Periodic table
Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870, respectively. Mendeleev's table was his first published version; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his (Meyer's) table of 1864. They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat.
Annuity (European)
"Commutation tables", aptly so named in 1840 by Augustus De Morgan (see his paper "On the Calculation of Single Life Contingencies," "Assurance Magazine", xii. 328), show the proportion in which a benefit due at one age ought to be changed, so as to retain the same value and be due at another age. The earliest known specimen of a commutation table is contained in William Dale's "Introduction to the Study of the Doctrine of Annuities", published in 1772. A full account of this work is given by F. Hendriks in the second number of the "Assurance Magazine", pp. 15–17. William Morgan's "Treatise on Assurances", 1779, also contains a commutation table. Morgan gives the table as furnishing a convenient means of checking the correctness of the values of annuities found by the ordinary process. It may be assumed that he was aware that the table might be used for the direct calculation of annuities; but he appears to have been ignorant of its other uses.