Ecosystem
The term ecosystem was first used in 1935 in a publication by British ecologist Arthur Tansley. Tansley devised the concept to draw attention to the importance of transfers of materials between organisms and their environment. He later refined the term, describing it as "The whole system, ... including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment". Tansley regarded ecosystems not simply as natural units, but as "mental isolates". Tansley later defined the spatial extent of ecosystems using the term ecotope.
Socialism
In the late 19th century, there emerged [[anarcho-naturism]] as the fusion of anarchism and [[Naturism|naturist]] philosophies within [[individualist anarchist]] circles in France, Spain, Cuba and Portugal. [[Social ecology (theory)|Social ecology]] is closely related to the work and ideas of [[Murray Bookchin]] and influenced by anarchist [[Peter Kropotkin]]. Bookchin's first book, "[[Our Synthetic Environment]]," was published under the pseudonym Lewis Herber in 1962, a few months before [[Rachel Carson]]'s "[[Silent Spring]]". His groundbreaking essay "Ecology and Revolutionary Thought" introduced ecology as a concept in radical politics. In the 1970s, [[Barry Commoner]], suggesting a left-wing response to the "[[Limits to Growth]]" model that predicted catastrophic [[resource depletion]] and spurred environmentalism, postulated that capitalist technologies were chiefly responsible for [[environmental degradation]] as opposed to [[Human overpopulation|population pressures]]. The 1990s saw the [[Socialist feminism|socialist feminists]] Mary Mellor and [[Ariel Salleh]] address environmental issues within an eco-socialist paradigm. With the rising profile of the [[anti-globalisation]] movement in the [[Global South]], an "environmentalism of the poor" combining ecological awareness and [[social justice]] has also become prominent. In 1994, David Pepper also released his important work, "Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice", which critiques the current approach of many within [[green politics]], particularly [[Deep ecology|deep ecologists]]. Currently, many [[Green party|green parties]] around the world, such as the [[GreenLeft|Dutch Green Left Party]] (GroenLinks), contain strong eco-socialist elements. Radical [[red-green alliance]]s have been formed in many countries by eco-socialists, radical greens and other radical left groups. In [[Denmark]], the [[Red-Green Alliance (Denmark)|Red-Green Alliance]] was formed as a coalition of numerous radical parties. Within the [[European Parliament]], a number of far-left parties from Northern Europe have organised themselves into the [[Nordic Green Left Alliance]].