Disenfranchised grief
There are many models for dealing with grief. The Kubler-Ross model describes grieving in five steps or stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (Kubler-Ross, 1969). In other words, in order to begin grieving one must first endorse the loss, and then express emotion. The griever must then accept the loss and adjust to the change the death or loss caused in his or her life (Cordaro, 2012). Over the years, however, how grief is conceptualised has moved away from predictable stages that lead to 'recovery' or 'closure', towards an understanding of grief that addresses the complexity and diversity of the grieving experience (Australian Psychological Society, 2016). Models such as Worden's tasks of grief (2008) and the Dual-Process model (Stroebe and Schutt,1999) offer frameworks for dealing with grief in a way that enhances the self awareness of the grieving person (Australian Psychological Society, 2016).
Internet interventions for posttraumatic stress
The first phase, Self-Confrontation, involves describing the traumatic event in great detail within the writing assignment. This phase is a self-guided exposure to the traumatic event aimed at reducing the avoidance and distress of memories or reminders of the event. The second phase, Cognitive Reappraisal, helps the participant to instill new views concerning the traumatic event. This is achieved by a writing assignment that asks the participants to write a letter with encouraging advice to a hypothetical friend who experienced a similar traumatic event. The last phase of Interapy, Sharing and Farewell Ritual, involves participants writing a letter to themselves or others who were involved in the traumatic event about how the event changed or impacted their lives.