What other species belong to the Equidae?
Horse
The horse adapted to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an ecosystem where other large grazing animals, especially ruminants, could not. Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a group of mammals that was dominant during the Tertiary period. In the past, this order contained 14 families, but only three—Equidae (the horse and related species), Tapiridae (the tapir), and Rhinocerotidae (the rhinoceroses)—have survived to the present day.
Evadne (crustacean)
Evadne is a genus of onychopods in the family Podonidae. There are at least four described species in "Evadne".
Accipitridae
Many well-known birds, such as hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures are included in this group. The osprey is usually placed in a separate family (Pandionidae), as is the secretary bird (Sagittariidae), and the New World vultures are also usually now regarded as a separate family or order. Karyotype data indicate the accipitrids analysed are indeed a distinct monophyletic group, but whether this group should be considered a family or one or several order(s) on their own is a question still to be resolved.
Aquila (genus)
Members of "Aquila" (excluding those moved to "Clanga" and "Hieraaetus", but including "A. fasciata/spilogaster") share two deletions in the (nuclear) LDH gene, as well as similarities in mitochondrial cyt-B gene sequence, though one of these deletions is reverted in "A. chrysaetos".Numerous fossil taxa of eagles have been described. Many have been moved to other genera, but several appear to be correctly assigned to this genus:Whether ""Hieraaetus" edwardsi" (Middle -? Late Miocene of SW Europe) belongs into "Aquila" or the hawk-eagles (if the latter are indeed distinct) is unclear. Its initial name, ""Aquila" minuta" , is preoccupied by a junior synonym of the booted eagle, "A. minuta" .
Common black hawk
The common black hawk ("Buteogallus anthracinus") is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes the eagles, hawks, and Old World vultures. It formerly included the Cuban black-hawk ("Buteogallus gundlachii") as a subspecies. The mangrove black hawk, traditionally considered a distinct species, is now generally considered a subspecies, "B. a. subtilis", of the common black-hawk.
Eyprepocnemidinae
The Eyprepocnemidinae are a subfamily of Acrididae (originally described by Brunner von Wattenwyl under the synonym: Euprepocnemes) in the Orthoptera: Caelifera. Species can be found in Africa, mainland Europe and Asia.
Mustang
The taxonomic horse family "Equidae" evolved in North America 55 million years ago. By the late Pleistocene era, there were two species of the family remaining there, the caballine (stout legged) and stilt-legged, which recent DNA studies have indicated represent different genera; ""Equus"" and ""Haringtonhippus,"" respectively. "Haringtonhippus" went extinct, and "Equus" was extirpated from the Americas at the end of the last ice age, possibly due to a changing climate or the impact of newly arrived human hunters. Thus at the beginning of the Columbian Exchange, there were no equids in the Americas.
Pliohippus
Pliohippus (Greek πλεῖον (pleion, "more") and ἵππος (ippos, "horse")) is an extinct genus of Equidae, the "horse family". "Pliohippus" arose in the middle Miocene, around 15 million years ago. It was similar in appearance to "Equus", but had two long extra toes on both sides of the hoof, externally barely visible as callused stubs. The long and slim limbs of "Pliohippus" reveal a quick-footed steppe animal.
Emydidae
The Emydidae are most closely related to the tortoises (Testudinidae) and are included along with that family in the Testudinoidea. Shared features include a lack of inframarginal scutes, the shape and muscle attachment of the ilium, and the shape of the eighth cervical vertebra (biconvex). Within the Emydidae, two subfamilies were recognized along biogeographic lines. The Emydidae as understood today contain New World species (except "Emys"), while the former Batagurinae, today a separate family Geoemydidae, contain Old World species (except "Rhinoclemmys"). Osteological characters, such as the construction of the mandible and articulations of the cervical vertebrae distinguish the two families.
Odd-toed ungulate
The order includes about 17 species divided into three families: Equidae (horses, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs).
Coquí
Coquíes belong to the "Eleutherodactylus" genus which in Greek means free toes. "Eleutherodactylus" contains over 700 different species that naturally occur in the southern United States, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Coquíes additionally have become established in Hawaii, where they are considered an invasive species, and have recently been spotted in California after hitching rides among shipments of nursery plants.
List of birds of Ecuador
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. Two species have been recorded in Ecuador.Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae
Zebra
There are three species of zebras: the plains zebra, the mountain zebra and the Grévy's zebra. The plains zebra and the mountain zebra belong to the subgenus "Hippotigris", while Grévy's zebra is the sole species of subgenus "Dolichohippus". The latter resembles an ass, to which zebras are closely related, while the former two look more horse-like. All three belong to the genus "Equus", along with other living equids.
African wild ass
Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent common ancestor of all modern equids (members of the genus "Equus") lived ~5.6 (3.9–7.8) mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Myr before present date for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Myr BP. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus "E. (Asinus)", including the kulan, onager, and kiang), followed by the African zebras (subgenera "E. (Dolichohippus)", and "E. (Hippotigris)"). All other modern forms including the domesticated horse (and many fossil Pliocene and Pleistocene forms) belong to the subgenus "E. (Equus)" which diverged ~4.8 (3.2–6.5) million years ago.
Equini
Equini was named by Gray in 1821 and was considered monophyletic by MacFadden (1998).
Brontotheriidae
Brontotheriidae, also called Titanotheriidae, is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Superficially, they looked rather like rhinos, although they were actually more closely related to horses; Equidae and Brontotheriidae make up the suborder Hippomorpha. They lived around 56–34 million years ago, until the very close of the Eocene.
List of birds of North Dakota
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. Fourteen species have been recorded in North Dakota.Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
Ericaceae
In 2002, systematic research resulted in the inclusion of the formerly recognised families Empetraceae, Epacridaceae, Monotropaceae, Prionotaceae, and Pyrolaceae into the Ericaceae based on a combination of molecular, morphological, anatomical, and embryological data, analysed within a phylogenetic framework. The move significantly increased the morphological and geographical range found within the group. One possible classification of the resulting family includes 9 subfamilies, 126 genera, and about 4000 species:The Ericaceae have a nearly worldwide distribution. They are absent from continental Antarctica, parts of the high Arctic, central Greenland, northern and central Australia, and much of the lowland tropics and neotropics.
Geoemydidae
The following genera are classified under Geoemydidae.As of the early 2013, six species of the family Geoemydidae are on the CITES Appendix I, and 30 more are on the treaty's Appendix II. 
A joint China-US proposal for a March 2013 CITES participants' conference seeks to add 15 more Geoemydidae species to the convention's Appendix II.
Astrohippus
Astrohippus is an extinct member of the Equidae tribe Equini, the same tribe that contains the only living equid genus, "Equus". Fossil remains have been found in the central United States, Florida, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Jalisco, and Guanajuato. The fossils date in time from the oldest dating from the Barstovian in the Miocene to the youngest dating in the Hemphillian faunal stage of the early Pliocene.
Eocardiidae
The Eocardiidae are an extinct family of caviomorph rodents from South America. The family is probably ancestral to the living family Caviidae, which includes cavies, maras, and capybaras and their relatives. McKenna and Bell (1997) divided eocardiids into two subfamilies, Luantinae for two of the oldest genera ("Asteromys" and "Luantus") and Eocardiinae for remaining genera. Kramarz (2006) has recommended the abandonment of these subfamilies, as the genera placed in Luantinae appear to represent basal eocardiids, rather than a specialized side branch. The latter hypothesis had been proposed by Wood and Patterson (1959).
Thomas Farm Site
Specimens
Equidae
List of birds of Kuwait
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. There are 138 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Kuwait.Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
Martial eagle
The Accipitridae (hereafter accipitrids) family is by far the most diverse family of diurnal raptors in the world with more than 230 currently accepted species. As a member of the booted eagle subfamily, Aquilinae, it is one of the roughly 15% extant species of the family to have feathers covering its legs. This may be a useful feature for distinguishing these species from other eagles and raptors, as they are present even in tropical species such as the martial eagle. Under current classifications, booted eagles consist of approximately 38 living species that are distributed in every continent inhabited by the accipitrids, which excludes only the continent of Antarctica. Just under half of the living species of booted eagle are found in Africa. Studies have been conducted on the mitochondrial DNA of most booted eagle species, including the martial eagle, in order to gain insight on how the subfamily is ordered and which species bear relation to one another. DNA testing in the 1980s indicated the martial eagle was a specialized off-shoot of the small-bodied "Hieraaetus" eagles and one study went so far as to advocate that the martial eagle be included in the genus. However, more modern and comprehensive genetic testing has shown that the martial eagle is extremely distinct from other living booted eagles and diverged from other existing genera several million years ago. Genetically, the martial eagle fell between two other species in monotypical genera, the African long-crested eagle ("Lophaetus occipitalis") and the Asian rufous-bellied eagle ("Lophotriorchis kienerii"), that similarly diverged long ago from other modern species. Given the disparity of this species’ unique morphology and that the two aforementioned most closely related living species are only about as large as the bigger buzzards, the unique heritage of the martial eagle is considered even superficially evident. There are no subspecies of martial eagle and the species varies little in appearance and genetic diversity across its distribution.
Capybara
The capybara and the lesser capybara belong to the subfamily Hydrochoerinae along with the rock cavies. The living capybaras and their extinct relatives were previously classified in their own family Hydrochoeridae. Since 2002, molecular phylogenetic studies have recognized a close relationship between "Hydrochoerus" and "Kerodon", the rock cavies, supporting placement of both genera in a subfamily of Caviidae. Paleontological classifications have yet to incorporate this new taxonomy and continue to use Hydrochoeridae for all capybaras, while using Hydrochoerinae for the living genus and its closest fossil relatives, such as "Neochoerus". The taxonomy of fossil hydrochoerines is also in a state of flux. In recent years, the diversity of fossil hydrochoerines has been substantially reduced. This is largely due to the recognition that capybara molar teeth show strong variation in shape over the life of an individual. In one instance, material once referred to four genera and seven species on the basis of differences in molar shape is now thought to represent differently aged individuals of a single species, "Cardiatherium paranense".
Emydidae
Emydidae is a family of testudines (turtles) which includes close to 50 species in 10 genera. Members of this family are commonly called terrapins, pond turtles, or marsh turtles. Several species of Asian box turtle were formerly classified in the family; however, revised taxonomy has separated them to a different family. As currently defined, Emydidae is entirely a Western Hemisphere family, with the exception of two species of pond turtle.
List of birds of Equatorial Guinea
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. There are 138 species worldwide and 20 species which occur in Equatorial Guinea.Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
List of birds of Kuwait
The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. There are 275 species worldwide and 10 species which occur in Kuwait.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae
Equus (genus)
The genus "Equus" was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It is the only recognized extant genus in the family Equidae. The first equids were small, dog-sized mammals (e.g. "Eohippus") adapted for browsing on shrubs during the Eocene, around 54 million years ago (Mya). These animals had three toes on the hind feet and four on the front feet with small hooves in place of claws, but also had soft pads. Equids developed into larger, three-toed animals (e.g. "Mesohippus") during the Oligocene and Miocene. From there, the side toes became progressively smaller through the Pleistocene until the emergence of the single-toed "Equus".
List of birds of Ecuador
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Twenty-eight species have been recorded in Ecuador.Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae
Odd-toed ungulate
In 1758, in his seminal work "Systema Naturae", Linnaeus (1707–1778) classified horses ("Equus") together with hippos ("Hippopotamus"). At that time, this category also included the tapirs ("Tapirus"), more precisely the lowland or South American tapir ("Tapirus terrestus"), the only tapir then known in Europe. Linnaeus classified this tapir as "Hippopotamus terrestris" and put both genera in the group of the "Belluae" ("beasts"). He combined the rhinos with the Glires, a group now consisting of the lagomorphs and rodents. Mathurin Jacques Brisson (1723–1806) first separated the tapirs and hippos in 1762 with the introduction of the concept "le tapir". He also separated the rhinos from the rodents, but did not combine the three families now known as the odd-toed ungulates. In the transition to the 19th century, the individual perissodactyl genera were associated with various other groups, such as the proboscidean and even-toed ungulates. In 1795, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772- 1844) and Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) introduced the term "pachyderm" (Pachydermata), including in it not only the rhinos and elephants, but also the hippos, pigs, peccaries, tapirs and hyrax . The horses were still generally regarded as a group separate from other mammals and were often classified under the name "Solidungula" or "Solipèdes", meaning "one-hoof animal".
Echidna
Echidnas (), sometimes known as spiny anteaters, belong to the family Tachyglossidae in the monotreme order of egg-laying mammals. The four extant species, together with the platypus, are the only surviving members of the order Monotremata, and are the only living mammals that lay eggs. The diet of some species consists of ants and termites, but they are not closely related to the true anteaters of the Americas. Echidnas live in Australia and New Guinea.
Equidae
The term equid refers to any member of this family, including any equine.
Wild horse
The horse family Equidae and the genus "Equus" evolved in North America, before the species moved into the Eastern Hemisphere. Studies using ancient DNA, as well as DNA of recent individuals, show the presence of two closely related horse species in North America, the wild horse and "Haringtonhippus francisci", the "New World stilt-legged horse"; the latter has been taxonomically assigned to various names.
Fauna of South Africa
Herbivores which are not artiodactyls also occur in the region. There are two native species of equids in the country, the plains zebra and the mountain zebra. An extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, the quagga, was endemic to the country.
Elk
Until recently, red deer and elk were considered to be one species, "Cervus elaphus". However, mitochondrial DNA studies, conducted on hundreds of samples in 2004 from red deer and elk subspecies as well as other species of the "Cervus" deer family, strongly indicate that elk, or wapiti, should be a distinct species, namely "Cervus canadensis". The previous classification had over a dozen subspecies under the "C. elaphus" species designation; DNA evidence concludes that elk are more closely related to Thorold's deer and even sika deer than they are to the red deer. Elk and red deer produce fertile offspring in captivity, and the two species have freely inter-bred in New Zealand's Fiordland National Park, where the cross-bred animals have all but removed the pure elk blood from the area.
Even-toed ungulate
Molecular findings and morphological indications suggest that artiodactyls are paraphyletic to cetaceans and together form the monophyletic taxon Cetartiodactyla. Modern nomenclature divides Cetartiodactyla in five subordinate taxa: camelids (Tylopoda), pigs and peccaries (Suina), ruminants (Ruminantia), hippos (Ancodonta), and whales (Cetacea).
Empusidae
Empusidae belong to the superfamily Mantoidea, (“higher” mantises), together with Mantidae and Hymenopodidae [5]. Phylogenetic studies place Empusidae as a sister group to Hymenopodidae. Empusidae and Hymenopodidae are in turn placed as sister groups to all other ambush mantids [3]. There are two subfamilies within Empusidae, Blepharodinae and Empusinae. The Blepharodinae subfamily holds three genera, Blepharodes, Blepharopsis and Idolomantis. The Empusinae subfamily is divided into two tribes, Empusini and Idolomorphini. The Empusini tribe holds five genera, Dilatempusa, Empusa, Gonglyus and Hypsicorypha (see List of mantis genera and species). The Idolomorphini tribe holds the three remaining genera,Hemiempusa, Idolomorpha (see List of mantis genera and species) and Chopardempusa [6]. The latest phylogeny was revised by Svenson et al. 2015 [1].Svenson, Gavin J., et al. "Of flowers and twigs: phylogenetic revision of the plant‐mimicking praying mantises (Mantodea: Empusidae and Hymenopodidae) with a new suprageneric classification." Systematic Entomology 40.4 (2015)
Horse
The horse ("Equus ferus caballus") is one of two extant subspecies of "Equus ferus". It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, "Eohippus", into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the subspecies "caballus" are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, as this term is used to describe horses that have never been domesticated, such as the endangered Przewalski's horse, a separate subspecies, and the only remaining true wild horse. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior.
Onager
The onager (; "Equus hemionus"), also known as hemione or Asiatic wild ass, is a species of the family Equidae (horse family) native to Asia. A member of the subgenus "Asinus", the onager was described and given its binomial name by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1775. Five subspecies have been recognized, one of which is extinct.
Canadia (annelid)
There has been some debate as to the placement of "Canadia" within the Annelida phylum. Although it is commonly accepted to be within Annelida, it is uncertain how it relates to modern annelids. Most paleontologists agree that it belongs to the class Polychaeta due in part to the presence of Parapodium. It has been proposed to be a member of the order Phyllodocida along with "Wiwaxia", another organism from the Burgess Shale. Both were placed in a new superfamily called Canadiacea, and were thought to be of closer relationship to each other than to modern annelids. However, "Wiwaxia" is no longer believed to have been an annelid and there is currently dispute as to whether or not "Canadia" should be classified as belonging to anything more derived than Polychaeta.
African wild ass
The genus "Equus", which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from "Dinohippus", via the intermediate form "Plesippus". One of the oldest species is "Equus simplicidens", described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is ~3.5 million years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged "Equus livenzovensis" documented from western Europe and Russia.
Badger
Badgers are short-legged omnivores in the family Mustelidae, which also includes the otters, polecats, weasels, and wolverines. They belong to the caniform suborder of carnivoran mammals. The 11 species of badgers are grouped in three subfamilies: Melinae (9 species, including the Eurasian badger), Mellivorinae (the honey badger or ratel), and Taxideinae (the American badger). The Asiatic stink badgers of the genus "Mydaus" were formerly included within Melinae (and thus Mustelidae), but recent genetic evidence indicates these are actually members of the skunk family, placing them in the taxonomic family Mephitidae.
List of birds of Equatorial Guinea
The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. There are 275 species worldwide and 4 species which occur in Equatorial Guinea.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae
Euparkeriidae
Several other species apart from "Euparkeria" have been assigned to the family, but many are dubious or have been determined to have been placed in the family incorrectly. One study has suggested that Euparkeriidae may not represent a true evolutionary grouping or clade. Instead, the family may represent an evolutionary grade of small archosauriforms (making it paraphyletic) or a group of species that each evolved small body sizes through evolutionary convergence (making it polyphyletic). However, other studies consider the family valid, albeit difficult to diagnose. Euparkeriidae is defined as the most inclusive clade containing "Euparkeria capensis" but not "Crocodylus niloticus" (the nile crocodile) or "Passer domesticus" (the house sparrow).
Asinus
Asinus is a subgenus of "Equus" (single-toed (hooved) grazing animal) that encompasses several subspecies of the Equidae commonly known as asses, characterized by long ears, a lean, straight-backed build, lack of a true withers, a coarse mane and tail, and a reputation for considerable toughness and endurance.
Equisetopsida
Equisetopsida, or Sphenopsida, is a class of vascular plants with a fossil record going back to the Devonian. They are commonly known as horsetails. Living horsetails are represented by about twenty herbaceous species in the single genus "Equisetum". They typically grow in wet areas, with whorls of needle-like branches radiating at regular intervals from a single vertical stem.
Equiano
Equiano may refer to
Empusidae
Empusidae is a family of plant-mimicking Mantids [1] (see Mantodea), consisting of 10 genera, holding almost 30 species [6]. Unlike many other mantid families, Empusidae is a monophyletic lineage [1][2][3]. Empusidae mantids are ambush predators [3], with mouthparts adapted to feeding on other insects and small animals [2]. The majority of Empusidae species are distributed throughout Africa, but they are also found in south-east Asia and in the southern parts of Europe [4].
List of birds of Maine
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. Fourteen species have been recorded in Maine.Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
Onager
The genus "Equus", which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from "Dinohippus" via the intermediate form "Plesippus". One of the oldest species is "Equus simplicidens", described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is about 3.5 million years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged "Equus livenzovensis" documented from western Europe and Russia.
List of birds of the Cook Islands
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.Order: ApodiformesFamily: Apodidae
Equid hybrid
From the 20th century equid hybrids were being created., though breeding for mules and hinnies had been going on since ancient times. The first crossbreeding was with zebras and donkeys. Equid hybrids can be traced back to Africa where there are vast amount of equid species which resulted in natural crossing creating hybrid species. These hybrids were found to be more efficient than the original species because they poses certain traits of both species so scientists began to experiment by crossing other species of horse family and categorizing them as Equid Hybrids. Equid hybrids are now bred commercially. Mules bred from mammoth studs and stock or draft mares can be as large as seventeen hands and are as strong as a normal horse. Other mules are bred for pets or for entertainment such as zoo, these are the miniature horses or miniature donkeys.
List of birds of Ecuador
Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These are birds of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs. Eighteen species have been recorded in Ecuador.Order: SteatornithiformesFamily: Steatornithidae
Egernia
It is the namesake genus of the "Egernia" genus-group, which also includes the Solomon Islands skink ("Corucia"), "Cyclodomorphus" and the blue-tongued skinks ("Tiliqua"). In some older works, it is considered closely related to "Mabuya", but even among the subfamily Lygosominae this genus does not seem to be particularly closely related and would—were the genus-groups treated at the rarely used rank of infrafamily—certainly constitute an infrafamily of its own. On the other hand, the enigmatic crocodile skinks ("Tribolonotus") might be a very basal member of the "Egernia" genus-group.
Erica
A number of increasingly detailed phylogenetic hypotheses for "Erica" have been published based on nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequences. The closest relatives of "Erica" are "Daboecia" (one or two species) and "Calluna" (monospecific), representing the oldest surviving lineages of a, by inference, ancestrally Palearctic tribe Ericeae. The small number of European "Erica" species represent the oldest lineages of the genus, within which a single, order-of-magnitude more species-rich, African clade is nested. Within the African clade, Cape and Madagascan/Mascarene species respectively represent monophyletic groups.
Epictinae
Epictinae (commonly called slender blind snakes or threadsnakes) are a subfamily of snakes found in the New World and equatorial Africa. Members of this subfamily tend to have short, thick tails, and the fewest subcaudal scales. It comprises two tribes, three subtribes, nine genera, and 86 species.The subfamily is distributed in the New World and in equatorial Africa. In the New World it
ranges from North America (California, Utah, and Kansas) south through Middle and South America
(exclusive of the high Andes) to Uruguay and Argentina on the Atlantic side. It also occurs on San Salvador
Island (Bahamas), Hispaniola, the Lesser Antilles, Cozumel Island (Mexico), Islas de Bahia and Swan Islands
(Honduras), San Andres and Providencia Islands (Colombia), Bonaire, Margarita Islands, and Trinidad. It also
occurs in equatorial Africa, from southern Senegal, Guinea, and Bioko Island in the west to Ethiopia in the
east.
Equisetum
The genus "Equisetum" as a whole, while concentrated in the non-tropical northern hemisphere, is near-cosmopolitan, being absent only from Antarctica, though they are not known to be native to Australia, New Zealand nor the islands of the Pacific. They are most common in northern North America (Canada and the northernmost United States), where the genus is represented by nine species ("arvense", "fluviatile", "palustre", "pratense", "sylvaticum", "hyemale", "laevigatum", "scirpoides", and "variegatum"). Only four ("bogotense", "giganteum", "myriochaetum", and "ramosissimum") of the fifteen species are known to be native south of the Equator. They are perennial plants, herbaceous and dying back in winter as most temperate species, or evergreen as most tropical species and the temperate species rough horsetail ("E. hyemale"), branched horsetail ("E. ramosissimum"), dwarf horsetail ("E. scirpoides") and variegated horsetail ("E. variegatum"). They typically grow 0.2–1.5 m tall, though the "giant horsetails" are recorded to grow as high as 2.5 m (northern giant horsetail, "E. telmateia"), 5 m (southern giant horsetail, "E. giganteum") or 8 m (Mexican giant horsetail, "E. myriochaetum"), and allegedly even more.
Aquilinae
The Aquilinae consists of medium-sized to very large species. Modern species range in mass from the recently-recognized pygmy eagle ("Hieraaetus weiskei") of Papua New Guinea, which weighs about to the martial eagle ("Polemaetus bellicosus") and golden eagle ("Aquila chrysaetos"), which both weigh about on average. In wingspan, extant Aquilinae range from the pygmy eagle, with a median of , to the wedge-tailed eagle ("Aquila audax") and martial eagles, which average about and in wingspan, respectively. Total length can vary from , in the pygmy and wedge-tailed eagles, respectively. The record sizes for wild booted eagles are for a golden eagle in body mass and for a wedge-tailed eagle in wingspan. Dwarfing these species, the booted eagle species Haast's eagle ("Harpagornis moorei") of New Zealand, was probably the most massive species ever known in the entire accipitrid family, with females averaging an estimated and perhaps weighing up to , but went extinct by the 16th century when human colonizers killed off their prey. Beyond their typically large size, Aquilinae species have few outward shared characteristics as they are a fairly diverse subfamily. Nonetheless, every species shares the feature of their legs being covered in feathers. Only two buteonine hawks share this feature beyond the Aquilinae, in a presumed case of convergent evolution. Many species within the subfamily are colored for camouflage with varying patterns of brown, black, yellowish or white being commonplace, darker colors being favored by forest dwelling varieties and brown to straw coloring common to open country species. A few more brightly colored species (in adult plumage), with striking patterns of chestnut in about four, none more striking than the ornate hawk-eagle ("Spizaetus ornatus"). Roughly half of booted eagle species have a strikingly different looking juvenile plumage, which can in some species be nearly all white, but even where the differences are subtle between adults and immatures, usually some physical differences are noticeable such as white wing patches in traditional "Aquila" species, to visually distinguish young from adults. Many species have a notable head-crest, such as "Nisaetus" and most "Spizaetus", with the feature being most extreme in the long-crested eagle ("Lophaetus occipitalis"). Like most accipitrids, they have large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs and powerful talons. Compared to other large raptors, the feet and talons of booted eagle species are often particularly large and powerful relative to their size. The most extreme example seems to be the crowned eagle, which has a hallux-claw (or rear talon) of around about the same sized hallux-claw as the Philippine eagle ("Pithecophaga jefferyi") (not part of the Aquilinae), which weighs on average nearly twice as much. The booted eagles also have extremely keen eyesight to enable them to spot potential prey from a distance.
African wild ass
The African wild ass or African wild donkey ("Equus africanus") is a wild member of the horse family, Equidae. This species is believed to be the ancestor of the domestic donkey, which is usually placed within the same species. They live in the deserts and other arid areas of the Horn of Africa, in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. It formerly had a wider range north and west into Sudan, Egypt, and Libya. About 570 individuals exist in the wild.
Brood parasite
Interspecific brood-parasites include the indigobirds, whydahs, and honeyguides in Africa, cowbirds, Old World cuckoos, black-headed ducks, and some New World cuckoos in the Americas. Seven independent origins of obligate interspecific brood parasitism in birds have been proposed. While there is still some controversy over when and how many origins of interspecific brood parasitism have occurred, recent phylogenetic analyses suggest two origins in Passeriformes (once in New World cowbirds: Icteridae, and once in African Finches: Viduidae); three origins in Old World and New World cuckoos (once in Cuculinae, Phaenicophaeinae, and in Neomorphinae-Crotophaginae); a single origin in Old World honeyguides (Indicatoridae); and in a single species of waterfowl, the black-headed duck ("Heteronetta atricapilla").
Equus (genus)
extinct species/subspecies are marked with †
Equine species can crossbreed with each other. The most common hybrid is the mule, a cross between a male donkey and a female horse. With rare exceptions, these hybrids are sterile and cannot reproduce. A related hybrid, a hinny, is a cross between a male horse and a female donkey. Other hybrids include the zorse, a cross between a zebra and a horse and a zonkey or zedonk, a hybrid of a zebra and a donkey. In areas where Grévy's zebras are sympatric with plains zebras, fertile hybrids do occur.
Hydrochoerinae
The Hydrochoerinae are a subfamily of Caviidae, consisting of two living genera, "Hydrochoerus", the capybaras, and "Kerodon", the rock cavies. In addition, a number of extinct genera related to capybaras should also be placed in this subfamily. The taxonomy of Hydrochoerinae is confused because, until 2005, living capybaras and their extinct relatives were placed in their own family, Hydrochoeridae. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies recognize a close relationship between "Hydrochoerus" and "Kerodon", supporting placement of both genera in a subfamily of Caviidae. Paleontological classifications have yet to incorporate this new taxonomy, and continue to use Hydrochoeridae for all capybaras, while using Hydrochoerinae for the living genus and its closest fossil relatives such as "Neochoerus". The taxonomy of fossil hydrochoerines is also in a state of flux. In recent years, the diversity of fossil hydrochoerines has been substantially reduced. This is largely due to the recognition that capybara molar teeth show strong variation in shape over the life of an individual. In one instance, material once referred to four genera and seven species on the basis of differences in molar shape is now thought to represent differently aged individuals of a single species, "Cardiatherium paranense".
Onager
The onager is a member of the subgenus "Asinus", belonging to the genus "Equus" and is classified under the family Equidae. The species was described and given its binomial name "Equus hemionus" by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1775.
Deer
The subfamily Capreolinae consists of 9 genera and 36 species, while Cervinae comprises 10 genera and 55 species. Hydropotinae consists of a single species, the water deer ("H. inermis"); however, a 1998 study placed it under Capreolinae. The following list is based on molecular and phylogenetic studies by zoologists such as Groves and Grubb.The following is the classification of the extinct cervids with known fossil record:Deer were an important source of food for early hominids. In China, "Homo erectus" fed upon the sika deer, while the red deer was hunted in Germany. In the Upper Palaeolithic, the reindeer was the staple food for Cro-Magnon people, while the cave paintings at Lascaux in southwestern France include some 90 images of stags.
List of mammals of Montana
Order: Chiroptera
Family: VespertilionidaeThe wild horse (Equus ferus) is a species of the genus "Equus", which includes as subspecies both the domesticated horse as well as the undomesticated Tarpan and Przewalski's Horse. The term "wild horse" is also used colloquially to refer to free roaming herds of feral horses such as the Mustang in the United States, the Brumby in Australia, and many others. These feral horses are untamed members of the domestic horse subspecies ("Equus ferus caballus"), and should not be confused with the two truly "wild" horse subspecies.
Ponginae
Ponginae is a subfamily in the family Hominidae. Once a diverse lineage of Eurasian apes, the subfamily has only one extant genus, "Pongo" (orangutans), which contains three extant species; the Sumatran orangutan ("Pongo abelii"), the Tapanuli orangutan ("Pongo tapanuliensis,") and the Bornean orangutan ("Pongo pygmaeus"). All three species are listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Equisetales
The fossil record includes additional extinct species in Equisetaceae and the extinct families Calamitaceae, Archaeocalamitaceae and Phyllothecaceae.
Donkey
Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent common ancestor of all modern equids (members of the genus "Equus") lived ~5.6 (3.9–7.8) mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Myr before present date for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Myr BP. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus "E. (Asinus)", including the kulan, onager, and kiang), followed by the African zebras (subgenera "E. (Dolichohippus)", and "E. (Hippotigris)"). All other modern forms including the domesticated horse (and many fossil Pliocene and Pleistocene forms) belong to the subgenus "E. (Equus)" which diverged ~4.8 (3.2–6.5) million years ago.
List of birds of Ecuador
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. Forty-eight species have been recorded in Ecuador.Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
Cod
"Cod" forms part of the common name of many other fish no longer classified in the genus "Gadus". Many are members of the family Gadidae; others are members of three related families within the order Gadiformes whose names include the word "cod": the morid cods, Moridae (100 or so species); the eel cods, Muraenolepididae (four species); and the Eucla cod, Euclichthyidae (one species). The tadpole cod family (Ranicipitidae) has now been placed in Gadidae.
Ecuadorian capuchin
The Ecuadorian capuchin ("Cebus aequatorialis"), or Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin is a species of gracile capuchin monkey of the family Cebidae. It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the white-fronted capuchin. Mittermeier and Rylands elevated it to a separate species in 2013. It lives in tropical forests in Ecuador and Peru. It is listed as critically endangered.
Ecnomiohyla
Ecnomiohyla, commonly known as fringe-limbed treefrogs or marvelous frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Hylidae. This genus was erected in 2005 following a major revision of Hylidae. The ten original species in this genus ("E. rabborum" and "E. sukia" are later discoveries) were previously placed in the genus "Hyla". The generic name "Ecnomiohyla" comes from Greek "ecnomios" ("marvelous" or "unusual") and Hylas, the companion of Hercules.
Antelope
An antelope is a member of a number of even-toed ungulate species indigenous to various regions in Africa and Eurasia. Antelopes comprise a wastebasket taxon (miscellaneous group) within the family Bovidae, encompassing those Old World species that are not cattle, sheep, buffalo, bison, or goats; even so, antelope are generally more deer-like than other bovids. A group of antelope is called a herd.
Canidae
The canid family soon subdivided into three subfamilies, each of which diverged during the Eocene: Hesperocyoninae (about 39.74–15 Mya), Borophaginae (about 34–2 Mya), and Caninae (about 34–0 Mya). Caninae is the only surviving subfamily and all present-day canids including wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals and domestic dogs belong to it. Members of each subfamily showed an increase in body mass with time and some exhibited specialized hypercarnivorous diets that made them prone to extinction.
Equid hybrid
Equid hybrids, also called hybrid equines, are created from the crossing of members from the horse family such as a horse, donkey and zebra.
Bovidae
The Bovidae are the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals that includes bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, wildebeest, impala, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle. A member of this family is called a bovid. With 143 extant species and 300 known extinct species, the family Bovidae consists of eight major subfamilies apart from the disputed Peleinae and Pantholopinae. The family evolved 20 million years ago, in the early Miocene.
Eagle
Tribe Aquililae or proposed subfamily Aquilinae. Genera: "Aquila", "Hieraaetus"; "Spizaetus", "Oroaetus", "Spizastur"; "Nisaetus"; "Ictinaetus", "Lophoaetus"; "Polemaetus"; and "Stephanoaetus".
Booidea
The Booidea, also known as booid snakes, are a superfamily of snakes that contains boas (family Boidae) and other closely related boa-like snakes (but not pythons, which are in a separate superfamily called Pythonoidea). As of 2017, Booidea contains 61 species, including the eponymous Neotropical "Boa constrictor", anacondas (genus "Eunectes"), and smaller tree and rainbow boas ("Corallus", "Epicrates", and "Chilabothrus") as well as several genera of booid snakes from various locations around the world: "Candoia" from New Guinea and Melanesia, sand boas ("Eryx") from northeast Africa, the Middle East, and southwestern Asia, "Charina" and "Lichanura" from North America, "Ungaliophis" and "Exiliboa" from Central America, "Acrantophis" and "Sanzinia" from Madagascar, and "Calabaria" from tropical west-central Africa.
Epicaridea
Epicaridea is a former suborder of isopods, now treated as part of the suborder Cymothoida. They are ectoparasites that inhabit other crustaceans, namely ostracods, copepods, barnacles and malacostracans. The suborder is found globally. About 704 species have been recorded. Epicaridea are generally less well researched than other isopods.
Enhydriodon dikikae
"Enhydriodon dikikae" belongs to the Carnivora order, Musteloidea superfamily, Mustelidae family and Lutrinae subfamily. The closest living relative to this species is the modern otter. Other related animals in the Musteloidea superfamily are from the family, Procyonidae to which animals like racoons, olingos and coatis belong to. There is some debate over whether "E. dikikae" should belong to the "Sivaonyx" genus however at this point, it is still classified as being in the "Enhydriodon" genus.
Onager
The Asiatic wild ass, among Old World equids, existed for more than 4 million years. The oldest divergence of "Equus" was the onager followed by the zebras and onwards. A new species called the kiang ("E. kiang"), a Tibetan relative, was previously considered to be a subspecies of the onager as "E. hemionus kiang", but recent molecular studies indicate it to be a distinct species, having diverged from the closest relative of the Mongolian wild ass's ancestor less than 500,000 years ago.
Widely five recognized subspecies of the onager include:
Mountain zebra
The mountain zebra ("Equus zebra") is a species in the family Equidae. It is native to south-western Angola, Namibia, and South Africa.
Fauna of Puerto Rico
All species of Ranidae and Hylidae occurring in Puerto Rico are introduced. One species from the family Bufonidae, the cane toad, is introduced while the other, the Puerto Rican crested toad, is endemic and critically endangered. The cane toad was introduced to Puerto Rico in the 1920s to control the populations of white-grub ("Phyllophaga" spp.), a sugar cane pest. All species from the family Leptodactylidae are native to the region. Of the 18 Leptodactylidae species, 17 are from the genus "Eleutherodactylus" and are commonly known in Puerto Rico as coquís. Three of these, the web-footed coquí, the golden coqui and the mottled coqui, are likely to be extinct. The golden coqui is the only live-bearing species from the family Leptodactylidae and Cook's robber frog ("E. cooki") is the only "Eleutherodactylus" sp. that exhibits sexual dimorphism in both size and color. The common coquí ("Eleutherodactylus coqui") is an unofficial national symbol of Puerto Rico and an important aspect of Puerto Rican culture. Since 14 of the 17 coquís are endemic to the archipelago, a common phrase used by Puerto Ricans to assert their national pride is ""De aquí como el coquí"" (From here Puerto Rico like the coquí).
Puerto Rico's turtle fauna includes both freshwater (5 species, including two extinct species) and marine turtles (5). Two of these species, the hawksbill turtle and the leatherback sea turtle, are critically endangered. Threats to these species include habitat destruction and illegal capture of eggs and individuals. The spectacled caiman, an introduced species, is the only representative of the order Crocodilia in Puerto Rico.
The 11 snake species occurring in Puerto Rico are generally considered non-venomous, although research has concluded that at least one species, the Puerto Rican racer ("Alsophis portoricensis"), secretes venom. These species belong to 3 families and 4 genera: Typhlopidae (genus "Typhlops"), Boidae ("Epicrates") and Colubridae ("Alsophis" and "Arrhyton"). The largest snake in Puerto Rico is the endemic Puerto Rican boa ("Epicrates inornatus") with a maximum length of 12 ft (3.7 m). The diet of snakes in Puerto Rico consists of reptiles ("Ameiva", "Anolis", geckos), "coquís" and other frogs, and, to a lesser extent, mice, birds and bats (exclusively by the Puerto Rican Boa).
Echinoderm
There are a total of about 7,000 extant species of echinoderm as well as about 13,000 extinct species. They are found in habitats ranging from shallow intertidal areas to abyssal depths. Two main subdivisions are traditionally recognised: the more familiar motile Eleutherozoa, which encompasses the Asteroidea (starfish, 1,745 recent species), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars, 2,300 species), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars, 900 species) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers, 1,430 species); and the Pelmatozoa, some of which are sessile while others move around. These consist of the Crinoidea (feather stars and sea lilies, 580 species) and the extinct blastoids and Paracrinoids. A fifth class of Eleutherozoa consisting of just three species, the Concentricycloidea (sea daisies), were recently merged into the Asteroidea. The fossil record includes a large number of other classes which do not appear to fall into any extant crown group.
List of birds of Eswatini
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
Equinae
The subfamily contains two tribes the Equini and the Hipparionini, as well as two unplaced genera "Merychippus" and "Scaphohippus".
Equisetales
In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, Equisetales, in its present circumscription, was held to be the sole member of class Equisetopsida. The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009) which placed all land plants in Equisetopsida, made it the sole member of subclass Equisetidae, equivalent to Smith's Equisetopsida. The placement of Equisetales in subclass Equisetidae has subsequently been followed in the classifications of Christenhusz and Chase (2014) and PPG I (2016).
Equisetaceae
All living horsetails are placed in the genus "Equisetum". But there are some fossil species that are not assignable to the modern genus. "Equisetites" is a "wastebin taxon" uniting all sorts of large horsetails from the Mesozoic; it is almost certainly paraphyletic and would probably warrant being subsumed in "Equisetum". But while some of the species placed there are likely to be ancestral to the modern horsetails, there have been reports of secondary growth in other "Equisetites", and these probably represent a distinct and now-extinct horsetail lineage. "Equicalastrobus" is the name given to fossil horsetail strobili, which probably mostly or completely belong to the (sterile) plants placed in "Equisetites".
Kiang
Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent common ancestor of all modern equids (members of the genus "Equus") lived ~5.6 (3.9–7.8) mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Myr before present date for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Myr BP. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus "E. (Asinus)", including the kulan, onager, and kiang), followed by the African zebras (subgenera "E. (Dolichohippus)", and "E. (Hippotigris)"). All other modern forms including the domesticated horse (and many fossil Pliocene and Pleistocene forms) belong to the subgenus "E. (Equus)" which diverged ~4.8 (3.2–6.5) million years ago.
Ecnomidae
The Ecnomidae taxonomy has been problematic, Ecnomidae was first described (Ulmer 1903) as a subfamily of Hydropsychidae, and later as a subfamily within Psychomiidae. The family Ecnomidae is now accepted as monophyletic beside its sister-group Polycentropodidae. The Ecnomidae contain at least 9 genera with the most diversity found in the genus "Ecnomus". Currently, a total of 375 species are described. In recent years, several new species has been discovered, mainly from the Oceania region. Other phylogenetically distinct genera exist which have not been scientifically described yet.All Ecnomidae genera are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere except the genus "Ecnomus", which is widely distributed. This means the group of may have a Gondwanan origin.
Equus scotti
Equus scotti (translated from Latin as Scott's horse, named after vertebrate paleontologist William Berryman Scott) is an extinct species of "Equus", the genus that includes the horse.
Ibyka
Ibyka is an extinct genus of Iridopteridales, and a possible ancestor to horsetails. 
The probable relationships within Equisetopsida are shown in the cladogram below. The position where "Ibyka" would be has been added.
List of birds of Ecuador
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. Twenty-one species have been recorded in Ecuador.Order: GalliformesFamily: Cracidae
Northeast Ecological Corridor
Of the eight reptilian families present in the NEC, gecko and anoles have the largest number of species. The first includes two geckos, and three salamanquita geckos, the second family consists of five lizard species. Of the total number of reptilian species documented at the NEC, 11 are endemic, five native and two introduced. An introduced iguana species and two types of boa have also been sighted. Two freshwater turtles and two species of sea turtles live in this area: the hawksbill ("Eretmochelys imbricata") and the leatherback ("Dermochelys coriacea"), the latter which has become the emblematic species of the NEC. Of the exotic species found in the NEC the green iguana ("Iguana iguana") stands out. This reptile is native to Central and South America, and introduced to Puerto Rico in the early 1970s by pet stores. Currently they are considered a pest.
List of birds of Kuwait
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns. There are 141 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Kuwait.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Emberizidae
List of birds of Equatorial Guinea
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns. There are 141 species worldwide and 36 species which occur in Equatorial Guinea.Order: PasseriformesFamily: Viduidae
Caviinae
Caviinae is a subfamily uniting all living members of the family Caviidae with the exception of the maras, capybaras, and "Kerodon". The subfamily traditionally contained the guinea pig or cavy-like forms along with the cursorially adapted (running) "Kerodon". Molecular results suggest the Caviinae as so defined would be paraphyletic and "Kerodon" is more closely related to maras and capybaras than to other caviines. This led Woods and Kilpatrick (2005) to unite "Kerodon" and capybaras into the subfamily Hydrochoerinae within the Caviidae. These studies also suggest "Microcavia" and "Cavia" are more closely related to one another than either is to "Galea".
Empidoidea
Several species within Empidoidea are of particular interest to ethologists and ecologists, due to elaborate mating rituals and life histories involving freshwater.
The most familiar families in the group are the Empididae and Dolichopodidae, both of which occur worldwide and contain thousands of species. The smaller families were formerly included in the Empididae, but have since been accorded family status. The monophyly of most of these groups have since been confirmed by subsequent studies. The Brachystomatinae and Microphorinae are sometimes elevated to full family status, too, but this would apparently make the Empididae and Dolichopodidae paraphyletic and thus they are retained as subfamilies here. Atelestidae forming the sister group to the rest of Empidoidea is a unanimous result in all studies that have utilized molecular data.
List of birds of Niger
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. There are 138 species worldwide and 12 species which occur in Niger.Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
Horse
The earliest known member of the family Equidae was the "Hyracotherium", which lived between 45 and 55 million years ago, during the Eocene period. It had 4 toes on each front foot, and 3 toes on each back foot. The extra toe on the front feet soon disappeared with the "Mesohippus", which lived 32 to 37 million years ago. Over time, the extra side toes shrank in size until they vanished. All that remains of them in modern horses is a set of small vestigial bones on the leg below the knee, known informally as splint bones. Their legs also lengthened as their toes disappeared until they were a hooved animal capable of running at great speed. By about 5 million years ago, the modern "Equus" had evolved. Equid teeth also evolved from browsing on soft, tropical plants to adapt to browsing of drier plant material, then to grazing of tougher plains grasses. Thus proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the steppes of Eurasia and the Great Plains of North America.