Guido of Arezzo
In the 12th century, a development in teaching and learning music in a more efficient manner had arisen. Guido of Arezzo's alleged development of the Guidonian hand, more than a hundred years after his death, allowed for musicians to label a specific joint or fingertip with the gamut (also referred to as the hexachord in the modern era). Using specific joints of the hand and fingertips transformed the way one would learn and memorize solmization syllables. Not only did the Guidonian hand become a standard use in preparing music in the 12th century, its popularity grew more widespread well into the 17th and 18th century. The knowledge and use of the Guidonian hand would allow a musician to simply transpose, identify intervals, and aid in use of notation and the creation of new music. Musicians were able to sing and memorize longer sections of music and counterpoint during performances and the amount of time spent diminished dramatically.
Black Hand (Chicago)
One of the stories of assassination was told in the murder of Filippo Catalano, Catalano was in the Vesuvius restaurant a restaurant frequented by Chicago's night life. On the night of June 5, 1910 as Catalano walked out from the restaurant at approx. 3 a.m. in the company of Edgar K Accetta a New York Lawyer, who was in town on business, and a third man who was later identified as the person who shot Catalano, allegedly Eugeno Monaco an Italian man, the three men were walking towards an approaching car when Monaco allegedly drew a revolver and shot Catalano five times. In an incident involving Catalano on March 27, Catalano was alleged to have shot John Jocko in front of 1821 South State Street witnesses identified Catalano as the shooter, the victim survived the shooting and would not prosecute, at that time Catalano was released. Catalano's killer escaped fleeing on foot and was traced to the Rock Island Pacific Railroad tracks where he disappeared. Filippo Catalano fits in the time period where Johnny Torrio came to Chicago to assassinate Chicago Black Hand Gangsters who was extorting his Uncle from 1909 to 1911, by 1920 Black Hand activity had all but faded. Johnny Torrio then went on to run and organize The Chicago Outfit.