Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (; ; 16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from philosophy and biology, was the first person ever to call himself a psychologist. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig. This marked psychology as an independent field of study. By creating this laboratory he was able to establish psychology as a separate science from other disciplines. He also formed the first academic journal for psychological research, "Philosophische Studien" (from 1881 to 1902), set up to publish the Institute's research.
Freud and Philosophy
Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation () is a 1965 book about Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, by the French philosopher Paul Ricœur, in which the author interprets Freud's work in terms of hermeneutics, the theory of the rules that govern the interpretation of a particular text, and discusses phenomenology, a school of philosophy founded by Edmund Husserl. The book was first published in France by Éditions du Seuil, and in the United States by Yale University Press. Ricœur argues that psychoanalysis should be understood not as an observational science, but as an "interpretation" that resembles history rather than psychology. He compares Freud to the philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche, describing the trio as a "school of suspicion", and explores similarities and differences between psychoanalysis and phenomenology. He also compares Freud's ideas to those of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, criticizes Freud's views on religion, discusses language, and further develops ideas about symbols explored in his earlier work "The Symbolism of Evil" (1960).