Function object
In Ruby, several objects can be considered function objects, in particular Method and Proc objects. Ruby also has two kinds of objects that can be thought of as semi-function objects: UnboundMethod and block. UnboundMethods must first be bound to an object (thus becoming a Method) before they can be used as a function object. Blocks can be called like function objects, but to be used in any other capacity as an object (e.g. passed as an argument) they must first be converted to a Proc. More recently, symbols (accessed via the literal unary indicator codice_35) can also be converted to codice_36s. Using Ruby's unary codice_37 operator—equivalent to calling codice_38 on an object, and assuming that method exists—the Ruby Extensions Project created a simple hack.
Local variable
Ruby as a language was inspired also by Perl, but in this case, the notation was made simpler: a global variable name must be preceded by a $ sign, like codice_13, while a local variable has simply no $ sign in front of its name, like codice_14 (while in perl all scalar values have a $ in front). Note that Ruby only provides built-in support for statically-scoped local variables like Perl's codice_4, not dynamically-scoped local variables like Perl's codice_3. There is at least one library for Ruby that provides dynamically-scoped variables.