Where is the Tigray Region?
Tigray Region
Following the conclusion of the Ethiopian Civil War, although the area which became the Tigray Region was thought by inhabitants in the rest of Ethiopia to be the beneficiaries of enormous funds from an Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) government dominated by fellow Tigrayans, in reality the beneficiaries are mostly the party members of Tigray people liberation front /TPLF/. John Young, who visited the area several times in the early 1990s, attributes this delay in part to "Budgetary restraints, structural readjustments, and lack of awareness in Addis Ababa of conditions in the province", but notes "an equally significant obstacle was posed by an entrenched, and largely Amhara dominated central bureaucracy which used its power to block even authorised funds from reaching all regions." At the same time, a growing urban middle class of traders, businessmen and government officials emerged which was both suspicious and distant from the victorious EPRDF. The ruling party attempted to address these challenges in forums with its middle class critics, as well as the establishment of a number of charitable non-governmental organizations controlled by the EPRDF, which include Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray, Relief Society of Tigray, and Tigray Development Association.
In 1998, war erupted between Eritrea and Ethiopia over a portion of territory that had been administered at part of Tigray, which included the town of Badme. Following a 2002 United Nations decision, much of this land was awarded to Eritrea, so far however, Ethiopia has refused to implement the final and binding ruling and as a result, relation with Eritrea is very tense.
Tigre, Buenos Aires
Tigre (, "Tiger") is a town in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, situated in the north of Greater Buenos Aires, north of Buenos Aires city. Tigre lies on the Paraná Delta and is a tourist and weekend destination, reachable by bus and train services, including the scenic Tren de la Costa. It is the principal town of the Tigre Partido.
Koraro
Koraro is a village in north Ethiopia's Tigray Region, located in the Hawzen woreda, near Hawzen, in a cluster of 11 villages with a total of 55,000 residents. This village is located about 16 kilometers from a dry weather road and about 540 kilometers from the main road. Due to such long distances and some communication infrastructure, Koraro is 
quite isolated.
2016 Ethiopian protests
There has been civil unrest in the Wolqayt Region since the 1941 Woyane rebellion, which was an uprising of Tigrayans against the Ethiopian government. With the failure of the rebellion, Wolqayt as an area populated by both Amhara and Tigray people went to the (now historic) province of Begemder. The capital of Begemder was Gondar. That move gave rise to tensions between Amhara people and Tigrayans over decades.
Tigray Region
The government of Tigray is composed of the executive branch, led by the President; the legislative branch, which comprises the State Council; and the judicial branch, which is led by the state Supreme Court.
Irob (woreda)
Irob () is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. This woreda is named after the Irob people, who are the predominant ethnic group living there. Located in the Misraqawi Zone at the eastern escarpment of the Ethiopian highlands, Irob is bordered on the south by Saesi Tsaedaemba, on the west by Gulomahda, on the north and east by the Endelli River which separates it from Eritrea, and on the southeast by the Afar Region. The administrative center of this woreda is Dawhan; other towns include Alitena, the former administrative center.
Ergani
District's area is 1489 km. Ergani District is located in the administrative as the Southeastern Anatolia Region, but as a geographical region are located in the Eastern Anatolia. Connected to the north of Elazig Province Mining District, east of the Tigris in the town of Diyarbakir province, and is connected to Diyarbakir, the south is connected to the Siverek town of Urfa, Diyarbakir connected to the west is the border with Çermik and Cungus district. Height is 955 meters from the sea. The main flow of the Tigris river water, tea Straits, Camel is a gateway. district 10 km north of the river passes through the districts of the Tigris River. Kalender and 17th districts of the territory After flowing through the Tigris enters km of land. 7 km west of the Bosphorus strait Ergani tea is off the neighborhood. yolköprü, Beaded, splayed hill villages and camel through the gateway into and form a branch of the Tigris Ergani quite productive resources of the environment has. 5–6 m depth in the center of the county out of the water, such as 50-meter drilling work is found in very rich beds. Ergani's largest copper and chromium mines in front are nearby.
Arroio do Tigre
The principal settlement of the region occurred around 1900, when German settlers migrated from the "Colônias Velhas" region (called "die Altkolonie", in the regional German dialect Riograndenser Hunsrückisch) of Santa Cruz do Sul and the surrounding areas. Afterwards there was an influx of Italian Brazilians and Portuguese Brazilians. In 1920 it began to be known as Vila Tigre, and found its first commercial buildings, Catholic and Evangelical churches, and later, the Hospital Santa Rosa de Lima and Colégio Sagrado Coração de Jesus. In 1920 an agricultural cooperative, Cooperativa Agrícola Mista Linha Cereja (COMACEL), was founded, which is still active.
Debretsion Gebremichael
In November 2017, Debretsion was elected to be the chairman of the TPLF. In January 2018, he was also elected to become the Deputy President of Tigray Region. As Debretsion is not member of the Tigray Regional parliament, he could not become President. Nonetheless, as the post of the President became vacant, the Deputy President will be the President of Tigray Region in an acting capacity.
Tigray Province
Temporarily, the northern provinces were unified under one to two rulers, since at least the 14th century, mainly the "təgre mäkännən", usually seated in the Hawzen or Adwa area (i.e. Tigray proper), and, further north, the bahər nägash, who controlled the trade routes to the Red Sea. Only rarely all territories were unified in one hand; examples being "dejazmach" Kəflä Wahəd in the late 16th century, the 17th century ruler "dejazmach" Gäbrä Krəstos of Hamasen, in the 18th century "dejazmach" Amdä Haymanot, succeeded by the much more powerful "ras" Mikael Səhul, and, finally, in the 19th century "atse" Yohannes IV and his family members.
Tigray
Tigray may refer to:
Tigray Region
A particular aspect of the agricultural work in Tigray after the end of the 1991 civil war was minimizing the problems of drought. In the past, the Tigray was covered with forests and had a micro-climate that favored the rains. Subsequently, the forests were cut down, usually to impoverish the population during the wars. Consequently, the Tigray was a country achieved a fair amount of rainfall during the rainy season, from August to September, but quickly lost these waters flowing downstream. In the process it was also eroded the fertile soil of the fields, which led to the valley gave the characteristic color to Blue Nile. After a few weeks of rain, the country was again dried up.
List of districts in the Tigray Region
This is a list of the 35 rural woredas, or districts, in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia, compiled from material on the Central Statistical Agency website. There are also urban woredas that are not included.
Tigran Barseghyan
Mika
Adi Gudem
Adi Gudem is a town in Tigray, Ethiopia. Located in the Debub Misraqawi (Southeastern) Zone of the Tigray Region (or "kilil"), this town has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 2100 meters above sea level. It is one of the larger settlements in the Hintalo Wajirat district. Adi Gudem is located along Ethiopian Highway 2.
Tigray Region
After the fall of Dʿmt in the 5th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller unknown successor kingdoms. This lasted until the rise of one of these polities during the first century BC, the Aksumite Kingdom. The ancestor of medieval and modern Eritrea and Ethiopia, Aksum was able to reunite the area.
Tigray Region
Given the presence of a large temple complex and fertile surroundings, the capital of Dʿmt may have been present day Yeha, in Tigray, Ethiopia.
Tembien Province
Tembien is a historic region in Tigray and one of the former provinces of Ethiopia. It is a mountainous area of that country. During the reforms in 1994-95, the old provinces were replaced with regions, zones and woredas. The area of the former province is now split over the woredas of Dogua Tembien and Kola Tembien.
Gebru Asrat
Gebru left TPLF and EPRDF in the early 2000s after the division and went on to establish Arena Tigray, an alternative political party to TPLF in Tigray. Gebru became its chairman in 2007; Arena Tigray merged with other opposition parties in Ethiopia to form Medrek. Gebru run for the parliamentary seat representing the city of Mekelle in the 2010 parliamentary elections but lost.
Demographics of Eritrea
The Tigre reside in the western lowlands in Eritrea. Many also migrated to Sudan at the time of the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict and lived there since. They are a nomadic and pastoralist people, related to the Tigrayans and to the Beja people. They are a predominantly Muslim nomadic people who inhabit the northern, western, and coastal lowlands of Eritrea, where they constitute 30% of local residents. Some also inhabit areas in eastern Sudan. 95% of the Tigre people adhere to the Islamic religion Sunni Islam, but there are a small number of Christians among them as well (often referred to as the Mensaï in Eritrea). Their language is called Tigre.
Tigrinya language
The earliest written example of Tigrinya is a text of local laws found in the district of Logosarda, Debub Region (southern Eritrea) and Northern Ethiopia, which dates from the 13th century, during the time BahreNeGash (Eritrea's former known name) and Aksum were the same peoples' and inhabitants of the Tigray ethnic group of Abyssinia during the reign of the Zagwe Dynasty c. 900 A.D. - 13th century, before the official annexation between the Tigray and Tigrinya over 20 years ago.
Tigray Province
Much of Tigray was briefly occupied by the Italians in the format of the 1896 Battle of Adwa. Against, Tigray was one of the major battle grounds during the Italian War 1935-36, with an initial success by the Ethiopians in the First Battle of Tembien in January 1936, and their dramatic defeat in the Second Battle a month later; after the Battle of Maychew in souther Tigray (followed by attacks of Rayya against "atse" Haile Selassie's army), the Ethiopian government collapsed.
Administrative Zone 2 (Afar)
Prior to the adoption of the 1995 constitution, a portion of this Zone (particularly the northern part) was part of Tigray Province. As a result, a UNDP mission visiting the Zone described it as "the most isolated zone of the Afar National Regional State", at the time showing signs of "suffered heavily from bombardment, as well as from general neglect. Much of the remaining infrastructure dates from the Haile Selassie era."
Antalo
Antalo (, "anṭalo" also Hentalo) is a small village located in the Debub Misraqawi (Southeastern) Zone of the Tigray Region, it lies on a plateau with an elevation variously reported as 2050 to 2102 meters above sea level. It lies some 20 miles south of Mekelle, the capital of Tigray. The urge to control this fortified mountainous place has provoked frequent engagements among various Tigrayan chiefs since the 17th century. Antalo flourished as a town in the last quarter of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century.
Tigray Region
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the Tigray Region has a population of 4,316,988, of whom 2,126,465 are men and 2,190,523 women; urban inhabitants number 844,040 or 19.55% of the population. With an estimated area of 41,409.95 square kilometers, this region has an estimated density of 100 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 992,635 households were counted, which results in an average for the Region of 4.4 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 3.4 and rural households 4.6 people. The population was projected to be 5,247,005 in 2017.
Alamata
Alamata woreda is located in the southern zone of Tigray, bordered by Raya Azebo in the North, Ofla in the west, Amhara in the south and Afar in the east. It is situated north of Addis Ababa and about south of the Tigray Regional capital city, Mekelle.
Tigray Region
The State Council, which is the highest administrative body of the state, is made up of 152 members.
Della, Ethiopia
Della is a small village town situated at highest mountain terraces and historical places in southern part of Tigray region, Ethiopia.
Tigrayans
The first possible mention of the group dates from around the 8th to 10th centuries, in which period manuscripts preserving the inscriptions of Cosmas Indicopleustes (fl. 6th century) contain notes on his writings including the mention of a tribe called Tigretes.
A Portuguese Map in the 1660 shows Medri Bahri consisting of the three highland provinces of Eritrea and distinct from Ethiopia. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area. Bruce noted "They next passed the Mareb, which is the boundary between Tigre and the Baharnagash". James Bruce in his book published in 1805 located Tigré(a region based arbitrarily by James Bruce on the Language of Tigrinya) between Red Sea and the Tekezé River and stated many large governments, such as Enderta and Antalow, and the great part of Baharhagash were part of Tigré region based on the language of Tigrinya.
Abergele (woreda)
Tanqua Abergele () is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Mehakelegnaw Zone, Abergele is bordered on the south and west by the Amhara Region, then by the Tekezé River on the west which separates it from Amhara Region and the Semien Mi'irabawi (North Western) Zone, on the north by Kola Tembien, on the east by Degua Tembien and on the southeast by the Debub Misraqawi (South Eastern) Zone. The administrative center of this woreda is Yechila; other towns in Abergele include Agbe. Abergele is one of the low lying districts of central Tigray and the Tanqua River, which originates near Hagere Selam, flows through this woreda and joins the Geba just north of Jijike.
Mi'irabawi Zone
Mi'irabawi (or "Western") is the westernmost Zone of the Tigray Region in Ethiopia. It is subdivided into three woredas (districts); from north to south they are Kafta Humera, Wolqayt and Tsegede. Major towns and cities include Humera. Mi'irabawi is bordered on the east by the Semien Mi'irabawi (North Western) Zone, the south by the Amhara Region, the west by Sudan and on the north by Eritrea. Semien Mi'irabawi Zone was split off from Mi'irabawi in 2005.
Tigray Region
Towards the end of January 1991, a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) captured Gondar, the ancient capital city, Bahar Dar, and Dessie.
Tigray Region
The size of the process of transformation of Tigray is truly extraordinary. After four or five years after the project commencement, almost all of Tigray, with an territorial area only slightly less than Italy, was terraced.
Oromia Region
Oromia shares a boundary with almost every region of Ethiopia except for the Tigray Region. This boundary has been disputed with Oromia's neighbors in a number of cases, most notably between Oromia and the Somali Region. One attempt to resolve the dispute between the two regions was the October 2004 referendum held in about 420 kebeles in 12 woredas across five zones of the Somali Region. According to the official results of the referendum, about 80% of the disputed areas have fallen under Oromia administration, though there were allegations of voting irregularities in many of them. The results led over the following weeks to minorities in these kebeles being pressured to leave. In Oromya, estimates based on figures given by local woreda and kebele authorities suggest that 21,520 people have been displaced in border woredas, namely Mieso, Doba, and Erer in the Mirab and Misraq Hararghe Zones. Federal authorities believe that this number may be overstated by as much as 11,000. In Doba, the Ministry of Federal Affairs put the number of IDPs at 6,000. There are also more than 2,500 displaced persons in Mieso. In addition, there were reports of people being displaced in the border area of Moyale and Borena zones due to this conflict.
Tigray Region
According to the CSA, , 53.99% of the total population had access to safe drinking water, of whom 42.68% were rural inhabitants and 97.28% were urban. Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Tigray include the following: 31.6% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 67.5% and for women 33.7%; and the Regional infant mortality rate is 67 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which less than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life.
Mekelle
Mekelle (, "mäqälle",), or Mekele formerly the capital of Enderta awraja in Tigray, is today the capital city of Tigray National Regional state. It is located around north of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, with an elevation of above sea level. Administratively, Mekelle is considered a Special Zone, which is divided into seven sub-cities. Mekelle is the economic, cultural, and political hub of northern Ethiopia.
Tigray Region
Tigray is represented by 38 representatives in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia House of Peoples' Representatives.
Tigray Region
From 1991 to 2001 the president of Tigray was Gebru Asrat and from 2001 to 2010 the president was Tsegay Berhe
La'ilay Adiyabo
La'ilay Adiyabo (, "Upper Adiyabo") is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Semien Mi'irabawi Zone, La'ilay Adiyabo is bordered on the south by Tahtay Koraro, on the southwest by Asigede Tsimbela, on the northwest by Tahtay Adiyabo, on the northeast by the Mareb River which separates it from Eritrea, on the east by the Mehakelegnaw (Central) Zone, and on the southeast by Medebay Zana. The administrative center of this woreda is Addi Daero; other towns in La'ilay Adiyabo include Addi Nebreid.
Tiyo Subregion
Tiyo Subregion is a subregion in the Southern Red Sea region (Zoba Debubawi Keyih Bahri) of Eritrea. Its capital lies at Tiyo.
Tigray Province
Modern Tigray as a united province has its origin in the unification of its (sub-)provinces by "atse" Yohannes IV and his successors. This did not, however, change the ancient claims for autonomy by local leaders and by several quite egalitarian, non-feudalist peasant communities. After its hayday under Yohannes, Tigray was heavily challenged, and was gradually reduced in importance within Ethiopia, and outside influence within Tigray increased. Tigray oral traditions preserve numerous poems and legends which report on Tigray resistance against non-Tigray lords.
Tigray Province
Hawzen was an important province seemingly already in Aksumite times (with important early rock-hewn churches); according to the , in the 13th century Hawzen encompassed wide areas from today's Hawzen to the Afar salt plains in the east. Consequently, over the centuries the realm of Tigray regularly extended over all these territories. Tembien was included into Tigray already in the 17th century, and at times also well before. An ancient permanent boundary of Tigray proper to the south is the Tekeze, in ancient sources equalled with the Nile River. Therefore, Tigray proper together with its dependencies was occasionally also called ("beyond the Tekezze"). Over a long period, the capital of Tigray proper was Hawzen in the sub-province Haramat. Already in the 17th century this town served as a seat of governors. In the 19th century it again served as the capital, e.g. of Wube Haile Mariam and "negus" Negusse. Adwa assumed the role of a capital in the 18th century under Amde Haymanot, and again later (starting from the 1880s in competition with the new capital Mekelle).
Kafta Humera
Kafta Humera () is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Part of the West Tigray Zone, Kafta Humera is bordered on the south by Tsegede, on the west by Sudan, then by the Tekezé River which separates Kafta Humera from Eritrea on the north and Semien Mi'irabawi Zone on the east, and on the southeast by Wolkayt. Towns in Kafta Humera include Adi Hirdi and Humera.
Amhara Region
Amhara Region (Amharic: አማራ) is one of the nine ethnic divisions of Ethiopia, containing the homeland of the Amhara people. Previously known as "Region 3", its capital is Bahir Dar. Ethiopia's largest inland body of water, Lake Tana, which is the source of the Blue Nile river, is located within Amhara. The region also contains the Semien Mountains National Park, which includes Ras Dashan, the highest point in Ethiopia. Amhara is bordered by the state of Sudan to the west and northwest, and in other directions by other regions of Ethiopia: Tigray to the north, Afar to the east, Benishangul-Gumuz to the west and southwest, and Oromia to the south.
Tigray People's Liberation Front
The TPLF is, in a way, the product of the marginalization of Tigray within Ethiopia after Menelik II of Shewa had become emperor in 1889. The Tigrayan traditional elite and peasantry had a strong regional identity and deeply resented the decline of Tigray. Memoirs of the armed revolt of 1942-43 (the "first [qädamay] "wäyyanä"") against the re-establishment of imperial rule after Italian colonialism remained alive and provided an important reference for the new generations of educated Tigrayan nationalists.
Tigray Region
Other Tigray cities functioning as centers of Ethiopian metropolitan areas include:
2016 Ethiopian protests
According to the 1994 Ethiopian census, out of 90,186 residents 87,099 self-identified as Tigrayans (96.6%) and 2,734 self-identified as Amharas (3.0%). According to the 2007 Ethiopian census, out of 356,598 residents of Western Tigray Zone (of which Wolqayt is a woreda), 329,080 self-identified as Tigrayans (92.3%) and 23,093 self-identified as Amhara.
Following the take-over of Ethiopia by the EPRDF in 1991, the "old" Wolqayt was split into two parts and the northern part (the "new" Wolqayt with a Tigrayan majority) was moved to the newly established ethnic region of Tigray.
Alula Aba Nega Airport
Alula Aba Nega Airport () () , also known as Mekelle Airport, is an airport serving Mekelle, the capital city of the Tigray Region in northern Ethiopia. The airport is located southeast of the city.
Debubawi Zone
Debubawi () (or "Southern") (formerly also known as "Zoba Enderta") is one of the Zones in the Ethiopian Region of Tigray. Debubawi is bordered on the south and west by the Amhara Region, on the north by Debub Misraqawi (Southeastern) Zone, and on the east by the Afar Region. Towns and cities in Debubawi include Korem, Alamata. Debub Misraqawi (Southeastern) Zone was separated from Debubawi Zone.
Tibesti Region
The Tibesti Region is located in the Sahara. It contains part of the Tibesti Mountains, and part of the Erg of Bilma, a vast area of sand dunes in the center of the desert. The region's northern border lies on the Aouzou Strip, a point of dispute between Chad and Libya. The region also shares a border with Niger. The capital, Bardaï, is located in the northern part of the region.
Tillabéri Region
The region of Tillabéri is bounded to the north by the Republic of Mali, to the east by the regions of Tahoua and Dosso, to the south by Benin and to the west by Burkina Faso. The Niamey Capital District built around the Niger River. The region has a large network of watershed, centered on the Niger river with several seasonal (known as Gorouol, Sirba) and permanent (known as Mékrou, Tapoa) watercourses. The W National Park of Niger is located in the extreme south of the region and extends to Burkina Faso and Benin. The northwestern part of the region (Ouallam and Filingué) have a savannah type flora and fauna.
Tigray Region
The working language is Tigrinya, Saho and Kunama languages are also spoken, people in urban areas are also able to speak Amharic.
Qayyarah subdistrict
The Qayyarah or Qayara () subdistrict is part of Mosul District in southern Nineveh Governorate on the west bank of Tigris river in Iraq. Its seat is the town of Qayyarah.
The population in Qayyara subdistrict is primarily Sunni Muslim Arabs, belonging to various tribes, but primarily the Jubur or Jabur. Agriculture is the main source of income for its inhabitants, and farmers grow various crops including wheat and watermelons. Qayyarah is rich with natural resources, including oil and sulfur.
Tigray Region
But, mismanagement, corruption, and general hostility to the Derg's violent rule, coupled with the draining effects of constant warfare with the separatist guerrilla movements in Tigray, led to a drastic fall in general productivity of food and cash crops. In October 1978, the Derg announced the National Revolutionary Development Campaign to mobilize human and material resources to transform the economy, which led to a Ten-Year Plan (1984/85-1993/94) to expand agricultural and industrial output, forecasting a 6.5% growth in GDP and a 3.6% rise in per capita income. Instead, per capita income declined 0.8% over this period. Famine scholar Alex de Waal observes that while the famine that struck the country in the mid-1980s is usually ascribed to drought, "closer investigation shows that widespread drought occurred only some months after the famine was already under way." Hundreds of thousands fled economic misery, conscription, and political repression, and went to live in neighboring countries and all over the Western world, creating an Ethiopian diaspora for the first time.
Tigray Province
The 18th century "maiordomus" of Ethiopia Mikael Səhul formed a great Tigray, which after him virtually became a separate kingdom. He was succeeded by "ras" Wolde Selassie of Enderta, who ruled Tigray independently in the "Zamane mesafent"; and he in turn by "däggiyat" Sabagadis of the "shum agame" dynasty, whose successor was his son-in-law Wube of the Amharic-speaking Semien. Rulers of Tigrayan provinces were almost always of Tigrayan origin; in this sense, Wube's rule was a new phenomenon and is often perceived in oral tradition as a period of "oppression by an outsider". However, even the rule by Tigrayan princes were often perceived as such by locals, if they did not descend from their own local dynasties; this regularly motivated popular support to numerous competing princes (e.g., Kasa Golja against Kasa Mercha, the later Yohannes IV).
Tigray Province
There was no strong concept of a "pan-Tigrayan" ethnicity, local identities often being stronger. Some areas never or only rarely submitted to the rule of a Tigrayan overlord, but stayed nurd their own autonomous rulers (such as Hamasen for most of the time, Welkait, Wajjarat, Rayya, Zebul, etc.); this was in a way solved by "atse" Yohannes IV, who due to his descent from all important Tigrayan dynasties could rally support from most Tigrayan regions. After his accession to the imperial throne, Tigray was governed by his uncle Araya Selassie Demsu, who died shortly after Yohannes. Araya successor "ras" Mengesha Yohannes, the Emperor's son, was only to some degree able to keep Tigray under his control. "Atse" Menelik II used the situation to partition again Tigray along older borders between several governors, who sent into war against each other immediately after his death (e.g. Gebre Selassie Barya Gabar of Aksum and Sebhat Aregawi of the Agame dynasty).
Saharti Samre
Saharti Samre () is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Debub Misraqawi (Southeastern) Zone, Samre is bordered on the south by the Amhara Region, on the west and north by the Mehakelegnaw (Central) Zone, on the northeast by Enderta, on the east by Hintalo Wajirat, and on the southeast by Debubawi (Southern) Zone. Towns in this woreda include Gijet and Samre.
Tigray Region
Tigray's official language is Tigrigna. Tigray is situated between 12°–15° N and 36° 30' – 40° 30' E and comprises Tigray has ca. 5.3 million inhabitants. The greatest part of the population (ca. 80%) are agriculturalists, contributing 46% to the regional gross domestic product (2002/03). The highlands (11.5% , 40.5% ) have the highest population density, specially in eastern and central Tigray. The much less densely populated lowlands of Tigray () comprise 48% of Tigray.
Mereb Lehe
Mereb Lehe () is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Mehakelegnaw Zone, it is bordered on the south by La'ilay Maychew, on the southwest by Tahtay Maychew, on the west by the Semien Mi'irabawi (North Western) Zone, on the north by the Mareb River (which separates it from Eritrea), on the east by Enticho, and on the southeast by Adwa. The administrative center of this woreda is Rama; other towns include La'ilay Merhisenay.
Tigre language
Tigre ( "tigre" or ትግሬ "tigrē"), better known in Eritrea by its autonym Tigrayit (ትግራይት), and also known by speakers in Sudan as Xasa ( "ḫāṣiyah"), is an Afroasiatic language spoken in Northeast Africa. It belongs to the North Ethiopic subdivision of the family's South Semitic branch and is primarily spoken by the Tigre people in Eritrea. Along with Tigrinya, it is believed to be the most closely related living language to Ge'ez, which is still in use as the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Tigre has lexical similarity, 71% with Ge’ez and 64% with Tigrinya. As of 1997, Tigre was spoken by approximately 800,000 Tigre people in Eritrea. The Tigre mainly inhabit western Eritrea, though they also reside in the northern highlands of Eritrea and its extension into the adjacent part of Sudan, as well as Eritrea's Red Sea coast north of Zula.
Welkait
Welkait () is a woreda and region in northwestern Ethiopia, part of the West Zone of Tigray Region. The woreda is bordered to the north by Kafta Humera and to the south by Tsegede; these are the other two woredas of Mi'irabawi Zone in Tigray. It is bordered on the east by the North West Zone; the woredas of Tahtay Adiyabo and Asgede Tsimbla lie to the north-east, on the other side of the Tekezé River, and Tselemti is to the east. The administrative center of Welkait is Addi Remets; other towns in the woreda include Mai'gaba and Awura.
Tsegede
Tsegede () is one of the woredas in the Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia. It is named after the historic province of Tsegede. Part of the Mi'irabawi Zone, Tsegede is bordered on the south and west by the Amhara Region, on the northwest by Kafta Humera, and on the north by Wolqayt. The administrative center of this woreda is Ketema Nigus. Other towns in Tsegede include Dansha and Idaga Hamus.
Tigran Yesayan
Manager
Tigray Province
The population of Tigray has preserved ancient self-designations, usually liknked with the names of their historical provinces (at least some of which might originally have been ethnonyms); etymologically some can be linked to the Ethio-Sabaean past (e.g. Səra), but most are of unclear etymology. Inhabitants of Tigray call themselves (Tigrinya singular ; Amharic plural [neolog. from Ge'ez], ). Examples for other ancient province names and self-designations are: Agame, Rayya, Səra ("Säba" Səra; in the Atsbi area Sərəti for a sub-group), Tembien, etc. In oral tradition, the terms Again and Sabawiyan for the inhabitants of Tigray proper and Agame are still in use. Other ancient ethnonyms are still preserved in names of villages or small districts (e.g., the 8th/9th century Gämbela, now a village south of Mekelle; the "kingdom" Agabo, known from the stelae of Maryam Anza, in village names in eastern Tigray).
Ethiopian Highway 2
Mekelle, the capital of the Tigray region, is located ten kilometers off the highway. The main road turns off to Mekelle at Kwiha, the center of the Enderta district. The detour to Mekelle adds thirteen kilometers. To follow Highway 2 to the north and get to Wukro, Adigrat and further more directly, one has to turn off in Kwiha and follow the road which crosses the plateau east of Mekelle. Highway 2 joins the Mekelle main road detour at the village of Maimekden.
Torgay Region
Turgay Region was established on 23 November 1970 on the lands that previously belonged to Kostanay and Tselinograd Regions.
Enticho (woreda)
Ahferom () (also known as Enticho) is one of woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Mehakelegnaw Zone, Enticho is bordered on the south by Werie Lehe, on the southwest by Adwa, on the west by Mereb Lehe, on the north by Eritrea, and on the east by the Misraqawi (Eastern) Zone. The administrative center of this woreda is Enticho; other towns in Enticho include Edaga Arbi, and Gerhusernay. Ancient monastery of Debre Damo is also located in Enticho.
Tigray Region
In 1943, open resistance broke out all over southern and eastern Tigray under the slogan, "there is no government; let's organize and govern ourselves." Throughout Enderta awraja including, Mekelle, Didibadergiajen, Hintalo, Saharti, Samre and Wajirat, Raya awraja, Kilte-Awlaelo awraja and Tembien awraja, local assemblies, called gerreb, were immediately formed. The gerren sent representatives to a central congress, called the shengo, which elected leaders and established a military command system. Although the Woyane rebellion of 1943 had shortcomings as a prototype revolution, historians, however, agree that the Woyane rebellion had involved a fairly high level of spontaneity and peasant initiative. It demonstrated considerable popular participation and reflected widely shared grievances. The uprising was unequivocally and specifically directed against the central Shoan Amhara regime of Haile Selassie I, rather than the Tigrayan imperial elite.
Tigray Region
In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the Region's population was 3,136,267, of whom 1,542,165 were men and 1,594,102 women; urban inhabitants numbered 621,210 or 14% of the population.
Haile Selassie Gugsa
In 1941, towards the end of the liberation of Italian East Africa by British, Commonwealth, and Ethiopian "Arbegnoch" forces, Haile Selassie Gugsa was temporarily placed in power in Tigray by the British. British Brigadier Maurice Stanley Lush, Deputy Chief Political Officer for Ethiopia, placed him back in command of eastern Tigray Province, with the intention of separating Tigray from Ethiopia, joining it to Eritrea and establishing a new "Greater Tigray/Tigrign" monarchy under either Haile Selassie Gugsa or Ras Seyum Mangasha. This plan had the support of many British colonial officers, but not of the British High Command nor of the British government, and Ras Seyum proved to be cold towards any plan of dismembering the Ethiopian Empire. The Lush group had hoped that Haile Selassie Gugsa would be more accommodating. However, Haile Selassie Gugsa was soon caught corresponding with the Italians. As a result, the British took him into custody and kept him first in British held Asmara. The government of Emperor Haile Selassie I approached the British administration and listed the crimes and treason of Haile Selassie Gugsa and requested his extradition. The British indicated that they would extradite him only after obtaining a promise that his punishment would not include death. However, the British ultimately removed Haile Selassie Gugsa from Asmara and sent him to the Seychelles for safe keeping.
Semien Mi'irabawi Zone
Semien Mi'irabawi or Semien Mi'irab; ሰሜን ምዕራብ in Tigrinya (or "North Western") is one of the Zones in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. It is bordered on the east by the maekelay (Central) Zone, the south by the Amhara Region, the west by the Mi'irabawi (Western) Zone and on the north by Eritrea. The Zone is subdivided into the six woredas (districts) of Asigede Tsimbela, La'ilay Adiyabo, Medebay Zana, Tahtay Adiyabo, Tahtay Koraro and Tselemti. Major towns and cities in the zone include Inda Selassie, Sheraro, Inda Abaguna, Selekleka, Adidaero, Maytsebri. Semien Mi'irabawi was split off from Mi'irabawi Zone in 2005..
Kola Tembien
Kola Tembien (, "Lower Tembien") is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. It is named in part after the former province of Tembien. Part of the Mehakelegnaw Zone, Kola Tembien is bordered on the south by Abergele, on the west by the Tekezé River which separates it from the Semien Mi'irabawi (North Western) Zone, on the north by the Wari River which separates it from Naeder Adet and Werie Lehe, on the east by Misraqawi (Eastern) Zone, and on the southeast by Degua Tembien. Towns in Kola Tembien include Guya and Werkamba. The town of Abiy Addi is surrounded by Kola Tembien.
Tsigereda
Tsigereda () is a town in Tigray, Ethiopia. Located in the Misraqawi (Eastern) Zone of the Tigray Region (or "kilil"), this town has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 1960 to 2050 meters above sea level. It is the second largest settlement in Wukro woreda, after Wukro itself. In Imperial times (before 1975), Tsigereda used to be the center of the Gere-alta woreda, part of the former Enderta province. This Gere-alta woreda consisted of the western part of the current Hawzen and Kilte Awulaelo districts.
Raya Azebo
Raya Azebo () is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Debubawi Zone at the eastern edge of the Ethiopian highlands, Raya Azebo is part of the Southern Tigray Region. The administrative center of this woreda is Mekoni. Other towns in Raya Azebo include Weyra Wuha, Chercher, Adi Abdera, Kukufto, Bala and Hade Alga.
Araya Selassie Yohannes
Familial rivalry between the two lines of descent from Emperor Yohannes IV proved to be a difficult issue for Emperor Menelik II and his successors. Tigray Province was divided between "Ras" Gugsa Araya Selassie, the son of "Ras" Araya Selassie Yohannes, and "Ras" Seyum Mangasha, the son of "Ras" Mangasha Yohannes. Gugsa Araya Selassie ruled the eastern half of Tigray and Seyum Mangasha ruled the western half.
Tigray Region
According to the "Book of Aksum", Aksum's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush. The capital was later moved to Aksum in northern Ethiopia. The Kingdom used the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century.
Demographics of Eritrea
The majority of the Tigrayans inhabit the highlands of Eritrea; however, migration to other parts of the country has occurred. Their language is called Tigrinya. They are the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting about 55% of the population. The predominantly Tigrayan populated urban centers in Eritrea are the capital Asmara, Mendefera, Dekemhare, Adi Keyh, Adi Quala and Senafe, while there is a significant population of Tigrayans in other cities including Keren, and Massawa.
Tigrayans
In Ethiopia, Tigrinya is the third most spoken language. The Tigrayans constitute the fourth largest ethnic group in the country after the Oromo, Amhara and Somali, who also speak Afro-Asiatic languages. In Eritrea, Tigrinya is by far the most spoken language, where it is used by around 55% of the population. Tigre is used by around 30% of residents.
Seleh Leha
Seleh Leha (also transliterated Selekleka) is a town in Tigray, Ethiopia. Located in the Semien Mi'irabawi (North Western) Zone of the Tigray Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 2107 meters above sea level. It is the administrative center of Medebay Zana woreda.
Tigrinya language
Tigrinya should not be confused with the related Tigre language. The latter Afro-Asiatic language is spoken by the Tigre people, who inhabit the lowland regions of Eritrea to the north and west of the Tigrinya speech area.
Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray
The Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray (EFFORT) is a conglomerate of businesses factories mainly based in Tigray Region, Ethiopia in order to improve the local economy that was devastated by the Ethiopian Civil War and the 1983–1985 famine.
Note: EFFORT only has a 49 percent stake in Addis Pharmaceuticals, the majority holder being Mulugeta Guade Mengiste (a large Amhara private capitalist). EFFORT no longer owns Selam Horticulture, Dimma Honey, and Raya Field Agroprocessing.
Tigrayans
The Tigrayans are, despite a general impression of homogeneity, composed of numerous subgroups with their own socio-cultural traditions. Among these there are the Agame of eastern Tigray, mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum in the 3rd century; the autonomous Senadegle and Meretta of Akkele Guzay in Eritrea; the Hamasenay, agriculturalists in Hamasen and cattle herders in Humera; the egalitarian Wajjarat of south-eastern Tigray. Many others, sometimes numbering only a few thousands and scattered over several districts, could be listed. Usually they define themselves through common descent, but in some cases also as a political confederacy uniting different groups (such as the Shewatte Anseba on the north-western borders of the Eritrean highlands). Assimilation processes, which still continue, have led to the inclusion of other ethnic (sub-)groups. For example, Agaw settlers in Seraye, the Adkeme Malga became Tigrayans several centuries ago; some Bilin villages near Keren now also belong to the Tigrayans.
Tigray Region
In the 14th century the Tigrinya-speaking lands (Tigray-Mereb Melash) were divided into two provinces, separated by the Mereb River by the newly enthroned Amhara Emperors. The governor of the northern province received the title Bahre Negash (Ruler of the sea), whereas the governor of the southern province was given the title of Tigray Mekonen (Lord of Tigray). The Portuguese Jesuit, Emanuele Baradas' work titled "Do reino de Tigr" and written in 1633-34 states that the "reino de Tigr" extended from Hamasien to Temben, from the borders of Dankel to the Adwa mountain. He also stated that Tigray-Mereb Melash was divided into twenty-four smaller political units (principalities), twelve of which were located south of the Mereb and governed by the Tigray Mekonen based in Enderta. The other twelve were located north of the Mereb under the authority of the Bahre Negash, based in the district of Serae.
Tigray Province
The spiritual core of Tigray was and is Aksum. Even if being formally under the rulership of the central province (Tigray proper), the town enjoyed a special status, as a free city with its own self-government. Its administrators were the , a governor appointed by the Ethiopian ruler, and the , the mayor elected by the male members of the seven "Aksumite clans" of Aksum, , , , , , , . These encompassed the entire whole indigenous city population, who was not to pay any taxes. The represented the sphere of the Ethiopian state and often descended from the local leading families; if he was a layman, he appointed an (speaker of the ) for the administration of church issues. Aksum as the guardian of the Tables of the Law (, also identified as ; Ark of Covenant) was regarded as "a church". On this ground its priests did not allow "atse" Yohannes IV to permanently establish his royal there, who therefore used Mekelle as his capital. The city population managed to defend their traditional self-government - with the being independent from the - even throughout the 20th century politics of centralization by "atse" Haile Selassie I.
Degua Tembien
Degua Tembien (, "Upper Tembien") is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. It is named in part after the former province of Tembien. Part of the Mehakelegnaw Zone, Degua Tembien is bordered on the south by the Debub Misraqawi (South Eastern) Zone, on the west by Abergele, on the north by Kola Tembien, and on the east by the Misraqawi (Eastern) Zone. The administrative center of this woreda is Hagere Selam.
Adigrat
Adigrat is one of the most important cities of Tigray, which evolved from earlier political centers and camps of regional governors. Antalo, Aläqot and Adigrat were a few of them. The decline of Antalo was followed by the rise of Adigrat as another prominent, yet short-lived, capital of Tigray. It used to serve as the capital of Agame.
Atsbi Wenberta
Atsbi Wemberta () is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Misraqawi Zone at the eastern edge of the Ethiopian highlands, Atsbi Wenberta is bordered on the south by the Debub Misraqawi (Southeastern) Zone, on the west by Kilte Awulaelo, on the north by Saesi Tsaedaemba, and on the east by the Afar Region. The administrative center of this woreda is Atsbi (officially Atsbi Endaselassie Ge'ez: ኣጽቢ እንዳስላሴ); other towns in Atsbi Wenberta include Haik Mesahil, Atsebi Dera, Kelisha Emni and Habes. The woreda is administratively divided into 18 Tabiyas (Kebelles).
Shire Inda Selassie
Shire (ሺረ), also known as Inda Selassie (እንዳ ሥላሴ, Tigrinya "House of the Trinity"), is a town and separate woreda in Tigray, Ethiopia. The administrative center of the Semien Mi'irabawi Zone of the Tigray region, this town has a latitude and longitude of with an altitude of 1953 meters above sea level. It was part of Tahtay Koraro woreda.
Maychew
Maychew, also Maichew (, "salt water"), is a town and "woreda" in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. It is located at 665 km north of Addis Ababa along Ethiopian Highway 2 which runs to Mekelle  (the capital city of Tigray region) with an altitude of 2479 m. According to Ethiopia’s agro-ecological setting, Maychew and its environs are classified under the Weinadega (semi-temperate zone).
Tigray Province
Tigray went through numerous administrative changes in the course of its history. In 1991 Tigray was radically reshaped. During the reign of Haile Selassie I and also the following Derg period, Tigray did not yet encompass Welqayt (until 1991 having been part of Begemder), while Enderta in eastern Tigray extended over large Afar areas including the salt plains, which were given to Afar "kəlləl". Still in the 1930s the regions south of Enderta, i.e. Wajjarat and Angot, formed the separate governorate called "Southern Tigray". Modern Tigray is the result of a merger of diverse historical northern provinces (with Tigrinya and Agaw speakers), which were often independent from each other.
Today's unity of Tigrayan territories south of the Mereb river is a rather modern phenomenon. Most northern provinces were ruled by their own governors, often descending from local dynasties and preserving a high degree of autonomy within the empire, e.g., in legal and judicial issues, taxation etc. Only rarely these territories were unified under one ruler.
Relief Society of Tigray
The Relief Society of Tigray (abbreviated REST, and known as Maret in Tigrinya) is an NGO based in Tigray, northern Ethiopia.REST was founded in 1978 as an organization providing relief efforts to civilians. As of 2008, Teklewoini Assefa served as Executive Director of REST. REST emerged as the humanitarian wing of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and has remained closely linked to TPLF. REST was active throughout the armed conflict of the 1980s, including during the devastating 1984-1985 famine.
Addi Arkay (woreda)
Addi Arkay is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Located at the northeastern point of the Semien Gondar Zone, Addi Arkay is bordered on the south by Jan Amora, on the southwest by Debarq, on the north by the Tigray Region, and on the east by Tselemt. Towns in Addi Arkay include Addi Arkay and Zarima. Tselemt woreda was separated from Addi Arkay.
Tigrayans
A usually urban and semi-urban sub-group are the Muslim Tigrayans, who form around 5% of the Tigrayan population (in Eritrea called Jeberti, a term often rejected, however, by Muslim Tigrayns). Most are merchants, but some are peasants with traditional land rights, such as in their sacred town Negash in eastern Tigray, and in a few other street settlements, e.g. Wukro Meray near Aksum (with the mosque used by the Muslims of Aksum) or Enticho. In the past, many Muslim Tigrayans also acted as servants for wealthy farmers and nobles. Most settled near trade routes and in important towns, such as Asmara and Keren in Eritrea, or Adwa, Enticho, Adigrat, Wukro, or Mekelle in Tigray. Arabic inscriptions prove a Muslim presence in eastern Tigray along trade routes (in Enderta and Sera) already starting from around the 9th or 10th century. Islam as practiced by Tigrayans has barely been studied yet, but seems to be marked by influences of diverse origins, from the Sudan, Egypt, and Muslim communities of the Yemen and the Hijaz. According to tradition, the festival of Ashura, on 10th Muharram, was introduced in 1664/65 by a council chaired by a Muslim of Tembien, which decided to make Negash a pilgrimage center with Ashura as the annual day of pilgrmage; suppressed later, the festival was revived in the 1990s. The Tigrayan Muslims are Sunnis, and Ashura is celebrated as a day when "prophets" (e.g. Moses) were "relieved from difficulties", which is also an allusion to Negash as the asylum for the persecuted followers of Prophet Muhammed. The festival may have been established as a response against Shi'ite influence, possibly from the Zaydites of the Yemen, whose connection to the coast is known from the 17th century.
Haile Selassie Gugsa
In 1947, eastern Tigray was incorporated into western Tigray and was governed by "Ras" Seyum Mangasha as hereditary prince of all Tigray. "Dejazmach" Haile Selassie Gugsa and his side of the family of Emperor Yohannes IV fell from grace. They no longer enjoy favour either from the Emperor in Addis Ababa or from "Ras" Seyum Mangasha in Tigray.
Tigrayans
By the beginning of the 19th century Henry Salt (Egyptologist), who travelled in the interior of Abyssinia, divided the "Abyssinia" region, like James Bruce into three distinct and independent states. These three great divisions(based arbitrarily on Language) are Tigré, Amhara, and the province of Shoa. Henry considers Tigré as the more powerful state of the three; a circumstance arising from the natural strength of the country, the warlike disposition of its inhabitants, and its vicinity to the sea coast; an advantage that has secured to it the monopoly of all the musquets imported into the country. He divided the Tigré kingdom into several provinces as the centre where it was considered the seat of the state being referred as Tigré proper. Provinces of this kingdom includes Enderta, Agame, Wojjerat, Temben, Shiré and Baharanegash. Hamasien, a district of Baharanegash, is the furthest north and narrowest part of Tigré, and Henry places Bejas or Bojas as the people who live north of Tigré state. By the time Henry made his travel to Abyssinia the seat of the empire, Gondar, was ruled by Gugsa of Yejju, a Oromo commander who ruled from 1798 up to 1825 as "enderase" to the powerless emperors with Solomonic dynasty.
Tigre people
The Tigre people are an ethnic group inhabiting Eritrea and Sudan. They are closely related to the Tigrayans and Beja. The Tigre speak the Tigre language, which belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic family.
Endamekoni
Endamekoni () (also transliterated as Enda Mohoni) is one of the woredas in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Debubawi Zone, Endamehoni is bordered on the south by Ofla, on the west by the Amhara Region, on the north by Alaje, and on the east by Raya Azebo. Towns in Endamehoni include Wedisemro. The town of Maychew is surrounded by Endamehoni.
Semitic languages
Historically linked to the peninsular homeland of Old South Arabian, of which only one language, Razihi, remains, Ethiopia and Eritrea contain a substantial number of Semitic languages; the most widely spoken are Amharic in Ethiopia, Tigre in Eritrea, and Tigrinya in both. Amharic is the official language of Ethiopia. Tigrinya is a working language in Eritrea. Tigre is spoken by over one million people in the northern and central Eritrean lowlands and parts of eastern Sudan. A number of Gurage languages are spoken by populations in the semi-mountainous region of southwest Ethiopia, while Harari is restricted to the city of Harar. Ge'ez remains the liturgical language for certain groups of Christians in Ethiopia and in Eritrea.
Tanga Region
Tanga Region is one of the 31 administrative regions of Tanzania. It is bordered by Kenya and Kilimanjaro Region to the north; Manyara Region to the west; and Morogoro and Pwani regions to the south. Its eastern border is formed by the Indian Ocean. It has a population of about two million.
Tigray Region
In 1998, war erupted between Eritrea and Ethiopia over a portion of territory that had been administered at part of Tigray, which included the town of Badme.
Tigray Region
After the February 1974 popular revolution, the first signal of any mass uprising was the actions of the soldiers of the 4th Brigade of the 4th Army Division in Nagelle in southern Ethiopia. The Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, or the Derg (Ge'ez "Committee"), was officially announced 28 June 1974 by a group of military officers. The committee elected Major Mengistu Haile Mariam as its chairman and Major Atnafu Abate as its vice-chairman. In July the Derg obtained key concessions from the emperor, Haile Selassie, which included the power to arrest not only military officers but government officials at every level. Soon both former Prime Ministers Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold and Endalkachew Makonnen, along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers and officials of the Imperial court were imprisoned. In August, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government in order to forestall further developments in that direction. The Derg deposed and imprisoned the emperor on September 12, 1974. In addition, the Derg in 1975 nationalized most industries and private and somewhat secure urban real-estate holdings.