What is the origin of the word "eureka"?
Eureka, Utah
The city was named from the Greek word "eureka", meaning "I have found it!" The city and its history was explored on the show "Ghost Adventures" in 2018.
Asterix
The name "Asterix", French "Astérix", comes from ', meaning "asterisk", which is the typographical symbol *"' indicating a footnote, from the Greek word αστήρ ("aster"), meaning a "star". His name is usually left unchanged in translations, aside from accents and the use of local alphabets. For example, in Esperanto, Polish, Slovene, Latvian, and Turkish it is "Asteriks" (in Turkish he was first named "Bücür" meaning "shorty", but the name was then changed). Two exceptions include Icelandic, in which he is known as "Ástríkur" ("Rich of love") and Sinhalese, where he is known as සූර පප්පා ("Soora Pappa"), which can be interpreted as "Hero".
Eurafrica
The term was already coined in the high imperial period of the nineteenth century. It played a role in some technocratical fantasies, e.g. the Atlantropa vision in the 1920s and 30s (compare the recently failed Desertec project). It then aimed to integrate African colonies providing raw materials with Europe. Erich Obst was one of the propagators during World War II.
Urea
"Urea" is New Latin from French "urée", from Ancient Greek οὖρον "ouron", "urine".
Names of the Greeks
The modern English noun "Greek" (Old English "Grecas" or "Crecas") is derived from the Latin "Graeci", which in turn originates from Ancient Greek ("Graikos"). It seems that the word is related with the Greek word "geron", "old man" (from the PIE base "*ǵerh-", "to grow old") via Proto-Greek "*gera-", "old age"—also related to Mycenean Greek "kera" /geras/, "gift of honour". The Germanic languages borrowed the name with an initial "k" sound, which was probably their initial sound closest to the Latin "g" (Goth. "Kreks").
.eus
.eus is the top-level domain for the Basque language. The abbreviation "eus" comes from the Basque endonym "euskara", meaning "Basque language". Previously to its creation, ".eu" (European Union) domain was also used for this purpose, although unofficially.
Etruscan civilization
No etymology exists for "Rasna", the Etruscans' name for themselves. The etymology of "Tusci" is based on a beneficiary phrase in the third Iguvine tablet, which is a major source for the Umbrian language. The phrase is "turskum ... nomen", "the Tuscan name", from which a root *Tursci can be reconstructed. A metathesis and a word-initial epenthesis produce "E-trus-ci". A common hypothesis is that *Turs- along with Latin "turris", "tower", come from Greek , "tower." The Tusci were therefore the "people who build towers" or "the tower builders." This venerable etymology is at least as old as Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who said "And there is no reason that the Greeks should not have called them by this name, both from their living in towers and from the name of one of their rulers."
A.U.E.
The acronym, transcribed from or А.У.Е., comes from "Арестантский уклад\устав един" or "Арестантское уркаганское единство", which can be translated to English as Convict’s/Prisoner’s Practice/(way of life, law)/Codex is Unified/Universal/Uniform, or Prisoner’s/Convict’s Urka/(career con)/Thug Unity/Solidarity.
Bucca (mythological creature)
Use of the term Púka in Ireland, however, may predate the arrival of Norse settlers and could be an alternative origin of the word with considerable cultural exchange with Ireland occurring in the Early Christian era.
Paprika
The first recorded use of the word "paprika" in English is from 1896, although an earlier reference to Turkish paprika was published in 1831. The word derives from the Hungarian word "paprika", a diminutive of the Serbo-Croatian word "papar" (Cyrillic: папар) meaning "pepper", which in turn came from the Latin "piper" or modern Greek "piperi". "Paprika" and similar words, "peperke", "piperke", and "paparka", are used in various Slavic languages in the Balkans for bell peppers.
Yugra
Yugra is also considered to be the place of origin of the Hungarians (in Hungarian "magyar őshaza"). It is thought that the name "Hungary" is a variety of the name Yugra (The Hungarians also were known in several languages under the name of "Ugri", and are still known under this name in Ukrainian). "Hungary" is also said to derive from On-Ogur, meaning "Ten Ugors" or "Hun Ugors". The word Ugor itself may be of Turkic origin meaning "tribe". The Hungarian language is also the closest linguistic relative of Khanty and Mansi. It is considered that Hungarians moved from Yugra to the west, first settling on the western side of the Urals, in the region known as "Magna Hungaria" (Great Yugria). Then they moved further to the west, to the region of "Levédia" (present-day east Ukraine), then to the region of "Etelköz" (present-day west Ukraine), finally reaching the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century.
Eureka (1983 film)
Eureka is a 1983 British-American drama film directed by Nicolas Roeg. It is the story of a Klondike prospector, Jack McCann (Gene Hackman) who strikes it rich, yet ends up fearing that his daughter Tracy (Theresa Russell) and his son-in-law (Rutger Hauer) are scheming to take his wealth and his soul; moreover, greedy investors (Joe Pesci and Mickey Rourke) are also hunting McCann's fortune.
Archena
The etymology of the word "Archena" is indisputably somehow related to the Indo-European root referring to "water" that appears in Arga, Erga, Arganzuela, etc., and, within the territory of Murcia, with the Argos river, Archena, Archivel, etc. The origin of the word "Archena" derives from Latin "arxila," which means clay, but over the years it turned into "Archena".
Ukra
Ukra's nickname derives from his youth, when his thin-blond hair led to him being called "Ukrainian" ("Ucraniano" in Portuguese), which was then shortened to "Ukra".
Eureka (organisation)
EUREKA is not an EU research program, but rather an intergovernmental organisation, of which the EU is a member. Cooperation and synergy are sought between EUREKA and the research activities of the EU proper, notably with European Union's Horizon 2020 and the European Research Area.
Terem (Russia)
Although the origins of the terem as a Muscovite practice are still a matter of debate among historians, scholars generally agree that the word itself is derived from the Byzantine Greek word "teremnon" (Greek:τέρεμνον), meaning chamber or abode. Its usage in a Russian context has been dated to Kievan times. The word terem is in no way linguistically related to the Arabic word harem, as was mistakenly assumed by foreign travelers to Russia during the Muscovite period, as well as nineteenth-century Russian historians who thought it to be directly derived from the Islamic practice of enclosing the female members of a household. Parallels have been drawn between the terem and the South Asian practice of female physical seclusion, purdah, but this is also problematic due to a lack of evidence suggesting that the Muscovite terem was derived from Asian cultural practices (see Origins and Historiography). Original Muscovite sources often use the work pokoi, but nineteenth-century historians popularized the word terem, which became synonymous with the general practice of elite female seclusion.
Pekhorka River
Name etymology probably comes from the Old Slavonic «Ṕh» (Cyrillic: «пьх») with the «ur» (Cyrillic: «ъръ») suffix which means «to push».
Horilka
The word comes from the same root as the verb "hority", ‘to burn’, similarly to Belarusian "harelka", south Russian "gorelka", Czech "kořalka", and Slovak "goralka", "goržolka". It is considered to have come about following the Polish example "gorzałka", possibly as an abbreviation of a compound word like "horile vyno" (‘burning wine’; compare the older word "horěloe vyno", горѣлое вино, attested in 1511) or "horila(ya) voda" (‘burning water’; compare early Czech "pálená voda" → "pálenka" or Hungarian/Transylvanian "palinka"). It may be an adaptation of the early Old High German "der brannte Wein" → "Branntwein". Also compare English "brandy", short for "brandywine", from Dutch "brandewijn", ‘burning wine’.
Yekke
Another theory is that the word derives from "Yekkef", the Western European pronunciation of the name "Jacob" or "Jack", which differs from the Eastern European pronunciation, "Yankef" or "Yankev" (also see German "Jäckel", pronounced "yekkel", the German diminutive form of Jakob).
Kobeniak
Kobeniak (Кобеняк) is a Ukrainian traditional male outer garment. A similar terms are Hungarian "köpönyeg" for "cloak", "mantle", "overcoat", and a historical Polish garment, kopieniak, all terms being derived from the Turkish garment kepenek, which is a shepherd's garment. Kobeniak is also called burka (cf. "Burka (Caucasus)"), kireya, or siryak (бурка, кирея, сіряк).
Eureka (UK TV series)
Eureka (sometimes referred to as Eureka!) is a British educational television series about science and inventiveness which was originally produced and broadcast by the BBC from 1982 to 1986, and repeated until 1987. Devised and written by Clive Doig and Jeremy Beadle, the series told the stories behind the inventions of commonplace objects.
Herja
Rudolf Simek says the name is etymologically related to the Old Norse "herja" and Old High German "herjón" (meaning "devastate"), and derives from Proto-Germanic word "*Herjaza". Simek notes that the Continental Germanic goddess name "Hariasa" (attested from a now lost 2nd century stone found in Cologne, Germany) also derives from "*Herjaza", but says that "it is almost impossible to say whether Herja was an original name of a goddess including among the North Germanic peoples," and that "an independent development is equally likely in the case of a 'goddess of war'."
Mundaka
Others have related the name "Mundaca" to a stock of Basque toponyms with the endings "-aka", "-eka", "-ika", which are especially abundant in Biscay and which can be linked with the Celto-Italic suffix "-aka". To some the origin of the name would be much older and it could be traced back to an era in which Vizcaya could have been populated by a Celtic people.
Europa (consort of Zeus)
It is common in ancient Greek mythology and geography to identify lands or rivers with female figures. Thus, "Europa" is first used in a geographic context in the Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo, in reference to the western shore of the Aegean Sea.
As a name for a part of the known world, it is first used in the 6th century BC by Anaximander and Hecataeus.
The weakness of an etymology with εὐρύς ("eurus"), is 1. that the -u stem of εὐρύς disappears in Εὐρώπη Europa and 2. the expected form εὐρυώπη euryopa that retains the -u stem in fact exists.
Eureka, South Dakota
Eureka was laid out in 1887, and named "Eureka", a Greek exclamation meaning "I have found it!"
Eureka (song)
Music video
Urtica dioica
In the German language, the idiom "sich in die Nesseln setzen", or to sit in nettles, means to get into trouble.
In Hungarian, the idiom "csalánba nem üt a mennykő" (no lightning strikes the nettle) means bad things never happen to bad people. The same idiom exists in the Serbian language неће гром у коприве. In Dutch, a "netelige situatie" means a predicament. In French, the idiom "faut pas pousser mémé dans les orties" (don't push grandma in the nettles) means that we should be careful not to abuse a situation. The name urticaria for hives comes from the Latin name of nettle ("Urtica", from urere, to burn).
Papuk
There are several supposed etymologies of the name "Papuk", it's almost certainly not of Croatian origin. One is that it comes by assimilation from earlier "Bapuk", where "Ba" is the name of the Celtic tribe that inhabited the region, and "Puk" comes from the Indo-European root *peiH, meaning "big". However, from the historical sources, it's visible that Papuk was originally a hydronym. Based on that, it's been suggested that the name comes from the repetitive of the Indo-European root *bhogj (to flow), *bhebhogj, so that it means "that which flows and flows". However, there are several problems with that etymology. First, it's visible by hydronyms such as "Bosut" and "Bosna" that Indo-European *bh gave *b in the local language. Second, *bhebhogj would actually mean "flow and flow" and not "that which flows and flows", so the endings don't match. So, it's been suggested that the name is of Pre-Indo-European origin.
Name of Hungary
Hungary, the name in English for the country of the same name, is an exonym derived from the Medieval Latin '. The Latin name itself derives from the ethnonyms ', ', and ' for the Uralic steppe people that conquered the land today known as Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries. Medieval authors denominated the Hungarians as ', but the Hungarians even contemporarily denominate themselves "s" and their homeland '.
Eruca sativa
The English common name "rocket" derives from the French "roquette", a diminutive of the Latin word "eruca", which once designated a particular plant in the family Brassicaceae (probably a type of cabbage). "Arugula" (), the common name now widespread in the United States and Canada, entered American English from a non-standard dialect of Italian. The standard Italian word is "rucola", a diminutive of the Latin "eruca". The "Oxford English Dictionary" dates the first appearance of "arugula" in American English to a 1960 article in "The New York Times" by food editor and prolific cookbook writer Craig Claiborne.
Xueta
The Balearic word "xueta" derives, according to some experts, from "juetó", diminutive of "jueu" ("Jew") which give "xuetó", a term that also still survives. Other authors consider that it may derive from the word "xulla" (pronounced "xuia" or "xua," which means a type of salted bacon and, by extension, pork) and, according to popular belief, refers to Xuetes who were seen eating pork to show that they did not practice Judaism. But this etymology has also been linked with the tendency, present in various cultures, of using offensive names related to pork to designate Jews and Jewish converts (see, for example "Marrano"). A third possibility links both putative etymologies; the word "xuia" may have provoked the substitution of the "j" of "juetó" by the "x" of "xuetó", and "xueta" could have been imposed over "xuetó" by the greater phonetic resemblance with "xuia".
Eusko
The idea of the eusko starts when the AMBES (from French "Association pour la création d’une Monnaie locale Basque, Ecologique et Solidaire") took the example of another currency that was running in France, and thought that could be profitable and applicable to the Basque country.
The choice of the name came up when the AMBES asked citizens to choose a name for their optimal currency.
Birch
"Betula" species are organised into five subgenera.
"Note: many American texts have "B. pendula" and "B. pubescens" confused, though they are distinct species with different chromosome numbers."The common name "birch" comes from Old English "birce", "bierce", from Proto-Germanic *"berk-jōn" (cf. German "Birke", West Frisian "bjirk"), an adjectival formation from *"berkōn" (cf. Dutch "berk", Low German "Bark", Danish "birk", Norwegian "bjørk"), itself from the Proto-Indo-European root *"bʰerHǵ-" ~ "bʰrHǵ"-, which also gave Lithuanian "béržas", Latvian "Bērzs", Russian "beréza", Ukrainian "beréza", Albanian "bredh" ‘fir’, Ossetian "bærz(æ)", Sanskrit "bhurja", Polish "brzoza", Latin "fraxinus" ‘ash (tree)’. This root is presumably derived from *"bʰreh₁ǵ-" ‘to shine’, in reference to the birch's white bark. The Proto-Germanic rune "berkanan" is named after the birch.
Carantania
Another possible etymology is that it may have been formed from a toponymic base "carant-" which ultimately derives from pre-Indo-European root *"karra" meaning 'rock', or that it is of Celtic origin and derived from *"karantos" meaning 'friend, ally'. Its Slovene name was adopted from the Latin *"carantanum". The toponym "Carinthia" (Slovene: < Proto-Slavic "*korǫt’ьsko") is also claimed to be etymologically related, deriving from pre-Slavic *"carantia". The name, like most toponyms beginning with *Kar(n)- in this area of Europe, are in turn most likely linked to the pre-Roman tribe of the Carni that once populated the eastern Alps.
European Retrievable Carrier
The European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) was an unmanned 4.5-tonne satellite with 15 experiments. It was a European Space Agency (ESA) mission and the acronym was derived from Archimedes' bathtub revelation "Eureka!".
Names of Germany
Also the Italian for "German", "tedesco" (local or archaic variants: "todesco", "tudesco", "todisco"), comes from the same Old High German root, although not the name for "Germany" ("Germania"). Also in the standardised Romansh language "Germania" is the normal name for Germany but in Sursilvan, Sutsilvan and Surmiran it is commonly referred to as "Tiaratudestga", "Tearatudestga" and "Tera tudestga" respectively, with "tiara/teara/tera" meaning "land". French words "thiois", "tudesque", "théotisque" and "Thiogne" and Spanish "tudesco" share this etymology.
Urdesa
The name Urdesa comes from "Urbanización del Salado" which means "neighborhood by the estuary". The quarter was born as an urbanism project north to the city for the middle and upper class around 1956. The neighborhood lies on the estuary side and soon began with the construction of mansions with beautiful gardens and no fences. The German School Guayaquil opened its doors on 1958, as the first school on the neighborhood. Nevertheless, the school resettled in 1968 in the new neighborhood Los Ceibos. But by then, URDESA had already other educational institutions.
Euroa
The name Euroa comes from an Aboriginal word in the old local dialect meaning 'joyful'.
Culture of Ecuador
The term "jerky" in beef jerky originally comes from the word "charqui" in the ancient Inca language of Quechua.
Birka
Both Rimbert and Adam were German clergymen writing in Latin. There are no known Norse sources mentioning the name of the settlement, or even the settlement itself, and the original Norse name of Birka is unknown. "Birca" is the Latinised form given in the sources and "Birka" its contemporary, unhistorical Swedish form. The Latin name is probably derived from an Old Norse word "birk" which probably meant a market place. Related to this was the "Bjärköa law" (bjärköarätt) which regulated the life on market places in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Both terms in different forms are very common in Scandinavian place names still today leading to speculation that all references to Birca especially by Adam of Bremen were not about the same location.
Eureka effect
The effect is named from a story about the ancient Greek polymath Archimedes. In the story, Archimedes was asked (c. 250 BC) by the local king to determine whether a crown was pure gold. During a subsequent trip to a public bath, Archimedes noted that water was displaced when his body sank into the bath, and particularly that the volume of water displaced equaled the volume of his body immersed in the water. Having discovered how to measure the volume of an irregular object, and conceiving of a method to solve the king's problem, Archimedes allegedly leaped out and ran home naked, shouting "eureka" (I have found it). This story is now thought to be fictional, because it was first mentioned by the Roman writer Vitruvius nearly 200 years after the date of the alleged event, and because the method described by Vitruvius would not have worked. However, Archimedes certainly did important, original work in hydrostatics, notably in his "On Floating Bodies".
Short U (Cyrillic)
The letter originates from the letter izhitsa with a breve (Іереѵ̆ская власть, пучина Егеѵ̆ская, etc.) used in certain Ukrainian books at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries. Later, this character was probably in use in the Romanian Cyrillic script, from where it was borrowed in 1837 by the compilers of Ukrainian poetry book "Rusalka Dnistrovaja" (Русалка днѣстровая). The book's foreword reads “we have accepted Serbian "џ" . . . and Wallachian [Romanian] "ў" . . .”. In this book, is used mostly for etymological [l] transformed to [w]. Modern Ukrainian spelling uses ([v]) in that position.
Tachanka
There are at least two plausible hypotheses about origin of the word "tachanka". The etymological dictionary of Vasmer suggests that the word derives from Ukrainian "netychanka" ("нетичанка"), Polish "najtyczanka", a type of a carriage named after the town of Neutitschein, now Nový Jičín in the Czech Republic. According to another opinion, it is a Ukrainian diminutive, or endearing form of the word "tachka" (, meaning 'wheelbarrow'). Still another opinion is that it is a contracted word 'tavrichanka' for rugged carriages known in Southern Ukraine and Crimea, derived from the name "Taurida" for this area. However the latter derivation is dubious because the 'tavrichanka', a large, rugged agricultural carriage, is of completely different design.
Eureka, Spencer County, Indiana
Eureka was laid out in 1858. A post office was established at Eureka in 1872, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1921. Tradition has it the community was so named after a pioneer exclaimed "Eureka!" when he came upon the site.
Eruca sativa
Arugula (American English) or rocket (British English) ("Eruca sativa"; syns. "E. vesicaria" subsp. "sativa" (Miller) Thell., "Brassica eruca" L.) is an edible annual plant in the family Brassicaceae used as a leaf vegetable for its fresh peppery flavor. Other common names include garden rocket, (British, Australian, South African, Irish and New Zealand English), and eruca. Some additional names are "rocket salad", "rucola", "rucoli", "rugula", "colewort", and "roquette". "Eruca sativa", which is widely popular as a salad vegetable, is a species of "Eruca" native to the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal in the west to Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey in the east.
Évora
The etymological origin of the name "Ebora" is from the ancient Celtic word "ebora/ebura", plural genitive of the word "eburos" (yew), name of a species of tree, so its name means "of the yew trees." The city of York, in northern England, at the time of the Roman Empire, was called "Eboracum/Eburacum", named after the ancient Celtic place name *"Eborakon" (Place of Yew Trees), so the old name of York is etymologically related to the city of Évora. Alternative hypotheses are that the name is derived from "oro", "aurum", (gold) as the Romans had extensive gold mining in Portugal; or it may named after ivory workers, but these two hypotheses are much less likely than the first one, because the name Évora has no relation with gold or with ivory in ancient Celtic, Latin or Portuguese languages or other languages, there is no etymological ground for these two hypotheses.
It may have been capital of the kingdom of Astolpas.
Eureka, Illinois
Eureka was originally laid out as "Walnut Grove" in 1855. The name was changed to "Eureka" because of a naming conflict with another Walnut Grove. Sources differ on who proposed the name Eureka. The city is named from the Greek expression Eureka, meaning "I have found it".
Karl Penka
Penka studied anthropology from the point of view of comparative linguistics and took a particular interest in the origins of the Indo-Europeans. He used the term Aryan in the linguistic sense and also extended it into a broad term of race and culture. It was he who popularized the theory that the Aryan race had emerged in Scandinavia and could be identified by the Nordic characteristics of blue eyes and blond hair. In his "Origines Ariacae" ('Origins of the Aryans') of 1883 he proposed that the Indo-European homeland was in the far north, the Hyperborea of antiquity. Penka has been called "a transitional figure between Aryanism and Nordicism".
Penka died in Vienna in 1912. He is now seen as a pioneer of racist and anti-Semitic theories in ethnology.
Eureka Classis
From 1870 until about 1902 America had a wave of German immigrants. These Germans came from the South of Russia where their ancestors had moved at the invitation of Catherine the Great. Many of these immigrants ended up in the Dakotas. At this time the Reformed Church in the United States was also known as the German Reformed Church, so it was a logical denomination for the Reformed German-Russians to join. The RCUS at this time was in great turmoil on account of Mercersburg Theology and the liturgical controversy that arose out of that. The German-Russians were against the innovations of Mercersburg. Since these immigrants still spoke German as their primary language, they used a clause in the Constitution of the RCUS to organize based on language rather than the tradition geography. Yet, the real reason was to organize doctrinally.
Eureka (word)
The city of Eureka, California, founded in 1850, uses the California State Seal as its official seal. Eureka is a considerable distance from Sutter's Mill, but was the jumping off point of a smaller gold rush in nearby Trinity County, California in 1850. It is the largest of at least eleven remaining US cities and towns named for the exclamation, "eureka!". As a result of the extensive use of the exclamation dating from 1849, there were nearly 40 locales so named by the 1880s in a nation that had none in the 1840s. Many places, works of culture, and other objects have since been named "Eureka"; see Eureka (disambiguation) for a list.
Bierock
Bierocks are similar to both pirogi/pirozhki of Russian cuisine and börek of Turkish cuisine. There is debate about the actual etymology of the word "bierock". Traditionally it was supposed that "bierock" was derived from the Russian word "pirog". However, a recent theory speculates that the word "bierock" may be derived from "börek". This theory is based on both geographic close proximity of the former Volga German ASSR to present day Kazakhstan as well as the influence of considerable population of historically Turkic speaking peoples such as Kazakhs and Tatars living in the Volga region. Neither theory, however, has been conclusively proven.
Réka
Réka is an old Hungarian female given name from the 10th century. It is of Hun descent, originally being Rika, derived from the Turkic Arikan. Over time it changed into forms like Kreka or Rekam and eventually into Réka. Although it is very difficult to find an affectionate form, there are some which are commonly used, such as Rékuci, Réki and Rékus. Its Finnish cognate is "Riikka".
Reka is also the Slavic word for "river." Reka is also a Sanskrit name and a Maori name. In Maori, Reka means "sweet."
Eureka Township, Dakota County, Minnesota
Eureka Township was organized in 1858. Eureka is a name derived from Greek, meaning "I have found it".
Ugric languages
The Ugric or Ugrian languages ( or ) are a distinct branch of the Uralic language family. The name Ugric is derived from Ugrians, an archaic exonym for the Magyars (Hungarians) and Yugra, a region in north-west Russia.
Eugenics
The origins of the concept began with certain interpretations of Mendelian inheritance and the theories of August Weismann. The word "eugenics" is derived from the Greek word "eu" ("good" or "well") and the suffix "-genēs" ("born"), and was coined by Galton in 1883 to replace the word "stirpiculture", which he had used previously but which had come to be mocked due to its perceived sexual overtones. Galton defined eugenics as "the study of all agencies under human control which can improve or impair the racial quality of future generations".
Tooke
Tooke is said to be derived "from the Old Swedish (pre 7th century Old Scandinavian origin) personal name "Tuke", itself claimed to be short form (in Latin a diminutive or in Greek a hypocoristicon) of "Thorkettill" translating as "Thors cauldron", although some sources suggest the derivation is from "Tiodgeir", meaning "people-spear".". Two Runestone inscriptions contain the personal name Toki: the Gunderup Runestone and the Sjörup Runestone. The personal name Thorkell is mentioned in two sagas: Hrafnkel's Saga and the Laxdale Saga
Eureka Spurs
The Eureka Spurs () are several rock spurs exposed along the east side of the head of Mariner Glacier, southwest of Mount McCarthy, in Victoria Land. They were so named, after the ancient Greek word eureka, by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition field party to Evans Neve, 1971–72, on the occasion of fossil discoveries made in the area.
Eucla, Western Australia
The name Eucla is believed to originate from an Aboriginal word "Yinculyer" which one (uncited) source gives as referring to the rising of the planet Venus. It was first used by Europeans for the area at some point before 1867.
Eureka
Eureka often refers to:Eureka may also refer to:
Europa (consort of Zeus)
It is derived from the Greek word "Eurōpē" () in all Romance languages, Germanic languages, Slavic languages, Baltic languages, Celtic languages, Iranian languages, Uralic languages (Hungarian Európa, Finnish Eurooppa, Estonian Euroopa).
Haidamaka
Other more ancient exonyms of the same haidamaks include "levenetz" and "deineka". Equivalents of "haidamaka" include "opryshok" in Ukrainian Galicia, and "hajduk" in the Central Europe and the Balkans. The first people to use the term "Haidamaki" to refer to themselves fought in Ustim Karmaluk's uprising of the early 1830s.
Aurochs
The words aurochs, urus, and wisent have all been used synonymously in English. But the extinct aurochs/urus is a completely separate species from the still-extant wisent, also known as European bison. The two were often confused, and some 16th-century illustrations of aurochs and wisents have hybrid features.
The word "urus" (; plural "uri") is a Latin word, but was borrowed into Latin from Germanic (cf. Old English/Old High German "ūr", Old Norse "úr"). In German, OHG "ūr" was compounded with "ohso" "ox", giving "ūrohso", which became early modern "Aurochs". The modern form is "Auerochse".
Učka
Učka was called "Ulcaria" in antiquity. It's been suggested that the name "Ulcaria" derives from the Indo-European root *wlkwos, meaning "wolf".
Cueca
While cueca's origins are not clearly defined, it is considered to have mostly European Spanish and arguably indigenous influences. The most widespread version of its origins relates it with the zamacueca which arose in Peru as a variation of Spanish Fandango dancing with "criollo". The dance is then thought to have passed to Chile and Bolivia, where its name was shortened and where it continued to evolve. Due to the dance's popularity in the region, the Peruvian evolution of the zamacueca was nicknamed "la chilena", "the Chilean", due to similarities between the dances. Later, after the Pacific War, the term marinera, in honor of Peru's naval combatants and because of hostile attitude towards Chile, was used in place of "la chilena." In March 1879 the writer and musician Abelardo Gamarra renamed the “chilena” as the “marinera”. The Marinera, Zamba and the Cueca styles are distinct from each other and from their root dance, the zamacueca.
ETA (separatist group)
ETA grew out of a student group called Ekin, founded in the early 1950s, which published a magazine and undertook direct action. ETA was founded on 31 July 1959 as Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and Freedom) by students frustrated by the moderate stance of the Basque Nationalist Party. (Originally, the name for the organisation used the word "Aberri" instead of "Euskadi", creating the acronym "ATA". However, in some Basque dialects, "ata" means "duck", so the name was changed.)
Sloboda Ukraine
The name derives from the term "sloboda" for a colonial settlement free of tax obligations, and the word "ukraine" in its original sense of "borderland". The etymology of the word Ukraine is seen this way among Russian, Ukrainian and Western historians such as Orest Subtelny, Paul Magocsi, Omeljan Pritsak, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Ivan Ohiyenko, Petro Tolochko and others. It's supported by the Encyclopedia of Ukraine and the Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language. In Russia, the name "Ukraine" (Russian: "Ukraina") is perceived as a calque of "okraina", meaning a frontier ("krai"), thus "Sloboda Ukraine" is known as a "free-settled frontier". In Ukraine, the region is accepted as a free settled region, part of the whole Ukraine.
Turka, Ukraine
The name Turka originates from Ukrainian word, (), meaning aurochs or urus (), the ancestor of domestic cattle — a type of huge wild cattle which inhabited in the surrounding forests (it survived in Europe until 1627). In another version the city's name derives from the Ukrainian name of the gate-towers, "Turia" (), "Turja" (), "Turnia"(), which stood at the entrance to an ancient settlement. Origin of name in no way is linked to the Turks.
Aurochs
In Central Europe, the aurochs features in toponyms and heraldic coats of arms. For example, the names Ursenbach and Aurach am Hongar are derived from the aurochs. An aurochs head, the traditional arms of the German region Mecklenburg, figures in the coat of arms of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The aurochs (Romanian "bour", from Latin "būbalus") was also the symbol of Moldavia; nowadays, they can be found in the coat of arms of both Romania and Moldova. An aurochs head is featured on an 1858 series of Moldavian stamps, the so-called Bull's Heads ("cap de bour" in Romanian), renowned for their rarity and price among collectors. In Romania there are still villages named Boureni, after the Romanian word for the auroch. The horn of the aurochs is a charge of the coat of arms of Tauragė, Lithuania, (the name of Tauragė is a compound of "taũras" "auroch" and "ragas" "horn"). It is also present in the emblem of Kaunas, Lithuania, and was part of the emblem of Bukovina during its time as an Austro-Hungarian "Kronland". The Swiss Canton of Uri is named after the aurochs; its yellow flag shows a black aurochs head. East Slavic surnames Turenin, Turishchev, Turov, and Turovsky originate from the Slavic name of the species "tur". In Slovakia, toponyms such as Turany, Turíčky, Turie, Turie Pole, Turík, Turová (villages), Turiec (river and region), Turská dolina (valley) and others are used. Turopolje, a large lowland floodplain south of the Sava River in Croatia, got its name from the once-abundant aurochs (Croatian: ). The ancient name of the Estonian town of Rakvere, "Tarwanpe" or "Tarvanpea", probably derives from "Aurochs head" ("Tarvan pea") in ancient Estonian.
Graea
If men from Oropos-Graia were among the early Greek visitors to Capua or Veii and even early Rome, we can better understand an age-old puzzle: why Greeks were called "Greeks" in the Latin West. Such people told their first contacts in the Latin region that they were "Graikoi," that is, people from Graia. They were thus called "Graeci" by the people whom they met.
The ethnonym comes from the adjective γραῖα "graia" "old woman", derived from the PIE root "*ǵerh-/*ǵreh-", "to grow old" via Proto-Greek "*gera-/grau-iu"; the same root later gave γέρας "geras" (/keras/), "gift of honour" in Mycenean Greek.
Hallaca
According to Adolfo Ernst, the word "hallaca" evolved from the indigenous Guarani language, stemming from the verb "ayua" or "ayuar", meaning "to mix or blend". From there, the construction "ayuaca" (mixed things) devolved to "ayaca" and ultimately to "hayaca" or "hallaca" (using Spanish silent "h" when written). Another version presumes that the word comes from an aboriginal language of the West of the country, whose meaning is "wrapping" or "bojote".The earliest use of the word in the modern sense is in a 1781 document of Italian missionary linguist Filippo Salvatore Gilii.
Erebuni Fortress
The Circassian historian Amjad Jaimoukha gives an alternative etymology, however: "eri" (referring to the Èrs, the people living in the area) + "buni". "Buni" comes from the Nakh root which spawned the Chechen word "bun" meaning shelter or cabin; the root however simply means lair or shelter. With its Indo-European roots "bun" initially derives from the Armenian word "buyn" (բույն) for "nest" or "lair". From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeuH-no-, from *bʰeuH- (“to be; to grow”). Cognates include Sanskrit भुवन (bhúvana, "world"), Albanian bun ("shepherd's hut") and Middle Persian بن bun ("bottom"). It may have spawned the word "van" in Armenian (a language with a strong Urartian substratum), albeit possibly through different roots (Urartian "biani" rather than Èr "buni") which similarly means shelter. "Van" as a root is also present in numerous other placenames in historical Armenia, including the city Van, Lake Sevan, and Nakhichevan, so it is probable that the "van" in "Yerevan" is another direct translation of the root. Jaimoukha states furthermore that the name of the Èr also serves as the root for the Arax valley (the Erashki gorge) and for the Medieval Georgian name used in the "Georgian Chronicles" for Lake Sevan- "Lake Ereta".
Turkic peoples
Previous use of similar terms are of unknown significance, although some strongly feel that they are evidence of the historical continuity of the term and the people as a linguistic unit since early times. This includes Chinese records Spring and Autumn Annals referring to a neighbouring people as Beidi.
During the first century CE, Pomponius Mela refers to the "Turcae" in the forests north of the Sea of Azov, and Pliny the Elder lists the "Tyrcae" among the people of the same area. There are references to certain groups in antiquity whose names could be the original form of "Türk/Türük" such as "Togarma", "Turukha"/"Turuška", "Turukku" and so on. But the information gap is so substantial that we cannot firmly connect these ancient people to the modern Turks. Turkologist András Róna-Tas posits that the term "Turk" could be rooted in the East Iranian Saka language or in Turkic. However, it is generally accepted that the term "Türk" is ultimately derived from the Old-Turkic migration-term 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 "Türük"/"Törük", which means "created", "born", or "strong", from the Old Turkic word root "*türi-"/"töri-" ("tribal root, (mythic) ancestry; take shape, to be born, be created, arise, spring up") and conjugated with Old Turkic suffix 𐰰 ("-ik"), perhaps from Proto-Turkic "*türi-k" ("lineage, ancestry"), from the Proto-Turkic word root "*töŕ" ("foundation, root; origin, ancestors"), possibly from a Proto-Altaic source "*t`ŏ̀ŕe" ("law, regulation"). This etymological concept is also related to Old Turkic word stems 'tür' ("root, ancestry, race, kind of, sort of"), 'türi-' ("to bring together, to collect"), 'törü' ("law, custom") and 'töz' ("substance").
Yankee
Venezuelan Spanish has the word , derived c 1940 around the oil industry from "petty yankee" or "petit yanqui", a derogatory term for those who profess an exaggerated and often ridiculous admiration for anything from the United States. In the late 19th century, the Japanese were called "the Yankees of the East" in praise of their industriousness and drive to modernization. In Japan, the term "Yankī" has been used since the late 1970s to refer to a type of delinquent youth. In Finland, the word "jenkki" (yank) is sometimes used to refer to any US citizen, and "Jenkkilä" (Yankeeland) refers to the United States itself. It is not considered offensive or anti-American, but rather a colloquial expression.
Eureka Language Services
The name “Eureka” is a reference to the famous story of the ancient Greek polymath Archimedes’ Eureka moment, which describes an epiphany or a sudden and unprecedented intellectual breakthrough.
Hunky culture
Hunky is an ethnic slur used in the United States to refer to a laborer from Central Europe. It originated in the coal regions of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, where Poles and other immigrants from Central Europe (Hungarians (Magyar), Rusyns, Slovaks) came from the Austro-Hungarian Empire to perform hard manual labor in the mines. They were called "hunkies" by the American public, which lumped them together into a category of Slavic immigrants, irrespective of their individual ethnic background. The use of the term as an ethnic slur has fallen into disuse, but the term "hunky" and the public image associated with it has historic relevance in the perception of Slavic immigrants in the United States. There is some usage of the term in other forms; for example, it is used to describe any mill worker in regions of Pennsylvania, as part of the term "Mill Hunky".
Taapaca
The term "tara paka" is Aymara for "two-headed eagle" or "winter (prey) bird", and Quechua for Andean eagle. It is also known as Nevados de Putre; sometimes "Nevados de Putre" is used to refer to the volcanic complex and "Taapaca" to its highest summit. The term "taapaca" may also be the origin of the term "tarapaca" and could be an Aymara name for the founder deity Viracocha. "Putre" in turn appears to mean "sound of falling water" in Aymara.
Braccae
The word is cognate with the English "breeches". It appears to derive from the Indo-European root *"bhrg"- 'break', here apparently used in the sense 'divide', 'separate', as in Scottish Gaelic or in Breton and in Welsh. The Celtic form may have first passed to the Etruscans, who did not distinguish between the "c" and "g" sounds. Transition through the Etruscans accounts for the Greek being rendered as Latin , Greek () as Latin .
Ela (name)
Ela is a female first name. It comes from the Hebrew word Elah meaning Oak. It is a nickname for Elen, Eliška, Elektra, Angela or Eleanor.
In Turkish Ela means "Hazel".
Notable people with the name include:
Aranyaka
Several theories have been proposed on the origin of the word "Aranyaka". Originally, as per Oldenberg (1915), it meant (dangerous texts to be studied in the wilderness (Taitt. Ar. II). A later, post-Vedic theory holds that these texts were meant to be studied in a forest, while the other holds that the name came from these being the manuals of allegorical interpretation of sacrifices, for those in Vanaprastha (retired, forest-dwelling) stage of their life, however the Vanaprastha Ashrama came into existence only well after that of the Sanyasin (Sprockhoff 1976) -- according to the historic age-based Ashrama system of human life.
Púca
The origin of the name may have come from the Old Norse term "pook" or "puki", which refers to a "nature spirit". Usage of the term in Ireland, however, may predate the arrival of Norse settlers.
In Germanic languages, such as Frisian or English, this became "pucel", "pook" or "puck". The name of the pooka may also come from the Irish word "poc", meaning a male goat, a form the creature is often said to take.
Aberri Eguna
"Aberri" is a neologism coined by Sabino Arana based on the suffix "-ba" which occurs in numerous kinship terms (e.g. "osaba" "uncle", "izeba" "aunt", "arreba" "sister of a man" etc.) from which he fancifully deduced a putative root *aba "father". He formed numerous neologisms based on this putative word such as "aberri" (*aba + "herri" "land, people, country, settlement"), "abizen" "surname" (*aba + "izen" "name") or "abenda" "race" (*aba + "enda" "lineage"). From "aberri" he then went on the coin "abertzale" "patriot" ("aberri" "fatherland" + "-(t)zale", a suffix denoting someone keen on something). In spite of their fanciful derivation, "aberri" and "abertzale" have found their way into general usage.
Eureka (word)
"Eureka" was also associated with a gold rush in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The Eureka Stockade was a revolt in 1854 by gold miners against unjust mining license fees and a brutal administration supervising the miners. The rebellion demonstrated the refusal of the workers to be dominated by unfair government and laws. The Eureka Stockade has often been referred to as the "birth of democracy" in Australia.
Language and the euro
The masculine noun "eoró" (plural "eorónna" ) has been coined from the word "Eoraip" ('Europe'). Linguist Michael Everson has suggested "eora" (plural "eoraí") as a more grammatically acceptable Irish term, and wrote "The European Council has no right to prescribe, or even to endorse, the orthographical or grammatical forms of "any" word in any language, whether official or not. This right belongs to the people of Europe."
List of English words of Russian origin
Ushanka (Russian: уша́нка ), or shapka-ushanka the word derives from Russian "уши" "ushi" - ears (and also flaps of ushanka) - ear-flaps hat, a type of cap (Russian: ша́пка shapka) made of fur with ear flaps that can be tied up to the crown of the cap, or tied at the chin to protect the ears from the cold.
Old Town Eureka
The city began as an 1850 settlement on the edge of Humboldt Bay where the district is today. Developers and settlers planned for Eureka to aid in the provision of miners working inland to the east. By 1865 the central core of what would become Eureka's "Old Town" was considered "a lively place for a small town, full of business and with plenty of money... the roads beyond Second street (the equivalent of "Main" Street) were covered with stumps from the (recently logged) Redwood forest and not yet open."
Europe
In classical Greek mythology, Europa (, "Eurṓpē") is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς ("eurús"), "wide, broad" and ὤψ ("ōps", gen. ὠπός, "ōpós") "eye, face, countenance", hence their composite "Eurṓpē" would mean "wide-gazing" or "broad of aspect". "Broad" has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part compare also the divine attributes of "grey-eyed" Athena (γλαυκῶπις, "glaukōpis") or ox-eyed Hera (βοῶπις, "boōpis").
Eureka (organisation)
EUREKA, often abbreviated as E!, or Σ! (from the ancient Greek way to write "E" and unrelated to modern "Sigma") is an intergovernmental organisation for pan-European research and development funding and coordination. EUREKA is an open platform for international cooperation in innovation.
Kobza
The term kobza is of Turkic origin and is related to the terms kobyz and komuz, thought to have been introduced into the Ukrainian language in the 13th century with the migration of a sizable group of Turkic people from Abkhazia settling in the Poltava region. It was usually played by a bard or minstrel known as a "kobzar" (occasionally in earlier times a "kobeznik"), who accompanies his recitation of epic poetry called "duma" in Ukrainian.
Wanaka
European settlement began in the Upper Clutha River Valley in the 1850s, with the establishment of sheep stations by runholders. The first station was at Albert Town, the only place where settlers could ford the Clutha River. The present site of Wanaka was first surveyed in 1863, and settlement increased in Pembroke (the old name for Wanaka) during the 1870s because of timber milling in the Matukituki Valley and the use of Lake Wanaka for transport.
Erlking
It has been suggested, that the term may derive not from "elf-king" but from the name of "Herla", a figure in medieval English folklore, adapted as "Herlequin", "Hellequin" in medieval French, in origin the leader of the Wild Hunt, in French known as "maisnie Hellequin" "household of Hellequin" (and as such ultimately identical with Woden), but recast as a generic "devil" in the course of the Middle Ages (and incidentally, in the 16th century also the origin of the Harlequin character). Sometimes also associated is the character of "Herrequin", a ninth-century count of Boulogne of proverbial wickedness.
Quenya
Tolkien almost never borrowed words directly from real languages into Quenya. The major exception is the name Earendel/Eärendil, which he found in an Old English poem by Cynewulf. Yet the Finnish influence extended sometimes also to the vocabulary. A few Quenya words, such as "tul-" "come" and "anta-" "give", clearly have a Finnish origin. Other forms that appear to have been borrowed are actually coincidental, such as Finnish "kirja" "book", and Quenya "cirya" "ship". Tolkien invented the Valarin/Quenderin root "kir-" from which sprang his Quenya word "cirya". The Latin "aure" "dawn", and Quenya "aure" "moment of special meaning, special day, festival day" are unrelated. Instead, Quenya "aurë" comes from the Valarin/Quenderin root ur-. Germanic influence can more be seen in grammar (the -r nominative plural ending is reminiscent of the Scandinavian languages) or phonology, than in words: "Arda", the Quenya name for "region", just happened to resemble Germanic "Erde" "earth", while it actually comes from the Valarin/Quenderin root "gar-". According to Tom DuBois and Scott Mellor, the name of Quenya itself may have been influenced by the name Kven, a language closely related to Finnish, but Tolkien never mentioned this.
Eboracum
The name "Eboracum" comes from the Common Brittonic "Eburākon", which means "yew tree place". The word for "yew" was "*ebura" in Proto-Celtic (cf. Old Irish "ibar" "yew-tree", (older "iobhar"), , "alder buckthorn", "alder buckthorn"), combined with the proprietive suffix "*-āko(n)" "having" (cf. Welsh "-og", Gaelic "-ach") meaning "yew tree place" (cf. "efrog" in Welsh, "eabhrach/iubhrach" in Irish Gaelic and "eabhrach/iobhrach" in Scottish Gaelic, by which names the city is known in those languages). The name was then Latinized by replacing the Celtic neuter nominative ending "-on" by its Latin equivalent "-um",a common use noted also in Gaul and Lusitania. Various place names, such as Évry, Ivry, Ivrey, Ivory and Ivrac in France would all come from "*eburacon / *eburiacon"; for example: Ivry-la-Bataille (Eure, "Ebriaco" in 1023–1033), Ivry-le-Temple ("Evriacum" in 1199) Évry (Essonne, "Everiaco" in 1158), etc.
Orsolya
Orsolya is a Hungarian variant of Ursula meaning "little bear" or "bear cub", derived from a diminutive form of the Latin word "ursa" "she-bear". Saint Ursula was a legendary virgin princess of the 4th century who was martyred by the Huns while returning from a pilgrimage. In England the saint was popular during the Middle Ages, and the name came into general use at that time.
Ushanka
The word "ushanka" derives from "ushi" (у́ши), "ears" in Russian.
Eureka, California
Eureka's Pacific coastal location on Humboldt Bay, adjacent to abundant redwood forests, provided the reason for settlement of this 19th-century seaport town. Before the arrival of Euro-American settlers, including farmers, miners, fishermen, and loggers, the area was occupied by indigenous peoples.
Erecura
The theonym is of unclear origin. It has been connected with Latin "aes, aeris" 'copper, bronze, money, wealth', "era" 'mistress' and the name of the Greek goddess Hera. Many different Latinised forms of this goddess’s name occur: "Aeraecura" at Perugia; "Aerecura" at Mainz, Xanten, Aquileia and Roşia Montană; "Aericura" at , "Eracura" in , "Ercura" at , "Erecura" at , Tongeren and Belley in Aube; "Heracura" at Stockstadt am Rhein, "Herecura" at , Freinsheim and Rottenburg am Neckar, where the form "Herequra" is also found.
Eureka, California
The Wiyot people lived in Jaroujiji (Wiyot: "where you sit and rest"), now known as Eureka, for thousands of years before European arrival. They are the farthest-southwest people whose language has Algonquian roots. Their traditional coastal homeland ranged from the lower Mad River through Humboldt Bay and south along the lower basin of the Eel River. The Wiyot are particularly known for their basketry and fishery management. An extensive collection of intricate basketry of the area's indigenous groups exists in the Clarke Historical Museum in Old Town Eureka.
Eulgem
Werner Schumacher offers several possible derivations for the distinguishing prefix, but none is certain. It could be from the Latin for elm, or perhaps from "Olk" or "Ulca", meaning “land that can be worked by plough” or “land that is worked”. Schumacher also cites a Dr. Beestermöller who believes that the root may be a Celtic reference to wetlands.
Eureka (word)
Eureka () is an interjection used to celebrate a discovery or invention. It is a transliteration of an exclamation attributed to Ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes.
Furka, Macedonia
Stjepan Antoljak says that Furka was the place where Byzantine king Vassilius in Furka had blinded the soldiers of Samuil of Bulgaria, and that the origin of the name is the Greek word "furka", which means "place of execution". This theory is considered as incorrect. Aleksandar Stojanovski thinks that origin of the name is from Turkish word "fursat" (bad people), because villagers had never allowed Turkish people to come to live in Furka. The origin of the name of Furka is still unknown.
Uruma
The Okinawan origin of the word, however, has long been questioned. In fact, it was in mainland Japan that the word was first attested and eventually came to refer to Okinawa. The first known reference to "uruma" is a waka poem by Fujiwara no Kintō in the early 11th century. He compared a woman's coldheartedness to the incomprehensible speech of drifters from "Ureung" Island (迂陵島, identified as Ulleung Island) of Goryeo Kingdom, which Kintō called Silla, a practice rather common in Heian-period Japan. However, the association with Ulleung Island was soon forgotten because the reference to Silla was dropped when his poem was recorded in the "Senzai Wakashū" (1188). Thereafter waka poets only thought "uruma" as an island somewhere outside Japan with an unintelligible language. At the same time, it evoked a sense of familiarity because the phrase "uruma no ichi" (market in Uruma) was poetically associated with Mino Province. From the viewpoint of mainland Japanese poets, Okinawa might have been an ideal referent of "uruma" because, despite the exotic name of "Ryūkyū", the first reference to Okinawan-composed waka poems was as early as 1496. The first known identification of "uruma" as Okinawa Island can be found in the "Moshiogusa" (1513), but the association remained weak for some time. For example, Hokkaido, in addition to Okinawa, was referred to as "uruma" in the "Shōzaishū" (1597). The mainland Japanese poetic practice was adopted by Okinawan waka poets in the late 17th century. The "Omoidegusa" (1700), a purely Japanese poetic diary by Shikina Seimei, is known for its extensive use of the word "uruma".