Giant hutia
The giant hutias are an extinct group of large rodents known from fossil and subfossil material in the West Indies. One species, "Amblyrhiza inundata", is estimated to have weighed between , big specimens being as large as an American black bear. This is twice as large as the capybara, the largest rodent living today, but still much smaller than "Josephoartigasia monesi", the largest rodent known. These animals were probably used as a food source by aboriginal humans. All giant hutias are in a single family, Heptaxodontidae, which contains no living species; this grouping seems to be paraphyletic and artificial, however.
Serras de Sudeste
Grazing mammals of the hill range include the Pampas deer ("Ozotoceros bezoarticus"), the gray brocket or guazuvirá deer ("Mazama gouazoubira"), the capybara ("Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris"), the world's largest living rodent, the Molina's hog-nosed skunk and the Pampas fox ("Lycalopex gymnocercus"), and birds include the greater rhea ("Rhea americana") and the red-winged tinamou ("Rhynchotus rufescens"). Jaguars, cougars and ocelots do not exist anymore in this area.