Politics
The word comes from the same Greek word from which the title of Aristotle's book "Politics" (Πολιτικά, "Polis") also derives; "polis" means "affairs of the cities". The book title was rendered in Early Modern English in the mid-15th century as "Polettiques"; it became "politics" in Modern English. The singular "politic" first attested in English 1430 and comes from Middle French "politique", in turn from Latin "politicus", which is the Latinization of the Greek πολιτικός ("politikos"), meaning amongst others "of, for, or relating to citizens", "civil", "civic", "belonging to the state", in turn from πολίτης ("polites"), "citizen" and that from πόλις ("polis"), "city".
Political Islam
Political Islam is a neologism used to label the wide-scale activities of individuals and organizations which advocate the transformation of both the state and society according to "Islamic" rules. The term is often used in connection with the movements which emerged at the end of the 20th century and represent the current political powers in the name of Islam. Some academic authors use the term Islamism to describe the same phenomenon or use the two terms interchangeably.