Émile Durkheim
David Émile Durkheim () dikenal sebagai salah satu pencetus sosiologi modern. Ia mendirikan fakultas sosiologi pertama di sebuah universitas Eropa pada 1895, dan menerbitkan salah satu jurnal pertama yang diabdikan kepada ilmu sosial, "L'Année Sociologique" pada 1896.
Antropologi budaya
Others, such as [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] (who was influenced both by American cultural anthropology and by French [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheimian]] [[sociology]]), have argued that apparently similar patterns of development reflect fundamental similarities in the structure of human thought (see [[structuralism]]). By the mid-20th century, the number of examples of people skipping stages, such as going from hunter-gatherers to post-industrial service occupations in one generation, were so numerous that 19th-century evolutionism was effectively disproved.