Pembelajaran
Di sisi lain pembelajaran mempunyai pengertian yang mirip dengan pengajaran, tetapi sebenarnya mempunyai konotasi yang berbeda. Dalam konteks pendidikan, guru mengajar agar peserta didik dapat belajar dan menguasai isi pelajaran hingga mencapai sesuatu objektif yang ditentukan (aspek kognitif), juga dapat memengaruhi perubahan sikap (aspek afektif), serta keterampilan (aspek psikomotor) seorang peserta didik, namun proses pengajaran ini memberi kesan hanya sebagai pekerjaan satu pihak, yaitu pekerjaan pengajar saja. Sedangkan pembelajaran menyiratkan adanya interaksi antara pengajar dengan peserta didik.
Wilhelm von Humboldt
Sebagai menteri Pendidikan Kerajaan Prussian, Humboldt oversaw the system of Technische Hochschulen and Gymnasien. Humboldt’s plans for reforming the Prussian school system were not published until long after his death, together with his fragment of a treatise on the ‘Theory of Human Education’ which had been written in about 1793. Here Humboldt states that ‘the ultimate task of our existence is to give the fullest possible content to the concept of humanity in our own person [...] through the impact of actions in our own lives’. This task ‘can only be implemented through the links established between ourselves as individuals and the world around us’(GS, I, p. 283). Humboldt’s concept of education does not lend itself solely to individualistic interpretation. It is true that he always recognized the importance of the organization of individual life and the ‘development of a wealth of individual forms’ (GS, III, p. 358), but he stressed the fact that ‘self-education can only be continued [...] in the wider context of development of the world’ (GS, VII,p. 33). In other words, the individual is not only entitled, but also obliged, to play his part in shaping the world around him. Humboldt’s educational ideal was entirely coloured by social considerations. He never believed that the ‘human race could culminate in the attainment of a general perfection conceived in abstract terms’. In 1789, he wrote in his diary that ‘the education of the individual requires his incorporation into society and involves his links with society at large’ (GS, XIV, p. 155). In his essay on the ‘Theory of Human Education’, he answered the question as to the ‘demands which must be made of a nation, of an age and of the human race’. ‘Education, truth and virtue’ must be disseminated to such an extent that the ‘concept of mankind’ takes on a great and dignified form in each individual (GS, I, p. 284). However, this shall be achieved personally by each individual who must ‘absorb the great mass of material offered to him by the world around him and by his inner existence, using all the possibilities of his receptiveness; he must then reshape that material with all the energies of his own activity and appropriate it to himself so as to create an interaction between his own personality and nature in a most general, active and harmonious form’ (GS, II, p. 117). In the original text from which this section has been lifted without attribution, "GS" refers to: Humboldt, Wilhelm von. 1903–36. Gesammelte Schriften: Ausgabe Der Preussischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften. Bd. I—XVII, Berlin. (Cited as GS in the text, the Roman numeral indicates the volume and the Arabic figure the page; the original German spelling has been modernized.) "Gesammelte Schriften" means "Collected Writings".