How many works did Kant publish?
Immanuel Kant
Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. These include the "Universal Natural History" (1755), the "Critique of Practical Reason" (1788), the "Metaphysics of Morals" (1797), and the "Critique of Judgment" (1790), which looks at aesthetics and teleology.
Goethean science
Immanuel Kant in Prussia undertook a major rescue operation to preserve the validity of knowledge derived via reason (science), as well as of knowledge going beyond the rational mind, that is of human liberty and of life beyond simply an expression of 'the chance whirlings of unproductive particles' (Coleridge). Kant's writings had an immediate and major impact on Western philosophy and triggered a philosophical movement known as German idealism (Fichte, Hegel, Schelling), which sought to overcome and transcend the chasm Kant had formalized between the sense-based and the super-sensible worlds, in his attempt to 'save the appearances' (Owen Barfield), that is, to preserve the validity of scientific or rational knowledge as well as that of faith.
Georges Kan
Kan is the founder of the "Éditions musicales européennes" – EME (1994-2010) which have published nearly 500 works in fifteen years of activity, including the works of composers of the new generation such as Bernard Cavanna, Thierry Pécou, François Narboni, Paul Méfano, Alain Louvier, Johannes Schöllhorn, Alberto Posadas, Philippe Schoeller, José-Luis Campana, and Aureliano Cattaneo, — and those of composers of the beginning of the 20th century, including André Gedalge and Jacques de La Presle.
Immanuel Kant
A common myth is that Kant never traveled more than from Königsberg his whole life. In fact, between 1750 and 1754 he worked as a tutor ("Hauslehrer") in Judtschen (now Veselovka, Russia, approximately 20 km) and in Groß-Arnsdorf (now Jarnołtowo near Morąg (German: Mohrungen), Poland, approximately 145 km).
Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University
As of 2005, the university consisted of twelve faculties with courses ranging from Natural Sciences to the Humanities. It had approximately 12,800 students enrolled, both undergraduate and post-graduate, and 580 faculty staff. IKSUR's Kant Society was created to study Kantianism, or Kantian philosophy. The university is also interested in the historical connections between Königsberg and Russia as far back as the 16th century.
Ioan Zalomit
His dissertation from 1848 is the first exegesis of Kant's philosophy written by a Romanian. Although the Kantianism was at that time known to Romanians from different courses and textbooks (of Daniil Philippidis, Gheorghe Lazăr, Eufrosin Poteca, Eftimie Murgu, August Treboniu Laurian, Simeon Bărnuţiu, and of course that of Zalomit himself), there were still no monographs on this subject. Zalomit places Kant in the historical context of the modern philosophy, presenting the main figures of the empiricist and rationalist traditions. He considers that Kant is a spiritual successor of Descartes, and that he accomplished the program set forth, but unrealised, by Descartes.
Hannah Ginsborg
Ginsborg has published two books, "The Role of Taste in Kant’s Theory of Cognition" (Garland Press, 1990) and "The Normativity of Nature: Essays on Kant's Critique of Judgement" (Oxford University Press, 2015). She has also published articles in journals such as "Nous", "Ethics", "The Journal of Philosophy", and "Philosophy and Phenomenological Research", as well as book chapters and encyclopedia articles.
Hermann Kant
Kant's first book was published in 1962 as a collection of short stories entitled, "A Little South Seas". The book showed stylistic influences adopted from the American Short Story genre and authors such as O. Henry, giving the East German literature a new satirical and a plainly ironic style.
Hannah Arendt
When Hannah Arendt died in 1975, she left a major work incomplete, which was later published in 1978 as "The Life of the Mind". Since then a number of her minor works have been collected and published,mainly under the editorship of Jerome Kohn. In 1994 "Essays in Understanding" appeared as the first of a series covering the period 1930–1954, but attracted little attention. A new version of "Origins of Totalitarianism" appeared in 2004 followed by "The Promise of Politics" in 2005. The renewed interest in Arendtiana following these publications led to a second series of essays, "Thinking Without a Banister: Essays in Understanding, 1953-1975", published in 2018. Other collections have dealt with her Jewish identity, including "The Jew as Pariah" (1978) and "The Jewish Writings" (2007), moral philosophy including "Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy" (1982) and "Responsibility and Judgment" (2003), together with her literary works as "Reflections on Literature and Culture" (2007).
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Reviews were assuming Kant was the author when Kant cleared the confusion and openly praised the work and author. Fichte's reputation skyrocketed as many intellectuals of the day were of the opinion that it was "the most shocking and astonishing news... [since] nobody but Kant could have written this book. This amazing news of a third sun in the philosophical heavens has set me into such confusion". Karl Popper considers the book as essentially "a fraud" which though rather boring cleverly imitated Kant's style and that the rumours that Kant himself had written the book to be contrived. Kant waited seven years to make public statement about the incident; after considerable external pressure he dissociated himself from Fichte. In his statement, he inscribed, "May God protect us from our friends. From our enemies, we can try to protect ourselves."
John Keats
When Keats died at 25, he had been writing poetry seriously for only about six years, from 1814 until the summer of 1820; and publishing for only four. In his lifetime, sales of Keats' three volumes of poetry probably amounted to only 200 copies. His first poem, the sonnet "O Solitude" appeared in "the Examiner" in May 1816, while his collection "Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes and other poems" was published in July 1820 before his last visit to Rome. The compression of his poetic apprenticeship and maturity into so short a time is just one remarkable aspect of Keats' work.
Deism
Kant's identification with deism is controversial. An argument in favor of Kant as deist is Allen Wood's "Kant's Deism," in P. Rossi and M. Wreen (eds.), "Kant's Philosophy of Religion Reconsidered" (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); an argument against Kant as deist is Stephen Palmquist's "Kant's Theistic Solution".
Esteban Lisa
His short book: Kant, Einstein and Picasso, published in 1956, which he circulated among friends and cultural institutions, was to highlight his main preferences. His literary production totals 14 books, written and published, including: The Theory of Cosmovision, and The Vision of Plato.
Critique of Pure Reason
Feder's campaign against Kant was unsuccessful and the "Philosophische Bibliothek" ceased publication after only a few issues. Other critics of Kant continued to argue against the "Critique of Pure Reason", with Gottlob August Tittel, who was influenced by Locke, publishing several polemics against Kant, who, although worried by some of Tittel's criticisms, addressed him only in a footnote in the preface to the "Critique of Practical Reason". Tittel was one of the first to make criticisms of Kant, such as those concerning Kant's table of categories, the categorical imperative, and the problem of applying the categories to experience, that have continued to be influential. The philosopher Adam Weishaupt, founder and leader of the secret society the Illuminati, and an ally of Feder, also published several polemics against Kant, which attracted controversy and generated excitement. Weishaupt charged that Kant's philosophy leads to complete subjectivism and the denial of all reality independent of passing states of consciousness, a view he considered self-refuting. Herman Andreas Pistorius was another empiricist critic of Kant. Kant took Pistorius more seriously than his other critics and believed that he had made some of the most important objections to the "Critique of Pure Reason". Beiser writes that many sections of the "Critique of Practical Reason" are "disguised polemics against Pistorius". Pistorius argued that, if Kant were consistent, his form of idealism would not be an improvement over that of Berkeley, and that Kant's philosophy contains internal contradictions.
Rama Kant (author)
As a journalist he worked with Aaj newspaper in Banaras, Maya in Allahabad. He came to Delhi to work with Janyug newspaper and settled there. Afterwards, he worked with the Soviet Information Centre as joint editor of Soviet Bhumi, the Hindi magazine published by the Soviet embassy. He worked with Soviet Bhumi until 1983, when he took a voluntary retirement to write full time. He also intended to publish a weekly newspaper from Sadatpur on the outskirts of Delhi. The newspaper "Krasaad" came out in 1987.
The Concept of Anxiety
In 1793, forty-one years before Kierkegaard wrote "The Concept of Anxiety", Immanuel Kant wrote his book "Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone"; his book elevated reason in the realm of Christianity. Many continental philosophers wrote their books in relation to Kant's ideas. Kierkegaard was familiar with "Book Two" of Kant's book "The Conflict of the Good with the Evil Principle for Sovereignty over Man" and he made a similar study in this book; however, he might call it the conflict of ethics and anxiety for sovereignty over man. Kierkegaard would replace Kant's term "Good" with "Ethics" and his term "Evil" with "Anxiety about the Good". He wrote about the ideal good versus the actual good that a single individual can do in the following way: "Ethics proposes to bring ideality into actuality. On the other hand, it is not the nature of its movement to raise actuality up into ideality. Ethics points to ideality as a task and assumes that every man possesses the requisite conditions. Thus ethics develops a contradiction, inasmuch as it makes clear both the difficulty and the impossibility." He was wondering how any existing human being can make any movement in an ideal world.
Wilhelm Wundt
In the introduction to his "Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie" in 1874, Wundt described Immanuel Kant and Johann Friedrich Herbart as the philosophers who had the most influence on the formation of his own views. Those who follow up these references will find that Wundt critically analysed both these thinkers’ ideas. He distanced himself from Herbart's science of the soul and, in particular, from his "mechanism of mental representations" and pseudo-mathematical speculations. While Wundt praised Kant's critical work and his rejection of a "rational" psychology deduced from metaphysics, he argued against Kant's epistemology in his publication "Was soll uns Kant nicht sein?" (What Kant should we reject?) 1892 with regard to the forms of perception and presuppositions, as well as Kant's category theory and his position in the dispute on causal and teleological explanations.
Roberto Torretti
Torretti has been greatly influenced by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant and has dedicated many of his works to Kant’s thought. His work "Manuel Kant: estudio sobre los fundamentos de la filosofia critica" is considered one of the most important literary works on the thoughts of the 18th century German philosopher. Publications such as "Philosophy of Geometry from Riemann to Poincaré" (1978), "Relativity and geometry" (1983) and "El paraíso de Cantor" (1998) have made Torretti a leading authority on the philosophy of science. Much of Torretti’s work has dealt with physics and mathematics, with a major focus on relativity theory and 19th century geometry. He has devoted the book "El Paraíso de Cantor" to the set-theoretical tradition in logic and philosophy of mathematics. Together with Jesús Mosterín, he has written an original and comprehensive dictionary of logic and philosophy of science.
Critique of the Kantian philosophy
At the time he wrote his criticism, Schopenhauer was acquainted only with the second (1787) edition of Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason". When he later read the first (1781) edition, he said that many of Kant's contradictions were not evident.
Age of Enlightenment
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century.
Jean Genet
By 1949, Genet had completed five novels, three plays, and numerous poems, many controversial for their explicit and often deliberately provocative portrayal of homosexuality and criminality. Sartre wrote a long analysis of Genet's existential development (from vagrant to writer), entitled "Saint Genet" (1952), which was anonymously published as the first volume of Genet's complete works. Genet was strongly affected by Sartre's analysis and did not write for the next five years.
Christian Garve
Of interest is his engagement with Immanuel Kant, which was initiated by a review of Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" in the "Göttinger Gelehrten Anzeigen" ("Göttingen Learned Advertiser") which had been shortened by the Göttingen philosopher Johann Georg Heinrich Feder. Kant felt himself to have been misunderstood, and complained bitterly about the review in the Appendix to his Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics that Will Henceforth Come Forward as a Science. When the original, longer review was published by Garve in the "Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek" ("General German Library"), it still attracted Kant's censure. Kant consequently wrote his own "Anti-Garve". This program in time expanded into Kant's "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals". The intellectual engagement between Kant and Garve extended up to Garve's death of cancer in 1798.
Kavi Kant
He wrote one poetry book called "Purvalap" (1923) that was released on the day he died. He invented a form of poetry called "Khand-Kavya", one type of Narrative poetry, in Gujarati. His poem "Sagar Ane Sashi" (The Sea and the Moon) is considered one of the ten best lyric (Urmi-Kavita) of all time. He also wrote the plays "Salimshah Athva Ashrumati", "Roman-Swarajya", "Dukhi Sansar" and "Guru Govindsinh" between 1908 and 1914.
Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
The "Groundwork" is broken into a preface, followed by three sections. Kant's argument works from common reason up to the supreme unconditional law, in order to identify its existence. He then works backwards from there to prove the relevance and weight of the moral law. The book is famously obscure, and it is partly because of this that Kant later, in 1788, decided to publish the "Critique of Practical Reason".
Embodied cognition
In his "Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven" (1755). philosopher Immanuel Kant advocated a view of the mind–body problem and the subject–object problem with parallels to the embodied view. Some difficulties with this interpretation of Kant include (i) the view that Kant holds the empirical, and specifically knowledge of the body, cannot support "a priori" transcendental claims, and (ii) the view that Kant holds that transcendental philosophy, although charged with the responsibility of explaining how we can have empirical knowledge, is not itself empirical.
Critique of Judgment
The Critique of Judgment (), also translated as the Critique of the Power of Judgment, is a 1790 book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Sometimes referred to as the "third critique," the "Critique of Judgment" follows the "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781) and the "Critique of Practical Reason" (1788).
The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God
The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God () is a book by Immanuel Kant, published in 1763, in the earlier period of his philosophy which he later saw as "dogmatic slumber".
Emanuel Swedenborg
In 1763, Immanuel Kant, then at the beginning of his career, was impressed by these accounts and made inquiries to find out if they were true. He also ordered all eight volumes of the expensive "Arcana Cœlestia" ("Heavenly Arcana" or "Heavenly Mysteries"). One Charlotte von Knobloch wrote Kant asking his opinion of Swedenborg's psychic experiences. Kant wrote a very affirmative reply, referring to Swedenborg's "miraculous" gift, and characterizing him as "reasonable, agreeable, remarkable and sincere" and "a scholar," in one of his letters to Mendelssohn, and expressing regret that he (Kant) had never met Swedenborg. Joseph Green, his English friend, who investigated the matter for Kant, including by visiting Swedenborg's home, found Swedenborg to be a "sensible, pleasant and openhearted" man and here again, a scholar.
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
Kant was motivated to write this "Prolegomena" after reading what he judged to be a shallow and ignorant review of his "Critique of Pure Reason". The review was published anonymously in a journal and was written by Garve with many edits and deletions by Feder. Kant's "Critique" was dismissed as "a system of transcendental or higher idealism." This made it seem as though it was an account of things that exist beyond all experience. Kant, however, insisted that his intent was to restrict his investigation to experience and the knowledge that makes it possible. Among other mistakes, the review claimed that Kant's table and deduction of the categories were "common well–known axioms of logic and ontology, expressed in an idealistic manner." Kant believed that his "Critique" was a major statement regarding the possibility of metaphysics. He tried to show in the "Prolegomena" that all writing about metaphysics must stop until his "Critique" was studied and accepted or else replaced by a better critique. Any future metaphysics that claims to be a science must account for the existence of synthetic "a priori" propositions and the dialectical antinomies of pure reason.
Béatrice Longuenesse
Her second book, "Kant on the Human Standpoint", began by attempting to rebut some of the critiques of her first book, and went on to analyze other aspects of Kant's work, including his views on freedom, reason, and causality. Her third book, "Hegel's Critique of Metaphysics", starts by providing a close reading of some of Hegel's works that have traditionally been considered difficult to analyze, and goes on to make an argument that Hegel's work represents a novel reworking of Kant's ideas, and that the Hegelian corpus could be used as a base upon which to build a plausible alternative to Lockean empiricism. The volume Longuenesse edited, "Kant and the Early Moderns", was a collection of essays focusing on how Kant understood the work of philosophers that came before him, and how that shaped his own work.Longuenesse is well known for her work on Kant's theory of judgment, which, she argues, provides the crucial backbone for central arguments in Kant's critical system. Her first Kant book was originally published in French (Kant et le Pouvoir de Juger), then translated into English in a revised and expanded version (Kant and the Capacity to Judge). The book was broadly discussed and was especially influential in generating a new interest in Kant's logic and Kant's views on the role of imagination in perception and cognition, and Kant's explanation of concept acquisition. Longuenesse's work connects Kant's view to contemporary debates in philosophy of mind, for instance around the question of the conceptual or non-conceptual content of perception and the nature of rule following. Longuenesse's responses to the discussions elicited by her book have appeared in numerous articles, some of which were included in her second Kant book, Kant on the Human Standpoint (2005). This book expands her interpretation of Kant's theory of judgment to consideration of its role in Kant's philosophy of nature, moral philosophy and aesthetic theory.
John Canne
In 1647 his reference Bible with notes appeared, the leading work of its kind that had then appeared. It was dedicated to the English parliament. It has been thought that Canne was the author of three sets of notes on the Bible, and that there was one earlier issue than that of 1647, since he there refers to additions 'to the former notes in the margin,' but no copy appears to be known. In 1653 he had an exclusive license for seven yeare 'to print a Bible with annotations, being his own work, and that no man, unless appointed by him, may print his said notes, either already printed or to be printed'. In the edition of 1664 he speaks of an edition with larger annotations which he proposed to publish, and on which he had spent many years. This does not appear to have been published. In 1649 five of his books were published in London: 1. 'The Improvement of Time.' 2. ' The Golden Rule, or Justice advanced in justification of the legal proceedings of the High Court of Justice against Charles Steward, late king of England.' 3. 'The Snare is Broken. Wherein is proved, by Scripture, Law, and Reason, that the National Covenant and Oath was unlawfully given and taken. Published by authority,' 1649, 4to. The dedication, to the Rt. Hon. the Commons assembled in parliament, is dated from Bowe, 21 April 1649. 4. 'Emanuel, or God with us,' 4to (this is a jubilation over the victory at Dunbar). 5. 'The Discoverer ... the Second Part,' is a vindication of Fairfax and Cromwell, to whom it is jointly dedicated. There is no internal evidence of the authorship, and the terms of a reference to Overton on page 70 argue against its being written by Canne, but it is attributed to him in a pamphlet, 'The Same Hand again,' 1649. The first part is said to have appeared in 1643.
Western philosophy
Transcendental idealism, advocated by Immanuel Kant, is the view that there are limits on what can be understood, since there is much that cannot be brought under the conditions of objective judgment. Kant wrote his "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781–1787) in an attempt to reconcile the conflicting approaches of rationalism and empiricism, and to establish a new groundwork for studying metaphysics. Although Kant held that objective knowledge of the world required the mind to impose a conceptual or categorical framework on the stream of pure sensory data—a framework including space and time themselves—he maintained that "things-in-themselves" existed independently of human perceptions and judgments; he was therefore not an idealist in any simple sense. Kant's account of "things-in-themselves" is both controversial and highly complex. Continuing his work, Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schelling dispensed with belief in the independent existence of the world, and created a thoroughgoing idealist philosophy.
Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics
Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics () is a 1929 book about Immanuel Kant by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. It is often referred by Heidegger to simply as the "Kantbuch" ("Kantbook"). This book published as volume 3 of the "Gesamtausgabe".
Immanuel Kant
In the late November 2018, his tomb and statue were vandalized with paint by unknown assailants, who also scattered leaflets glorifying Rus' and denouncing Kant as a "traitor". The incident is apparently connected with a recent vote to rename Khrabrovo Airport, where Kant was in the lead for a while, prompting nationalist resentment.Wilhelm Dilthey inaugurated the Academy edition (the "Akademie-Ausgabe" abbreviated as "AA" or "Ak") of Kant's writings ("Gesammelte Schriften", Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1902–38) in 1895, and served as its first editor. The volumes are grouped into four sections:In Germany, one important contemporary interpreter of Kant and the movement of German Idealism he began is Dieter Henrich, who has some work available in English. P.F. Strawson's "The Bounds of Sense" (1966) played a significant role in determining the contemporary reception of Kant in England and America. More recent interpreters of note in the English-speaking world include Lewis White Beck, Jonathan Bennett, Henry Allison, Paul Guyer, Christine Korsgaard, Stephen Palmquist, Robert B. Pippin, Roger Scruton, Rudolf Makkreel, and Béatrice Longuenesse.
General introductions to his thought
Allen W. Wood
Wood has written prolifically on many subjects in moral and social philosophy, and publications he has authored include: "Kant's Moral Religion" (1970), "Kant's Rational Theology" (1978), "Karl Marx" (1981), "Hegel's Ethical Thought" (1990), "Kant's Ethical Thought" (1999), "Unsettling Obligations" (2002), "Kant" (2004), "Kantian Ethics" (2007) and "The Free Development of Each: Studies in Freedom, Right and Ethics in Classical German Philosophy". He is also working on a book continuing his 'Ethical Thought' series entitled "Fichte's Ethical Thought", fulfilling his earlier suggestion that "having written a book on "Hegel's Ethical Thought" and a book on "Kant's Ethical Thought", I should... write a book... on "Fichte's Ethical Thought".
Meister Eckhart
When Franz Pfeiffer published his edition of Eckhart's works in 1857, he included seventeen vernacular treatises he considered to be written by Eckhart. Modern scholarship is much more cautious, however, and the critical edition accepts only four of Eckhart's vernacular treatises as genuine:
Introduction to Kant's Anthropology
Introduction to Kant's Anthropology () is an introductory essay to Michel Foucault's translation of Immanuel Kant's 1798 book "Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View" — a textbook deriving from lectures he delivered annually between 1772/73 and 1795/96. Both works together served as his secondary thesis (his major being "Folie et Déraison: Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique"), although Foucault's translation of the "Anthropology" was published separately by Vrin in 1964. The introduction was published in an English translation by Arianna Bove on generation-online.org in 2003.
Sachi Sri Kantha
In 1992, Sri Kantha published a paper on the prolific productivity of eight prominent scientists, among whom three (Paul Karrer, Giulio Natta and Herbert C. Brown) were chemistry Nobel laureates. As these scientists have published over 1,000 research publications, he gave a humorous tag "Kilo Base Goliaths" (KBGs) for these super achievers in the laboratory. While commenting on this paper, Marsh Tenney added that among physiologists, Swiss physiologist Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777) should hold the record for writing some 13,000 scientific papers, but I suspect that number more correctly includes his poems and other short pieces that were not scientific. Nonetheless, after they are properly accounted, the record is still astonishing. Recently John Ioannidis and his colleagues had proposed an almost identical phrase ‘hyper-prolific authors’ for the same group of super achievers, identified by Sri Kantha in 1992.
Karl May
Thirty-three volumes of "Carl May's Gesammelte Reiseromane", ("Karl May's Gesammelte Reiseerzählungen") were published from 1892 to 1910 by Friedrich Ernst Fehsenfeld. Most had been previously published in "Deutscher Hausschatz", but some were new. The best known titles are the "Orient Cycle" (volumes 1 - 6) and the "Winnetou-Trilogy" (volumes 7 - 9). Beyond these shorter cycles, the works are troubled by chronological inconsistencies arising when original articles are revised for book editions.May's oeuvre includes some shorter travel stories that were not published within this series (for example, "Eine Befreiung" in "Die Rose von Kaïrwan", 1894). After the founding of the Karl May Press in 1913, works in "Gesammelte Werke" were revised (sometimes extensively) and many received new titles. Texts (other than those from Fehsenfeld Press) were also added to the new series.
Immanuel Kant
Kant wrote a book discussing his theory of virtue in terms of independence which he believed was "a viable modern alternative to more familiar Greek views about virtue". This book is often criticized for its hostile tone and for not articulating his thoughts about autocracy comprehensibly. In the self-governance model of Aristotelian virtue, the non-rational part of the soul can be made to listen to reason through training. Although Kantian self-governance appears to involve "a rational crackdown on appetites and emotions" with lack of harmony between reason and emotion, Kantian virtue denies requiring "self-conquest, self-suppression, or self-silencing". They dispute that "the self-mastery constitutive of virtue is ultimately mastery over our tendency of will to give priority to appetite or emotion unregulated by duty, it does not require extirpating, suppressing, or silencing sensibility in general".
Immanuel Kant
Kant also credited David Hume with awakening him from a "dogmatic slumber". Hume had stated that experience consists only of sequences of feelings, images or sounds. Ideas such as "cause", goodness, or objects were not evident in experience, so why do we believe in the reality of these? Kant felt that reason could remove this skepticism, and he set himself to solving these problems. He did not publish any work in philosophy for the next 11 years.
Patricia Kitcher
In her early work Kitcher wrote a number of papers in philosophy of psychology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. She argued for the viability of intentional psychology and the autonomy of functionalist psychology from neurophysiology. Later work predominantly concentrated on analysis of problems stemming from the interpretation of Kant's first Critique. Kitcher has written numerous articles on the forms of intuition, Kant's epistemology, self-consciousness, and on how transcendental arguments work.
Kitcher has written two books that also pursue psychological themes. "Kant's Transcendental Psychology" was a radical departure from most Kant exegesis. The book makes two main claims about the "Critique of Pure Reason". First, contra Peter Frederick Strawson, Kitcher argues that to understand synthetic a priori knowledge, it is essential to consider transcendental psychology. Second, she explicates a Kantian argument for the necessity of an integrated thinking subject, which serves as a reply to David Hume's denial of the unity of the self.
Immanuel Kant
Kant discusses the subjective nature of aesthetic qualities and experiences in "Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime" (1764). Kant's contribution to aesthetic theory is developed in the "Critique of Judgment" (1790) where he investigates the possibility and logical status of "judgments of taste." In the "Critique of Aesthetic Judgment," the first major division of the "Critique of Judgment", Kant used the term "aesthetic" in a manner that, according to Kant scholar W.H. Walsh, differs from its modern sense. In the "Critique of Pure Reason", to note essential differences between judgments of taste, moral judgments, and scientific judgments, Kant abandoned the term "aesthetic" as "designating the critique of taste," noting that judgments of taste could never be "directed" by "laws "a priori"." After A. G. Baumgarten, who wrote "Aesthetica" (1750–58), Kant was one of the first philosophers to develop and integrate aesthetic theory into a unified and comprehensive philosophical system, utilizing ideas that played an integral role throughout his philosophy.
Marcia Baron
Baron has written or co-written two books and is working on a third - "Three Methods of Ethics: A Debate" in 1997, and "Kantian Ethics Almost without Apology" in 1995. Baron's upcoming book, tentatively titled "Self-Defense, Reason, and the Law", focuses on the reasonable belief requirement as it pertains to self-defense. She has also published around four dozen papers, one monograph, five encyclopedia articles, and a host of book reviews. In "Three Methods of Ethics", Baron's contribution focused providing a limited defense of Immanuel Kant, attempting to demonstrate that a Kantian position is superior to that espoused by virtue ethicists. In "Kantian Ethics", Baron attempts to provide a limited defense of Kantian ethics intended for a broader audience than those who are already Kantians. "Kantian Ethics" tries to directly address two widely perceived problems in Kant's positions; first, the idea that Kant's ethics leave no room for superogatory actions, and second, that Kant places too much emphasis on the idea of duty.
Lumières
In Germany, Emmanuel Kant (like Rousseau, defining himself among the Lumières) heavily criticised the limitations of pure reason in his work "Critique of Pure Reason" (), but also that of English empiricism in "Critique of Practical Reason" (). Compared with the rather subjective metaphysics of Descartes, Kant developed a more objective viewpoint in this branch of philosophy.
Immanuel Kant
One may now ask: How many possible judgments are there? Kant believed that all the possible propositions within Aristotle's syllogistic logic are equivalent to all possible judgments, and that all the logical operators within the propositions are equivalent to the moments of the understanding within judgments. Thus he listed Aristotle's system in four groups of three: quantity (universal, particular, singular), quality (affirmative, negative, infinite), relation (categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive) and modality (problematic, assertoric, apodeictic). The parallelism with Kant's categories is obvious: quantity (unity, plurality, totality), quality (reality, negation, limitation), relation (substance, cause, community) and modality (possibility, existence, necessity).
Immanuel Kant
Kant showed a great aptitude for study at an early age. He first attended the Collegium Fridericianum from which he graduated at the end of the summer of 1740. In 1740, aged 16, he enrolled at the University of Königsberg, where he spent his whole career. He studied the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz and Christian Wolff under Martin Knutzen (Associate Professor of Logic and Metaphysics from 1734 until his death in 1751), a rationalist who was also familiar with developments in British philosophy and science and introduced Kant to the new mathematical physics of Isaac Newton. Knutzen dissuaded Kant from the theory of pre-established harmony, which he regarded as "the pillow for the lazy mind". He also dissuaded Kant from idealism, the idea that reality is purely mental, which most philosophers in the 18th century regarded in a negative light. The theory of transcendental idealism that Kant later included in the "Critique of Pure Reason" was developed partially in opposition to traditional idealism.
Hermann Kant
In 1972, the novel was published in a second edition, where he perfected his writing style. The publication was always seen as a false depiction of parts of the East German cultural bureaucracy, and Kant was criticized for painting a misrepresentation of the social conflict. In 1976 he began developing the Bildungsroman style . He tells the story of Mark Niebuhr, a mistakenly labeled as German war criminals. With the protagonist socialist Roman left Kant's "hero" with nothing to do. The story describes a "conversion" or "enlightenment", but also knowledge of "disenchantment". The writing was depicted in the 1983 DEFA film; Staying Alive .
Immanuel Kant
Reinhold maintained in his letters that Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" could settle this dispute by defending the authority and bounds of reason. Reinhold's letters were widely read and made Kant the most famous philosopher of his era.
German idealism
Karl Leonhard Reinhold published two volumes of "Letters Concerning the Kantian Philosophy" in 1790 and 1792. They provided a clear explication of Kant's thoughts, which were previously inaccessible due to Kant's use of complex or technical language.
Albert Kanter
Kanter is best known for the creation of Classic Comics. Classic Comics became a huge success, proven by the demand for reprints of issues 1, 2, 3, and 5; something never seen before in the comic book industry. The comics' success opened classic novels to a large audience of young people for decades. Eventually all 169 titles of Classic Comics were reprinted, some up to 25 times. Classic Comics later became Classics Illustrated in March 1947, with the release of The Last Days of Pompeii, the 35th issue.
Yirmiyahu Yovel
Yovel's first book, based on his PhD dissertation, was "Kant and the Renewal of Metaphysics" (1974, in Hebrew.) While Kant had been often held to have destroyed metaphysics, Yovel's book argues that Kant's actual program was to renew it, by replacing the old dogmatic metaphysics with a new critical one. Metaphysical questions are deeply significant even when they exceed the range of legitimate answers. To either repress the questions or to pretend answering them is equally irrational. Reason in Kant has a metaphysical interest and a critical interest that are equally indispensable, yet contradict each other in the absence of a critique. The critical turn resolves this antinomy in two stages. First, it establishes a system of synthetic a-priori categories and principles that functions as a valid metaphysics of the immanent (empirical) domain; and, secondly, in the Dialectic, it re-orients the metaphysical drive from its search of empty, illusory objects back into the empirical world, and makes us realize our fundamental finitude, as well as the endlessly open horizons within this world which we can explore.
Hermann Kant
Hermann Kant (June 14, 1926 – August 14, 2016) was a German writer noted for his writings during the time of East Germany. He won the Heinrich Mann Prize in 1967.
Immanuel Kant
Kant was born on April 22, 1724 into a Prussian German family of Lutheran Protestant faith in Königsberg, East Prussia. Baptized 'Emanuel', he later changed his name to 'Immanuel' after learning Hebrew. He was brought up in a Pietist household that stressed religious devotion, humility, and a literal interpretation of the Bible. His education was strict, punitive and disciplinary, and focused on Latin and religious instruction over mathematics and science. Kant maintained Christian ideals for some time, but struggled to reconcile the faith with his belief in science. In his "Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals", he reveals a belief in immortality as the necessary condition of humanity's approach to the highest morality possible. However, as Kant was skeptical about some of the arguments used prior to him in defence of theism and maintained that human understanding is limited and can never attain knowledge about God or the soul, various commentators have labelled him a philosophical agnostic.
Wissenschaft
Before Immanuel Kant published his "Critique of Judgment" in 1790, the ""schöne Wissenshaft"" (roughly, "fine sciences") were highly regarded. The ""schöne Wissenshaft"" included poetry, rhetoric, and other subjects that were meant to promote an understanding of truth, beauty, and goodness. Kant argued persuasively that aesthetic judgments were not an area of systematic knowledge, and therefore were outside the realm of Wissenschaft.
Roger Kanet
Kanet is an extremely productive researcher. He has been the primary editor for over 30 edited books and 5 special issues of journals. He has contributed over 125 chapters to edited volumes. He has been the general editor for 34 book series in political science. Recent solo authored works include "Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century", "The New Security Environment: The Impact On Russia", "Central And Eastern Europe", and "A Resurgent Russia and the West: The European Union, NATO and Beyond".
Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces
Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces () is Immanuel Kant's first published work.
Allen W. Wood
Along with Paul Guyer, Wood is general editor of the "Cambridge Edition of Kant's Writings in English Translation", having contributed to six volumes. He has also edited "Self and Nature in Kant's Philosophy" (1984), "Hegel: Elements of the Philosophy of Right" (1991), "Kant: Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals" (2002), "Fichte: Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation" (2010), and the "Cambridge History of Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century (1790-1870)", with Songsuk Susan Hahn (2012).
List of compositions by César Franck
Most of César Franck's works seem to have been published during his lifetime, although only 21 works received a publisher's opus number. The mature published works were catalogued by Wilhelm Mohr in his Franck Werke Verzeichnis (FWV). He divided Franck's compositions into two main groups: instrumental works, M.1-48, and vocal works, M.49-91, arranging them by genre, and by composition date order within each genre.
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Present Itself as a Science () is a book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, published in 1783, two years after the first edition of his "Critique of Pure Reason". One of Kant's shorter works, it contains a summary of the "Critique"‘s main conclusions, sometimes by arguments Kant had not used in the "Critique". Kant characterizes his more accessible approach here as an "analytic" one, as opposed to the "Critique"‘s "synthetic" examination of successive faculties of the mind and their principles.
Immanuel Kant
Kant developed a distinction between an object of art as a material value subject to the conventions of society and the transcendental condition of the judgment of taste as a "refined" value in the propositions of his "Idea of A Universal History" (1784). In the Fourth and Fifth Theses of that work he identified all art as the "fruits of unsociableness" due to men's "antagonism in society" and, in the Seventh Thesis, asserted that while such material property is indicative of a civilized state, only the ideal of morality and the universalization of refined value through the improvement of the mind "belongs to culture".
Immanuel Kant
Philosophy of religion
Kanon (visual novel)
Between June and August 2004, Ohzora also released five separate volumes of manga based on "Kanon" drawn by five separate artists. Ohzora later collected some of the previously published manga anthologies into two volumes titled "Kanon Anthology Comics Best Selection" released in December 2006 and January 2007. Additionally, Ohzora released another 13 volumes of an anthology series titled "Kanon" under their "Twin Heart Comics" label. The now-bankrupt publisher Raporto also released 21 manga anthology volumes titled "Kanon" under their "Raporto Comics" label between November 2000 and October 2002. The last manga anthology, a collection of four-panel comic strips released in a single volume by Enterbrain titled "Magi-Cu 4-koma Kanon", was released in January 2007 under their "MC Comics" label. Each of the anthology series are written and drawn by an average of 20 people per volume.
Friedrich August Kanne
Kanne wrote more than a dozen operas and works of incidental music to plays, including "La fedeltà" (1803), "Sappho" (1805), "Die Elfenköningin" (1805), "Orpheus und Eurydice" (1807), "Fernando und Miranda" (1808), "Mirandola oder Das Schwert der Rache" (1811), "Die Belagerten" (1813), "Deutscher Sinn" (1813), "Die gute Nachricht" (1814), "Das Schloß Theben oder Der Kampf der Flußgötter" (1817), "Die eiserne Jungfrau" (1822), "Malvina oder Putzerls Abenteuer" (1823), "Lindane oder Die Fee und der Haarbeutelschneider" (1824), "Die Zauberschminke oder das Land der Erfindungen" (1825), "Der Untergang des Feenreiches" (1826), "Philipp und Suschen oder Der falsche Jupiter" (1832), "Die Mainacht oder Der Blocksberg" (Berlin, 1834), partly to his own libretto. His patriotic play to which he also wrote incidental music, "Die Spinnerin am Kreuz" (1822), was for many years in repertory on Vienna stages. It has been suggested that the slow movement of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4 is a piece of program music closely based on the finale of act 1 of Kanne's "Orpheus". Beethoven used a text by Kanne for his aria with chorus, "Germania", WoO 94. Kanne's further works include some symphonies, masses, piano works, and songs written to poems by Goethe, Schiller and Schlegel.
Immanuel Kant
In one of Kant's major works, the "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781), he attempted to explain the relationship between reason and human experience and to move beyond the failures of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. Kant wanted to put an end to an era of futile and speculative theories of human experience, while resisting the skepticism of thinkers such as David Hume. Kant regarded himself as showing the way past the impasse between rationalists and empiricists which philosophy had led to, and is widely held to have synthesized both traditions in his thought.
Karl Vorländer
Karl Vorländer (2 January 1860, Marburg – 6 December 1928, Münster) was a German neo-Kantian philosopher who taught in Solingen. He published various studies and editions of the works of Kant, including studies of the relation between Kantian thought and socialist thought, and of the influence of Kant on the work of Johann Wolfgang Goethe. His 1924 biography of Kant became a classic of Kant scholarship for much of the twentieth century.
Joseph Green (merchant)
Around 1764 Green met Kant and became a close member of his circle of friends. Kant went often to Green's house outside of Königsberg in Juditten. Green shared with Kant a deep appreciation of the ideas of David Hume and Jean-Jaques Rousseau, in addition, Green could provide as perspective of the outside world that was helpful for Kant. Meeting on a regular basis, Kant discussed his work with him, so every sentence of his "Critique of Pure Reason" prior to the 1781 publication. Kant also entrusted Green with his money.
Divyadaan: Salesian Institute of Philosophy, Nashik
The library has about 33,000 volumes, mostly in philosophy, but also in psychology, education, sociology, religion, empirical science, arts, literature, and salesiana. It receives over 100 periodicals and magazines, scholarly and otherwise, mostly in English, but also in French, German and Italian. The classification is a modified version of the Dewey Decimal System. In place of decimals, codes are given to authors. Thus an original work of Kant is classified as 193 KA, while a study on Kant is classified as 193 KA / SMI.N. This has the advantage of simplifying the classification as well as keeping original works of authors and studies together.
Inductivism
Awakened from "dogmatic slumber" by Hume's work, Immanuel Kant sought to explain how metaphysics is possible. Kant's 1781 book introduced the distinction "rationalism", whereby some knowledge results not by "empiricism", but instead by "pure reason". Concluding it impossible to know reality in itself, however, Kant discarded the philosopher's task of unveiling appearance to view the "noumena", and limited science to organizing the "phenomena". Reasoning that the mind contains categories organizing sense data into the experiences "substance", "space", and "time", Kant thereby inferred uniformity of nature as knowledge "a priori".
An Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation
An Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation (; 1792) was the first published work by Johann Gottlieb Fichte. It was briefly mistaken by the public to be a fourth Critique by Immanuel Kant, and thereby gained Fichte much philosophical fame.
Inductive reasoning
Awakened from "dogmatic slumber" by a German translation of Hume's work, Kant sought to explain the possibility of metaphysics. In 1781, Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" introduced the distinction "rationalism", a path toward knowledge distinct from "empiricism". Kant sorted statements into two types. The analytic are true by virtue of their terms' arrangement and meanings—thus are tautologies, merely logical truths, true by necessity—whereas the synthetic arrange meanings to refer to states of facts, contingencies. Finding it impossible to know objects as they truly are in themselves, however, Kant found the philosopher's task not peering behind the veil of appearance to view the "noumena", but simply handling "phenomena".
Émilie du Châtelet
Immanuel Kant's first publication in 1747 'Gedanken zur wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte' focuses on Du Châtelet's pamphlet against the secretary of the French Academy of Sciences, Mairan. Kant's opponent, Johann Augustus Eberhard accused Kant of taking ideas from Du Châtelet.
Georg Joachim Göschen
Göschen much preferred to print more classic subjects and scientific journals, and was the first German publisher to print affordable books for the general public. From 1786 to 1790, he published the first complete edition of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's works in eight volumes. He also published 42 volumes of the works of Christoph Martin Wieland.
Hans Reiss
Hans Reiss's research was focussed on Goethe and 20th-century German literature, as well as German political thought around 1800. He achieved international recognition with his publication of "Kant's Political Writings" in 1970. His book publications include:Since 1974 Reiss edited British and Irish Studies in German Language and Literature, initially with Idris Parry, then as sole editor, and from 1988 with W.E. Yates. The series closed in 2015.
Immanuel Kant
At age 46, Kant was an established scholar and an increasingly influential philosopher, and much was expected of him.
Immanuel Kant
Kant's reputation gradually rose through the latter portion of the 1780s, sparked by a series of important works: the 1784 essay, "Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?"; 1785's "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals" (his first work on moral philosophy); and, from 1786, "Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science." But Kant's fame ultimately arrived from an unexpected source. In 1786, Karl Leonhard Reinhold published a series of public letters on Kantian philosophy. In these letters, Reinhold framed Kant's philosophy as a response to the central intellectual controversy of the era: the Pantheism Dispute. Friedrich Jacobi had accused the recently deceased Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (a distinguished dramatist and philosophical essayist) of Spinozism. Such a charge, tantamount to atheism, was vigorously denied by Lessing's friend Moses Mendelssohn, leading to a bitter public dispute among partisans. The controversy gradually escalated into a debate about the values of the Enlightenment and the value of reason.
Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?
"Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" () is a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In the December 1784 publication of the "Berlinische Monatsschrift" ("Berlin Monthly"), edited by Friedrich Gedike and Johann Erich Biester, Kant replied to the question posed a year earlier by the Reverend Johann Friedrich Zöllner, who was also an official in the Prussian government. Zöllner's question was addressed to a broad intellectual public community, in reply to Biester's essay entitled: "Proposal, not to engage the clergy any longer when marriages are conducted" (April 1783) and a number of leading intellectuals replied with essays, of which Kant's is the most famous and has had the most impact. Kant's opening paragraph of the essay is a much-cited definition of a lack of Enlightenment as people's inability to think for themselves due not to their lack of intellect, but lack of courage.
Thing-in-itself
The anonymously published work "Aenesidemus" was one of the most successful attacks against the project of Kant. According to Kant’s teaching, things-in-themselves cannot cause appearances, since the Category of causality can find application on objects of experience only. Kant has therefore not the right to claim the existence of things-in-themselves.
Erich Adickes
Another important work written by Adickes is entitled "German Kantian Bibliography - Writings by and on Kant which have appeared in Germany up to the end of 1887" (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1896) ( Note: This bibliography closes with the year 1804, the date of Kant's death, and does not extend to 1887 as stated in the title of the work.)
Critique of Pure Reason
Christian Gottlieb Selle, an empiricist critic of Kant influenced by Locke to whom Kant had sent one of the complimentary copies of the "Critique of Pure Reason", was disappointed by the work, considering it a reversion to rationalism and scholasticism, and began a polemical campaign against Kant, arguing against the possibility of all "a priori" knowledge. His writings received widespread attention and created controversy. Though Kant was unable to write a reply to Selle, he did engage in a public dispute with Feder, after learning of Feder's role in the review published in "Zugaben zu den Göttinger gelehrte Anzeigen". In 1788, Feder published "Ueber Raum und Causalität: Zur Prüfung der kantischen Philosophie", a polemic against the "Critique of Pure Reason" in which he argued that Kant employed a "dogmatic method" and was still employing the methodology of rationalist metaphysics, and that Kant's transcendental philosophy transcends the limits of possible experience. Feder believed that Kant's fundamental error was his contempt for "empirical philosophy", which explains the faculty of knowledge according to the laws of nature. With Christian Meiners, he edited a journal, the "Philosophische Bibliothek", opposed to Kantianism.
Jean-Baptiste Botul
The association contributes to the creation of Botul's oeuvre. This includes most prominently "The Sexual Life of Immanuel Kant" as well as "Nietzsche and the Noonday Demon"; "Landru: The Precursor of Feminism"; and "Soft Metaphysics". The first two of these have since been published by the French press Éditions Mille et une nuits.
Critique of Pure Reason
The Critique of Pure Reason () is a 1781 book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in which the author seeks to determine the limits and scope of metaphysics. A heavily-revised second edition was published in 1787. Also referred to as Kant's "First Critique", it was followed by the "Critique of Practical Reason" (1788) and the "Critique of Judgment" (1790). In the preface to the first edition, Kant explains that by a "critique of pure reason" he means not "a critique of books and systems, but of the faculty of reason in general, in respect of all knowledge after which it may strive "independently of all experience"" and that he aims to reach a decision about "the possibility or impossibility of metaphysics". The First Critique is often viewed as culminating several centuries of early-modern philosophy, and inaugurating modern philosophy.
Immanuel Kant
His father's stroke and subsequent death in 1746 interrupted his studies. Kant left Königsberg shortly after August 1748—he would return there in August 1754. He became a private tutor in the towns surrounding Königsberg, but continued his scholarly research. In 1749, he published his first philosophical work, "Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces" (written in 1745–47).
Andrew Brook
"Kant and the Mind" was first published in 1994 by Cambridge University Press: in 1996 a paperback edition appeared. As Brook notes in the preface, Kant and the Mind was written for two audiences. First, cognitive scientists, philosophers of mind, and students of cognition. Second, Kant scholars. The book thus has two parts: the first four chapters provide an overview of Kant's model of the mind for general audiences. The second part, written primarily for Kant scholars, attempts to justify the reading given in the first four chapters. Brook emphasizes in the book that Kant had something to offer contemporary psychology, cognitive science and philosophy of mind. he writes, "I think that the discoveries he made about the mind not only were a contribution in their time, but continue to be important now."
Brook attributes the following discoveries to Kant: 1) the mind has the ability to synthesize a single coherent representation of self and the world. 2) The mind has a unity that is necessary to produce representation. 3) The mind's awareness of itself has unique features stemming from the semantic apparatus that it uses to achieve this awareness. He also suggests that three of Kant's insights have been adopted by cognitive science: the transcendental method (inference to the best explanation), that experience requires both concepts and percepts; and his general picture of the mind as a system of concept-using functions for manipulating representations. He explains that Kant distrusted introspection as a means of revealing the structure of the mind, yet also had deep reservations about Cartesian "a priori" arguments. The theory of mind that Brook finds in Kant is not based on either approach, but instead explores what powers the mind must have in order to have experiences and representations that it has.
Sublime (philosophy)
Immanuel Kant, in 1764, made an attempt to record his thoughts on the observing subject's mental state in "Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime". He held that the sublime was of three kinds: the noble, the splendid, and the terrifying.
History of Germany
In remote Königsberg philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom, and political authority. Kant's work contained basic tensions that would continue to shape German thought – and indeed all of European philosophy – well into the 20th century.
Gustav Hartenstein
He extended Herbart's thinking in the works entitled:
Also, he was the author of a 12–volume edition of Herbart's works, titled "Johann Friedrich Herbart's sämmtliche werke" (1850–52). In 1867 he published an edition of Immanuel Kant's collected works; "Immanuel Kant's sämmtliche Werke" (8 volumes).
Karl Rosenkranz
Throughout his long professorial career, and in all his numerous publications he remained, in spite of occasional deviations on particular points, loyal to the Hegelian tradition as a whole. In the great division of the Hegelian school, he, in company with Michelet and others, formed the "centre," midway between Erdmann and Gabler on the one hand, and the "extreme left" represented by Strauss, Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer.Between 1838 and 1840, Rosenkranz published an edition of the works of Kant in conjunction with F. W. Schubert, to which he appended a history of the Kantian doctrine.
Stephan Körner
In 1955 he published his first two major works. "Kant", an introduction for non-specialists to Immanuel Kant's work, went through several impressions over the next three decades and is still regarded as a minor classic in the field; it was one of the first post-war books to reintroduce Kant to the English-speaking world. The fact that in this and later works Korner put forward a controversial view that Kant's categories apply directly to ordinary empirical science, was little noticed by a public grateful for any short work covering all of Kant's philosophy. The second, "Conceptual Thinking", was a more specialised study, studying the way in which people deal with "exact" and "inexact" concepts – exact concepts, like logical constructs or mathematical ideas, could be clearly defined, whilst inexact concepts, like 'colour', would always have unclear boundaries. In 1957 he expanded on this, editing "Observation and Interpretation", a collection of papers arising from a seminar which brought together both philosophers and physicists to discuss these questions.
Immanuel Kant
Kant defines his theory of perception in his influential 1781 work the "Critique of Pure Reason", which has often been cited as the most significant volume of metaphysics and epistemology in modern philosophy. Kant maintains that our understanding of the external world had its foundations not merely in experience, but in both experience and "a priori" concepts, thus offering a "non-empiricist critique of rationalist philosophy", which is what has been referred to as his Copernican revolution.
Poetry Kanto
"Poetry Kanto" was first published in 1968 to present to the participants of the Kanto Poetry Summer Institute Program. The second issue appeared in 1970, after which a dozen-year hiatus followed. The journal resumed publication again in 1984 and has been in continuous publication ever since, with Elliott and Tanikawa at the English and Japanese editorial helms, respectively. As of 2005, issue number 21, the "baton" was passed to co-editors Alan Botsford and Nishihara Katsumasa with an advisory board consisting of Shuntarō Tanikawa, Kazuo Kawamura and William I. Elliott, but in 2011, issue number 27, Botsford became sole editor.
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
From Zurich, Fichte returned to Leipzig in May 1790. In the spring of 1791, he obtained a tutorship at Warsaw in the house of a Polish nobleman. The situation, however, quickly proved disagreeable and he was released. He then got a chance to see Kant at Königsberg. After a disappointing interview on July 4 of the same year, he shut himself in his lodgings and threw all his energies into the composition of an essay which would compel Kant's attention and interest. This essay, completed in five weeks, was the "Versuch einer Critik aller Offenbarung" ("Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation", 1792). In this book, according to Henrich, Fichte investigated the connections between divine revelation and Kant's critical philosophy. The first edition of the book was published without Kant's or Fichte's knowledge, moreover without Fichte's name or signed preface. It was thus mistakenly thought to be a new work by Kant himself.
Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces
Written in 1744–46 and published in 1749, it reflected Kant's position as a metaphysical dualist at the time. In it he argues against the "vis motrix" ("moving force") view supported by Wolff and other post-Leibnizian German rationalists that proposed that bodies have no essential force, and claimed that, instead, the existence of an essential force can be proven by metaphysical arguments. Kant criticized Leibniz's followers for looking "no further than the senses teach," and stayed close to Leibniz's original "vis activa" ("active force"; also known as "vis viva", "living force") point of view.
Hermann Kant
In his first novel, "The Aula" (1965), Kant described his own experiences at the "Workers and Peasants Faculty." In the book, the closure of the faculty is an occasion for a graduation, for which the main character is to deliver a speech, which determines the fate of their fellow students and thus a part of their own lives in the early days of East Germany. "Kant's most famous and best novel" made him famous overnight in both the East and the West, while the book also being considered controversial in both German states. In East Germany most viewed the book as a "partisan commitment" of Kantian protagonists devoted to the "socialist movement", Marcel Reich-Ranicki remarked that Kant was too timid to write about the real conditions that existed in East Germany.
Age of Enlightenment
In remote Königsberg, philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority. Kant's work contained basic tensions that would continue to shape German thought – and indeed all of European philosophy – well into the 20th century.
Rationalism
Kant named his brand of epistemology "Transcendental Idealism", and he first laid out these views in his famous work "The Critique of Pure Reason". In it he argued that there were fundamental problems with both rationalist and empiricist dogma. To the rationalists he argued, broadly, that pure reason is flawed when it goes beyond its limits and claims to know those things that are necessarily beyond the realm of all possible experience: the existence of God, free will, and the immortality of the human soul. Kant referred to these objects as "The Thing in Itself" and goes on to argue that their status as objects beyond all possible experience by definition means we cannot know them. To the empiricist he argued that while it is correct that experience is fundamentally necessary for human knowledge, reason is necessary for processing that experience into coherent thought. He therefore concludes that both reason and experience are necessary for human knowledge. In the same way, Kant also argued that it was wrong to regard thought as mere analysis. "In Kant's views, a priori concepts do exist, but if they are to lead to the amplification of knowledge, they must be brought into relation with empirical data".
Benedict Stattler
Shortly after Adam Weishaupt had founded the secret society of the Illuminati, Stattler attacked them in an anonymous work (Das Geheimniß der Bosheit des Stifters des Illuminatismus in Baiern). Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" appeared in its first edition in 1781; in 1788 Stattler launched his "Anti-Kant", and parried the attack which his book provoked in the literary world of Germany.
History of aesthetics before the 20th century
Kant's theory of aesthetic judgments remains a highly debated aesthetic theory until today. It is important to note that Kant uses the term "aesthetics" ("Ästhetik") to refer to any sensual experience. The work most crucial to aesthetics as a strand of philosophy is the first half of his Critique of the Power of Judgment, the "Critique of the Aesthetic Power of Judgment". It is subdivided in two main parts - the "Analytic of the Beautiful" and the "Analytic of the Sublime", but also deals with the experience of fine art.
T. K. Seung
In the Metaphysical Deduction, Kant claims to derive logically his twelve categories from the twelve forms of judgment. It has long been a standard practice to dismiss the Metaphysical Deduction as one of Kant's typical opaque passages and move on to the Transcendental Deduction. Seung argues that this practice leads to a serious misreading of the first "Critique". If Kant were to assemble the categories empirically, they could not be distinguished from empirical concepts. For this reason, he openly disdains Aristotle's empirical method of collecting his categories. By his logical derivation of the categories, Kant believes, he can prove their a priori origin because logic is a priori. With their a priori origin thus proven, Kant intends to use them as the logical premise for the Transcendental Deduction. But Seung shows that Kant's derivation scheme was ill-conceived. The forms of judgment are syntactic elements; the categories are semantic elements. To derive the latter from the former was to derive semantic elements from syntactic elements. Although this was a logically impossible operation, Kant proudly flaunted it as his ingenious invention. Unfortunately, his ingenuity thrived only in exploiting his logical fantasy. Seung has dissected a series of fraudulent maneuvers in his derivation of the categories. But the fraud was recognized neither by the performer nor by the audience because it was executed in an obscure tricky language.
Immanuel Kant
In Kant's essay "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?",
Kant defined the Enlightenment as an age shaped by the Latin motto "Sapere aude" ("Dare to be wise"). Kant maintained that one ought to think autonomously, free of the dictates of external authority. His work reconciled many of the differences between the rationalist and empiricist traditions of the 18th century. He had a decisive impact on the Romantic and German Idealist philosophies of the 19th century. His work has also been a starting point for many 20th century philosophers.
Martin Knutzen
It was Knutzen who introduced Kant to the scientific literature of the era and especially the works of Isaac Newton, who had such a powerful influence on the development of Kant's own philosophy. Knutzen, however, did not consider Kant to be one of his best students, and favoured (1722–1786) or Johann Friedrich Weitenkampf (1726–1758). Moreover, the name of Kant never appeared in the profuse correspondence between Knutzen and Leonhard Euler, which is evidence of in what little esteem Knutzen held Kant.