How thick is the bark of a redwood tree?
Sequoia sempervirens
The coast redwood can reach tall with a trunk diameter of . It has a conical crown, with horizontal to slightly drooping branches. The bark can be very thick, up to , and quite soft and fibrous, with a bright red-brown color when freshly exposed (hence the name redwood), weathering darker. The root system is composed of shallow, wide-spreading lateral roots.
Quercus pagoda
Quercus pagoda, the cherrybark oak, is one of the most highly valued red oaks in the southern United States. It is larger and better formed than southern red oak and commonly grows on more moist sites. Its strong wood and straight form make it an excellent timber tree. Many wildlife species use its acorns as food, and cherrybark oak makes a fine shade tree. Cherrybark oak was formerly considered to be a subspecies of southern red oak, "Quercus falcata", subsp "pagodifolia".
Thuja plicata
At the right time of year, the bark is easily removed from live trees in long strips. It is harvested for use in making mats, rope and cordage, basketry, rain hats, clothing, and other soft goods. The harvesting of bark must be done with care, as stripping too much bark will kill the tree. To prevent this, the harvester usually only harvests from trees which have not been stripped before. After harvesting, the tree is not used for bark again, although it may later be felled for wood. Stripping bark is usually started with a series of cuts at the base of the tree above any buttresses, after which the bark is peeled upwards. To remove bark high up, a pair of platforms strung on rope around the tree are used and the harvester climbs by alternating between them for support. Since redcedars lose their lower branches as all tall trees do in the rainforest, the harvester may climb or more into the tree by this method. The harvested bark is folded and carried in backpacks. It can be stored for quite some time as mold does not grow on it, and is moistened before unfolding and working. It is then split lengthwise into the required width and woven or twisted into shape. Bark harvesting was mostly done by women, despite the danger of climbing 10 meters in the air, because they were the primary makers of bark goods.
Redwoods of the Otway Ranges
In 1977, the Forests Commission remeasured the trees (then aged 41 years) with a height of 40.3 metres and a diameter of 85 cm for the largest tree. When last measured in 2004 (aged 68 years) the trees had reached nearly 60 metres in height and 107 cm in diameter. The largest tree on the plot being 184.9 cm. The initial plot of 461 trees had also thinned down to 220 stems since planting in 1936. Some had died, some struck by lightning, some removed or cut down and others fallen down over the 68 years since planting. The planting rows where trees were originally planted at a spacing of 3.3 metres are still visible.
Pinus strobiformis
"Pinus strobiformis", a member of the white pine group, "Pinus" subgenus "Strobus", is a straight, slender tree growing to 30 m tall and 1 m in diameter. The bark is smooth and silvery-gray on young trees, aging to furrowed and red-brown or dark gray-brown. The branches are spreading and ascending. Twigs are slender, pale red-brown, aging to smooth gray or gray-brown. Buds are ellipsoid, red-brown, and resinous. Leaves (needles) are five per bundle (fascicle), sometimes four, spreading to ascending-upcurved, 4–9 cm long (rarely 10), 0.6-1.0 mm in diameter, straight, slightly twisted, pliant, dark green to blue-green, and persist 3–5 years. The upper surface ('adaxial' - facing toward the stem of the plant) is conspicuously whitened by narrow stomatal lines. The lower surfaces ('abaxial' - facing away from the stem of the plant) are without evident stomatal lines. The margins are sharp, razorlike and entire to finely serrulate, apex narrowly acute to short-subulate. Each fascicle has a deciduous sheath 1.5-2.0 cm long which is shed early.
Pinus gerardiana
The trees are 10-20(-25) m tall with usually deep, wide and open crowns with long, erect branches. However, crowns are narrower and shallower in dense forests. The bark is very flaky, peeling to reveal light greyish-green patches, similar to the closely related lacebark pine ("Pinus bungeana"). The branchlets are smooth and olive-green. The leaves are needle-like, in fascicles of 3, 6–10 cm long, spreading stiffly, glossy green on the outer surface, with blue-green stomatal lines on the inner face; the sheaths falling in the first year. The cones are 10–18 cm long, 9–11 cm wide when open, with wrinkled, reflexed apophyses and an umbo curved inward at the base. The seeds (pine nuts) are 17–23 mm long and 5–7 mm broad, with a thin shell and a rudimentary wing.
Sequoia sempervirens
Coast redwoods are resistant to insect attack, fungal infection, and rot. These properties are conferred by concentrations of terpenoids and tannic acid in redwood leaves, roots, bark, and wood. Despite these chemical defenses, redwoods are still subject to insect infestations; none, however, are capable of killing a healthy tree. Redwoods also face predation from mammals: black bears are reported to consume the inner bark of small redwoods, and black-tailed deer are known to eat redwood sprouts.
Redwoods of the Otway Ranges
A small stand of redwoods was also planted as part of a revegetation program in 1930 by the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) in the Cement Creek catchment near Warburton. The plantation provided small study plots to examine canopy interception of rainfall and for comparison with native forest in the Coranderrk area. The Cement Creek stand has also become a very popular tourist destination and is heritage listed. There are over 1476 trees ranging in height from 20 metres to the tallest being 55 metres on an even 3.3 m grid spacing. The stand has not self thinned like the one in the Otways and is not as tall. It is believed that the seed came from England and the seedlings were raised at the Forests Commission nursery at Creswick.
Tsuga chinensis
"Tsuga chinensis" is a large tree with bark that is a blackish brown in colour. The scaly bark has irregular longitudinal breaks, and lenticels that are very inconspicuous. The outer bark is about 6 mm thick with alternating tiered layers of pale yellowish brown corky bark, and brown lignified fibrous bark. The newly formed periderm is a purplish red. The inner bark is about 4 to 5 mm thick and pale reddish brown in colour. It is fibrous in texture with minute, almost inconspicuous sclereid, or stone cell groups. The cambium as well as the newly formed phloem are nearly inconspicuous. Freshly cut wood is a pale yellowish white with inconspicuous wood rays.
Bark (botany)
In some plants, the bark is substantially thicker, providing further protection and giving the bark a characteristically distinctive structure with deep ridges. In the cork oak ("Quercus suber") the bark is thick enough to be harvested as a cork product without killing the tree; in this species the bark may get very thick (e.g. more than 20 cm has been reported). Some barks can be removed in long sheets; the smooth surfaced bark of birch trees has been used as a covering in the making of canoes, as the drainage layer in roofs, for shoes, backpacks etc. The most famous example of using birch bark for canoes is the birch canoes of North America.
Nauclea orientalis
Leichhardt trees are medium to tall trees, reaching maximum height of around with a diameter of . They are deciduous, shedding their leaves during the dry season. The bark surface of Liechhardt trees are grayish to reddish brown and may be smooth or fissured and flaky. It is orange to yellow in color when cut.
Celtis reticulata
Hackberry bark is grey to brownish grey with the trunk bark forming vertical corky ridges that are checkered between the furrows. The young twigs are covered with very fine hairs (puberulent). The blade of the leaves can be half an inch to three inches (2–8 cm) long, usually about two inches (5–6 cm). They are , unequal at the base, leathery, entire to serrate (tending toward serrate), clearly net-veined, base obtuse to more or less cordate, tip obtuse to acuminate, and scabrous, with a dark green upper surface and a yellowish-green lower surface. The small stalks attaching the leaf blade to the stem (the petioles) are generally about 5 to 6 mm long.
Redwood Heights, Oakland, California
Joaquin Miller, who affected a John Muir-like beard and boots, not only single-handedly planted on the clear-cut hills 70,000 trees—many of them the unfortunately flammable eucalyptus—but willed to the public trust after his death his vast land holdings, preserving for the generations the open space five minutes from our homes. The park, threaded by walking trails that were probably first cut by loggers and horse ranchers, is a combination of Joaquin Miller's visionary industry, and the second growth of the redwood forest, now in about its sixteenth decade, and said to be the oldest second growth redwood forest in the West.
Austrobuxus swainii
A medium to large tree, 40 metres tall and a trunk diameter of one metre. The trunk is not cylindrical, flanged or irregular, somewhat buttressed at the base. Bark is scaly, grey or brown. Bark sheds in irregular patches, leaving slight depressions. Small branches are slender, grey or fawn in colour. Dotted with many pale lenticels.
Northern California coastal forests (WWF ecoregion)
The dominant forest type in this ecoregion is the coastal redwood forest. These are the tallest forests on Earth, with individual redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens") trees reaching heights of . These forests are generally found in areas exposed to coastal fog. In the north, they occur on upland slopes, in riparian zones, and on riverine terraces. In the south, where annual precipitation is lower, they are constrained to coves and ravines. Coast Douglas-firs ("Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii") are nearly always associated with redwoods, but in the north the forests can also include Sitka spruce ("Picea sitchensis") and western hemlock ("Tsuga heterophylla"). Like coast Douglas-fir, tanoak ("Notholithocarpus densiflorus") is often present. Other hardwoods include California bay laurel ("Umbellularia californica"), red alder ("Alnus rubra"), madrone ("Arbutus menziesii"), and bigleaf maple ("Acer macrophyllum"). The deep shade cast by redwoods often results in a sparse understory, but shade-tolerant species include thimbleberry ("Rubus parviflorus"), redwood sorrel ("Oxalis oregana"), elk clover ("Aralia californica"), dwarf Oregon grape ("Mahonia nervosa"), salal ("Gaultheria shallon"), and many ferns, such as deer fern ("Blechnum spicant"), sword fern ("Polystichum munitum"), and leathery polypody ("Polypodium scouleri").
Mixed evergreen forests are found just inland of the redwood forests, on Franciscan Assemblage soils that receive moderate to high rainfall. The trees are a variety of needle-leaved and broad-leaved evergreen species. Characteristic trees include coast Douglas-fir ("Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"), canyon live oak ("Quercus chrysolepis"), tanoak ("Notholithocarpus densiflorus"), madrone ("Arbutus menziesii"), California bay laurel ("Umbellularia californica"), and golden chinquapin ("Chrysolepis chrysophylla"). The shrub understory is dense and diverse; beaked hazel ("Corylus cornuta"), evergreen huckleberry ("Vaccinium ovatum"), Pacific rhododendron ("Rhododendron macrophyllum"), salal ("Gaultheria shallon"), Sadler's oak ("Quercus sadleriana"), dwarf Oregon-grape ("Mahonia nervosa"), and poison oak ("Toxicodendron diversilobum") are typically found.
Quercus rubra
Northern red oak is easy to recognize by its bark, which features bark ridges that appear to have shiny stripes down the center. A few other oaks have bark with this kind of appearance in the upper tree, but the northern red oak is the only tree with the striping all the way down the trunk.Red oak acorns, unlike the white oak group, display epigeal dormancy and will not germinate without a minimum of three months' exposure to sub- temperatures. They also take two years of growing on the tree before development is completed.
"Quercus rubra" has effective ectomycorrhizal relationships that have been correlated with increased growth rates. Northern red oak trees have been shown to increase growth in the presence of various ascomycetes that coil at the base of the oak trunk. The fungi, which eventually proliferate at the stumps of deciduous trees, have been found to be host-specific to both "Quercus rubra" and "Quercus montana" and primarily promote growth upon infection.
Maytenus silvestris
Commonly seen as a densely dark green shrub two metres tall, though it can occasionally attain heights of 10 to 15 metres with a trunk diameter of 25 cm thick. The trunk is crooked and misshapen but without buttresses. Outer bark greyish brown or grey, fairly smooth but with lenticels. The other part of live bark is green, brown and reddish. The exposed bark gives the common name, "Orange Bark".
Eucalyptus microcorys
Tallowwood is a medium to tall evergreen tree growing to 40 metres, and occasionally to 70 m, with rough, stringy or fibrous, red-brown, orange or brown-grey bark throughout.
Woodworking
Hardwoods are separated into two categories, temperate and tropical hardwoods, depending on their origin. Temperate hardwoods are found in the regions between the tropics and poles, and are of particular interest to wood workers for their cost-effective aesthetic appeal and sustainable sources. Tropical hardwoods are found within the equatorial belt, including Africa, Asia, and South America. Hardwoods flaunt a higher density, around 65lb/cu ft as a result of slower growing rates and is more stable when drying. As a result of its high density, hardwoods are typically heavier than softwoods but can also be more brittle. While there are an abundant number of hardwood species, only 200 are common enough and pliable enough to be used for woodworking. Hardwoods have a wide variety of properties, making it easy to find a hardwood to suit nearly any purpose, but they are especially suitable for outdoor use due to their strength and resilience to rot and decay. The coloring of hardwoods ranges from light to very dark, making it especially versatile for aesthetic purposes. However, because hardwoods are more closely grained, they are typically harder to work than softwoods. They are also harder to acquire in the United States and, as a result, are more expensive.
Hedycarya angustifolia
A shrub or small tree, though it occasionally can reach a height of 20 metres and a trunk diameter of 40 cm. The trunk is usually crooked with more than one main stem. The bark is thin; grey or fawn in colour, and is fairly smooth with some vertical lines.
Euclea crispa
The bole is single or multi-stemmed and up to 30 cm in diameter. The wood is dark brown, hard and close-grained. The bark varies from grey to brown or blackish, and is smooth in young trees, but rougher in older trees.
Galbreath Wildlands Preserve
"Redwood forest is a composite name for a variety of conifer species growing in the coastal zone and is usually a mixture of several tree species, including redwood, Sitka spruce, grand fir, red alder, and Douglas-fir. Near the coast and in flood plains, redwood is the dominant tree species with Douglas-fir becoming dominant further inland and higher in the watershed where tanoak and madrone are its primary associates. Montane hardwood habitat typically consists of an evergreen hardwood tree layer, a patchy shrub layer, and sparse herbaceous cover. Canyon oak is the usual dominant on steep slopes, replaced by huckleberry oak at higher elevations and pines at still higher elevations. Associates include tanoak, Pacific madrone, Douglas-fir, and California black oak. Annual grassland habitat is open and composed primarily of annual plant species; non-native forage grasses are usually dominant. Douglas-fir forest is characterized by a high, irregular overstory of Douglas-fir with a lower overstory of densely packed sclerophyllous broad leaved evergreen trees such as tanoak and madrone."
Picea rubens
Red spruce is a perennial, shade-tolerant, late successional coniferous tree that under optimal conditions grows to tall with a trunk diameter of about , though exceptional specimens can reach tall and in diameter. It has a narrow conical crown. The leaves are needle-like, yellow-green, long, four-sided, curved, with a sharp point, and extend from all sides of the twig. The bark is gray-brown on the surface and red-brown on the inside, thin, and scaly. The wood is light, soft, has narrow rings, and has a slight red tinge. The cones are cylindrical, long, with a glossy red-brown color and stiff scales. The cones hang down from branches.
Cutting board
Hardwoods with tightly grained wood and small pores are best for wooden cutting boards. Good hardness and tight grain help reduce scoring of the cutting surface and absorption of liquid and dirt into the surface. Red oak, even though a hardwood, has large pores which retain dirt even after washing. This makes it a poor choice for cutting-board material.
Armstrong Redwoods State Natural Reserve
The Icicle Tree shows the unusual burl formations often found on redwood trees. Burls can weigh many tons and grow hundreds of feet above the forest floor. Why these growths occur remains a mystery.
Picea rubens
Red spruce grows at a slow to moderate rate, lives for 250 to 450+ years, and is very shade-tolerant when young. It is often found in pure stands or forests mixed with eastern white pine, balsam fir, or black spruce. Along with Fraser fir, red spruce is one of two primary tree types in the southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest, a distinct ecosystem found only in the highest elevations of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Its habitat is moist but well-drained sandy loam, often at high altitudes. Red spruce can be easily damaged by windthrow and acid rain.
Redwood Experimental Forest
The Redwood Experimental Forest (also Yurok Redwood Experimental Forest, formerly Yurok Experimental Forest) (established 1940) is an experimental forest in Del Norte County, California. The forest is near the mouth of the Klamath River in the California Coast Ranges of Northern California. The forest is drained by High Prairie Creek. As its name implies, the principal species in the forest is coast redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens"), but the site also contains Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, and Port Orford cedar. The forest is managed by the United States Forest Service. Tree ages range up to 1,200 years. Topography varies considerably over the forest. Slopes range from 0 to over 75 percent, and elevation ranges from .
Save the Redwoods League
In 1931, Major Frederick Russell Burnham commissioned a survey near Bull Flat Creek in Humboldt County, a spot where League founder Madison Grant believed the world's tallest tree might be found. When the tree, a 364-foot redwood, was indeed found, the California State Park Commission dedicated the tree to the founders of the Save the Redwoods League on September 13, 1931: "As a living monument symbolizing eternal life and duration of our gratitude." Burnham lead the main address in which he declared: "It is an ancient and racial urge that has brought us together today in the shade of this far Western forest like the druids of old." The Founders Tree immediately became and remains the most visited spot in the redwoods region and the focus of many ceremonies. The height measurement has since been revised to 346.1 feet.
Pinus latteri
"Pinus latteri" is a medium-sized to large tree, reaching 25–45 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m. The bark is orange-red, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, and thin and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves ('needles') are in pairs, moderately slender, 15–20 cm long and just over 1 mm thick, green to yellowish green. The cones are narrow conic, 6–14 cm long and 4 cm broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy red-brown. They open to 6–8 cm broad, often some time after maturity or following heating by forest fires, to release the seeds. The seeds are 7–8 mm long, with a 20–25 mm wing, and are wind-dispersed.
Acer rufinerve
It is a small deciduous tree growing to a height of 8–15 m, with a trunk up to 40 cm diameter. The bark on young trees is smooth, olive-green with regular narrow vertical pale green to greyish stripes and small greyish lenticels; on old trees, it becomes rough and grey.
Pinus merkusii
"Pinus merkusii" is a medium-sized to large tree, reaching tall and with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is orange-red, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, and thin and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves ("needles") are in pairs, very slender, 15–20 cm long and less than 1 mm thick, green to yellowish green.
Quercus cerris
"Quercus cerris" is a large deciduous tree growing to 25–40 m tall with a trunk up to 2 m diameter. The bark is dark grey and deeply furrowed. On mature trees the bark fissures are often streaked orange near the base of the trunk. The glossy leaves are 7–14 cm long and 3–5 cm wide, with 6–12 triangular lobes on each side; the regularity of the lobing varies greatly, with some trees having very regular lobes, others much less regular.
Wood drying
Softwoods such as pine are typically much lighter and easier to process than hardwoods such as fruit tree wood. The density of softwoods ranges from to , while hardwoods are to . Once dried, both consist of approximately 12% of moisture ("Desch and Dinwoodie, 1996"). Because of hardwood's denser and more complex structure, its permeability is much less than that of softwood, making it more difficult to dry. Although there are about a hundred times more species of hardwood trees than softwood trees, the ability to be dried and processed faster and more easily makes softwood the main supply of commercial wood today.
Pinus roxburghii
"Pinus roxburghii" is a large tree reaching with a trunk diameter of up to , exceptionally . The bark is red-brown, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, thinner and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves are needle-like, in fascicles of three, very slender, long, and distinctly yellowish green.
Salix fragilis
"Salix fragilis" is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree, which grows rapidly to (rarely to ) tall, with a trunk up to diameter, often multi-trunked, and an irregular, often leaning crown. The bark is dark grey-brown, coarsely fissured in older trees. The lanceolate leaves are bright green, 9–15 cm long and 1.5–3 cm wide, with a finely serrated margin; they are very finely hairy at first in spring, but soon become hairless.
Guioa semiglauca
Growing to around 20 metres tall, and 43 cm in diameter, though often seen much smaller than this. The outer bark is smooth, often coloured and patterned by various lichens. The outer bark is similar to coachwood, however it is more fluted and irregular.
Morus rubra
Red mulberry is a deciduous tree, growing to tall, rarely , with a trunk up to in diameter. It is a small to medium-sized tree that reaches a height of 70 feet and lives up to 125 years. The leaves are alternate, long (rarely to ) and broad, simple, broadly cordate, with a shallow notch at the base, typically unlobed on mature trees although often with 2-3 lobes, particularly on young trees, and with a finely serrated margin. The upper surface of the leaves is noticeably rough, similar in texture to fine sandpaper, and unlike the lustrous upper surface of the leaves of white mulberry ("M. alba"). The underside of the leaves is covered with soft hairs. The leaf petiole exudes milky sap when severed. Red mulberry is hardy to subzero temperatures, relatively hardy to drought, pollution, and poor soil, though the white mulberry is hardier.
Kenaf
The fibres in kenaf are found in the bast (bark) and core (wood). The bast constitutes 40% of the plant. "Crude fibre" separated from the bast is multi-cellular, consisting of several individual cells stuck together. The individual fibre cells are about 2–6 mm long and slender. The cell wall is thick (6.3 µm). The core is about 60% of the plant and has thick (≈38 µm) but short (0.5 mm) and thin-walled (3 µm) fibre cells. Paper pulp is produced from the whole stem, and therefore contains two types of fibres, from the bast and from the core. The pulp quality is similar to that of hardwood.
Sequoia sempervirens
The oldest known coast redwood is about 2,200 years old; many others in the wild exceed 600 years. The numerous claims of older redwoods are incorrect. Because of their seemingly timeless lifespans, coast redwoods were deemed the "everlasting redwood" at the turn of the century; in Latin, "sempervirens" means "ever green" or "everlasting". Redwoods must endure various environmental disturbances to attain such great ages. In response to forest fires, the trees have developed various adaptations. The thick, fibrous bark of coast redwoods is extremely fire-resistant; it grows to at least a foot thick and protects mature trees from fire damage. In addition, the redwoods contain little flammable pitch or resin. If damaged by fire, a redwood readily sprouts new branches or even an entirely new crown, and if the parent tree is killed, new buds sprout from its base. Fires, moreover, appear to actually benefit redwoods by causing substantial mortality in competing species while having only minor effects on redwood. Burned areas are favorable to the successful germination of redwood seeds. A study published in 2010, the first to compare post-wildfire survival and regeneration of redwood and associated species, concluded fires of all severity increase the relative abundance of redwood and higher-severity fires provide the greatest benefit.
William Lobb
In the autumn of 1851, he moved north collecting large quantities of seed from the sugar pine ("Pinus lambertiana"), and the western white pine ("Pinus monticola"); he also collected sackfuls of seed from the world's tallest tree, the California redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens"), which had been first introduced by Patrick Matthew to Britain in 1853.
Adenostoma sparsifolium
Adenostoma sparsifolium, commonly known as redshanks or less commonly, ribbonwood or ribbon bush, is a multi-trunked tree or shrub native to dry slopes or chaparral of Southern California and northern Baja California.
Agathis orbicula
The bark is described as being a deep brown and flaking off of the tree in irregular pieces and plates; it is also smooth and shiny. The underside of the bark is a reddish-brown colour with a granular texture and accompanied by a yellow resin produced by the sap of the tree.
Redwoods of the Otway Ranges
Six trial plots of Coast Redwoods, "Sequoia sempervirens", were planted between 1929 and 1936. It was hoped that they would be useful in light construction, durable cladding and roof shingles. It was known by local foresters that growth of this species was slow but individual trees could reach prodigious heights and had the reputation, along with native mountain ash, for being amongst the tallest trees in the world.
Jackfruit
"Artocarpus heterophyllus" grows as an evergreen tree that has a relatively short trunk with a dense treetop. It easily reaches heights of 10 to 20 meters and trunk diameters of 30 to 80 centimeters. It sometimes forms buttress roots. The bark of the jackfruit tree is reddish-brown and smooth. In the event of injury to the bark, a milky juice is released.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides
The thickest and tallest dawn redwoods listed by Momumental Trees are both in the Longwood Gardens of Kennett Square in Pennsylvania, United States. The widest has a girth at breast height of 5.79 m (19 ft, average diameter 1.84 m, 6 ft), and is 30.18 m (99 ft) tall. The tallest is 41.15 m (135 ft) tall, and has a girth at breast height of 3.35 m (11 ft, average diameter 1.07 m, 3.5 ft). Both trees were planted in 1948 and measured in 2018.
Cercis canadensis
The eastern redbud typically grows to tall with an spread. It generally has a short, often twisted trunk and spreading branches. A 10-year-old tree will generally be around tall. The bark is dark in color, smooth, later scaly with ridges somewhat apparent, sometimes with maroon patches. The twigs are slender and zigzag, nearly black in color, spotted with lighter lenticels. The winter buds are tiny, rounded and dark red to chestnut in color. The leaves are alternate, simple, and heart shaped with an entire margin, long and wide, thin and papery, and may be slightly hairy below.
Redwood National and State Parks
The Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP) are a complex of several state and national parks located in the United States, along the coast of northern California. Comprising Redwood National Park (established 1968) and California's Del Norte Coast, Jedediah Smith, and Prairie Creek Redwoods State Parks (dating from the 1920s), the combined RNSP contain , and feature old-growth temperate rainforests. Located entirely within Del Norte and Humboldt Counties, the four parks, together, protect 45% of all remaining coast redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens") old-growth forests, totaling at least . These trees are the tallest and one of the most massive tree species on Earth. In addition to the redwood forests, the parks preserve other indigenous flora, fauna, grassland prairie, cultural resources, portions of rivers and other streams, and of pristine coastline.
Carya ovalis
The red hickory is generally encountered as a medium-sized tree, capable of growing to in height. The single trunk is straight and often continues for the entire height of the tree, although sometimes splits into several large limbs once the canopy has been breached. The branches are strong, stout and long, ascending in the upper crown and drooping in the lower crown; the branches around mid-height are more or less horizontal. This creates a broad, thick, column-shaped form that casts dense shade. Individuals have been known to live from 100–250 years of age.
The leaves are pinnately compound, typically producing 5-9 leaflets (7 being the most common). The terminal leaflet is often the largest, with the auxiliary leaflets decreasing in size from the tip to the base of the rachis. Leaflets are broadest above or at their median length, with finely serrated margins. They are dark green and smooth or glaucous above and paler and finely pubescent underneath. the rachis of the leaves are usually bright red or purple in color, a distinctive feature of red hickory that helps to separate it from pignut hickory.
Wood drying
For example, at 150°F, using the Arden Buck equation, the saturation vapor pressure of water is found to be about . The time constant for drying a red oak board at 150°F is then formula_17 days, which is the time required to reduce the moisture content to 1/e = 37% of its initial deviation from equilibrium. If the relative humidity is 0.50, then using the Hailwood-Horrobin equation the moisture content of the wood at equilibrium is about 7.4%. The time to reduce the lumber from 85% moisture content to 25% moisture content is then about 4.5 days. Higher temperatures will yield faster drying times, but they will also create greater stresses in the wood due because the moisture gradient will be larger. For firewood, this is not an issue but for woodworking purposes, high stresses will cause the wood to crack and be unusable. Normal drying times to obtain minimal seasoning checks (cracks) in 25mm (1inch or 4/4 lumber) Red Oak ranges from 22 to 30 days, and in 8/4, (50mm or 2inch) it will range from 65 to 90 days.
Gossia acmenoides
Scrub ironwood is a small-sized tree or shrub, usually around 8 metres (25 ft) tall. The trunk is often multi-stemmed and crooked. The largest individuals are around 20 metres (60 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of 30 cm (12 in). The trunk is mostly not cylindrical, and the fawn-coloured bark is smooth and pale, showing occasional darker chocolate-coloured patches on the trunk. The outer bark has thin, paper-like fragments, while the branchlets are smooth and brown.
Lindsey Creek tree
Skip Johnson, a Fieldbrook logger interviewed in 1971, testified that he witnessed the Lindsey Creek Tree after it was lying on the ground. He reported it as the tallest tree in Fieldbrook. He stated that a family member measured its diameter at 19 feet at 130 feet off the ground, and 9.5 feet at 260 feet off the ground, and its total height slightly exceeded 390 feet. If true, it was taller than any other known tree. Hyperion, another coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), currently the world's tallest tree, is no less than 115.72 m (379.7 feet) tall.
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, commonly known as red gum or red stringybark, is a small to medium-sized tree with rough, thick fibrous and stringy, dark-brown bark.
Redwood Heights, Oakland, California
Meanwhile, more than one hundred men in nine lumber mills logged the giant redwoods above what is now Skyline Boulevard. The majestic redwoods reached so high that they could be seen shipside from the bay. Working by hand, it took two men perched on a board wedged in a notch in the trunk, a whole day of hacking away at one giant to send it crashing to the forest floor. One felled ancient—it had been growing for over a thousand years—measured 33.5 feet in diameter. The loggers then stripped the redwood, prized for its resistance to rot and insects, of its branches, and split it into boards by drilling holes and stuffing them with dynamite. Teams of oxen lugged the lumber down the roads—including a Redwood Road so narrow, that many years later, every Sunday, according to one reminiscence, at least one Model T belonging to a picnicker would spin its wheels off the edge. By 1860, the forest was stripped.
Tanbark
In Europe, oak is a common source of tanbark. Quercitannic acid is the chief constituent found in oak barks. The bark is taken from young branches and twigs in oak coppices and can be up to 4 mm thick; it is grayish-brown on the outside and brownish-red on the inner surface.
Quercus palustris
It is also cultivated in parks and large gardens in the United Kingdom, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The wood is generally marketed as red oak, but is of significantly inferior quality, being somewhat weaker, often with many small knots. The wood is hard and heavy and is used in general construction and for firewood. The bark was used by some Native American tribes to make a drink for treatment of intestinal pain.
Acmena hemilampra
A medium to large tree, reaching a height of 35 metres and a trunk diameter of 120 cm. The trunk is flanged or buttressed in larger trees, with red brown bark. The bark is fairly smooth on younger trees. Fissured and flaky on larger trees.
Australian residential architectural styles
The two most significant trees, both of which grew in the Sydney area, were the Melaleuca and the Iron Bark. The Melaleuca bark, having the texture of paper, could be peeled off the tree in layers up to 2 cm thick, a metre long and perhaps half a metre wide without serious damage to the tree. Although not particularly durable as exterior roofing, the material provided excellent insulation and was used for ceilings and lining the walls.
Coconut timber
The coconut palm is a monocotyledon. It has a smooth, slender stem that grows to a height of about 25 metres and with an average diameter of 300 mm. The hardest, densest part of the wood is found on the outer perimeter of the trunk, which gives the tree its strength, while the wood’s high silica content gives the tree elasticity. Towards the centre of the trunk, the wood gets less hard. The wood has a Janka ball hardness of 112,5 - 154,7 kgf/cm (1600 – 2200 psi), which is greater than that of oak (70,3 - 84,4 kgf/cm) and Douglas-fir (35,9 kgf/cm).
Shorea leprosula
Trees up to 60 meter high; approximate 100 cm in diameter; bark greyish brown, shallowly fissured, V-shaped. Outer bark dull purple brown, rather hard, brittle, inner bark fibrous, dull brown or yellowish brown grading to pale at the cambium, sapwood pale or cream, resinous, heartwood dark red or light red brown; leaves elliptic to ovate, 8–14 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm wide, cream scaly, thinly leathery, base obtuse or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, up to 8 mm long, secondary vein 12–15 pairs, slender, curved towards margin, set at 40 to 550, tertiary veins densely ladder-like, very slender, obscure expect in young tress; stipules 10 mm long, 35 mm wide, scars short, horizontal, obscure, oblong to broadly hastate, obtuse, fugacious, falling off early; Fruit pedicel to 2 mm long, calyx sparsely pubescent, 3 longer lobes up to 10 cm long, approximate 2 cm wide, spatulate, obtuse, approximate 5 mm broad above the 8 by 6 mm thickened elliptic, shallowly saccate base, 2 shorter lobes up to 5.5 cm long, approximate 0.3 cm wide, unequal, similarly saccate at base.
Alnus rubra
Red alder is the largest species of alder in North America and one of the largest in the world, reaching heights of . The official tallest red alder (1979) stands tall in Clatsop County, Oregon (US). The name derives from the bright rusty red color that develops in bruised or scraped bark. The bark is mottled, ashy-gray and smooth, often colonized by white lichen and moss. The leaves are ovate, long, with bluntly serrated edges and a distinct point at the end; the leaf margin is revolute, the very edge being curled under, a diagnostic character which distinguishes it from all other alders. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn before falling. The male flowers are dangling reddish catkins long in early spring. Female flowers occur in clusters of (3) 4–6 (8). Female catkins are erect during anthesis, but otherwise pendant. They develop into small, woody, superficially cone-like oval dry fruit long. The seeds develop between the woody bracts of the 'cones' and are shed in late autumn and winter. Red alder seeds have a membranous winged margin that allows long-distance dispersal.
Erhu
Various dense and heavy hardwoods are used in making the "Erhu". According to Chinese references the woods include "zi tan" (紫檀 red sandalwood and other woods of the genus "Pterocarpus" such as padauk), "Lao hong mu" (老红木 aged red wood), "wu mu" (乌木 black wood), and "hong mu" (红木 red wood). Particularly fine "Erhu"s are often made from pieces of old furniture. A typical "erhu" measures 81 cm from top to bottom, the length of the bow also being 81 cm.
Morphology of Pachypodium
The wood of Pachypodium species is soft and cream-colored; their bark is, on average, 6 mm thick, and often smooth. It ranges in color from dark brown to pale grey to green-grey. In cross section, it is usually green in color.
Sequoia sempervirens
Heights of the tallest coast redwoods are measured yearly by experts. Even with recent discoveries of tall coast redwoods above , it is likely that no taller trees will be discovered.
Diameter stated is as measured at 1.4 m (about 4.5 ft) above average ground level (at breast height). Details of the precise locations for most tallest trees were not announced to the general public for fear of causing damage to the trees and the surrounding habitat. The tallest coast redwood easily accessible to the public is the Founders Tree in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, standing over 346 ft tall. A taller coast redwood is also accessible to the public in Tall Trees Grove of Redwood National Park.
Lignotuber
The largest known lignotubers (also called "root collar burls") are those of the Coast Redwood "(Sequoia sempervirens)" of central and northern California and extreme southwestern Oregon. A lignotuber washed into Big Lagoon (30 miles (48 km) north of Eureka, California) by the full gale storm of 1977 was 41 feet (12.5 meters) in diameter and about half as tall and estimated to weigh 525 short tons (476.3  metric tonnes). The largest dicot lignotubers are those of the Chinese Camphor Tree, or Kusu "(Cinnamomum camphora)" of Japan, China and the Koreas. Ones at the Vergelegan Estate in Cape Town, South Africa which were planted in the late 1600s have muffin-shaped lignotubers up to six feet (2 meters) high and about thirty feet (9 meters) in diameter. Perhaps the largest lignotuber in Australia would be that of "Old Bottle Butt", a Red Bloodwood Tree (Corymbia gummifera) near Wauchope, New South Wales which has a lignotuber about eight feet (2.5 meters) in height, and seventeen feet thick (16.3 meters circumference) at breast height.
Teak
Teak is a large, long, deciduous tree up to tall with gray to grayish brown branches. These are mostly known for their finest quality wood. Leaves are ovate-elliptic to ovate, long by wide, and are held on robust petioles which are long. Leaf margins are entire.
Major Oak
The Major Oak is a large English oak ("Quercus robur") near the village of Edwinstowe in the midst of Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, England. According to local folklore, it was Robin Hood's shelter where he and his merry men slept. It weighs an estimated 23 tons, has a girth of 33 feet (10 metres), a canopy of 92 feet (28 metres), and is about 800–1000 years old. In a 2002 survey, it was voted "Britain's favourite tree". In 2014 it was voted 'England's Tree of the Year' by a public poll by the Woodland Trust, receiving 18% of the votes. Its name originates from Major Hayman Rooke's description of it in 1790.
Pinus brutia
"Pinus brutia" is a medium-size tree, reaching tall and with a trunk diameter of up to , exceptionally . The bark is orange-red, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, and thin and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves (needles) are in pairs, slender, mostly 10–16 cm long, bright green to slightly yellowish green.
Wood shingle
In North America shakes are typically made from California redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens"), Western Red Cedar ("Thuja plicata"), and Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), while in Scandinavia and Central Europe they are more commonly made from pine ("Pinus sylvestris") and local variations of Spruce ("Picea"). There are various types of shakes, the main differentiating feature between shakes and other types of shingles is that shakes are split while most shingles are sawn on all sides. The sizes also vary from country to country; in North America shakes are usually made in 24-inch lengths - the most common, 18-inch "barn shake", or even 48-inch shakes, which are typically used for siding. In Scandinavia shakes, traditionally used only for roofing, are generally smaller than in North America, measuring 13-16 inches long, 4-6 inches wide and 1/8 thick, while in Poland and Slovakia they are usually 36 inches long, 4-6 inches wide and 1-1.25 inches thick. Likewise wooden shingles are manufactured in differing lengths, in North America, 16-inch, 18-inch and 24 inches.
Metasequoia
Metasequoia (dawn redwood) is a fast-growing deciduous tree, and the sole living species, "Metasequoia glyptostroboides", is one of three species of conifers known as redwoods. It is native to Lichuan county in Hubei province, China. Although the shortest of the redwoods, it grows to at least 165 feet (50 meters) in height. Local villagers refer to the original tree from which most others derive as "Shui-sa", or "water fir", which is part of a local shrine. Since its rediscovery in 1944, the dawn redwood has become a popular ornamental.
Pinus patula
The Bark on young trees is thin, scaly, red-brown, with age becoming thick, dark grey-brown, rough and scaly with large elongated plates and deep longitudinal fissures. First-order branches are long, slender, spreading or slightly ascending; higher order branches are slender, drooping, the ultimate branches pendent. The shoots are rough and scaly when the leaf fascicles have fallen, yellow- to red-brown, foliage shoots with prominent, decurrent pulvini. Cataphylls subulate, recurved at apex, scarious, with erose-ciliate margins, brown, early deciduous. Vegetative buds oblong to cylindrical, the terminal bud 15–20 mm long, the laterals shorter, brown, not resinous; the scales spreading, subulate, ciliate at margins. Fascicle sheaths initially 20–30 mm long with 6-8 imbricate, chartaceous, white-yellow to orange-brown scales, persistent but shortening to 12–15 mm in mature fascicles, slowly weathering to grey-brown.
Ceratopetalum apetalum
Coachwood usually grows to a height of 25 metres, with a trunk diameter of 90 cm. however exceptional specimens can reach 40 metres tall and live for centuries. The stem has distinctive horizontal marks, or scars, which often encircle the trunk. Larger trees have short buttresses. The heartwood is attractive with a colour ranging from pale pink to pinkish-brown. The sapwood is not always distinguishable The grain is straight, finely textured and even. On the tangential face the wood is often highly figured. The wood has a characteristic caramel odour.
Oak
Oak wood has a density of about creating great strength and hardness. The wood is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of its high tannin content. It also has very appealing grain markings, particularly when quartersawn. Oak planking was common on high status Viking longships in the 9th and 10th centuries. The wood was hewn from green logs, by axe and wedge, to produce radial planks, similar to quarter-sawn timber. Wide, quarter-sawn boards of oak have been prized since the Middle Ages for use in interior panelling of prestigious buildings such as the debating chamber of the House of Commons in London and in the construction of fine furniture. Oak wood, from "Quercus robur" and "Quercus petraea", was used in Europe for the construction of ships, especially naval men of war, until the 19th century, and was the principal timber used in the construction of European timber-framed buildings. Today oak wood is still commonly used for furniture making and flooring, timber frame buildings, and veneer production.
Stratosphere Giant
On August 25, 2006, a redwood named Hyperion in the Redwood National Park was discovered by Chris Atkins and Michael Taylor, and is considered the tallest tree (and living thing), measuring 115.55 m (379.1 ft). This has been confirmed using a tape measurement. Two other trees in this forest were found to be taller than Stratosphere Giant as well.
Endiandra hayesii
Usually a small crooked tree, however at Minyon Falls is a 35 metre tall tree with a trunk diameter of 60 cm. The trunk is usually straight on smaller trees, but buttressed in larger trees. The bark is fairly smooth with some scales, grey or grey brown in colour. Small branches with rusty brown hairs. With furry yellow leaf buds.
Quercus robur
"Quercus robur" is a large deciduous tree, with circumference of grand oaks from to exceptional . The Majesty Oak with a circumference of is the thickest tree in Great Britain, and the Kaive Oak in Latvia with a circumference of is the thickest tree in Northern Europe. "Quercus robur" has lobed and nearly sessile (very short-stalked) leaves long. Flowering takes place in mid spring, and the fruit, called acorns, ripen by mid autumn. The acorns are long, pedunculate (having a peduncle or acorn-stalk, long) with one to four acorns on each peduncle.
Sequoia sempervirens
Coast redwoods occupy a narrow strip of land approximately in length and in width along the Pacific coast of North America; the most southerly grove is in Monterey County, California, and the most northerly groves are in extreme southwestern Oregon. The prevailing elevation range is above sea level, occasionally down to 0 and up to 3,000 ft (about 920 m). They usually grow in the mountains where precipitation from the incoming moisture off the ocean is greater. The tallest and oldest trees are found in deep valleys and gullies, where year-round streams can flow, and fog drip is regular. The trees above the fog layer, above about , are shorter and smaller due to the drier, windier, and colder conditions. In addition, Douglas fir, pine, and tanoak often crowd out redwoods at these elevations. Few redwoods grow close to the ocean, due to intense salt spray, sand, and wind. Coalescence of coastal fog accounts for a considerable part of the trees' water needs.
Tree height measurement
The tallest tree in the world is a coast redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens") growing in Northern California that has been named Hyperion. In September 2012, it was measured at tall. There are 7 other coastal redwoods known to be over in height, and 222 specimens over . There are only five species known to grow over in height worldwide.
Corymbia ficifolia
"Corymbia ficifolia" is a small to medium-sized tree which grows to a height of , often with a pronounced straggly habit. The bark of the tree is rough to the small branches, fibrous and longitudinally furrowed, and of brown to grey-brown in colour.
Pachypodium brevicaule
The bark is colored pale grey and is sometimes shiny. It has a smooth texture. The bark is about 2 to 4 mm thick, with the wood being greenish. The "branches" or, better said, nodes of rosettes of leaves, when fresh, have paired, rather soft, curved spines at their apices, measuring 2 to 9 mm long by 1 to 1.5 mm at the base. They are pale grey to pale brown. When young, they are pubescent and more or less flat.
Pinus greggii
The bark remains smooth for a long time in this species, and only old trees have rough bark at the base of the trunk. The bark is thick, with deep, longitudinal fissures and rough, elongated plates. On the upper part of the trunk and branches smooth to finally scaly. Greyish brown.
Pinophyta
All living conifers are woody plants, and most are trees, the majority having monopodial growth form (a single, straight trunk with side branches) with strong apical dominance. Many conifers have distinctly scented resin, secreted to protect the tree against insect infestation and fungal infection of wounds. Fossilized resin hardens into amber. The size of mature conifers varies from less than one meter, to over 100 meters. The world's tallest, thickest, largest, and oldest living trees are all conifers. The tallest is a Coast Redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens"), with a height of 115.55 meters (although one Victorian mountain ash, "Eucalyptus regnans", allegedly grew to a height of 140 meters, although the exact dimensions were not confirmed). The thickest, or tree with the greatest trunk diameter, is a Montezuma Cypress ("Taxodium mucronatum"), 11.42 meters in diameter. The largest tree by three-dimensional volume is a Giant Sequoia ("Sequoiadendron giganteum"), with a volume 1486.9 cubic meters. The smallest is the pygmy pine ("Lepidothamnus laxifolius") of New Zealand, which is seldom taller than 30 cm when mature. The oldest is a Great Basin Bristlecone Pine ("Pinus longaeva"), 4,700 years old.
Big Sur
The high coastal mountains trap moisture from the clouds: fog in summer, rain and snow in winter, creating a favorable environment for the coast redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens") trees found in the Big Sur region. They are found near the ocean in canyon bottoms or in inland canyons alongside creeks and in other areas that meet its requirements for cooler temperatures and moisture. Due to drier conditions, trees in the Big Sur region only grow about tall, smaller than specimens found to the north.
Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park
Up-slope from the redwood forest are found transitional tree species such as Pacific madrone, along with a stand of Ponderosa pine, rare at such a low elevation. Some of the highest and driest ridge slopes in the park support fairly unusual chaparral communities known as "elfin forests" in addition to the rare and unique Santa Cruz Sandhills community. The old-growth grove of coast redwood, approximately in size, is located entirely in the original section of the park, surrounded by many species of fern and plentiful redwood sorrel. Surrounding areas, including the non-contiguous Fall Creek unit, were logged extensively in the mid-to-late 1800s for lumber and as fuel for the many lime kilns that used to operate in the area, such as the ones preserved at nearby Cowell Lime Works. Logging activities mostly ceased by the 1920s, and the second growth redwoods are now up to several feet in diameter.
Prunus serrula
"Prunus serrula" is a small deciduous tree, often with multiple stems, reaching a height of . The leaves are arranged alternately, simple, 5–10 cm long and 1.5–2.0 cm broad and a serrate margin. The smooth bark is a brownish red, with prominent horizontal lenticels. The outer layer of the bark is remarkably tough, approaching the strength of Mylar.
Niemeyera whitei
A small or medium-sized tree with rusty coloured leaves when viewed from below. Up to 20 metres tall and a stem diameter of 50 cm. The trunk is irregular and fluted, not cylindrical. Creamy grey bark with a corky quality, the bark is not smooth, with round peeling bark, which causes bumps and pits. Small branches thick and covered in rusty hairs. When broken, a white milky sap appears.
Wrightia tinctoria
It is a small to medium-sized deciduous shrub or tree, ranging from 3 m to 15 m in height but also reaching up to 18 m. The bark is smooth, yellowish-brown and about 10 mm thick, producing a milky-white latex. Leaves are simple, oppositely arranged, ovate, obtusely acuminate and are 10–20 cm long and 5 cm wide. Leaves are glabrous and sometimes pubescent beneath. Leaf stalks are very short. The flowers appear (in India) from March to May, peaking from April to June. White flowers appear in corymb-like cymes, 5–15 cm across, at the end of branches. Flowers have five white petals 2–3 cm long which turn creamish yellow as they age. The flowers have oblong petals which are rounded at the tip, and are similar to flowers of frangipani. Fruiting is in August and the fruit is cylindrical, blackish-green speckled with white, long horn-like and united at tip. The seeds are brown and flat with bunch of white hairs. Seed dispersal is by wind and pollination is by insects. In his 1862 book on timber trees of South Asia, Edward Balfour mentions its distribution across the then Madras Presidency of British India especially in the Coimbatore jungles, and reports that it was "very common in all forests of Bombay". In the same book, Balfour quotes William Roxburgh's comparison of the whiteness of the wood as "coming nearer to ivory than any I know". Earlier in 1824, the plant specimens were presented by the British East India Company to the Royal Horticultural Society as illustrated and recorded in botanical register founded by Sydenham Edwards and at the time published by James Ridgway.
Liquidambar
Both the scientific and common names refer to the sweet resinous sap ("liquid amber") exuded by the trunk when cut.They are all large, deciduous trees, tall, with palmately 3- to 7-lobed leaves arranged spirally on the stems and length of , having a pleasant aroma when crushed. Their leaves can be many colors such as bright red, Orange and yellow. Mature bark is grayish and vertically grooved. The flowers are small, produced in a dense globular inflorescence diameter, pendulous on a stem. The fruit is a woody multiple capsule in diameter (popularly called a "gumball"), containing numerous seeds and covered in numerous prickly, woody armatures, possibly to attach to fur of animals. The woody biomass is classified as hardwood.
In more northerly climates, sweetgum is among the last of trees to leaf out in the spring, and also among the last of trees to drop its leaves in the fall, turning multiple colors. Fall colors are most brilliant where autumn nights are chilly, but some cultivars color well in warm climates. Although a temperate species, at least one living Liquidambar tree survives in a hot and humid tropical city: Bangkok, Thailand.
Combretum imberbe
It typically grows to tall, but may reach . In maturity the single, solid bole may be up in diameter. The distinctive bark is pale to dark grey in colour, deeply fissured lengthwise. Irregular horizontal cracks infuse the bark a fairly regular, coarse-grained appearance.Radiocarbon dating, done in South Africa, has established that a Leadwood tree can live up to 1070 ± 40 years and subsequently remain standing for years after the tree has died.
Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park
The Redwood Grove comprises old-growth "virgin" redwoods, the oldest trees of which are approximately 1,400–1,800 years old and grow to approximately tall and over in diameter. Referred to by locals as "the loop," the grove is primarily a self-guided walk—but on most summer weekends, and many other times year-round, free guided walks led by docents or park employees are available. Featured on the loop are unique old-growth redwoods, including one with albino growth lignotubers and the John C. Fremont tree (a tree hollowed out by fire that was once used as a resort honeymoon room). Please remember that dogs and bicycles are not allowed in the grove. Dogs are only allowed in certain areas of the park as part of the California State Parks management plan for this park. Dogs are seen as a predator to other animals, and disrupt wildlife. Dogs are allowed in the picnic area, the campground, as well as on Pipeline Road, Graham Hill Trail, Powder Mill Fire Road, and the Meadow Trail.
Wood fuel
A common hardwood, red oak, has an energy content (heat value) of 14.9 megajoules per kilogram (6,388 BTU per pound), and 10.4 megajoules recoverable if burned at 70% efficiency.
Redwoods of the Otway Ranges
The initial growth of the Redwoods at the Aire Valley was slow and disappointing, with the notable exception of the trees planted on the River Unit in 1936. After two years of growth the trees were about 0.75 metres in height. In 1950, after nearly 14 years of growth, the local forester reported that the trees were only just beginning to appear above the canopy of scrub. While two years later in 1952 the maximum tree height was 10.5 metres with a diameter of about 25 to 30 cm.
Eucalyptus diversicolor
The medium to tall forest tree typically grows to a height of but can reach as high as making it the tallest tree in Western Australia and one of the tallest trees in the world. "E. diversicolor" ranks among the tallest trees in the world including the Coast Redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens") and the Mountain Ash ("Eucalyptus regnans"). The tree trunk with a typical diameter of . The roots of the plants can grow to a depth of over and can be seen growing through caves around Augusta.
The wood has a green density of around with an air-dried density of about . It has white to cream bark that turns brown as it matures and is shed in short ribbons or small polygonal flakes. The whitish trunk beneath takes on a patina of colours from white, grey, orange, salmon, yellow to deep brown. The trunk is without secondary trunks, but occasionally a twin trunk occurs where two trunks of the same diameter grow up from the seedling stage. Mature trees branch only from the top third of the trunk. The juvenile leaves have a broad oval shape. The broad lanceolate shaped adult leaves are dark glossy green on top and lighter underneath, and grow to a length of and broad. The leaves have a disjunct arrangement and are narrowly flattened or channelled petioles. The simple, axillary conflorescences contain cream-colored flowers arranged in groups of seven, each flower measuring about in diameter with long exserted stamens. Flowering occurs in spring and summer. It forms clavate buds with a calyx calyptrate that sheds early. The fruits that form later are squat and barrel-shaped woody capsules, with numerous small dry seeds. The fruit is up to a with a depressed disc and enclosed rim-level valves.
The trees are thought to be able reach an age of up to 300 years.
Big Sur
In 2008, scientist J. Michael Fay published a map of the old growth redwoods based on his transect of the entire redwood range. The southernmost naturally occurring grove of redwoods is found within the Big Sur region in the Southern Redwood Botanical Area, a reserve located in the Little Redwood Gulch watershed adjacent to the Silver Peak Wilderness. It is just north of the Salmon Creek trailhead. The southernmost tree is about from Highway 1 at the approximate coordinates 35°49'42 N 121°23'14 W.
Quercus rugosa
"Quercus rugosa" is an evergreen shrub or tree. Bark is brown and scaly. Leaves are thick and leathery, rarely flat, usually cupped, up to 15 cm (6 inches) long, dark green on the top but covered with a thick of reddish-brown hairs on the underside. Young leaves are also very hairy and usually red or yellow.
It is widespread in Mexico, Guatemala and the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas). It grows extensively in the temperate highlands of central Mexico, particularly on hillsides and in narrow gorges. It is associated and usually coexists with other oaks, alders, pines and Texas madrones.
Burl
In some tree species, burls can grow to great size. The largest, at , occur in coast redwoods ("Sequoia sempervirens") and can encircle the entire trunk; when moisture is present, these burls can grow new redwood trees. The world's second-largest burls can be found in Port McNeill, British Columbia. One of the largest burls known was found around 1984 in the small town of Tamworth, New South Wales. It stands tall, with an odd shape resembling a trombone. In January 2009, this burl was controversially removed from its original location, and relocated to a public school in the central New South Wales city of Dubbo.
Sequoia sempervirens
Fairly solid evidence indicates that coast redwoods were the world's largest trees before logging, with numerous historical specimens reportedly over . The theoretical maximum potential height of coast redwoods is thought to be limited to between , as evapotranspiration is insufficient to transport water to leaves beyond this range. Further studies have indicated this cap is eased by fog, which is prevalent in these trees' natural environment.
The largest known living coast redwood is Grogan's Fault, discovered in 2014 by Chris Atkins and Mario Vaden in Redwood National Park, with a main trunk volume of at least . Other high-volume coast redwoods include Iluvatar, with a main trunk volume of , and the Lost Monarch, with a main trunk volume of .
Quercus marilandica
"Quercus marilandica" is a small deciduous tree growing to tall, with bark cracked into rectangular black plates with narrow orange fissures. The leaves are long and broad, and typically flare from a tapered base to a broad three-lobed bell shape with only shallow indentations. They are dark green and glossy above, pubescent underneath, and often remain attached to the twigs through the winter after turning colors from red to brown in the fall. The acorn is small, long and broad; like other red oaks, it takes 18 months to mature.
Rhodamnia rubescens
This small to medium tree can attain a height of up to and a trunk diameter of . It produces a bark that is reddish brown, brittle, scaly and "stringy", similar to the turpentine. Its base is channelled, fluted or somewhat buttressed.
Red Creek fir
The Red Creek Fir is a Douglas fir tree, at least 1000 years old, standing near Port Renfrew on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. With its diameter of 4.2 meters (13.8 feet) and height of 73.8 meters (242 feet), it has been called the largest Douglas fir in the world. Note that it is not the tallest in Canada (MacMillan Provincial Park has a specimen 10 meters (33 feet) taller) but it does contain more wood than any other known Douglas fir. Also, the Doerner Fir in Oregon has been stated to be taller.
Bark (botany)
Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants. Plants with bark include trees, woody vines, and shrubs. Bark refers to all the tissues outside the vascular cambium and is a nontechnical term. It overlays the wood and consists of the inner bark and the outer bark. The inner bark, which in older stems is living tissue, includes the innermost area of the periderm. The outer bark in older stems includes the dead tissue on the surface of the stems, along with parts of the innermost periderm and all the tissues on the outer side of the periderm. The outer bark on trees which lies external to the last formed periderm is also called the rhytidome.
Elaeocarpus kirtonii
The outer bark is silvery grey and thin, with small pustules. The tree base is significantly buttressed. Another identifying feature is the senescent red leaves. Leaves resemble the Coachwood, being long, thin and serrated. 9 to long, around wide. Dull green and very veiny, a long leaf stalk, 2 to long, swollen where attached to the branch. New spring growth is a brilliant salmon pink colour, most outstanding in the rainforest.