Languages of Catalonia
The main cause of Spanish and Catalan social bilingualism in modern Catalonia was large-scale migration from the rest of Spain during the 20th century, as Catalonia started a significant industrialization which demanded an increased workforce from elsewhere. Spanish has historically been spoken among a minority of civil servants born in other regions in Spain and among segments of the wealthiest bourgeoisie. Spanish has also been spoken as a second language by most Catalans, as it has been the only official language over long periods since the eighteenth century.
Names of the Catalan language
In the twentieth century, after two dictatorships (those of Miguel Primo de Rivera and Francisco Franco) persecuted the Catalan language, controversy arose over language normalization in Valencia and the Balearic Islands, prompting a new mixed name: "català-valencià", and "català-valencià-balear".