Second law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, the most prominent classical statements being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory (1909). These statements cast the law in general physical terms citing the impossibility of certain processes. The Clausius and the Kelvin statements have been shown to be equivalent.
Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge
In the history of thermodynamics, Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge (Chemical thermodynamic process) is an 1882 paper written by German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz. It is one of the founding papers in thermodynamics, along with Josiah Willard Gibbs's 1876 paper ""On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances"" by American physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. Together they form the foundation of chemical thermodynamics as well as a large part of physical chemistry.