Monarchism in France
Monarchism continues to exist in France. The historian Julian T. Jackson wrote in 2001 that "Indeed in the Vendée there are still families today who will not receive descendants of people who bought "biens nationaux" during the Revolution." Falling into one of the three main monarchist streams, some of the active groups in France today are:The French dynastic disputes refer to a set of disputes in the history of France regarding the person who should inherit the crown.
Jaime, Duke of Madrid
Don Jaime was descended from many highly aristocratic European houses: the Borbóns, the Bourbon-Parmas, the Bourbons, the Borbón-Two Sicilies, the Braganças, the , the Austria-Estes, the Savoyans and other. The rate of intermarriage, which posed problems to health of aristocratic offspring, in his case was rather low: instead of 16 great-great-grandparents he had 14. Among them there were 6 kings who actually ruled: Charles IV in Spain (1788-1808), Charles X in France (1824-1830), João VI in Portugal (1822-1826), Francis I in Two Sicilies (1825-1830), Victor Emmanuel I in Sardinia (1802-1821) and Louis I in Etruria (1801-1803). There was one king among his great-grandparents, Louis II of Etruria (1803-1807); having lost his royal status he later reigned as duke Charles I over the Duchy of Lucca (1824-1847) and as Charles II over the Duchy of Parma (1848-1849). Another great-grandfather Francis IV ruled as the Duke of Modena (1814-1846) and another one Carlos V claimed the Spanish throne as a Carlist pretender (1833-1845). Among Don Jaime's grandparents the only one who actually ruled was Charles III, the Duke of Parma (1849-1854), though the Carlist claimant Juan III posed as the king of Spain (1861-1868) and later also as Jean III, the legitimist king of France (1883-1887). Don Jaime's father, Carlos de Borbón (1848-1909), as Carlos VII was the 4th successive claimant to the Carlist throne (1868-1909) and later as Charles XI a legitimist claimant to the French one (1887-1909). Don Jaime's mother, Marguerite de Bourbon-Parme (1847-1893), was daughter to the second-last ruling Duke of Parma and sister to the last ruler of the Duchy of Parma. In 1894 Don Jaime's father remarried with Berthe de Rohan, an Austrian aristocrat and a distant descendant to a branch of French dukes, but the couple had no children.