Upwelling
The major upwellings in the ocean are associated with the divergence of currents that bring deeper, colder, nutrient rich waters to the surface. There are at least five types of upwelling: coastal upwelling, large-scale wind-driven upwelling in the ocean interior, upwelling associated with eddies, topographically-associated upwelling, and broad-diffusive upwelling in the ocean interior.
Wallemia sebi
"Wallemia sebi" invade the food with low water activity, and the food contamination has been reported in many foodstuffs across a broad range of habitats. For example, "W.sebi" is one of the most common fungi that ever isolated from spices. Along with other xerophilic fungi, they cause the loss of flavor and volatile components, production of off-flavors, and clumping in ground spices. Also, "W. sebi" is considered to be the principle fungus spoiling dried and salt fish. Reports of "W.sebi" contamination on dried fish comes from temperate regions mostly."W. sebi" invasion can make salted and dried fish look brown. Besides dried seafood, it is also commonly found in high sugar foods. "W. sebi" is typically found in jam and cake. There is also one case report on dried fruit, the spoiling fried papaya. In addition, it is found in condensed milk and forms characteristic ‘bottoms’ in sweetened condensed milk. In terms of cereals and bread, there are case reports of isolation of "W. sebi" on Australian cereals and bread. Finally, "Wallemia sebi" was found to be a dominant contaminant of milled rice and flours. It can be isolated from brown rice, which stored for a long time under natural conditions.