Marianismo
""Marianismo"" originally referred to the devotion to Mary (). The term was first used by political scientist Evelyn Stevens in her 1973 essay ""Marianismo": The Other Face of "Machismo"". It was in direct response to the male word "machismo" and was meant to explain the phenomenon in Latin America in which women were either "saints or whores". It is the supposed ideal of true femininity that women are supposed to live up to—i.e. being modest, virtuous, and sexually abstinent until marriage—and then being faithful and subordinate to their husbands. In essence, marianismo is the female counterpart to machismo, and as such, probably originated during the time of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Mariano de la Bárcena
Mariano Santiago de Jesús de la Bárcena y Ramos was born to Don José María de la Bárcena y Villaseñor of Ameca and his third wife Doña María Candelaria Ramos y Célis of Zacoalco.
From early youth he devoted himself to study and research in natural sciences. Many of his works were translated into German and French. Bárcena is a member of several European and American scientific associations, and was director of the meteorological observatory of Mexico. He discovered and classified many Mexican plants, and published a book on the natural products of the state of Jalisco, and a treatise on geology. Bárcena represented his nation at the New Orleans exhibition in 1885.