Muhammad al-Idrisi
Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti atau singkatnya Al-Idrisi (; ) (1100 – 1165 atau 1166) adalah pakar geografi, kartografi, mesirologi, dan pengembara yang tinggal di Sisilia, tepatnya di istana Raja Roger II. Muhammad al-Idrisi lahir di kota Afrika Utara Ceuta (Sabtah) yang termasuk bagian Kekaisaran Murabitun dan wafat di Sisilia. Al-Idrisi merupakan keturunan para penguasa Idrisiyyah di Maroko, yang merupakan keturunan Hasan bin Ali, putra Ali dan cucu nabi Muhammad.
Surat Jaminan Muhammad
Muhammad is supposed to have died in 632; the Muslims conquered Egypt between 639 and 641. The document says of the Christians, “No one shall bear arms against them.” So were the conquerors transgressing against Muhammad’s command[?]...Did Muhammad draw up this document because he foresaw the Muslim invasion of Egypt? There is no mention of this document in any remotely contemporary Islamic sources; among other anomalies, it bears a drawing of a mosque with a minaret, although minarets weren’t put on mosques until long after the time Muhammad is supposed to have lived, which is why Muslim hardliners consider them unacceptable innovation (bid’a)...The Achtiname, in short, bears all the earmarks of being an early medieval Christian forgery, perhaps developed by the monks themselves in order to protect the monastery and Egyptian Christians from the depredations of zealous Muslims.