Languages of Catalonia
The main cause of Spanish and Catalan social bilingualism in modern Catalonia was large-scale migration from the rest of Spain during the 20th century, as Catalonia started a significant industrialization which demanded an increased workforce from elsewhere. Spanish has historically been spoken among a minority of civil servants born in other regions in Spain and among segments of the wealthiest bourgeoisie. Spanish has also been spoken as a second language by most Catalans, as it has been the only official language over long periods since the eighteenth century.
Catalan Countries
A 2004 poll in Valencia found that a majority of the population in this region considered Valencian to be a different language to Catalan. In 2015, the Spanish newspaper "ABC" reported that the Catalan government of Artur Mas had spent millions of euros to promote Catalanism in Valencia over the previous three years.