Judaism
Around the 1st century CE, there were several small Jewish sects: the Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, Essenes, and Christians. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, these sects vanished. Christianity survived, but by breaking with Judaism and becoming a separate religion; the Pharisees survived but in the form of Rabbinic Judaism (today, known simply as "Judaism"). The Sadducees rejected the divine inspiration of the Prophets and the Writings, relying only on the Torah as divinely inspired. Consequently, a number of other core tenets of the Pharisees' belief system (which became the basis for modern Judaism), were also dismissed by the Sadducees. (The Samaritans practiced a similar religion, which is traditionally considered separate from Judaism.)
Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism may be categorized according to varying criteria. The most recognizable sub-group are the "Haredim" (literally, "anxious" or "fervent"), also known as Ultra-Orthodox, strictly Orthodox and the like. They form the conservative, strict and self-segregating part of the Orthodox spectrum. "Haredim" are characterized by a minimal engagement with modern society and culture if not their wholesale rejection, by avowed precedence given to religious values, and by a high degree of rabbinic authority and involvement in daily life. In spite of many differences, "Haredi" rabbis and communities generally recognize each other as such, and therefore accord respect and legitimacy between them. They also hold a lukewarm or negative assessment of more modernist Orthodox groups. "Haredim" are easily discerned by their mode of dress, often all black for men and modest by religious standards for women (including hair covering, long skirts, etc.)