Metal hydroxide
Metal hydroxides are also known as strong bases. Many common metal hydroxides are made up from hydroxide ions and the ion of the particular metal that it is made up of. Example: When NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is dissolved in water, it forms OH ions and Na ions. Metal hydroxides ionize completely when dissolved, so that is why they are known as strong bases. Their pH is above 7, labeling them as bases. Since ions conduct electricity, metal hydroxides carry electricity very well when they are dissolved.In soils, it is assumed that larger amounts of natural phenols are released from decomposing plant litter rather than from throughfall in any natural plant community. Decomposition of dead plant material causes complex organic compounds to be slowly oxidized (lignin-like humus) or to break down into simpler forms (sugars and amino sugars, aliphatic and phenolic organic acids), which are further transformed into microbial biomass (microbial humus) or are reorganized, and further oxidized, into humic assemblages (fulvic and humic acids), which bind to clay minerals and metal hydroxides.
Hadacidin
The hydroxylamino group of hydroxamic acids of fungal origin has a nitrogen with oxidation state of - 1. The hydroxylamino group is frequently donated by a hydroxylamino acid (N-hydroxyamino acid), such as 8-N-hydroxyornithine of the siderochromes. Hadacidin is the simplest known naturally occurring hydroxamic acid. This compound, isolated and characterized by Kaczka et al. (1962), seemed well suited for a study of the route of hydroxamic acid biosynthesis. The hydroxamate bond may be considered to be a peptide bond with an oxygen atom on the amide nitrogen, but there is no a priori reason to decide whether the oxygen atom is introduced before or after the formation of the amide bond. In the latter case, formylglycine would be an intermediate in hadacidin biosynthesis. N-Hydroxylation of an amide bond was reported by Cramer et al. (1960), who found that N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene was formed in the intact rat upon administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene. Nevertheless, this finding cannot be considered direct proof of N-hydroxylation of an amide bond because, as the authors point out, the acetyl group is labile in their experiments, and hydroxylation of the amino group might have occurred.