Fauna of Scotland
Only six amphibians and four land reptiles are native to Scotland. The amphibians include three species of newt: the great crested, of which fewer than 1,000 individuals survive; the smooth, and the palmate. The other amphibians are the common toad, the natterjack toad, found in only four locations in the south-west, and the common frog. A single alien amphibian is known in Scotland, the Alpine newt, a recent escapee confined to the Edinburgh area.
Italian crested newt
Nonylphenol is a large issue for "T. carnifex" because it is a very common toxin found in leakage from sewers into the habitat of the Italian crested newt. Newts are amphibians, and make their habitats in aquatic environments. These environments have been known to sometimes receive the previously discussed sewage leaking. The compounds nonylphenol as well as ethoxylate surfactants can be found in polluted rivers, where the newts reside. The two substances discussed can be transformed, by microorganisms, into compounds which are much more toxic. They are extremely good bioindicators, due to the magnification of these chemicals in the environment demonstrated in the newt. Nonylphenol absorbed through the newts’ skin is especially dangerous because it can result in issues with the reproductive biology as well as cutaneous and osmoregulatory mechanisms.