Romani language
Romani (; also Romany; ) is any of several languages of the Romani people belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. According to Ethnologue, seven varieties of Romani are divergent enough to be considered languages of their own. The largest of these are Vlax Romani (about 500,000 speakers), Balkan Romani (600,000), and Sinte Romani (300,000). Some Romani communities speak mixed languages based on the surrounding language with retained Romani-derived vocabulary – these are known by linguists as Para-Romani varieties, rather than dialects of the Romani language itself.
Romance languages
Romance languages have borrowed heavily, though mostly from other Romance languages. However, some, such as Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and French, have borrowed heavily from other language groups. Vulgar Latin borrowed first from indigenous languages of the Roman empire, and during the Germanic folk movements, from Germanic languages, especially Gothic; for Eastern Romance languages, during Bulgarian Empires, from Slavic languages, especially Bulgarian. Notable examples are *"blancus" "white", replacing native "albus" (but Romansh "alv", Dalmatian "jualb", Romanian "alb"); *"guerra" "war", replacing native "bellum"; and the words for the cardinal directions, where cognates of English "north", "south", "east" and "west" replaced the native words "septentriō", "merīdiēs" (also "noon; midday nap"; cf. Romanian "meriză"), "oriens", and "occidens". (See History of French – The Franks.) Some Celtic words were incorporated into the core vocabulary, partly for words with no Latin equivalent ("betulla" "birch", "camisia" "shirt", "cerevisia" "beer"), but in some cases replacing Latin vocabulary ("gladius" "sword", replacing "ensis"; "cambiāre" "to exchange", replacing "mūtāre" except in Romanian and Portuguese; "carrus" "cart", replacing "currus"; "pettia" "piece", largely displacing "pars" (later resurrected) and eliminating "frustum"). Many Greek loans also entered the lexicon, e.g. "spatha" "sword" (Greek: "spáthē", replacing "gladius" which shifted to "iris", cf. French "épée", Spanish "espada", Italian "spada "and Romanian "spată"); "cara" "face" (Greek: κάρα "kára", partly replacing "faciēs"); "colpe" "blow" (Greek: κόλαφος "kólaphos", replacing "ictus", cf. Spanish "golpe", French "coup"); "cata" "each" (Greek: "katá", replacing "quisque"); common suffixes *"-ijāre/-izāre" (Greek: "-izein", French "oyer/-iser", Spanish "-ear/-izar", Italian "-eggiare/-izzare", etc.), "-ista" (Greek: "-istes").