Iodine in biology
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for iodine in 2000. For people age 14 and up, the iodine RDA is 150 μg/day; the RDA for pregnant women is 220 μg/day and the RDA during lactation is 290 μg/day. For children 1–8 years, the RDA is 90 μg/day; for children 8–13 years, 130 μg/day. As a safety consideration, the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. The UL for iodine for adults is 1,100 μg/day. This UL was assessed by analyzing the effect of supplementation on thyroid-stimulating hormone. Collectively, the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).
Copper
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated the estimated average requirements (EARs) and recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for copper in 2001. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated [[Adequate Intake]] (AI) is used instead. The AIs for copper are: 200 μg of copper for 0–6-month-old males and females, and 220 μg of copper for 7–12-month-old males and females. The RDAs for copper are: 340 μg of copper for 1–3-year-old males, 440 μg of copper for 4–8-year-old males, 700 μg of copper for 9–13-year-old males, 890 μg of copper for 14–18-year-old males, and 900 μg of copper for males that are 19 years old and older. The RDAs for copper are: 340 μg of copper for 1–3-year-old females, 440 μg of copper for 4–8-year-old females, 700 μg of copper for 9–13-year-old females, 890 μg of copper for 14–18-year-old females, and 900 μg of copper for females that are 19 years old and older. The RDAs for copper are: 1,000 μg of copper for 14–50-year-old pregnant females; furthermore, 1,300 μg of copper for 14–50-year-old lactating females. As for safety, the IOM also sets [[Tolerable upper intake level]]s (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of copper the UL is set at 10 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as [[Dietary Reference Intake]]s.