Sumer
Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and one of the first civilizations in the world along with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place. Prehistoric proto-writing dates back before 3000 BC. The earliest texts, from c. 3300 BC, come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr; early cuneiform script emerged around 3000 BC.
History of Cluj-Napoca
The oldest human settlement near Cluj dates from the Neolithic Age. It was discovered at Gura Baciului, near Suceagu, in the valley of a tributary of the Nadăș river and nearby the Hoia Forest. The settlement dates back to 6000–5500 BCE, making it the oldest discovered settlement in Transylvania. The archaeological discovery connects it to the Starčevo–Kőrös–Criş culture, and more settlements like these have been discovered since: a tomb from this same culture was discovered in the Mănăștur district, and a similar settlement was discovered on the Strada Memorandumului.