not represent a change in doctrine for the Roman Catholic Church. As early as 1868, Cardinal John Henry Newman wrote, "the theory of Darwin, true or not, is not necessarily atheistic; on the contrary, it may simply be suggesting a larger idea of divine providence and skill." The encyclical issues a clear no to another scientific opinion popular at the time, polygenism, "the scientific hypothesis that mankind descended from a group of original humans."
Status in Roman legal system
"Status familiae" is the legal status of an individual in the family. The pater familias had the authority in the family (patria potestas), and everyone was subjected to him based on adgnatio (kinship only from father's side). This had an impact in private law. There is a distinction between alieni iuris (persons under patria potestas) and sui iuris (persons autonomous of patria potestas, who could only be the pater familias himself).
Filius familias had ius suffragii and ius honorum, but in the area of private law he was restricted because of patria potestas.
Sui Generis (disambiguation)
Sui Generis is an Argentinian folk rock band.
Sui generis
The grant of private hire vehicle (taxicab) operators licences by local authorities frequently has a condition attached that the appropriate "sui generis" change of use planning permission is granted to those premises to ensure those businesses cannot trade lawfully without the appropriate planning consents.
Imperial cult of ancient Rome
"Genius" (pl. "genii") was the essential spirit and generative power – depicted as a serpent or as a perennial youth, often winged – within an individual and their clan ("gens", pl. "gentes"), such as the "Julli" (Julians) of Julius Caesar. A "paterfamilias" could confer his name, a measure of his "genius" and a role in his household rites, obligations and honours upon those he adopted. As Caesar's adopted heir, Octavian stood to inherit the "genius", heritable property and honours of his adoptive father in addition to those obtained through his own birth gens and efforts. The exceptionally potent "genius" of living emperors expressed the will of the gods through Imperial actions. In 30 BC, libation-offerings to the "genius" of Octavian (later Augustus) became a duty at public and private banquets, and from 12 BC, state oaths were sworn by the "genius" of the living emperor.
Humani generis (disambiguation)
Humani generis could refer to the following papal encyclicals:
Sagittaria isoetiformis
Sagittaria isoetiformis, common name quillwort arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species native to Cuba and to the southeastern United States (Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina).
List of genres
A horror story is told to deliberately scare or frighten the audience, through suspense, violence or shock. H. P. Lovecraft distinguishes two primary varieties in the "Introduction" to "Supernatural Horror in Literature": 1) Physical Fear or the "mundanely gruesome" and 2) the true Supernatural Horror story or the "Weird Tale". The supernatural variety is occasionally called "dark fantasy", since the laws of nature must be violated in some way, thus qualifying the story as "fantastic".Magical realism, also called Magic realism, is literary works where magical events form part of ordinary life. The reader is forced to accept that abnormal events such as levitation, telekinesis and talking with the dead take place in the real world. The writer does not invent a new world or describe in great detail new creatures, as is usual in Fantasy; on the contrary, the author abstains from explaining the fantastic events to avoid making them feel extraordinary. It is often regarded as a genre exclusive to Latin American literature, but some of its chief exponents include English authors. One Hundred Years of Solitude, by Gabriel García Márquez, who received the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature, is considered the genre's seminal work of style.
United States v. Wong Kim Ark
The case highlighted disagreements over the precise meaning of one phrase in the Citizenship Clause—namely, the provision that a person born in the United States who is "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" acquires automatic citizenship. The Supreme Court's majority concluded that this phrase referred to being required to obey U.S. law; on this basis, they interpreted the language of the Fourteenth Amendment in a way that granted U.S. citizenship to children born of foreigners (a concept known as "jus soli"), with only a limited set of exceptions mostly based in English common law.. The court's dissenters argued that being subject to the jurisdiction of the United States meant not being subject to any foreign power—that is, not being claimed as a citizen by another country via "jus sanguinis" (inheriting citizenship from a parent)—an interpretation which, in the minority's view, would have excluded "the children of foreigners, happening to be born to them while passing through the country".
Cisgenesis
Cisgenesis (from "same" and "beginning") is one term for organisms that have been engineered using a process in which genes are artificially transferred between organisms that could otherwise be conventionally bred. Unlike in transgenesis, genes are only transferred between closely related organisms. However, while future technologies may allow genomes to be directly edited within an individual organism, currently nucleic acid sequences must be isolated and introduced using the same technologies that are used to produce transgenic organisms. The term was first introduced in 2000 by Henk J. Schouten and Henk Jochemsen, and in 2004 a PhD thesis by Jan Schaart of Wageningen University in 2004, discussing making strawberries less susceptible to "Botrytis cinerea".
Humani generis
The Church teaches that God can be known with certainty from the created world with human reason. Yet in the historical conditions in which he finds himself, man experiences many difficulties in coming to know God by the light of reason alone: This is why "Humani generis" begins with a recognition of several obstacles to seek and find God by the light of reason alone:
Though human reason is, strictly speaking, truly capable by its own natural power and light of attaining to a true and certain knowledge of the one personal God, who watches over and controls the world by his providence, and of the natural law written in our hearts by the Creator; yet there are many obstacles which prevent reason from the effective and fruitful use of this inborn faculty. For the truths that concern the relations between God and man wholly transcend the visible order of things, and, if they are translated into human action and influence it, they call for self-surrender and abnegation. The human mind, in its turn, is hampered in the attaining of such truths, not only by the impact of the senses and the imagination, but also by disordered appetites which are the consequences of original sin. So it happens that men in such matters easily persuade themselves that what they would not like to be true is false or at least doubtful.
This is why man stands in need of being truthfully enlightened by God's revelation.
Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)
Svecchamrityu (Sanskrit: स्वेच्छामृत्यु) {Sva (self) + iccha (will) + mrityu (death)} is an adjective which means - having death at one’s own power or dying at one’s own will It is also called Iccha-mrityu (इच्छा मृत्यु) meaning self-willed death but it is not to be confused with immortality or self-inflicted death. Shantanu had granted to his son Gangaputra Devavrata, also known as Bhishma, the supernatural power of Svecchamrityu. Mahabharata records that Bhishma did choose the time and manner of his own death.
Suum cuique
"" ( ), or "Unicuique suum", is a Latin phrase often translated as "to each his own" or "may all get their due". It has been significant in the history of philosophy and as a motto.
Planning use classes in England
Not every use of building is assigned a Class under this legislation. Examples of these include theatres, scrap yards, petrol stations, nightclubs, and casinos, and these are known as "sui generis" uses.
Sui generis
In statutory interpretation, it refers to the problem of giving meaning to groups of words where one of the words is ambiguous or inherently unclear.
Seutera
Seutera is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1828. The name went unused until revived in 2006. It is native to Mexico, the West Indies, and the southeastern United States.
Sincerity
According to the American Heritage Dictionary, the Latin word "sincerus" is derived from the Indo-European root "*sm̥kēros", itself derived from the zero-grade of "*sem" ("one") and the suffixed, lengthened e-grade of "*ker" ("grow"), generating the underlying meaning "of one growth", hence "pure, clean."
Xenotransplantation
Xenotransplantation ("xenos-" from the Greek meaning "foreign" or strange), or heterologous transplant is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another. Such cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants. It is contrasted with allotransplantation (from other individual of same species), syngeneic transplantation or isotransplantation (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species) and autotransplantation (from one part of the body to another in the same person).
Sikivu Hutchinson
Hutchinson has argued for the articulation of a Culturally Relevant Humanism based on secular social, racial, and gender justice that eschews notions of colorblindness and post-racialism, focusing instead on the lived experiences, cultural knowledge, social histories and social capital of diverse communities. Culturally relevant humanism is informed by an intersectional view of subjectivity. It advocates developing critical consciousness of how these structures of authoritarian power and control shape knowledge construction, cultural production and education. As the founder of the Women's Leadership Project feminist mentoring program, Hutchinson has advocated the development of secular social justice curricula that train youth to spearhead feminist anti-racist advocacy in their school communities. A key part of the curriculum is humanist education on gender roles, gender stereotypes, misogynist racialized media depictions of women of color and the impact these factors have on the self-esteem, self-identity and life outcomes of young women of color. Hutchinson has argued that the racist and white supremacist objectification of women of color as hyper-sexual "Jezebels" has made African American and Latina women especially vulnerable to paradigms of femininity that emphasize self-sacrifice and obeisance to conservative Christian mores. Hutchinson has written that the heterosexist ideal of the "sacrificial good woman" of faith straitjackets women of color and effectively contributes to high rates of intimate partner violence, sexual assault and HIV/STI contraction in communities of color because masculinity and femininity are viewed as oppositional to each other. Hutchinson considers her activism in the humanist sphere to be inextricably bound to the other identities.
Swedes (Germanic tribe)
Most scholars agree that "Suiones" and the attested Germanic forms of the name derive from the same Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, , as the Latin "suus". The word must have meant "one's own (tribesmen)". In modern Scandinavian, the same root appears in words such as "svåger" (brother-in-law) and "svägerska" (sister-in-law). The same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name "Schwaben" (Swabia). The details of the phonetic development vary between different proposals.
Sui generis
The motto "Sui Generis" has been adopted by the Akitsiraq Law School because it is a "sui generis" (aboriginal) title in all of Canadian aboriginal law institutes by dint of its title being Inuktitut, the Aboriginal language of the Inuit in the far north of Canada. More importantly, in aboriginal professional legal education, the work of Aboriginal people to define and create contemporary aboriginal education is a "thing of its own kind" having "sui generis" admissions and "sui generis" curriculum.
Sugrue
Sugŕue is an Irish surname, which is an anglicized form of the old Gaelic name Ó Siochfhrádha, meaning "descendant of Siochfhrádh", or Ó Siochŕu the modern Gaelic equivalent of Ó Sugŕue, which in turn is a Gaelic version of the old norse German given first name Siegfried, meaning "victory and peace".
Sui generis
Examples of "sui generis" uses include embassies, theatres, amusement arcades, laundrettes, taxi or vehicle hire businesses, petrol filling stations, scrapyards, nightclubs, motor car showrooms, retail warehouses, clubs and hostels.
Pimicikamak
Aboriginal concepts of territory are "sui generis" and do not correspond to those of Western cartography.
Town and country planning in the United Kingdom
Various uses are considered to be "sui generis", meaning that they are considered to be a use class in themselves, and not part of an existing use class. These specifically include:A key part of planning control is exercised in the UK by preventing any significant development of property without permission by the local authority. In Part III of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, under section 59 the Secretary of State delegates to public bodies the right to grant planning permission.
A long list of other unconsolidated Acts and Regulations also affect UK planning. For example, the Localism Act 2011 abolished the Infrastructure Planning Commission for national projects, set up by the Planning Act 2008 and recentralised control in the hands of the Secretary of State.
History of plant breeding
A plant whose origin or selection is due primarily to intentional human activity is called a cultigen, and a cultivated crop species that has evolved from wild populations due to selective pressures from traditional farmers is called a landrace. Landraces, which can be the result of natural forces or domestication, are plants or animals that are ideally suited to a particular region or environment. An example are the landraces of rice, "Oryza sativa" subspecies "indica", which was developed in South Asia, and "Oryza sativa" subspecies "japonica", which was developed in China.
Sui generis
When citing cases and other authorities, lawyers and judges may refer to "a "sui generis" case", or "a "sui generis" authority", meaning it is a special one confined to "its own" facts, and therefore may not be of broader application.
Syngenic
The word "syngenic" or "syngeneic" (from the Greek word for a relative) means genetically identical, or sufficiently identical and immunologically compatible as to allow for transplantation. For example, it may be used for something transplanted from an identical twin. When the cells are collected from the same patient on whom they will be used, it is called autologous and when collected from identical individuals, it is referred to as syngeneic. A syngeneic graft is known as an isograft.
Sui generis
For example, in road traffic law, a statute may require consideration of large vehicles separately from other vehicles. The word "large" is ambiguous per se, but may be considered "heavy". Thus the relevant legislation (in Australian law) contains a section called "Terms used" or "Definitions" that itemises all words considered ambiguous, and confers specific interpretations consistent with natural language. So, this list tells us that "heavy vehicle" means a vehicle with a "GVM" over 4.5 tons;" and "GVM" means "gross vehicle mass"—the maximum loaded mass of the vehicle. Further explanations cover various contingencies. Thus "large" is equivalent to "heavy" and is (for this unique case) clearly defined, "sui generis".
Integrated circuit layout design protection
The exclusive rights in a mask work are somewhat like those of copyright: the right to reproduce the mask work or (initially) distribute an IC made using the mask work. Like the first sale doctrine, a lawful owner of an authorized IC containing a mask work may freely import, distribute or use, but not reproduce the chip (or the mask). Mask work protection is characterized as a "sui generis" right, i.e., one created to protect specific rights where other (more general) laws were inadequate or inappropriate.
Sui iuris
According to CCEO the Oriental Catholic churches sui iuris are of four categories:
Seia gens
The nomen "Seius" is derived from the name of Seia, the goddess of sowing. Chase classifies it among those gentilicia that either originated at Rome, or cannot be shown to have come from anywhere else.
Supernatural
Reincarnation is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death. It is also called rebirth or transmigration, and is a part of the Saṃsāra doctrine of cyclic existence. It is a central tenet of all major Indian religions, namely Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. The idea of reincarnation is found in many ancient cultures, and a belief in rebirth/metempsychosis was held by Greek historic figures, such as Pythagoras, Socrates, and Plato. It is also a common belief of various ancient and modern religions such as Spiritism, Theosophy, and Eckankar, and as an esoteric belief in many streams of Orthodox Judaism. It is found as well in many tribal societies around the world, in places such as Australia, East Asia, Siberia, and South America.
Sancus
According to ancient Latin sources the meaning of the term "semones" would denote "semihomines" (also explained as "se-homines", men separated from ordinary ones, who have left their human condition: prefix "se-" both in Latin and Greek may denote segregation), or the "dii medioxumi", i.e. gods of the second rank, or semigods, entities that belong to the intermediate sphere between gods and men. The relationship of these entities to "Semo Sancus" is comparable to that of the "genii" to "Genius Iovialis": as among the "genii" there is a "Genius Iovialis", thus similarly among the "semones" there is a "Semo Sancus". The "semones" would then be a class of semigods, i.e. people who did not share the destiny of ordinary mortals even though they were not admitted to Heaven, such as Faunus, Priapus, Picus, the Silvani. However some scholars opine such a definition is wrong and the "semones" are spirits of nature, representing the generative power hidden in seeds. In ancient times only offers of milks were allowed to the "semones".
Jus sanguinis
Jus sanguinis () is a principle of nationality law by which citizenship is not determined by place of birth but by having one or both parents who are citizens of the state. Children at birth may automatically be citizens if their parents have state citizenship or national identities of ethnic, cultural, or other origins. Citizenship can also apply to children whose parents belong to a diaspora and were not themselves citizens of the state conferring citizenship. This principle contrasts with "jus soli" (Latin: "right of soil").
Gender
The modern English word "gender" comes from the Middle English "gender", "gendre", a loanword from Anglo-Norman and Middle French "gendre". This, in turn, came from Latin "genus". Both words mean "kind", "type", or "sort". They derive ultimately from a widely attested Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root "gn-",
which is also the source of "kin", "kind", "king", and many other English words. It appears in Modern French in the word "genre" (type, kind, also "") and is related to the Greek root "gen-" (to produce), appearing in "gene", "genesis", and "oxygen". The Oxford Etymological Dictionary of the English Language of 1882 defined "gender" as "kind, breed, sex", derived from the Latin ablative case of "genus", like "genere natus", which refers to birth. The first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED1, Volume 4, 1900) notes the original meaning of "gender" as "kind" had already become obsolete.
Succulent plant
In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants that have some parts that are more than normally thickened and fleshy, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word "succulent" comes from the Latin word "sucus", meaning juice, or sap. Succulent plants may store water in various structures, such as leaves and stems. Some definitions also include roots, thus geophytes that survive unfavorable periods by dying back to underground storage organs may be regarded as succulents. In horticultural use, the term "succulent" is sometimes used in a way which excludes plants that botanists would regard as succulents, such as cacti. Succulents are often grown as ornamental plants because of their striking and unusual appearance.
Polygenism
Polygenism was heavily criticized in the 20th century Roman Catholic Church, and especially by Pope Pius XII in the encyclical "Humani generis", on the grounds that polygenism is incompatible with the doctrine of Original Sin.
Sui iuris
A patriarchal church is a full-grown form of an Eastern Catholic church. It is 'a community of the Christian faithful joined together by' a Patriarchal hierarchy. The Patriarch together with the synod of bishops has the legislative, judicial and administrative powers within jurisdictional territory of the patriarchal church, without prejudice to those powers reserved, in the common law to the Roman pontiff (CCEO 55-150). Among the catholic oriental churches the following churches are of patriarchal status:Major archiepiscopal churches are the oriental churches, governed by the major archbishops being assisted by the respective synod of bishops. These churches also have almost the same rights and obligations of Patriarchal Churches. A major archbishop is the metropolitan of a see determined or recognized by the Supreme authority of the Church, who presides over an entire Eastern Church sui iuris that is not distinguished with the patriarchal title. What is stated in common law concerning patriarchal Churches or patriarchs is understood to be applicable to major archiepiscopal churches or major archbishops, unless the common law expressly provides otherwise or it is evident from the nature of the matter" (CCEO.151, 152). Following are the Major Archiepiscopal Churches:
The sui iuris church, which is governed by a metropolitan, is called a metropolitan church sui iuris. " A Metropolitan Church sui iuris is presided over by the Metropolitan of a determined see who has been appointed by the Roman Pontiff and is assisted by a council of hierarchs according to the norm of law" (CCEO. 155§1). The Catholic metropolitan churches are the following:Other than the above-mentioned three forms of sui iuris churches there are some other sui iuris ecclesiastical communities. It is "a Church sui iuris which is neither patriarchal nor major archiepiscopal nor Metropolitan, and is entrusted to a hierarch who presides over it in accordance with the norm of common law and the particular law established by the Roman Pontiff" (CCEO. 174). The following churches are of this juridical status:
Magic (supernatural)
The scholarly application of magic as a "sui generis" category that can be applied to any socio-cultural context was linked with the promotion of modernity to both Western and non-Western audiences.
Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children
Otherwise known as "syndrigast" (a word meaning "peculiar spirit" in the Old Peculiar language, which is in turn the author's adaptation of Old English, or Anglo-Saxon language), peculiar folk are a branch of humanity possessing a second soul which manifests itself in strange ways such as abnormal characteristics and abilities commonly referred to as "peculiarities". Very rarely are peculiar children born to peculiar parents as the essence or gene of peculiarity often skips entire generations, making peculiar population vastly less than that of normal people.
South African family law
An engagement, which is an agreement "sui generis", is generally defined in the common law as "a legal agreement between a man and a woman to marry each other on a specific or determinable date." Despite the constitutional developments discussed previously, this definition remains in place today.Consensus is prevented, "inter alia", by mistake, misrepresentation, "metus" and undue influence.
Birthright generation
Birthright generation is a term used by immigrant advocates to identify U.S. born citizens; citizens are protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which grants American citizenship to all babies born on American soil whether the child is born to one or both undocumented parents. Birthright citizenship may be also conferred either by "jus soli" or "jus sanguinis". Under the United States Law, any person born within the U.S. including the territories of: Puerto Rico, Guam, the US Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and subject to its jurisdiction is automatically granted US citizenship.
The alternative term is Anchor Baby; a term used by immigration reductionists in the United States to identify a child born in the U.S. to undocumented immigrants. It is generally used as a reference to the supposed role of the child, who as a US citizen through the legal principle of "", may facilitate immigration for relatives through family reunification. Family reunification, or family-based immigration, in the USA is a lengthy process and limited to categories prescribed by provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.
This misconception has led those that oppose citizenship rights for children of immigrants, that newborns would facilitate residency and citizenship rights for their parents. However, an American child cannot claim a parent until the age of 21.
Sui generis
The legal status of the Holy See has also been described as a "sui generis" entity possessing an international personality.
Sui generis
In political philosophy, the unparalleled development of the European Union as compared with other international organizations has led to its designation as a "sui generis" geopolitical entity. The legal nature of the EU is widely debated because its mixture of intergovernmental and supranational elements causes it to share characteristics with both confederal and federal entities. It is generally considered more than a confederation but less than a federation, thus being appropriately classified as an instance of neither political form. Compared to other international organizations, the EU is often considered "sui generis" because its legal system comprehensively rejects any use of retaliatory sanctions by one member state against another.
Pater familias
Women emancipated from the "potestas" of a "pater familias" were independent by law ("sui iuris") but had a male guardian appointed to them. A woman "sui iuris" had the right to take legal action on her own behalf but not to administer legal matters for others.
Eugenics
Eugenics (; from Greek εὐγενής "eugenes" 'well-born' from εὖ "eu", 'good, well' and γένος "genos", 'race, stock, kin') is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population by excluding (through a variety of morally criticized means) certain genetic groups judged to be less desirable and promoting other genetic groups judged to be superior. The exact definition of "eugenics" has been a matter of debate since the term was coined by Francis Galton in 1883. The concept predates this coinage, with Plato suggesting applying the principles of selective breeding to humans around 400 BCE.
Nito Mestre
Carlos Alberto Mestre (born August 3, 1952 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) known by his stage name Nito Mestre is an Argentine musician, founding member - along with Charly García - of Sui Generis, member of PorSuiGieco, bandleader of Nito Mestre y los Desconocidos de Siempre and a recording solo artist. "Sui Generis", was initially formed in 1969 by Charly García (keyboards and vocals), Nito Mestre (guitar, flute and vocals), Rolando Fortich (bass guitar), Juan Belia (guitar), Alberto Rodriguez (drums) and Carlos Piegari (vocals). Later on, Sui Generis became a duo as everyone left except for García. After the band split in 1975, Nito Mestre formed a new band called "Nito Mestre y los Desconocidos de Siempre" with Maria Rosa Yorio on vocals, Rodolfo Gorosito on guitar, Alfredo Toth on bass, Ciro Fogliatta on keyboards and Juan Carlos "Mono" Fontana as a drummer. In the early 80s, Nito pursued a solo career.
Succulent plant
Those who grow succulents as a hobby use the term in a different way to botanists. In horticultural use, the term "succulent" regularly excludes cacti. For example, Jacobsen's three volume "Handbook of Succulent Plants" does not cover cacti, and "cacti and succulents" is the title or part of the title of many books covering the cultivation of these plants. However, in botanical terminology, cacti are succulents. Horticulturists may also exclude other groups of plants, e.g., bromeliads. A practical, but unscientific, horticultural definition is "a succulent plant is any desert plant that a succulent plant collector wishes to grow." Such plants less often include geophytes (in which the swollen storage organ is wholly underground) but do include plants with a caudex, which is a swollen above-ground organ at soil level, formed from a stem, a root or both.
Sicaricon (Jewish law)
The origin of the word "sicaricon" (or "saqrīqūn") is now obscure. The word is believed by some to be a corruption of the Greek word χαισαρίχιον, or what is called in Latin "caesaricium". Others, namely, Heinrich Graetz and M.S. Zuckermandel, think the word to be derived from "Sicarii", a group associated with murders, brigandage and robbery during the Second Temple period. Largely mentioned in regard to assassinations, there is no historical evidence, however, to connect the "Sicarii" with the expropriation of land. The author of "Sefer Arukh" brings down a different interpretation, saying that the word is merely an acronym for: שא קרקעי והניחני (= "Take my land, but leave me alone"), a view supported by Talmudic exegetes, Rashi and Solomon Sirilio. In any case, the word unanimously refers to a Roman or foreign molester who expropriates land from its Jewish owner, usually by a decree made by a tyrant king (Caesar).
Fourth International
In the wake of the World Congress, the line of the International Leadership was generally accepted by groups around the world, including the U.S. SWP whose leader, James P. Cannon, corresponded with the French majority to support the tactic of entrism "sui generis". At the same time, however, Cannon, Healy and Mandel were deeply concerned by Pablo's political evolution. Cannon and Healy were also alarmed by Pablo's intervention into the French section, and by suggestions that Pablo might use the International's authority in this way in other sections of the Fourth International that felt entrism "sui generis" was not a suitable tactic in their own countries. In particular, minority tendencies, exemplified in Britain by John Lawrence and in the U.S. by Bert Cochran, to support entrism "sui generis" hinted that Pablo's support for their views indicated that the International might also demand Trotskyists in those countries adopt that tactic.
Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
A church sui iuris is "a community of the Christian faithful, which is joined together by a hierarchy according to the norm of law and which is expressly or tacitly recognised as sui iuris by the supreme authority of the Church" (CCEO.27) . The term sui iuris is an innovation of CCEO (Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium - Code of Canons of the Oriental Churches) and denotes the relative autonomy of the Oriental Catholic Churches. This canonical term, pregnant with many juridical nuances, indicates the God-given mission of the Oriental Catholic Churches to preserve their patrimonial autonomous nature. The autonomy of these churches is relative in the sense that they are under the authority of the Bishop of Rome.
Leucosidea
The genus name "Leucosidea" is a form of the Greek word "λευκός" ("leukos"), meaning "shining white", although in botany the root is more often used less specifically to indicate something of a generally white or gray appearance. The second or specific name "sericea" means "silky" and comes from "σηρικός" ("serikos"), which means both "silky" and "from the land of silk"; it refers to the silky hairs that cover the new buds and young leaves of the tree.
Seignory
Every seignory now existing must have been created before the statute "Quia Emptores" (1290), which forbade the future creation of estates in fee-simple by subinfeudation. The only seignories of any importance at present are the lordships of manors. They are regarded as incorporeal hereditaments, and are either appendant or in gross. A seignory appendant passes with the grant of the manor; a seignory in gross—that is, a seignory which has been severed from the demesne lands of the manor to which it was originally appendant—must be specially conveyed by deed of grant.
Isle of Man
Manx is closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic, but is orthographically sui generis.
Suum cuique
The Latin phrase relates to an old Greek principle of justice which translates literally into English as "to each his own". Plato, in "Republic", offers the provisional definition that "justice is when everyone minds his own business, and refrains from meddling in others' affairs" (Greek: "...τὸ τὰ αὑτοῦ πράττειν καὶ μὴ πολυπραγμονεῖν δικαιοσύνη ἐστί...", 4.433a). Everyone should do according to his abilities and capabilities, to serve the country and the society as a whole. Also, everyone should receive "his own" (e.g., rights) and not be deprived of "his own" (e.g., property) (433e).
R v Guerin
Guerin v The Queen [1984] 2 S.C.R. 335 was a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision on Aboriginal rights where the Court first stated that the government has a fiduciary duty towards the First Nations of Canada and established Aboriginal title to be a "sui generis" right.
Order of succession
Proximity of blood is a system wherein the person closest in degree of kinship to the sovereign succeeds, preferring males over females and elder over younger siblings. This is sometimes used as a gloss for "pragmatic" successions in Europe; it had somewhat more standing during the Middle Ages everywhere in Europe. In Outremer it was often used to choose regents, and it figured in some of the succession disputes over the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was also recognized in that kingdom for the succession of fiefs, under special circumstances: if a fief was lost to the Saracens and subsequently re-conquered, it was to be assigned to the heir in proximity of blood of the last fief-holder.
Two-spirit
"Two Spirit" is not interchangeable with "LGBT Native American" or "Gay Indian"; this title differs from most western, mainstream definitions of sexuality and gender identity in that it is not a modern, self-chosen term of personal sexual or gender "identity"; rather, it is a sacred, spiritual and ceremonial role that is recognized and confirmed by the Elders of the Two Spirit's ceremonial community. While some have found the term a useful tool for intertribal organizing, not all Native cultures conceptualize gender or sexuality this way, not all tribes have ceremonial roles for these people, and the tribes who do usually use names in their own languages. While pan-Indian terms are not always appropriate or welcome, the term has generally received more acceptance and use than the term it replaced.
Jus soli
Jus soli (; ), meaning "right of the soil", commonly referred to as birthright citizenship in the United States, is the right of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship.
Sui iuris
Sui iuris
Spontaneous generation
Spontaneous generation refers both to the supposed processes by which different types of life might repeatedly emerge from specific sources other than seeds, eggs, or parents, and also to theoretical principles presented in support of any such phenomena. Crucial to this doctrine are the ideas that life comes from non-life and that no causal agent, such as a parent, is needed. The hypothetical processes by which life routinely emerges from nonliving matter on a time scale of minutes, weeks, or years (e.g. in the supposed seasonal generation of mice and other animals from the mud of the Nile) are sometimes referred to as "abiogenesis". Such ideas have no operative principles in common with the modern hypothesis of abiogenesis, which asserts that life emerged in the early ages of the planet, over a time span of at least millions of years, and subsequently diversified, and that there is no evidence of any subsequent repetition of the event.
Sui generis database right
The term "substantial" is defined to mean "substantial in terms of quantity or quality or a combination of both".
Filicide
Filicide is the deliberate act of a parent killing his or her own child. The word "filicide" is derived from the Latin words "filius" and "filia" (son and daughter) and the suffix "-cide", meaning to kill, murder, or cause death. The word can refer both to the crime and to the perpetrator of the crime.
Senecio eboracensis
The science of this plant is that it is a hybrid species whose parents are the self-incompatible and promiscuous Sicilian "Senecio squalidus" (also known as Oxford ragwort) and the self-compatible and tenacious "Senecio vulgaris" (also known as Common groundsel). Like "S. vulgaris", "S. eboracensis" is self-compatible, however, it shows little or no natural crossing with its parent species, and is therefore reproductively isolated, indicating that strong breed barriers exist between this new hybrid and its parents.
It is thought to have resulted from a backcrossing of the F1 hybrid of its parents to "S. vulgaris". "S. vulgaris" is native to Britain, while "S. squalidus" was introduced from Sicily in the early 18th century; therefore, "S. eboracensis" has speciated from those two species within the last 300 years.
History of Sussex
Borough-English was the custom that lands should descend to the youngest son or daughter, or, in default of issue, to the youngest brother of the deceased. The name originated from a case in Nottingham in 1327 when the English borough, or part of the town, held to ultimogeniture, the French (Norman) part to primogeniture. In Sussex, inheritance by Borough-English, could still be found on 134 manors after 1750.
List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore
"Shui gui" () are the spirits of people who drowned. They lurk in the place where they died, drag unsuspecting victims underwater, and drown them to take possession of their bodies. This process is known as "ti shen" (), in which the spirit returns to life in the victim's body while the victim's spirit takes the "shui gui"'s place and constantly seeks to take control of another living person's body.
Pensions in the United Kingdom
These are type "sui generis" as they either reward a career in domestic politics or are awarded in the colonial context not on grounds of justice, contract or socio-economic merits, but as a political decision, in order to take a politically significant person (often deemed a potential political danger) out of the picture by paying him or her off, regardless of seniority.
Sui iuris
In civil law, the phrase sui juris indicates legal competence — the capacity to manage one's own affairs (Black's Law Dictionary, Oxford English Dictionary) — as opposed to alieni juris, which means someone under the control of another (such as a child or mentally incapable person might be). It also indicates an entity capable of suing and/or being sued in a legal proceeding in their own name (in personam) without the need of an ad litem. (A court appointed representative, acting on behalf of a defendant, that is deemed to be incapable of representing themselves).
Abductive reasoning
In 1867, Peirce's "The Natural Classification of Arguments", hypothetical inference always deals with a cluster of characters (call them "P′, P′′, P′′′," etc.) known to occur at least whenever a certain character ("M") occurs. Note that categorical syllogisms have elements traditionally called middles, predicates, and subjects. For example: All "men" [middle] are "mortal" [predicate]; "Socrates" [subject] is a "man" [middle]; ergo "Socrates" [subject] is "mortal" [predicate]". Below, 'M' stands for a middle; 'P' for a predicate; 'S' for a subject. Note also that Peirce held that all deduction can be put into the form of the categorical syllogism Barbara (AAA-1).
Boggart
Boggart is one of numerous related terms used in English folklore for either a household spirit or a malevolent "genius loci" inhabiting fields, marshes or other topographical features. Other names of this group include "bug", "bugbear", "bogey", "bogun", "bogeyman", "bogle", etc., presumably all derived from (or related to) Old English "pūcel", Irish púca and Welsh "bwg" with the same meaning (itself a probable loan from the English "bug").
Pseudospeciation
Pseudospeciation, according to the "Oxford English Dictionary", refers to the tendency of members of in-groups to consider members of out-groups to have evolved genetically into different, separate, and inferior species to their own. The term was first used by Erik Erikson in 1966, according to his biographer, Lawrence J. Friedman. Dehumanization is one possible outcome of pseudospeciation, as is ethnic discrimination or genocide.
Sexual racial preference
Sexual racial preference is the individual's sexual preference of specific races. It is an inclination towards potential sexual or romantic partners on the basis of perceived racial identity. Not everyone agrees that this should be classified as racism, some argue that distinguishing among partners on the basis of perceived race is not racism at all but a justifiable personal preference. The origins of sexual racism can be explained by looking at its history, especially in the US, where the abolition of slavery and the Reconstruction Era had significant impacts on interracial mixing. Attitudes towards interracial relationships, and indeed marriage, have increased in positivity in the last 50 years. In 1968, 73% of US citizens disapproved of the right to marry inter-racially, whereas this figure dropped to 17% by 2007, this illustrating the reduction in discriminatory attitudes towards interracial dating. Irrespective of this, there still remains the issue of sexual racism in the online dating world, in that preferences appear to follow a racial hierarchy. Sharing the basic premise, originating from the 'taboo' nature of interracial relations, individuals of other racial groups are classified as forbidden sexual objects; the result of a racial fetish.
Reproductive justice
Reproductive justice is a concept that was brought about and turned into a movement by an activist group named SisterSong. They define reproductive justice as " the human right to maintain personal bodily autonomy, have children, not have children, and parent the children we have in safe and sustainable communities." Reproductive justice emerged as an issue because lower-class women, women of color, and women of the LGBTQ+ community felt a sense of neglect in the women's rights movement. These women started voicing their want and need for reproductive justice in the 1990s, and became a more widely popularized concept among women's rights advocates in the early 2000s. Reproductive justice includes the reproductive right to have the choice of having an abortion, but it goes beyond the pro-choice movement by first acknowledging the fact that a woman can't exercise her reproductive rights if her other human rights are not being met. Reproductive justice activists advocate for other human rights including, but not limited to, immigrant rights, disability rights, and LGBTQ+ rights.
Secundogeniture
A secundogeniture (from "following, second," and "born") was a dependent territory given to a younger son of a princely house and his descendants, creating a cadet branch. This was a special form of inheritance in which the second and younger son received more possessions and prestige than the apanage which was usual in principalities practising primogeniture. It avoided the generational division of the estate to the extent that occurred under gavelkind, and at the same time gave younger branches a stake in the stability of the house.
The creation of a secundogeniture was often regulated by a house law. The younger sons would receive some territory, but much less than the older brother, and they would not be sovereign. Examples of such house laws would be
Entryism
In entryism "sui generis" ("of a special type"), Trotskyists, for example, do not openly argue for the building of a Trotskyist party. "Deep entryism" refers to the long duration.
Suffragette
The origin of the "Bodyguard" can be traced to a WSPU meeting at which Garrud spoke. As suffragettes speaking in public increasingly found themselves the target of violence and attempted assaults, learning jujitsu was a way for women to defend themselves against angry hecklers. Inciting incidents included Black Friday, during which a deputation of 300 suffragettes were physically prevented by police from entering the House of Commons, sparking a near-riot and allegations of both common and sexual assault.
Transgender
Among the ancient Middle Eastern Akkadian people, a "salzikrum" was a person who appeared biologically female but had distinct male traits. "Salzikrum" is a compound word meaning "male daughter." According to the Code of Hammurabi, "salzikrūm" had inheritance rights like that of priestesses; they inherited from their fathers, unlike regular daughters. A "salzikrum's" father could also stipulate that she inherit a certain amount.
Related rights
Within the European Union, the rights of film producers (as opposed to directors) and database creators are also protected by related rights, and the term is sometimes extended to include the "sui generis" rights in semiconductor topologies and other industrial design rights. A practical definition is that related rights are copyright-type rights that are not covered by the Berne Convention.
Succubus
According to the "Malleus Maleficarum", or "Witches' Hammer", written by Heinrich Kramer (Institoris) in 1486, succubi collect semen from men they seduce. Incubi, or male demons, then use the semen to impregnate human females, thus explaining how demons could apparently sire children despite the traditional belief that they were incapable of reproduction. Children so begotten – cambions – were supposed to be those that were born deformed, or more susceptible to supernatural influences. While the book does not address why a human female impregnated with the semen of a human male would not produce regular human offspring, an explanation could be that the semen is altered before being transferred to the female host. However in some lore, the child is born deformed because the conception was unnatural.
Prince du sang
A prince du sang (, Prince of the Blood) is a person legitimately descended in dynastic line from any of a realm's hereditary monarchs. Historically, the term has been used to refer to men and women descended in the male line from a sovereign, although as absolute primogeniture has become more common in monarchies, those with succession rights through female descent are more likely than in the past to be accorded the princely title (e.g., Belgian Royal Family).
Causa sui
Causa sui (, meaning "cause of itself" in Latin) denotes something which is generated within itself. This concept was central to the works of Baruch Spinoza, Sigmund Freud, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Ernest Becker, where it relates to the purpose that objects can assign to themselves. In Freud and Becker's case, the concept was often used as an immortality vessel, where something could create meaning or continue to create meaning beyond its own life.
Cisgender
"Cisgender" has its origin in the Latin-derived prefix "cis-", meaning "on this side of", which means the opposite of "trans-", meaning "across from" or "on the other side of". This usage can be seen in the cis–trans distinction in chemistry, the cis–trans or complementation test in genetics, in Ciscaucasia (from the Russian perspective), in the ancient Roman term Cisalpine Gaul (i.e., "Gaul on this side of the Alps"), Ciskei and Transkei (separated by the Kei River), and more recently, Cisjordan, as distinguished from Transjordan. In the case of gender, "cis-" describes the alignment of gender identity with assigned sex.
History of eugenics
Eugenics eventually referred to human selective reproduction with an intent to create children with desirable traits, generally through the approach of influencing differential birth rates. These policies were mostly divided into two categories: "positive eugenics", the increased reproduction of those seen to have advantageous hereditary traits; and "negative eugenics", the discouragement of reproduction by those with hereditary traits perceived as poor. Negative eugenic policies in the past have ranged from paying those deemed to have bad genes to voluntarily undergo sterilization, to attempts at segregation to compulsory sterilization and even genocide. Positive eugenic policies have typically taken the form of awards or bonuses for "fit" parents who have another child. Relatively innocuous practices like marriage counseling had early links with eugenic ideology. Eugenics is superficially related to what would later be known as Social Darwinism. While both claimed intelligence was hereditary, eugenics asserted new policies were needed to actively change the status quo towards a more "eugenic" state, while the Social Darwinists argued society itself would naturally "check" the problem of "dysgenics" if no welfare policies were in place (for example, the poor might reproduce more but would have higher mortality rates).
Japanese name
Historically, "myōji", "uji" and "sei" had different meanings. "Sei" was originally the patrilineal surname which is why up until now it has only been granted by the emperor as a title of male rank. The lower form of the name "sei" being "tei" which is a common name in Japanese men, although there was a male ancestor in ancient Japan from whom the name 'Sei' originally came. There were relatively few "sei", and most of the medieval noble clans trace their lineage either directly to these "sei" or to the courtiers of these "sei". "Uji" was another name used to designate patrilineal descent, but later merged with "myōji" around the same time. "Myōji" was, simply, what a family chooses to call itself, as opposed to the "sei" granted by the emperor. While it was passed on patrilineally in male ancestors including in male ancestors called haku (uncles), one had a certain degree of freedom in changing one's "myōji". See also Kabane.
Sui iuris
Sui iuris, also spelled as sui juris ( or ), is a Latin phrase that literally means "of one's own right". It is used in both civil law and canon law by the Catholic Church. The term church sui iuris is used in the Catholic Code of Canons of the Oriental Churches (CCEO) to denote the autonomous churches in Catholic communion:
Monogenēs
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The problem with magical inscriptions, on papyri, walls or ostraca, is firstly dating the source, secondly that magical spells by their nature tend to be syncretic. In the example above lovestruck Capitolina summons "all the divinities" to release the spirits of "all who drowned in the Nile, the unmarried dead" etc. to sway the heart of her young man, yet she may not have known enough about Judaism or Christianity, or even Gnostic Christianity, to know whether "YAHWEH SABAOTH" and "the Only-Begotten" were the same god or not.Some aspects of the meaning, or range of meanings, of "monogenēs" in the New Testament are disputed. Lexicons of the New Testament both reflect and determine debate:
Behavioural genetics
Selective breeding and the domestication of animals is perhaps the earliest evidence that humans considered the idea that individual differences in behaviour could be due to natural causes. Plato and Aristotle each speculated on the basis and mechanisms of inheritance of behavioural characteristics. Plato, for example, argued in "The Republic" that selective breeding among the citizenry to encourage the development of some traits and discourage others, what today might be called eugenics, was to be encouraged in the pursuit of an ideal society. Behavioural genetic concepts also existed during the English renaissance, where William Shakespeare perhaps first coined the terms "nature" versus "nurture" in "The Tempest", where he wrote in Act IV, Scene I, that Caliban was "A devil, a born devil, on whose nature Nurture can never stick".