I am reading a research article and trying to interpret and report the results. The article is comparing gabapentin and estrogen for the treatment of hot flashes. There was no difference between gabapentin group and estrogen group change scores, t=0.53 and p=0.63. The alpha value set by the researcher was p<0.017. I know that with this p value I cannot rejected the null hypothesis. I am assuming that the null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the two groups? However, this does not necessarily mean that the null hypothesis is true. How do I report this? What is this p value telling me about the results? One of my references since that the p value is the probability that the obtained result is due to chance alone, how does this relate to these results?

After taking a statistics course and then trying to help fellow students, I noticed one subject that inspires much head-desk banging is interpreting the results of statistical hypothesis tests.  It seems that students easily learn how to perform the calculations required by a given test but get hung up on interpreting the results.  Many computerized tools report test results in terms of "p values" or "t values".  How would you explain the following points to college students taking their first course in statistics:   What does a "p-value" mean in relation to the hypothesis being tested?  Are there cases when one should be looking for a high p-value or a low p-value? What is the relationship between a p-value and a t-value?


I had a partition on my computer for a while. Recently I wanted to delete it. So I deleted the partition of Ubuntu on my Windows computer. The thing is that I did it the wrong way. I just deleted it and reset my computer to the fabric settings. But when it started resetting, the GNU GRUB terminal appeared. Now I don’t know how I can go back to Windows system or how can I just delete Ubuntu from the grub terminal.  The only thing I see when I turn on my computer is the GNU GRUB screen with a prompt.  What can I do in this situation?

I have absolutely no experience with Linux, and I desperately need to get my computer back up and running again with Windows.  How do I remove Ubuntu and reinstall Windows?    Editor's note: many of the answers are about removing Ubuntu from dual-boot but keeping Windows (which is a bit complicated), while other answers are about removing Ubuntu from single-boot (which is easy: basically just format the disk while installing Windows). The question as written is ambiguous between dual-boot or single-boot.


I'm an administrator of my Ubuntu 16.04.3.  On this system, there are many users, who are in the list of sudoers. I'm thinking if I can make such a configuration as below:  I'd like to create a Bash script for each user, each user can do nothing but execute this script.  In a word, each user can tell me what they want to do, and I'll put it into a Bash script. When they login, they can do nothing but execute this script.

I would like to create a new user on some of my Debian/Ubuntu hosts that is able to update the server using the commands apt-get update and apt-get dist-upgrade, but I do not wan't to give them full sudo access to be able to do anything else. Is this possible? Perhaps there is a way to create a script that they can't edit but can execute, which will get executed as the root user?


I was reviewing  on SO, but the question was having a weird or say special kind of characters/lining over it. I dont understand from where it came ? although that question was removed after repeated down voting but I could take some screenshot of it. I still didn't understand from where they came from ? I checked that question in both Latest Firefox and Chrome browser but it was still there. following is the screen shot: Screenshot: 1     Screenshot 2

When I open a site I see a mark over a question.See screen shot.  When I open the question mark is not remove.It still appear.    is this bug or?


Some names should be abbreviated using not one but two characters, e. g. "Yuri Gagarin" => "Gagarin, Yu." But if I specify  author = "Gagarin, Yu."   or even  author = "Gagarin, {Yu.}"   bibtex nevertheless abbreviate it as "Gagarin, Y.", with only one character. How this can be corrected?  Compilable example, as requested in comments:  \documentclass{article} \begin{filecontents}{bibliography.bib} @book{pi,   author = {Gagarin, Yu.},   title  = {Everything is flying to 3.14}, } \end{filecontents} \begin{document} The rifle is a festivity\cite{pi} \bibliographystyle{abbrv} \bibliography{bibliography} \end{document}

BibTeX can abbreviate first names, e.g. change Smith, John to J. Smith.  In some languages, certain (not all) first names must be abbreviated  (it's not optional as in the case of Ch. for Charles).  How can I force BibTeX to do this for particular first names?  EDIT:  I encounter this all the time, including for my own name which should be abbreviated Sz rather than S.  I used to work around the problem by hand editing the reference list in the final version of the paper, but I'd prefer using BibTeX for everything if possible.  Requested example:  .tex file:  \documentclass{article} \begin{document} Text \cite{kovacs, smith}.  \bibliographystyle{abbrv} \bibliography{references} \end{document}    .bib file:  @Book{smith,   author  = "Peter Smith",   title   = "Title 1",   year    = 1980,   publisher = "Addison-Wesley" }  @Book{kovacs,   author  = "Csaba Kov\'{a}cs",   title   = "Title 2",   year    = 1986,   publisher = "Addison-Wesley" }   The output I get:     Text [1, 2].      References       [1] C. Kovács. Title 2. Addison-Wesley, 1986.      [2] P. Smith. Title 1. Addison-Wesley, 1980.   I need to tell bibtex that for Csaba Kovács I need to get Cs. Kovács in the output, and not C. Kovács, as this is incorrect.  The document is in English, so this is not a babel-issue.  This applies only to certain author names, and it's because in Hungarian C and Cs are considered to be distinct units of the alphabet.


class SuperClass { public:      SuperClass(int foo)     {         // do something with foo     } };  class SubClass : public SuperClass { public:      SubClass(int foo, int bar)     : SuperClass(foo)         {         // do something with bar     } };   Does Subclass inherit the constructor of the superclass? What does its inherit and why i need to specify in sub class constructor the : SuperClass(foo)?

Why does this code:  class A {     public:          explicit A(int x) {} };  class B: public A { };  int main(void) {     B *b = new B(5);     delete b; }   Result in these errors:   main.cpp: In function ‘int main()’: main.cpp:13: error: no matching function for call to ‘B::B(int)’ main.cpp:8: note: candidates are: B::B() main.cpp:8: note:                 B::B(const B&)   Shouldn't B inherit A's constructor?  (this is using gcc)


What do you mean by charge? Why should a particle have a charge?

I know this isn't the right place for asking this question, but in other places the answers are so awfull.. I'm studying eletricity, so, I start seeing things like "charges", "electrons has negative charges",etc. But I didn't quite understand what charge is. I search a little bit on the internet and found it related to electromagnetic fields, then I thought "negative and positive may be associeted with the behaviour of the particle in the field, great!", but the articles about e.m. fields already presuppose "negative" and "positive" charges. In other places, I see answers relating charges to the amount of electrons/protons in an atom, but if that's right, the "negative" electron is an atom without any protons? What about the neutron? So, my questions are (1) What are charges; and (2) How a particle can "be" electrically charged. What does that really mean? Thanks for your time.


Someone is not crying at the moment, but you want to ask if that person's character is more like it so, how would you ask?    Are you a crying baby?  Are you a cry baby?

You are a cry boy now. You are a crying boy now.   What does the each sentence mean? When would you choose each form to mean what?


I've been trying for several days to get this to work, but i haven't been successful yet. I'm new to latex and I don't have a very good idea of what I'm doing, which is why I'm using LyX.   I put the hmcpset.cls file in the directory /usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/tex/latex/Max's classes. I think the MacTex distribution uses TEX Live Utility for managing packages, so that's where I'm looking to find hmcpset. But hmcpset doesn't show up in available packages inside TEX LIVE.  Is there a way to let TEX Live know where I put a new .cls files?  Once TEX Live, or whatever the package manager is, knows where the .cls file is, will I be able to use the hmpcpset class in LyX?

I've searched online, but I have not found any clear instructions how to permanently add .sty files to my TeXShop installation. I'm using a Mac with OSX (TeXShop is a mac only program).  What is the best way of doing this? The one comprehensive set of instructions I found .   I've got as far as extracting the files (running LaTeX on the .ins and . dtx files) but after that I don't know what to do. I also don't understand how to update the index of my distribution, and whether there are particular OSX specifics (the instructions are for Windows).


The primary decomposition of an ideal $(x^2, xy)$ is  $$(x^2, xy) = (x) \cap (x, y)^2$$ which can be found on .    Could someone explain to me how this can be done?    Edited: My question is not restricted to the example I gave  $(x^2, xy)$,  one can use any other example to show me the process.

Can anyone give me an idea about the primary decomposition of the ideal $I=(x^3y,xy^4)$ of the ring $R=k[x,y]$?    I am trying to connect the primary decomposition with the set Ass(R/I) which i have find before..


I had a midterm a few days ago,.. and my question goes like this. Prove $\cos(\sin x)>\sin(\cos x)$ where $0\leq x\leq \pi$  Also, you can use sinx>x when x>0 without proving it.  How can I prove it strictly?

The following problem was on a math competition that I participated in at my school about a month ago:      Prove that the equation $\cos(\sin x)=\sin(\cos x)$ has no real solutions.   I will outline my proof below.  I think it has some holes.  My approach to the problem was to say that the following equations must have real solution(s) if the above equation has solution(s):  $$ \cos^2(\sin x)=\sin^2(\cos x)\\ 1-\cos^2(\sin x)=1-\sin^2(\cos x)\\ \sin^2(\sin x)=\cos^2(\cos x)\\ \sin(\sin x)=\pm\cos(\cos x)\\ $$  I then proceeded to split into cases and use the identity $\cos t = \sin(\frac{\pi}{2} \pm t\pm y2\pi)$ to get   $$ \sin x=\frac{\pi}{2} \pm \cos x\pm y2\pi\\ $$  and the identity $-\cos t = \sin(-\frac{\pi}{2}\pm t\pm y2\pi) $ to get   $$ \sin x=- \frac{\pi}{2}\pm \cos x \pm y2\pi.\\ $$  where $y$ is any integer.  I argued that $y=0$ was the only value of $y$ that made any sense (since the values of sine and cosine remain between $-1$ and $1$).  Therefore, the above equations become   $$ \sin x=\frac{\pi}{2} \pm \cos x\implies \sin x \pm \cos x=\frac{\pi}{2}\\ $$  and   $$ \sin x=- \frac{\pi}{2}\pm \cos x\implies \cos x\pm\sin x= \frac{\pi}{2}.\\ $$  Then, by a short optimization argument, I showed that these last two equations have no real solutions.  First, does this proof make sense?  Second, if my proof makes sense, then I feel that it was not very elegant nor simple.  Is my approach the best, or is there a better (i.e., more elegant, shorter, simpler) proof?


I’m using Amazon Linux. If I login as my “otheruser” user, and create a script, test.sh, with this text  sleep 5 ; sudo reboot now   I can login and run the script like so …  [davea@mydevbox ~]$ sudo su - otheruser [sudo] password for davea:  Last login: Wed Apr 20 21:18:48 UTC 2016 on pts/0 [otheruser@mydevbox ~]$ sh test.sh  [otheruser@mydevbox ~]$  Broadcast message from davea@mydevbox.springboardonline.org     (/dev/pts/0) at 21:19 ...  The system is going down for reboot NOW!   However if I change the contents of the script to be  sudo service jboss restart   and then I run the script, I’m prompted for a password …  [davea@mydevbox ~]$ sudo su - otheruser [sudo] password for davea:  Last login: Wed Apr 20 21:09:03 UTC 2016 on pts/0 [otheruser@mydevbox ~]$ sh test.sh  [sudo] password for otheruser:    I would like the second sequence to be like the first in that I’m not prompted for a password the second time. How can I do this?

I need to run something as sudo without a password, so I used visudo and added this to my sudoers file:  MYUSERNAME ALL = NOPASSWD: /path/to/my/program   Then I tried it out:  $ sudo /path/to/my/program [sudo] password for MYUSERNAME:    Why does it ask for a password? How can I run/use commands as root with a non-root user, without asking for a password?


I currently hear a course to basic QFT in path integral formulation. Focus is on few and elementary particles, not on many body systems. The lecturer follows the book of Srednicki, which therefore roughly contains what I need to know. Sadly I do not like the book to much, it is not precise nor vivid. Does somebody know a good synergetic book? I thought about the book of Zee, though I heard he uses a $\phi^4$ formulation, while Sredicki works with $\phi^3$. Sadly I do not know too much about how relevant the differences are for learning the principles and if this is going to be a problem. I still need to mainly follow the Srednicki.  Any suggestions are very welcome!

I found Sean Carroll's "A No Nonsense Introduction to General Relativity" (about page .  pdf ), a 24-page overview of the topic, very helpful for beginning study.  It all got me over the hump of learning the meaning of various terms associated with GR, most of which I had heard before without understanding.  It also outlined the most important examples.  Is there a similar document for quantum field theory, which presents the main equations, briefly describes the main ideas, and summarizes the most important applications and results so that the reader can feel the lay of the land before studying in depth?


I wish to run a Python script that daily pulls in some prices and creates a CSV file from them.  What web hosting and cloud options exist to do this.  The script will only run for literally seconds and the CSV file is very small so not much resources at all. I suppose the problem being the Python setup/installation.   seems an option, but want to pay the least amount for this.  Is it possible to do this with AWS, Azure or another Cloud service and which services would I need?

This is a "catch-all" question designed to serve as an answer for all questions about choosing web hosting.  Pro Webmasters no longer accepts new questions about how to choose hosting.  All future questions pertaining to finding web hosting should be closed as a duplicate of this question. For more information about this policy please see .    How to find web hosting that meets my requirements?  What we're looking for in answers to this question are the basics about web hosting:   What is web hosting? What is the difference between shared, VPS, and dedicated hosting? How does a content delivery network relate to web hosting? Anything else you feel is helpful in finding a web host.   What we do not want is:   Endorsements or recommendations for specific web hosts We do not want your experience or other subjective information (just the facts please)


I read that nothing with mass can travel at the speed of light. Therefor one can not ask what happens when an observer in a car moves with the speed of light. But, is it possible for a frame of reference to move with the speed of light? Is there something preventing that?

Quite a few of the questions given on this site mention a photon in vacuum having a rest frame such as it having a zero mass in its rest frame. I find this contradictory since photons must travel at the speed of light in all frames according to special relativity.  Does a photon in vacuum have a rest frame?


I'm trying to evaluate $\displaystyle \int \limits_{-\infty}^{\infty} \dfrac{\sin^2(x)}{x^2} \operatorname d\!x $.    My first though was to use residue calculus, since we've got the pole of order 2 there at the origin.  Given that the pole actually lies on the real axis though, I'd guess I'd have to use some sort of keyhole contour to include the pole and then limit.  Maybe it's just one of those days, but I'm not seeing an obvious contour to use here.  Any help would be appreciated.

I am looking for a short proof that $$\int_0^\infty \left(\frac{\sin x}{x}\right)^2 \mathrm dx=\frac{\pi}{2}.$$ What do you think?  It is kind of amazing that $$\int_0^\infty \frac{\sin x}{x} \mathrm dx$$ is also $\frac{\pi}{2}.$ Many proofs of this latter one are already in this .


I rooted my android device.  After rooting, is it possible to block or stop advertisements coming on apps?  If yes, please guide me for resolving this issue.  Regards  GNS

Are there ways that attempt to block ads in applications? It seems that it should be theoretically possible, by blocking web requests to certain sites, for example.


[I am using phpmyadmin]  I want to insert the long texts which are a large description of a city or region.  It contains apostrophe and comma, but when inserted, comma is not a problem but the apostrophe are.   For eg.      ' Taunggyi's the administrative capital for the whole of Shan State. Perched on top of a mountain, it's also a busy trading post,   and the...',   It will an input from the user (type-in) to the text area on my website.  So it cannot define statically like other examples I found.   Current one  //php $name=$_REQUEST["name"]; //  //in insert query =>  '.$name.',    Have tried like below too, but not working.  '".$name."',   Any good ideas, please! Your help is most appreciated. Thank you!

If user input is inserted without modification into an SQL query, then the application becomes vulnerable to , like in the following example:  $unsafe_variable = $_POST['user_input'];   mysql_query("INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES ('$unsafe_variable')");   That's because the user can input something like value'); DROP TABLE table;--, and the query becomes:  INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES('value'); DROP TABLE table;--')   What can be done to prevent this from happening?


Ever since I started using Stack Exchange, I've been slightly annoyed by the inbox icon users see when they're logged in:    Other sites, such af , use the same metaphor:    Font packages, such as FontAwesome, also include the icon to represent an inbox:    Each time I see the icon, I start thinking: "What does this stand for?" I mean, it kind of looks like a purse or a front-view of a train cockpit, but the first thing that comes to my mind is definitely not a mailbox.  I know icons (especially monocrome ones) are hard to design, but this shouldn't be too difficult to improve on. Any suggestions for a better alternative?

What is the new Inbox icon () supposed to represent?  It reminds me of cardboard 3d glasses or oculus rift or even a upside down ( old )telephone. Is it supposed to be a basket of sorts?


I want to install the latest version of LibreOffic , but when I go to the website it shows "Download from torrent", but I don't want to use a torrent.  How can I download LibreOffice from the main server?

How can I install applications like Google Chrome on Ubuntu?  Are there any commands to install an application?    Index of answers:


The screenshots explain everything, first I try to start it, and it won't, so I check the status, then I check the logs.      After following a number of previous suggestions that I founder around StackExchange, my.cnf contents are:   [mysqld] datadir=/var/lib/mysql socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks symbolic-links=0 # Settings user and group are ignored when systemd is used. # If you need to run mysqld under a different user or group, # customize your systemd unit file for mariadb according to the # instructions in http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Systemd performance_schema=off innodb_buffer_pool_size=64MB innodb_purge_threads=0  [mysqld_safe] log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid  # # include all files from the config directory # !includedir /etc/my.cnf.d

MySQL Seems to be crashing quite often, I'd say every hour or so.   The only thing running on this server that is using MySQL is a Drupal installation that I'm working on, there's only one person that's using it and it literally has around three pages - from what I can gather this seems to be a memory issue with innoDB? I'm not great at this stuff so I'm unsure.  Any guidance? Here's the relevant parts from my error.log  140216 14:20:01 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled. 140216 14:20:01 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled 140216 14:20:01 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins 140216 14:20:01 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3.4 140216 14:20:01 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 128.0M InnoDB: mmap(135987200 bytes) failed; errno 12 140216 14:20:01 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool 140216 14:20:01 InnoDB: Fatal error: cannot allocate memory for the buffer pool 140216 14:20:01 [ERROR] Plugin 'InnoDB' init function returned error. 140216 14:20:01 [ERROR] Plugin 'InnoDB' registration as a STORAGE ENGINE failed. 140216 14:20:01 [ERROR] Unknown/unsupported storage engine: InnoDB 140216 14:20:01 [ERROR] Aborting  140216 14:20:01 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Shutdown complete  140216 14:20:02 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled. 140216 14:20:02 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled 140216 14:20:02 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins 140216 14:20:02 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3.4 140216 14:20:02 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 128.0M InnoDB: mmap(135987200 bytes) failed; errno 12 140216 14:20:02 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool 140216 14:20:02 InnoDB: Fatal error: cannot allocate memory for the buffer pool 140216 14:20:02 [ERROR] Plugin 'InnoDB' init function returned error. 140216 14:20:02 [ERROR] Plugin 'InnoDB' registration as a STORAGE ENGINE failed. 140216 14:20:02 [ERROR] Unknown/unsupported storage engine: InnoDB 140216 14:20:02 [ERROR] Aborting  140216 14:20:02 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Shutdown complete   EDIT The server is the lowest-spec DigitalOcean Droplet with 512MB RAM. This particular Droplet is running NodeJS, MySQL and Apache. There's a low-traffic static site, a Ghost blog and this Drupal site I'm developing.   Should I just upgrade the RAM, or is there something I can do to fix this?


How can particles such as photons travel in time if they do not have any mass? They are inseparable, so how can you have one but not the other?

I read with interest about Einstein's Theory of Relativity and his proposition about the speed of light being the universal speed limit.    So, if I were to travel in a spacecraft at (practically) the speed of light, would I freeze and stop moving?  Would the universe around me freeze and stop moving?  Who would the time stop for?


I have a portrait document, and I want to put a big table in a landscape page. I am currently using the landscape environment to achieve that.   As this page is in the middle of the document, I want the previous page to be always full (i.e., there must not be a remaining space between the previous page and the landscape page). Is there any way to accomplish this, taking into account the document content changes frequently? I use pdflatex to compile the document.

I have a rather wide table for which I have a designated page in landscape mode. The rest of the document is in portrait mode. Currently, the first row of the table begins at the very top of the page and ends somewhere in the middle. I'd like the table to be vertically centered though. How can I achieve this? I'm using the tabular environment.


I'm using MiKTeX on Windows, and I've found Imprint Shadow font which I'd like to use with lettrine for capitalization of first font of chapters (I'm experimenting a bit). I've extracted all the necessary files from .  I also have the .pbf font in place. Now I don't understand the next step I've found in the :   3.  Add +miih.map to the configuration files of dvips, pdftex and your     dvi previewer.  4.  Run texhash and updmap programs to update the conguration files and file names database   Where do I need to do this? :\ Do I need to just update formats and file names database in MiKTeX options?  EDIT: And even tho I've added everything as instructed (I unzipped everything in its right place) I cannot get the font to work :| Any help on this?

I am new to MikTeX. I have set up a texmf tree and included that into MikTeX (works OK because the style files are found). But the font in that directory cannot be used yet, because the pdftex.map does not have the info from my map file.  I run initexmf --edit-config-file updmap (also with --admin) and enter (as the only line)  Map mymap.map   then I run updmap (also with --admin and --verbose), my mapfile gets listed as Parsing "c:\Path\to\mapfile.map".... But pdftex does not work, because it fails with:  Trying to make PK font abc8x at 600 DPI... ...   When I manually include the map file in first line of my .tex file   \pdfmapfile{+mymap.map}   everything is OK.  How do I do without the \pdfmapfile{...} line?


The transition from laminar flow to  is usually told interms of Reynolds numbers. The Reynolds number is $Re=UL/\nu$ where $U$ is the speed, $L$ is dimensional length and $\nu$ is the viscosity. Even if we say the Reynold's number tells us whether the flow is turbulent or not, I have never seen a unique $Re$ that differentiates laminar from turbulence. My question is then, is the cause of turblence perfectly known? is it velocity, length or viscosity that highly determines the flow condition? Is there a unique Reynold's number that separates laminar flow from turbulent?

In high Reynolds numbers we have turbulent flow. This is because the inertial forces are much greater than the viscous forces. I understand inertial forces to be actually the fictional forces due to the momentum of the moving fluid. And viscous to be the forces that drag each layers together. But why when inertial forces are too high than the viscous forces, there is turbulence? Why don't the molecules just continue to move laminarly due to their momentum? I can assume the viscous forces are not very strong in high speeds (in high inertial forces) to keep them together to form a laminar flow? But again, why they result in irrational movement after the effect of viscous forces is not anymore considerable? As a mechanical analogue, if I have balls attached together and make them travel linearly, and remove their between them attachment, they can continue to travel linearly. But what happens in fluid molecules that turbulence is created?


I understand why Area 51 isn't viewable in the Android app - it's running on different software and all that. However, isn't it the case that  runs on the standard software? If so, could it be made viewable in the Android app?

I came across something rather interesting today. I was browsing Area 51 on Chrome when I happened to click on . To this, I was greeted with a prompt asking:    As , and fully expecting a crash, I clicked on SE. However, that didnt happen.     Now, since Area 51 Meta is working correctly as far as Q&A is concerned, I think it should be added to the All Sites list and if at all possible, made directly browsable from within the app.


I'm quite new to Latex and I would like to display an linear equation in this kind of format:  So that every variable has its own column. What methods do exist?

I found this program and I was wondering how can I add on a left brace as in the systeme package or in the cases environment? Also is it possible to left align the right-hand side of the equal sign ?  \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \begin{document} \begin{alignat*}{4}    2x & {}+{} &  y & {}+{} & 3z & {}={} & 10 \\     x & {}+{} &  y & {}+{} &  z & {}={} &  6 \\     x & {}+{} & 3y & {}+{} & 2z & {}={} & 13 \end{alignat*} \end{document}


Is it possible in C# to execute a switch case without breaking?  This is an example of a switch where using break in desired  var bar = "Foo"; switch (foo) {     case 0:     case 1:         bar += " Bar";     case 2:     case 3:         Console.WriteLine(bar);         break;     default:         break; }   This is what the code should produce:  0: Foo Bar 1: Foo Bar 2: Bar 3: Bar Else: nothing   Is it possible to do this or would I have to do:  var bar = "Foo"; if(foo == 0 || foo == 1) bar += " Bar"; switch (foo) {     case 0:     case 1:     case 2:     case 3:         Console.WriteLine(bar);         break;     default:         break; }

Switch statement fallthrough is one of my personal major reasons for loving switch vs. if/else if constructs. An example is in order here:  static string NumberToWords(int number) {     string[] numbers = new string[]          { "", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five",            "six", "seven", "eight", "nine" };     string[] tens = new string[]          { "", "", "twenty", "thirty", "forty", "fifty",            "sixty", "seventy", "eighty", "ninety" };     string[] teens = new string[]         { "ten", "eleven", "twelve", "thirteen", "fourteen", "fifteen",           "sixteen", "seventeen", "eighteen", "nineteen" };      string ans = "";     switch (number.ToString().Length)     {         case 3:             ans += string.Format("{0} hundred and ", numbers[number / 100]);         case 2:             int t = (number / 10) % 10;             if (t == 1)             {                 ans += teens[number % 10];                 break;             }             else if (t > 1)                 ans += string.Format("{0}-", tens[t]);         case 1:             int o = number % 10;             ans += numbers[o];              break;         default:             throw new ArgumentException("number");     }     return ans; }   The smart people are cringing because the string[]s should be declared outside the function: well, they are, this is just an example.  The compiler fails with the following error:   Control cannot fall through from one case label ('case 3:') to another Control cannot fall through from one case label ('case 2:') to another   Why? And is there any way to get this sort of behaviour without having three ifs?


Can the Dummy ever play a card without direction from Declarer?  What if an Ace is led by the defense and there are 1 or more cards in the same suit in Dummy?  What if a card is led by a Defender and Dummy cannot take the trick with a card in that suit or with a Trump card?   What if a card is let by a Defender and Dummy has no cards in that suit and no Trump cards?

We're learning to play Bridge from Gramma, who played the game a lot ~40 years ago but doesn't really remember the rules (or, at least, the reasons behind some rules and conventions).  One of the things she's adamant about is that the dummy sits the hand out completely, not to touch the cards at all once they're face up on the table.  The rest of us newbies think this is kind of silly - while we know the dummy shouldn't be offering advice, we figure he could could at least handle the cards and play what the leader tells him to play, and (when there's no choice to be made, like when there's only 1 possible card to play), just do the mechanical stuff that requires no decision making.  What are the limitations placed on the dummy player?  Are there etiquette rules about what he can and cannot do?


I am creating an Android Studios tasklist app. For some reason, an IF statement is being called even though the expression is false, and thus producing errors at runtime. Code is provided below:   if (taskArray5.get(0).equals( "Goal Time Not Specified") ) {      Log.d("hello", taskArray5.get(0).getClass().toString());     Log.d("hello", taskArray5.get(0));     String[] localTimeList = localTime.split(":");     String previouslySetTime = taskArray5.get(0).substring(0, taskArray5.get(0).length() - 5);     String[] previouslySetTimeList = previouslySetTime.split(":");     Integer localTimeHours = Integer.parseInt(localTimeList[0]);     Integer localTimeMinutes = Integer.parseInt(localTimeList[1]);     Integer localTimeSeconds = Integer.parseInt(localTimeList[2]);     char AMORPM = taskArray5.get(0).charAt(taskArray5.get(0).length() - 4);     Integer previouslySetTimeHours;     if (AMORPM == 'A') {         previouslySetTimeHours = Integer.parseInt(previouslySetTimeList[0]);     } else {             previouslySetTimeHours = Integer.parseInt(previouslySetTimeList[0]) + 12;     }   I used Log.d to confirm that taskArray5.get(0) is a String that has the specific value "Goal Time Not Specified." In addition, using the equals() function also did not solve the problem. What am I doing wrong? Any help is appreciated.

I've been using the == operator in my program to compare all my strings so far. However, I ran into a bug, changed one of them into .equals() instead, and it fixed the bug.  Is == bad? When should it and should it not be used? What's the difference?


Installing from  should work, doesn't  Nothing else does. Failed to install  - file not supported $ cat /etc/os-release NAME="Ubuntu" VERSION="20.04.2 LTS (Focal Fossa)" ID=ubuntu ID_LIKE=debian PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS" VERSION_ID="20.04" HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/" SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/" BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/" PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy" VERSION_CODENAME=focal UBUNTU_CODENAME=focal  ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ dpkg --print-architecture amd64

How do I get to the Universe Repository in supported versions of Ubuntu?


Is there an elegant way to get lat and lon values from this string using C#? Thanks. String is like this :   <input type="hidden" name="myinput" id="myinput" value='{"lat":11.111111,"lon":22.222222}'>

I'm looking for a library/method to parse an html file with more html specific features than generic xml parsing libraries.


The description for Hat Trick is:     hit the reputation cap on three different days   First of all, I'm not complaining :)  I received this hat (hard to say "earned") a couple of hours ago, without actually reaching 200 (yet).

The description for Hat Trick is:     hit the reputation cap on three different days   I just earned this hat, but this is my reputation today so far. Note that I have two accepted answers, so I didn't actually hit the rep cap. I hope to actually earn the cap, but I haven't quite gotten there yet:


From a traveler's point of view, as he is accelerating with $1g$, in under one year he would reach the speed of light. Note that from his point of view, everything looks normal so he could keep accelerating, except of course other than all distances become zero and time looks frozen, and probably eventually points ahead of him would become his behind, and time started moving backward. So, what prevents him from reaching speed faster than light?

When a spaceship is experiencing a constant acceleration of $10m/s^2$, the astronauts will be moving at nearly the speed of light after about a year in the earth's reference frame. This means the spaceship's energy will start to diverge as a function of the speed $v$ so there will be a huge amount of energy necessary to increase the speed of the ship any further. This way, the speed of light can never be crossed.  All of this is clear to me, but all of this is also formulated in earth's reference frame. But from the astronaut's reference frame: the spaceship is simply accelerating at $10m/s^2$ and so the force on the spaceship is constant. Then why would we need huge amounts of energy to accelerate the spaceship?  For example, I read somewhere that the amount of energy that would be needed to accelerate a large spaceship to half the speed of light is more than 2000 times the current world annual energy consumption. How does this make sense in the astronaut's (non-inertial) frame?


I have waited for the period of the day, in the morning.   Can the 'period of the day' and 'in the morning' be the apposition?

The belief is that the earth is round.   Do 'the belief' and 'that earth is round' correctly show apposition here?


Is there any research studying the optimal screen idle timeout, balancing convenience to the user versus security? In the scenario I'm considering, a timeout causes the user to have to log in again.

My company has created lots of computer software but one issue we have is with login timeouts.  Some developers want to make them shorter for security, while most users want it be infinite?  Is there ever a justification to have no login timeout? How short is too short?


In high school we are studying Integral calculus   Before this we have studied summation which have symbol called 'sigma' $\sum $  Both works similar, sums up the numbers in domain   So my question is what is the difference between the two??  Because I am new to calculus, I don't know too much about calculus.  Please help!!

What is the difference between a Summation and an Integration?  Both of them add some values. Right? Then what is the difference?  Please, explain in layman's terms.


I know about PCA for multiple dimensions of continuous features but here is a problem I have some trouble to find a method for.  I don't have a list of individual countries but rather a discrete classification of countries, and for each line (which I'll call segments) I have two output variables.  Each line can represent one or several countries, as long as they fit all the classifications of this particular line. In case a line represents several countries, then the output variables are total values (in case of a number like total population) or pondered averages (in case of a percentage like employment rate).    So my questions are:   Does this particular way of organising data have a name? How can I isolate the most influential dimensions for, say, Employment rate? (aka discriminant analysis) How can I perform something similar to PCA with this discrete classification instead of continuous values as dimension values?

I have some variables and I want to reduce their number for further analysis. I initially thought of combining them using factor analysis. But since the variables are of all kinds (rating, count, ordinal, continuous dollar amount) I am thinking about using CATPCA for it. However, I have some questions about the technique -   Is CATPCA the right approach or Latent Class Factor Analysis would be the better one? By using the different kinds of variables together - how will the object scores be interpreted? For example - The rating question is on a 10 point scale but the dollar amount ranges from 0 to 1000s, so what will the object score obtained after CATPCA represent? And is it comparable to the Factor Score obtained from traditional PCA? For ordinal variables - Do all of them need to be in the same form, e.g. 1 meaning lowest and 10 meaning highest? Or can they be used in whatever form they are? Is it good to categorize the count and continuous variables based on their distribution and then treat then as ordinal/categorical variables?   I would highly appreciate any help you can provide!


On the Event table I have a workflow rule that sends an outbound message that notifies my external API when a record is created and updated.  1) Is it possible to have the workflow send an outbound message to my external API when a record is deleted?  2) If not, what is the simplest way to accomplish this? My application needs a few select fields from the record.  Edit: apparently 1) is not possible, however I still need the simplest way to do this.

As most of the time we have to think of requirement to accomplished using out-of-Box feature like e.g process builder which we think of an alternative to trigger, but suppose I have to handle scenario of Delete using Process Builder then there is limitation!(e.g calculation of roll-up on Delete) so I am curious about what is that limitation because of which Delete scenario is not handled in Process Builder.


If one wants to write shorthand for transactions per second what would be correct casing? TPS or tps?   As SI unit, s is always lowercase and thus I believe it should be written as "tps". On other hand, it as an abbreviation and thus it deserves uppercase "TPS" treatment.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines "bpm" as an abbreviation of "beats per minute" and gives the example:     a pulse rate of 40 bpm   Is there an explanation for the curious feature that this abbreviation is set in lowercase?


Let $X_1,...,X_n$ be a random sample. Find a minimal sufficient statistic for $\theta$. $$f(x|\theta)=\frac{e^{-(x-\theta)}}{(1+e^{-(x-\theta)})^2}$$, $-\infty <x<\infty, -\infty <\theta<\infty$ The answer is the order statistics. I am not sure what the meaning of x and y have the same order statistics is.

I'm going through Statistical Inference by Casella and Berger, and I'm currently on Chapter 6. In particular, I'm doing exercise 6.9 (c), and I'm trying to prove that if $X_1, ..., X_n$ is a random sample from a population with pdf $f(x|\theta)=\frac{e^{-(x-\theta)}}{(1+e^{-(x-\theta)})^2}$, then the order statistic $T(X) = (X_{(1)},...,X_{(n)})$ is a minimal sufficient statistic for $\theta$.   The joint pdf of the sample is: $$f_X(\boldsymbol{x}|\theta)=e^{n(\theta-\bar{x})}\prod_{i=1}^n \frac{1}{(1+e^{-(x_{(i)}-\theta)})^2}.$$  I want to apply Theorem 6.2.13, so I want to verify that for every two sample points $\boldsymbol{x}$ and $\boldsymbol{y}$, the ratio $\frac{f(\boldsymbol{x}|\theta)}{f(\boldsymbol{y}|\theta)}$ is independent of $\theta$ if and only if $T(\boldsymbol{x}) = T(\boldsymbol{y})$. This ratio is:  $$e^{n(\bar{y}-\bar{x})} \prod_{i=1}^n \bigg(\frac{1+e^{-(y_{(i)}-\theta)}}{1+e^{-(x_{(i)}-\theta)}}\bigg)^2.$$  Now the first part is independent of $\theta$, so we just need to verify (dropping the square) that $$\prod_{i=1}^n \frac{1+e^{-(y_{(i)}-\theta)}}{1+e^{-(x_{(i)}-\theta)}}$$ is independent of $\theta$ if and only iff the $T(\boldsymbol{x})=T(\boldsymbol{y})$ are equal. In the solutions and everywhere else I've looked online this is just stated as true, and while the "if" direction is obvious, the "only if" one isn't. Or rather, sure, it looks like this should only be independent of $\theta$ if the order statistics are equal and I can't find a counterexample, but it doesn't seem necessarily obvious to me. I do believe it's true, but I can't prove it, and I can't even prove this for the case $n=2$, where the relevant part is  $$\frac{1+e^{\theta}(e^{-y_{(1)}}+e^{-y_{(2)}}) + e^{2\theta}e^{-y_{(1)}-y_{(2)}}}{1+e^{\theta}(e^{-x_{(1)}}+e^{-x_{(2)}}) + e^{2\theta}e^{-x_{(1)}-x_{(2)}}}.$$  I'm not sure if I'm missing something obvious, but any help with rigorously proving this would be appreciated (even if you can just answer the question for the special case $n=2$).


How can I handle (e.g. apply mv command) in a command shell the files with leading dash (-) in names? The command  mv -weirdfilename.zip normalfilename.zip    naturally accepts - at the beginning of a filename as an argument.

How do you remove a file whose filename begins with a dash (hyphen or minus) -?  I'm ssh'd into a remote OSX server and I have this file in my directory:  tohru:~ $ ls -l total 8 -rw-r--r--    1 me  staff  1352 Aug 18 14:33 --help ...   How in the world can I delete --help from a CLI?  This issue is something that I come across in different forms on occasion, these files are easy to create, but hard to get rid of.  I have tried using backslash  rm \-\-help   I have tried quotes  rm "--help"   How do I prevent the minus (dash or hyphen) character to be interpreted as an option?


Wonder whether the following conjecture holds:  Let: $(G,*)$ - finite group, in which every proper subgroup is cyclic. Then: $(G,*)$ is cyclic.  Intuitively, there are no trivial counterexamples. However, I may miss something. Any help very appreciated!

I am having difficulty seeing if it is the case that if all subgroups of a group are cyclic, that the group itself is cyclic.


I am attempting to write a reverse function by recursive method, somehow it returns none. Can anyone help? Thanks a lot.  def reverse(S, start, stop):      if start>=stop:         return False      elif start<stop-1:         S[start], S[stop-1]=S[stop-1], S[start]         reverse(S, start+1, stop-1) # test the code        myList=[2, 3, 4, 5, 51, 66, 88, 234, 444] print "input sequence is : "+str(myList) print reverse(myList, 0, len(myList))

I want to have a function that will return the reverse of a list that it is given -- using recursion. How can I do that?


I am currently using online python interpreter. The problem is here, there are some pre-loaded variables or functions which do not appear on the interactive editor, just there is an instruction which informs their name and their final output. The question here is, how to find out the structure of the functions or in other words how to print their scopes? For instance, instruction indicates the name of a function is get_mse() and It operates Mean Squared Error and also gets three arguments, then It is ready to use but I want to know what It consists of.  Note: These imported functions are not built-in and certainly manipulated and imported from other python files which are not available from the source.

Suppose I have a Python function as defined below:  def foo(arg1,arg2):     #do something with args     a = arg1 + arg2     return a   I can get the name of the function using foo.func_name. How can I programmatically get its source code, as I typed above?


I use Linux and connect to the internet with a modem, but many sites are blocked by the ISP in Indonesia.   How can I open a blocked site? It's not a porn site.

There are many sites on the web these days that show a different face to you depending on where you are located around the world.    For example I'm in Australia and there are a number of US based sites I would like to see exactly as would someone living in the United States.  I've heard that most sites use your IP address to determine your country.  If so this would appear to make defeating Geo-blocking very difficult.   One of the only options I can think of is using a third party website that you visit that is based in the country you are interested in.  This site then serves a proxied view of the page.  I don't know of any sites that do this though.  Any ideas / thoughts / links?


Forty kids enter Hogwarts every year. That’s forty potentially powerful wizards from potentially broken homes, abusive families…orphanages. We all know about Voldemort, and I think that’s reason enough to at least vet potential wizards before arming them, but there’s no vetting at all. Malfoy got in no problem, for example.   The most dangerous are the muggle-borns. Those who know about nuclear weapons, tanks, muggle technology.   It would just take one, one unstable muggle-born to spend a few years in Hogwarts and that would be it. S/he could brew up some Polyjuice potion that would disguise them as an MP, Apparate into Number Ten, use an invisible ropes charm on the Prime Minister, force him to drink a bit of Truth Serum to reveal nuclear codes and…done. The world is aflame.  Wizards could not withstand someone with detailed magic and muggle knowledge. No wizarding community could withstand nuclear bombardment. Even if wizarding structures didn’t sustain a scratch, the surrounding land would be irradiated, the plants killed, the rain poisoned. No food, no infrastructure, they would be exhausted from constant spells to keep the radiation sickness away, completely powerless against a followup attack by foot-soldiers (either magical or muggle).  There is no psyche evaluation at all in Hogwarts. Well, maybe the sorting hat which does literally nothing but put the potentially evil people with other potentially evil people for seven years.   It’s insane. How did anyone think it was a good idea? You could say the same about muggle schools I suppose, but let’s be honest, someone with magic could make a killing in the muggle world. Felix Felicis and the stock market. Time turners. Time and time again we see muggle technology used as a base for forward  thinking wizards to make something with: cameras, printing presses, steam engines, motor cycles, glasses, plumbing, radio, record-players, microphones.   What about Avada Kedavra and an M16?  Muggles are a threat to wizards, hence why the wizards live in hiding, but the muggle world augmented with magic would crush the wizarding world.  By an obscene amount of luck, everyone in Hogwarts, even the properly evil ones, even the properly mischievous ones, seem to keep it all a secret.   It would just take one person to, at best, expose the wizarding world. At worst, destroy the entire world in an afternoon.

We know that wizards in the Harry Potter universe are subject to regular physical harm (e.g. witness injuries from being hit by Bludgers or just colliding with things when playing Quidditch).  Therefore, it's almost a certainty that an average wizard would be vulnerable to, say, a bunch of bullets.   There may likely be spell(s) to protect from projectiles - witness Dumbledore's  deployed when Voldemort sent a bunch of glass at him during the  at the end of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (according to , possibly an unusually powerful Protego or the Silver shield).   But:   those spells obviously take effort/energy/time to cast (not everyone's Dumbledore) AND more likely than not most Death Eaters wouldn't recognize a Muggle gun for a threat (or realize what kind of threat) till too late.   So, the guns should at best allow an over-matched OotP member (e.g. Harry or Hermione) to greatly equalize the power between any regular Death Eaters and themselves, and even perhaps help against Voldemort (who can't be killed with a bullet, but, at best, would need to expend magical energy and time into conjuring a shield, and, at worst, be stopped/interrupted/driven off).  So I'm looking for an explanation - ideally in-universe, but possibly just some statement by JKR - of why the Muggle-born OotP - who are likely very much at ease AND familiar with Muggle technology and live in the late 20th century - do not use guns. Or, for that matter, ANY Muggle technology of the late 20th century? Cue Arthur C. Clarke's "indistinguishable from magic" meme.  Even if they are on some kind of idiotic moral crusade to never kill their opponents (even the Jedi aren't this dumb), given the time-frame, non-lethal weapons would have already existed, such as rubber bullets and tasers.  NOTE: Please don't offer the "if they do it, Death Eaters would start using guns as well" theory. First, Death Eaters would have used the guns if they knew how to, anyway. Second, the guns, like any "secret weapon", could be reserved for strategic battles, say the defense of Hogwarts in Deathly Hallows.    The origin of the question stems from two things.  First, Harry's fascination with all things that are different in the magical world (e.g. moving photographs), based on his knowledge of the Muggle material world, as well as the somewhat amusing cluelessness of the "Muggle artifacts" expert, Mr. Weasley, regarding Muggle items and how they work.   Basically, from the books, it's clear that the Wizarding world wouldn't know details about guns or what they are for or how they work.  The second thing is it's clear, at least initially, that wizards are afraid of Muggles finding out about them. Hence all the efforts to cloak their society (basically, do you REALLY want every Muggle gunning for you, even with Magic)? The idea of how control over the Muggle world seems to be more indirect, by Death Eaters asserting mind-control over the government. This means there's an implicit understanding by Death Eaters that they don't stand a chance against armed Muggles even given the magical disparity.  Considering Harry and Hermione's overall adaptability and inventiveness (and brains in the latter case), it's mind-boggling that the idea of fighting Death Eaters with modern technology completely slipped their mind. I mean, it's a basic part of human myth (see Steel vs. Magic themes in Conan books, or Beowulf, or heck, A Yankee in King Arthur's Court). So it's not like the idea of using technology against magic would be impossible to come up with. The question begs itself - why not? Considering the fact that Rowling generally tried to be logical and consistent in building the HP universe, I feel like there must be some in-universe explanation for this that I just didn't notice.   (in-universe answers only unless there are some authoritative out-of-universe statements that are part of canon).


What JavaScript pattern do I use that gives me:   Public methods on the prototype Private methods that can be called from #1 Private variables   Other answers I have found seem to return undefined when trying to call a private method from the prototype public method.

Is there any way to make “private” variables (those defined in the constructor), available to prototype-defined methods?  TestClass = function(){     var privateField = "hello";     this.nonProtoHello = function(){alert(privateField)}; }; TestClass.prototype.prototypeHello = function(){alert(privateField)};   This works:  t.nonProtoHello()   But this doesn’t:  t.prototypeHello()   I’m used to defining my methods inside the constructor, but am moving away from that for a couple reasons.


My friend sent me this piece of code and it works, but I can't understand what the "ss" means? Can anyone help me out? Thanks.  public static void main(String[] args) {     String sentence;     int index=1;     String[] words;      System.out.print("Please enter a sentence: ");     sentence = EasyIn.getString();      words = sentence.split(" ");      for(String ss : words )     {         System.out.println("Word "+index+ " is "+ ss);          if(ss.matches("[a-zA-Z]+"))         {             System.out.println("Word "+ss+" is a good word");             System.out.print("\n");         }         else         {             System.out.println("Word "+ss+" is a bad word");             System.out.print("\n");         }         index++;     } }

Consider:  List<String> someList = new ArrayList<String>(); // add "monkey", "donkey", "skeleton key" to someList     for (String item : someList) {     System.out.println(item); }   What would the equivalent for loop look like without using the for each syntax?


Today I found a weird(may not be) thing in PostgreSQL 12. Im trying to delete rows from a table with where condition from another. Both are small tables. But the delete is going more than an hour but not completed. Row count: convo=> select count(*) from convert  ;  count --------  221368 (1 row)  convo=> select count(*) from gredd  ;  count --------  763150 (1 row)  Index convert  => feed_id - indexed gredd  => feed_id - primary key   Delete query  delete from convert   where feed_id not in(select feed_id from gredd );  Explain                                     QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Delete on convert  (cost=0.00..15163945284.00 rows=110684 width=6)    ->  Seq Scan on convert  (cost=0.00..15163945284.00 rows=110684 width=6)          Filter: (NOT (SubPlan 1))          SubPlan 1            ->  Materialize  (cost=0.00..135098.55 rows=761370 width=6)                  ->  Seq Scan on gredd  (cost=0.00..128316.70 rows=761370 width=6)

I need to delete some rows from one large table. The rows to delete shouldn't be in another table, example:  DELETE FROM LargeTable WHERE id IS NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT foreign_id from EvenLargerTable)  but my server can't handle such blunt query, because there are almost a million records in the LargeTable and few million records in the EvenLargerTable  How can I solve it?


When a player joins my server, he automatically dies and it repeats, over and over and over. How can I fix this with console commands?

I set a command block to /tp. It was supposed to activate only if you had 0 time left, and to activate the command block with a hopper clock to keep giving it power.   But it is not checking if you have 0 time left, so it keeps teleporting me. I can't get close enough to the command block to break it, so I'm stuck in a neverending teleport loop.  Any ideas?


This may look like a silly question but I am struck in my work with this notation in one of the papers.  What is meant by $]1,1[$ ?

I have frequently encountered both $\langle a,b \rangle$ and $[a,b]$ as notation for closed . I have mostly encountered $(a,b)$ for open intervals, but I have also seen $]a,b[$. I recall someone calling the notation with $[a,b]$ and $]a,b[$ as French notation.   What are the origins of the two notations?  Is the name French notation correct? Are they used frequently in France? Or were they perhaps prevalent in French mathematical community at some point? (In this  Bourbaki is mentioned in connection with the notation $]a,b[$.)      Since several answerers have already mentioned that they have never seen $\langle a,b \rangle$ to be used for closed intervals, I have tried to look for some occurrences for this. The best I can come up with is the article on , where these notations are called Czech notation and French notation. Using $(a,b)$ and $[a,b]$ is called English notation in that article. (I am from Central Europe, too, so it is perhaps not that surprising that I have seen this notation in lectures.) I also tried to google for  or . Surprisingly, this lead me to a  where this notation is used for open interval.


If a sentence is based on speculation by the speaker and is formed like the following, "What if they killed my mom and dad" Would it follow like this? "What if they killed my mom and dad, then laid in wait and murdered me when I came home?" Is this the appropriate use of lie/laid?

How do I know when to use lay and when to use lie, and what are the different forms of each verb? I'm always getting them confused.


I have a node in firebase database that I want to retrieve and put it in a spinner I made array list then looped through data snapshot but still give nullPointerException I stored the value of the child in firebase using push method  I tried everything but it didn't work    Model class  public class Purpose {  private String name;  public Purpose(){  }  public Purpose(String name) {     this.name = name; }  public String getName() {     return name; }  public void setName(String name) {     this.name = name; }  }   Add data class          puposedRef = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference().child("Purposes");      saveBtn = findViewById(R.id.add_purpose_save_btn);      saveBtn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {         @Override         public void onClick(View view) {              String name = addNameEd.getText().toString();              Map<String , String> purposeMap = new HashMap<>();             purposeMap.put("name" , name);               puposedRef.push().setValue(purposeMap).addOnCompleteListener(new OnCompleteListener<Void>() {                 @Override                 public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<Void> task) {                     if(task.isSuccessful()){                         Toast.makeText(AddPurposeActivity.this, "Added to database", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();                     }else{                         Toast.makeText(AddPurposeActivity.this,            task.getException().getMessage(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();                     }                 }             });          }     });   Retrieve class          puposedRef = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference().child("Purposes");      textView = findViewById(R.id.show_purpose);      puposedRef.addChildEventListener(new ChildEventListener() {         @Override         public void onChildAdded(DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, String s) {              for(DataSnapshot ds : dataSnapshot.getChildren()){                  String key = puposedRef.push().getKey();                 String name = ds.child(key).getValue(Purpose.class).getName();                 textView.setText(name);              }           }          @Override         public void onChildChanged(DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, String s) {              for(DataSnapshot ds : dataSnapshot.getChildren()){                  String key = puposedRef.push().getKey();                 String name = ds.child(key).getValue(Purpose.class).getName();                 textView.setText(name);              }          }           @Override         public void onChildRemoved(DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {          }          @Override         public void onChildMoved(DataSnapshot dataSnapshot, String s) {          }          @Override         public void onCancelled(DatabaseError databaseError) {          }     });   logcat   java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 'java.lang.String com.best.karem.mycareassociatesadmin.Model.Purpose.getName()' on a null object reference     at com.best.karem.mycareassociatesadmin.AddPurposeActivity$1.onChildAdded(AddPurposeActivity.java:52)

What are Null Pointer Exceptions (java.lang.NullPointerException) and what causes them?  What methods/tools can be used to determine the cause so that you stop the exception from causing the program to terminate prematurely?


I have windows 7 installed on my system. this is my log-on screen. I forgot this account's password.   The question is, how I can log-in with another user? (Administrator) Why this windows has not switch user button?

I got a brand new Windows 7 machine, installed the operating system, created one account and forgot its password. What can I do?  There is no external CD, the operating system is loaded from somewhere inside the machine.  I already tried to remember passwords and tried all candidates with all possible combinations of caps lock, num lock etc.


I know how www.example.com can be different from example.com. But is there really a need? Most of the time we end up setting both, www.example.com and example.com to the same IP. Is it still used only to make it more readable!?

Other than for historical reasons, is there is reason to have “www” in a URL?  Should I create a permanent redirect from www.xyz.com to xyz.com, or from xyz.com to www.xyz.com? Which one would you suggest and why?


Prove that the set of all $n \times n$ orthogonal matrices is a compact subset of $\mathbb{R}^{n^2}$.   I don't know how it can be done. Thanks.

Show that the set of all orthogonal matrices in the set of all $n \times n$ matrices  endowed with any norm topology is compact.


I'm trying to get big integral symbol, so I tried with '\bigints' but I've found that \documentclass{article}  \usepackage{lmodern} \usepackage{bigints}      \newcommand*\norm[1]{\left\lVert#1\right\rVert}  \begin{document}          $$ \bigints \dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\norm{s}+1} ds =  \int \dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\norm{s}+1} ds$$      \end{document}    produces  while \documentclass{article}  %\usepackage{lmodern} \usepackage{bigints}      \newcommand*\norm[1]{\left\lVert#1\right\rVert}  \begin{document}          $$ \bigints \dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\norm{s}+1} ds =  \int \dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\norm{s}+1} ds$$      \end{document}    produces  I don't know the internal code of '\lmodern' so, what's happening?

Possible Duplicate:          How can I get a large integral sign in the Latin Modern font? If I remove the 2nd line from the following, it works fine (printing an integral, and the same integral with enlarged integral sign). But if I leave it as is, the two integrals turn out identically. (The relsize package doesn't help either.)  \documentclass{book} \usepackage{lmodern} \usepackage{bigints} \begin{document}      \begin{align}     \int_{-Y}^{Y}\left(\frac{X}{\frac{X}{\frac{X}{X}}}\right)dX     \end{align}      \begin{align}     \bigints_{-Y}^{Y}\left(\frac{X}{\frac{X}{\frac{X}{X}}}\right)dX     \end{align}  \end{document}


I am using Photoshop 7.0 and want to fill a grid with diffent colors   After creating a grid with the pattern-tool (works fine), each cell has to be individually clicked and filled with the filling-tool.   Is there a way to quickly fill several cells with color? instead of clicking each cell? - similar to the "brush" tool? - example below        thanks in advance

I would like to reconstruct a simple bitmap to vector, so I have put a grid and a layer on top of it.  Is it possible to e.g. use the fill tool, to just fill out one of the grid squares at a time?  Or is there a better way?


How to write the equation shown in the image

I am looking to do something of the following:    To get text underneath the underbrace. Is it involving \stackrel or some sort of similar command?


I am still a new user of Blender.   I am trying to map a ground polygon with dotted taxi line but the line are not in similar length. This only occur for curved mesh lines. Example are as follow:     Please guide me to solve this issue. Thanks in advance.

I'm making a video, and I have two identical objects that start in the same place and then separate. I want to have a dotted line connecting them which appears only when the two objects start separating and continues to grow as the objects continue to separate. This takes out using the array modifier.


A member of our group moved cross-country, and we'd like to include him in some of our games.  Is it feasible to play a game with some players at the table and another online? If so, how do I, as the GM, ensure everyone feels fully included and can see everything they need to see?  Or is it just easier to move the game to online-only, so everyone is interacting digitally?  Unless there is a particular feature that makes this sort of hybrid party more doable, I can refer to the many good discussions here and on other sites about roleplaying online and different software solutions. I'm more interested in pitfalls to avoid, story telling techniques, and the overall feasibility.

A member of our group has moved to Dallas and we're involving them in the game using Skype. The rest of us are sitting around a table.  We have one laptop being used to show the player, and usually one or two other guys have a laptop and/or smartphone they're using to take notes. We use a battlemat from time to time and a whiteboard for names, initiatives, and diagrams. What can we do to make this work better (not step on the remote player and have that player able to see/understand/etc what's going on)? Tools, techniques, best practices?  There is a previous question, , that is largely useless to me because the majority of the tips there require everyone to be online (or for you to have some big projector setup). I am not interested in virtual tabletops, because the whole group is there in person and most don't have computers. I want ways to plug the one remote guy into our real game, not plug us all into a computer game. Also our GM's interaction with technology has an... inconsistent history, so the less it requires from him the better.  We're not likely to spend thousands of dollars on projectors or whatnot, but buys like "a second webcam" or "a remote mike" are fine. As for tech mix, a couple players bring laptops and a couple more will have a smartphone, but one or two players have nothing at the table.  Anyway, what have people done successfully for this use case?  Current Solution  Our solution we've been using and evolving for years now is Google+ (we used Skype initially but had recurring call quality problems) on a player's laptop with a monitor, webcam, external speakers, and a high quality standalone mike () plugged into it and put in a player slot at the end of the table. The player still uses his laptop for other things, but we leave the remote player in G+ up on the second monitor.   We take pictures of the GM's whiteboard with cellphone cameras and send those along to the remote member. We also have a Dropbox where everyone keeps their character sheets, the session summaries, and a spreadsheet where we enter treasure found - the remote guy actually does the summary and can refer to the other stuff quickly. We also drop more complicated handouts or pics into the Dropbox for him during the game.  We have a blog where I post session summaries and whatnot between games we can also use for reference.  Not painless but works OK. We have also added on an external webcam from another player's laptop to point at the battle mat for combats, since Hangouts can have multiple participants that works well as long as we're careful to turn off mike and speakers on the second laptop, or the off day where hardware or network or whatnot causes audio or video glitches.   So Hangouts + laptop + Snowball + flatscreen + second laptop with a cam on the battlemat + sometimes sending mobile phone pics has been a sustainable solution. (The host runs the inital cam and I run the laptop cam, the GM doesn't have to interact with the tech at all.)


Here is my Python2 script, test.py:  x = sys.argv[1] y = 'foo' print(x) print(y) print(x is y)   I then call my script with python test.py 'foo'. This prints out:  foo foo False   But both x and y appear to be the same value, 'foo'. So why is this equivalence test returning False?

My  has failed me.  In Python, are the following two tests for equality equivalent?  n = 5 # Test one. if n == 5:     print 'Yay!'  # Test two. if n is 5:     print 'Yay!'   Does this hold true for objects where you would be comparing instances (a list say)?  Okay, so this kind of answers my question:  L = [] L.append(1) if L == [1]:     print 'Yay!' # Holds true, but...  if L is [1]:     print 'Yay!' # Doesn't.   So == tests value where is tests to see if they are the same object?


I am a beginner in java and I want to use a centinel loop to repeat code as many times as the condition is not met. However I can't get it to work. This is my code so far:  import java.io.*;  public class Test {     public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException     {         InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(System.in);         BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);          String password = "Pass";         System.out.print("Enter the password: ");         String input = br.readLine();          while(input != password)         {             System.out.println("Wrong password.\n");             System.out.print("Enter the password: ");             input = br.readLine();         }     } }   However, every time I put the password it simply doesn't work. Could anybody help me please?

I've been using the == operator in my program to compare all my strings so far. However, I ran into a bug, changed one of them into .equals() instead, and it fixed the bug.  Is == bad? When should it and should it not be used? What's the difference?


I have received a shapefile with measurement points to be analyzed, but no matter how I try, I can't find how to convert to lat lon. I suppose it would be good to know the projection but when I look into the file (with R and summary()) it says "Is projected: NA" and "proj4string : [NA]".  One measurement-point I know is close to the border Peru-Chile has x,y = 354521, 7997417.8.  How can I find out how to convert this point (and many others) to lat lon?   I tried to follow the instructions of similar questions here, but to no avail.

I have a number of shapefiles in different CRSs (mostly WGS84 lat/lon) that I'd like to transform into a common projection (likely Albers Equal Area Conic, but I may ask for help on choosing in another question once my problem gets better-defined).  I spent a few months doing spatial stats stuff in R, but it was 5 years ago.  For the life of me, I cannot remember how to transform an sp object (e.g. SpatialPolygonsDataFrame) from one projection to another.  Example code:  P4S.latlon <- CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84") hrr.shp <- readShapePoly("HRR_Bdry"), verbose=TRUE, proj4string=P4S.latlon)  # Shapefile available at  #   http://www.dartmouthatlas.org/downloads/geography/hrr_bdry.zip  #   but you must rename all the filenames to have the same  #   capitalization for it to work in R   Now I have a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame with appropriate projection information, but I'd like to transform it to the desired projection.  I recall there being a somewhat unintuitively-named function for this, but I can't remember what it is.  Note that I do not want just to change the CRS but to change the coordinates to match ("reproject", "transform", etc.).  Edit  Excluding AK/HI which are annoyingly placed in Mexico for this shapefile:  library(taRifx.geo) hrr.shp <-    subset(hrr.shp, !(grepl( "AK-" , hrr.shp@data$HRRCITY ) |                                      grepl( "HI-" , hrr.shp@data$HRRCITY )) ) proj4string(hrr.shp) <- P4S.latlon


While I was playing around with fork() I noticed a rather strange behavior but I couldn't figure out myself why this happens.   In the example below, each time fork() is invoked the output from the printf() invocation prior to that is printed out to stdout. The value of test in the output shows that printf() does not really get executed again, otherwise this would increase test each time.  Even stranger - or maybe key to the solution - is the fact that this behavior doesn't occur when I add \n to the end of the format string of printf().   Does anybody know why this happens? Maybe it is related to the stdout buffer? I'm not really familiar with this stuff.  Or am I doing something horribly wrong??  #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/wait.h> #include <unistd.h>  int main(char* args) {     pid_t pid;     int wstatus;     int test = 0;      printf("\n[%d] parent start | test = %d ", getpid(), test++);      // This works fine     //printf("\n[%d] parent start | test = %d \n", getpid(), test++);      for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {         if((pid = fork()) == 0) {             //printf("\n[%d] Child spawned ", getpid());             exit(0);         }         //printf("\n[%d] Printing with fork() commented out works fine", getpid());     }      while(wait(&wstatus) > 0);      printf("\n[%d] parent end\n\n", getpid());     return 0; }   Output:  [342470] parent start | test = 0 [342470] parent start | test = 0 [342470] parent start | test = 0 [342470] parent start | test = 0 [342470] parent start | test = 0 [342470] parent start | test = 0  [342470] parent end   In case it's of any use  $ uname -a Linux Aspire 5.4.0-26-generic #30-Ubuntu SMP Mon Apr 20 16:58:30 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

In Program 1 Hello world gets printed just once, but when I remove  \n and run it (Program 2), the output gets printed 8 times. Can someone please explain me the significance of \n here and how it affects the fork()?  Program 1   #include <sys/types.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h>  int main() {     printf("hello world...\n");     fork();     fork();     fork(); }   Output 1:  hello world...    Program  2  #include <sys/types.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h>  int main() {     printf("hello world...");     fork();     fork();     fork(); }   Output 2:  hello world... hello world...hello world...hello world...hello world...hello world...hello world...hello world...


I've finished my Bachelor thesis, and it's been a fairly independent work since it was a very niche topic that I didn't really have anybody to talk with about other than my advisor. I also don't want to thank any friends or family for "support", it seems a bit silly and melodramatic.   Almost all of the theses that I have read have acknowledgement sections with several people being thanked. Is it a requirement? Should I include it, and just write a sentence or two about my advisor? Is there another appropiate way to thank just him without dedicating a section to it? Should I not thank him at all? Does anybody read this stuff, or is it just skipped? Will not acknowledging anyone give the reader a bad impression of me, in the sense that I am an arrogant jerk, or of my work, in the sense that since I am not thanking anybody, I must not have used all of the ressourcess or given it a lot of effort?

During the process of writing my PhD thesis, I was close to falling out with my adviser, the advice I received from other staff at the lab (including the director) was unhelpful at best. I have since made up with my adviser and have successfully defended the thesis. I now have to publish my thesis.  The department says that one can include acknowledgements. All of the theses I have seen in my lab and in my department feature acknowledgements. Due to this special situation,  I don't quite feel that acknowledgements are called for. Yes, my adviser helped during the first half of the project but then almost completely reverted his stance. In terms of contribution, it is my opinion that he comes out at 0%.  I do not want to address any of the issues in the acknowledgements. I do not think that this is the right place. Likewise, I do not feel like thanking any of the involved people. Therefore, I would just leave out the acknowledgements completely. In academia, is this considered worse than lukewarm acknowledgements? Should I actually care about the acknowledgement, because others do?


I'm working on a project covering Feynman's Path Integral Approach. I'm having trouble intuitively grasping what motivates the introduction of the expression $e^\frac{iS}{\hbar}$, where S is the action.   All the resources that I have seen (Feynman's book, 1948 article, Shankar's book) don't seem reason this assertion. They simply mention it as a postulate.   Can someone refer me to a good resource that explains the introduction of the term? I'm sure Feynman must have sound reasons to conclude that the complex number one is after has to be of this form!

In the book "Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals" Feynman & Hibbs state that  the probability $P(b,a)$ to go from point $x_a$ at time $t_a$ to the point $x_b$ at the time $t_b$ is $P(b,a) = \|K(b,a)\|^2$ of an amplitude $K(b,a)$ to go from $a$ to $b$. This amplitude is the sum of contributions $\phi[x(t)]$ from each path. $$ K(b,a) = \sum_{\text{paths from $a$ to $b$}} \phi[x(t)]$$ The contributions of a path has a phase proportional to the action $S$: $$ \phi[x(t)] = \text{const}\ e^{(i/\hbar)S[x(t)]}$$  Why must the contribution of a path be $\sim e^{(i/\hbar)S[x(t)]}$? Can this be somehow derived or explained? Why can't the contribution of a path be something else e.g. $\sim \frac{S}{\hbar}$, $\sim \cos(S/\hbar)$, $\log(S/\hbar)$ or $e^{- (S[x(t)]/\hbar)^2}$ ? Edit: I have to admit that in the first version of this question, I didn't exclude the possibility to derive the contribution of a path directly from Schrödinger's equation. So answers along this line are valid although not so interesting. I think when Feynman developed his formalism his goal was to find a way to quantize systems, which cannot be treated by Schrödinger's equation, because they cannot be described in terms of a Hamiltonian (e.g. the Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory). So I think a good answer would explain Feynman's Ansatz without referring to Schrödinger's equation, because I think Schrödinger's equation can only handle a specific subset of all the systems that can be treated by Feynman's more general principle.


What I would like to have is something like this:  var fnc = new constructor(); // --> function()... fnc(); // --> Running main function fnc.method(); // --> Running method   So that one could create new fnc instances, while having the methods in the constructors prototype. However, I don't seem to be able to have result of the constructor as a function, as regardless of the return clause, it seems to become a object, resulting to ..  Uncaught TypeError: Property 'fnc' of object [object Object] is not a function    :(  Edit: Added example code. So what I'm thinking is along these lines.  var constructor = function() { return function() { console.log('Running main function.') }; }; constructor.prototype.method = function() { console.log('Running method.'); }  var fnc = new constructor();  console.log('constructor: ', constructor); console.log('fnc:         ', fnc); console.log('fnc.method:  ', typeof $.method); console.log(''); fnc(); fnc.method();   In this case, one gets the...   Uncaught TypeError: Object function () { console.log('Running main function.') } has no method 'method'    ...error as the function provided by the constructor is different than the constructor itself, on which prototype chain is tacked on. Just can't seem to wrap my head around this. Did one version with jQuery like initialization, which did the trick alright but I later on found out that it ended up doing it through the empty function prototype, meaning every function got the methods.

function a () {     return "foo"; }  a.b = function () {     return "bar"; }  function c () { }; c.prototype = a;  var d = new c(); d.b(); // returns "bar" d(); // throws exception, d is not a function   Is there some way for d to be a function, and yet still inherit properties from a?


Currently have the following scheme, where I have designated a package named /source, which contains a python file, get.py, that pulls data from the internet and generates a series of text files that is stored in a directory called /txt and returns data in a data structure  final.py can either:  1) import source, and make a call to get.py which would return the content of the text files stored in a data structure. get.py() also writes the contents of the data structure to /text/*.txt  2) retrieve /source/text/data.txt without a call to get.py, which should have equivalent behavior, but the information is from a previous call to get.py (off-line mode)  final.py /source     __init__.py     get.py #returns a data structure and writes to /text/data.txt         /text             data.txt             data1.txt             data2.txt   While this is all well and good, I can't help but think I am violating some important abstraction rules, mainly I am retrieving /source/text/data.txt without ever having to import the source package. And if this is the case, why create packages with init.py at all? How should a python package with the above scheme be organized?

Imagine that you want to develop a non-trivial end-user desktop (not web) application in Python. What is the best way to structure the project's folder hierarchy?  Desirable features are ease of maintenance, IDE-friendliness, suitability for source control branching/merging, and easy generation of install packages.  In particular:   Where do you put the source? Where do you put application startup scripts? Where do you put the IDE project cruft? Where do you put the unit/acceptance tests? Where do you put non-Python data such as config files? Where do you put non-Python sources such as C++ for pyd/so binary extension modules?


I have a windows 7 machine and I'm using eyefinity to user 3 monitors on this computer. The only thing that is bothering me is that when I boot the computer and get to the logon screen where I have to input my password, only the center monitor is "active", the other 2 monitors are on but their screens are just black.   So basically I was wondering with it was possible to have the logon screen span over all 3 monitors? Kinda like a multi monitor wallpaper.  Thank you in advance! :)

In 2000/XP/Vista it was easy to set a wallpaper for the logon screen, either manually through tools like Logonstudio or simple registry changes by hand on prepared installation images or through custom group policies.  In Windows 7 all this works as usual, but the secondary (or any additional) monitor is just black. The mouse pointer is visible on it but no matter what settings I can't get the logon wallpaper to tile (or stretch or fill or whatever) over onto it.  This makes it hard to OEM/company brand the installation for multi-monitor users. More annoying is the fact that it looks officially supported to brand the logon wallpaper in Windows 7 - as it's made extremely easy... apart from this little catch. XP and Vista has no problem tiling or stretching the logon wallpaper over multiple monitors.


Can't find any free VPN provider for Ubuntu. I tried looking into old questions but they seem to be outdated.

I use Hotspot Shield (Free VPN) on the Windows. Do anyone know of a similar tool or service for Ubuntu?  that:   Would not require me to have any server. would hide my IP. Would effectively tunnel all my connections in Ubuntu. have free plans   please explain pros and cons of your suggestions.


DND 5e Question: What would happen, if you Polymorph a Zombie or another low Int Creature to a Plant or lower Int Beast like a Wolf, Awaken it and then let the Polymorph run out?(This would need two Casters, one to start the Awaken Cast and one to Polymorph the target before Awaken is actually casted) Would the target stay an Awakened Plant. Would the Zombie be Awakened after returning to it's previous form? As it would return to it's original Stat-block, it would probably lose it's newfound Intelligence and it's newly gained Language(Speaking, but not sure about understanding)

If you cast Polymorph on a non beast creature then cast Awaken on their beast form how much carries over after polymorph ends?  Polymorph does not give any explicit information on what happens to your statistics when the polymorph ends:     The transformation lasts for the duration, or [drops to 0 hp]. [...] The target's game statistics, including mental ability scores, are replaced by the statistics of the chosen beast.  (Basic Rules, pg. 266)   So this leaves ambiguity when game statistics are altered during polymorph,   The charm effect of Awaken seems pretty clear from the  and reinforced by the specific wording referring to the target as a beast or plant during effects and a creature afterwards:     The awakened beast or plant is charmed by you [longer than polymorph.] When the charmed condition ends, the awakened creature chooses [...] (Basic Rules, pg. 216)   The other two effects of awakening (other than making a plant mobile) are less clear-cut:     The target gains an Intelligence of 10. The target also gains the ability to speak one language you know.  (Basic Rules, pg. 216)   I would guess the modification to intelligence would apply to the beast's stats and therefore end with polymorph.     as being independent of creature statistics and act more as the character's experience. I'd argue the experience of a stranger turning you into a mouse, then gifting you the ability - as a mouse - to speak a language you have never used before would be an experience you couldn't lose I'm not sure if the language and intelligence granted from awakening should remain linked.    These are two examples I can see this having significant impact on my campaign:   Meet an NPC I don't share a language with, Polymorph them then Awaken their beast form so they can speak my language. Can I now communicate with them when they turn back?  If their original intelligence was higher then 10 is it reduced to 10? Say I use find familiar to get an owl (classified as a fey) familiar, then polymorph it to an owl (classified as a beast) so my druid friend can cast Awaken on it, does my familiar keep an intelligence of 10 and/or the ability to speak?   So after reverting from an awoken polymorphed state would you keep the 10 intelligence and a new language, only the new language, or not keep either?


I have tried to update my Email account to the email I use as the default: justin17862@gmail.com. But each time I do that, there is no popup (success or failure). I also see the verified-email-set and the HTTP message is OK.     But when I reload the page, there is nothing changed, the same previous email is shown to me.     Any help for changing my Email?

The email for getting notifications can be changed by clicking the "preferences" tab in your profile. After entering a new email address, the "Save email settings" button becomes clickable:    Clicking the button turns it grey:    So all looks well. But if you don't confirm the email by clicking on the link sent to your email inbox, the next time you go back to the preferences, you will see your old email address with no indication that it changed.  You can subscribe to the weekly newsletter from the "edit" tab of your profile. If you click the option and save, the next time you visit the edit page before confirming your email you get this message:    Once you confirm the email, the resend link disappears so you know the subscription is set up:    Ideally, the two systems would be unified so that all email subscriptions happen the same way. But short of that, it would be very helpful to indicate that an email address is unconfirmed for notification emails just like newsletters.


Pretty much what the title asks. But here's some context:  Suppose $X$ is finite and $R$ is a relation on $X$ that is not reflexive but it is symmetric. Also, suppose we can rule out $xRy$ and $yRz$ both occurring $\forall x,y,z\in X$ s.t. $x\neq y$ and $y\neq z$ and $x\neq z$. So we can rule out that $xRy$ and $yRz$ when $x,y,z$ are distinct. At this point, it seems that $R$ might be vacuously transitive. However, since $R$ is symmetric, $xRy$ and $yRx$ are both fine. But since $R$ is not reflexive, we cannot have $xRx$, which seems to be a violation of transitivity if $xRy$ and $yRx$. Is this a "legitimate" counter-example?

Can you give an example of a relation that is symmetric and transitive, but not reflexive?   By definition,   $R$, a relation in a set $X$, is reflexive if and only if $\forall x\in X$, $x\,R\,x$.  $R$ is symmetric if and only if $\forall x, y\in X$,  $x\,R\,y\implies y\,R\,x$. $R$ is transitive if and only if $\forall x, y, z\in X$, $x\,R\,y\land y\,R\,z\implies x\,R\,z$.    I can give a relation $\leqslant$, in a set of real numbers, as an example of reflexive and transitive, but not symmetric. But I can't think of a relation that is symmetric and transitive, but not reflexive.


As per specifications, my MSI notebook requires a 20 V / 2.0 A charger. Unfortunately, they are hard to find.  Can I use a 20 V / 3.5 A charger without damaging my notebook?

I have a laptop that says it needs a 19V 3.42A power supply. I have a Dell 20V 4.51A power supply.  Can I use this power supply with my laptop, or will it destroy the machine?


SQL Isn't my Forte, Some help from you experts would be amazing :)  Dataset:   Name of Product  |  Part Number   |   Size 1  |  Size 2 |  Size 3 ------------------|----------------|-----------|---------|----------       Item1       |    12345       |     4     |    4    |     6       Item2       |    54321       |     4     |    5    |     4       Item3       |    54123       |     6     |    2    |     2   I need to return the highest value in the 3 sizes and aggregate them into a single column.  Item1  |  6 Item2  |  5 Item3  |  6   Googling has only lead me to the MAX() function, but it just returns the highest value in the dataset which is not what im after.

How do you return 1 value per row of the max of several columns:  TableName  [Number, Date1, Date2, Date3, Cost]   I need to return something like this:  [Number, Most_Recent_Date, Cost]   Query?


Let $G$ be a finite group, and let $  |\{g\in G\  | \phi(g)=g^{-1}\} |> 3/4 |G|$ where $\phi$ is an automorphism of $G$ then $G$ is abelian? I tried to prove that $\phi (g)=g^{-1} $ for all $g\in G $ but could not prove it. After this is proved I can prove that the group is abelian. Am I in the right direction? Any help is appreciated.

Assume that $\pi$ is an automorphism of a finite group $G$. Let $S$ denote the set $\lbrace g \in G: \pi (g)=g^{-1} \rbrace$. Show that if $|S|>\frac{3|G|}{4}$, then $G$ is an abelian group.    Anyone has any idea on how to solve this ? I have no idea how to start.


If $f(z) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty a_nz^n$ is an entire function which does not have an essential singularity at $\infty$, then $f$ is a polynomial. I'm trying to apply Liouville's Theorem, but I am not guaranteed that $f(z)$ is bounded.

Suppose $f(z)$ is holomorphic in the whole plane, and that $f(z)$ does not have an essential singularity at $\infty$. Prove that $f(z)$ is a polynomial.   I've tried following the hint given in . Since $f(z)$ has a nonessential singularity at $\infty$, so $g(z)=f(1/z)$ has a nonessential singularity at $0$. There are two cases:  1) $g(z)$ has a removable singularity at $0$. This means $\lim_{z\rightarrow 0}zg(z)=0$.  2) $g(z)$ has a pole at $0$. This means $g(z)=h(z)/z^k$ for some analytic function $h(z)$ such that $h(0)\neq 0$.  How can I finish each of these cases?


Sorry for the oversimplified question, but does the series $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n+1}$ converge? The ratio test of it gives the result of "1". Thanks a lot.

Suppose $\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n} = S$ where $S$ is finite.  Then  $$S =\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n}= \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{2n-1} + \frac{1}{2n} > \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{2n} + \frac{1}{2n} = S$$  which is a contradiction.  Is this valid?


How is it possible to calculate correlation coefficient(Effect size) between nominal categorical variables and discrete variables in R?   for each variables I have at least 10 values

I would like to find the correlation between a continuous (dependent variable) and a categorical (nominal: gender, independent variable) variable. Continuous data is not normally distributed. Before, I had computed it using the Spearman's $\rho$. However, I have been told that it is not right.  While searching on the internet, I found that the boxplot can provide an idea about how much they are associated; however, I was looking for a quantified value such as Pearson's product moment coefficient or Spearman's $\rho$. Can you please help me on how to do this? Or, inform on which method would be appropriate?  Would Point Biserial Coefficient be the right option?


I have tried for $GL(2,\mathbb{Z}_p)$ its $= (p^2-1)(p^2-p)$ Since as number of ways in which first row can be filled is $p^2-1$ by omitting the way in which all entries r zero and second row can be filled in $p^2-p$ ways by omitting the  ways in which d entries are multiples of first row. I have also  tried for for $GL(3,\mathbb{Z}_p)$ its found as $=(p^3-1)(p^3-p)(p^3-2p)$. Is it right?

Let $G$ be the group of all $n\times n$ matrices with entries of the matrices from the field $\mathbb Z_p$ , $p$ prime, such that determinant of every matrix is not $[0]$ , w.r.t. matrix multiplication ; then what is the order of $G$ ?


Why does this return 2 instead of 1? Seems the second "var" is silently ignored.  function foo() {   var local = 1;   {     var local = 2;   }   return local; } foo() /* 2 */

What is the scope of variables in javascript? Do they have the same scope inside as opposed to outside a function? Or does it even matter? Also, where are the variables stored if they are defined globally?


I want to reinstall new Ubuntu because old corrupted. I have on this disk Windows so I m afraid that because this message Windowse erased. How to know during installation where it is windows on which disk sda? The following partitions are going to be formatted: Partition #9 of SCS1 (0,0,0) sda as ext4 Partition #10 of SCS1 (0,0,0) sda as swap

Whenever I startup from the LinuxLive USB, and try to install Ubuntu 12.04, it only gives me two options instead of the usual 3 or 4. My options are "Replace Windows 7 with Ubuntu" and "Something Else". Whenever I go into "Something else", it looks extremely confusing. How do I install it side-by-side while using the "Something else" section? These are my partitions.   /dev/sda /dev/sda1 ntfs (104Mb, System Required Partition) /dev/sda2 ntfs (1000097Mb, Windows 7 Partition)   Or should I try reinstalling my installer on a CD rather than USB and maybe then it will have the "Install alongside" function?


How do I find a integer $y$ here such that $23y = 1 \pmod {63}$ . I got it using hit and trial. But how to approach using the extended Euclidean algorithm?

I'm currently learning how to find the inverse of a modulo with the Extended Euclid Algorithm and I stumbled upon a problem when finding an inverse when the $m>p$ as for $m \equiv 1 \pmod{p}$  For example, in $$ 240x \equiv 1 \pmod{17} $$ what is the inverse? What are the steps to find it?


I'm pretty new to Ubuntu and already stuck on something simple: When trying to open a plain text file with the file extension .txt, it always asks whether i want to run or display the file.   Now, if the file has the ending .txt, I ALWAYS want it to be displayed in gedit. I never want to run it. Is there a way to skip that dialogue? I think the file manager is Nautilus.  To be specific: I don't want to skip the dialogue for all plain text documents! Just for those with the ending ".txt".   Glad if someone could help me, its pretty annoying since I'm editing a lot of text files :-)

After I create a bash script and double click it in Nautilus I am prompted with this - Do you want to run "sleepytime", or display its contents? With Run in terminal, Dislpay, Cancel and Run as options.    Is it possible to just choose "run" or "run in terminal" by default?


Publication: I would wager a guess at around 1970. Plot Points: It is set in the year 2019 and a program to detect extra-terrestrial life hears music broadcasts from a star system. They go to the planet where the music is being broadcasted from. Unfortunately, only one of the crew members lived to the year 2075 to tell the story of the expedition. Other than that, I don’t remember much... Author: I don’t actually remember who the author is, but I combed through huge lists of Asimov’s, Bradbury’s, and Orwell’s works to find this book, but I could not.

I remember reading a book in high school where a group of people travel to an alien planet where they discover an alien civilization separated into 2 castes. they are then made slaves to the taller class of aliens and one man has the flesh removed from his hands to make his fingers appear longer.