Chinese Australians
As a whole, Australian residents identifying themselves as having Chinese ancestry made up 5.6% of those nominating their ancestry at the 2016 census and numbered 1,213,903. At the 2016 census, 509,555 people declared that they were born in Mainland China, 86,886 declared that they were born in Hong Kong, while 46,882 declared that they were born in Taiwan. There are also a large number of persons of Chinese ancestry among those born in Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, the Philippines and Vietnam.
Taiwanese Australians
Taiwanese people in Australia are often mistaken for Mainlander Chinese (and might even mistake themselves for Mainlander Chinese), due to Australia's strict adherence to the 'One China Policy'. There have been instances where the Australian government or other high level organisations have conducted institutionalised discrimination against Taiwanese people (not against all Asians). For example, murals with the Flag of the Republic of China can legally be painted over and vandalized, based on the rules laid out by the One China Policy. Taiwanese people have also been fired from Chinese convenience stores as a result of saying "I'm from Taiwan" and not "I'm from China".