Algorithm
The word "algorithm" itself derives from the 9th century mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, Latinized "Algoritmi". A partial formalization of what would become the modern concept of algorithm began with attempts to solve the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem) posed by David Hilbert in 1928. Later formalizations were framed as attempts to define "effective calculability" or "effective method". Those formalizations included the Gödel–Herbrand–Kleene recursive functions of 1930, 1934 and 1935, Alonzo Church's lambda calculus of 1936, Emil Post's Formulation 1 of 1936, and Alan Turing's Turing machines of 1936–37 and 1939.
Almanac
One etymology report says "The ultimate source of the word is obscure. Its first syllable, al-, and its general relevance to medieval science and technology, strongly suggest an Arabic origin, but no convincing candidate has been found". Another report similarly says of "almanac": "First seen in Roger Bacon. Apparently from Spanish Arabic, "al-manakh", but this is not an Arabic word...The word remains a puzzle." The "Oxford English Dictionary" similarly says "the word has no etymon in Arabic" but indirect circumstantial evidence "points to a Spanish Arabic "al-manākh"".