Olympic sports
Olympic sports are contested in the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games. The 2016 Summer Olympics included 28 sports, with five additional sports due to be added to the 2020 Summer Olympics program; the 2014 Winter Olympics included seven sports. The number and types of events may change slightly from one Olympiad to another. Each Olympic sport is represented by an international governing body, namely an International Federation (IF). The International Olympic Committee (IOC) establishes a hierarchy of sports, disciplines, and events. According to this hierarchy, each Olympic sport can be subdivided into multiple disciplines, which are often mistaken as distinct sports. Examples include swimming and water polo, which are in fact disciplines of the sport of aquatics (represented by the International Swimming Federation), and figure skating and speed skating, which are both disciplines of the sport of ice skating (represented by the International Skating Union). In turn, disciplines are subdivided into events, for which Olympic medals are awarded. A sport or discipline is included in the Olympic program if the IOC determines it to be widely practised around the world, that is, the popularity of a given sport or discipline is indicated by the number of countries that compete in it. The IOC's requirements also reflect participation in the Olympic Games – more stringent conditions are applied to men's sports/disciplines (as men are represented at the Games in higher numbers than women) and to summer sports/disciplines (as more nations compete in the Summer Olympics than in the Winter Olympics).
2019 Pan American Games
All 41 nations who are members of the Pan American Sports Organization are expected to compete.The sports program for the 18th edition of the games has had many changes from four years prior. The first, is the introduction of three new sports: basque pelota (dropped from the last games in 2015) and surfing. In November 2016, it was announced bodybuilding would be the 39th sport on the sports program. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced additional sports that were added to the 2020 Summer Olympics, the only two that were not on the Pan American Games sports program was skateboarding and sport climbing. Only the former was added as sport climbing did not have the required number of national federations on the continent. Skateboarding will be considered as a discipline of roller sports. Also included in this was the addition of kata events in karate which were not on the Pan American Games program, but were added onto the program.