Socialist patriotism
The Communist Party of China and the government of China advocate socialist patriotism. The Communist Party of China describes the policy of socialist patriotism as the following: "Socialist patriotism has three levels. At the first level, individuals should subordinate their personal interests to the interests of the state. At the second level, individuals should subordinate their personal destiny to the destiny of our socialist system. At the third level, individuals should subordinate their personal future to the future of our communist cause." The PRC portrays the Communist government as the embodiment of the will of the Chinese people.
Socialism
[[File:RIAN archive 850809 General Secretary of the CPSU CC M. Gorbachev (crop).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] from 1985 until 1991]]
After Mao's death in 1976 and the arrest of the faction known as the [[Gang of Four]], who were blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, [[Deng Xiaoping]] took power and led the People's Republic of China to [[Chinese economic reform|significant economic reforms]]. The Communist Party of China loosened governmental control over citizens' personal lives and the [[People's commune|communes]] were disbanded in favour of private land leases, thus China's transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy named as "[[socialism with Chinese characteristics]]" which maintained state ownership rights over land, state or cooperative ownership of much of the heavy industrial and manufacturing sectors and state influence in the banking and financial sectors. China adopted its current [[constitution of the People's Republic of China|constitution]] on 4 December 1982. [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]] [[Jiang Zemin]] and [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier]] [[Zhu Rongji]] led the nation in the 1990s. Under their administration, China's economic performance pulled an estimated 150 million peasants out of poverty and sustained an average annual [[gross domestic product]] growth rate of 11.2%. At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership. The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyen Van Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary. Linh and the reformers implemented a series of [[free market]] reforms—known as "" ("Renovation")—which carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]". [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] wished to move the Soviet Union towards of Nordic-style social democracy, calling it "a socialist beacon for all mankind". Prior to its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet Union had [[economy of the Soviet Union|the second largest economy in the world]] after the United States. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the economic integration of the Soviet republics was dissolved and overall industrial activity declined substantially. A lasting legacy remains in the physical infrastructure created during decades of combined industrial production practices, and widespread environmental destruction. The transition to capitalism in the former Soviet Union and [[Eastern bloc]], which was accompanied by [[Washington Consensus]]-inspired "[[Shock therapy (economics)|shock therapy]]", resulted in a steep fall in the standard of living. The region experienced rising economic inequality and poverty a surge in excess mortality and a decline in life expectancy, which was accompanied by the entrenchment of a [[Russian oligarch|newly established business oligarchy]] in the former. The average post-communist country had returned to 1989 levels of per-capita GDP by 2005, although some are still far behind that. These developments led to increased nationalist sentiment and [[Nostalgia for the Soviet Union|nostalgia for the Communist era]].