ইসলাম ধর্মে ঈশ্বর
ইসলাম ধর্মে আল্লাহ্ হলেন একটি নৈবর্তিক ধারণা, যা দ্বারা সমগ্র বিশ্ব জগতের সর্বোচ্চ ক্ষমতার অধিকারী সৃষ্টিকর্তা এবং প্রভুকে বুঝানো হয়। ইসলামের প্রধান ঐশী ধর্মগ্রন্থ কুরআনে স্রষ্টাকে আল্লাহ নামে ডাকা হয়েছে। "আল্লাহ" শব্দটির বুৎপত্তিগত অর্থ হল "একক প্রতিপালক" (নির্দিষ্টভাবে একক উপাস্য, উপাসনার যোগ্য একমাত্র সৃষ্টিকর্তা ও পালনকর্তা)"। অন্যান্য ইব্রাহিমীয় ধর্মের (ইহুদী ও খ্রিস্টান) মত ইসলামেও "একক প্রতিপালক" (আল্লাহ্) কে একমাত্র সর্বোচ্চ সত্তা, সর্বোচ্চ ও অসীম ক্ষমতার অধিকারী এবং অসীম পরিমাণ উত্তম গুণে গুণাণ্বিত বিশ্বজগতের একমাত্র সৃষ্টিকর্তা, পালনকর্তা এবং মানুষের একমাত্র উপাসনাযোগ্য সত্তা হিসেবে উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে।। আল্লাহ শব্দটি আরবি ভাষায় লিঙ্গ পার্থক্যবিহীন। আরবি ভাষী খ্রিষ্টান ও ইহুদীরাও "সুনির্দিষ্ট/একক ঈশ্বর" বোঝাতে "আল্লাহ" শব্দটি ব্যবহার করে থাকেন, আর "ইলাহ্" () শব্দটি আরবিতে যেকোন উপাস্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
ইসলামি দর্শন
আভিসিনাকে (ইবনে সিনা) তাঁর পরীক্ষামূলক চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞান এবং ক্লিনিকাল ট্রায়ালগুলির প্রবর্তনের জন্য আধুনিক চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানের জনক বলা হয়। শুধু তাই নয় ঔষধের পরীক্ষামূলক ব্যবহার এবং পরীক্ষা, এবং আবিষ্কারের প্রক্রিয়ার মধ্যে বাস্তবিক পরীক্ষার জন্য চিকিৎসা পদার্থের কার্যকারিতা প্রমাণের জন্য একটি সুনির্দিষ্ট গাইড প্রদান করারা জন্য। তাঁর চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানে এ্যানসাইক্লোপিডিয়া নামে পরিচিত ক্যানন অব মেডিসিন (একাদশ শতকের দিকে) যা পরীক্ষামূলক চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানের সাথে সম্পর্কিত প্রথম বই ছিল। এটি নতুন ওষুধের কার্যকারিতা যাচাইয়ের জন্য নিম্নোক্ত নিয়ম ও নীতিমালা প্রণয়ন করেছিল যা এখনও আধুনিক ক্লিনিকাল ট্রায়ালের ভিত্তি হিসাবে কাজ করে:
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