共産主義革命
後にスターリンによって定式化されたマルクス・レーニン主義の概念では、共産主義の第一段階（より低い段階）が社会主義社会と呼ばれ、第二段階（より高い段階）が共産主義社会と呼ばれた。これにより当時の社会主義諸国は社会主義段階と位置づけられ、貨幣・国家などの廃止は将来の共産主義社会にて実現されるとされた。スターリニズムや一国社会主義論も参照。
無政府共産主義
Anarchist communism as a coherent, modern economic-political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero, Emilio Covelli, Errico Malatesta, Andrea Costa and other ex-Mazzinian Republicans. Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin, they did not make their differences with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunin's death. The collectivist anarchists sought to collectivize ownership of the means of production while retaining payment proportional to the amount and kind of labor of each individual, but the anarcho-communists sought to extend the concept of collective ownership to the products of labor as well. While both groups argued against capitalism, the anarchist communists departed from Proudhon and Bakunin, who maintained that individuals have a right to the product of their individual labor and to be remunerated for their particular contribution to production. But, Errico Malatesta put it: "...instead of running the risk of making a confusion in trying to distinguish what you and I each do, let us all work and put everything in common. In this way each will give to society all that his strength permits until enough is produced for every one; and each will take all that he needs, limiting his needs only in those things of which there is not yet plenty for every one."