Real versus nominal value (economics)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of aggregate output. Nominal GDP in a particular period reflects prices which were current at the time, whereas real GDP compensates for inflation. Price indices and the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts are constructed from bundles of commodities and their respective prices. In the case of GDP, a suitable price index is the GDP price index. In the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts, nominal GDP is called "GDP in current dollars" (that is, in prices current for each designated year), and real GDP is called "GDP in [base-year] dollars" (that is, in dollars that can purchase the same quantity of commodities as in the base year).
Modified gross national income
By 2014, Irish GDP had inflated to 130% of Irish GNI, whereas for the EU–28 aggregate , GDP is equal to GNI. In October 2016, Ireland announced that GDP rose 26.3% in 2015, implying Irish GDP was over 150% of Irish GNI. The 2015 growth was due to Apple's Q1 2015 restructuring of its hybrid–double Irish BEPS tool, then under investigation by the EU Commission for illegal avoidance of Irish taxes during 2004–2014, into a new capital allowances for intangible assets Irish BEPS tool (known as the "Green Jersey"). Nobel Prize-winning economist, Paul Krugman, labeled the 2015 GDP growth, since revised to 34.4%, as "leprechaun economics".