Dialect Test
The Dialect Test was created by A.J. Ellis in February 1879, and was used in the fieldwork for his work "On Early English Pronunciation". It stands as one of the earliest methods of identifying vowel sounds and features of speech. The aim was to capture the main vowel sounds of an individual dialect by listening to the reading of a short passage. All the categories of West Saxon words and vowels were included in the test so that comparisons could be made with the historic West Saxon speech as well as with various other dialects.
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
Starting with the differential equation (1), we replace the derivative "y"' by the finite difference approximation
which when re-arranged yields the following formula
and using (1) gives:
This formula is usually applied in the following way. We choose a step size "h", and we construct the sequence "t", "t" = "t" + "h", "t" = "t" + 2"h", … We denote by "y" a numerical estimate of the exact solution "y"("t"). Motivated by (3), we compute these estimates by the following recursive scheme 
This is the "Euler method" (or "forward Euler method", in contrast with the "backward Euler method", to be described below). The method is named after Leonhard Euler who described it in 1768.