Mitrailleuse
The first "mitrailleuse" was a manually fired 50-barrel volley gun originally developed in Belgium in 1851 by the Belgian Army Captain Fafschamps, who made a rough prototype and drawings of his invention. The system was improved during the 1850s by Louis Christophe and the Belgian engineer Joseph Montigny, with the completion of the 37-barrel Montigny mitrailleuse in 1863. From 1859, Joseph Montigny proposed his design to Napoleon III, which led to the development of the French Reffye mitrailleuse, designed by Jean-Baptiste Verchère de Reffye with the collaboration of Montigny, and which was adopted by the French Army in 1865. Initially kept under wraps as a secret weapon, it was widely used in battle by French artillery during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). Smaller numbers of other designs, including the Gatling gun, were also purchased by the French government during the latter part of that conflict. The Reffye model had initially been built in small numbers and in secrecy: only about 200 were available at the beginning of the conflict. This also kept regular French field artillery in a neglected position in the eyes of French emperor Napoleon III, with dire consequences during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71.
Philip James Barraud
Philip James Barraud (1879–1948) was an English entomologist who specialised in mosquitoes. He worked in Iraq and India where he invented the Barraud cage (a box of made of muslin or organdie suspended on a wire frame placed inside insulators containing wet towels) for the transport and study of live mosquitoes.Barraud described many new genera and species of Culicidae. His collection, which included Palearctic Lepidoptera is in the Natural History Museum. The genus "Barraudius" Edwards, F.W., 1921 is named for him.