What is the origin of the word "prose"?
Prose
The word "prose" first appears in English in the 14th century. It is derived from the Old French "prose", which in turn originates in the Latin expression "prosa oratio" (literally, straightforward or direct speech).
Poetic diction
In Iceland, Snorri Sturluson wrote the "Prose Edda", a.k.a. the "Younger Edda" around 1200 A.D., partially to explain the older "Edda" and poetic diction. Half of the "Prose Edda", the Skáldskaparmál ("language of poetry creation" or "creative language of poets"), is a manual of traditional Icelandic poetic diction, containing a list of kennings. The list is systematized so as to function as a practical thesaurus for the use of poets wishing to write in the genuine old manner, and structured as an FAQ. Snorri gives traditional examples and also opens the way for creating correct new kennings:
Prose Edda
Another connection was made with the word "óðr", which means "poetry or inspiration" in Old Norse. According to Faulkes, though such a connection is plausible semantically, it is unlikely that "Edda" could have been coined in the 13th century on the basis of "óðr", because such a development "would have had to have taken place gradually", and "Edda" in the sense of "poetics" is not likely to have existed in the preliterary period.
Novel
The entire genre has been seen as having "a continuous and comprehensive history of about two thousand years", with its origins in classical Greece and Rome, in medieval and early modern romance, and in the tradition of the Italian renaissance novella. (Since the 18th century, the term "novella", or "novelle" in German, has been used in English and other European languages to describe a long short story or a short novel.)
Torture
The word 'torture' comes from the French "torture", originating in the Late Latin "tortura" and ultimately deriving the past participle of "torquere" meaning 'to twist'. The word is also used loosely to describe more ordinary discomforts that would be accurately described as tedious rather than painful; for example, "making this spreadsheet was torture!"
Puranas
Douglas Harper states that the etymological origins of "Puranas" are from Sanskrit "Puranah", literally "ancient, former," from "pura" "formerly, before," cognate with Greek "paros" "before," "pro" "before," Avestan "paro" "before," Old English fore, from Proto-Indo-European "*pre-", from "*per-"."
Motet
In the early 20th century, it was generally believed the name came from the Latin "movere", ("to move"), though a derivation from the French "mot" ("word", or "phrase"), had also been suggested. The Medieval Latin for "motet" is "motectum", and the Italian "mottetto" was also used. If the word is from Latin, the name describes the movement of the different voices against one another. Today, however, the French etymology is favoured by reference books, as the word "motet" in 13th-century French had the sense of "little word". In fact, the troped clausulas that were the forerunner of the motet were originally called "motelli" (from the French "mot", "word"), soon replaced by the term "moteti".
Ng Yi Sheng
Prose
Prose
Prose is a form of language that exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure rather than a regular rhythmic structure as in traditional poetry, where the common unit of verse is based on metre or rhyme. Though, as T. S. Eliot noted, while "the distinction between verse and prose is clear, the distinction between poetry and prose is obscure". Developments in modern literature, including free verse and prose poetry have tended to blur any differences.
Ekphrasis
Ekphrasis or ecphrasis, comes from the Greek for the description of a work of art produced as a rhetorical exercise, often used in the adjectival form ekphrastic, is a vivid, often dramatic, verbal description of a visual work of art, either real or imagined. In ancient times, it referred to a description of any thing, person, or experience. The word comes from the Greek ἐκ "ek" and φράσις "phrásis", 'out' and 'speak' respectively, and the verb ἐκφράζειν "ekphrázein", "to proclaim or call an inanimate object by name".
Pride
"Proud" comes from late Old English "prut", probably from Old French "prud" "brave, valiant" (11th century) (which became "preux" in French), from Late Latin term "prodis" "useful", which is compared with the Latin "prodesse" "be of use". The sense of "having a high opinion of oneself", not in French, may reflect the Anglo-Saxons' opinion of the Norman knights who called themselves "proud".
Henry Green
Green had his own opinion of what writing should be: "Prose is not to be read aloud but to oneself alone at night, and it is not quick as poetry but rather a gathering web of insinuations [...] Prose should be a direct intimacy between strangers with no appeal to what both may have known. It should slowly appeal to fears unexpressed, it should in the end draw tears out of the stone."
Polish language
The word "spruce" entered the English language from the Polish name of Prusy (a historical region, today part of Poland). It became "spruce" because in Polish, "z Prus", sounded like "spruce" in English (transl. "from Prussia") and was a generic term for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants and because the tree was believed to have come from Polish Ducal Prussia. However, it can be argued that the word is actually derived from the Old French term "Pruce", meaning literally Prussia.
Prè
Prè takes its name from the Latin word "prædia" (fields), because in origin this was a rural zone. The use of this term is documented since 1131.
Pasha
According to "Etymonline", pasha is derived from the earlier "basha", itself from Turkish "baş/bash" (head, chief), itself from Old Persian "pati"- "master", (from Proto-Indo-European *"poti") and the root of the Persian word shah. According to the "Oxford Online Dictionary", the word has its origins in the mid-17th century, and was formed as a result of the combination of the Pahlavi words "pati-" "lord", and shah. According to Josef W. Meri and Jere L. Bacharach, the word is "more than likely derived from the Persian Padishah". The same view is held by Nicholas Ostler, who mentions that the word was formed as a shortening of the Persian word Padishah. According to etymologist Sevan Nişanyan, the word is derived from Turkish "beşe" ('boy, prince'), which is cognate with Persian "baççe" (). Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/, and the word was spelled "başa" still in the 15th century.
Prose &amp; Poetry
Prose & Poetry, or Prose-Poetry, is a competitive speech event practiced by state high-school forensics/public speaking or debating associations such as the Ohio High School Speech League and the California High School Speech Association, and the National Forensic League (NFL). The NFL does have consolation events in Prose Interpretation and Poetry Interpretation at the National Tournament, but these are only open to competitors who qualified in other events and were eliminated before the late elimination rounds.
Poiesis
"Poiesis" is etymologically derived from the ancient Greek term ποιεῖν, which means "to make".
Prick (slang)
The word comes from the Middle English "prikke", which originates in the Old English, "prica" "point, puncture, particle, small portion of space or time." The meaning of prick as a 'pointed weapon' or 'dagger' is first noted in the 1550s. Prick as a verb for sexual intercourse can be seen as early as the 14th century, in Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canturbury Tales". The Oxford English Dictionary records the first use of the word prick as penis in 1592, although it was probably used in the spoken language for some time before. It was "probably coined with the image of a thorn in mind from the shape and image of penetration evoked", says Thorne. The earliest use of the noun prick as penis is observed in the works of Shakespeare, who uses it playfully several times as a double entendre with the non-sexual meaning of prick, i.e., "the act of puncturing" as in the following examples:
Conspiracy theory
The "Oxford English Dictionary" defines "conspiracy theory" as "the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties; "spec." a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event". It cites a 1909 article in "The American Historical Review" as the earliest usage example, although it also appears in journals as early as April 1870. The word "conspiracy" derives from the Latin "con-" ("with, together") and "spirare" ("to breathe").
Prairie
According to Theodore Roosevelt: "Prairie" is the French word for "meadow", but the ultimate root is the Latin "pratum" (same meaning).
What Is Literature?
Contrarily, prose is utilitarian. The speaker interpolates, persuades, insinuates a particular aim. The prose writer recognizes the loaded nature of words, and deliberated works within the framework of language with resolute will. Sartre rails against aesthetic purism, saying that style determines the value of prose, but beauty is not its main intent. Sartre proclaims, "our great writers wanted to destroy, to edify, to demonstrate."
Sartre stresses that the underlying purpose of prose is to communicate meaning, despite the fallibility of its cause over time, because great prose is directly linked to the writer's external economy. Sartre considers it a mistake to divorce literature from the author, and accuses his critics of only appreciating literature after its authors are dead; thus supposedly removed from history, their work can be consumed without being considered "committed", or inherently political or philosophical.
Pornography
The word "pornography" was coined from the ancient Greek words ("pórnē" "prostitute" and "porneía" "prostitution"), and ("gráphein" "to write or to record", derived meaning "illustration", as in "graph"), and the suffix -ία ("-ia", meaning "state of", "property of", or "place of"), thus meaning "a written description or illustration of prostitutes or prostitution". No date is known for the first use of the word in Greek; the earliest attested, most related word one could find in Greek, is , "pornográphos", i.e. "someone writing about harlots", in the "Deipnosophists" of Athenaeus. The Modern Greek word "pornographia" (πορνογραφία) is a reborrowing of the French "pornographie".
Bosinada
Most scholars agree that the word "bosin" comes from "Ambroeus" (Milanese for Ambrose), as Ambrose was a prominent symbol of Milan. Other explanations of the term nevertheless exist. In Milanese dialect, a "bosin" is also someone who comes from Brianza, and G. Crespi reports that the terms is also used more specifically to refer to that part of the Milanese countryside that lies between the Ticino river, the Lambro river, and the mountaines of Varese, and that it directly derives from the name of the Bozzente creek, which was known as "Bosintio" in the past. These etymologies would thus establish a connection between the bosinata and the rural areas surrounding of Milan, which might make sense as the bosinate were conceived as a coarse, uneducated form of poetry that the Milanese might associate with the vulgar people of the "contado". More specifically, scholar Bernardino Biondelli suggests that the first "bosin" were actually from Milan, but that they deliberately adopted a language inspired by that spoken in the rural areas outside Milan, to emphasize the naive character of their compositions.
Anatomy of Criticism
"Fiction" is a vague term which Frye uses to avoid introducing too many new terms. Part of the difficulty comes from fact that this is the only of the four genres which has no precedent in antiquity. He acknowledges having used the term previously in a different sense. In this essay, the term refers to literature in which the author addresses the audience through a book, or more simply stated, prose. The rhythm of prose is that of continuity of meaning.
Literature
Poetry is a form of literary art which uses the aesthetic qualities of language (including music, and rhythm) to evoke meanings beyond a prose paraphrase. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse; prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across meter or the visual aspects of the poem. This distinction is complicated by various hybrid forms such as the prose poem and prosimetrum, and more generally by the fact that prose possesses rhythm. Abram Lipsky refers to it as an "open secret" that "prose is not distinguished from poetry by lack of rhythm".
Irish literature
Prose continued to be cultivated in the medieval period in the form of tales. The Norman invasion of the 12th century introduced a new body of stories which influenced the Irish tradition, and in time translations were made from English.
John Allison (anthroposophist)
Prose
Prose
Many forms of creative or literary writing use prose, including novels and short stories. Writer Truman Capote thought that the short story was "the most difficult and disciplining form of prose writing extant".
Proa
The word "proa" comes from "perahu", the word for "boat" in Malay ("paraw" in similar Borneo–Philippine languages and "prau" in Javanese), which are similar to the Micronesian language group. Found in many configurations and forms, the proa was likely developed as a sailing vessel in Micronesia (Pacific Ocean). Variations may be found as distant as Madagascar and Sri Lanka, as far back as the first century. Such vessels go by many names, and "perahu" is a generic umbrella term for any boat smaller than a ship. However, until at least to the 17th century, perahu refers to large ships (see K'un-lun po), until replaced by kapal (which is modern Malay and Indonesian word for "ship" borrowed from Tamil ) some time after, whereas the smaller boat is called sampan (from Chinese ).
Tragedy
Writing in 335 BCE (long after the Golden Age of 5th-century Athenian tragedy), Aristotle provides the earliest-surviving explanation for the origin of the dramatic art form in his "Poetics", in which he argues that tragedy developed from the improvisations of the leader of choral dithyrambs (hymns sung and danced in praise of Dionysos, the god of wine and fertility):
In the same work, Aristotle attempts to provide a scholastic definition of what tragedy is:
There is some dissent to the dithyrambic origins of tragedy, mostly based on the differences between the shapes of their choruses and styles of dancing. A common descent from pre-Hellenic fertility and burial rites has been suggested. Friedrich Nietzsche discussed the origins of Greek tragedy in his early book "The Birth of Tragedy" (1872). Here, he suggests the name originates in the use of a chorus of goat-like satyrs in the original dithyrambs from which the tragic genre developed.
Prose poetry
In 17th-century Japan, Matsuo Bashō originated haibun, a form of prose poetry combining haiku with prose. It is best exemplified by Matsuo Bashō's book "Oku no Hosomichi", in which he used a literary genre of prose-and-poetry composition of multidimensional writing.
Prose poetry
In Poland, Bolesław Prus (1847–1912), influenced by the French prose poets, had written a number of poetic micro-stories, including "Mold of the Earth" (1884), "" (1884) and "Shades" (1885). His somewhat longer story, "" (1888), likewise shows many features of prose poetry.
Prosimetrum
The term "prosimetrum" is first attested in the "Rationes dictandi" of Hugh of Bologna, in the early 12th century. Sources differ on the date, one suggesting around 1119, another about 1130. Hugh divided metrical composition into three kinds: quantitative verse ("carmina"), verse based on syllable count and assonance ("rithmi"), and "the mixed form ... when a part is expressed in verse and a part in prose" ("prosimetrum"). The derived adjective "prosimetrical" occurs in English as early as Thomas Blount’s "Glossographia" (1656) where it is defined as "consisting partly of Prose, partly of Meteer or Verse".
Professional
The etymology and historical meaning of the term professional is from Middle English, from "profes", adjective, having professed one's vows, from Anglo-French, from Late Latin "professus", from Latin, past participle of "profitēri" to profess, confess, from pro- before + "fatēri" to acknowledge; in other senses, from Latin "professus", past participle. Thus, as people became more and more specialized in their trade, they began to 'profess' their skill to others, and 'vow' to perform their trade to the highest known standard. With a reputation to uphold, trusted workers of a society who have a specific trade are considered professionals. Ironically, the usage of the word 'profess' declined from the late 1800s to the 1950s, just as the term 'professional' was gaining popularity from 1900–2010. Notably, in American English the rise in popularity of the term 'professional' started at the beginning of the 20th century whereas in British English it started in the 1930s and grew fastest in the 1960s and 70s.
Moll (slang)
"Moll" derives from "Molly", used as a euphemism for "whore" or "prostitute". The Oxford English Dictionary lists the earliest usage in a 1604 quote by Thomas Middleton: "None of these common Molls neither, but discontented and unfortunate gentlewomen." The existence of the popular derivative spelling, "mole", likely reflects the word's history as a spoken, rather than written, insult. Popular usage of this spelling can be seen in the name of The Comedy Company character Kylie Mole. Another example can be seen in a poem by Kevin Munro: "'That Dee will have our jobs; she's a fair dinkum mole!'". The author suggests that this spelling doesn't carry the underworld connotations of the much older "moll" variant.
Æsir–Vanir War
In the "Prose Edda" book "Skáldskaparmál" (chapter 57), the god Bragi explains the origin of poetry. Bragi says that it originated in the Æsir–Vanir War, when during the peace conference the Æsir and the Vanir formed a truce by all spitting into a vat. When they left, the gods decided that it should not be poured out, but rather kept as a symbol of their peace, and so from the contents made a man, Kvasir. Kvasir is later murdered, and from his blood is made the Mead of Poetry.
Prosa (disambiguation)
Prosa can refer to:
Icelandic literature
There has been some discussion on the probable etymology of the term “Edda”. Most say it stems from the Old Norse term "edda", which means great-grandmother, but some see a reference to Oddi, a place where Snorri Sturluson (the writer of the "Prose Edda") was brought up.
The "Elder Edda" or "Poetic Edda" (originally attributed to Sæmundr fróði, although this is now rejected by modern scholars) is a collection of Old Norse poems and stories originated in the late 10th century.
Novel
The present English (and Spanish) word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the Italian "novella" for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself from the Latin "novella", a singular noun use of the neuter plural of "novellus", diminutive of "novus", meaning "new". Most European languages use the word "romance" (as in French, Dutch, Russian, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian "roman"; Finnish "romaani"; German "Roman"; Portuguese "romance" and Italian "romanzo") for extended narratives.
Fictionality is most commonly cited as distinguishing novels from historiography. However this can be a problematic criterion. Throughout the early modern period authors of historical narratives would often include inventions rooted in traditional beliefs in order to embellish a passage of text or add credibility to an opinion. Historians would also invent and compose speeches for didactic purposes. Novels can, on the other hand, depict the social, political and personal realities of a place and period with clarity and detail not found in works of history.
While prose rather than verse became the standard of the modern novel, the ancestors of the modern European novel include verse epics in the Romance language of southern France, especially those by Chrétien de Troyes (late 12th century), and in Middle English (Geoffrey Chaucer's (c. 1343 – 1400) "The Canterbury Tales"). Even in the 19th century, fictional narratives in verse, such as Lord Byron's "Don Juan" (1824), Alexander Pushkin's "Yevgeniy Onegin" (1833), and Elizabeth Barrett Browning's "Aurora Leigh" (1856), competed with prose novels. Vikram Seth's "The Golden Gate" (1986), composed of 590 Onegin stanzas, is a more recent example of the verse novel.
Both in 12th-century Japan and 15th-century Europe, prose fiction created intimate reading situations. On the other hand, verse epics, including the "Odyssey" and "Aeneid", had been recited to a select audiences, though this was a more intimate experience than the performance of plays in theaters. A new world of individualistic fashion, personal views, intimate feelings, secret anxieties, "conduct", and "gallantry" spread with novels and the associated prose-romance.
The novel is today the longest genre of narrative prose fiction, followed by the novella. However, in the 17th century, critics saw the romance as of epic length and the novel as its short rival. A precise definition of the differences in length between these types of fiction, is, however, not possible.The requirement of length has been traditionally connected with the notion that a novel should encompass the "totality of life."
Eureka: A Prose Poem
Poe's decision to refer to the piece as a "prose poem" goes against some of his own "rules" of poetry which he laid out in "The Philosophy of Composition" and "The Poetic Principle". In particular, Poe called the ideal poem short, at most 100 lines, and utilizing the "most poetical topic in the world": the death of a beautiful woman. Poe himself suggested that the work be judged only as a work of art, not of science, possibly dismissing the seriousness of "Eureka". Though he is using mathematical and scientific terms, he may really be talking about aesthetics and suggesting there is a close connection between science and art. This is an ironic sentiment when compared to his message in the poem "To Science" where he shows a distaste for modern science encroaching on spirituality and the artist's imagination. Poe also discusses several astronomy-related topics in "Eureka", including the speed of the stars, the diameters of planets and distance between them, the weight of Earth, and the orbit of the newly discovered "Leverrier's planet" (later named Neptune).
Fraujaz
The term's etymology is ultimately from a PIE "*pro-w-(y)o-s", containing "*pro-" "in front" (c.f. "first", "Fürst" and Sanskrit "purohita" "high priest", lit. "placed foremost or in front"). Variants indicate "n"-stems "*fraujan-", "*frōwōn-". The feminine *"frawjōn" "lady, "domina"" in Old English is attested only in a single isolated occurrence as "frēo" "woman" in the translation of the fragmentary Old Saxon "Genesis" poem, in the alliterating phrase "frēo fægroste" "fairest of women". The stem was confused from early times with "*frīj-", which has variants "frēo-, frīo-, frēa-" (a contraction of "*īj-" and a following back vowel) beside a less frequent "frīg-" (/fri:j-/), by development of a glide between "ī" and a following front vowel. The two forms would originally have figured in complementary distribution within the same paradigm (e.g. masculine nominative singular "frēo", masculine genitive singular "frīges"), but in attested Old English analogical forms are already present and the distribution is no longer complementary
History of literature
The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose. Of the two, divan poetry was by far the dominant stream. Moreover, it should be noted that, until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction; that is, there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European romance, short story, or novel (though analogous genres did, to some extent, exist in both the Turkish folk tradition and in divan poetry). Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose never managed to develop to the extent that contemporary divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of "sec"' (سجع, also transliterated as "seci"), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic "saj'" and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a sentence, there must be a rhyme.
Toast (honor)
Prosit is a Latin word from which the German short form "prost" is derived. It is a toast, that is an acclamation made before drinking an alcoholic beverage when drinkers chink glasses. The expression dates back to the beginning of the 18th century when it was used among university students and eventually made its way into every day language. In a ceremonious context and in connection with a short speech, the English word "toast" may also be used.
Verb displacement
The term as it relates to prose in literature (as opposed to poetry or linguistics) was first introduced in 2011 by Tom Heehler, author of "The Well-Spoken Thesaurus", to describe one of the ways in which minimalist writers are able—consciously or otherwise—to enhance simple language without increasing complexity.
Medieval literature
Prose tales first emerged in Britain: the intricate "Mabinogi" quartet about princely families, notably anti-war in theme, and the romantic adventure "Culhwch and Olwen", famous for the earliest mention of King Arthur. (The "Mabinogi" is not the same as the "Mabinogion", a collection of disconnected prose tales, which does, however, include both the "Mabinogi" and "Culhwch and Olwen".) These works were compiled from earlier oral tradition c. 1100.
Romance (love)
The word "romance" comes from the French vernacular where initially it indicated a verse narrative. The word was originally an adverb of Latin origin, "romanicus," meaning "of the Roman style". European medieval vernacular tales, epics, and ballads generally dealt with chivalric adventure, not bringing in the concept of love until late into the seventeenth century.
Probation
The concept of probation, from the Latin, "probatio," "testing", has historical roots in the practice of "judicial" "reprieve". In English common law, prior to the advent of democratic rule, the courts could temporarily suspend the execution of a sentence to allow a criminal defendant to appeal to the monarch for a pardon.
Sonnet
The term "sonnet" is derived from the Italian word "sonetto" (from Old Provençal "sonet" a little poem, from "son" song, from Latin "sonus" a sound). By the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. Conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. Writers of sonnets are sometimes called "sonneteers", although the term can be used derisively.
Controversy
Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin "controversia", as a composite of "controversus" – "turned in an opposite direction," from "contra" – "against" – and "vertere" – to turn, or "versus" (see verse), hence, "to turn against."
French Renaissance literature
Notable works of long prose fiction, including translations (preceded by an --) published in France in the 16th century:The French Renaissance is dominated by the short story (under various names: "conte", a tale; "nouvelle", a short story like the Italian novella; "devis" and "propos", a spoken discussion; "histoire", a story). For the period, part of the attraction of the dialogued short story and the frame tale (with its fictional speakers discussing each other's stories) lies in their "performability" by someone reading out loud to a non-literate public and in their grab-bag and (frequently) digressive structure: these tales are capable of taking on all kinds of material, both sophisticated and vulgar.
Prose Edda
A final hypothesis is derived from the Latin ""edo"", meaning "I write". It relies on the fact that the word ""kredda"" (meaning "belief") is certified and comes from the Latin ""credo"", "I believe." It seems likely Snorri would have been able to invent the word. Edda in this case could be translated as "Poetic Art". This is the meaning that the word was then given in the Middle Ages.
The arts
Literature is literally "acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the "Oxford English Dictionary". The noun "literature" comes from the Latin word "littera" meaning "an individual written character (letter)." The term has generally come to identify a collection of writings, which in Western culture are mainly prose (both fiction and non-fiction), drama and poetry. In much, if not all of the world, the artistic linguistic expression can be oral as well, and include such genres as epic, legend, myth, ballad, other forms of oral poetry, and as folktale. Comics, the combination of drawings or other visual arts with narrating literature, are often called the "ninth art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship.
Pradhana
Pradhāna (Sanskrit: प्रधान) is an adjective meaning – most important, prime, chief or major. The Shatapatha Brahmana (शतपथ ब्राह्मण) gives its meaning as – 'the chief cause of the material nature' (S.B.7.15.27) or 'the creative principle of nature' (S.B.10.85.3). The Samkhya School of Indian philosophy employs the word, Pradhana, to mean the creative principle of nature, as the original root of matter, the Prime Matter but which according to Badarayana’s logic is the unintelligent principle which cannot be the one consisting of bliss.
Literature
Etymologically, the term derives from Latin "literatura/litteratura" "learning, a writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from "litera/littera" "letter". In spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts.
Poetics
The term "poetics" comes from the Greek ποιητικός "poietikos" "pertaining to poetry," literally "creative, productive," from ποιητός "poietos" "made," verbal adjective of ποιεῖν "poiein" "to make."
Azerbaijani literature
Until the 19th century, Safavid prose never managed to develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of "sec"' (سجع, also transliterated as "seci"), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic "saj'" and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a sentence, there must be a rhyme.
History of fu poetry
The History of "fu" poetry covers the beginnings of the Chinese literary genre of "fu". The term "fu" describes literary works which have certain characteristics of their own. English lacks an equivalent native term (or form). Sometimes called "rhapsodies", sometimes called "rhyme-prose", "fu" are characterized by qualities of both poetry and prose: both are obligatory. The "fu" form of literary work is a treatment in a poetic manner, wherein some topic (or topics) of interest, such as an exotic object, a profound feeling, or an encyclopedic subject is described and rhapsodized upon, in exhaustive detail and various angles of view. And, for a piece to be truly considered to be within the "fu" genre, it must follow the rules of this form, in terms of structure, meter, and so on.
Toast (honor)
The word is, as mentioned above, of Latin origin and it comes from the verb "prodesse" (= "to benefit sth/sb", "to be beneficial"). Consequently, "prosit" is the conjugated form (3rd person Singular, Present Subjunctive, Active) and therefore an optative: "To you/ to your health". Like the colloquial "prost", "prosit" was originally used by university students.
Essay
The word "essay" derives from the French infinitive "essayer", "to try" or "to attempt". In English "essay" first meant "a trial" or "an attempt", and this is still an alternative meaning. The Frenchman Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592) was the first author to describe his work as essays; he used the term to characterize these as "attempts" to put his thoughts into writing, and his essays grew out of his commonplacing. Inspired in particular by the works of Plutarch, a translation of whose "Œuvres Morales" ("Moral works") into French had just been published by Jacques Amyot, Montaigne began to compose his essays in 1572; the first edition, entitled "Essais", was published in two volumes in 1580. For the rest of his life, he continued revising previously published essays and composing new ones. Francis Bacon's essays, published in book form in 1597, 1612, and 1625, were the first works in English that described themselves as "essays". Ben Jonson first used the word "essayist" in English in 1609, according to the "Oxford English Dictionary".
Premises
Premises are land and buildings together considered as a property. This usage arose from property owners finding the word in their title deeds, where it originally correctly meant "the aforementioned; what this document is about", from Latin "prae-missus" = "placed before".
Parole
Parole is a temporary release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions before the completion of the maximum sentence period, originating from the French "parole" ("voice, spoken words" but also "promise"). The term became associated during the Middle Ages with the release of prisoners who gave their word.
Francine Prose
Francine Prose (born April 1, 1947) is an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and critic. She is a Visiting Professor of Literature at Bard College, and was formerly president of PEN American Center.
Western culture
While epic literary works in verse such as the Mahabharata and Homer's Iliad are ancient and occurred worldwide, the prose novel as a distinct form of storytelling, with developed, consistent human characters and, typically, some connected overall plot (although both of these characteristics have sometimes been modified and played with in later times), was popularized by the West in the 17th and 18th centuries. Of course, extended prose fiction had existed much earlier; both novels of adventure and romance in the Hellenistic world and in Heian Japan. Both Petronius' Satyricon (c. 60 CE) and the "Tale of Genji" by Murasaki Shikibu (c. 1000 CE) have been cited as the world's first major novel but they had a very limited long-term impact on literary writing beyond their own day until much more recent times.
Peritrope
The name comes from the ancient Greek for "turning around". Sextus Empiricus is thought to have given the name in a comment on the passage. The name has been in continuous use ever since, as Socrates' argument provides the foundation for classical propositional logic and hence much of traditional western philosophy (or analytic philosophy). For instance, Sextus noted that Protagoras' famous doctrine that man is the measure of all things is self-refuting because "one of the things that appears (is judged) to be the case is that not every appearance is true". This assumption was later refuted due to a mistake on the part of Sextus' interpretation that the Protagorean measure doctrine boiled down to a subjectivist thesis that whatever appearance whatsoever is true.
Prose
Prose lacks the more formal metrical structure of verse that can be found in traditional poetry. Prose comprises full grammatical sentences, which then constitute paragraphs while overlooking aesthetic appeal, whereas poetry often involves a metrical and/or rhyming scheme. Some works of prose contain traces of metrical structure or versification and a conscious blend of the two literature formats known as prose poetry. Verse is considered to be more systematic or formulaic, whereas prose is the most reflective of ordinary (often conversational) speech. On this point, Samuel Taylor Coleridge jokingly requested that novice poets should know the "definitions of prose and poetry; that is, prose—words in their best order; poetry—the best words in their best order."
Myth
The word "myth" comes from Ancient Greek "μῦθος" ["mȳthos"], meaning 'speech, narrative, fiction, myth, plot'. In Anglicised form, this Greek word began to be used in English (and was likewise adapted into other European languages) in the early nineteenth century, in a much narrower sense, as a scholarly term for 'a traditional story, typically involving supernatural beings or forces, which embodies and provides an explanation, aetiology, or justification for something such as the early history of a society, a religious belief or ritual, or a natural phenomenon'.
Rice
First used in English in the middle of the 13th century, the word "rice" derives from the Old French "ris", which comes from the Italian "riso", in turn from the Latin "oriza", which derives from the Greek ὄρυζα ("oruza"). The Greek word is the source of all European words (cf. Welsh "reis", German "Reis", Lithuanian "ryžiai", Serbo-Croatian "riža", Polish "ryż", Dutch "rijst", Hungarian "rizs", Romanian "orez", Spanish "arroz").
Prone position
"Prone" derives from the Latin "pronus": "bent forward, inclined to," from the adverbial form of the prefix "pro-" "forward." Both the original, literal, and the derived figurative sense were used in Latin, but the figurative is older in English.
Edda
"Edda" (; Old Norse "Edda", plural "Eddur") is an Old Norse term that has been attributed by modern scholars to the collective of two Medieval Icelandic literary works: what is now known as the "Prose Edda" and an older collection of poems without an original title now known as the "Poetic Edda". The term historically referred only to the "Prose Edda", but this since has fallen out of use because of the confusion with the other work. Both works were written down in Iceland during the 13th century in Icelandic, although they contain material from earlier traditional sources, reaching into the Viking Age. The books are the main sources of medieval skaldic tradition in Iceland and Norse mythology.
Arche
Arche (; ) is a Greek word with primary senses "beginning", "origin" or "source of action" (: from the beginning, οr : the original argument), and later "first principle" or "element", first so used by Anaximander (Simplicius in Ph. 150.23). By extension, it may mean "first place, power", "method of government", "empire, realm", "authorities" (in plural: ), "command". The first principle or element corresponds to the "ultimate underlying substance" and "ultimate undemonstrable principle". In the philosophical language of the archaic period (8th to 6th century BC), "arche" (or "archai") designates the source, origin or root of things that exist. In ancient Greek philosophy, Aristotle foregrounded the meaning of "arche" as the element or principle of a thing, which although undemonstrable and intangible in itself, provides the conditions of the possibility of that thing.
Fetch (folklore)
Accounts of the origin of "fetch" are complicated by a word "faecce", found in two textually-related Old English glossaries, the Corpus Glossary and the First Cleopatra Glossary. "Faecce" could in theory be an Old English form of modern English "fetch". In the glossaries, "faecce" is given as a lemma (a word to be glossed); given that most such words in these glossaries are in Latin, it ought to be a Latin word, but no such Latin word is known, leading some scholars to suggest it may by Old Irish. Since it is glossed with the Old English word "mære", which denotes female supernatural being associated with causing illness and nightmares, it could be the origin of the Hiberno-English "fetch". Recent research has not arrived at a consensus on this question.
Greek tragedy
The origin of the word "tragedy" has been a matter of discussion from ancient times. The primary source of knowledge on the question is the "Poetics" of Aristotle. Aristotle was able to gather first-hand documentation from theater performance in Attica, which is inaccessible to scholars today. His work is therefore invaluable for the study of ancient tragedy, even if his testimony is open to doubt on some points.
Folklore studies
It is well-documented that the term "folklore" was coined in 1846 by the Englishman William Thoms. He fabricated it for use in an article published in the August 22, 1846 issue of "The Athenaeum". Thoms consciously replaced the contemporary terminology of "popular antiquities" or "popular literature" with this new word. Folklore was to emphasize the study of a specific subset of the population: the rural, mostly illiterate peasantry. In his published call for help in documenting antiquities, Thoms was echoing scholars from across the European continent to collect artifacts of older, mostly oral cultural traditions still flourishing among the rural populace. In Germany the Brothers Grimm had first published their "Kinder- und Hausmärchen" in 1812. They continued throughout their lives to collect German folk tales to include in their collection. In Scandinavia, intellectuals were also searching for their authentic Teutonic roots and had labeled their studies "Folkeminde" (Danish) or "Folkermimne" (Norwegian). Throughout Europe and America, other early collectors of folklore were at work. Thomas Crofton Croker published fairy tales from southern Ireland and, together with his wife, documented keening and other Irish funereal customs. Elias Lönnrot is best known for his collection of epic Finnish poems published under the title Kalevala. John Fanning Watson in the United States published the "Annals of Philadelphia".
Saga
While sagas are generally anonymous, a distinctive literary movement in the 14th century involves sagas, mostly on religious topics, with identifiable authors and a distinctive Latinate style. Associated with Iceland's northern diocese of Hólar, this movement is known as the North Icelandic Benedictine School ("Norðlenski Benediktskólinn")."Saga" is a word originating from Old Norse or Icelandic language ("Saga" is also the modern Icelandic and Swedish word for "story" or, especially in Swedish, fairytale). "Saga" is a cognate of the English word "say": its various meanings in Icelandic are approximately equivalent to "something said" or "a narrative in prose", along the lines of a "story", "tale" or "history". Through the centuries, the word "saga" has gained a broader meaning in Nordic languages. In contemporary Swedish and Danish it describes a non-realistic or epic work of fiction. "Folksaga" means folk tale; a fairy tale by an unknown author, in Swedish and Danish. "Konstsaga" is the Swedish term for a fairy tale by a known author, such as Hans Christian Andersen or Astrid Lindgren, while the Danish and Norwegian term is "kunsteventyr" ("adventure").
Creativity
The lexeme in the English word "creativity" comes from the Latin term "creō" "to create, make": its derivational suffixes also come from Latin. The word "create" appeared in English as early as the 14th century, notably in Chaucer, to indicate divine creation (in The Parson's Tale). However, its modern meaning as an act of human creation did not emerge until after the Enlightenment.
Pea
The term "pea" originates from the Latin word "pisum", which is the latinisation of the Greek πίσον ("pison"), neuter of πίσος ("pisos") "pea". It was adopted into English as the noun "pease" (plural "peasen"), as in pease pudding. However, by analogy with other plurals ending in "-s", speakers began construing "pease" as a plural and constructing the singular form by dropping the "-s", giving the term "pea". This process is known as back-formation.
Osprey
The origins of "osprey" are obscure; the word itself was first recorded around 1460, derived via the Anglo-French "ospriet" and the Medieval Latin "avis prede" "bird of prey," from the Latin "avis praedæ" though the Oxford English Dictionary notes a connection with the Latin "ossifraga" or "bone breaker" of Pliny the Elder. However, this term referred to the Lämmergeier.
Provo (movement)
The Provos borrowed their name from Wouter Buikhuisen, who in a doctoral dissertation in 1965, talked about "young trouble-makers" as "provos", a word derived from the Dutch word "provoceren" meaning to provoke.
Republic
The term originates as the Latin translation of Greek word "politeia". Cicero, among other Latin writers, translated "politeia" as "res publica" and it was in turn translated by Renaissance scholars as "republic" (or similar terms in various western European languages).
Crime
The word "crime" is derived from the Latin root "cernō", meaning "I decide, I give judgment". Originally the Latin word "crīmen" meant "charge" or "cry of distress." The Ancient Greek word "krima" (κρίμα), from which the Latin cognate derives, typically referred to an intellectual mistake or an offense against the community, rather than a private or moral wrong.
Prose
Prose in its simplicity and loosely defined structure is broadly adaptable to spoken dialogue, factual discourse, and to topical and fictional writing. It is systematically produced and published within literature, journalism (including newspapers, magazines, and broadcasting), encyclopedias, film, history, philosophy, law, and in almost all forms and processes requiring human communications.
Posse comitatus
The term derives from the Latin "posse comitātūs," "power" or "force of the county", in English use from the late 16th century, shortened to posse from the mid 17th century.
While the original meaning refers to a group of citizens assembled by the authorities to deal with an emergency (such as suppressing a riot or pursuing felons), the term is also used for any force or band, especially with hostile intent, often also figuratively or humorously. In 19th-century usage, "posse comitatus" also acquires the generalized or figurative meaning. In classical Latin, posse is a contraction of “potesse,” an irregular, subjunctive Latin verb meaning “to be able.”    Thus when paired with comitātus, “to accompany,”  posse comitatus literally means: “to be able to accompany.”   In its earliest days the posse comitatus was subordinate to king, country and local authority.
Mess
The root of "mess" is the Old French "mes", "portion of food" (cf. modern French "mets"), drawn from the Latin verb "mittere", meaning "to send" and "to put" (cf. modern French "mettre"), the original sense being "a course of a meal put on the table"; cfr. also the modern Italian "portata" with the same meaning, past participle of "portare", "to bring". This sense of "mess", which appeared in English in the 13th century, was often used for cooked or liquid dishes in particular, as in the "mess of pottage" (porridge or soup) or Eton mess.
Augustan prose
Augustan prose is somewhat ill-defined, as the definition of ""Augustan"" relies primarily upon changes in taste in poetry. However, the general time represented by Augustan literature saw a rise in prose writing as high literature. The essay, satire, and dialogue (in philosophy and religion) thrived in the age, and the English novel was truly begun as a serious art form. At the outset of the Augustan age, essays were still primarily imitative, novels were few and still dominated by the Romance, and prose was a rarely used format for satire, but, by the end of the period, the English essay was a fully formed periodical feature, novels surpassed drama as entertainment and as an outlet for serious authors, and prose was serving every conceivable function in public discourse. It is the age that most provides the transition from a court-centered and poetic literature to a more democratic, decentralized literary world of prose.
Strophe
A strophe () is a poetic term originally referring to the first part of the ode in Ancient Greek tragedy, followed by the antistrophe and epode. The term has been extended to also mean a structural division of a poem containing stanzas of varying line length. Strophic poetry is to be contrasted with poems composed line-by-line non-stanzaically, such as Greek epic poems or English blank verse, to which the term "stichic" applies.
Protos
Protos means "first," derived from the ancient Greek .
Sine
Etymologically, the word "sine" derives from the Sanskrit word for chord, "jiva"*("jya" being its more popular synonym). This was transliterated in Arabic as "jiba" جيب, which however is meaningless in that language and abbreviated "jb" جب . Since Arabic is written without short vowels, "jb" was interpreted as the word "jaib" جيب, which means "bosom". When the Arabic texts were translated in the 12th century into Latin by Gerard of Cremona, he used the Latin equivalent for "bosom", "sinus" (which means "bosom" or "bay" or "fold"). Gerard was probably not the first scholar to use this translation; Robert of Chester appears to have preceded him and there is evidence of even earlier usage. The English form "sine" was introduced in the 1590s.
Lance
The name is derived from the word "lancea" - the Roman auxiliaries' javelin or throwing knife; although according to the OED, the word may be of Iberian origin. Also compare λόγχη ("lónkhē"), a Greek term for "spear" or "lance".
Romanticism
The group of words with the root "Roman" in the various European languages, such as "romance" and "Romanesque", has a complicated history, but by the middle of the 18th century "romantic" in English and "romantique" in French were both in common use as adjectives of praise for natural phenomena such as views and sunsets, in a sense close to modern English usage but without the amorous connotation. The application of the term to literature first became common in Germany, where the circle around the Schlegel brothers, critics August and Friedrich, began to speak of "romantische Poesie" ("romantic poetry") in the 1790s, contrasting it with "classic" but in terms of spirit rather than merely dating. Friedrich Schlegel wrote in his "Dialogue on Poetry" (1800), "I seek and find the romantic among the older moderns, in Shakespeare, in Cervantes, in Italian poetry, in that age of chivalry, love and fable, from which the phenomenon and the word itself are derived."
Diaeresis (prosody)
Diaeresis comes from the Ancient Greek noun "diaíresis" (διαίρεσις) "taking apart" or "division" (also "distinction"), from the verb "diairéō" (διαιρέω) "take apart", a compound of the verb "airéō" (αἱρέω) "take" and the preposition "diá" (διά) "through" (in compounds, "apart").
French alexandrine
' is the source of the English term free verse, and is effectively identical in meaning. It can be seen as a radical extension of the tendencies of both ' (various and unpredictable line lengths) and ' (weakening of strictures for caesura and rhymes, as well as experimentation with unusual line lengths). Its birth — for the reading public at least — can be dated exactly: 1886; in this year, editor Gustave Kahn published several seminal ' poems in his review ', including poems by Arthur Rimbaud (written over a decade previously) and Jules Laforgue, with more following in the next years. ' shed all metrical and prosodic constraints, such as verse length, rhyme, and caesura; Laforgue said, "I forget to rhyme, I forget about the number of syllables, I forget about stanzaic structure."
Novelogue
A novelogue is a combination between the words "novel" and "dialogue", and it is written more like a screenplay than a novel. Prose are only used in brief segments of the story where character and setting descriptions are necessary. Otherwise, the story is told through conversation. Characters enter and exit as if moving around a world stage, like they would in a screenplay or stage play.
Drama
Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance: a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc, performed in a theatre, or on radio or television. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's "Poetics" (c. 335 BC)—the earliest work of dramatic theory.
The term "drama" comes from a Greek word meaning "action" (Classical Greek: , "drama"), which is derived from "I do" (Classical Greek: , "drao"). The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy.
Prose Edda
The Prose Edda, also known as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda () or, historically, simply as Edda, is an Old Norse work of literature written in Iceland in the early 13th century. The work is often assumed to have been written, or at least compiled, by the Icelandic scholar, lawspeaker and historian Snorri Sturluson around the year 1220.
Thesis
The term "thesis" comes from the Greek , meaning "something put forth", and refers to an intellectual proposition. "Dissertation" comes from the Latin "dissertātiō", meaning "discussion". Aristotle was the first philosopher to define the term thesis. "A 'thesis' is a supposition of some eminent philosopher that conflicts with the general opinion...for to take notice when any ordinary person expresses views contrary to men's usual opinions would be silly".For Aristotle, a thesis would therefore be a supposition that is stated in contradiction with general opinion or express disagreement with other philosophers (104b33-35). A supposition is a statement or opinion that may or may not be true depending on the evidence and/or proof that is offered (152b32). The purpose of the dissertation is thus to outline the proofs of why the author disagrees with other philosophers or the general opinion.
Prostitution
"Prostitute" is derived from the Latin "prostituta". Some sources cite the verb as a composition of ""pro"" meaning "up front" or "forward" and ""stituere"", defined as "to offer up for sale". Another explanation is that "prostituta" is a composition of "pro" and "statuere" (to cause to stand, to station, place erect). A literal translation therefore is: "to put up front for sale" or "to place forward". The "Online Etymology Dictionary" states, "The notion of 'sex for hire' is not inherent in the etymology, which rather suggests one 'exposed to lust' or sex 'indiscriminately offered.'"
Prose poetry
At the time, poets elsewhere were exploring the form in Spanish, Japanese and Russian. Octavio Paz worked in this form in Spanish in his "Aguila o Sol?" (Eagle or Sun?). Spanish poet Ángel Crespo did his most notable work in the genre. Giannina Braschi, postmodern Spanish-language poet, wrote a trilogy of prose poems, "El imperio de los sueños" (Empire of Dreams, 1988). Translator Dennis Keene presents the work of six Japanese prose poets in "The Modern Japanese Prose Poem: an Anthology of Six Poets". Similarly, Adrian Wanner and Caryl Emerson describe the form's growth in Russia in their critical work, "Russian Minimalism: from the Prose Poem to the Anti-story".
Prosiopesis
Prosiopesis (from Classical Greek, προσιωπησις, "becoming silent") is a term coined by Otto Jespersen for pronouncing a word or phrase without vocalizing its initial sounds. One example Jespersen gave is for "Good morning" to be shortened to "Morning". Jesperson introduced the idea in "Language, Its Nature, Development, and Origin" (ASIN B0007DEMMW; 1922); he also discusses it in "The Philosophy of Grammar" (; reprint 1992). Prosiopesis is studied as a mode for originating interjections, which can shed light on their meaning.
Prose
Isaac Newton in "The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms" wrote "The Greek Antiquities are full of Poetical Fictions, because the Greeks wrote nothing in Prose, before the Conquest of Asia by Cyrus the Persian. Then Pherecydes Scyrius and Cadmus Milesius introduced the writing in Prose." The website https://theprose.com/ later wrote, in response, "Of course Newton did not discover any law of linguistic nature mandating that no matter how freeform, spontaneous, or unstructured a literary statement may be, it will always contain poetic elements, just as non-ionized elements will always contain electrons; the best prose contains the greatest poetic charge outputted by the smallest poetic effort."
Titus Andronicus
However, even if the prose was in existence by 1594, there is no solid evidence to suggest the order in which the play, ballad and prose were written and which served as source for which. Traditionally, the prose has been seen as the original, with the play derived from it, and the ballad derived from both play and prose. Adams Jr., for example, firmly believed in this order (prose-play-ballad) as did John Dover Wilson and Geoffrey Bullough. This theory is by no means universally accepted however. For example, Ralph M. Sargent agrees with Adams and Bullough that the prose was the source of the play, but he argues that the poem was also a source of the play (prose-ballad-play). On the other hand, Marco Mincoff rejects both theories, arguing instead that the play came first, and served as a source for both the ballad and the prose (play-ballad-prose). G. Harold Metz felt that Mincoff was incorrect and reasserted the primacy of the prose-play-ballad sequence. G.K. Hunter however, believes that Adams, Dover Wilson, Bullough, Sargent, Mincoff and Metz were "all" wrong, and the play was the source for the prose, with both serving as sources for the ballad (play-prose-ballad). In his 1984 edition of the play for "The Oxford Shakespeare", Eugene M. Waith rejects Hunter's theory and supports the original prose-play-ballad sequence. On the other hand, in his 1995 edition for the "Arden Shakespeare" 3rd Series, Jonathan Bate favours Mincoff's theory of play-ballad-prose. In the introduction to the 2001 edition of the play for the "Penguin Shakespeare" (edited by Sonia Massai), Jacques Berthoud agrees with Waith and settles on the initial prose-play-ballad sequence. In his 2006 revised edition for the "New Cambridge Shakespeare", Alan Hughes also argues for the original prose-play-ballad theory, but hypothesizes that the source for the ballad was exclusively the prose, not the play.
Flash prose
Flash prose, also known as "flash literature", is brief creative writing, generally on the order of between 500 and 1500 words. It's also an umbrella term that encompasses various short format works such as prose poetry, short essays and other works of creative fiction and nonfiction. The term "flash" implies fast, impromptu, and short format. The term "flash prose" is generally used in the context of writing competitions or other public exhibitions of creativity or skill with language such as weblogs or non-journalistic writing in, for example, a daily, a journal or another type of periodical.