Real gross domestic product
Real gross domestic product (real GDP for short) is a macroeconomic measure of the value of economic output adjusted for price changes (i.e. inflation or deflation). This adjustment transforms the money-value measure, nominal GDP, into an index for quantity of total output. Although GDP is total output, it is primarily useful because it closely approximates the total spending: the sum of consumer spending, investment made by industry, excess of exports over imports, and government spending. Due to inflation, GDP increases and does not actually reflect the true growth in an economy. That is why the GDP must be divided by the inflation rate (raised to the power of units of time in which the rate is measured) to get the growth of the real GDP. Different organizations use different types of 'Real GDP' measures, for example the United Nations UNCTAD uses 2005 Constant prices and exchange rates while the FRED uses 2009 constant prices and exchange rates, and recently the World Bank switched from 2005 to 2010 constant prices and exchange rates.
Modified gross national income
By 2014, Irish GDP had inflated to 130% of Irish GNI, whereas for the EU–28 aggregate , GDP is equal to GNI. In October 2016, Ireland announced that GDP rose 26.3% in 2015, implying Irish GDP was over 150% of Irish GNI. The 2015 growth was due to Apple's Q1 2015 restructuring of its hybrid–double Irish BEPS tool, then under investigation by the EU Commission for illegal avoidance of Irish taxes during 2004–2014, into a new capital allowances for intangible assets Irish BEPS tool (known as the "Green Jersey"). Nobel Prize-winning economist, Paul Krugman, labeled the 2015 GDP growth, since revised to 34.4%, as "leprechaun economics".