History of the Food and Drug Administration
In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Food and Drug Act, also known as the "Wiley Act" after its chief advocate. The Act prohibited, under penalty of seizure of goods, the interstate transport of food which had been "adulterated," with that term referring to the addition of fillers of reduced "quality or strength," coloring to conceal "damage or inferiority," formulation with additives "injurious to health," or the use of "filthy, decomposed, or putrid" substances. The act applied similar penalties to the interstate marketing of "adulterated" drugs, in which the "standard of strength, quality, or purity" of the active ingredient was not either stated clearly on the label or listed in the "United States Pharmacopoeia" or the "National Formulary". The act also banned "misbranding" of food and drugs. The responsibility for examining food and drugs for such "adulteration" or "misbranding" was given to Wiley's USDA Bureau of Chemistry.
Office of National Narcotics Intelligence
The Office of National Narcotics Intelligence (ONNI) was a United States' federal law enforcement agency under the Justice Department that dealt in analysis of illegal drugs and was tasked to develop a National Narcotics Intelligence System. It conducted analysis only and had no operational responsibilities. Liaison was conducted with CIA and NSA. ONNI was founded in August 1972 under order of President Richard M. Nixon. The agency was headed by former FBI Assistant to the Director (third position in FBI after Director and Deputy Director) William C. Sullivan until ONNI was consolidated into the newly created Drug Enforcement Administration in July 1973 (along with the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement, some Customs officers. Waldo H. Dubberstein, who worked in ONNI's Analysis Division, had been head of all Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) analysis for the Middle East and South Asia, committed suicide in April 1983 after being indicted for selling classified DIA intelligence reports to Libya. It also helped set up information systems and analytical operations for the EU.