Health in Malaysia
Leptospirosis is a water contract disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospirabacterial. It is a disease that affects both humans and animals. The number of leptospirosis cases had steadily increased from 2011 (2,268 cases with 55 death) to 2015 (8,291 cases with 78 death) and 5,284 cases with 52 death in 2016. Leptospirosis can have important health impact and is a burden to the nation if not well controlled. Addressing leptospisoris includes maintain a clean environment and by not swimming or wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine, or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals.
Leptospira noguchii
Pathogenic "Leptospira" spp. has features of both a gram-positive and gram-negative pathogen. Features of the gram-negative pathogen is the presences of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), but the closeness of the cytoplasmic membrane to the cell wall shows more of a gram-positive feature. Also, the virulence factors on the flagella of pathogenic leptospires have thought to be involved in the overall infection"." "Leptospira noguchii" specifically creates a median lethal dose (LD) of three to 100 leptospires. "L. noguchii" also uses the Lsa24 protein to avoid the immune system of the host and antibacterials by binding to factor H. While the most important virulence factor has not yet been identified, some of the other proteins that are considered to be contributors to the main virulence are hemolysins, more specifically phospholipase C, sphingomylinase-like proteins, and pore-forming proteins.