What was the first newspaper in the world?
Johann Carolus
Johann Carolus was born in 1575 in Muhlbach-sur-Munster in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. He was the son of a priest and his wife. He made an apprenticeship as a bookbinder and later worked as a bookseller, a scribe for a newspaper and as a printshop owner. Because of these professions, especially his job as scribe, he held good relationships to postmen and traders, what helped him later to create the "Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien" in 1605.
News
Before the invention of newspapers in the early 17th century, official government bulletins and edicts were circulated at times in some centralized empires. The first documented use of an organized courier service for the diffusion of written documents is in Egypt, where Pharaohs used couriers for the diffusion of their decrees in the territory of the State (2400 BC). Julius Caesar regularly publicized his heroic deeds in Gaul, and upon becoming Emperor of Rome began publishing government announcements called "Acta Diurna". These were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places. In medieval England, parliamentary declarations were delivered to sheriffs for public display and reading at the market.
The Newport Daily News
The "Mercury", another publication of the "Daily News", traces a lineage as one the oldest newspapers in the country. The history of that publication dates back to 1758, when the widow and son of James Franklin, Benjamin Franklin's brother, established the "Newport Mercury" as a weekly publication, making Ann Franklin the first woman in the Colonies to publish and edit a newspaper.
The Santa Fe New Mexican
The Santa Fe New Mexican or simply The New Mexican is a daily newspaper published in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Dubbed "the West's oldest newspaper," its first issue was printed on November 28, 1849.
New-York Tribune
In 1886, with Reid's support, the "Tribune" became the first publication in the world to be printed on a linotype machine, which was invented by German immigrant inventor, Ottmar Mergenthaler. The linotype allowed the paper to exceed the standard newspaper size of eight pages, and greatly speeded up printing time and the number of newspaper copies that could be printed.
Bombay Samachar
The "Bombay Samachar", Asia's oldest newspaper, was first published on the first of July 1822 and comprised three small quarto sheets. 10 inches by 8 inches, and a half sheet supplement in all containing 14 pages of printed matter.
Newspaper
The first newspapers in the Ottoman Empire were owned by foreigners living there who wanted to make propaganda about the Western world. The earliest was printed in 1795 by the Palais de France in Pera. Indigenous Middle Eastern journalism started in 1828, when Muhammad Ali, Khedive of Egypt, ordered the local establishment of the gazette "Vekayi-i Misriye" ("Egyptian Affairs"). It was first paper written in Ottoman Turkish and Arabic on opposite pages, and later in Arabic only, under the title ""al-Waqa'i'a al-Masriya"".
History of Chinese newspapers
China's first newspaper, the English-language "Canton Register", was established in 1827. This was followed in 1835 by the "Canton Press", another English-language newspaper. The Chinese-language "Eastern Western Magazine" was published from 1833 to 1838. This magazine included far more news than "China Monthly Magazine", and also commentary. The British Bible Society imported a cylinder printer in 1847, China's first powered printing machine. In the 1860s, William Dill Gamble, from Ramelton, Ireland, working at American Presbyterian Mission Press in Shanghai, applied electrotype technology to the problem of Chinese typography to create "Meihua type." This revolutionary innovation remained an industry standard for the rest of the 19th century. Gamble's techniques were also adopted in Japan. "North China Daily News", an English-language paper, was published in Shanghai from 1850 to 1941. This was a weekly until 1864, when it began publishing daily. The paper published a Chinese-language edition, "Shanghai Xinbao", beginning in 1861.
Journalism
As mass-printing technologies like the printing press spread, newspapers were established to provide increasingly literate audiences with news. The first references to privately-owned newspaper publishers in China date to the late Ming dynasty in 1582. Johann Carolus's "Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien", published in 1605 in Strassburg, is often recognized as the first newspaper in Europe. The first successful English daily, the "Daily Courant", was published from 1702 to 1735. While journalistic enterprises were started as private ventures in some regions, such as The Holy Roman Empire and the British Empire, other countries such as France and Prussia kept tighter control of the press, treating it primarily as an outlet for government propaganda and subjecting it to uniform censorship. Other governments, such as the Russian Empire, were even more distrusting of journalistic press and effectively banned journalistic publications until the mid-19th century. As newspaper publication became a more and more established practice, publishers would increase publication to a weekly or daily rate. Newspapers were more heavily concentrated in cities that were centers of trade, such as Amsterdam, London, and Berlin. The first newspapers in Latin America would be established in the mid-to-late 19th century.
History of journalism
British influence extended globally through its colonies and its informal business relationships with merchants in major cities. They needed up-to-date market and political information. The "Diario de Pernambuco" was founded in Recife, Brazil, in 1825. "El Mercurio" was founded in Valparaiso, Chile, in 1827. The most influential newspaper in Peru, "El Comercio", first appeared in 1839. The "Jornal do Commercio" was established in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1827. Much later Argentina founded its newspapers in Buenos Aires: "La Prensa" in 1869 and "La Nacion" in 1870.
History of German journalism
The emergence of the new media branch was based on the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name. Historian Johannes Weber says, "At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was born. The German-language "Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien", printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, was the first newspaper.
Gazeta de Caracas
La Gazeta de Caracas () was the first newspaper printed in Venezuela; its first issue was published on October 24, 1808. In 1814, its name changed to Gaceta de Caracas. The newspaper was issued, with some interruptions, until January 1822.
Avisa Relation oder Zeitung
Some books mention the "Avisa" as the world's first newspaper. Before 2005 there was a dispute whether the "Avisa" or the "Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien", which was printed in Strassburg by Johann Carolus, was first. It was believed that both started in 1609. New evidence found in 2005, however, suggests that the "Relation" started as early as 1605. The last issue of the newspaper probably appeared on December 15, 1632.
History of British newspapers
There were twelve London newspapers and 24 provincial papers by the 1720s (the "Daily Courant" was the first daily newspaper in London). The "Public Advertiser" was started by Henry Woodfall in the 18th century.
24 heures (Switzerland)
24 heures (literally "24 Hours") is a Swiss regional Swiss-French-language daily newspaper, published by Tamedia in Lausanne, Vaud. Founded in 1762 as a collection of announcements and official communications, it is the oldest newspaper in the world with uninterrupted publication.
"24 heures" was founded in 1762 by François Duret as the "Annonces et avis divers," a collection of announcements and classified ads like many at the times. The paper later became the "Feuille d'avis de Lausanne", and integrated an independent news section on 16 December 1872. The paper adopted its current name a century later, in 1972.
La Gaceta de México
The "Gaceta de México" was the first newspaper published in Latin America. In the North American continent "Publick Ocurrences" preceded it, with its only issue published September 25, 1690, in Boston. Later, in the Spanish America colonies, other newspapers were begun, all following the example of the "Gaceta de Madrid". They included the "Gazeta de Guatemala" (1729), the "Gazeta de Lima" (1743) ), the "Gazeta de la Habana" (1764), the "Gaceta de Santa Fe de Bogotá" (1785), and the "Primicias de la cultura de Quito" (1792).
History of British newspapers
"The Observer", first published on 4 December 1791, was the world's first Sunday newspaper.
News
The world's first written news may have originated in eighth century BCE China, where reports gathered by officials were eventually compiled as the "Spring and Autumn Annals". The annals, whose compilation is attributed to Confucius, were available to a sizeable reading public and dealt with common news themes—though they straddle the line between news and history. The Han dynasty is credited with developing one of the most effective imperial surveillance and communications networks in the ancient world. Government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the "Kaiyuan Za Bao" ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. The court created a Bureau of Official Reports ("Jin Zhouyuan") to centralize news distribution for the court. Newsletters called "ch'ao pao" continued to be produced and gained wider public circulation in the following centuries. In 1582 there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty.
History of American newspapers
Joseph Pulitzer purchased the "World" in 1882 after making the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" the dominant daily in that city. The publisher had gotten his start editing a German-language publication in St. Louis, and saw a great untapped market in the nation's immigrant classes. Pulitzer strove to make "The World" an entertaining read, and filled his paper with pictures, games and contests that drew in readers, particularly those who used English as a second language. Crime stories filled many of the pages, with headlines like "Was He A Suicide?" and "Screaming for Mercy". Pulitzer provided a bargain: he only charged two cents per issue but gave readers eight and sometimes 12 pages of information (the only other two-cent paper in the city never exceeded four pages).
News
The spread of paper and the printing press from China to Europe preceded a major advance in the transmission of news. With the spread of printing presses and the creation of new markets in the 1500s, news underwent a shift from factual and precise economic reporting, to a more emotive and freewheeling format. (Private newsletters containing important intelligence therefore remained in use by people who needed to know.) The first newspapers emerged in Germany in the early 1600s. Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, from 1605, is recognized as the world's first formalized 'newspaper'; while not a 'newspaper' in the modern sense, the Ancient Roman acta diurna served a similar purpose circa 131 BC.
Wang Tao (19th century)
On February 5, 1874 Wang Tao founded (1874–1947, Universal Circulating Herald), the first Chinese daily newspaper in history. Lin Yutang called Wang Tao the 'Father of the Chinese Newspaper'.
La Gaceta de México
La Gaceta de México was a Spanish language newspaper published in Mexico. It was first published in 1722 making it first newspaper to be published in America. It was founded by Juan Ignacio María de Castorena Ursúa y Goyeneche, a journalist, Catholic priest, and later Bishop of Yucatan. He was evidently a Jesuit, as he was educated under Jesuit direction in the "Colegial Real en el de San Ildefonso," and the "Seminario de la Sagrada Compañía de Jesús de la Corte de México," and had many Jesuit associates. He is considered the first journalist in Latin America for having created the periodical in Mexico City, whose first issue was published on January 1, 1722. He was a friend of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, editing some of her works and defending her right to cultivate writing literature.
History of French journalism
The first French newspaper, "Gazette" (afterwards called the "Gazette de France"), started in 1615 under the patronage and with the active co-operation of Cardinal Richelieu. The first editor and printer was Théophraste Renaudot. The first weekly edition appeared in May 1631. Each edition of the paper, which cost six centimes, consisted of a single sheet (folded into eight pages), and was divided into two parts. The first page was entitled "Gazette", the second "Nouvelles ordinaires de divers endroits". It commonly began with foreign and with national news. Much of its earliest foreign news came directly from the Cardinal, and often in his own handwriting.
Adolph von Morlot
9: The "Oesterreichisch-Kaiserlich privilegirten Wiener Zeitung" is one of the oldest daily papers of the world (founded 8 August 1703), and exists up to the present day. The paper contains a section with government announcements called the "Amts-Blatt". Many of the (historical) issues of the "Wiener Zeitung" are freely available at .
History of newspaper publishing
"Post- och Inrikes Tidningar" (founded as "Ordinari Post Tijdender") was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online.
History of advertising
Three major forms of advertisement existed during the pre-printing period (before the 15th-century); those forms were trademarks (moon, stars etc.), town criers and sign boards:Modern advertising began to take shape with the advent of newspapers and magazines in the 16th and 17th centuries. The very first weekly gazettes appeared in Venice in the early 16th-century. From there, the concept of a weekly publication spread to Italy, Germany and Holland. In Britain, the first weeklies appeared in the 1620s, and its first daily newspaper was "The Daily Courant" published from 1702 to 1735. Almost from the outset, newspapers carried advertising to defray the cost of printing and distribution. The earliest commercial advertisements were for books and quack medicines, but by the 1650s, the variety of products being advertised had increased markedly.
Indian literature
"Digdarshan" (World Vision) was the first Indian language newspaper, a Bengali religious weekly started in Sehrampur by Christian missionaries. Based on the pattern of "Digdarshan", Raja Rammohan Roy brought out Bengali and Urdu weeklies like "Bangadoota" and "Mirat-ul-Akhbar". The newspaper with the greatest longevity in India is the first Gujarati newspaper- "Mumbai Samachar", established in 1822. Some of the early Hindi publications were Oodunt Martand, Banaras Akhbar, Shimla Akhbar and Samayadant Martand, the first Hindi daily. Mangaloora Samachar, published from Mangalore, was the first Kannada journal. Malayala Manorama, the second oldest newspaper in Kerala was started in 1890, and was the first newspaper to be published by a joint stock company formed solely for the purpose of publishing a newspaper. The first Marathi newspaper was Darpan- a bilingual fortnightly in Englisha and Marathi, started by a professor of the Elphinstone College of Bombay. The first all Marathi journal was Mumbai Akhbar. During the early part of the 20th century, Marathi journalism played an important role in the freedom movement. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a renowned freedom fighter started two powerful journals- Kesari and Maratha.
Agence France-Presse
Agence France-Presse has its origins in the Agence Havas, founded in 1835 in Paris by Charles-Louis Havas, making it the world's oldest news service. The agency pioneered the collection and dissemination of news as a commodity, and had established itself as a fully global concern by the late 19th century. Two Havas employees, Paul Julius Reuter and Bernhard Wolff, set up their own news agencies in London and Berlin respectively.
Stamford Mercury
An edition of the "Mercury" from 22 May 1718 is the earliest newspaper in the British Library's newspaper reading room, The Newsroom.
History of newspaper publishing
In the 16th and 17th century, there appeared numerous printed news sheets summarizing accounts of battles, treaties, king, epidemics, and special events. In 1609, Johann Carolus published the first regular newspaper in Strassburg, comprising brief news bulletins. By the 1620s, numerous major cities had newspapers of 4 to 8 pages appearing at irregular intervals; all were strictly censored. The first daily newspaper appeared in 1660 in Leipzig. Prussia increasingly became the largest and most dominant of the German states, but it had weak newspapers that were kept under very tight control. Advertising was forbidden, and budgets were very small.
History of American newspapers
Ben Franklin, journalist
[Benjamin Franklin] saw the printing press as a device to instruct colonial Americans in moral virtue. Frasca argues he saw this as a service to God, because he understood moral virtue in terms of actions, thus, doing good provides a service to God. Despite his own moral lapses, Franklin saw himself as uniquely qualified to instruct Americans in morality. He tried to influence American moral life through the construction of a printing network based on a chain of partnerships from the Carolinas to New England. Franklin thereby invented the first newspaper chain, It was more than a business venture, for like many publishers since, he believed that the press had a public-service duty.
Elihu Embree
Elihu Embree (November 11, 1782 – December 4, 1820) was an abolitionist and the publisher of the first newspaper in the United States devoted exclusively to the cause of abolishing slavery.
Media consumption
The first newspaper written on paper was done by Benjamin Harris in the British-American Colonies. The invention of a newspaper was one of the most influential pieces in media consumption history, because it pertained to everyone.
The Emancipator
"The Emancipator" was devoted to the abolition of slavery, in this, it was the first newspaper in the United States
History of American newspapers
The first newspaper to be published west of the Mississippi was the Missouri Gazette. Its starting issue was published on July 12, 1808 by Joseph Charless an Irish printer. Swayed by Meriweather Lewis to leave his home in Kentucky and start a new paper for the Missouri Territory Charles was identified by the paper's masthead as "Printer to the Territory". The paper published advertisements for domestic help, notice for runaway slaves, public notices, and sales for merchandise like land plots or cattle. Newspapers like the Gazette were instrumental in the founding new territories and supporting their stability as they become states.
Newspaper
The Dutch "Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c." ('Courant from Italy, Germany, etc.') of 1618 was the first to appear in folio- rather than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country. The first English-language newspaper, "Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc.", was published in Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later, "Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys." was published in England by an "N.B." (generally thought to be either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas Archer. The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, "La Gazette" (originally published as "Gazette de France").
The first newspaper in Portugal, "A Gazeta da Restauração", was published in 1641 in Lisbon. The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid, was published in 1661.
SIGNIS
In the 19th century Catholic newspapers and magazines were founded in countries across the world. The first Catholic diocesan paper in the US, for example, was "The Catholic Miscellany" launched in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822. And in 1842 the first catholic newspaper "Le Propagateur Catholique" in Louisiane was French! Before 1914 there were Catholic journalist associations in the United States (CPA). Other publications were founded by religious orders and by lay Catholics with a desire to give a voice to the Church in the public sphere. Notable examples are "The Tablet" launched in Britain in 1840 by Frederick Lucas, a convert to Catholicism, "The Universe" launched in Britain in 1860 by Archibald Dunn, "The Catholic Press" an Australian newspaper. In Sri Lanka, the layman John Fernando founded the "Gnanartha Pradeepaya" Sinhala-language Catholic weekly as a four-page broadsheet of Church news and papal speeches in 1865. In 1886, more than two decades after it started, Colombo Archdiocese became the weekly's official owner. It is one of the oldest Catholic newspapers in Asia. The Assumptionists launched "La Croix" as a daily newspaper in France in 1883. In 1910 the first congress for Brazilian Catholic Journalists found place and the Catholic national press agency O Centro de Boa Imprensa which aim was to send quality articles to the many small Catholic journals and periodicals all over the country was organized. Before 1914 there were Catholic journalist associations in the United States (CPA), Belgium, Italy, France, Germany, and elsewhere. In Asia Catholic newspapers appeared also. In 1927 young lay Catholics published "The Catholic Times of Korea" during Japanese colonial rule. At the end of 1927 the International Bureau of Catholic Journalists (later renamed the Federation of National Associations of Catholic Journalists) was founded in Paris. In 1928 the Permanent Commission of Catholic Publishers and Directors of Catholic Newspapers came into being in Cologne in Germany. More and more catholic newspapers were launched worldwide in the coming years as the Malaysian bishops did on 5 January 1935 with the still existing "Malaya Catholic Leader" (MCL), published in Singapore.
In 1930 the first universal Congress of Catholic Journalists was organized in Brussels. The International Bureau of Catholic Journalists planned actions to train Catholic journalists, to establish Catholic press agencies and to come up with ways to develop the Catholic Press Action. In 1935 Pius XI did set up a World Exposition of the Press in the Vatican, the heart of fascist Italy in which there was no press freedom. That year it was decided to have formal statutes for the International Bureau of Catholic Journalists. In 1935 the two organizations,the International Bureau of Catholic Journalists and the Permanent Commission of Catholic Publishers and Directors of Catholic Newspapers, federated into an international union of the Catholic press in Marseille. These statutes were presented to the Vatican at the 2nd International Congress of Catholic Journalists in September 1936 in Rome. That year Count Giuseppe Dalla Torre of the Osservatore Romano became the president of the association. In 1937 the Dominican Fr. Felix Morlion, linked with OCIC, proposed an International Newsletter of the film press, to be established in Breda where the secretariat of the International Union of the Catholic Press (IUCP/UCIP) was based. At the annual meeting of the directors of the IUCP in Budapest in 1938 it was decided that the III Universal Congress of the Catholic Press would be held in Poland in September 1939, but it could not be held due to the outbreak of the Second World War. Finally, the congress was held in Rome in 1950 with, for the first time, vice presidents from French speaking Canada and the United States, although the CPA became a member only in 1955.
History of Worcester
Worcester is the home of what is claimed to be the oldest newspaper in the world, "Berrow's Worcester Journal", which traces its descent from a news-sheet that started publication in 1690.
Journalistic translation
When the first newspapers appeared in England, they were translations from Latin, German and French. The "Corante", which was also a translation of texts published in other parts of Europe, was imitating the Dutch model as they were mostly published in Amsterdam, Alkmaar and The Hague. It is said to be the first newspaper printed in England.
Mangaluru Samachara
Mangaluru Samachara or Mangalooru Samachara which literally means "The news of Mangalore" is the first newspaper published in Kannada. It was produced by a German, Rev. Hermann Friedrich Mögling of the Basel Mission beginning in 1843. The paper was printed using stone slabs, which exist to this day in the Basel Mission Printing Press in Balmatta, Mangalore. It was a very difficult task to publish a newspaper at that time because there was no simple way of communicating news and other written words to the general public.
List of the oldest newspapers
The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper in South Asia was by William Bolts, a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. The Company deported Bolts back to Europe before he could begin his newspaper.
19th-century Catholic periodical literature
In the mid years of the nineteenth century the abolition of the various taxes on newspapers and the cheapening of the processes of production led to the coming of the penny newspapers. The first Catholic penny paper with permanent success was "The London Universe". Its origin was connected with the earlier activity of Lucas, who successfully advocated the introduction of the Conferences of St. Vincent de Paul into England. It was a group of members of the London Conferences who produced "The Universe". Speaking to their president George Blount, one evening in 1860 Cardinal Wiseman after alluding to the attacks in the Press against the Holy See said: "Cannot the Society of St. Vincent de Paul do something to answer those frightful calumnies, by publishing truths, as M. Louis Veuillot is doing in Paris in 'L'Univers'? We want a penny paper, and now that the tax has been removed it should be possible." It was decided that, though the society, as such, could not found a newspaper, a committee of its members should undertake the task. It included George Blount, Stuart Knill (afterwards the first Catholic Lord Mayor of London), Viscount Fielding (Lord Denbigh), Viscount Campden (the convert Sir Charles George Noel, 2nd Earl of Gainsborough), Sidney Lescher, Archibald Dunn, Arthur William à Beckett, and George J. Wigley, the London correspondent of the Paris "Univers". Wigley secured a foreign news service for the projected paper from Louis Veuillot's Paris office, and at his suggestion the name of "The Universe" was chosen. Denis Lane undertook the printing, Mr. Dunn the editorship, and on 8 December 1860, the first Catholic penny paper in England was started.
Exposición Centroamericana
Dr. Ramón Salazar, "La Ilustración Guatemalteca" editor and journalist, presented a Literature stand where he showcased several historic pieces: the first newspaper ever printed in Guatemala in 1729, "La Gazeta de Goathemala"; "Diario de Guatemala", the first daily newspaper in Central America; and "La Sociedad Económica", the first commercial news bulletin. He also present a collection of several Guatemalan publishers and even writings from the old Franciscan convent, which then belonged to the Guatemalan National Library.
History of newspaper publishing
Avvisi, or gazzettes, were a mid-16th-century Venice phenomenon. They were issued on single sheets, folded to form four pages, and issued on a weekly schedule. These publications reached a larger audience than handwritten news had in early Rome. Their format and appearance at regular intervals were two major influences on the newspaper as we know it today. The idea of a weekly, handwritten newssheet went from Italy to Germany and then to Holland.
The Observer
The first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W.S. Bourne, was the world's first Sunday newspaper. Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600. Though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bourne's brother (a wealthy businessman) made an offer to the government, which also refused to buy the paper but agreed to subsidise it in return for influence over its editorial content. As a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley.
Weekly newspaper
The first weekly newspapers were Relation and weekly newspaper Aviso, which were published at beginning of 17th century. The "Relation" started around 1605 in Straßburg by Johann Carolus and the "Aviso" started in January 1609 in Wolfenbüttel.
Journalism
The first newspaper of India was published on January 29, 1780 known as ‘Hicky’s Gazette’ or formally registered as ‘The Bengal Gazette’. Though this first effort at Journalism enjoyed only a short stint yet it was a momentous development for us as it gave birth to modern journalism in our country. And during this last about two-hundred-and-a quarter century we have witnessed a tremendous revolution in the country’s mass media scenario. Following Hicky’s efforts which had to be shut down just within one-and-a-half year of circulation, several English newspapers started publication in the aftermath. Most of them enjoyed a circulation figure of about 400 and were weeklies giving personal news items and classified advertisements about a variety of products.Later on, in the 1800s, English newspapers were started by Indian publishers with English-speaking Indians as the target audience. It is important to note that during that era vast differences in language was a major problem in facilitating a smooth communication among the people of the country. This is because they hardly knew the languages prevalent in other parts of this vast land. However, English came as the 'linguafranca' for everyone from across the country. Notable among this breed is the one named ‘Bengal Gazette’ started by Gangadhar Bhattacharyya in 1816.
History of newspaper publishing
The first newspaper in Portugal, "A Gazeta da Restauração", was published in 1641 in Lisbon. The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid, was published in 1661.
History of Saint Helena
The "St Helena Advocate and Weekly Journal of News", published in 1851, was the first island newspaper, but closed two years later mainly due to competition from the government-funded St "Helena Chronicle" (1852). This short publication period was a fate suffered by most island newspapers. The "St Helena Herald" was published from 1853 but ceased publication in 1860 when the editor launched a new paper, the "St Helena Record". This closed in 1861 and was immediately replaced by the longest running paper, the "St Helena Guardian" (weekly, 1861–1925). The proprietor of the latter, Benjamin Grant, also published the St Helena Advertiser (1865–1866).
Restoration literature
The early efforts at news sheets and periodicals were spotty. Roger L'Estrange produced both "The News" and "City Mercury", but neither of them was a sustained effort. Henry Muddiman was the first to succeed in a regular news paper with the "London Gazette". In 1665, Muddiman produced the "Oxford Gazette" as a digest of news of the royal court, which was in Oxford to avoid the plague in London. When the court moved back to Whitehall later in the year, the title "London Gazette" was adopted (and is still in use today). Muddiman had begun as a journalist in the Interregnum and had been the official journalist of the Long Parliament (in the form of "The Parliamentary Intelligencer"). Although Muddiman's productions are the first regular news accounts, they are still not the first modern newspaper, as the work was sent in manuscript by post to subscribers and was not a printed sheet for general sale to the public. That had to wait for "The Athenian Mercury".
Sporadic essays combined with news had been published throughout the Restoration period, but "The Athenian Mercury" was the first regularly published periodical in England. John Dunton and the "Athenian Society" (actually a mathematician, minister, and philosopher paid by Dunton for their work) began publishing in 1691, just after the reign of William III and Mary II began. In addition to news reports, "The Athenian Mercury" allowed readers to send in questions anonymously and receive a printed answer. The questions mainly dealt with love and health, but there were some bizarre and intentionally amusing questions as well (e.g. a question on why a person shivers after urination, written in rhyming couplets). The questions section allowed the journal to sell well and to be profitable. Therefore, it ran for six years, produced four books that spun off from the columns, and then received a bound publication as "The Athenian Oracle". He also published the first periodical designed for women "The Ladies' Mercury".
Horatio D. Sheppard
Horatio Davis Sheppard (c. 1809 - February 24, 1879) (sometimes spelled Horatio Shepard) was an American physician who in 1833 founded the first penny press newspaper in the United States, the "New York Morning Post".
Popular print
Newspapers began in the early 17th century, as an upmarket and expensive form of broadsheet (still a term for a large-format newspaper). The first in English came in 1620. During this century books also became much cheaper, and began to replace some types of popular print. These trends continued during the next century, and although most of the traditional types of popular print lived on until the 19th century or beyond, they were by then part of a much wider print culture, and the term is generally not used of them. One type of publication continuing into the 20th century is the Brazilian "cordel literature" ("string literature" - it is hung on strings by the sellers) that continue to use woodcuts, and is part of a continuous tradition going back to the Portuguese "papel volante" of the 17th century. Lubok prints in Russia were another local variant.
History of Chinese newspapers
The forerunners of newspapers in China took the form of government bulletins such as the "Peking Gazette". Newspapers as known in the West were first published in China in the early 19th century. Some were in the English language rather than Chinese, and many were allied with Christian missionary endeavours.
Newspaper
The first non-official Turkish newspaper, "Ceride-i Havadis" (Register of Events), was published by an Englishman, William Churchill, in 1840. The first private newspaper to be published by Turkish journalists, "Tercüman-ı Ahvâl" (Interpreter of Events), was founded by İbrahim Şinasi and Agah Efendi and issued in 1860. The first newspaper in Iran, "Kaghaz-e Akhbar" (The Newspaper), was created for the government by Mirza Saleh Shirazi in 1837. The first journals in the Arabian Peninsula appeared in Hijaz, once it had become independent of Ottoman rule, towards the end of World War I.One of the earliest women to sign her articles in the Arab press was the female medical practitioner Galila Tamarhan, who contributed articles to a medical magazine called ""Ya'asub al-Tib"" (Leader in Medicine) in the 1860s.
History of journalism
Early publications played into the development of what would today be recognized as the newspaper, which came about around 1601. Around the 15th and 16th centuries, in England and France, long news accounts called "relations" were published; in Spain they were called "relaciones".
Nathaniel Butter
The next step in the evolution of the modern newspaper occurred at the start of the 1620s, when a group of London publishers and printers began disseminating printed news sheets based on the Dutch style of news bulletin, called a "coranto," that was a recent innovation at the time. This group included Butter, Thomas Archer, Edward Allde, Bartholomew Downes, William Newberry, and William Shefford, with Archer and Butter as apparently the most prominent participants. Archer was jailed for printing corantos without permission in 1621 — but in the same year a license to publish the news bulletins was issued to an "N. B.," most probably Butter. All of the extant copies of the "Corante," the "earliest English newspaper" (1621), bear the initials "N. B."
Universal Circulating Herald
Universal Circulating Herald (; 1874–1947) was the first Chinese-language newspaper in history. It was founded February 5, 1874, by Wang Tao in Hong Kong. Wang Tao, who was an advocate for institutional changes by the Qing government, rather than the purely military and technological devices promoted by the "self-strengthening" school, published these ideas in the "Universal Circulating Herald". 
These reformist ideas could have influenced Sun Yat-sen, who went on, in 1890-1892, to make reformist proposals to two progressive government officials, Cheng Tsao-ju (a scholar of Sun's native Chinese county of Heungshan and a prominent and progressive official who had served as Chinese Minister to the United States between 1881 and 1885) and Cheng Kuan-ying.
History of American journalism
The history of American journalism began in 1690, when Benjamin Harris published the first edition of "Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic" in Boston. Harris had strong trans-Atlantic connections and intended to publish a regular weekly newspaper along the lines of those in London, but he did not get prior approval and his paper was suppressed after a single edition. The first successful newspaper, The "Boston News-Letter," was launched in 1704. This time, the founder was John Campbell, the local postmaster, and his paper proclaimed that it was "published by authority."
History of Middle Eastern newspaper publishing
The first newspapers in the Ottoman Empire were owned by foreigners living there who wanted to make propaganda about the Western world. The earliest was printed in September 1795 by the Palais de France in Pera, during the embassy of Raymond de Verninac-Saint-Maur. It was issued fortnightly under the title ""Bulletin de Nouvelles"", until March 1796, it seems. Afterwards, it was published under the name ""Gazette française de Constantinople"" from September 1796 to May 1797, and ""Mercure Oriental"" from May to July 1797. Its main purpose was to convey information about the politics of Post-Revolutionary France to foreigners living in Istanbul; therefore, it had little impact on local population.
The English Mercurie
The English Mercurie was referred to by George Chalmers, a Scottish antiquarian and political writer, in his 1794 book "The Life of Thomas Ruddiman"
It predated the "Mercurius Gallobelgicus" which is widely accepted in studies of the history of journalism to be the true first newspaper which was written in Latin and appeared in 1594 in Cologne, Germany, and distributed across Europe.
Chalmers adduced the Mercurie as evidence of English invention, saying
It may gratify our national pride to be told, that mankind are indebted to the wisdom of Elizabeth, and the prudence of Burleigh, for the first newspaper.
Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick
Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick was the first multi-page newspaper published in the Americas. Before then, single-page newspapers, called broadsides, were published in the English colonies and printed in Cambridge in 1689. The first edition was published September 25, 1690, in Boston, then a city in the Dominion of New England, and was intended to be published monthly, "or, if any Glut of Occurrences happen, oftener." It was printed by American Richard Pierce of Boston, and it was edited by Benjamin Harris, who had previously published a newspaper in London. The paper contained four 6-by-10-inch pages, but filled only three of them.
Hicky's Bengal Gazette
"Hicky's Bengal Gazette" was the first English-language newspaper and the first printed newspaper to be published in both the Indian sub-continent and in Asia. The newspaper became famous not only among the British soldiers posted in India at that time but also inspired Indians to write newspapers of their own.
History of printing
Several different kinds of screens were proposed during the following decades, but the first half-tone photo-engraving process was invented by Canadians George-Édouard Desbarats and William Leggo Jr. On October 30, 1869, Desbarats published the "Canadian Illustrated News" which became the world's first periodical to successfully employ this photo-mechanical technique; featuring a full page half-tone image of His Royal Highness Prince Arthur, from a photograph by Notman. Ambitious to exploit a much larger circulation, Debarats and Leggo went to New York and launched the "New York Daily Graphic" in March 1873, which became the world's first illustrated daily.
The Observer
The Observer is a British newspaper published on Sundays. In the same place on the political spectrum as its sister papers "The Guardian" and "The Guardian Weekly", whose parent company Guardian Media Group Limited acquired it in 1993, it takes a social liberal or social democratic line on most issues. First published in 1791, it is the world's oldest Sunday newspaper.
Deenbandhu
Deenbandhu, sometimes transliterated as Dinbandhu and spelled Din Bandhu, was a weekly Marathi-language newspaper first published in Pune, British India in January 1877. It was the first newspaper in India to cater explicitly for the labouring people.
The Daily Courant
The Daily Courant, initially published on 11 March 1702, was the first British daily newspaper. It was produced by Elizabeth Mallet at her premises next to the King's Arms tavern at Fleet Bridge in London. The newspaper consisted of a single page, with advertisements on the reverse side. Mallet advertised that she intended to publish only foreign news and would not add any comments of her own, supposing her readers to have "sense enough to make reflections for themselves".
Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun
In 1875, the company began the world's first newspaper delivery service.
History of newspaper publishing
The term newspaper became common in the 17th century. However, in Germany, publications that we would today consider to be newspaper publications, were appearing as early as the 16th century. They were discernibly newspapers for the following reasons: they were printed, dated, appeared at regular and frequent publication intervals, and included a variety of news items (unlike single item news mentioned above). The emergence of the new media branch was based on the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name. Historian Johannes Weber says, "At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage." The German-language "Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien", printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, was the first newspaper.
History of British newspapers
"The Illustrated London News", founded in 1842, was the world's first illustrated weekly newspaper. Mason Jackson, its art editor for thirty years, published in 1885 "The Pictorial Press", a history of illustrated newspapers. "The Illustrated London News" was published weekly until 1971 when it became monthly; bimonthly from 1989; and then quarterly before publication ceased.
News of the World
The newspaper was first published as The News of the World on 1 October 1843, by John Browne Bell in London. Priced at three pence (equal to £ in ), even before the repeal of the Stamp Act (1855) or paper duty (1861), it was the cheapest newspaper of its time and was aimed directly at the newly literate working classes. It quickly established itself as a purveyor of titillation, shock, and criminal news. Much of the source material came from coverage of vice prosecutions, including transcripts of police descriptions of alleged brothels, streetwalkers, and "immoral" women. In 1924 the newspaper sponsored the 1924 Women's Olympiad held at Stamford Bridge in London.
The Argus (Melbourne)
On 28 July 1952, "The Argus" became the first newspaper in the world to publish colour photographs in a daily paper. The paper also had interests in radio and, in 1956, the new medium of television, being part of the consortium General Telecasters Victoria (GTV) and its television station GTV-9.
History of journalism in the United Kingdom
The Oxford Gazette was printed in 1665 by Muddiman in the middle of the turmoil of the Great Plague of London and was, strictly speaking, the first periodical to meet all the qualifications of a true newspaper. It was printed twice a week by royal authority and was soon renamed the London Gazette. Magazines were also moral tracts inveighing against moral decadence, notably the "Mercurius Britannicus". The "Gazette" is generally considered by most historians to be the first English newspaper.
La Clef du cabinet des princes de l'Europe
La Clef du cabinet des princes de l'Europe ou recuëil historique & politique sur les matieres du tems ("The key of the cabinet of the princes of Europe or A historical and political compilation on the matters of the day") was the first newspaper published in Luxembourg. Its first edition appeared on 1 July 1704. It then appeared monthly, without interruption, until July 1794.
History of newspapers in California
The oldest African-American newspaper, still active in the 1930s, was the "California Eagle". It appeared first in Los Angeles in 1879. The first French journals, the "Californien" and the "Gazette Republicane" both began in 1850, and were followed by the "Courrier du Pacifique" in 1852. Both the first German and first Italian papers, the "California Demokrat" (1852) and the "Voce del Popolo" (1859) were founded in San Francisco and had long runs. The Chinese in California have published many newspapers, the first was the "Gold Hills News" in 1854.
Renaissance technology
Newspaper
The newspaper is an offspring of the printing press from which the press derives its name. The 16th century sees a rising demand for up-to-date information which can not be covered effectively by the circulating hand-written newssheets. For "gaining time" from the slow copying process, Johann Carolus of Strassburg is the first to publish his German-language "Relation" by using a printing press (1605). In rapid succession, further German newspapers are established in Wolfenbüttel ("Avisa Relation oder Zeitung"), Basel, Frankfurt and Berlin. From 1618 onwards, enterprising Dutch printers take up the practice and begin to provide the English and French market with translated news. By the mid-17th century it is estimated that political newspapers which enjoyed the widest popularity reach up to 250,000 readers in the Holy Roman Empire, around one quarter of the literate population.
Mass media
Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press allowed the mass production of books to sweep the nation. He printed the first book, a Latin Bible, on a printing press with movable type in 1453. The invention of the printing press gave rise to some of the first forms of mass communication, by enabling the publication of books and newspapers on a scale much larger than was previously possible. The invention also transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books remained too expensive really to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after that. Newspapers developed from about 1612, with the first example in English in 1620; but they took until the 19th century to reach a mass-audience directly. The first high-circulation newspapers arose in London in the early 1800s, such as The Times, and were made possible by the invention of high-speed rotary steam printing presses, and railroads which allowed large-scale distribution over wide geographical areas. The increase in circulation, however, led to a decline in feedback and interactivity from the readership, making newspapers a more one-way medium.
Newspaper
In 1752, John Bushell published the "Halifax Gazette", which claims to be "Canada's first newspaper." However, its official descendant, the "Royal Gazette", is a government publication for legal notices and proclamations rather than a proper newspaper; In 1764, the "Quebec Gazette" was first printed 21 June 1764 and remains the oldest continuously published newspaper in North America as the "Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph". It is currently published as an English-language weekly from its offices at 1040 Belvédère, suite 218, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. In 1808, the "Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro" had its first edition, printed in devices brought from England, publishing news favourable for the government of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves since it was produced by the official press service of the Portuguese crown.
Camilo Henríquez
Despite his forays into the political arena, Henríquez was perhaps most famous for his lifelong promotion of and contributions to newspapers. He wrote for numerous periodicals and edited at least 10 newspapers in Santiago and Buenos Aires during his lifetime. On January 16, 1812, Henríquez became the first editor of the "La Aurora de Chile" ("The Dawn of Chile"). "La Aurora" was the first newspaper in Chile, and used a printing press bought from the United States. The first issue was published on February 13, 1812.
History of American journalism
The leading partisan newspaper was the "New York Tribune", which began publishing in 1841 and was edited by Horace Greeley. It was the first newspaper to gain national prominence; by 1861, it shipped thousands of copies of its daily and weekly editions to subscribers. Greeley also organized a professional news staff and embarked on frequent publishing crusades for causes he believed in. The Tribune was the first newspaper, in 1886, to use the linotype machine, invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler, which rapidly increased the speed and accuracy with which type could be set. it allowed a newspaper to publish multiple editions the same day, updating the front page with the latest business and sports news.
History of newspaper publishing
In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published "Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick". This is considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the colonial officials, possibly due to censorship and control issues. It followed the two-column format and was a single sheet, printed on both sides.
Mass media
The history of mass media can be traced back to the days when dramas were performed in various ancient cultures. This was the first time when a form of media was "broadcast" to a wider audience. The first dated printed book known is the "Diamond Sutra", printed in China in 868 AD, although it is clear that books were printed earlier. Movable clay type was invented in 1041 in China. However, due to the slow spread of literacy to the masses in China, and the relatively high cost of paper there, the earliest printed mass-medium was probably European popular prints from about 1400. Although these were produced in huge numbers, very few early examples survive, and even most known to be printed before about 1600 have not survived. The term "mass media" was coined with the creation of print media, which is notable for being the first example of mass media, as we use the term today. This form of media started in Europe in the Middle Ages.
Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo
Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo ("The truth is worth more than a Kwabo"; Kwabo is an ancient currency) is a Nigerian newspaper, printed three times a week. It is the world's first Hausa-language paper, and was one of northern Nigeria's first periodicals. "Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo"'s first editor was Abubakar Imam. In 1941, some pages in Ajami were added to the newspaper for those who could not read the Roman script. They were called "`Yar Gaskiya" ("Daughter of Truth").
Valparaíso
September 12, 1827 saw the establishment of El Mercurio de Valparaíso, currently the oldest circulating newspaper in the Spanish language worldwide.
History of newspaper publishing
The paper began in 1785 and in 1788 was renamed "The Times." In 1817, Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor; he was a political radical, a sharp critic of parliamentary hypocrisy and a champion of freedom of the press. Under Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. It spoke for reform. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for The Times the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform.") The paper was the first in the world to reach mass circulation due to its early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press. It was also the first properly national newspaper, as it was distributed via the new steam railways to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations across the country. This helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.
"The Times" was the first newspaper to send war correspondents to cover wars. W. H. Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War of the mid-1850s, wrote immensely influential dispatches; for the first time the public could read about the reality of warfare. In particular, on September 20, 1854, Russell wrote a missive about one battle that highlighted the surgeons' "humane barbarity" and the lack of ambulance care for wounded troops. Shocked and outraged, the public's backlash led to major reforms. The "Times" became famous for its influential leaders (editorials). For example, Robert Lowe wrote them between 1851 and 1868 on a wide range of economic topics such as free trade (which he favored).
The Sun (New York City)
"The Sun" was the first newspaper to report crimes and personal events such as suicides, deaths, and divorces. Day printed the first newspaper account of a suicide. This story was significant because it was the first about an ordinary person. It changed journalism forever, making the newspaper an integral part of the community and the lives of the readers. Prior to this, all stories in newspapers were about politics or reviews of books or the theater. Day was the first to hire reporters to go out and collect stories. Prior to this, newspapers relied on readers sending in items, and on reprinting making unauthorized copies of stories from other newspapers in the days before the organization of syndicates like the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). His focus on crime is the beginning of "the craft of reporting and storytelling". If not the inventor, "The Sun" was nonetheless the newspaper which demonstrated conclusively that a newspaper could be substantially supported by advertisements and not subscription fees, and could be sold on the street instead of delivered to each subscriber. In addition, "The Sun" was aimed not at the elite but at the common masses of working people. Day and "The Sun" recognized that the masses were fast becoming literate, and demonstrated that a profit could be made selling to the larger numbers of them. Prior to "The Sun", printers produced the newspapers, often at a loss, making their living selling printing services.
Invention of radio
In 1904, Marconi inaugurated an ocean daily newspaper, the "Cunard Daily Bulletin", on the R.M.S. "Campania." At the start, passing events were printed in a little pamphlet of four pages called the "Cunard Bulletin". The title would read Cunard Daily Bulletin, with subheads for ""Marconigrams Direct to the Ship"." All the passenger ships of the Cunard Company were fitted with Marconi's system of wireless telegraphy, by means of which constant communication was kept up, either with other ships or with land stations on the eastern or western hemisphere. The RMS Lucania, in October 1903, with Marconi on board, was the first vessel to hold communications with both sides of the Atlantic. The "Cunard Daily Bulletin", a thirty-two page illustrated paper published on board these boats recorded news received by wireless telegraphy, and was the first ocean newspaper. In August 1903, in agreement was made with the British Government by which the Cunard Co. were to build two steamers, to be, with all other Cunard ships, at the disposal of the British Admiralty for hire or purchase whenever they might be required, the Government lending the company £2,600,000 to build the ships and granting them a subsidy of £150,000 a year. One was the RMS Lusitania and another was the RMS Mauritania.
Wall newspaper
A wall newspaper or placard newspaper is a hand-lettered or printed newspaper designed to be displayed and read in public places, such as walls. The practice dates back to at the least the Roman Empire. They are often produced by governmental entities in locations where production costs or distribution problems might otherwise make regular newspaper distribution difficult.
Nathaniel Butter
On 23 May 1622, Butter published the first edition of a periodical variously called "News from Most Parts of Christendom" or "Weekly News from Italy, Germany, Hungaria, Bohemia, the Palatinate, France and the Low Countries." "From its miscellaneous contents and periodicity of production, it is regarded as the true forerunner of the English newspaper." In 1624, Butter partnered with colleague Nicholas Bourne to continue publishing the "Certain News of the Present Week", or, more succinctly, the "Weekly News." Butter's innovation of a regular printed news journal caused an explosion of imitators, most of which were far more sporadic, temporary, and ephemeral than Butter's effort. "Nathaniel Butter's "Weekly News" was the first English newspaper which appeared duly numbered like our newspapers of the present day."
Media of India
The first newspaper in India—"Hicky's Bengal Gazette"—was started in 1780 under the British Raj by James Augustus Hicky. Other newspapers such as "The India Gazette", "The Calcutta Gazette", "The Madras Courier" (1785), and "The Bombay Herald"(1789) soon followed. These newspapers carried news of the areas under the British rule. The "Bombay Samachar", founded in 1822 and printed in Gujarati is the oldest newspaper in Asia still in print. On May 30, 1826 "Udant Martand" (The Rising Sun), the first Hindi-language newspaper published in India, started from Calcutta (now Kolkata), published every Tuesday by Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla.
Correo del Orinoco
Correo del Orinoco (the "Orinoco Post") was a Venezuelan newspaper created by Simón Bolívar. As such, it is the oldest sovereign newspaper on the Latin American continent. The weekly paper was published from 1818 to 1822 in Angostura, a city on the river Orinoco which has since been renamed Ciudad Bolívar.
Newspaper
During the Tang Dynasty in China (618–906), the "Kaiyuan Za Bao" published the government news; it was block-printed onto paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest newspapers to be published. The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper of the modern type in South Asia was by William Bolts, a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. However, before he could begin his newspaper, he was deported back to Europe. In 1780 the first newsprint from this region, "Hicky's Bengal Gazette", was published by an Irishman, James Augustus Hicky. He used it as a means to criticize the British rule through journalism.
History of journalism
By 1400, businessmen in Italian and German cities were compiling hand written chronicles of important news events, and circulating them to their business connections. The idea of using a printing press for this material first appeared in Germany around 1600. The first gazettes appeared in German cities, notably the weekly "Relation aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien" ("Collection of all distinguished and memorable news") in Strasbourg starting in 1605. The "Avisa Relation oder Zeitung" was published in Wolfenbüttel from 1609, and gazettes soon were established in Frankfurt (1615), Berlin (1617) and Hamburg (1618). By 1650, 30 German cities had active gazettes. A semi-yearly news chronicle, in Latin, the Mercurius Gallobelgicus, was published at Cologne between 1594 and 1635, but it was not the model for other publications.
History of newspaper publishing
Other early papers include the Dutch "Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c." of 1618 which was the first to appear in folio- rather than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country.
Newspaper of record
The term is believed to have originated among librarians, who began referring to "The New York Times" as the "newspaper of record" when, in 1913, it became the first U.S. newspaper to publish an index of the subjects covered in its pages. In recognition of the usage, the "Times" held an essay contest in 1927 in which entrants had to demonstrate "The Value of "The New York Times" Index and Files as a Newspaper of Record". The "Times", and other newspapers of its type, then sought to be chroniclers of events, acting as a record of the day's announcements, schedules, directories, proceedings, transcripts and appointments. The "Times" no longer considers itself a newspaper of record in the original, literal sense.
World news
From the 19th century on, with newspapers already established in Europe, the United States and a few other countries, innovations in telecommunications such as the telegraph made news from abroad easier to be spread. The first news agencies were then founded, like AFP (France), Reuters (UK), Wolff (currently DPA, Germany) and the AP (US).
History of Indianapolis
Beginning in the 1820s numerous newspapers were established in Indianapolis to report local, state, and national events. The town's earliest newspapers included the "Indianapolis Gazette" (1822); the "Western Censor and Emigrant's Guide" (1823), which became the "Indianapolis Journal" (1825); the "Indiana Democrat" (1830); the "Daily Sentinel" (1841), Indianapolis's first daily newspaper; the "Indiana Freeman" (1844), an antislavery newspaper; and "The Locomotive" (1845). Over the next few decades some of these publications merged, others discontinued operations, and new ones arrived on the scene. A few local newspapers served the city's German-speaking population, including "Das Indiana Volksblatt" ("Indiana Volksblatt"), which began publication in 1848, and the "Freie Presse von Indiana", a weekly German-language newspaper that began publication in 1853.
History of British newspapers
At the beginning of the 17th century, the right to print was strictly controlled in England. This was probably the reason why the first newspaper in the English language was printed in Rome by Joris Veseler around 1620. This followed the style established by Veseler's earlier Dutch paper "Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c." However, when the English started printing their own papers in London, they reverted to the pamphlet format used by contemporary books. The publication of these newsbooks was suspended between 1632 and 1638 by order of the Star Chamber. After they resumed publication, the era of these newsbooks lasted until the publication of the "Oxford Gazette" in 1665.
Berrow's Worcester Journal
The first established records of a Worcester newspaper date from 1690 when Stephen Bryan founded the Worcester Post-Man, which has been published ever since, although its name changed to the Worcester Journal and then to the current name Berrow's Worcester Journal, thus laying claim to being the oldest newspaper in the world in continuous and current production.
Al Khaleej (newspaper)
Al Khaleej (Arabic: الخليج| "The Gulf" in English) is a daily Arabic-language broadsheet newspaper published in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates by Dar Al Khaleej. The daily is the first newspaper published in the country.
Lloyd's List
Predecessor publications are known. One historian, Michael Palmer wrote that "No later than January 1692, Lloyd began publishing a weekly newsletter, ‘Ships Arrived at and Departed from several Ports of England, as I have Account of them in London... [and] An Account of what English Shipping and Foreign Ships for England, I hear of in Foreign Ports’". However, claims that "Lloyd's List" is the oldest or second-oldest continuously published newspaper in the world are disputed. The World Association of Newspapers lists three earlier, extant titles.
List of Malayalam-language newspapers
"Rajyasamacharam" was the first newspaper in Malayalam. This was started for religious propagation by Hermann Gundert under the Christian missionaries of Basel Mission in June 1847 from Illikkunnu in Thalassery. "Pashchimodayam" was the second newspaper in Malayalam. It started in October 1847 from Thalasseri. "Deepika", the oldest Malayalam newspaper now in circulation, was established in 1887. "Malayala Manorama", "Madhyamam", "Mathrubhumi", "Deshabhimani", "Kerala Kaumudi" and "Janayugom" are the other major newspapers in Malayalam. "Malayala Manorama" holds the record for the largest selling regional language newspaper in India. It is also the 11th most circulating newspaper in the world.