共産主義革命
後にスターリンによって定式化されたマルクス・レーニン主義の概念では、共産主義の第一段階（より低い段階）が社会主義社会と呼ばれ、第二段階（より高い段階）が共産主義社会と呼ばれた。これにより当時の社会主義諸国は社会主義段階と位置づけられ、貨幣・国家などの廃止は将来の共産主義社会にて実現されるとされた。スターリニズムや一国社会主義論も参照。
無政府共産主義
Some anarcho-communists (and collectivist anarchists as well) reject "individualism" and "collectivism" as illusory concepts. They argue that an individual sacrificing themself for the "greater good" or being ruled by the "community" or "society" is not possible because society is composed of individuals rather than being a cohesive unit separate from the individual, and argue that collective control over the individual is tyrannical and un-anarchistic. Others, such as Lucien van der Walt and Michael Schmidt, argue that: "The anarchists did not ... identify freedom with the right of everybody to do exactly what one pleased but with a social order in which collective effort and responsibilities- that is to say, obligations- would provide the material basis and social nexus in which individual freedom could exist." They argued that "genuine freedom and individuality could only exist in a free society" and that in contrast to "misanthropic bourgeois individualism" anarchism was based in "a deep love of freedom, understood as a social product, a deep respect for human rights, a profound celebration of humankind and its potential and a commitment to a form of society where a 'true individuality' was irrevocably linked to 'the highest communist socieability'"