Gaya nuklir
Karena nukleon tidak punya muatan warna, gaya nuklir tidak langsung melibatkan pembawa gaya QCD, yaitu gluon. Namun, seperti atom yang bermuatan netral (yang terdiri dari partikel bermuatan listrik yang saling menetralkan) saling menarik satu sama lain melalui efek orde kedua dari polarisasi listrik, maka analoginya nukleon yang bermuatan warna netral dapat menarik satu sama lain melalui sejenis polarisasi yang membolehkan efek yang dihantarkan gluon dibawa dari satu nukleon berwarna netral ke nukleon lainnya, lewat meson virtual yang menghantarkan gaya tersebut yang juga disatukan oleh gluon virtual. Sifat yang mirip dengan gaya van der Waals inilah yang menyebabkan timbulnya istilah 'residual' pada istilah "gaya kuat residual". Gagasan dasarnya adalah meskipun nukleon berwarna netral, seperti atom juga bermuatan netral, di dalam kedua kasus efek polarisasi yang ada antara dua partikel netral memungkinkan efek muatan "residual" untuk mengakibatkan gaya tarik-menarik antara dua partikel tidak bermuatan, meskipun jauh lebih lemah dan tidak langsung dibandingkan gaya dasar yang beraksi di dalam partikel tersebut.
Neutrino elektron
Dear radioactive ladies and gentlemen,
As the bearer of these lines [...] will explain more exactly, considering the 'false' statistics of N-14 and Li-6 nuclei, as well as the continuous "β"-spectrum, I have hit upon a desperate remedy to save the "exchange theorem" of statistics and the energy theorem. Namely [there is] the possibility that there could exist in the nuclei electrically neutral particles that I wish to call neutrons, which have spin 1/2 and obey the exclusion principle, and additionally differ from light quanta in that they do not travel with the velocity of light: The mass of the neutron must be of the same order of magnitude as the electron mass and, in any case, not larger than 0.01 proton mass. The continuous "β"-spectrum would then become understandable by the assumption that in "β" decay a neutron is emitted together with the electron, in such a way that the sum of the energies of neutron and electron is constant.[...]But I don't feel secure enough to publish anything about this idea, so I first turn confidently to you, dear radioactives, with a question as to the situation concerning experimental proof of such a neutron, if it has something like about 10 times the penetrating capacity of a "γ" ray.I admit that my remedy may appear to have a small "a priori" probability because neutrons, if they exist, would probably have long ago been seen. However, only those who wager can win, and the seriousness of the situation of the continuous "β"-spectrum can be made clear by the saying of my honored predecessor in office, Mr. Debye, [...] "One does best not to think about that at all, like the new taxes." [...] So, dear radioactives, put it to test and set it right. [...]With many greetings to you, also to Mr. Back, your devoted servant,