When were the Federalist papers published?
The Federalist Papers
The Federalist (later known as The Federalist Papers) is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. The first 77 of these essays were published serially in the "Independent Journal", the "New York Packet", and "The Daily Advertiser" between October 1787 and April 1788. A two-volume compilation of these 77 essays and eight others was published as The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787 by publishing firm J. & A. McLean in March and May 1788. The collection was commonly known as "The Federalist" until the name "The Federalist Papers" emerged in the 20th century.
Anti-Federalist Papers
Following its victory against the British in the Revolutionary War, the United States was plagued by a variety of internal problems. The weak central government could not raise taxes to cover war debts and was largely unable to pass legislation. Many early American politicians and thinkers believed that these issues were the result of the Articles of Confederation - the first governing document of the United States. In 1787 a convention gathered in Philadelphia to attempt to amend it. Soon, however, the gathering shifted its focus to constructing a newer and more powerful Constitution for the fledgling country. Two main competing factions emerged, the Federalists and the anti-Federalists. The former supported a more powerful central government while the latter opposed it.
Federal Farmer
On November 8, 1787, the "New York Journal" began to advertise a new pamphlet entitled "Observations Leading to a Fair Examination of the System of Government Proposed by the Late Convention; and to Several Essential and Necessary Alterations in It. In a Number of Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican". This pamphlet contained the first five Federal Farmer letters, dated October 8 to 13. The first edition was replete with errors and a second, corrected printing appeared within a week. The letters also began to appear in newspapers; on November 14 the "Poughkeepsie County Journal" started publishing the series, finishing on January 2. The first two editions of the pamphlet were probably produced by Thomas Greenleaf, who printed the "New York Journal". At least two further editions were released by other printers.
Federalist No. 66
Federalist Paper 66 was written by Alexander Hamilton who represented New York in the Congress under the Articles of Confederation and had served as a deputy from New York at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. It was titled "Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered" and was published on March 8, 1788 in n the New York Independent Journal under the pseudonym Publius.
Federal Cases
In 1880, West Publishing Company began reporting decisions from all federal courts in the "Federal Reporter", and the "Federal Reporter" soon became established as the leading unofficial reporter for the federal circuit and district courts. But federal decisions issued prior to 1880 had been previously published in a variety of separate reporters from several private entrepreneurs. "Federal Cases", then, was West Publishing's attempt to collect and republish all federal decisions from 1789 to 1880 in a single reporter which would be part of its National Reporter System, just like the "Federal Reporter". That is, as with other NRS reporters, the cases included were annotated by West attorney-editors with "headnotes" summarizing their holdings, and the headnotes were then indexed for easy cross-referencing to similar cases through the West American Digest System. Republishing all those old cases within the NRS framework meant that subsequent generations of lawyers and judges would be able to resort solely to West reporters to access the entire extant universe of post-1789 federal case law.
The Fed (newspaper)
In the fall of 1998, a few readers of the older "Federalist" elected to restart the paper, committing to the same peculiar blend of viewpoints, with a focus on the humor and absurdism that made the previous incarnation appealing. After a few false starts (no one on the staff had any experience in laying out a newspaper, and as such the initial issues were printed in an oversized font) and an anonymous donation, "The Fed" began to produce regular content.
Federalist No. 81
"The Federalist Papers", as a foundation text of constitutional interpretation, are frequently cited by American jurists. Of all the essays, No. 81 is the third-most cited, behind only Federalist No. 42 and Federalist No. 78. Federalist No. 81 addresses how the powers of the judiciary should be distributed. It deals with potential fears for the irreversible effects of judicial activism.
Federalist No. 75
Federalist No. 75 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton and seventy-fifth in the series of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 26, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Its title is "The Treaty Making Power of the Executive", and it is the seventh in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Executive branch.
Federalist No. 54
Federalist Paper No. 54 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-fourth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 12, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This paper discusses the way in which the seats in the United States House of Representatives are apportioned among the states. It is titled "The Apportionment of Members Among the States". The essay was erroneously attributed to John Jay in Alexander Hamilton's enumeration of the authors of the various Federalist Papers.
The Complete Anti-Federalist
This is meant to be an authoritative edition. It includes all Anti-Federalist pamphlets that I have been able to find, all substantial newspaper essays and series of essays, some of the most important speeches by Anti-Federalists in ratifying conventions (though there is no claim of or need for comprehensiveness here), and some manuscript notes. About two-thirds of the items have never been printed since their original publication in 1787 and 1788, including a number of pieces that are of major importance in the Anti-Federal corpus... I have, of course, given a good deal of thought to the great length of this collection, though it was always understood that it would be more than one volume. I would have preferred it shorter; but there is, I think, no way to accomplish that that does not strike at the heart of the basic conception of this enterprise from the beginning: that all of the substantial Anti-Federalists pieces should be made available in their entirety and in an accurate text. Some of the most important series of essays, such as Centinel, and the Letters from the Federal Farmer, and Brutus, and A [Maryland] Federal Farmer, are very long. There is no possibility of omitting these or of abridging them without destroying a prime value of the collection.
Federalist No. 71
Federalist No. 71 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the seventy-first of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 18, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Its title is "The Duration in Office of the Executive", and it is the fifth in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers and limitations of the executive branch.
Federalist No. 20
Federalist No. 20 is an essay by James Madison, the twentieth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 11, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. No. 20 addresses the failures of the Articles of Confederation to satisfactorily govern the United States; it is the last of six essays on this topic. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union".
The Federal Capital Pioneer
"The Federal Capital Pioneer" was published from 3 December 1924 to August 1926 in Canberra. It was then published as "The Federal Capital Pioneer Magazine" from 15 October 1926 to 20 August 1927.
Federalist No. 21
Federalist No. 21, written by Alexander Hamilton, highlights the defects in the Articles of Confederation. It was published on December 12, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "Other Defects of the Present Confederation", and explains how the Articles of Confederation failed in 3 ways: by not giving the government enough power to enforce its laws, that the states do not have a guarantee of their rights, and how the states can simply ignore the tax quotas set by the government.
History of New York (state)
The state adopted its constitution in April 1777, creating a strong executive and strict separation of powers. It strongly influenced the federal constitution a decade later. Debate over the federal constitution in 1787 led to formation of the groups known as Federalists—mainly "downstaters" (those who lived in or near New York City) who supported a strong national government—and Antifederalists—mainly upstaters (those who lived to the city's north and west) who opposed large national institutions. In 1787, Alexander Hamilton, a leading Federalist from New York and signatory to the Constitution, wrote the first essay of the "Federalist Papers". He published and wrote most of the series in New York City newspapers in support of the proposed United States Constitution. Antifederalists were not swayed by the arguments, but the state ratified it in 1788.
Anti-Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers is the collective name given to works written by the Founding Fathers who were opposed to or concerned with the merits of the United States Constitution of 1787. Starting on 25 September 1787 (8 days after the final draft of the US Constitution) and running through the early 1790s, these anti-Federalists published a series of essays arguing against a stronger and more energetic union as embodied in the new Constitution. Although less influential than their counterparts, "The Federalist Papers", these works nonetheless played an important role in shaping the early American political landscape and in the passage of the US Bill of Rights.
Federalist No. 1
Federalist No. 1 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, which became the first of a collection of essays named "The Federalist". It was published on October 27, 1787, under the pseudonym Publius. This paper provides the outline for the rest and argues for the inadequacy of the Articles of Confederation.
Federalist No. 47
Federalist No. 47 is the forty-seventh paper from "The Federalist Papers". It was published on 30 January 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. James Madison was its actual author. This paper examines the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government under the proposed United States Constitution due to the confusion of the concept at the citizen level. It is titled "The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts".
The Federalist (website)
Writing for "Politico" in 2014, Reid Cherlin wrote about "The Federalist" in an article about the rise in right-wing media online, describing the site as "seek[ing] to go deep on the issues and sway the conversation in Washington." Matt K. Lewis wrote in "The Week" that conservative online media was divided between "staid, august publications" and "a new generation of irreverent sites", and that "[s]ites like "The Federalist" try to bridge the gap by providing serious commentary that is typically written by young, pop culture–savvy writers". In May 2018, Damon Linker of "The Week" describes "The Federalist" as "a leading disseminator of pro-Trump conspiracies and up-is-down, funhouse-mirror distortions of Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian election meddling and potential Trump involvement."
Federalist No. 74
Federalist No. 74 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the seventy-fourth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 25, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Its title is "The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive", and it is the eighth in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Executive branch.
The Federalist Papers
The papers can be broken down by author as well as by topic. At the start of the series, all three authors were contributing; the first twenty papers are broken down as eleven by Hamilton, five by Madison and four by Jay. The rest of the series, however, is dominated by three long segments by a single writer: No. 21 through No. 36 by Hamilton, No. 37 through 58 by Madison, written while Hamilton was in Albany, and No. 65 through the end by Hamilton, published after Madison had left for Virginia.
Federalist No. 19
Federalist No. 19 is an essay by James Madison, the nineteenth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 8, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. No. 19 addresses the failures of the Articles of Confederation to satisfactorily govern the United States; it is the fifth of six essays on this topic. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union". Contemporary comparisons are made with "the Germanic body" (the Kingdom of Germany), a community of sovereigns that support a feeble and precarious union; Poland, unfit for self-government and self-defense; and Switzerland, in practice a severed league due to differences of religion.
Federalist No. 24
Federalist No. 24 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-fourth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 19, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered".
The Federalist Papers
Both Hopkins's and Gideon's editions incorporated significant edits to the text of the papers themselves, generally with the approval of the authors. In 1863, Henry Dawson published containing the original text of the papers, arguing that they should be preserved as they were written in that particular historical moment, not as edited by the authors years later.
Federal Farmer
The authorship of the Federal Farmer letters is uncertain. Until the latter part of the 20th century, the letters were generally accepted to be the work of Richard Henry Lee. Lee had been a member of the Continental Congress and had served as that body's presiding officer. He was known to be an Anti-Federalist, and as he was at New York in 1787 while serving on Virginia's Congressional delegation, he could have arranged for the initial publication of the pamphlets. A handful of contemporary sources identified Lee with the Federal Farmer pamphlets, beginning with a letter addressed to Lee that appeared in the "Connecticut Courant" on December 24. That letter was reprinted in a handful of Massachusetts papers as a response to the Federal Farmer. Aside from these instances, the Federal Farmer was nowhere identified in the papers as the product of Lee's pen.
Federalist No. 10
Considering the importance later ascribed to the essay, it was reprinted only on a limited scale. On November 23, it appeared in the "Packet" and the next day in the "Independent Journal". Outside New York City, it made four appearances in early 1788: January 2 in the "Pennsylvania Gazette", January 10 in the "Hudson Valley Weekly", January 15 in the Lansingburgh "Northern Centinel", and January 17 in the "Albany Gazette". Though this number of reprintings was typical for "The Federalist" essays, many other essays, both Federalist and Anti-Federalist, saw much wider distribution.
Frederick Mosteller
Mosteller and David Wallace studied the historical problem of who wrote each of the disputed Federalist papers, James Madison or Alexander Hamilton. "The Federalist Papers" study was conducted in order to demonstrate the power of Bayesian inference and required a great deal of computational power for that time. It was featured in "Time Magazine" in the September 21st, 1962 edition.
Federalist No. 8
Federalist No. 8 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eighth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 20, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. In it, Hamilton argues for the utility of the Union to the well-being of Americans, specifically addressing the negative consequences if the Union were to collapse and conflict arise between the states. It is titled "Consequences of Hostilities Between the States".
The Complete Anti-Federalist
The work was begun in 1963 and published in 1981 by the University of Chicago Press (set). An abridged edition of the complete Anti-Federalist was published in 1985 (). Unlike the later abridged editions, the original seven-volume first edition comprised over 1840 pages and included the very long original essays in their entirety by The Federal Farmer, Centinel, Brutus and A Maryland Farmer which the author felt were essential.
Federalist No. 58
Federalist No. 58 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-eighth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 20, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This paper examines the ability of the United States House of Representatives to grow with the population of the United States. It is titled "Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered".
James Madison
The Philadelphia Convention ended in September 1787, and the United States Constitution was presented to each state for ratification. Each state was requested to hold a special convention to deliberate and determine whether or not to ratify the Constitution. Madison returned to New York, where the Confederation Congress was in session. He convinced his fellow Congressman to allow each state vote upon the Constitution as formulated by the Philadelphia Convention, and remain neutral in the ratification debate. While in New York, Madison was approached by Alexander Hamilton, who asked him to help write "The Federalist Papers", a series of 85 newspaper articles published in New York that explained and defended the proposed Constitution. Under the pseudonym "Publius", Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay wrote 85 essays in the span of six months, with Madison writing 29 of the essays. The articles were also published in book form and became a virtual debater's handbook for the supporters of the Constitution in the ratifying conventions. Historian Clinton Rossiter called "The Federalist Papers" "the most important work in political science that ever has been written, or is likely ever to be written, in the United States." Federalist No. 10, Madison's first contribution to "The Federalist Papers", became highly regarded in the 20th century for its advocacy of representative democracy.
Respublica v. De Longchamps
Madison, Hamilton, & Jay, "The Federalist" Papers. (London: Penguin, 1987).
Federalist No. 84
Federalist No. 84 is a political essay by Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, the eighty-fourth and penultimate essay in a series known as The Federalist Papers. It was published July 16, July 26, and August 9, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name which all The Federalist Papers were published. The official title of the work is "Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered". Federalist 84 is best known for its opposition to a Bill of Rights, a viewpoint that the work's other author, James Madison, disagreed with. Madison's position eventually won out in Congress and a Bill of Rights was ratified on December 15, 1791.
The Fed (newspaper)
During this period, the paper became known as the leading informational publication at Columbia. It also retained its re-affirmed mandate of providing a forum for diverging view-points, consistent with its classically liberal worldview. Later, some members of the Federalist's editorial staff would deride this period in the paper's history, such as former Editor-in-Chief Laurie Marhoefer, who suggested that the paper declined in these years under pressure from other campus competitors, including the then-progressive "Spectator" and the socialist-sponsored "Modern Times" (long-since defunct). Yet the Federalist published consistently in the early to mid-nineties, and the paper ran at a profit due to its advertising sales and funding from the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, a national organization dedicated to the support of similar papers nationwide.
Federalist No. 61
Federalist No. 61 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-first of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 26, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the last of three papers discussing the power of Congress over the election of its own members. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members".
Federalist No. 29
The Articles of Confederation were ratified on March 1, 1781 to be the first constitution of the 13 colonies. Its formation came from the urgent need to stabilize the colonies newly liberated from British administration. It became evident that future prosperity relied on a new structure that gave power back to the general government. At first, people were unsure if this reform would be either beneficial or detrimental to future society. The uncertainty in public opinion had to be answered in order to put the people's trust in the new constitution. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay collectively wrote eighty five essays, known as the Federalist Papers, to persuade people, from those in politics to the average citizen, that the new constitution will be aid in the growth of the young nation. Alexander Hamilton's Federalist 29: "Concerning the Militia", describes what he implies would become of the militia. Historically, militias have been an intricate part in the lives of the people before and after the colonies. Alone, separate militias would have been vastly insufficient in terms of comparability to fighting an army such as the British. However, these battalions do reserve a role in the independence of the colonies.
Federalist No. 14
Three delegates, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, recognized this hesitancy and took it upon themselves to defend and explicate the meaning and benefits of the Constitution. Together they penned 85 essays, dubbed "The Federalist" (later in the 20th century they became known as "The Federalist Papers"), all which were printed in New York newspapers under the pseudonym "Publius" addressed "To the People of the State of New York." After 85 Federalist essays and 10 months of deliberation, the Constitution was ratified on July 21, 1788.
Federalist No. 81
The outline of the constitution was promising, but it would not be very productive to simply drop an entire new system of government on a nation without first outlining the process first. John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton together collaborated on what would be known as the Federalist Papers a series of papers published in newspapers outlining exactly how the constitution would work while taking input and defending itself from criticism.
Federalist No. 62
Federalist No. 62 is an essay by James Madison, the sixty-second of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 27, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the first of two essays by Madison detailing, and seeking to justify, the organization of the United States Senate. It is titled "The Senate".
History of American newspapers
Partisan bitterness increased during the last decade of the century as the First Party System took shape. The parties needed newspapers to communicate with their voters. New England papers were generally Federalist; in Pennsylvania there was a balance; in the West and South the Republican press predominated. Though the Federalists were vigorously supported by such able papers as Russell's "Columbian Centinel" in Boston, Isaiah Thomas's "Massachusetts Spy", "The Connecticut Courant", and, after 1793, Noah Webster's daily "Minerva" (soon renamed "Commercial Advertiser") in New York, the "Gazette of the United States", which in 1790 followed Congress and the capital to Philadelphia, was at the center of conflict, "a paper of pure Toryism", as Thomas Jefferson said, "disseminating the doctrines of monarchy, aristocracy, and the exclusion of the people." To offset the influence of this, Jefferson and Madison induced Philip Freneau, who had been editing "The Daily Advertiser" in New York, to set up a "half weekly", to "go through the states and furnish a Whig [Republican] vehicle of intelligence." Freneau's "National Gazette", which first appeared 31 October 1791, soon became the most outspoken critic of the administration of Adams, Hamilton, and Washington, and an ardent advocate of the French Revolution. Fenno and Freneau, in the "Gazette of the United States" and the "National Gazette", at once came to grips, and the campaign of personal and party abuse in partisan news reports, in virulent editorials, in poems and skits of every kind, was echoed from one end of the country to the other. The "National Gazette" closed in 1793 due to circulation problems and the political backlash against Jefferson and Madison's financial involvement in founding the paper.
The Fed (newspaper)
The Federalist, known colloquially and more commonly as The Fed, is a tabloid-sized (as opposed to broadsheet) newspaper published every three weeks at Columbia University in New York City. Founded in 1986 by Neil M. Gorsuch, Andrew Levy and P.T. Waters, the paper has undergone many changes in mission, style, form, and success, though it has experienced relatively few interruptions in production since the publication of its first issues. Currently the paper publishes topical humor and satirical content.
Federalist No. 81
Federalist No. 81 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eighty-first of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on June 25 and 28, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. The title is "The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority", and it is the fourth in a series of six essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Judicial branch.
Federalist No. 43
Federalist No. 43 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-third of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 23, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This paper continues a theme begun by Madison in Federalist No. 42. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered".
The Washington Papers
Starting in 1976 the Washington Papers project began releasing sets of its collection via the University Press of Virginia. Sets are separated into different collections depending on the type of material and the time period. In 2004 the project digitized the collection with the help of the Ladies' Association and the University of Virginia Press’s digital database. The digitized collection was called the Papers of George Washington Digital Edition and is regularly updated. The following year the project presented the White House with a full set of the Papers of George Washington. In 2010 the National Historical Publications and Records Commissiona (NARA) and the University of Virginia Press announced a new project, Founders Online, which would provide users with free access to papers relating to the Founding Fathers.
John Jay
A proponent of strong, centralized government, Jay worked to ratify the United States Constitution in New York in 1788. He was a co-author of "The Federalist Papers" along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, and wrote five of the 85 essays. After the establishment of the new federal government, Jay was appointed by President George Washington the first Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1795. The Jay Court experienced a light workload, deciding just four cases over six years. In 1794, while serving as Chief Justice, Jay negotiated the highly controversial Jay Treaty with Britain. Jay received a handful of electoral votes in three of the first four presidential elections, but never undertook a serious bid for the presidency.
Federalist No. 55
Federalist No. 55 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-fifth of The Federalist Papers. It was published on February 13, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. It is titled "The Total Number of House of Representatives". It is the first of four papers defending the number of members in the House of Representatives against the critics who believe the number of members to be inadequate. The critics presume that there aren't enough representatives to defend the country against the small group of legislators who are violating the rights of the people. In this paper, Madison examines the size of the United States House of Representatives.
Federalist No. 6
Federalist No. 6 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 14, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Arguing for the importance of the Union to the well-being of Americans, Hamilton addresses a theme continued in Federalist No. 7: the danger of dissension among the states if they remain without a strong federal government. No. 6 is titled "Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States"
Anti-Administration party
At the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and during the ratifying process in 1788, Madison was one of the two or three most prominent advocates of a strong national government. He wrote "The Federalist Papers", together with Hamilton and John Jay. In 1789–1790, Madison was a leader in support of the new federal government.
Federalist No. 56
Federalist No. 56 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-sixth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 16, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Continuing from Federalist No. 55, this paper discusses the size of the United States House of Representatives. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Total Number of the House of Representatives". In this paper, Madison addresses the criticism that the House of Representatives is too small to sufficiently understand the varied interests of all its constituents. He goes on further to explain that representatives represent large numbers of people, effectively explaining why the "smaller" size of the House of Representatives was sufficient.
The Federalist Papers
Hamilton recruited collaborators for the project. He enlisted John Jay, who after four strong essays (Federalist Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5), fell ill and contributed only one more essay, Federalist No. 64, to the series. Jay also distilled his case into a pamphlet in the spring of 1788, "An Address to the People of the State of New-York"; Hamilton cited it approvingly in Federalist No. 85. James Madison, present in New York as a Virginia delegate to the Confederation Congress, was recruited by Hamilton and Jay and became Hamilton's primary collaborator. Gouverneur Morris and William Duer were also considered. However, Morris turned down the invitation, and Hamilton rejected three essays written by Duer. Duer later wrote in support of the three Federalist authors under the name "Philo-Publius," or "Friend of Publius."
Federalist No. 30
Federalist No. 30 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the thirtieth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 28, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the first of seven essays by Hamilton on the then-controversial issue of taxation. It is titled "Concerning the General Power of Taxation".
Federalist No. 66
Federalist No. 66 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-sixth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 8, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. The title is "Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered".
Anti-Federalist Papers
During the lengthy and heated national debate following this convention, both groups wrote extensively in favor of their respective positions. The anti-Federalist papers are a selection of the written arguments against the US Constitution by those known to posterity as the anti-Federalists. As with the Federalist papers, these essays were originally published in newspapers. The most widely known are "a series of sixteen essays published in the New York Journal from October 1787 through April 1788 during the same period. The anti-Federalist was appearing in New York newspapers, under the pseudonym 'Brutus'."
Federalist No. 35
Federalist No. 35 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the thirty-fifth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 5, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the sixth of seven essays by Hamilton on the controversial issue of taxation. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation".
Federalist No. 33
Federalist No. 33, written by Alexander Hamilton, continues the focus on the issues in creating an efficient taxation system, along with reassuring the people's doubts about the government control over taxation. Titled "The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation", No. 33 explores the idea of allowing Congress to make all laws that are necessary for efficiently operating the national government. Under the pseudonym, Publius, John Jay, Hamilton, and James Madison collectively wrote and published eighty-five essays in the New York newspaper between 1787 and 1788 (later published as a book called "The Federalist Papers" in 1788) to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution.
Fellowship Forum
The first issue of the "Fellowship Forum" was published on June 24, 1921 by the Independent Publishing Company. The founders of the paper, who were both Masons, called it "The World's Greatest Fraternal Newspaper". Its stated mission was to disseminate "religious and patriotic doctrines". When Justice Harlan Stone was nominated to the United States Supreme Court during the Prohibition era the "Fellowship Forum" wrote that he had a "fine record" and had been "very active in the enforcement of Prohibition laws" as Attorney General.
Federalist No. 17
Federalist No. 17 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the seventeenth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 5, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. No. 17 addresses the failures of the Articles of Confederation to satisfactorily govern the United States; it is the third of six essays on this topic. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union".
Public Papers of the Presidents
Another special edition of the "Federal Register" arose as a companion publication to the "Public Papers" series, the "Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents", which was first published in 1965 to provide a broader range of Presidential materials on a more timely basis to meet the needs of the contemporary reader. Beginning with the administration of Jimmy Carter, the "Public Papers" series expanded its coverage to include additional material as printed in the "Weekly Compilation", including detailed appendices of supplemental material: Digest of Other White House Announcements, Nominations Submitted to the Senate, Checklist of White House Press Releases, and Presidential Documents Published in the Federal Register.
The Independent Journal
"The Independent Journal" is primarily remembered for being one of several newspapers to have initially published "The Federalist" papers – a series of eighty-five articles and essays discussing and advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution, written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton. It became the first newspaper to publish the material when it released the first Federalist essay on October 27, 1787. The release was accompanied by the following notice:
Political Affairs (magazine)
The publication can be traced back to "The Masses", the famous Greenwich Village paper of the 1910s. After being suppressed by the government, the paper continued as "The Liberator". Independently of this, the Friends of Soviet Russia had established another monthly, "Soviet Russia", in 1919. In 1924 the title was changed to "Soviet Russia Pictorial". Finally, William Z. Foster had begun "Labor Herald" as the official publication of his Trade Union Educational League in March 1922. When the Workers Party of America had finally been consolidated as the unified above-ground Communist Party in the United States, it was determined that the party should have a theoretical monthly as well as a daily, in line with Lenin's guideline in "What Is To Be Done?" The above three publications were combined into "Workers Monthly", which debuted in November 1924. It changed its name to "The Communist" in 1927 and to "Political Affairs" in 1944.
Federalist No. 21
The Federalist Papers are 85 individual articles written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison and were intended for the people of New York. The purpose of these papers was to convince the states to ratify the United States Constitution by pointing out the flaws in the Articles of Confederation. Jay, Hamilton, and Madison all addressed various issues in the articles, mainly Hamilton writing the majority of them.
Federalist No. 49
Federalist No. 49 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-ninth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on February 2, 1788 under the pseudonym "Publius", the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention".
The Federalist Papers
"The Federalist" articles appeared in three New York newspapers: "The Independent Journal", the "New-York Packet", and the "Daily Advertiser", beginning on October 27, 1787. Although written and published with haste, "The Federalist" articles were widely read and greatly influenced the shape of American political institutions. Hamilton, Madison and Jay published the essays at a rapid pace. At times, three to four new essays by Publius appeared in the papers in a single week. Garry Wills observes that this fast pace of production "overwhelmed" any possible response: "Who, given ample time could have answered such a battery of arguments? And no time was given." Hamilton also encouraged the reprinting of the essays in newspapers outside New York state, and indeed they were published in several other states where the ratification debate was taking place. However, they were only irregularly published outside New York, and in other parts of the country they were often overshadowed by local writers.
Confederation Period
Ratification of the Constitution required the approval of nine states. The ratification debates in Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia were of particular importance, as they were the four largest and most powerful states in the nation. Those who advocated ratification took the name Federalists. To sway the closely divided New York legislature, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay anonymously published "The Federalist Papers", which became seminal documents that affected the debate in New York and other states. Opponents of the new constitution became known as Anti-Federalists. Though most Anti-Federalists acknowledged the need for changes to the Articles of Confederation, they feared the establishment of a powerful, and potentially tyrannical, central government. Members of both camps held wide ranges of views; for example, some Anti-Federalists like Luther Martin wanted only minor changes to the Articles of Confederation, while others such as George Mason favored a less powerful version of the federal government proposed by the Constitution. Federalists were strongest in eastern, urban counties, while Anti-Federalists tended to be stronger in rural areas. Each faction engaged in a spirited public campaign to shape the ratification debate, though the Federalists tended to be better financed and organized. Over time, the Federalists were able to convince many in the skeptical public of the merits of the new Constitution.
Democratic World Federalists
Since 1992 D.W.F. has published the quarterly "Toward Democratic World Federation", which provides articles from leading world federalist scholars, activist citizens and like-minded organizations on World Government and related current topics. (To access T.D.W.F. articles in D.W.F.’s e-archives click here.)
Valery Chalidze
At the request of the U.S. Administration, Chalidze Publications also organized and published the first-ever Russian translation of "The Federalist Papers" (1788). It would be an official presidential gift from George H.W. Bush to Gorbachev at one of their three summit meetings in 1990. Chalidze established a translation team for the purpose. He himself served as Editor-in-Chief, and his wife Lisa Barnhardt Chalidze, an American attorney, was Legal Editor. The primary translator was Gregory Freidin of Stanford, who was advised by Leon Lipson of Yale Law School. Gorbachev and Yeltsin both quoted from "The American Federalists" in their historic debates in the Russian parliament after August 1991 during the final months of the Soviet Union.
Federalist No. 18
Federalist No. 18 is an essay by James Madison, the eighteenth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 7, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. No. 18 addresses the failures of the Articles of Confederation to satisfactorily govern the United States; it is the fourth of six essays on this topic. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union". Madison draws historical parallels between the Confederation and Ancient Greece, where both the Amphictyonic League and the Achaean League ended in tyranny and disintegration. This illustrates the importance of a closer union.
The Complete Anti-Federalist
The Complete Anti-Federalist is a seven-volume collection of the scattered Anti-Federalist Papers compiled by Herbert Storing and his former student Murray Dry of the University of Chicago, who oversaw the completion of the project after Storing's death. Michael Lienesch treats Storing's compilation as "definitive," and many of the pamphlets and other materials included had not previously been published in a collection. The collection is noted for its sympathetic portrayal of the Anti-Federalists. The commentary underscores little-known similar positions and arguments made by the birth of the first two-party system in America. Storing points out that many "Anti-Federalists" actually considered themselves Federalists in the sense that a federation is a structure over sovereign states.
Federalist No. 40
Federalist No. 40 is an essay by James Madison, the fortieth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 18, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the last of four papers by Madison examining the authority of the constitutional convention that had produced the proposed United States Constitution. It is titled "The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained".
Federalist No. 51
Federalist No. 51, titled: "The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments", is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-first of "The Federalist Papers". This document was published on February 8, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Federalist No. 51 addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government. This idea of checks and balances became a crucial document in the establishment of the modern U.S. system of checks and balances. One of its most important ideas, an explanation of check and balances, is the often quoted phrase, "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition."
Federalist No. 68
Federalist No. 68 is the 68th essay of "The Federalist Papers", and was published on March 12, 1788. It is probably written by Alexander Hamilton under the pseudonym "Publius", the name under which all of the Federalist Papers were published. Since all of them were written under this pseudonym, who wrote what cannot be verified with certainty. Entitled "The Mode of Electing the President", No. 68 describes a perspective on the process of selecting the Chief Executive of the United States. In writing this essay, the author sought to convince the people of New York of the merits of the proposed Constitution. Number 68 is the second in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Executive branch and the only one to describe the method of selecting the president.
Federalist No. 2
"The Federalist Papers" were used to present answers to all of these questions and help form an orderly government. The essays made critical revisions of a then disorderly nation, and were published throughout 1787 and 1788 by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton under the pen name of "Publius." The authors are among the Founding Fathers of America.
John Church Hamilton
In 1869, Hamilton published an edition of "The Federalist", with historical notes and commentary.
Federalist No. 65
Federalist No. 65 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-fifth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 7, 1788 under the pseudonym "Publius", the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Titled "The Powers of the Senate Continued", it carries on a theme begun by John Jay in Federalist No. 64.
The Federalist Papers
The Federal Convention sent the proposed Constitution to the Confederation Congress, which in turn submitted it to the states for ratification at the end of September 1787. On September 27, 1787, "Cato" first appeared in the New York press criticizing the proposition; "Brutus" followed on October 18, 1787. These and other articles and public letters critical of the new Constitution would eventually become known as the "Anti-Federalist Papers". In response, Alexander Hamilton decided to launch a measured defense and extensive explanation of the proposed Constitution to the people of the state of New York. He wrote in Federalist No. 1 that the series would "endeavor to give a satisfactory answer to all the objections which shall have made their appearance, that may seem to have any claim to your attention."
Federalist No. 10
On January 1, 1788, the publishing company J. & A. McLean announced that they would publish the first 36 of the essays in a single volume. This volume, titled "The Federalist", was released on March 2, 1788. George Hopkins' 1802 edition revealed that Madison, Hamilton, and Jay were the authors of the series, with two later printings dividing the work by author. In 1818, James Gideon published a third edition containing corrections by Madison, who by that time had completed his two terms as President of the United States.
The Complete Anti-Federalist
The professor asserts that the name "AntiFederalists" was offensive and was used to color any opponents to a strong central government as unpatriotic, when in fact many Anti-Federalists (the hyphen denotes a different meaning) were patriots of the Revolutionary War against Britain. The Anti-Federalists, Storing reveals, felt that young men like Alexander Hamilton, who was the main author of "The Federalist Papers", were going against the ideals of the Revolution by substituting a potential Monarchy (a president) in place of the individual freedom assured by the Articles of Confederation. The Anti-Federalists demanded and got a promise of a Bill of Rights so that Ratification of the 1787 constitution in 1789 would not be stillborn (a political reality reluctantly recognized by the "father" of the US constitution: James Madison.) These collections are their unabridged arguments against a strong central government. Storing infers that there may be more pamphlets and writings in existence, but these were the only ones after nearly two decades of trying that he was able to tease out of private collections and the US government.
Federalist No. 72
Federalist No. 72 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the seventy-second of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 19, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius. The paper, titled "The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered, discusses executive re-eligibility and is the sixth in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers the Executive branch.
Federalist No. 48
Federalist No. 48 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-eighth of the "Federalist Papers". It was published on February 1, 1788, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all the "Federalist Papers" were published. This paper builds on Federalist No. 47. In that essay Madison argued for separation of powers; here he argues that the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government must not be totally divided. It is titled "These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other".
Federalist No. 34
Federalist No. 34 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the thirty-fourth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 5, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the fifth of seven essays by Hamilton on the then-controversial issue of taxation. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation".
Anti-Federalist Papers
In the table below, a selection of Anti-Federalist papers have been contrasted with their Federalist counterparts.
The Anti-Federalists proved unable to stop the ratification of the US Constitution, which took effect in 1789. Since then, the essays they wrote have largely fallen into obscurity. Unlike, for example, The Federalist No. 10 written by James Madison, none of their works are mainstays in college curricula or court rulings. The influence of their writing, however, can be seen to this day – particularly in the nature and shape of the United States Bill of Rights. Federalists (such as Alexander Hamilton, in Federalist 84) vigorously argued against its passage but were in the end forced to compromise. The broader legacy of the Anti-Federalist cause can be seen in the strong suspicion of centralized government held by many Americans to this day.
Fieldites
The Fieldites published "The Workers' Voice"  in Canada, "Labor Front"  in the United States, a theoretical journal called "New International Bulletin", "Workers Anti-War Bulletin"  and "Revolutionary Youth", by the party's youth section. Bibliographer Walter Goldwater lists "Labor Front" as #128 in his index and gives its duration as Vol. I #1 June 1934 to Vol. VI #1 February 1939. The group also published an irregular "international" publication "New International Bulletin: Documents of the New International" which lasted from Vol. I #1 October 1935 - Vol. II #1 March 1937. Apparently this ceased publication when the majority of the New York group rejoined the Trotskyists.
Federalist No. 73
Federalist No. 73 is an essay by the 18th-century American statesman Alexander Hamilton. It is the seventy-third of "The Federalist Papers", a collection of articles written to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. It was published on March 21, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Its title is "The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power", and it is the seventh in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Executive branch of the United States government.
Federalist No. 23
In the first 22 "Federalist" papers, Publius argued for the importance of the Union and that the Articles of Confederation were insufficient to preserve the Union. Federalist No. 23 begins a series of fourteen papers arguing in support of the basic thesis that an energetic federal government is necessary. Too-powerful governments were a major worry in America, which had declared independence from Britain partly because of a belief that the government in London inappropriately had dominated the local governments in the colonies. Hamilton tried to allay popular fears that the new federal government would be no less abusive than the British government had been.
Le Libertaire
War ended in May 1945. The first postwar edition of "Le Libertaire" appeared on 21 December 1944. Subsequent editions were published intermittently and then twice per month, with activities restricted by paper rationing. It returned to weekly publication in April 1946. The first eleven editions after the war included the subheading under the title, "The Federalist organ of the " ("« Organe fédéraliste du Mouvement libertaire »"). The period became a golden age for Le Libertaire. Contributors included Georges Brassens who would later become a permanent member of the production team. Others were Léo Ferré, André Breton, Armand Robin and Albert Camus.
Anti-Federalism
During the period of debate over the ratification of the Constitution, numerous independent local speeches and articles were published all across the country. Initially, many of the articles in opposition were written under pseudonyms, such as "Brutus" (likely Melancton Smith), "Centinel" (likely Samuel Bryan), and "Federal Farmer." Eventually, famous revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry came out publicly against the Constitution. They argued that the strong national government proposed by the Federalists was a threat to the rights of individuals and that the president would become a king. They objected to the federal court system created by the proposed constitution. This produced a phenomenal body of political writing; the best and most influential of these articles and speeches were gathered by historians into a collection known as the "Anti-Federalist Papers" in allusion to the "Federalist Papers".
Federalist No. 11
Federalist No. 11 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eleventh of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 23, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy".
Federalist No. 70
Federalist No. 70, titled "The Executive Department Further Considered", is an essay written by Alexander Hamilton arguing for the unitary executive provided for in the United States Constitution. It was originally published on March 15, 1788 in "The New York Packet" under the pseudonym Publius as part of "The Federalist Papers" and as the fourth in Hamilton's series of eleven essays discussing executive power.
Public Papers of the Presidents
The "Public Papers of the Presidents" series was begun in 1957 in response to a recommendation of the National Historical Publications Commission. An extensive compilation of messages and papers of the Presidents covering the period 1789 to 1897 was assembled by James D. Richardson and published under congressional authority between 1896 and 1899. Since then, various private compilations have been issued, but there was no uniform publication comparable to the "Congressional Record or the United States Supreme Court Reports". Many Presidential papers could be found only in the form of mimeographed White House releases or as reported in the press. The Commission therefore recommended the establishment of an official series in which Presidential writings, addresses, and remarks of a public nature could be made available. The Commission’s recommendation was incorporated in regulations of the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register, issued under section 6 of the Federal Register Act (44 U.S.C. 1506), which may be found in title 1, part 10, of the Code of Federal Regulations.
The Federalist Papers
"Federalist No. 10" is generally regarded as the most important of the 85 articles from a philosophical perspective. In it, Madison discusses the means of preventing rule by majority faction and advocates a large, commercial republic. This is complemented by "Federalist No. 14", in which Madison takes the measure of the United States, declares it appropriate for an extended republic, and concludes with a memorable defense of the constitutional and political creativity of the Federal Convention. In "Federalist No. 84", Hamilton makes the case that there is no need to amend the Constitution by adding a Bill of Rights, insisting that the various provisions in the proposed Constitution protecting liberty amount to a "bill of rights". "Federalist No. 78", also written by Hamilton, lays the groundwork for the doctrine of judicial review by federal courts of federal legislation or executive acts. "Federalist No. 70" presents Hamilton's case for a one-man chief executive. In "Federalist No. 39", Madison presents the clearest exposition of what has come to be called "Federalism". In "Federalist No. 51", Madison distills arguments for checks and balances in an essay often quoted for its justification of government as "the greatest of all reflections on human nature."
Federalist No. 64
The Anti-Federalist Papers was written, before the "Federalist Papers", by the founding fathers who were opposed to the merits of the United States Constitution. Three papers touch on the aspects of the Senate defended in Federalist 64. Anti-Federalist 62 discusses how the members of the senate should be chosen, and the organization of them. People believed that if the chosen senate worked for a long time, they would begin to only make decisions for themselves. It says, "The term for which the senate are to be chosen, is in my judgment too long, and no provision being made for a rotation will, I conceive, be of dangerous consequence". Anti-Federalist paper 63 states opinions on the number of people in the senate, and problems that may come. The writer agrees that the senate taking part will be beneficial, but thinks that it will eventually become "the source of the greatest evils". Finally, Anti-Federalist 64 speaks about the beliefs that the constitution of the senate sends fear and little hope to the democratic rights. "which will swallow up the democratic rights and liberties of the nation...that we have much to fear from it, and little to hope, and then it must necessarily produce a baneful aristocracy, by which the democratic rights of the people will be overwhelmed".
The Washington Papers
"The Papers of George Washington. The Confederation Series, January 1784-September 1788" is a six volume set that was released between 1992 and 1997 and was edited by W.W. Abbot and Dorothy Twohig. The volumes cover Washington's life at Mount Vernon after the Revolutionary War, resulting in most of the papers being of a personal nature rather than official.
The Federal Capital Pioneer
The Federal Capital Pioneer, also published as The Federal Capital Pioneer Magazine, was a newspaper published in Canberra, Australia from 1924 to 1927.
Alfred Deakin
Deakin continued to write prolifically throughout his career. He was a member of the Eclectic Association, fellow members included authors Theodore Fink, Arthur Topp, Arthur Patchett Martin and David Mickle. Deakin wrote anonymous political commentaries for the London "Morning Post" even while he was Prime Minister. His account of the federation movement appeared as "The Federal Story" in 1944 and is a vital primary source for this history. His account of his career in Victorian politics in the 1880s was published as "The Crisis in Victorian Politics" in 1957. His collected journalism was published as "Federated Australia" in 1968.
Federalist No. 26
Federalist No. 26 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-sixth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 22, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the first of three essays discussing the threat to the common good stemming from excessive restraint on legislative authority. It is titled "The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered".
Federalist No. 67
Federalist No. 67 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixty-seventh of "The Federalist Papers". This essay's title is "The Executive Department", and it begins a series of eleven separate papers discussing the powers and limitations of that branch. Federalist No. 67 was published, like the rest of the Federalist Papers, under the pseudonym Publius. It was published in the "New York Packet" on Tuesday, March 11, 1788.
Federalist No. 52
Federalist No. 52, an essay by James Madison, is the fifty-second of "The Federalist Papers". It was published in the "New York Packet" on February 8, 1788, with the pseudonym Publius, under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This essay is the first of two examining the structure of the United States House of Representatives under the proposed United States Constitution. It is titled The House of Representatives".
Federalist No. 63
Federalist No. 63 is an essay by James Madison, the sixty-third of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on March 1, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Continuing what Madison began in Federalist No. 62, it is the second of two essays detailing and justifying the organization of the United States Senate. No. 63 is titled "The Senate Continued". This essay is the last of Madison's contributions to the series.
Anti-Federalist Papers
The Anti-Federalist papers were written over a number of years and by a variety of authors who utilized pen names to remain anonymous, and debates over authorship continue to this day. Unlike the authors of "The Federalist Papers", a group of three men working closely together, the authors of the anti-Federalist papers were not engaged in an organized project. Thus, in contrast to the pro-Constitution advocates, there was no one book or collection of anti-Federalist Papers at the time. The essays were the product of a vast number of authors, working individually rather than as a group. Although there is no canonical list of anti-federalist authors, major authors include Cato (likely George Clinton), Brutus (likely Melancton Smith or Robert Yates or perhaps John Williams), Centinel (Samuel Bryan), and the Federal Farmer (either Melancton Smith, Richard Henry Lee, or Mercy Otis Warren). Works by Patrick Henry and a variety of others are often included as well.
Federalist No. 3
Federalist No. 3, titled The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence, is an essay by John Jay, the third of "The Federalist Papers". It was published in "The Independent Journal" on November 3, 1787, under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This is the second of four essays by Jay on the utility of the Union in protecting Americans against foreign aggression and meddling.
The Fed (newspaper)
By 1990, "The Federalist Paper" was already feeling the pinch of low content. Issues from the era display an increasing disregard for layout and copy-editing (a charge often leveled at the paper regardless of the format), a decline in advertising from former stalwarts such as Coors and Kaplan, and an editorial board that drew almost exclusively conservative commentators. The board of 1992, after a fierce debate, recommitted itself to the "classically liberal" stance of the founders and began a charge towards diversity of opinions.