Do eddie's only occur in fresh water?
Upwelling
The major upwellings in the ocean are associated with the divergence of currents that bring deeper, colder, nutrient rich waters to the surface. There are at least five types of upwelling: coastal upwelling, large-scale wind-driven upwelling in the ocean interior, upwelling associated with eddies, topographically-associated upwelling, and broad-diffusive upwelling in the ocean interior.
Aquifer
Aquifers near the coast have a lens of freshwater near the surface and denser seawater under freshwater. Seawater penetrates the aquifer diffusing in from the ocean and is denser than freshwater. For porous (i.e., sandy) aquifers near the coast, the thickness of freshwater atop saltwater is about for every of freshwater head above sea level. This relationship is called the Ghyben-Herzberg equation. If too much ground water is pumped near the coast, salt-water may intrude into freshwater aquifers causing contamination of potable freshwater supplies. Many coastal aquifers, such as the Biscayne Aquifer near Miami and the New Jersey Coastal Plain aquifer, have problems with saltwater intrusion as a result of overpumping and sea level rise.
Elodea
Silty sediments and water rich in nutrients favor the growth of American water weed in nutrient-rich lakes. However, the plants will grow in a wide range of conditions, from very shallow to deep water, and in many sediment types. It can even continue to grow unrooted, as floating fragments. It is found throughout temperate North America, where it is one of the most common aquatic plants.
River Aire
Due to the Aire flowing through the former industrial landscape of West Yorkshire, it had a reputation as being heavily polluted. In 2007, Yorkshire Water carried out improvements to Esholt Sewage Works at a cost of £110 million under the EU's Fresh Water Fish Directive. Whilst Trout are prevalent above Keighley, the river is host to others such as Chub, Dace, Barbel & Grayling, whilst Sea Trout have been noted as far upriver as Shipley. Work is also being undertaken to make the many weirs on the river easier to negotiate for fish. These improvements have also allowed Otters and Water Voles to return to the river as the water and food quality is far superior to that when the river was polluted. Plans have been submitted to Bradford Council to allow the installation of a fish passage on a weir at Saltaire, which remains the last barrier on the river preventing eels and lamphreys from migrating upriver to spawning grounds near to Gargrave.
List of freshwater fishes of Washington
The following list of known freshwater fish species, subspecies, and hybrids occurring in Washington state is taken from Wydoski and Whitney(2003). Some scientific names have been updated or corrected. Trout nomenclature follows Behnke et al.(2002). Asterisks denote introduced fishes. The list includes several anadromous species, and two normally marine species (starry flounder and shiner perch) that are occasionally found in freshwater. Only one species (Olympic mudminnow) is a Washington endemic, however three others -Nooksack dace, Salish sucker, and Margined sculpin- have very limited distributions outside the state. Sixty-seven fish species, subspecies, or hybrids are listed, 37 native, and 30 introduced.
The Eddie
The tournament is known for a unique requirement that open-ocean swells reach a minimum height of before the competition can be held. Open-ocean swells of this height generally translate to wave faces in the bay of to . As a result of this requirement, the tournament has only been held nine times during the history of the event, most recently on February 25, 2016.
Fresh water
Fresh water is not the same as potable water (or drinking water). Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is unsuitable for drinking without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion.
Eridania quadrangle
There is evidence for all three theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an aquifer. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot magma could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layer that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in Zion National Park Utah.
Ide (fish)
Ide occurs in schools in the clear pools of larger rivers, ponds, and lakes but they may move to deeper waters during the winter before moving into shallow freshwater to spawn in the spring. The species is also found in the Baltic Sea, which has a lower salinity than most seas and in Sweden the fish spent the first year of their lives in rivers before joining the more mature fish as they migrated downstream into the Baltic Sea during the summer months. The fish then returned to the rivers in the autumn where they remained close the mouths and in the lower reaches throughout the winter.
Eddy current
where
Whitewater
In large rivers with high flow rates next to an obstruction, "eddy walls" can occur. An eddy wall is formed when the height of the river is substantially higher than the level of the water in the eddy behind the obstruction. This can make it difficult for a boater, who has stopped in that particular eddy, to reenter the river due to a wall of water that can be several feet high at the point at which the eddy meets the river flow.
Wallemia sebi
"Wallemia sebi" invade the food with low water activity, and the food contamination has been reported in many foodstuffs across a broad range of habitats. For example, "W.sebi" is one of the most common fungi that ever isolated from spices. Along with other xerophilic fungi, they cause the loss of flavor and volatile components, production of off-flavors, and clumping in ground spices. Also, "W. sebi" is considered to be the principle fungus spoiling dried and salt fish. Reports of "W.sebi" contamination on dried fish comes from temperate regions mostly."W. sebi" invasion can make salted and dried fish look brown. Besides dried seafood, it is also commonly found in high sugar foods. "W. sebi" is typically found in jam and cake. There is also one case report on dried fruit, the spoiling fried papaya. In addition, it is found in condensed milk and forms characteristic ‘bottoms’ in sweetened condensed milk. In terms of cereals and bread, there are case reports of isolation of "W. sebi" on Australian cereals and bread. Finally, "Wallemia sebi" was found to be a dominant contaminant of milled rice and flours. It can be isolated from brown rice, which stored for a long time under natural conditions.
List of freshwater fishes of Oregon
The following list of freshwater fish species and subspecies known to occur in Oregon is primarily taken from Wydoski and Whitney (2003), but some species and subspecies have been added from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) website. Some scientific names have cat updated or corrected. Asterisks denote introduced fishes. A total of 108 species and subspecies are listed, 33 of them introduced. The list includes several anadromous species, and seven normally marine species-starry flounder, staghorn sculpin, saddleback gunnel, Pacific herring, topsmelt, surf smelt, goldfish shiner perch, and goldfish - that are occasionally found in freshwater.
Fresh water
Fresh water habitats are classified as either lentic systems, which are the still-waters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires ; lotic which are running-water systems; or groundwaters which flow in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.
Loop Current
A related feature is an area of warm water with an "eddy" or "Loop Current ring" that separates from the Loop Current, somewhat randomly every 3 to 17 months. Swirling at 1.8 to 2 meters/second, these rings drift to the west at speeds of 2 to 5 kilometers/day and have a lifespan of up to a year before they bump into the coast of Texas or Mexico. These eddies are composed of warm Caribbean waters and possess physical properties that isolate the masses from surrounding Gulf Common Waters. The rings can measure 200 to 400 kilometers in diameter and extend down to a depth of 1000 meters.
Paramormyrops hopkinsi
"Paramormyrops hopkinsi "(Taverne and Thys van den Audenaerde, 1985) is a species of freshwater electric fish. It was discovered in the Ivindo River in Gabon, in west-Central Africa by Dr. Carl D. Hopkins of Cornell University. It is distributed throughout the Ivindo River basin of Gabon and the Ntem River basin of Cameroon. Described originally as a "Brienomyrus" in 1985 it was transferred to "Paramormyrops" in 2007. The electric discharge has two phases: a head-positive phase followed by a head-negative phase. The mean duration of the EOD is 2.8 ms for females, 2.96 for males. The Fourier transform of the EOD peaks at 536 Hz for females, 468 for males. Both male and female EODs have a head-negative voltage bump about 5 to 6 ms after the main head positive phase (arrows).
Elizabeth Springs
The GAB is the world's largest example of an artesian basin and associated artesian springs. GAB artesian springs are the primary sources of permanent fresh water within the arid zone since at least the late Pleistocene (the last 1.8 million years) and are therefore a unique feature of the arid Australian landscape. As the primary natural source of permanent fresh water in most of the arid zone, GAB artesian springs represent vital habitat for more widespread terrestrial vertebrates, and invertebrates with aquatic larvae. Elizabeth Springs is one of a suite of important artesian discharge GAB Springs that are outstanding examples of the endemism exhibited by artesian springs individually and collectively. Species found at Elizabeth Springs include an endemic freshwater hydrobiid snail Jardinella isolata, and an endemic fish species, the Elizabeth Springs goby Chlamydogobius micropterus. Elizabeth Springs is the only remaining relatively intact GAB spring with extant biota (fauna and flora) in far Western Queensland and holds a suite of species which are genetically and evolutionarily distinct from other GAB springs.
Gobiiformes
The tidewater goby ("Eucyclogobius newberryi") was listed as an endangered species in 1994; it is the only species of goby in the genus "Eucyclogobius". "E. newberryi" is native to the coastal region of California, in marshes and lagoons with brackish water, predominately in waters where the salinity is less than 12 parts per thousand (ppt), but has been documented in waters with a salinity of 42 ppt. "E. newberryi" prefers water with mild temperatures (8 to 25 °C) and waters with a depth from 25 to 200 cm. These gobies often use thick patches of aquatic vegetation to hide in if threatened or disturbed. The average lifespan of "E. newberryi" is only one year. Spawning and reproduction is at its peak during spring and into late summer. However, in the southern region of its range where waters remain at a warmer temperature, "E. newberryi" will reproduce year round. The females lay between 300 and 500 eggs into a burrow dug out vertically by the male, which is 10 to 20 cm deep. Spawning locations are usually located out in the open away from any vegetation. The male then guards the eggs until they hatch, which is 9 to 11 days.
Eddie Aikau
Since its inception (the first Eddie was held at Sunset Beach in 1985; in 1987 Eddie Aikau's younger brother Clyde Aikau won the first Eddie after it moved to Waimea Bay), the tournament has only been held nine times, due to a precondition that open-ocean swells reach a minimum of 20 feet (this translates to a wave face height of over 30 feet). The most recent tournament was in February 2016, when waves in the bay reached 30 to high. The contest invites only 28 big-wave riders to participate in two rounds of competition. The event does not allow the use of jet skis to tow surfers into the waves.
Neobodo
Bodonid flagellates (class Kinetoplastea) are abundant, free-living bacterivores that occur in a wide variety of environments including freshwater, soil and marine habitats ranging from the tropics to the Arctic. Neobodo is one of the most common flagellates in freshwater environments, but can also tolerate marine environments with low salinities of 3-4 ppt. Strains of "Neobodo" species isolated from different environments fall exclusively into marine and freshwater lineages. Studies show that "Neobodo" is a complex and ancient species with a major marine clade nested among older freshwater clades. This suggests that these lineages were constrained physiologically from moving between these environments for most of their long history. Their broad physiological tolerance enables them to easily interchange between marine and freshwater environments, which gives them a cosmopolitan characteristic and a wide ecological tolerance. Recent evidence for "Neobodo designis" suggested notable divergence between freshwater and marine strains and all strains exhibited extensive genetic diversity. Epifluorescent microscopy studies reported the abundance of several HNF (heterotrophic nanoflagellate) groups (including bodonids) in the euphotic zone of different marine areas. Areas include the Mediterranean Sea, Norwegian Sea, the Indian Ocean and around the Antarctic Peninsula. Throughout the numerous oceans, large fractions of small heterotrophic flagellates with few morphological features remain unidentified. Therefore there is a high possibility that there are many bodonids among the unidentified that have not yet been studied.
Fauna of Australia
More than 5000 species of fish inhabit Australia's waterways; of these, 24% are endemic. However, because of the relative scarcity of freshwater waterways, Australia has only about 300 species of freshwater fish. Two families of freshwater fish have ancient origins: the arowana or bonytongues, and the Queensland lungfish. The Queensland lungfish is the most primitive of the lungfish, having evolved before Australia separated from Gondwana. One of the smallest freshwater fish, peculiar to the southwest of Western Australia, is the salamanderfish, which can survive desiccation in the dry season by burrowing into mud. Other families with a potentially Gondwanan origin include the Retropinnidae, Galaxiidae, Aplochitonidae and Percichthyidae. Apart from the ancient freshwater species, 70% of Australia's freshwater fish have affinities with tropical Indo-Pacific marine species that have adapted to freshwater. These species include freshwater lampreys, herrings, catfish, rainbowfish, and some 50 species of gudgeon, including the sleepy cod. Native freshwater game fish include the barramundi, Murray cod, and golden perch. Two species of endangered freshwater shark are found in the Northern Territory.
Several exotic freshwater fish species, including brown, brook and rainbow trout, Atlantic and Chinook salmon, redfin perch, common carp, and mosquitofish, have been introduced to Australian waterways. The mosquitofish is a particularly aggressive species known for harassing and nipping the fins of other fish. It has been linked to declines and localised extirpations of several small native fish species. The introduced trout species have had serious negative impacts on a number of upland native fish species including trout cod, Macquarie perch and mountain galaxias species as well as other upland fauna such as the spotted tree frog. The common carp is strongly implicated in the dramatic loss in waterweed, decline of small native fish species and permanently elevated levels of turbidity in the Murray-Darling Basin of south west Australia.
Murray cod
Blackwater events are often described as “natural” events—while there are some historical records of relatively severe events in smaller, more ephemeral systems (e.g. lower Lachlan, upper Darling), there is no record of severe events in the Murray River and its largest southern tributaries before water extraction and river regulation. In the Murray and large southern tributaries, very severe large-scale blackwater events are a relatively new but recurring phenomenon and appear to be an effect of river regulation curtailing the winter/spring flood events that formerly swept leaf litter away annually, exacerbated by long-term declines in rainfall and recurring prolonged drought events.
Hudson River
The Hudson River estuary is the site of wetlands from New York City all the way up to Troy. It has one of the largest concentrations of freshwater wetlands in the Northeast. Even though the river can be considered brackish further south, 80 percent of the wetlands are outside the influence of the saltwater coming from the Atlantic Ocean. Currently, the river has about acres of wetlands, and rising sea levels due to climate change are expected to lead to an expansion of that area. Wetlands are expected to migrate upland as sea level (and thus the level of the river) rises. This is different from the rest of the world, where rising sea levels usually leads to a reduction in wetland areas. The expansion of the wetlands are expected to provide more habitat to the fish and birds of the region.
Eidothea hardeniana
The trees are only known to grow naturally in a single creek catchment in warm temperate rainforest in the Nightcap Range, northern New South Wales, Australia. They grow naturally in relatively poor, acidic volcanic soils, in an area of a high rainfall. Only around 100 wild plants are known. Plants are in cultivation, including in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
Juncus edgariae
Juncus edgariae, is a species of rush commonly called Edgar's rush, or wiwi that is native to New Zealand. The most abundant rush species in New Zealand, it also occurs on the Kermadec and Chatham Islands. "J. edgariae" has been introduced to Britain.
Elodea
The American water weed lives entirely underwater with the exception of small white flowers which bloom at the surface and are attached to the plant by delicate stalks. It produces winter buds from the stem tips that overwinter on the lake bottom. It also often overwinters as an evergreen plant in mild climates. In the fall, leafy stalks will detach from the parent plant, float away, root, and start new plants. This is the American water weed's most important method of spreading, while seed production plays a relatively minor role.
Elodea
Elodea is a genus of 6 species of aquatic plants often called the waterweeds described as a genus in 1803. "Elodea" is native to North and South America and is also widely used as aquarium vegetation. It lives in fresh water.
Cold core ring
The governing forces of an eddy are very dependent on its size. Small eddies are largely governed by viscosity and direction of a water body. However larger eddies are formed from a balance between the horizontal pressure gradient force, arising from differences in densities of the meeting water masses, and the Coriolis force. Due to the turbulent nature of the earth’s oceans, eddies can be found almost everywhere. Mesoscale eddies are usually seen in areas of intense, winding currents such as the Gulf Stream and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that feeds into the South Pacific and Indian oceans, but in general can be caused by a combination of factors such as cooling of sea surface temperature, convection, direct generation from wind, or water flow past an irregular coastline. Cycolic cold-core eddies are frequently formed at the polar front by the Gulf Stream and Labrador Current. The cold, nutrient-rich waters from the Labrador Sea flow south and get caught in the eastward meandering of the Gulf Stream, traveling east across the Atlantic Ocean.
Geocrinia rosea
The frog is restricted to the higher rainfall region in around the Karri forest at the southwest tip of the continent. Streams flow into and by the Warren river, and the permanent moisture found there is the haven and restraint. The high rate of endemism in the result of the lack of motility in the species. But spring and summer bring drive to form amplexus, and the poorly travelled males will cry for a mate with four beats of the generic 'tk'. Here the frog remains amongst the depressions and recesses, the female leaving its eggs amidst the fallen timber and dense vegetation of the lush Warren region. The young will emerge from the degrading gelatinous spawn as complete froglets, never swimming in more than the damp floor of their abode.
Freshwater fish
Many species of fish do reproduce in freshwater, but spend most of their adult lives in the sea. These are known as anadromous fish, and include, for instance, salmon, trout, sea lamprey and three-spined stickleback. Some other kinds of fish are, on the contrary, born in salt water, but live most of or parts of their adult lives in fresh water; for instance the eels. These are known as catadromous fish.
Eddy (fluid dynamics)
In fluid mechanics and transport phenomena, an eddy is not a property of the fluid, but a violent swirling motion caused by the position and direction of turbulent flow.
Haida Eddies
Haida eddies possess common physical characteristics that are dependent on the attributes of the water that is being transported, and how that influences the overall structure. Haida eddies are characterized as relatively long-lived, transient (departure from the average ocean current along the coast), medium-sized (mesoscale) ocean eddies that rotate clockwise (anti-cyclonic), and possess a warm, less-saline core, relative to the surrounding waters. These warm waters within the eddy are attributed to the baroclinic clockwise motion that results in a piling up of water near the center, and a downward displacement of surface water to depth (downwelling). This phenomenon is referred to as Ekman pumping, resulting from a conservation of mass, vertical velocity, and the Coriolis force. Downwelling of water from convergence produces what is called 'dynamic height anomalies' between the center and the surrounding waters. The anomaly is calculated by taking the difference between the surface of interest, for example the middle of a Haida eddy, and a reference point (in oceanography it is in reference to the geopotential surface, or the geoid). Haida eddies are capable of producing dynamic height anomalies between the center and the surrounding waters of 0.12-0.35 m.
Lake Erie Basin
New York's drainage basin covers .Agricultural, industrial, and residential land use are the primary nonpoint sources of pollution in the Lake Erie Basin. National and state environmental agencies, as well as interstate and binational cooperative efforts, focus on water quality, especially since the freshwater lake is used extensively for drinking water, recreation, and the fishing industry. Habitat and flow alteration cause siltation and sedimentation issues which can require dredging. Fertilizer runoff from farms and residences and unplanned releases from sewage treatment plants promote eutrophication through nutrient and organic enrichment, bacterial contamination, and the appearance of ammonium hydroxide. Industrial land use adds metals that flow into the basin and cause sediment contamination.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
The most important process for the elimination of EDTA from surface waters is direct photolysis at wavelengths below 400 nm. Depending on the light conditions, the photolysis half-lives of iron(III) EDTA in surface waters can range as low as 11.3 minutes up to more than 100 hours. Degradation of FeEDTA, but not EDTA itself, produces iron complexes of the triacetate (ED3A), diacetate (EDDA), and monoacetate (EDMA) – 92% of EDDA and EDMA biodegrades in 20 hours while ED3A displays significantly higher resistance. Many environmentally-abundant EDTA species (such as Mg and Ca) are more persistent.
Eldon's galaxias
Unlike the more well-known 'whitebait' "Galaxias" species, "G. eldoni" is not diadromous; its entire life is spent in fresh water. It is long-lived, 15 years or longer; some fully-grown individuals have been tagged and then recaptured 10 years later. It is slow growing, reaching maturity at one (males) or two years (females). Females produce low numbers of large eggs during October. Spawning occurs at the stream edge in riffles, and eggs are laid directly into the stony stream bottom. Larvae hatch 4–6 weeks later. The larvae are large and are able to swim effectively; they do not disperse far from where they were spawned.
Toxotes kimberleyensis
"Toxotes kimberleyensis" is restricted to inland fresh water habitats such as rivers. The known range of "T. kimberleyensis" is limited to the western Kimberley district of Australia, based on surveys conducted over three decades. It is common in the Fitzroy River, but has also been observed in the Isdell River, the Meda River, and the May River, where it is nonetheless rarer. Its relatives, the seven-spot archerfish ("T. chatareus") and the banded archerfish ("T. jaculatrix") can be found on the coast in brackish water or even saltwater, but "T. kimberleyensis" only inhabits freshwater environments. However, "T. kimberleyensis" can be found as much as upstream in the Fitzroy River and has been observed as far upstream as the Geikie Gorge National Park.
Acetic acid bacteria
Acetic acid bacteria are airborne and are ubiquitous in nature. They are actively present in environments where ethanol is being formed as a result of fermentation of sugars. They can be isolated from the nectar of flowers and from damaged fruit. Other good sources are fresh apple cider and unpasteurized beer that has not been filter sterilized. In these liquids, they grow as a surface film due to their aerobic nature and active motility. Fruit flies or vinegar eels are considered as a common vector in propagating acetic acid bacteria.
Dry water
Dry water, an unusual form of "powdered liquid", is a water–air emulsion in which tiny water droplets, each the size of a grain of sand, are surrounded by a sandy silica coating. Dry water actually consists of 95% liquid water, but the silica coating prevents the water droplets from combining and turning back into a bulk liquid. The result is a white powder that looks very similar to table salt. It is also more commonly known among researchers as "empty water".
Viscosity
In the study of turbulence in fluids, a common practical strategy is to ignore the small-scale vortices (or eddies) in the motion and to calculate a large-scale motion with an "effective" viscosity, called the "eddy viscosity", which characterizes the transport and dissipation of energy in the smaller-scale flow (see large eddy simulation). In contrast to the viscosity of the fluid itself, which must be positive by the second law of thermodynamics, the eddy viscosity can be negative.
Patagonia
The Patagonian freshwater fish fauna is relatively restricted compared to other similar Southern Hemisphere regions. The Argentine part is home to a total of 29 freshwater fish species; 18 of which are native. The introduced are several species of trout, common carp and various species that originated in more northerly parts of South American. The natives are osmeriforms ("Aplochiton" and "Galaxias"), temperate perches ("Percichthys"), catfish ("Diplomystes", "Hatcheria" and "Trichomycterus"), Neotropical silversides ("Odontesthes") and characiforms ("Astyanax", "Cheirodon", "Gymnocharacinus" and "Oligosarcus"). Other Patagonian freshwater fauna include the highly unusual aeglid crustacean.
Synbranchiformes
All except three species occur in fresh water. They usually are found in swamps, caves, and sluggish fresh and brackish waters. When found in pools, they typically are associated with leaf litter and mats of fine tree roots along the banks. Swamp eels are capable of overland excursions, and some can live out of water for extended periods of time. Some species are burrowers. Four species are found exclusively in caves: "Monopterus eapeni" and "M. roseni" from India, "Ophisternon candidum" from Australia, and "O. infernale" from Mexico. One species, "O. bengalense", commonly occurs in coastal areas of southeastern Asia.
Lake Erie
The clearing of the water column is also partly due to the introduction and rapid spread of zebra mussels from Europe, which had the effect of covering "the basin floor like shag carpeting" with each creature filtering "a liter of fresh water a day," helping to restore the lake to a cleaner state. The 1972 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement also significantly reduced the dumping and runoff of phosphorus into the lake. The lake has since become clean enough to allow sunlight to infiltrate its water and produce algae and sea weed, but a dead zone persists in the central Lake Erie Basin during the late summer. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has studied this cyclic phenomenon since 2005. There have been instances of beach closings at Presque Isle off the coast of northwestern Pennsylvania because of unexplained E. Coli contaminations, possibly caused by storm water overflows after heavy downpours.
Since the 1970s environmental regulation has led to a great increase in water quality and the return of economically important fish species such as walleye and other biological life. There was substantial evidence that the new controls had substantially reduced levels of DDT in the water by 1979. Cleanup efforts were described in 1979 as a notable environmental success story, suggesting that the cumulative effect of legislation, studies, and bans had reversed the effects of pollution:
Soft water
Soft water is surface water that contains low concentrations of ions and in particular is low in ions of calcium and magnesium. Soft water naturally occurs where rainfall and the drainage basin of rivers are formed of hard, impervious and calcium-poor rocks. Examples in the UK (United Kingdom) include Snowdonia in Wales and the Western Highlands in Scotland.
Ide (fish)
The ide ("Leuciscus idus"), or orfe, is a freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae found in larger rivers, ponds, and lakes across northern Europe and Asia. It has been introduced outside its native range in Europe, North America and New Zealand. It is a popular ornamental fish, usually kept in outdoor ponds in temperate regions from which it often escapes.
Ewens Ponds
High underwater visibility, the presence of rare and interesting fish, invertebrates and plants and the ponds' unique photographic potential have made them popular with scuba divers. Of particular interest in these clear waters is the actual observation of photosynthesis - aquatic plants can be seen releasing thin trails of bubbles as they convert carbon dioxide into oxygen. However divers are prohibited from entering caves or crevices on the pond beds and strongly discouraged from disturbing the silt layer as the resulting turbidity may harm plant life. Divers enter at the First Pond, drift with the current through the First Race to the Second Pond, and then continue through the Second Race to the Third Pond before exiting the water via a ladder there. However, some divers (especially snorkellers) occasionally attempt to vigorously swim upstream through the races to return to Ponds One or Two, thereby disturbing the water plants lining the races, and this practice is strongly discouraged by the diving community. The general water temperature of the ponds is around 15 °C (60 °F).
Euxinia
Euxinia or euxinic conditions occur when water is both anoxic and sulfidic. This means that there is no oxygen (O) and a raised level of free hydrogen sulfide (HS). Euxinic bodies of water are frequently strongly stratified, have an oxic, highly productive, thin surface layer, and have anoxic, sulfidic bottom water. The word euxinia is derived from the Greek name for the Black Sea- Εὔξεινος Πόντος ("Euxeinos Pontos)"- which translates to "hospitable sea". Euxinic deep water is a key component of the Canfield ocean, a model of oceans during the Proterozoic known as the Boring Billion proposed by Donald Canfield, an American geologist, in 1998. There is still debate within the scientific community on both the duration and frequency of euxinic conditions in the ancient oceans. Euxinia is relatively rare in modern bodies of water, but does still happen in places like the Black Sea and certain fjords.
Donnelly River (Western Australia)
The Donnelly is one of the few catchments left in the state that contains all of the region's endemic freshwater fishes. Native freshwater species include salamanderfish ("Lepidogalaxias salamandroides"), freshwater cobbler ("Tandanus bostocki"), western minnow ("Galaxias occidentalis"), western mud minnow ("Galaxiella munda"), black-stripe minnow ("Galaxiella nigrostriata"), western pygmy perch ("Nannoperca vittata"), Balston's pygmy perch ("Nannatherina balstoni"), nightfish ("Bostockia porosa"), and pouched lamprey ("Geotria australis").
Many estuarine fish are found close to the mouth of the river, these include black bream ("Acanthopagrus butcheri"), flathead mullet ("Mugil cephalus"), yellow-eye mullet ("Aldrichetta forsteri"), Australian herring ("Arripis georgianus"), and freshwater cobbler ("Tandanus bostocki").
Vision in fishes
Some fish have eyeshine. Eyeshine is the result of a light-gathering layer in the eyes called the tapetum lucidum, which reflects white light. It does not occur in humans, but can be seen in other species, such as deer in a headlight. Eyeshine allows fish to see well in low-light conditions as well as in turbid (stained or rough, breaking) waters, giving them an advantage over their prey. This enhanced vision allows fish to populate the deeper regions in the ocean or a lake. In particular, freshwater walleye are so named because their eyeshine.
Acid
Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits). As these examples show, acids (in the colloquial sense) can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from acids (in the strict sense) that are solids, liquids, or gases. Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid.
Galaxias
Galaxiids are the dominant group of native freshwater fish in New Zealand, and, along with the Percichthyidae, one of two dominant groups of native freshwater fish in southeastern Australia. Only one of the species ("G. zebratus") is found in Africa, and only three ("G. globiceps", "G. maculatus", and "G. platei") are found in South America.
Epoch of Extreme Inundations
EEI deposits in the Black Sea basin occur in the New Euxinian series. On the continental slope and in the deep-sea basin, they are a light reddish-brown and a pale yellow mud thick. In color they resemble the chocolate clays of the Caspian basin, and their age is near that of the latter (15,000 BP).
Cnidaria
Many cnidarians are limited to shallow waters because they depend on endosymbiotic algae for much of their nutrients. The life cycles of most have polyp stages, which are limited to locations that offer stable substrates. Nevertheless, major cnidarian groups contain species that have escaped these limitations. Hydrozoans have a worldwide range: some, such as "Hydra", live in freshwater; "Obelia" appears in the coastal waters of all the oceans; and "Liriope" can form large shoals near the surface in mid-ocean. Among anthozoans, a few scleractinian corals, sea pens and sea fans live in deep, cold waters, and some sea anemones inhabit polar seabeds while others live near hydrothermal vents over below sea-level. Reef-building corals are limited to tropical seas between 30°N and 30°S with a maximum depth of , temperatures between and high salinity and low carbon dioxide levels. Stauromedusae, although usually classified as jellyfish, are stalked, sessile animals that live in cool to Arctic waters. 
Cnidarians range in size from a mere handful of cells for myxozoan 
through "Hydra"'s long, to the Lion's mane jellyfish, which may exceed in diameter and in length.
Freshwater fish
Species migrating between marine and fresh waters need adaptations for both environments; when in salt water they need to keep the bodily salt concentration on a level lower than the surroundings, and vice versa. Many species solve this problem by associating different habitats with different stages of life. Both eels, anadromous salmoniform fish and the sea lamprey have different tolerances in salinity in different stages of their lives.
Eddy Creek (Lackawanna River tributary)
Eddy Creek used to have flow, but has turned into a "leaky slow trickle" that carries acid mine drainage. In 2014, Joseph D'Onofrio, a senior engineering technician for GTS Technologies, compared the creek to an "old perforated pipe". Eddy Creek is an ephemeral stream.
Eddi McKee
During her time in the show, it was hinted that Eddi liked to drink. Potts pointed out that drinking did appear to be the only way Eddi could deal with her many issues. Potts hoped the storyline would explored further, especially as Eddi's mother was an alcoholic. She also thought it would be fun to see Eddi lose her grip. Potts added that studies had shown people with alcoholics in their families became predisposed to it themselves.
In March 2012, Eddi's younger brother, Liam (Luke Tittensor), was introduced. Eddi was "spooked" when a female patient revealed personal details about her, but she then saw the patient kissing Liam. Eddi was not comfortable with Liam's arrival and it was revealed that Eddi ran away from home to escape their alcoholic mother, leaving Liam to pick up the pieces. Knowing that Liam had been in trouble with the police, Eddi worried that he had run away. She then decided to fix things with her brother by calling his youth rehabilitation scheme to organise his transfer to Holby. A spokesperson told "Inside Soap's" Katy Moon that Eddi may have bitten off more than she can chew.
Ariidae
Many other species of catfish are also present in freshwater habitats; some species only occur in freshwater. In North and South America, about 43 species extend into brackish water or are found exclusively in fresh water.
Discus (fish)
"Symphysodon" species inhabit the margins of floodplain lakes and rivers in the lowland Amazon basin, where it is part of the highly diverse Neotropical fish fauna. "S. discus" is restricted to blackwater habitats, but periodically these may experience brief floods of whitewater. "S. tarzoo" is found in both black and whitewater, and "S. aequifasciatus" also occurs in clearwater. Because of their preference for lentic habitats such as floodplains and flooded forests, whitewater inhabited by discus contain little suspended material (unlike main sections of whitewater rivers).
SeaWorld San Diego
Freshwater Aquarium: The park's only strictly freshwater aquarium, containing a variety of freshwater fish, including electric eels, stingrays, and turtles.
Whirlwind
Eddies and vortices may form in any fluid. In water, a whirlpool is a similar phenomenon.
Haida Eddies
Elevated measurements of chlorophyll in eddy centers, as compared to surrounding water, indicate that eddies increase primary production, and can support multiple phytoplankton blooms within a single year. These blooms are not only caused by increased nutrients, but also the eddy's ability to transport biota from the coast into the eddy. Spring blooms are caused by sufficient light reaching the warm, nutrient-rich water contained in the middle of the eddy, due to anticyclonic rotation. A second bloom can occur once the eddy has moved closer to the deep ocean, when the outer reaches of the eddy can gather nutrient-rich water from either the coast or from an adjacent eddy. Coastal water transported by this outer ring advection can move from the coast into the eddy in six days which also allows for the rapid transport of coastal algae into the nutrient-rich eddy waters. A late summer bloom can occur if storms produce vertical convection of the mixed layer, causing it to deepen and trap nutrients from below into the region of primary production.
Sendai River
The areas near the mouth of the Sendai are noted for plant species which thrive in sandy areas, notably "Calystegia soldanella", the beach morning glory. Stands of black pines are found in the same area. "Miscanthus sacchariflorus", or Amur silver-grass, is found in the lower reaches of the Sendai where the river has a weaker current. "Celtis jessoensis", the Japanese hackberry, and "Aphananthe aspera", the Muku tree, are found along the lowest of the river.
Whitewater
A boulder or ledge in the middle of a river or near the side can obstruct the flow of the river, and can also create a "pillow"; when water flows backwards upstream of the obstruction, or a "pour over" (over the boulder); and "hydraulics" or "holes" where the river flows back on itself—perhaps back under the drop—often with fearful results for those caught in its grasp. (Holes, or hydraulics, are so-called because their foamy, aerated water provides less buoyancy and can feel like an actual hole in the river surface.) If the flow passes next to the obstruction, an eddy may form behind the obstruction; although eddies are typically sheltered areas where boaters can stop to rest, scout or leave the main current, they may be swirling and whirlpool-like. As with hydraulics (which pull "downward" rather than to the side and are essentially eddies turned at a 90-degree angle), the power of eddies increases with the flow rate.
Edinburgh Water Company
The works initially performed primary treatment only, to remove solids, and the remaining liquid was discharged into the sea through a pipeline. After the solids had been treated, they ware loaded onto a sludge disposal ship, the "Gardyloo", and dumped at sea. This practice ceased at the end of 1998, when dumping was banned by the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, and the plant was extended to perform secondary treatment on the sewage, after which it went to a landfill site. In 1999, the running of the plant was taken over from the East of Scotland Water Board by Stirling Water and Veolia, under a Private Finance Initiative. There are six sludge digesters on the site, which occupies , and they produce enough gas to generate 2.3 MW of electricity. It is expected that the site will become self-sufficient for energy within a few years. As part of the Seafield works, another interceptor sewer was constructed, some long and up to in diameter. Due to the wide variety of ground conditions, some of it was tunnelled, some constructed by cut-and-cover, and in places, the ground had to be frozen before excavation could proceed. In addition to the main treatment works at Seafield, there are smaller works at Newbridge, South Queensferry and Dalmeny.
Burbot
The burbot ("Lota lota") is the only gadiform (cod-like) freshwater fish. It is also known as bubbot, mariah, freshwater ling, the lawyer, coney-fish, lingcod, freshwater cusk, and eelpout. The species is closely related to the marine common ling and the cusk. It is the only member of the genus "Lota". For some time of the year, the burbot lives under ice, and they require frigid temperatures to breed.
Freshwater whipray
The freshwater whipray ("Urogymnus dalyensis") is a little-known species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found in a number of large rivers and associated estuaries in northern Australia. Until recently, this species was regarded as a regional subpopulation of the similar-looking but much larger giant freshwater stingray ("U. polylepsis") of Southeast Asia. Typically reaching across, the freshwater whipray has a distinctively shaped, rounded pectoral fin disc, a projecting snout, and a thin tail without fin folds. It is plain brown above and white below with dark marginal bands. Can occasionally go on land and can "breathe" out of water for up to 7 minutes. The freshwater whipray is an active hunter of small fishes and shrimps, and does not currently face substantial conservation threats.
Eddy (fluid dynamics)
Because eddies may have a vigorous circulation associated with them, they are of concern to naval and commercial operations at sea. Further, because eddies transport anomalously warm or cold water as they move, they have an important influence on heat transport in certain parts of the ocean.
Polypodium (animal)
Although the fresh water habitat of "Polypodium" is unusual for cnidarians, it is not unheard of, especially within hydrozoans. For instance, the model organism "Hydra" and the jellyfish "Craspedacusta sowerbii" are both exclusively fresh-water hydrozoans. "Hydra" and "Craspedacusta sowerbii" are distantly related and they are not closely related to "Polypodium". Thus, it appears that in the evolution of cnidarians, invasion to fresh-water habitats has happened at least three separate times.
Tandy's sand frog
Tandy's sand frog occurs in dry savanna, bush land, and grassland at elevations below . It can often be found in agricultural areas and is associated with loose sandy soils where pans form. Breeding takes place in ephemeral shallow water, ditches, streams, and dams, after individuals emerge from burrows at the start of the rainy season. The eggs are deposited in pools formed by rainfall, and the tadpoles develop in these.
Eddy Creek (Lackawanna River tributary)
In the early 1900s, Eddy Creek lacked culm deposits at its mouth. However, its water was colored yellow by sulfur at that location. Further upstream, two pipes discharged mine water into the creek. One of these pipes had reddish water. However, upstream of an ash dump on the creek, the water was clear.
Freshwater crocodile
Freshwater crocodiles are found in the states of Western Australia, Queensland, and the Northern Territory. Main habitats include freshwater wetlands, billabongs, rivers and creeks. This species can live in areas where saltwater crocodiles can not, and are known to inhabit areas above the escarpment in Kakadu National Park and in very arid and rocky conditions (such as Katherine Gorge, where they are common and are relatively safe from saltwater crocodiles during the dry season). However, they are still consistently found in low-level billabongs, living alongside the saltwater crocodiles near the tidal reaches of rivers.
Synodontis batesii
In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters with a temperature range of , and a pH of 6.5 – 7.0. It is found in the Dja River basin and the central Congo River basin. It has been seen in the Nyong River and the Ntem River of Cameroon, the Ivindo River, and the Ogooué River of Gabon, and the Río Muni of Equatorial Guinea.
Flora of Ireland
Open water habitats include rivers, canals, lakes, reservoirs, ponds and, uniquely, turloughs). Common species of wet places include common reed, marsh willowherb, common marsh bedstraw, water avens, angelica, brooklime, marsh pennywort, water plantain, marsh cinquefoil, marsh marigold, watermint, yellow water lily, bulrush and the invasive species Canadian pondweed.
Hemibdella soleae
"H. soleae" is an ectoparasite of flatfish such as the common sole ("Solea solea"). Like other marine leeches, it feeds on its host's blood, but unlike most freshwater species, it does not drop off the fish after it has fed, instead remaining attached by its anterior sucker. In the juvenile leech, the remnants of each blood meal is visible through the transparent skin as a small red ball inside. In the northern part of its range, the common sole is the main host, but further south, other fish are also parasitized; these include the Senegalese sole ("Solea senegalensis"), the wedge sole ("Dicologlossa cuneata"), the bastard sole ("Microchirus azevia"), the Klein's sole ("Synapturichthys kleinii"), the sand sole ("Pegusa lascaris") and the Portuguese sole ("Dagetichthys lusitanica"). In the English Channel, small common sole may have one or two leeches on them while large fish may have forty or more of the parasites.
Eucalyptus badjensis
Only occurring in wet forest, on hills and plateaus of far south eastern New South Wales. Soils are relatively fertile and rainfall is high. It may be locally frequent.
Mysida
Mysids have a cosmopolitan distribution and are found in both marine and freshwater environments, the deep sea, estuaries, shallow coastal waters, lakes, rivers and underground waters. They are primarily marine and fewer than ten percent are found in freshwater. There are about 72 freshwater species in total, being predominantly found in the palearctic and neoptropical zones. These non-marine mysids occur in four distinct types of habitats; some are estuarine species; some were isolated in the Ponto-Caspian Basin where "Paramysis" has since radiated enormously (23 species); some are glacial relicts and some are subterranean Tethyan relicts.
Edwards Aquifer
In the Edwards aquifer, groundwater flow models have been developed for the San Antonio and Barton Springs aquifer segments in the San Antonio region of Texas. Two model simulations were conducted: steady state and transient. A steady-state groundwater flow model requires magnitude and direction of flow remain constant, whereas a transient model simulation allows for a change in water storage over time. Steady-state results suggest water leaving the aquifer occurs through springs (73.3 percent), water well pumping (25.7 percent), and to the Colorado River (0.6 percent). Inflow of water to the aquifer mostly occurs through natural recharge (93.5 percent) and water delivered through the aquifer’s regional boundaries (6.5 percent). The transient simulation model also suggests discharge primarily occurs through springs, followed by water well pumping; however, changes in water storage is heavily dependent upon the amount of monthly precipitation and water well pumping volumes.
Ecosystem services
Water bodies that are not highly concentrated in salts are referred to as 'fresh water' bodies. Fresh water may run through lakes, rivers and streams, to name a few; but it is most prominently found in the frozen state or as soil moisture or buried deep underground. Fresh water is not only important for the survival of humans, but also for the survival of all the existing species of animals, plants.
Gadiformes
Gadiformes are an order of ray-finned fish, also called the Anacanthini, that includes the cod and its allies. Many major food fish are in this order. They are found in marine waters throughout the world and the vast majority of the species are found in temperate or colder regions (tropical species are typically deep-water). A few species may enter estuaries but only one, the burbot ("Lota lota"), is a freshwater fish.
Lake Erie
There periodically is a "dead zone", or region of low oxygen, in the lake whose exact location varies. Scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have been studying the lake's blue-green algae blooms, and trying to find ways to predict when they are spreading or where they might hit landfall; typically the blooms arrive late each summer. This problem was extreme in the mid and late 1960s and the Lake Erie Wastewater Management Study (LEWMS) conducted by the Buffalo District of the US Army Corps of Engineers determined that the eutrophication was due to "point sources" such as industrial outfalls and municipal sanitary and storm sewer outfalls, as well as "diffuse sources", such as overland runoff from farm and forest land. All these sources contribute nutrients, primarily phosphorus, to the lake. Growth of organisms in the lake is then spiked to the point that oxygen levels are depleted. LEWMS made recommendations for reducing point source outflows, as well as reducing farm contributions of phosphorus by changing fertilizer usage, employing "no-till" farming and other conservative practices. Many industrial and municipal sources have since then been greatly reduced. The improved farming practices, which were voluntary, were followed for a while, resulting in remarkable recovery of the lake in the 1970s.
Hildenbrandia
The freshwater species "H. rivularis" and "H. angularis" seems to form a clade, and require an alkaline pH and hard water, preferring clean water. Unlike most other freshwater red algae (which prefer running water), "H. rivularis" prefers still water, particularly shady lakes or ponds. "H. rubra" and other marine species are found in brackish waters, but freshwater / gemma-bearing species cannot tolerate even moderate salinities.
The genus is often found in a symbiotic partnership with fungi.
"Hildenbrandia" has a remarkable tolerance to stresses including extreme temperatures, desiccation, and Ultra-violet light; it can be up and photosynthesizing near full capacity just minutes after being cooled to −17 °C or subjected to extreme salinities.
Smooth-coated otter
It occurs in areas where fresh water is plentiful — wetlands and seasonal swamps, rivers, lakes, and rice paddies. Where it is the only occurring otter species, it lives in almost any suitable habitat. But where it is sympatric with other otter species, it avoids smaller streams and canals in favour of larger water bodies.
Although it is often found in saltwater near the coast, especially on smaller islands, it requires a nearby source of fresh water.
Eastern freshwater cod
Eastern freshwater cod originally occurred in great abundance throughout the system, to significant altitudes. Though reportedly "M. ikei" were never found above the large falls in some headwaters, the uppermost reaches of many tributaries feature in this species' range.
Soda lake
Soda lakes occur naturally throughout the world (see Table below), typically in arid and semi-arid areas and in connection to tectonic rifts like the East African Rift Valley. The pH of most freshwater lakes is on the alkaline side of neutrality and many exhibit similar water chemistries to soda lakes, only less extreme. 
In order for a lake to become alkalic, a special combination of geographic, geological and climatic conditions are required. First of all, a suitable topography is needed, that limits the outflow of water from the lake. When the outflow is completely prevented, this is called an endorheic basin. Craters or depressions formed by tectonic rifting often provide such topological depressions. The high alkalinity and salinity arise through evaporation of the lake water. This requires suitable climatic conditions, in order for the inflow to balance outflow through evaporation. The rate at which carbonate salts are dissolved into the lake water also depends on the surrounding geology and can in some cases lead to relatively high alkalinity even in lakes with significant outflow.
Erie National Wildlife Refuge
Common warm water fish occurring in refuge waters include black crappie, yellow perch, largemouth bass, bluegills, sunfish and bullheads. Common cold water species include trout and white suckers, found in Woodcock Creek.
Haida Eddies
Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Freshwater crocodile
The freshwater crocodile ("Crocodylus johnstoni" or "Crocodylus johnsoni"; see below), also known as the Australian freshwater crocodile, Johnstone's crocodile or colloquially as freshie, is a species of crocodile endemic to the northern regions of Australia.
Aquatic toxicology
In the US, many wastewater dischargers (e.g., factories, power plants, refineries, mines, municipal sewage treatment plants) are required to conduct periodic whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program, pursuant to the Clean Water Act. For facilities discharging to freshwater, effluent is used to perform static-acute multi-concentration toxicity tests with "Ceriodaphnia dubia" (water flea) and "Pimephales promelas" (fathead minnow), among other species. The test organisms are exposed for 48 hours under static conditions with five concentrations of the effluent. The major deviation in the short-term chronic effluent toxicity tests and the acute effluent toxicity tests is that the short-term chronic test lasts for seven days and the acute test lasts for 48 hours. For discharges to marine and estuarine waters, the test species used are sheepshead minnow ("Cyprinodon variegatus"), inland silverside ("Menidia beryllina"), "Americamysis bahia", and purple sea urchin ("Strongylocentrotus purpuratus").
Nymphoides peltata
"N. peltata" is a freshwater species and does not occur in waters with an average chlorinity exceeding about 300 mg/l. "N. peltata" is most commonly found in slow-moving rivers, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, but it can also establish in swamps and wetlands. It is also known to occur in ditches, canals, break-through pools of dikes, and backwaters, especially those subject to winter flooding. The presence of N. peltata can signal an environment with water movement.
White-edge freshwater whipray
Like the other freshwater and euryhaline members of its family, but unlike the specialized South American river stingrays of the family Potamotrygonidae, the white-edge freshwater whipray retains the ability to synthesize urea for osmoregulation and can survive in brackish water with a salinity of 20 ppt for at least two weeks. Indeed, this ray might experience greater salinity-induced oxidative stress in freshwater than in
brackish water, possibly related to its short history of freshwater invasion. To this end, it has been suggested that there may be a possible relationship between the successful invasion of the freshwater environment by some euryhaline marine elasmobranchs and the ability of these elasmobranchs to increase the capacity of ascorbic acid synthesis to defend against hyposalinity stress. In addition, the ampullae of Lorenzini of H. signifer are intermediate in size and structure between the large, complex ampullae of its marine relatives and the small, simple ampullae of potamotrygonid stingrays, which may be a consequence of varying salinities in its environment and demands that would place on electroreception. The white-edge freshwater whipray feeds mainly on small benthic organisms, including crustaceans, molluscs, and insect larvae. Reproduction is aplacental viviparous with the developing embryos sustained by maternally produced histotroph ("uterine milk"), as is the case in other stingrays. Newborns measure across; males and females mature sexually at and across respectively.
Poecilia sphenops
Contrary to popular belief, this species of fish is actually a freshwater species, spending little time in brackish water before swimming back to their freshwater biotope. However, fish of the same species have been found in coastal sea waters, brackish swamps and freshwater streams, living and breeding. Mollies appear to be a hardy and highly adaptable species (this has been diluted over years of interbreeding in tank-bred specimens).
Freshwater inflow
Freshwater inflow: Freshwater flows into an estuary and mixes with the marine water of the estuarine ecosystem. The mixing of freshwater inflow and the marine water of the estuarine ecosystem occurs spatially and temporally from climatic influences including tidal action, seasonal variability and storms. Mixing is affected by the amount of estuarine system. The tides and the volume of the receiving estuary govern the volume of seawater. Tides are defined as the periodic rise and fall of the surface of the sea along the coast that are driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and of the sun. Although estuaries are influenced by the tides, they are often somewhat protected from storms and tidal action by buffers further offshore including barrier islands and peninsulas.
Thimble jellyfish
Larvae of the thimble jellyfish are the most common cause of seabather's eruption in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. This is an itchy rash of small red papules that develops in the areas that were covered by the bather's swimwear or hair. The condition does not occur immediately, but after the bather has showered or the skin has dried, killing the jellyfish larvae which react by discharging their stinging cells. In Florida, most cases occur between March and August. A similar condition occurs on the east coast of North America after exposure to the larvae of the sea anemone "Edwardsiella lineata".
Brackish-water aquarium
A brackish-water aquarium is an aquarium where the water is brackish (semi-salty). The range of "saltiness" varies greatly, from near freshwater to near marine and is often referred to as specific gravity (SG) or salinity. Brackish water aquaria is a popular specialization within the fishkeeping hobby. Many species of fish traded as freshwater species are actually true brackish species, for example mollies, Florida flagfish, and some cichlids such as chromides and black-chin tilapia. There are also several popular species traded purely as brackish water fish, including monos spp, scats, archerfish, and various species of pufferfish, goby, flatfish, and gar. Generally, aquarists need to maintain a specific gravity of around 1.005 to 1.010 depending on the species being kept, but practically all brackish water fish tolerate variations in salinity well, and some aquarists maintain that regularly fluctuating the salinity in the aquarium actually keeps the fish healthy and free of parasites.
Freshwater marsh
Freshwater marshes are non-tidal biomes containing little or no peat (unlike bogs and fens, both a kind of mire and mires consisting heavily of moist, biologically active peat). They are most common in the Gulf Coast region, specifically in Florida. They can be one of two principal types: either "fresh water mineralized marshes", which derive their water from groundwater, streams and surface runoff; or "poorly mineralized fresh water marshes" whose moisture comes mostly from regular direct precipitation. Freshwater marshes support an independent pH-neutral ecosystem which encourages biodiversity. Common species include ducks, geese, swans, songbirds, swallows, coots, and black ducks. Although shallow marshes do not tend to support many fish, deeper ones are home to many species, including such large fish as the northern pike and carp. Some of the most common plants in these areas are cattails, water lilies, arrowheads, and rushes.
Spawn (biology)
Amphibians are found in and around fresh water lakes and ponds, but not in marine environments. Examples are frogs and toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians (which resemble snakes). They are cold-blooded animals that metamorphose from a juvenile water-breathing form, usually to an adult air-breathing form, though mudpuppies retain juvenile gills in adulthood.
Freshwater drum
The freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, is a fish endemic to North and Central America. It is the only species in the genus Aplodinotus. The freshwater drum is a member of the family Sciaenidae, and is the only North American member of the group that inhabits freshwater for its entire life. Its generic name, "Aplodinotus", comes from Greek meaning "single back", and the specific epithet, "grunniens", comes from a Latin word meaning "grunting". It is given to it because of the grunting noise that mature males make. This noise comes from a special set of muscles within the body cavity that vibrate against the swim bladder. The purpose of the grunting is unknown, but due to it being present in only mature males, it is assumed to be linked to spawning.
Modon (fluid dynamics)
Modons or dipole eddy pairs, are eddies that can carry water over distances of more than 1000 km in the ocean, in different directions than usual sea currents like Rossby waves, and much faster than other eddies.
Freshwater environmental quality parameters
E. coli bacteria have been commonly found in recreational waters and their presence is used to indicate the presence of recent faecal contamination, but E. coli presence may not be indicative of human waste. " E. coli" are found in all warm-blooded animals. "E. coli" have also been found in fish and turtles. Enterobacteria may also persist in the environment in mud, sediments, sand and soil for considerable lengths of time.
Potomania
As with all cases of hyponatremia, extreme caution must be taken to avoid the fatal consequences of rapidly correcting electrolytes (e.g. central pontine myelinolysis, edema). Special considerations with the treatment of potomania are needed. Because this could be a chronic condition, low sodium may be normal for the patient, so an especially careful correction is warranted. It is also very important to note that due to the normal kidney function, and lack of other intrinsic or toxic cause of the electrolyte disturbance, restoration of dietary solutes will correct the electrolytes to normal serum levels. This again must be done with caution.
Sei whale
Sei whales live in all oceans, although rarely in polar or tropical waters. The difficulty of distinguishing them at sea from their close relatives, Bryde's whales and in some cases from fin whales, creates confusion about their range and population, especially in warmer waters where Bryde's whales are most common.
Eddie Adcock
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