In which ocean did the Titanic sink?
RMS Titanic in popular culture
In the 2010 video game "Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors", the main characters were all put onto a sinking ship by a mysterious person named Zero. In their introduction, Zero references the "Titanic"s sinking in the line "On April 14, 1912... the famous ocean liner "Titanic" crashed into an iceberg. After remaining afloat for 2 hours and 40 minutes, it sank beneath the waters of the North Atlantic. I will give you more time. 9 hours is the amount of time you will be given to escape." It is later discovered that the "ship" they are on is a replica of one of "Titanic"s sister ships, the Gigantic. In real life, "Gigantic" was rumored to have been the original name of the HMHS "Britannic", which was one of the "Titanic"s sister ships.
History of New York City (1898–1945)
On the night of April 14–15, 1912, the ocean liner "RMS Titanic" was en route in the North Atlantic to New York when it sank, killing 1,500 of the 2,200 people. On April 18 the rescue ship "RMS Carpathia" arrived and was met by some 40,000 onlookers. Immediate relief in the form of clothing and transportation to shelters was provided by the Women's Relief Committee, the Travelers Aid Society of New York, and the Council of Jewish Women, among other organizations. Two "Titanic" memorials are located in Manhattan. On April 13, 1913, the Titanic Memorial Lighthouse in Lower Manhattan was constructed on the roof of the Seamen's Church Institute. Straus Park, on the Upper West Side, commemorates Isidor Straus and his wife Ida, who both died in the disaster.
Timeline of United States discoveries
The RMS "Titanic" was an "Olympic" class passenger liner owned by the White Star Line and was built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, in what is now Northern Ireland. At the time of her construction, she was the largest passenger steamship in the world. Shortly before midnight on April 14, 1912, four days into the ship's maiden voyage, "Titanic" struck an iceberg and sank two hours and forty minutes later, early on April 15, 1912. The sinking resulted in the deaths of 1,517 of the 2,223 people on board, making it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. After nearly 74 years of being lost at sea on the bottom of the ocean floor, a joint Franco-American expedition led by American oceanographer Dr. Robert D. Ballard, discovered the wreckage of the RMS "Titanic" two miles (3 km) beneath the waves of the North Atlantic on September 1, 1985. Ballard was then forced to wait a year for weather conditions favorable to a manned mission to view the wreck at close range. In 1986, Ballard and his two-man crew, in the ALVIN submersible, made the first two and-a-half hour descent to the ocean floor to view the wreck first-hand. Over the next few days, they descended again and again and, using the Jason Jr. remote camera, recorded the first scenes of the ruined interior of the luxury liner.
Thomas Byles
Thomas Roussel Davids Byles (26 February 1870 – 15 April 1912) was an English Catholic priest who was a passenger aboard the "RMS Titanic" on its maiden voyage when it sank after striking an iceberg during the night of 15 April 1912. He was reported as being amidst the throng of trapped passengers on the ship's rear deck in its final moments of descent, audibly praying.
Titanic Canyon
Titanic Canyon is a submarine canyon located south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada. Its name was proposed in 1991 by marine geologist Alan Ruffman for the remembrance of British passenger liner RMS "Titanic", the wreck of which lies about south of the head of Titanic Canyon on its eastern slope.
Titanic (musical)
Titanic is a musical with music and lyrics by Maury Yeston and a book by Peter Stone that opened on Broadway in 1997. It swept the 1997 musical Tony Awards winning all five it was nominated for including the award for Best Musical and Best Score (Yeston's second for both). "Titanic" is set on the ocean liner RMS "Titanic" which sank on its maiden voyage on April 15, 1912.
Titanic (1997 film)
In 1996, treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team aboard the research vessel "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" search the wreck of RMS "Titanic" for a necklace with a rare diamond, the Heart of the Ocean. They recover a safe containing a drawing of a young woman wearing only the necklace dated April 14, 1912, the day the ship struck the iceberg. Rose Dawson Calvert, the woman in the drawing, is brought aboard "Keldysh" and tells Lovett of her experiences aboard "Titanic".
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
Many scientists, including Robert Ballard, are concerned that visits by tourists in submersibles and the recovery of artifacts are causing the wreck to decay faster. Underwater bacteria have been eating away at "Titanic"s steel and transformed it into rust since the ship sank, but because of the extra damage caused by visitors, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimates that "the hull and structure of the ship may collapse to the ocean floor within the next 50 years." The promenade deck has deteriorated significantly in recent years, partly because of damage caused by submersibles landing on the ship. The mast has almost completely deteriorated and has been stripped of its bell and brass light. Other damage includes a gash on the bow section where block letters once spelled "Titanic", part of the brass telemotor which once held the ship's wooden wheel is now twisted and the crow's nest has completely deteriorated. The Canadian director James Cameron is responsible for some of the more significant damage during his expedition to the ship in 1995 to acquire footage for his film "Titanic" two years later. One of the MIR submersibles used on the expedition collided with the hull, damaging both and leaving fragments of the submersible's propeller shroud scattered around the superstructure. Captain Smith's quarters were heavily damaged by the collapse of the external bulkhead, which exposed the cabin's interior.
Titanic: Adventure Out of Time
Players assume the role of Frank Carlson, disgraced British secret service agent. His career having ended after he failed in a mission aboard the RMS "Titanic", he now lives in a small apartment in London, England, surrounded by mementos of his past. On 14 April 1942, Carlson is listening to news of World War II on the radio, when an air raid during the London Blitz occurs, and a bomb hits his apartment, destroying everything in a blast of fire. Carlson blacks out, before awakening in a ship quarters as his younger self. Unaware of what has just happened, he speaks with a steward, and discovers that he is on board the Titanic. He is then informed that the date is April 14, 1912 and that he must meet with fellow agent Penny Pringle. Carlson discovers that he has somehow been transported back in time to the ship on the night it sank. With his memory from the original timeline intact, Carlson uses his advanced knowledge of the future to have a second chance to complete his mission.
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
"Titanic" maiden voyage began shortly after noon on 10 April 1912 when she left Southampton on the first leg of her journey to New York. A few hours later she called at Cherbourg in northern France, a journey of , where she took on passengers. Her next port of call was Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland, which she reached around midday on 11 April. She left in the afternoon after taking on more passengers and stores.
John Wesley Woodward
On 10 April 1912 he boarded the RMS Titanic at Southampton for her maiden voyage. Five days later, on 15 April 1912, the ship hit an iceberg and he and the other musicians famously continued to play as the Titanic sank. All members of the band drowned and the body of Wesley Woodward was never recovered.
Archibald Butt
Butt died in Titanic's sinking; his body was never recovered.
RMS Titanic
Since its initial discovery, the wreck of "Titanic" has been revisited on numerous occasions by explorers, scientists, filmmakers, tourists and salvagers, who have recovered thousands of items from the debris field for conservation and public display. The ship's condition has deteriorated significantly over the years, particularly from accidental damage by submersibles but mostly because of an accelerating rate of growth of iron-eating bacteria on the hull. In 2006, it was estimated that within 50 years the hull and structure of "Titanic" would eventually collapse entirely, leaving only the more durable interior fittings of the ship intermingled with a pile of rust on the sea floor.
Many artefacts from "Titanic" have been recovered from the sea bed by RMS Titanic Inc., which exhibits them in touring exhibitions around the world and in a permanent exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. A number of other museums exhibit artefacts either donated by survivors or retrieved from the floating bodies of victims of the disaster.
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
Titanic Ventures Inc., a Connecticut-based consortium, co-sponsored a survey and salvage operation in 1987 with the French oceanographic agency IFREMER. The expedition produced an outcry. When the crow's nest bell was pulled from the mast, the crow's nest itself, where the lookouts first saw the iceberg, collapsed. A "Titanic" survivor, Eva Hart, condemned what many saw as the looting of a mass grave: "To bring up those things from a mass sea grave just to make a few thousand pounds shows a dreadful insensitivity and greed. The grave should be left alone. They're simply going to do it as fortune hunters, vultures, pirates!"
RMS Titanic
"Titanic" was long thought to have sunk in one piece and, over the years, many schemes were put forward for raising the wreck. None came to fruition. The fundamental problem was the sheer difficulty of finding and reaching a wreck that lies over below the surface, in a location where the water pressure is over . A number of expeditions were mounted to find "Titanic" but it was not until 1 September 1985 that a Franco-American expedition led by Robert Ballard succeeded.
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
"Titanic"s surviving officers and some prominent survivors testified that the ship had sunk in one piece, a belief that was affirmed by the British and American inquiries into the disaster. Archibald Gracie, who was on the promenade deck with the band (by the second funnel), stated that ""Titanic"s decks were intact at the time she sank, and when I sank with her, there was over seven-sixteenths of the ship already under water, and there was no indication then of any impending break of the deck or ship". Ballard argued that many other survivors' accounts indicated that the ship had broken in two as it was sinking. As the engines are now known to have stayed in place along with most of the boilers, the "great noise" heard by witnesses and the momentary settling of the stern were presumably caused by the break-up of the ship rather than the loosening of her fittings or boiler explosions.
RMS Titanic in popular culture
By the time the "twain" (two) converge, they have become "twin halves of one august event" which sends the "Titanic" to the bottom while the iceberg floats on. Now the ship lies at the bottom of the North Atlantic, and
Titanic (1997 film)
Cameron felt the "Titanic" sinking was "like a great novel that really happened", but that the event had become a mere morality tale; the film would give audiences the experience of living the history. The treasure hunter Brock Lovett represented those who never connected with the human element of the tragedy, while the blossoming romance of Jack and Rose, Cameron believed, would be the most engaging part of the story: when their love is finally destroyed, the audience would mourn the loss. He said: "All my films are love stories, but in "Titanic" I finally got the balance right. It's not a disaster film. It's a love story with a fastidious overlay of real history."
UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
In 1985, two scientists discovered the "RMS" Titanic in the northern waters of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada Within the wreck, 1,800 artifacts were found, deeming the discovery a very important contribution to the field of Underwater Cultural Heritage The "Titanic" has raised significant questions surrounding the remaining passengers, the value of the wreck and the items lost therein, as well as the impact of the accident The discovery of the ship, and other sunken wrecks, may have also raised questions about the legal framework of the UN Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.
RMS Titanic
The water temperature in the area where "Titanic" sank, which was well below normal, also contributed to the rapid death of many passengers during the sinking. Water temperature readings taken around the time of the accident were reported to be . Typical water temperatures were normally in the mid-40 °F range during mid-April. The coldness of the water was a critical factor, often causing death within minutes for many of those in the water.
RMS Titanic
After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, "Titanic" called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland before heading west to New York. On 14 April, four days into the crossing and about south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. ship's time. The collision caused the hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard (right) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea; she could only survive four flooding. Meanwhile, passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partially loaded. A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a "women and children first" protocol for loading lifeboats. At 2:20 a.m., she broke apart and foundered with well over one thousand people still aboard. Just under two hours after "Titanic" sank, the Cunard liner arrived and brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors.
United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic
The sinking of , a trans-Atlantic passenger liner owned and operated by the White Star Line, occurred in the early hours of April 15, 1912 while the ship was on its maiden voyage from Southampton, United Kingdom, to New York City, United States. The sinking was caused by a collision with an iceberg in the North Atlantic some 700 nautical miles east of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Over 1500 passengers and crew died, with some 710 survivors in "Titanic"s lifeboats rescued by a short time later. There was initially some confusion in both the USA and the UK over the extent of the disaster, with some newspapers at first reporting that the ship and the passengers and crew were safe. By the time "Carpathia" reached New York, it had become clear that "Titanic", reputed to be unsinkable, had sunk and many had died. Official inquiries were set up in both countries to investigate the circumstances of the disaster.
Titanic: The Legend Goes On
Titanic: The Legend Goes On ( or Titanic: La leggenda continua), also released as Titanic: The Animated Movie, is a 2000 Spanish-Italian animated feature film about the sinking of the RMS "Titanic", written and directed by Camillo Teti.
The movie begins on a White Star Line chartered boat train, boarding passengers to the RMS "Titanic". A poor girl named Angelica, treated as a servant by her wicked stepmother and two stepsisters, dreams of finding both love and her missing mother, with only a blue locket as a clue to the mother's identity. At the same time, an upper-class English man named William boards with his nanny who laments the loss of her daughter years ago, as well as his secretary Gaston. Other passengers include the gold-digging Winnie, a failing banker named Jeremy McFlannel, a jewel thief named Corynthia Meanstreak, her two henchmen Kirk and Dirk, a detective named Sam Bradbury who has been sent to pursue them and Molly, a gorgeous singer. Also boarding in the cargo hold are a group of animals, including a family of Yiddish mice, some geese, a dog named Fritz, a magpie named Hector, and a band of Mexican mice. Throughout the voyage, the various passengers meet and interact. William and Angelica fall in love at first sight, while Winnie and Jeremy fall for each other after Winnie's dog Flopsy trips him. Gaston meanwhile attempts to woo Molly with Angelica's locket, which he found after she unknowingly dropped it. Sam goes undercover to find Corynthia while Kirk and Dirk make several unsuccessful attempts to steal jewelry from Winnie, but are foiled by her dog.
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
In 1995, Canadian director James Cameron chartered the "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" and the "MIRs" to make 12 dives to "Titanic". He used the footage in his blockbuster 1997 film "Titanic". The discovery of the wreck and a "National Geographic" documentary of Ballard's 1986 expedition had inspired him to write a synopsis in 1987 of what eventually became the film: "Do story with bookends of present day scene of wreck using submersibles intercut with memories of a survivor and re-created scenes of the night of the sinking. A crucible of human values under stress." Cameron's expedition did not salvage anything from the ship.
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
Part of the enduring folklore of the "Titanic" sinking is that the musicians played the hymn "Nearer, My God, to Thee" as the ship sank, but this appears to be dubious. The claim surfaced among the earliest reports of the sinking, and the hymn became so closely associated with the "Titanic" disaster that its opening bars were carved on the grave monument of "Titanic"s bandmaster, Wallace Hartley, one of those who perished. Violet Jessop said in her 1934 account of the disaster that she had heard the hymn being played. In contrast, Archibald Gracie emphatically denied it in his own account, written soon after the sinking, and Radio Operator Harold Bride said that he had heard the band playing ragtime, then "Autumn", by which he may have meant Archibald Joyce's then-popular waltz "Songe d'Automne" (Autumn Dream). George Orrell, the bandmaster of the rescue ship, "Carpathia", who spoke with survivors, related: "The ship's band in any emergency is expected to play to calm the passengers. After "Titanic" struck the iceberg the band began to play bright music, dance music, comic songs – anything that would prevent the passengers from becoming panic-stricken ... various awe-stricken passengers began to think of the death that faced them and asked the bandmaster to play hymns. The one which appealed to all was 'Nearer My God to Thee'." According to Gracie, who was near the band until that section of deck went under, the tunes played by the band were "cheerful" but he didn't recognise any of them, claiming that if they had played 'Nearer, My God, to Thee' as claimed in the newspaper "I assuredly should have noticed it and regarded it as a tactless warning of immediate death to us all and one likely to create panic." Several survivors who were among the last to leave the ship claimed that the band continued playing until the slope of the deck became too steep for them to stand, Gracie claimed that the band stopped playing at least 30 minutes before the vessel sank. Several witnesses support this account including A. H. Barkworth, a first-class passenger who testified: "I do not wish to detract from the bravery of anybody, but I might mention that when I first came on deck the band was playing a waltz. The next time I passed where the band was stationed, the members had thrown down their instruments and were not to be seen."
RMS Titanic in popular culture
James Cameron's "Titanic" is the most commercially successful film about the ship's sinking. "Titanic" became the highest-grossing film in history nine weeks after opening on 19 December 1997, and a week later became the first film ever to gross $1 billion worldwide. By March 1998 it had made over $1.2 billion, a record that stood until Cameron's next drama film "Avatar" overtook it in 2009. Cameron's film centres around a love affair between First Class passenger Rose DeWitt Bukater (Kate Winslet) and Third Class passenger Jack Dawson (Leonardo DiCaprio). Cameron designed the characters of Rose and Jack to serve as what he has termed "an emotional lightning rod for the audience", making the tragedy of the disaster more immediate. As Peter Kramer puts it, the love story is intended to humanise the disaster, while the disaster lends the love story a mythic aspect. Cameron's film cost $200 million, making it the most expensive film ever made up to that time; much of it was shot on a vast, nearly full-scale replica of "Titanic"s starboard side built in Baja California, Mexico. The film was converted into 3D and re-released on 4 April 2012 to coincide with the centenary of the sinking. Cameron's film is the only "Titanic" drama to have been partially filmed aboard the vessel, which the Canadian director visited in two Russian submersibles in the summer of 1995.
A Night to Remember (1958 film)
The "Titanic"'s bow submerges, and only two collapsible lifeboats are left. Lightoller and other able seamen struggle to free them, when the ship begins its final plunge. Captain Smith remained on the Titanic's bridge when the forward superstructure went under, and died there. Lightoller and many others are swept off the ship. Thomas Andrews, who is asked if he will save himself, remains in the first-class smoking room, lamenting his failure to build a strong and safe ship. Passengers jump into the sea as the stern rises high into the air. The Clarkes, struggling in the water, are killed by a falling funnel. The stricken liner rapidly sinks into the icy sea.
RMS Titanic
The first film about the disaster, "Saved from the Titanic", was released only 29 days after the ship sank and had an actual survivor as its star—the silent film actress Dorothy Gibson. The British film "A Night to Remember" (1958) is still widely regarded as the most historically accurate movie portrayal of the sinking. The most financially successful by far has been James Cameron's "Titanic" (1997), which became the highest-grossing film in history up to that time, as well as the winner of 11 Oscars at the 70th Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Cameron.
RMS Atlantic
RMS "Atlantic" was a transatlantic ocean liner of the White Star Line that operated between Liverpool, United Kingdom, and New York City, United States. During the ship's 19th voyage, on 1 April 1873, she struck rocks and sank off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, killing at least 535 people. It remained the deadliest civilian maritime disaster in the North Atlantic Ocean until the sinking of on 2 July 1898 and the greatest disaster for the White Star Line prior to the loss of in April 1912.
RMS Titanic
The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear, due to a number of factors. These include confusion over the passenger list, which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute, and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were therefore double-counted on the casualty lists. The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people. The tables below use figures from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster. While the use of Marconi wireless system did not achieve the result of bringing a rescue ship to the "Titanic" before it sank, the use of wireless did bring the "Carpathia" in time to rescue some of the survivors who otherwise would have perished due to exposure.
Carr Van Anda
He was instrumental in getting a scoop for "The Times" on the story of the "Titanic"'s sinking in 1912. His most notable stories include the sinking of the RMS Titanic, and the 1911 State Capitol fire in Albany, New York which he covered with a phone call and some journalistic invention. While other newspapers were printing the White Star Line's ambiguous story about the "Titanic" having trouble after hitting an iceberg, Van Anda (who had received a bulletin reporting a CQD (now SOS) call from the Titanic) figured that a lack of communication from the ship meant that the worst had happened and printed a headline stating that the "Titanic" had sunk. As his career progressed, it was said of him that "he is the most illustrious unknown man in America." According to a "New Yorker" profile piece, V.A. (as he was called) practiced "a fierce anonymity while bestowing fleeting fame on some and withholding it from others."
Titanic (1997 film)
Principal photography for "Titanic" began in July 1996 at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, with the filming of the modern day expedition scenes aboard the "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh". In September 1996, the production moved to the newly built Fox Baja Studios in Rosarito, Mexico, where a full scale RMS "Titanic" had been constructed. The poop deck was built on a hinge which could rise from zero to 90 degrees in a few seconds, just as the ship's stern rose during the sinking. For the safety of the stuntmen, many props were made of foam rubber. By November 15, the boarding scenes were being shot. Cameron chose to build his RMS "Titanic" on the starboard side as a study of weather data revealed it was a prevailing north-to-south wind which blew the funnel smoke aft. This posed a problem for shooting the ship's departure from Southampton, as it was docked on its port side. Implementation of written directions, as well as props and costumes, had to be reversed; for example, if someone walked to their right in the script, they had to walk left during shooting. In post-production, the film was flipped to the correct direction.
MY Titanic
"Titanic" is now owned by White Star Line Ltd. On 31 March 2010, "Titanic" developed a leak while on a voyage from Grenada to Puerto Rico where she was to undergo a refit. A skeleton crew of three people were on board. Water in the engine room reached a depth exceeding . Crew member Mark Corbett used the yacht's satellite phone to call his best friend Alex Evans' mobile phone. Evans, a lifeboatman, received the call while in a DIY shop in Aberystwyth, Wales. He took down details including the position of the ship, which was southeast of St Croix, (at ), writing the details on a till receipt. Evans then went to the local RNLI lifeboat station and telephoned the Coastguard at Milford Haven and asked to be put through to the Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre (MRCC) at Falmouth from where the rescue was co-ordinated at a distance of over .
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
Neither inquiry found negligence by the International Mercantile Marine Co. (the parent company) or the White Star Line (which owned "Titanic") to be a factor. The US inquiry concluded that those involved had followed standard practice, and the disaster could thus only be categorised as an "act of God", and the British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long-standing practice which had not previously been shown to be unsafe (the inquiry noted that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 73 lives) and concluded that he had done "only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position". The British inquiry also warned that "What was a mistake in the case of the "Titanic" would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future."
Titanic (1943 film)
At the British Inquiry into the disaster, Peterson testifies against Ismay, condemning his actions, but Ismay is cleared of all charges and the blame is placed squarely on the deceased Captain Smith's shoulders. An epilogue states that "the deaths of 1,500 people remain un-atoned, and eternal condemnation of Britain's endless quest for profit."Most of the film was shot at the German-occupied Polish Baltic Sea port of Gdynia (renamed "Gotenhafen"), on board , a passenger liner which eventually shared "Titanic"s fate; it was sunk a few days before the end of World War II by the Royal Air Force on May 3, 1945, with loss of life more than three times than that on the actual "Titanic". The ship had been turned into a prison ship and filled with Jewish inmates that the Nazis had put there in hopes that the ship would be destroyed by the British.
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
D. Michael Harris and Jack Grimm had failed to find "Titanic" but their expeditions did succeed in producing fairly detailed mapping of the area in which the ship had sunk. It was clear that the position given in "Titanic"s distress signals was inaccurate, which was a major expedition difficulty because it increased the search area's already-expansive size. Despite the failure of his 1977 expedition, Robert Ballard had not given up hope and devised new technologies and a new search strategy to tackle the problem. The new technology was a system called "Argo / Jason". This consisted of a remotely controlled deep-sea vehicle called "Argo", equipped with sonar and cameras and towed behind a ship, with a robot called "Jason" tethered to it that could roam the sea floor, take close-up images and gather specimens. The images from the system would be transmitted back to a control room on the towing vessel where they could be assessed immediately. Although it was designed for scientific purposes, it also had important military applications and the United States Navy agreed to sponsor the system's development, on condition that it was to be used to carry out a number of programmes – many still classified – for the Navy.
Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic
The "Titanic" disaster was commemorated though a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims, erected in several English-speaking countries and in particular in cities that had suffered notable losses. These included Southampton, Liverpool and Belfast in the United Kingdom; New York and Washington, D.C. in the United States; and Cobh (formerly Queenstown) in Ireland. Individual British victims of the disaster are commemorated in a number of places, notably Captain Smith in Lichfield, wireless operator Jack Phillips in Godalming and musician Wallace Hartley in his home town of Colne. Most of the bodies recovered after the disaster are buried under simple black granite headstones in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Two towns in Australia, Ballarat and Broken Hill, built memorials to the ship's musicians.
RMS Titanic alternative theories
The "Titanic" struck an iceberg, leaving a hole in her starboard side long enough to flood her front compartments to above the water line. The ship then sank, causing about 1500 fatalities.
RMS Titanic in popular culture
The RMS "Titanic" has been commemorated in a wide variety of ways in the century after she sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912. As D. Brian Anderson has put it, the sinking of "Titanic" has "become a part of our mythology, firmly entrenched in the collective consciousness, and the stories will continue to be retold not because they need to be retold, but because we need to tell them."
Joseph Bell (engineer)
After serving on the Olympic, in 1912 he transferred to the Titanic, where he was given the post of chief engineer. On the night of April 14, shortly before the Titanic hit an iceberg, Bell received an order from the bridge to either stop or reverse the engines (accounts vary), in an attempt to slow the transatlantic liner. Despite the crew's best efforts, the Titanic could not avoid the immense block of ice. As the ship began to sink, Bell and the engineers remained in the engine room, urging the stokers and firemen to keep the boilers active, allowing the pumps to continue their work and ensuring the electricity remained on as long as possible. Bell and most of his staff likely remained in the engine room until the last moment, and were unable to escape before the ship broke in two and sank.
RMS Titanic in popular culture
Barbara Stanwyck and Clifton Webb starred as an estranged couple in the 1953 film "Titanic". The film makes little effort to be historically accurate and focuses on the human drama as the couple, Mr and Mrs Sturges, feud over the custody of their children while their daughter has a shipboard romance with a student travelling on the ship. As "Titanic" sinks the couple are reconciled, the women are rescued and Sturges and his son go down with the ship. The film earned an Oscar for its screenplay. The film's lack of regard for historical accuracy can be explained by the fact that it uses the disaster merely as a backdrop for the melodrama. This proved unsatisfactory for some, notably Belfast-born William MacQuitty, who had witnessed the launch of "Titanic" as a boy and had long wished to make a film that put the nautical events front and centre.
Passengers of the RMS Titanic
In mid-May 1912, over from the site of the sinking, recovered three bodies, numbers 331, 332 and 333, who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A, which was swamped in the last moments of the sinking. Although several people managed to reach this lifeboat, three died during the night. When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site after the sinking with an empty lifeboat to pick up survivors, they rescued surviving passengers from Collapsible A, but left the three dead bodies in the boat: Thomson Beattie, a first-class passenger, and two crew members, a fireman and a seaman. After their retrieval from Collapsible A by "Oceanic", the bodies were buried at sea.
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
Spurred by Ballard's appeals for the wreck to be left alone, North Carolina Congressman Walter B. Jones, Sr. introduced the RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act in the United States House of Representatives in 1986. It called for strict scientific guidelines to be introduced to govern the exploration and salvage of "Titanic" and urged the United States Secretary of State to lobby Canada, the United Kingdom and France to pass similar legislation. It passed the House and Senate by an overwhelming majority and was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on 21 October 1986. However, the law has been ineffective as the wreck lies outside United States waters, and the Act was set aside by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Norfolk Division, in 1998. Although negotiations among the four countries were carried out between 1997 and 2000, the resulting "Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel R.M.S. "Titanic"" has been ratified by only the US and the UK.
Robin Gardiner
Robin Gardiner (24 May 1947 – 23 July 2017) was an English "Titanic" conspiracy theorist who made several theories in which the "Titanic" never sank. Most of the conspiracy theories revolved around an alleged switch with Titanic’s sister ship, the RMS Olympic.
Frederick Barrett
After the sinking, he testified at both the British Titanic inquiry and United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic.
The Legend of the Titanic
Elizabeth and Juan manage to save her father, who is still tied up in a chair by Maltravers, and manage to put him on a lifeboat. Suddenly, several whales and dolphins arrive to help with the rescue. Elizabeth, Juan, Conners, Ronny, and Smiley jump off the now-perpendicular stern and jump into the water, and they are saved by a whale as well. Once everyone on the ship has been saved, the "Titanic" finally sinks, taking Tentacles with it and seemingly killing him, as he was still heroically holding it together. In the morning, the passengers are taken aboard the "RMS Carpathia". Conners mournfully remembers the heroes of the disaster; Camembert and Tentacles.
John Harper (pastor)
At the time of the Titanic disaster, Harper was 39, a widower with a six-year-old daughter, Annie Jessie (Nana), and pastor of Walworth Road Baptist Church in London. He was traveling with his daughter and sister Jessie W. Leitch to Chicago to preach for several weeks at the Moody Church, where he had been guest minister the previous fall, when the ship hit an iceberg on the night of 14 April 1912, and was lost. His daughter and sister were put on a lifeboat and survived, but Harper stayed behind and jumped into the water as the ship began to sink. Some who survived told that Harper preached the Gospel to the end (especially Acts 16:31), first aboard the sinking ship and then afterward to those in the freezing water before dying in it himself.
Titanic (1953 film)
Titanic is a 1953 American drama film directed by Jean Negulesco. Its plot centers on an estranged couple sailing on the ill-fated maiden voyage of the , which took place in April 1912. The film was released a day after the 41st anniversary of the sinking of the ocean liner.
Titanic (1943 film)
On "Titanic"s maiden voyage in 1912, First Officer Peterson (Hans Nielsen), who is German, begs the ship's rich, snobbish and sleazy owners to slow the ship down, but they refuse, and "Titanic" hits an iceberg and sinks. The passengers in First Class act like cowards, while Peterson, his recently impoverished Russian aristocrat ex-lover Sigrid Olinsky (Sybille Schmitz), and other German passengers in steerage behave bravely and with dignity. Peterson manages to rescue many passengers, convince Sigrid to get into a lifeboat, and saves a young girl, who was left to die in her cabin by her uncaring capitalist parents. In the ship's final death throes, Peterson leaps from the deck with the little girl still in his arms, and is pulled aboard Sigrid's lifeboat, where the two are reunited; the occupants then watch in horror as "Titanic" plunges beneath the waves.
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
After they went under, the bow and stern took only about 5–6 minutes to sink , spilling a trail of heavy machinery, tons of coal and large quantities of debris from "Titanic"s interior. The two parts of the ship landed about apart on a gently undulating area of the seabed. The streamlined bow section continued to descend at about the angle it had taken on the surface, striking the seabed prow-first at a shallow angle at an estimated speed of . Its momentum caused it to dig a deep gouge into the seabed and buried the section up to deep in sediment before it came to an abrupt halt. The sudden deceleration caused the bow's structure to buckle downwards by several degrees just forward of the bridge. The decks at the rear end of the bow section, which had already been weakened during the break-up, collapsed one atop another.
Premier Exhibitions
G. Michael Harris opened the first Permeant Titanic exhibition on April 10, 1999 and is the largest, Titanic Exhibition in the world, located in Orlando, Florida and sold it to Premier Exhibitions in 2012. G. Michael Harris was the Expedition Leader in the summer of 2000 with over 120 hours on the wreck of the RMS Titanic and made 11 dives in the Russian Deep Diving Submersiable MIR1 & MIR2. Expedition 2000 was the last manned salvage dives on the RMS Titanic but was the most successful from an artifact recovery operations. Mr. Harris also found the now world-famous perfume bottles from the Titanic on August 2, 2000 in the Mir2 Russian Submersible along with Mr. Harris' Director of Operations, David Walker.
Titanic (2012 miniseries)
The passengers are in a desperate plight as the "Titanic" sinks into the icy waters. Watson is accidentally locked in the Mantons' cabin searching for her father's book when a steward orders that all first class cabins be locked to prevent people from stealing. She is, however, saved when Barnes comes to her aid and gets a steward to open the door. When she is running for a lifeboat he gives her an envelope and tells her not to open it until she is safe. Peter and Jim go in search of Theresa, Jim's daughter, but when Jim finds her, it is too late to escape. Theresa asks him what they do now, and he replies that they sit there and hold each other tightly. Paolo manages to get Peter to help him free his brother and the other Italians from the cupboard. Lady Manton is finally persuaded to get into a lifeboat. As Batley and his wife try to launch the overturned lifeboat with Lord Manton, Barnes and other passengers and crew, the ship takes its final plunge and waters engulfs the forward superstructure, sweeping them all apart. Barnes drowns. Paolo and Mario jump into the water and are separated; Mario climbs on to an overturned lifeboat, and sees the ship break in half and sink beneath the ocean. Batley floats by, clinging to his wife's body. He is persuaded to let her go and is pulled aboard. Only three people are saved; two of them are Paolo, who died just as he was found, and Lord Manton, who survives. Watson reads the letter Barnes wrote her. It is his will, in which he leaves her a small house, which should be perfect for her father. The series ends with the survivors being approached by the rescue ship, RMS "Carpathia".
Michael Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot’s trip to the Titanic took him 12,600 feet below the ocean’s surface. James Cameron, the producer, writer, and director of the movie “Titanic” recruited Arbuthnot in 2005 to work on the first systematic archeological survey of Titanic’s internal bow structure. Findings from this survey were shown in the Discovery Channel special “Last Mysteries of the Titanic” and will exhibited as part of the Titanic Legacy Database Project presently in development with the non-profit digital historic preservation organization, CyArk.
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
"Titanic" was subjected to extreme opposing forces – the flooded bow pulling her down while the air in the stern kept her to the surface – which were concentrated at one of the weakest points in the structure, the area of the engine room hatch. Shortly after the lights went out, the ship split apart. The submerged bow may have remained attached to the stern by the keel for a short time, pulling the stern to a high angle before separating and leaving the stern to float for a few minutes longer. The forward part of the stern would have flooded very rapidly, causing it to tilt and then settle briefly until sinking. The ship disappeared from view at 02:20, 2 hours and 40 minutes after striking the iceberg. Thayer reported that it rotated on the surface, "gradually [turning] her deck away from us, as though to hide from our sight the awful spectacle ... Then, with the deadened noise of the bursting of her last few gallant bulkheads, she slid quietly away from us into the sea."
White Star Line
1916 would see the largest loss of the war, Titanic's sister ship "Britannic" which was sunk near the Greek island of Kea in May after striking a naval mine, while in service as a hospital ship. "Britannic" was the largest loss for the company, and also the largest ship sunk during the conflict. 1916 also saw the loss of the liner "Cymric" which was torpedoed off the Irish coast in May, and also of the cargo ship "Georgic", which was scuttled in December with its cargo of 1,200 horses still on board, after being intercepted in the Atlantic by the German merchant raider .
Herbert Haddock
At the time of "Titanic"s sinking Haddock was sailing "Olympic" easterly from New York to Southampton, approximately west by south of "Titanic"s location. Haddock was informed of the disaster by wireless operator Ernest James Moore at 2250 ET on 14 April. After receiving a CQD call from "Titanic", Haddock calculated a new course and headed directly to her. He also sent for an engineer to set the ship's engines to full power. When from "Titanic", at approximately 1600 ET on 15 April, Haddock received a message from Captain Rostron of RMS "Carpathia", explaining that continuing on course to "Titanic" would gain nothing, as "All boats accounted for. About 675 souls saved [...] Titanic foundered about 2.20 am." Rostron requested that the message be forwarded to White Star and Cunard. He said that he was returning to harbour in New York, and recommended that other ships do the same. Subsequently, the wireless room aboard the "Olympic" operated as a clearing room for radio messages.
Hello Again (2017 film)
In 1912, on the Titanic, a wealthy man traveling without his wife convinces an attractive servant to join him for dinner in his cabin. They talk, and the wealthy man begins to awkwardly flirt with the younger man. The younger man goes into the bathroom, when the ship strikes an iceberg and begins to sink. A deck hand warns them to get out, but the husband, seemingly on the verge of a total breakdown at the news, does not tell the young man what is happening and instead seduces him. The young man asks if he can join him when they arrive in New York, but the husband confesses the ship is sinking. The young man is furious and flees, running with all the other panicking passengers, while the husband chooses to die alone in the dark cabin.
Disaster film
As in the silent film era, the sinking of the "Titanic" would continue to be a popular disaster with filmmakers and audiences alike. Werner Klingler and Herbert Selpin released the epic film, "Titanic (1943 film)". The film was soon banned in Germany and its director, Selpin, was allegedly executed. The film was a staple for all Titanic films, and scenes became stock footage for the British version. Clifton Webb and Barbara Stanwyck starred in the 1953 20th Century Fox production "Titanic", followed by the highly regarded British film "A Night to Remember" in 1958. The British action-adventure film "The Last Voyage" (1960), while not about the Titanic disaster but a predecessor to "The Poseidon Adventure", starred Robert Stack as a man desperately attempting to save his wife (Dorothy Malone) and child trapped in a sinking ocean liner. The film, concluding with the dramatic sinking of the ship, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects.
Morgan Robertson
Robertson is best known for his short novel "Futility, or the Wreck of the Titan", first published in 1898. This story features an enormous British passenger liner called the SS "Titan", which, deemed to be unsinkable, carries an insufficient number of lifeboats. On a voyage in the month of April, the "Titan" hits an iceberg and sinks in the North Atlantic, resulting in the loss of almost everyone on board. There are many remarkable similarities to the real-life disaster of the RMS "Titanic". The book was published 14 years before the actual "Titanic", carrying an insufficient number of lifeboats, hit an iceberg on the night of April 14, 1912 and sank in the North Atlantic, killing most of the people on board. The similarities between the two has lent credibility to conspiracy theories regarding the Titanic.
British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic
Testimony was given relating to the fire which had begun in "Titanic"s coal stores approximately 10 days prior to the ship's departure, and continued to burn for several days into its maiden voyage out of Southampton. Little note was taken of it. It has been theorised by modern-day historians (2016) that the fire damaged the structural integrity of two bulkheads and the hull; this combined with the speed of the vessel have been given as contributing reasons for the disaster.
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
The following year, the British billionaire financier and tycoon Sir James Goldsmith set up Seawise & Titanic Salvage Ltd. with the involvement of underwater diving and photographic experts. His aim was to use the publicity of finding "Titanic" to promote his newly established magazine, "NOW!". An expedition to the North Atlantic was scheduled for 1980 but was cancelled due to financial difficulties. A year later, "NOW!" folded after 84 issues with Goldsmith incurring huge financial losses.
Titanic 2020
Jimmys great-grandfather was on the original "RMS Titanic" and drowned when it sank. During a school trip Jimmy misses his chance to see the newly built "Titanic" and so decides to return later that night to take a look by himself. The ship leaves port at this point, making Jimmy an unwitting stow-away on the ship's maiden voyage from Belfast to Miami. Discovered by a crew member, Jimmy is brought before the Captain and, given their distance from shore, is ordered to work his passage on the ship's newspaper, the "Titanic Times". At the same time, an incurable disease is quickly spreading around the world resulting in widespread rioting and panic.The novel was originally based around a cruise ship named "The Emperor of the Seas", after a ship that Bateman himself had been on.
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
"Titanic"s down angle altered fairly rapidly from zero degrees to about four and a half degrees during the first hour after the collision, but the rate at which the ship went down slowed greatly for the second hour, worsening only to about five degrees. This gave many of those aboard a false sense of hope that the ship might stay afloat long enough for them to be rescued. By 1:30, the sinking rate of the front section increased until "Titanic" reached a down angle of about ten degrees. At about 02:15, "Titanic"s angle in the water began to increase rapidly as water poured into previously unflooded parts of the ship through deck hatches, disappearing from view at 02:20.
Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic
The "Titanic" has gone down in history as the ship that was called unsinkable. However, even though countless news stories after the sinking called "Titanic" unsinkable, prior to the sinking the White Star Line had used the term "designed to be unsinkable", and other pre-sinking publications described the ship as "virtually unsinkable". Another well-known story is that of the ship's band, led by Wallace Hartley, who heroically played on while the great steamer was sinking. This seems to be true but there has been conflicting information about which song was the last to be heard. The most reported is "Nearer, My God, to Thee", though "Autumn" has been mentioned. Finally, a widespread myth is that the internationally recognised Morse code distress signal "SOS" was first put to use when the "Titanic" sank. While it is true that British wireless operators rarely used the "SOS" signal at the time, preferring the older "CQD" code, "SOS" had been used internationally since 1908. The first wireless operator on "Titanic", Jack Phillips, sent both "SOS" and "CQD" as distress calls.
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
The last boat to be launched was collapsible D, which left at 02:05 with 25 people aboard; two more men jumped on the boat as it was being lowered. The sea had reached the boat deck and the forecastle was deep underwater. First-class passenger Edith Evans gave up her place in the boat, and ultimately died in the disaster. She was one of only four women in first class to perish in the sinking. Captain Smith carried out a final tour of the deck, telling the radio operators and other crew members: "Now it's every man for himself."
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
When "Carpathia" arrived at Pier 54 in New York on the evening of 18 April after a difficult voyage through pack ice, fog, thunderstorms and rough seas, some 40,000 people were standing on the wharves, alerted to the disaster by a stream of radio messages from "Carpathia" and other ships. It was only after "Carpathia" docked – three days after "Titanic"s sinking – that the full scope of the disaster became public knowledge.
Legends and myths regarding RMS Titanic
The root of this claim comes from the testimony of one of the "Samson"'s officers, Hendrik Bergethon Naess, who told a Norwegian newspaper in 1912 that his ship had been near a large liner with "many lights" shooting rockets into the sky the morning of April 15th. Because the "Samson" was seal hunting illegally in territorial waters, the ship's officers decided to move on quickly to avoid detection. This claim seems unlikely as the Titanic was 400 miles off the coast of Newfoundland, well beyond territorial waters in 1912. The ship had no radio, so they wouldn't have received any of the "Titanic"s distress signals. Naess claimed that the crew only became aware of the "Titanic"s sinking after they arrived in Isafjordur, Iceland in mid-May. If correct, the coordinates of "Samson" place her within 10 miles of "Titanic"s position as the ship was sinking. .
Isidor Straus
Traveling back from a winter in Europe, mostly spent at Cape Martin in southern France, Isidor and his wife were passengers on the RMS "Titanic" when, at about 11:40 p.m. on April 14, 1912, it hit an iceberg. Once it was clear the Titanic was sinking, Ida refused to leave Isidor and would not get into a lifeboat without him. Although Isidor was offered a seat in a lifeboat to accompany Ida, he refused seating while there were still women and children aboard and refused to be made an exception. According to friend and "Titanic" survivor Colonel Archibald Gracie IV, upon seeing that Ida was refusing to leave her husband, he offered to ask a deck officer if Isidor and Ida could both enter a lifeboat together. Isidor was reported to have told Colonel Gracie in a firm tone: "I will not go before the other men." Ida insisted her newly hired English maid, Ellen Bird, get into lifeboat #8. She gave Ellen her fur coat, stating she would not be needing it. Ida is reported to have said, "I will not be separated from my husband. As we have lived, so will we die, together." Isidor and Ida were last seen on deck arm in arm. Eyewitnesses described the scene as a "most remarkable exhibition of love and devotion". Both died on April 15 when the ship sank at 2:20 am. Isidor Straus's body was recovered by the cable ship "Mackay-Bennett" and taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where it was identified before being shipped to New York. He was first buried in the Straus-Kohns Mausoleum at Beth-El Cemetery in Brooklyn. His body was moved to the Straus Mausoleum in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx in 1928. Ida's body was never found, so the family collected water from the wreck site and placed it in an urn in the mausoleum. Isidor and Ida are memorialized on a cenotaph outside the mausoleum with a quote from the Song of Solomon (8:7): "Many waters cannot quench love—neither can the floods drown it."
RMS Titanic in popular culture
The sinking of the "Titanic" had a particular resonance for African-Americans, who saw the ship as a symbol of the hubris of white racism and its sinking as retribution for the mistreatment of black people. It was commemorated in a famous 1948 song by the blues singer Lead Belly, "The Titanic (Fare thee, Titanic, Fare thee well)". Popular legend had it that there were no black people aboard. Lead Belly's song portrays the black American boxing champion Jack Johnson attempting to board "Titanic" but being refused by Captain Smith, who tells him: "I ain't hauling no coal." Johnson remains on shore, bitterly bidding "Titanic" farewell, and dances the Eagle Rock as the ship goes under.
Thomas Andrews
Andrews was reportedly last seen by John Stewart, a steward on the ship, at approximately 2:10 a.m., ten minutes before the Titanic sank into the Atlantic. Andrews was standing alone in the first-class smoking room staring at a painting, "Plymouth Harbour", above the fireplace, arms folded over his chest, his lifejacket lying on a nearby table. The painting depicted the entrance to Plymouth Sound, which "Titanic" had been expected to visit on her return voyage.
RMS Titanic in popular culture
Although not strictly about "Titanic", a number of other drama films were produced around this time that may have been inspired by the disaster. In October 1912 the Danish film company Nordisk released "Et Drama på Havet" ("A Drama at Sea") in which a ship at sea catches fire and sinks, while passengers fight to board lifeboats. It was released in the United States as "The Great Ocean Disaster" or "Peril of Fire". The same company produced a follow-up film in December 1913, which was also released in the US. Titled "Atlantis", it was based on a novel of the same name by Gerhart Hauptmann and culminated with a depiction of a sinking liner. It was the longest and most ambitious Danish film to date, taking up eight reels and costing a then-huge sum of $60,000. It was filmed aboard a real liner, the SS "C.F. Tietgen", chartered especially for the filming with 500 people aboard. The sinking scene was filmed in the North Sea. The "Tietgen" sank for real five years later when she was torpedoed by a German U-boat. A British film company planned to go one better by building and sinking a replica liner, and in 1914 the real-life scuppering of a large vessel took place for the Vitagraph picture "Lost in Mid-Ocean".
Titanic (1996 miniseries)
Isabella Paradine is traveling on the "Titanic" to join her husband after attending her aunt's funeral in England. On the "Titanic", she meets Wynn Park, her former lover. She falls in love with him again, and after a brief affair, she sends her husband a wireless saying they cannot be together anymore (despite their daughter). When the ship starts sinking, Isabella reluctantly leaves Wynn when he forces her to board a lifeboat. As the boat is lowered, Isabella confesses a long kept secret that her daughter Claire is actually Wynn's. Later on board the RMS "Carpathia" she is grief-stricken when she finds Wynn's lifeless body on deck, having died of hypothermia, but luckily, when the "Carpathia" reaches New York she is reunited with her family who are blissfully unaware of Isabella's tryst because the telegram was never sent out due to the sinking.
RMS Titanic
RMS "Titanic" was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early hours of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. RMS "Titanic" was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three s operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, chief naval architect of the shipyard at the time, died in the disaster.
Heart of the Ocean
In the 1997 film a fictional treasure hunter, Brock Lovett (Bill Paxton), searches for a priceless blue diamond necklace which he believes lies within the wreck of the RMS Titanic. Lovett explains that the necklace was fashioned from a large blue diamond worn by Louis XVI in his royal crown. Shortly after the King's execution in 1793, the diamond was cut into a heart shape and became known as the Heart of the Ocean. The story of the Heart of the Ocean is similar to the story of the Hope Diamond, except the Hope Diamond was worn by Louis XIV in a royal necklace. Lovett's hunch about the diamond's whereabouts seems to be confirmed when his team salvages a drawing in which a nude woman is wearing the necklace. The drawing is dated April 14, 1912, the day the Titanic sank.
Olympic-class ocean liner
"Titanic" struck an iceberg at while sailing about 400 miles south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland shortly before midnight. The strike and the resulting shock sheared the rivets, thus opening a leak in the hull below the waterline. This caused the first five compartments to be flooded with flooding in a sixth compartment controlled by the pumps; the ship could only stay afloat with four compartments flooded. "Titanic" sank 2 hours and 40 minutes after the collision. There being not enough lifeboats for all the passengers and the nearest responding ship () being too far away, 1,514 of the 2,224 people on board died, making it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history.
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
"Titanic"s sinking has become a cultural phenomenon, commemorated by artists, film-makers, writers, composers, musicians and dancers from the time immediately after the sinking to the present day. On 1 September 1985, a joint US-French expedition led by Robert Ballard found the wreck of "Titanic", and the ship's rediscovery led to an explosion of interest in "Titanic"s story. Numerous expeditions have been launched to film the wreck and, controversially, to salvage objects from the debris field. The first major exhibition of recovered artefacts was held at London's National Maritime Museum in 1994–95. In 1997, James Cameron's eponymous film became the first movie ever to take $1 billion at the box office, and the became the best selling soundtrack recording of all time.
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
The most dramatic deterioration has been caused by biological factors. It used to be thought that the depths of the ocean were a lifeless desert, but research carried out since the mid-1980s has found that the ocean floor is teeming with life and may rival the tropical rainforests for biodiversity. During the 1991 IMAX expedition, scientists were surprised by the variety of organisms that they found in and around "Titanic". A total of 28 species were observed, including sea anemones, crabs, shrimp, starfish, and rattail fish up to a yard (1 m) long. Much larger creatures have been glimpsed by explorers. Some of "Titanic"s fauna has never been seen anywhere else; James Cameron's 2001 expedition discovered a previously unknown type of sea cucumber, lavender with a glowing row of phosphorescent "portholes" along its side. A newly discovered species of rust-eating bacterium found on the ship has been named "Halomonas titanicae", which has been found to cause rapid decay of the wreck. Henrietta Mann, who discovered the bacteria, has estimated that the "Titanic" will completely collapse possibly as soon as 2025. The Canadian geophysicist Steve Blasco has commented that the wreck "has become an oasis, a thriving ecosystem sitting in a vast desert". In mid 2016, the facilities of the Institut Laue-Langevin 
used neutron imaging to demonstrate that a molecule called ectoine is used by "Halomonas titanicae" to regulate fluid balance and cell volume to survive at such pressures and salinities. Analysis by Henrietta Mann and Bhavleen Kaur, both of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in conjunction with other scientists and researchers of the University of Seville in Spain, has determined that the wreck of "Titanic" will not exist by 2037 and that preservation of "Titanic" is impossible. "Unfortunately, because Titanic is 2.3 miles down, it is very difficult or impossible to preserve. It is film which will preserve it for history now," says Mann. "It has already lasted for 100 years, but eventually there will be nothing left but a rust stain on the bottom of the Atlantic... I think Titanic has maybe 15 or 20 years left. I don't think it will have too much longer than that." Other scientists have estimated that "Titanic" will last no longer than 14 years, as of 2017.
Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic
1,503 people did not make it on to a lifeboat and were aboard "Titanic" when she sank to the bottom of the North Atlantic Ocean at 2:20 a.m. on 15 April 1912. 705 people, mostly women and children, remained in the lifeboats until later that morning when they were rescued by RMS "Carpathia". Those aboard the lifeboats were picked up by "Carpathia" over the course of 4 hours and 30 minutes, from about 4 a.m. to 8:30 a.m., and 13 of the lifeboats were also taken aboard. The lifeboats were returned to the White Star Line at New York Harbor, as they were the only items of value salvaged from the shipwreck, but subsequently vanished from history over time.
United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic
The sinking of the RMS "Titanic" on April 15, 1912 resulted in an inquiry by the United States Senate. Chaired by Senator William Alden Smith, the inquiry was a subcommittee of the Senate's Commerce Committee. The hearings began in New York on April 19, 1912, later moving to Washington, D.C., concluding on May 25, 1912 with a return visit to New York.
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
In the event, "Titanic"s heading changed just in time to avoid a head-on collision, but the change in direction caused the ship to strike the iceberg with a glancing blow. An underwater spur of ice scraped along the starboard side of the ship for about seven seconds; chunks of ice dislodged from upper parts of the berg fell onto her forward decks. About five minutes after the collision, all of "Titanic"s engines were stopped, leaving the bow of the ship facing north and slowly drifting south in the Labrador Current.
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
Almost immediately after "Titanic" sank on 15 April 1912, proposals were advanced to salvage her from her resting place in the North Atlantic Ocean, despite her exact location and condition being unknown. The families of several wealthy victims of the disaster – the Guggenheims, Astors, and Wideners – formed a consortium and contracted the Merritt and Chapman Derrick and Wrecking Company to raise "Titanic". The project was soon abandoned as impractical as the divers could not even reach a significant fraction of the necessary depth, where the pressure is over . The lack of submarine technology at the time as well as the outbreak of World War I also put off such a project. The company considered dropping dynamite on the wreck to dislodge bodies which would float to the surface, but finally gave up after oceanographers suggested that the extreme pressure would have compressed the bodies into gelatinous lumps. (In fact, this was incorrect. Whale falls, a phenomenon not discovered until 1987 – coincidentally, by the same submersible used for the first manned expedition to "Titanic" the year before – demonstrate that water-filled corpses, in this case cetaceans, can sink to the bottom essentially intact. The high pressure and cold temperature of the water would have prevented significant quantities of gas forming during decomposition, preventing the bodies of "Titanic" victims from rising back to the surface.)
Expedition: Bismarck
In World War II, German Battleship Bismarck sank after being unsuccessful in its attempt to escape from the Royal Navy, lead by John Tovey. Discovered for the first time in 1989 by Dr. Robert Ballard, who had been known for discovering the Titanic, the Bismarck had been visited but one time since. James Cameron and a crew of historians search out the Bismarck in an attempt to answer many unsolved questions and search for the truth behind what happened to the ship, one of Germany's most powerful forces. With significant technological advancements, a forensics investigation into the Bismarck's wreckage is investigated, giving viewers an inside view to the lives of the soldiers at the time. The film uses revolutionary production techniques and offers high-definition shots of the Bismarck wreckage under the sea. It is a rare and incredible look into a deeply significant piece of history. This is the first chance that people will have to have a glance into what the ship was like for the first time since its sinking over 60 years ago.
Ocean liner
Some ocean liners are infamous today because of their sinking with great loss of lives. In 1873, struck an underwater rock and sank off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, killing at least 535 people. In 1912, the sinking of the RMS "Titanic", which took approximately 1,500 lives, highlighted the overconfidence of the shipping companies in their ships, such as the failure to put enough lifeboats on board. Safety measures at sea were reexamined following the incident. Two years later, in 1914, sank in the Saint Lawrence River after colliding with another ship. 1,012 people died.
RMS Titanic in popular culture
Newsreels on the "Titanic" disaster were hampered by the fact that hardly any footage of the ship existed. A few seconds of film of "Titanic"s launching on 31 May 1911 were shot in Belfast by local company Films Limited, and the Topical Budget Company appears to have had some footage – now lost – of the ship at Southampton. Other than that, all that existed were photographs, which were of only limited use in a motion picture. Newsreel strands, such as the Gaumont Film Company's "Animated Weekly", made up for the lack of footage of the ship itself by splicing in newly shot material of the aftermath of the sinking. These included scenes such as "Carpathia" arriving at New York, the "Titanic" survivors disembarking and the crowds gathering outside the White Star Line offices in Brooklyn as lists of the casualties were being posted.
Tim Foecke
Beginning in 1996, Foecke has been involved in the forensic examination of the structure and mechanical properties of metals recovered from the wreck of the RMS Titanic, and has been involved in expeditions in 1996, 1998 and 2004. He performed experiments on a number of hull fragments and definitively disproved the theory that the steel used to construct the hull of the Titanic was inferior and brittle. He was the originator of the "rivet theory" to explain the rapid sinking of the Titanic. His initial report on the hull steel and rivets was published in 1998. This study was greatly expanded in collaboration with Dr. Jennifer Hooper McCarty in her PhD thesis work at Johns Hopkins University and was published in 2008 in the book "What Really Sank the Titanic - New Forensic Discoveries" (Citadel Press) and has been published as a German translation "Warum sank die Titanic wirklich?: Neue forensische Erkenntnisse (Springer Vieweg) (2012)".
RMS Titanic
Later that day, confirmation came through that "Titanic" had been lost and that most of her passengers and crew had died. The news attracted crowds of people to the White Star Line's offices in London, New York, Montreal, Southampton, Liverpool and Belfast. It hit hardest in Southampton, whose people suffered the greatest losses from the sinking. Four out of every five crew members came from this town.
Titanic (1997 film)
During the first assembly cut, Cameron altered the planned ending, which had given resolution to Brock Lovett's story. In the original version of the ending, Brock and Lizzy see the elderly Rose at the stern of the boat and fear she is going to commit suicide. Rose then reveals that she had the "Heart of the Ocean" diamond all along but never sold it, in order to live on her own without Cal's money. She tells Brock that life is priceless and throws the diamond into the ocean, after allowing him to hold it. After accepting that treasure is worthless, Brock laughs at his stupidity. Rose then goes back to her cabin to sleep, whereupon the film ends in the same way as the final version. In the editing room, Cameron decided that by this point, the audience would no longer be interested in Brock Lovett and cut the resolution to his story, so that Rose is alone when she drops the diamond. He also did not want to disrupt the audience's melancholy after the "Titanic" sinking. Paxton agreed that his scene with Brock's epiphany and laugh was unnecessary, stating that "I would have shot heroin to make the scene work better ...you didn't really need anything from us. Our job was done by then ... If you're smart and you take the ego and the narcissism out of it, you'll listen to the film, and the film will tell you what it needs and what it does not need".
Premier Exhibitions
RMS Titanic Founder G. Michael Harris put the first Salvage Operation of the RMS Titanic in October 1986. The first Titanic expedition began in July 1987 and was financed by Titanic Ventures Limited Partnership, George Tulloch, Connecticut, and Oceanic Research & Exploration, G. Michael Harris, Florida. These co-partners led a $6 million expedition to the ship, and recovered artifacts beneath the surface of the North Atlantic. In order to recover these artifacts, George Tulloch, G. Michael Harris and their team completed 32 dives to Titanic in the “Nautile”, a deep-diving submersible chartered by Oceanic Research and Exploration in a partnership with Ifremer, the French Research Institute for Exploration of the Sea. This is the greatest number of deep-sea dives ever completed for any televised project. The company had an OTC ticker symbol of SOST. In 1994 it won a Virginia court order to get salvor-in-possession rights to the ship.
Archibald Butt
Butt left on a six-week vacation in Europe on March 1, 1912, accompanied by Millet. Butt booked passage on the RMS "Titanic" to return to the United States. He boarded the ship at Southampton, in England on April 10, 1912; Millet boarded the ship at Cherbourg, France, later that same day. Butt was playing cards on the night of April 14 in the first-class smoking room when the "Titanic" struck an iceberg. The ship sank two and a half hours later, with a loss of over 1,500 lives.
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
The two main parts of the wreck of "Titanic" present a striking contrast. Although fourteen survivors testified that the ship had broken apart as she sank, this testimony was discounted by the official inquiries, and it was supposed that the ship had sunk intact. It is now clear that the stresses on "Titanic" caused the ship to split apart between the second and third funnels at or just below the surface.
Titanic (restaurant)
The restaurant was located within the Regent Palace Hotel, in central London. The Regent Palace was located directly off Piccadilly Circus The hotel was owned by Forte Group, and already had a restaurant called the Atlantic Bar and Grill which was owned by restaurateur Oliver Peyton. The Titanic was located directly above the Atlantic within the hotel, and Peyton was irritated by diners attempting to book at the Titanic prior to opening by calling his restaurant. Marco Pierre White was the managing partner of the restaurant, being backed by hotel owners Forte. It was named Titanic because it was on top of the Atlantic, and so it was decorated in the style of a liner. White directly linked the restaurant to the RMS "Titanic", with the phone number for the restaurant ending in 1912 – the year that the ship sank. The restaurant cost £2 million to decorate, and sat 220 diners. The location also included a members bar, and converted into a night club in the late evenings. White described it as "Mirabelle's funky big sister".
Legends and myths regarding RMS Titanic
Another oft-cited "Titanic" legend concerns perished first-class passenger William Thomas Stead. According to this folklore, Stead had, through precognitive insight, foreseen his own death on the "Titanic". This is apparently suggested in two fictional sinking stories, which he penned decades earlier. The first, "How the Mail Steamer Went Down in Mid-Atlantic, by a Survivor" (1886), tells of a mail steamer's collision with another ship, resulting in high loss of life due to lack of lifeboats. The second, "From the Old World to the New" (1892) features a White Star Line vessel, "Majestic", that rescues survivors of another ship that had collided with an iceberg.
Frank John William Goldsmith
Goldsmith died at his home in 1982, at age 79. Several months after his death, on 15 April, the anniversary of the sinking, his ashes were scattered over the North Atlantic, above the place where the Titanic rests. Survivors Ruth Becker and Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall also had their remains scattered there.
Edward Arthur Dorking
Dorkings boarded the Titanic at Southampton on April 10, 1912, as a Third Class passenger. He was emigrating to the United States to live with his uncle and aunt, Fred and Violet Cooke, in Oglesby, Illinois. He survived the sinking swimming for 35 minutes to lifeboat B and was later rescued by the Carpathia. Apparently he was the last man to leave the Titanic. He testified before the United States investigating committee and the British investigation.
International Ice Patrol
On her maiden voyage from Southampton, England bound for New York, "Titanic" collided with an iceberg just south of the tail of the Grand Banks and sank in less than three hours. The loss of life was enormous with more than 1,500 of the 2,224 passengers and crew perishing. "Titanic", the brand new ship of the White Star Line, was the largest passenger liner of her time displacing 45,000 tons and capable of sustained speed in excess of . The loss of "Titanic" gripped the world with a sobering awareness of an iceberg's potential for tragedy. The sheer dimensions of the "Titanic" disaster created sufficient public reaction on both sides of the Atlantic to prod reluctant governments into action, producing the first Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention in 1914.
Jack Thayer
In 1940, Thayer shared his experiences of "Titanic" sinking in vivid detail, in a self-published pamphlet titled "The Sinking of the S.S. Titanic"; 500 copies were printed for family and friends. Oceanographer Robert Ballard used it to determine the location of "Titanic" and proved that the ship had split in half as it sank, contrary to popular belief. Thayer was among those who clearly reported seeing "Titanic "break in two, as it was finally confirmed by Ballard's discovery of the wreck.
The Titanic (song)
"The Titanic" (also known as "It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down" and "Titanic (Husbands and Wives)") is a folk song and children's song. "The Titanic" is about the sinking of RMS "Titanic" which sank on April 15, 1912 after striking an iceberg.
Titanic (1997 film)
There was one "crucial historical fact" Cameron chose to omit from the film – the SS "Californian" was close to the "Titanic" the night she sank but had turned off its radio for the night, did not hear her crew's SOS calls, and did not respond to their distress flares. "Yes, the [SS] "Californian." That wasn't a compromise to mainstream filmmaking. That was really more about emphasis, creating an emotional truth to the film," stated Cameron. He said there were aspects of retelling the sinking that seemed important in pre- and post-production, but turned out to be less important as the film evolved. "The story of the "Californian" was in there; we even shot a scene of them switching off their Marconi radio set," said Cameron. "But I took it out. It was a clean cut, because it focuses you back onto that world. If "Titanic" is powerful as a metaphor, as a microcosm, for the end of the world in a sense, then that world must be self-contained."
George Dennick Wick
At 11:40 p.m., on April 14, one of the ship's lookouts rang a bell to signal that an object lay directly in the ship's path. The vessel turned to avoid a collision, but the submerged portion of an iceberg gouged its bulkhead and bilges. In the confusion that followed, Wick was last seen on the deck of the sinking ocean liner, waving to relatives as they were helped into lifeboats. Caroline Bonnell, who boarded one of the first lifeboats dispatched from the ship, told reporters what happened later: "There was a big wave. The sea was calm, otherwise, and I asked a sailor what it was. He said, 'the Titanic has sunk!'" Wick's body was never recovered.
Passengers of the RMS Titanic
An estimated 2,400 people sailed on the maiden voyage of the RMS "Titanic", the second of the White Star Line's "Olympic" class ocean liners, from Southampton, England to New York City, New York, US. Partway through the voyage, the ship struck an iceberg and sank in the early morning of 15 April 1912, resulting in the deaths of over 1,500 people, including approximately 815 of the passengers.
Titanic (1997 film)
Back in the present, Lovett decides to abandon his search after hearing Rose's story. Alone on the stern of "Keldysh", Rose takes out the Heart of the Ocean – in her possession all along – and drops it into the sea over the wreck site. While she is seemingly asleep or has died in her bed, photos on her dresser depict a life of freedom and adventure inspired by the life she wanted to live with Jack. A young Rose reunites with Jack at the "Titanic" Grand Staircase, applauded by those who died on the ship.Although not intended to be an entirely accurate depiction of events, the film includes portrayals of several historical figures:Several crew members of the "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" appear in the film, including Anatoly Sagalevich, creator and pilot of the "MIR" self-propelled Deep Submergence Vehicle. Anders Falk, who filmed a documentary about the film's sets for the "Titanic" Historical Society, makes a cameo appearance in the film as a Swedish immigrant whom Jack Dawson meets when he enters his cabin; Edward Kamuda and Karen Kamuda, then President and Vice President of the Society who served as film consultants, were cast as extras in the film.