Baye's rule allows us to estimate the distribution of model parameters $\theta$ given the data that we have seen. where $$p(\theta |D) = \frac{p(D|\theta)p(\theta)}{\int p(D|\theta)p(\theta)d\theta}$$ The term $p(D|\theta)$ is regarded as the likelihood of the data given some model parameters $\theta$ . Many answers have been provided saying that the likelihood is . In this scenario where $\theta$ is treated as a random variable with a gaussian prior for example, is $p(D|\theta)$ a conditional probability or a function over the parameter $\theta$ ? I have been reading  on Bayesian Inference as well, and the term $p(D|\theta)$ seems to treat $\theta$ as a parameter rather than a random variable ? Intuitively, I feel that $p(D|\theta)$ in the Bayesian formula treats $\theta$ as a parameter. I still have some doubts however.

I have a simple question regarding "conditional probability" and "Likelihood". (I have already surveyed this question  but to no avail.)  It starts from the Wikipedia . They say this:     The likelihood of a set of parameter values, $\theta$, given   outcomes $x$, is equal to the probability of those observed outcomes   given those parameter values, that is      $$\mathcal{L}(\theta \mid x) = P(x \mid \theta)$$   Great! So in English, I read this as: "The likelihood of parameters equaling theta, given data X = x, (the left-hand-side), is equal to the probability of the data X being equal to x, given that the parameters are equal to theta". (Bold is mine for emphasis).  However, no less than 3 lines later on the same page, the Wikipedia entry then goes on to say:     Let $X$ be a random variable with a discrete probability distribution   $p$ depending on a parameter $\theta$. Then the function      $$\mathcal{L}(\theta \mid x) = p_\theta (x) = P_\theta (X=x), \, $$      considered as a function of $\theta$, is called the likelihood   function (of $\theta$, given the outcome $x$ of the random variable   $X$). Sometimes the probability of the value $x$ of $X$ for the   parameter value $\theta$ is written as $P(X=x\mid\theta)$; often   written as $P(X=x;\theta)$ to emphasize that this differs from   $\mathcal{L}(\theta \mid x) $ which is not a conditional probability,   because $\theta$ is a parameter and not a random variable.   (Bold is mine for emphasis). So, in the first quote, we are literally told about a conditional probability of $P(x\mid\theta)$, but immediately afterwards, we are told that this is actually NOT a conditional probability, and should be in fact written as $P(X = x; \theta)$?   So, which one is is? Does the likelihood actually connote a conditional probability ala the first quote? Or does it connote a simple probability ala the second quote?  EDIT:  Based on all the helpful and insightful answers I have received thus far, I have summarized my question - and my understanding thus far as so:    In English, we say that: "The likelihood is a function of parameters, GIVEN the observed data." In math, we write it as: $L(\mathbf{\Theta}= \theta \mid \mathbf{X}=x)$. The likelihood is not a probability.  The likelihood is not a probability distribution.  The likelihood is not a probability mass. The likelihood is however, in English: "A product of probability distributions, (continuous case), or a product of probability masses, (discrete case), at where $\mathbf{X} = x$, and parameterized by $\mathbf{\Theta}= \theta$." In math, we then write it as such: $L(\mathbf{\Theta}= \theta \mid \mathbf{X}=x) = f(\mathbf{X}=x ; \mathbf{\Theta}= \theta) $ (continuous case, where $f$ is a PDF), and as $L(\mathbf{\Theta}= \theta \mid \mathbf{X}=x) = P(\mathbf{X}=x ; \mathbf{\Theta}= \theta) $ (discrete case, where $P$ is a probability mass). The takeaway here is that at no point here whatsoever is a conditional probability coming into play at all.  In Bayes theorem, we have: $P(\mathbf{\Theta}= \theta \mid \mathbf{X}=x) = \frac{P(\mathbf{X}=x \mid \mathbf{\Theta}= \theta) \ P(\mathbf{\Theta}= \theta)}{P(\mathbf{X}=x)}$. Colloquially, we are told that "$P(\mathbf{X}=x \mid  \mathbf{\Theta}= \theta)$ is a likelihood", however, this is not true, since $\mathbf{\Theta}$ might be an actual random variable. Therefore, what we can correctly say however, is that this term $P(\mathbf{X}=x \mid \mathbf{\Theta}= \theta)$ is simply "similar" to a likelihood. (?) [On this I am not sure.]   EDIT II:  Based on @amoebas answer, I have drawn his last comment. I think it's quite elucidating, and I think it clears up the main contention I was having. (Comments on the image).    EDIT III:   I extended @amoebas comments to the Bayesian case just now as well:


I'm just started learning standard Calculus class in the university (It treats James Stewart's "Essential Calculus: Early transcendentals" for 1 semester, just letting you know) and I got some questions about the relationship between 'differentiability of a function' (i.e.the existence of $f'(a)$ regarding $x = a$) and 'continuity of a derivative of function'. I made a derivative of a function on my own, which is $$f'(x)=\begin{cases}-x + 2 & x<0, \\ 1 & x=0, \\ -x & x>0. \end{cases}$$ I said the integral constant $C = 0$ arbitrarily for convenience. Because $f'$ is defined at every $R$, then $f$ is continuous at every $R$ by theorem (don't remember the number of it...) By integrating $f'$ at every interval, then we get $$f(x)=\begin{cases} -x^2/2 + 2x & x<0, \\ 0 & x=0, \\ -x^2/2 & x>0. \end{cases}$$ But by using the definition of $f'(0)$ and given $f(x)$, we have to say that $f'(0)$ doesn't exist! So this was a contradiction. I asked about this in my country's internet community, but the answers were the following.  "If $f'(a)$ exists, and $f'$ is not continuous at a, then there are 2 types.  Both left and right limit of $f'$ at $x = a$ exists but $f'$ is not continuous at $a$  Either left or right limit of $f'$ at $x = a$ doesn't exist, so $f'$ is not continuous at $a$.   $f'$ is only available at type 2.  I just accepted with no excuse, but after few days, I just wanted to know some prove about this. I read about  but as I said before, I just started Calculus, so it was too hard for me to understand some comments at there. I am not American or British, so I'm not very good at English and sorry about that. Question is that could somebody prove that "if $f'(a)$ exists and $f'$ is discontinuous at $x = a$, then left-hand or right-hand limit of $f'$ at $x = a$ doesn't exist." Thx for reading this awful long writing.

Let $f$ be a real-valued function continuous on $[a,b]$ and differentiable on $(a,b)$. Suppose that $\lim_{x\rightarrow a}f'(x)$ exists. Then, prove that $f$ is differentiable at $a$ and $f'(a)=\lim_{x\rightarrow a}f'(x)$.    It seems like an easy example, but a little bit tricky. I'm not sure which theorems should be used in here.    ==============================================================  Using @David Mitra's advice and @Pete L. Clark's notes I tried to solve this proof. I want to know my proof is correct or not.  By MVT, for $h>0$ and $c_h \in (a,a+h)$ $$\frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}=f'(c_h)$$ and $\lim_{h \rightarrow 0^+}c_h=a$.    Then $$\lim_{h \rightarrow 0^+}\frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}=\lim_{h \rightarrow 0^+}f'(c_h)=\lim_{h \rightarrow 0^+}f'(a)$$   But that's enough? I think I should show something more, but don't know what it is.


I want to make game more realistic, for that I need a state . So, I decided to take hawaii state, as it can be seen through google maps with street view, 3d view and much more and will help me a lot for making realistic game. So, my simple question is that can I use the whole hawaii state [whole means everthing like clone/duplicate] in my game commercially.

I want to make game more realistic, for that I need a city. So, I decided to take New York City, as it can be seen through Google Maps with Street View, 3d view and much more and will help me a lot to make realistic game.   So, my simple question is: Can I use the whole New York City in my game and publish it commercially?


Is there a way to have more then 1 character saved on my map while using only one account?  I only have 1 account but there are 3 of us. We want to alternate playing, but with everyone playing on the same map and having their own stuff (position, inventory, ender chest, mod stuff, etc.).  This is just single player, no server and their will be no more then 1 player playing at a time.  the first answer do not work. I still got all my stuff. I did not start like a new guy and it just seems to reset my mod so now. I lost my progress :(  good thing I was not fare lol

I bought a Minecraft account for my little brother for Christmas, and I'd like to play with him on my server every now and then. If I log in while he's on, however, it kicks him off since we have the same username. Is there any way to change my username so that I can play with him, or anything I can do so that we can both play together using this account on my server?  I'm open to anything that could let us play, whether it be username changes, server property changes, etc.


I wrote three report_time to cron jobs   ## Report time */1 6-23 * * * /home/me/Music/src/report_time.py &> /dev/null   ## Report time 2 */1 6-23 * * *  cvlc /home/me/Music/audio/bell.wav &> /dev/null  ## report time */1 6-23 * * *  vlc /home/me/Music/audio/bell.wav &> /dev/null   However, non of them works as expected, they are all of mute and silence.  What' s the problem?

I get lost in askubuntu reading Q&A and experimenting with recommended code snippets. So I often miss switching TV news channels on the internet at the top of the hour. Not a big problem for youtube channels that allow time-shifting, but it's a "show stopper" for tv channels using flash player.  Can cron be configured to run a job at the top of each hour where I provide a script to sound a grandfather like clock chime (with subtle sound volume of course!)? A minor chime could be sounded at the bottom of the hour too. I'm sure I can locate suitable .ogg or .oga files on the net and I know I can use ogg123 to play them. I just don't know if cron could do it. I know I could use a script that sleeps and wakes up to test time but don't like the thought of having something running all the time (there's enough of that going on already I think).  If this can be done with cron can someone answer how to set it up?  Thank you.


I am an aspiring photographer and I was wondering if it is possible to get bokeh images with a 55 mm lens since right now that is all I have.

I'm currently using an entry-level DSLR with 18-55mm lens and having great trouble trying to creating a blurred background effect in my photos. Now matter what aperture or shutter speed I choose, I'm not able to get it.  There's a general question about , but what specific things can I do to get this effect with an entry-level lens?


This is from Serge Lang's book Basic Mathematics. I've stuck at this for over six hours now. Read multiple posts, forums, and even checked the answer key. The main thing I'm confused about is how can we get this common denominator: $n!(m - n + 1)!$ Everything else is easy.

I am working through the exercises and have spent half a day on one problem so I decided to get some help because I can't figure it out.  Show that if $n$ is a positive integer at most equal to $m$, then $$ \binom{m}{n} + \binom{m}{n-1} = \binom{m+1}{n} $$ I expand the sum of two binomial coefficients and get $$ \frac{m!}{n!(m-n)!} + \frac{m!}{(n-1)!(m-n+1)!} $$ Now, I have trouble summing up the two fractions, specifically, finding the common denominator of two fractions. I tried all sorts of things I could think of but can't seem to get to $n!(m-n+n)!$ which is in the solutions at the back of the book.  My last try $$ \frac{m!(n!(m-n)!) + m!((n-1)!(m-n+1)!)}{n!(m-n)!(m-n+1)!(n-1)!} = $$ $$ = \frac{m!(n!(m-n)! + (n-1)!(m-n+1)!)}{n!(m-n+1)!(m-n)!(n-1)!} = $$ $$ = \frac{m!(mn!-nn!+((mn-n^2+n)!-(m-n+1)!)!}{n!(m-n+1)!(m-n)!(n-1)!} $$  And so on, I feel like I am missing something as I don't see any opportunity to simplify this mess.


I've heard of a automatic compiling system for LaTeX which works as follows: I simply upload a .tex code to a website and this system automatically compiles it into .pdf. How to find it?

I have heard rumors that you can compile documents online, and more specifically that Google has a free online compiler, but I have never been able to find any. Is there a way to compile documents online, so that I can write and compile documents even if I don't have a TeX distribution installed on my computer?


If they do I'd love to learn the names of them and what they do.

Linux determines the type of a file via a code in the file-header. It doesn't depend on file-extensions for to know which software is to use for opening the file.  That's what I remember from my education. Please correct me in case I'm wrong!  Working a bit with Ubuntu systems recently: I see a lot of files on the systems which have extensions like .sh, .txt, .o, .c  Now I'm wondering: Are these extensions are meant only for humans? So that one should get an idea what kind of file it is?  Or does they have some purpose for the operating-system too?


I have the below class structure. Class A is called from constructor of Class B and C.  Class A {     A() }  Class B {     B()     {         A();     } }  Class C {     C()     {         A();     } }   Is there a way where I can get to know if the call to A() comes from B() or C()? I do not want to pass any object in the constructor.

When logging in C#, how can I learn the name of the method that called the current method? I know all about System.Reflection.MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod(), but I want to go one step beneath this in the stack trace. I've considered parsing the stack trace, but I am hoping to find a cleaner more explicit way, something like Assembly.GetCallingAssembly() but for methods.


I cannot carry heavy lens and camera so need to buy bridge type - like Macro photography - trying to decide between Sony RX10 II and Panasonic FZ1000.  Cannot find information on which would be best for Macro.

For macro photography, how do I choose between a compact camera or a mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (without considering a lens)?   What indicator(s) should I look for when making the choice?


One of my players took craft cooking,craft spices and knowledge nature to be able to cook delicious food in the wilderness. Does he get any morale bonuses for eating delicious food everyday?

I have designed a character to be able to cook just about anything and make it taste great. This was done mainly for RP purposes but I was curious if there is any system that adds benefits for eating fresh good food. Maybe something like a moral bonus. I am aware of the racial trail rations and might use those without the racial limits if my DM approves.


How can I fill the area under a curve in a 3d plot, similar to the \closedcycle command in ordinary 2d plots? Applying this command does a filling which is not rotated.  Minimal working example:  \documentclass{article}  \usepackage{tikz} \usepackage{pgfplots} \begin{document}   \begin{tikzpicture}      \begin{axis}[     xmin=0,xmax=3,     zmin=0,zmax=2     ]         \addplot3[red,domain=0:1,fill=blue,opacity=0.5,samples y=0] (2,x,x^2) \closedcycle ;      \end{axis}   \end{tikzpicture} \end{document}   In 2D it looks like this  \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tikz} \usepackage{pgfplots} \begin{document}   \begin{tikzpicture}   \begin{axis}[domain=0:1     ]         \addplot[red,domain=0:1,fill=blue,opacity=0.5,samples y=0] {x^2} \closedcycle ;   \end{axis}   \end{tikzpicture} \end{document}   How can I easily apply this to a 3D plot?


Lets assume that there is an external field +E acting on a conducting plate from left to right. Due to this, some electrons will drift from right to left to cancel out this electric field inside the conductor. But since some electrons have moved to the left surface of the sheet, there should(?) be an accumulation of positive charge on the right side of the sheet which should also have an electric field of its own (will this accumulation of positive charge on the right side of the sheet be equal in magnitude to the charge due to the accumulation of electrons on the left side ?). So how is the net electric field ever getting zero because there will always be some positive charge in the conductor which will have a field of its own. If maybe this field attracts some electrons to neutralize it, there will always be some positive charge due to this attraction of electrons to have a field of its own. Please tell me what exactly happens inside the conductor since my above idea is probably wrong.  I know that  "its electrostatics so no field can move and thus field should be zero" but I want to know HOW this happens and no other question addresses this "HOW" or my concern about the positive charge build up (if there is any kind of buildup)   ^This answer talks about the electrons neutralizing a positive field by drifting to one side but then it loses context to what I want to know by talking about the impact of the external field strength (I want to know the impact of the field created by the positive charge inside the conductor, if there is any)   ^The answer in this thread talks about the negative charge moving (as i have already mentioned above) but doesn't tell whether there is any kind of positive charge build up on the opposite side and the field due to it (because the electrons have moved to the other side)

We have studied so far that electric field inside a conductor if no charge is placed inside is zero. But we know that every conductor has only a limited number of electrons.  What happens when ALL the electrons have aligned to cancel the field inside conductor under application of external field and then we increase the field a little bit more certainly there are no more electrons to cancel the field and this additional field must be present inside the conductor now.  I know that practically under electric fields of magnitude that can drag out all electrons from the conductor's body to surface field emission and/or electrical breakdown would be taking place, But is this phenomenon theoretically possible ?


I'm sure this topic has been beaten to death, but I can't seem to find the answer I'm looking for. That being said, maybe I'm just not seeing the answer for what it is and I just want to feel special by having my specific question answered. In either case, if the question doesn't say it all, basically level 3 sorcerers have access to both Thunderwave (1st level spell) and Booming Blade (cantrip.) Bonus action spells don't let you cast anything that isn't a cantrip afterwards so:  Healing Word into Firebolt in one turn is allowed but, Shillelagh into Cure Wound in one turn is not allowed.  That means Bonus Action Leveled Spell casted first, then Action Cantrip in one turn is ok to do,but Bonus Action Cantrip casted first, then Action Leveled Spell in one turn is not ok to do.   I ask about case 3, Action Cantrip casted first, then Bonus Action Leveled Spell in one turn, is this ok?  No question I've seen specifically says whether or not casting a 1 action cantrip disqualifies your character from casting 1 bonus action, level 1+ spell in cases where action order matters.     If the quickened Thunderwave comes first, then the monster will be too far away to hit it with Booming Blade: so, is the Thunderwave allowed to come second?

In the PHB page 202 under the bonus action heading it states:     You can't cast another spell during the same turn, except for a cantrip with a casting time of 1 action.   This seems to state that if you cast a bonus action spell, you could not cast a reaction spell in the same round.  That is to say, there is no limit to how many spells you could cast in a round (action economy willing) as long as you don't cast a bonus action spell.  Is this correct? What is the maximum number of spells that a character could cast in a round? Does anyone know the reasoning to exclude casting both a bonus action spell and a reaction spell in the same round?


I'm familiar with RSA for asymmetric encryption. I also understand it's only supposed to encrypt small amounts of data (smaller than the key) so for encrypting arbitrary data I would typically generate a one-time random key, encrypt just that random key with asymmetric encryption, and then encrypt the actual data using AES with the random key (and then throw away the plaintext key) Can I also use Elliptic Curve Cryptography for this? And if yes, can I use any common type of curves / keys? For example, can I create a Ed25519 or Secp256k1 or Secp521r1 keypair, and then encrypt something with the public key so it can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key? I sometimes read things like 'Ed25519 is only for signatures, not encryption' or 'ECC is only for authentication'. Suppose I have an RSA keypair MyPrivateRsaKey.pem and MyPublicRsaKey.pem and a small data file secret.txt.I can encrypt secret.txt using MyPublicRsaKey.pem, and then the encrypted data can only be decrypted with MyPrivateRsaKey.pem. Now if I have a keypair MyPrivateEd25519Key.pem and MyPublicEd25519Key.pem for example, can I do the same? Or am I mistaken and are elliptic curve keys fundamentally unsuitable for this? P.S. note that for the context of this question, I'm not dealing with key exchange or signatures or certificates or authentication. Just asymmetric encryption+decryption.

So I think I understand a good amount of the theory behind elliptic curve cryptography, however I am slightly unclear on how exactly a message in encrypted and then how is it decrypted. So my questions are   How are messages encrypted and decrypted? How are the public and private keys determined?   Thanks for the help


So I was trying to solve the N queens problem in Python, and I generated my chess board using the following statement, in my Solution class: self.board = [[0] * self.dimension] * self.dimension  where dimension is initialized to the value that defines the number of Queens, and hence the size of the chessboard After obtaining a list of possible positions ( a list of tuples, held in the class variable queen_positions, where each tuple holds a position on the board), I attempted to print the solution using the following:     def print_board(self):     """     Prints the board     """     for i, j in self.queen_positions:         self.board[i][j] = 'Q'     print(self.board)  And much to my horror, instead of updating the specific coordinates specified by the indices, it also updated additional coordinates. For instance, for position (0,1), after the update, my board looked like this: [[0, 'Q', 0, 0], [0, 'Q', 0, 0], [0, 'Q', 0, 0], [0, 'Q', 0, 0]]  I noticed that if I did not generate the board at the beginning, but hard coded it as a 4x4 list, this does not happen. From IDLE board = [[0,0,0,0],[1,1,1,1], [2,2,2,2], [3,3,3,3]] for i,j in [(1,1),(2,2)]:     print(f"i is ${i} and j is ${j}")     board[i][j] = 'Q' >>> board [[0, 0, 0, 0], [1, 'Q', 1, 1], [2, 2, 'Q', 2], [3, 3, 3, 3]]  What am I missing here?

I needed to create a list of lists in Python, so I typed the following: my_list = [[1] * 4] * 3  The list looked like this: [[1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]    Then I changed one of the innermost values: my_list[0][0] = 5  Now my list looks like this: [[5, 1, 1, 1], [5, 1, 1, 1], [5, 1, 1, 1]]    which is not what I wanted or expected. Can someone please explain what's going on, and how to get around it?


Context. I am currently reading a Quantum Mechanics book in which it is stated that it is "obvious" (without proof) that $$ e^{(α Ω)} e^{(β Ω)} = e^{((α + β) Ω)} $$ where $\alpha, \beta \in \mathbb{C}$ and $\Omega$ is a square matrix of complex scalars, and $e^{\Omega}$ is defined as $$ e^\Omega = \sum_{n=\color{red}{0}}^\infty \frac{\Omega^n}{n!} $$ whenever $\lim_{n \to \infty} \Omega^n$ converges. Problem: I only know how to show this is true when $\Omega$ happens to be a diagonal matrix (in which case the matrix multiplication of $\Omega^n$ devolves to multiplication of the scalars $d_i^n$ along the diagonal of $\Omega$). How does one show this result holds in general, when $\Omega$ isn't necessarily diagonal?

This question comes from an exam in my functional analysis class.  Suppose $X$ is a Banach space, and $T \in B(X,X)$ is a bounded linear operator on $X$. For any non-negative integer $n$, let $$S_n=\sum_{k=0}^n \frac{1}{k!} T^k$$ where $T^k$ is the composition of $T$ with itself $k$ times and $T^0=I$.  We can show that for any integer $k>0$, $\Vert T^k \Vert \le \Vert T \Vert ^k$. Then we can show that $S_n \in B(X,X)$ and there is some $S \in B(X,X)$ such that $S_n \to S$. We write $S = e^T$ for this operator.  Finally, We were asked to show that $e^T$ has an inverse, and that it is $e^{-T}$. My thought is to prove the following claim first: if $A,B \in B(X,X)$ and $AB = BA$, then $e^A  e^B = e^{A+B}$. If the claim is true, it follows that $e^T e^{-T}=I$.  The claim can be proven provided that the product series can be computed with the Cauchy rule.  $$e^Ae^B=\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}\frac{A^i}{i!}\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}\frac{B^j}{j!}=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\sum_{l=0}^{k}\frac{A^lB^{k-l}}{l!(k-l)!}$$ $$=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k!}\sum_{l=0}^{k}\frac{k!}{l!(k-l)!}A^lB^{k-l}= \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k!}(A+B)^k= e^{A+B}$$  But why can the product series be summed in the Cauchy way? I know for real-number series, by Cauchy's theorem, if $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n$ and $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} b_n$ are absolutely convergent to $A$ and $B$, respectively, then we can add $a_i b_j$ in any way, and the resulting series will converge to $AB$. Does this proposition still hold for commutable operators? (It would be greatly appreciated if ideas of proof or reference is suggested.)


Im watching a blender tutorial and they said to select render mode but when I select render mode the model pretty much disappears and the lighting doesn't work and ends up looking like this.

I don't know why but now, when i go in material preview or rendered (in solid mode it works fine), my object is entirely gray, or invisible idk, because it has the same color of the background. I've been working for days on this project without having this issue, it suddenly showed up. I tried opening other old projects and suddenly they all do the same so i guess it is some blender program setting that applies for all the projects, but idk how it happened cuz i didn't change anything :/, anyone got any tips?


I'm using this , see my fiddle .  My problem is the method itemAdded is not working on newly added input.  $('input').on('itemAdded', function(event) {      alert('added'); //doesn't work on newly added input })   How to bind it the with body tag?

I have a bit of code where I am looping through all the select boxes on a page and binding a .hover event to them to do a bit of twiddling with their width on mouse on/off.  This happens on page ready and works just fine.  The problem I have is that any select boxes I add via Ajax or DOM after the initial loop won't have the event bound.  I have found this plugin (), but before I add another 5k to my pages with a plugin, I want to see if anyone knows a way to do this, either with jQuery directly or by another option.


A friend of mine sent me a  link to a parametric curve that creates a detailed drawing of a game character.      The parametric equation that draws it is about ~9 screens tall on my computer; and appears to consist of thousands of sine's added together; unlike simpler examples like the , this would have taken an enormous amount of effort to construct by hand; leaving me wondering how exactly is something like this created?

How do people come up with equations of curves to draw out complex objects?  Some popular examples would include:  &  .  This  explains the rationale for the batman curve nicely.  But other than trial and error, I can't see a reasonable way of drawing the much more complicated PSY curve.


I tried to use the tabular but the \hline spread over the whole line (even under the 77).

How to make the traditional division? Like that:  a |b_ r  c


I don't understand the concept of a frame of reference. I've read from online sources and they defined it as an abstract coordinate system. What is the coordinate in this system then and how do they all connect to each other? Then I've read the mentioning of an observer and the observer's state of motion and I don't understand how that relates to a frame of reference. I don't understand how these concepts all work together to define a frame of reference. Please help.

I've read  on frame of reference and also followed all of the references cited in the text (Salençon, Brillouin, Norton, etc) but I'm struggling to find any concise definition in all of that.   I would like a concise definition for a frame of reference in the context of Newtonian mechanics. This definition should not involve any additional qualifiers such as inertial and must be mature enough as to differentiate a frame of reference and a coordinate system. Is there one such definition?


I've set the PHP character set to utf-8:  header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8');   I've set the currency column in MySQL to varchar(1) with collation utf8_unicode_ci.  However, the following code in PHP:  $currency = '€'; $sql = "UPDATE myTable SET currency = '$currency' WHERE user = '$user'"; mysql_query($sql);   Produces the following character in MySQL:  â   How can I get the € symbol to store properly in MySQL?

I'm setting up a new server and want to support UTF-8 fully in my web application. I have tried this in the past on existing servers and always seem to end up having to fall back to ISO-8859-1.  Where exactly do I need to set the encoding/charsets? I'm aware that I need to configure Apache, MySQL, and PHP to do this — is there some standard checklist I can follow, or perhaps troubleshoot where the mismatches occur?  This is for a new Linux server, running MySQL 5, PHP, 5 and Apache 2.


I'm interested in showing the inequality $$ \cos\left(\frac{1}{n}\right) > 1-\frac{1}{2n^2}$$ For all $n$ positive integer. I've tried to proceed by induction and it's easily seen (assuming properties of trigonometric functions) that it holds for $n=1$ but I get stuck on showing it for $n+1$. Once $\cos(x)$ is decreasing on $[0,1]$ we have $$\cos\left(\frac{1}{n+1}\right) > \cos\left(\frac{1}{n}\right) > 1- \frac{1}{2 \, n^2}.$$ But I don't know how to get it from here.

Show that   $$\displaystyle1 - \frac{x^2}2\leq\cos x\quad\forall x \in \mathbb{R}$$   Let $f(x) = \cos x - 1 + \frac{x^2}2$; then we need to show that $f(x) \geq 0\quad\forall x \in \mathbb{R}$.  Since $$\lim_{x \to \pm\infty} f(x) = +\infty$$ and $$\operatorname{im}f'' = [0, 2]$$ (as $f''(x) = 1 -\cos x$), it remains to show that $x = 0$ is a minimum for $f(x)$, but I cannot do that because I would need to solve $f'(x) = x -\sin x = 0$, which I cannot. I think it would suffice to show that plugging in $x = 0$ we have that $f'(x) = 0$, and combining it with the fact that the function $f$ is convex, we would be done.    Is it enough? What's a better proof?  EDIT: It just occurred to me that there is a way to solve $f'(x) = 0$. Just observe that $f'(x)$ is an odd function and that $f''(x) \geq 0$ implies that $f'(x)$ is monotonically increasing. Since an odd function, if defined at $x = 0$, must be $0$ there, $x = 0$ is a solution to the equation and it's the only one.


So I upgrade to Ubuntu 17.04 from 16.10 with excitement.  Before when I upgraded to 16.10 , any program (like wine) or any file was deleted and wine was working pretty fine.   But when I upgraded to 17.04, all files and programs were deleted. So I said "Ok,no problem." and tried to install wine.   But there was no wine in Software Center. So I installed wine from terminal but there's no "c disk" when I write c to "search"(I can only access it via .wine).   So who has the problem? Me or Ubuntu?

I have a problem. My Wine has a C drive, but it's invisible. When I try to locate it in terminal, I can see the path: /home/michal/.wine/drive_c/windows  Problem is, when I open my user directory "Michal", the /.wine/ directory is not visible. It's simply not there. How can I access it using Ubuntu's graphic interface?


I compose in Russian (Cyrillique).  I've just dowloaded TexShop 3.48. When opened, all my old .tex files with Russian fonts, the text in main TexShop window is no more correct (encoding pb). The composition works well, the output PDF file is well in Russian. But I can't visualise the Cyrillique source-code.  Could you please indicate how I can write in Russian (source code)?

I am aware that this might not be the ideal place please move/close this if so.  So since yesterday I run into the following problem:  I use \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} and \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} in the preamble and save the document in TeXShop accordingly as a UTF-8 encoded file.  As soon as I close the document and open it anew the document is now of type applemac and obviously the special characters are all different. Now this only seems to happen for new document because I wrote my thesis with the same preambel and there when I open it it is still a UTF-8 encoded document.  I really have no idea what's going on. Has anyone ever experienced something similar?


I have two versions (A4 size) of a document: new.pdf and old.pdf.    I'd like to share with co-authors a pdf with pages side by side, so should be easy to compare the changes in the output.   which works well only if the files have the same number of pages.   is proposed and makes use of \pdflastximagepages to compute the number of pages of a previous inserted pdf file. So this number can be used for the loop.  Since my pdf files could have different numbers of pages, the solutions cited above don't work.   So, my idea is:  1.  compute the number of pages for both files.  \sbox0{\includegraphics{new.pdf}} \edef\PagesA{\number\pdflastximagepages}  \sbox1{\includegraphics{old.pdf}} \edef\PagesB{\number\pdflastximagepages}   2. define the numbers \Min=min(\PagesA,\PagesB) and \Max=max(\PagesA,\PagesB)  3. from 1 to \Min insert pages from both files using   \foreach\n in{1,...,\Min}{   \includepdfmerge[nup=2x1]{new.pdf,\n,old.pdf,\n} }   4. finally, test if \Min=\PagesA or \Min=\PagesB.  4.1 if \Min=\PagesA then use   \foreach\n in{\Min+1,...,\Max}{   \includepdfmerge[nup=2x1]{old.pdf,\n} % old is on the right hand side }   4.2 if \Min=\PagesB then use   \foreach\n in{\Min+1,...,\Max}{   \includepdfmerge[nup=2x1]{new.pdf,\n} % new is on the left hand side }   My question is: how to implement (4)?  M(W)E  \documentclass{report} \usepackage[landscape,margin=0pt,a3paper]{geometry} \usepackage{pdfpages,pgffor}   \begin{document} \pagestyle{empty} \sbox0{\includegraphics{new.pdf}} \edef\PagesA{\number\pdflastximagepages} \sbox1{\includegraphics{old.pdf}} \edef\PagesB{\number\pdflastximagepages} %\edef\Min{} %\edef\Max{}  \foreach\n in{1,...,\Min}{   \includepdfmerge[nup=2x1]{new.pdf,\n,old.pdf,\n} } \foreach\n in{\Min+1,...,\Max}{ %% test here to decide if new or old should be used   \includepdfmerge[nup=2x1]{??.pdf,\n} } \end{document}

I have 3 pdf files (a.pdf, b.pdf and c.pdf) with 50 images per file. I need to insert every page of each pdf one by one (3 in a row). Not all pages from first pdf and all from another, but one page from a.pdf, one from b.pdf and c.pdf   Desired output would be to have one document with pages:  1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, 3b, 3c....50a, 50b, 50c  MWE  \documentclass[a4paper]{article} \usepackage{pdfpages}  \begin{document}  \includepdfmerge[nup=1x3] {a.pdf, 1,2,3, b.pdf, 1,2,3, c.pdf, 1,2,3}  \end{document}


I have two network adapters installed on the same PC, one is wired and the other is wireless. Each of them is connected to internet through different router/AP and different ISP.   Is that possible to have them work together to boost my overall downstream/upstream bandwidth by combining them into one? Is that possible to have certain application using one connection and others using another connection?   It's good to know if any hardware can achieve this, in the purpose of learning, but I currently don't intend to buy new hardware.  My system is Windows 7 Ultimate 64-bit, with a Realtek Gigabit Ethernet card (on-board) & TP-Link Wireless-N card.

I have two internet connection, each with 4mbps bandwidth. I want to join/merge both of them to get 8mbps speed, both routers have WLAN and LAN capability.    How to Double my speed using two routers? Can I bond two connections in Windows and double my internet connection speed? Any download manager that accepts two internet connection to download?


I need to display Excel Spreadsheet inside of Unity with edit and read feature. This is a PDF file image but Excel file displays like this:

I typically have two needs:  Scenario A. Change a single PDF page.  In this case I have a PDF but not the original source file used to create the PDF. I don't want to try to recreate the document from scratch. I'd like to open the PDF and change a few things. A good example of this scenario: I was responsible for planning a big event at a campground site, I had a PDF of the site. I wanted to start with that document, highlight some parts, add some labels, remove some parts that weren't relevant.   or   Scenario B. Combine PDFs or extract page(s) from a PDF  This scenario usually arises because I want a single PDF deliverable that is made up of parts that are best created in different programs. In this case I have the source files for all the documents but they don't play well enough together to easily create a single PDF deliverable. For part of it, I may want to use Libre Office Writer. For another page I may want to use Gimp. Still another page I may use Libre Office Calc. I could use Writer as the master document and embed images or the Calc object into that, but for ultimate control, you can't beat separate PDF documents that are then combined.  What are the best tools / processes for editing PDFs in Ubuntu?


A command activated item costs caster level X spell level X 1800 (for an instantaneous spell).  So imagine this: A belt or something of negative energy ray (caster lvl 1, spell lvl 1 x 1800=1800) and a caster with tomb tainted soul allowing him to use the ray to heal himself as a standard action.  Or a construct (intelligent item) with a command activated item of repair light damage (caster lvl 1, spell level 1 x 1800=1800), once again this creature can heal itself as a standard action.  But looking at a spell like cure light wounds, there is no way you would make an item of cure light wounds as command activated costing only 1800.  So I suppose my question is balance based. It is obvious to me that an item that can cure just about anyone for only 1800 is out of the question, but an item that can heal because you took a feat or because of your creature type I could reasonably see costing 1800 as standard actions are precious in combat.

My fellow players would like to have a command-word or use-activated "button" of Cure Light Wounds at will, i.e. unlimited uses/day.  How much should this cost (if it should be available at all?)  Item cost estimation rules per DMG  The Dungeon Master's Guide (DMG) contains . This includes guidance on the estimated price of spell effect items, like the  (command activated Dimension Door 1/day) and use-activated/continuous effect items like the  (continuous Invisibility Purge.)  The general formula for the cost of a command-word/use activated spell-effect item appears to be the following five numbers, all multiplied together.   Base price 1,800 GP for command-word activated items, or 2,000 GP for use-activated or continuous items. Spell level × Caster level Factor for base spell duration - if a continuous effect item.     If a continuous item has an effect based on a spell with a duration measured in rounds, multiply the cost by 4. If the duration of the spell is 1 minute/level, multiply the cost by 2, and if the duration is 10 minutes/level, multiply the cost by 1.5. If the spell has a 24-hour duration or greater, divide the cost in half.  Body slot factor - ×1.00 for an item taking up a body slot, ×1.50 for an item taking up a "strange slot" (i.e. Boots of True Seeing - see ), ×2.00 for an item that doesn't occupy a slot. Charges/uses per day - ×1.00 for unlimited uses per day, ×0.80 4 uses/day, ×0.60 3 uses/day, ×0.40 2 uses/day, ×0.20 1 use/day. Alternately, ×0.50 for an item with 50 charges.   Example: Ring of Friendship  Taking the example of the  (10,800 GP, command-word activated Charm Animal (Clr/Drd 1st, CL3) at will), we have:   1,800 GP for command-word activated Spell level 1 × caster level 3 Factor for base spell duration - N/A (not a continuous effect item) ×2.00 for Body slot factor - apparently ×2 because rings don't have a  ×1.00 for unlimited uses/day    Cost of Ring of Friendship 1,800 × 1 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 10,800 GP, which matches the 10,800 GP cost quoted in the SRD.  Extrapolating to a Ring of Cure Light Wounds  Let's try and create a Ring of Cure Light Wounds, a command-word activated item which casts Cure Light Wounds (Cleric 1st, CL 1) unlimited/day.   1,800 GP for command-word activated Spell level 1 × caster level 1 Factor for base spell duration - N/A (not a continuous effect item) ×2.00 for Body slot factor - apparently ×2 because rings don't have a  ×1.00 for unlimited uses/day    According to these factors the Ring of Cure Light Wounds should cost 3,600 GP.  However, everyone in my RPG group has a different opinion.   Alice thinks the above cost (3,600 GP) is correct. Bob thinks that the Ring of Cure Light Wounds is ludicrously overpowered and shouldn't exist. (It dispenses literally infinite healing out of combat - a major game balance issue.) Charlie thinks that such an item is outside the rules given by DMG because the DMG gives rules for spell effect items based on spells with a duration, i.e. rounds/level, minutes/level, but gives no rules for spells with instantaneous duration (i.e. Cure Light Wounds.) Dave agrees with Charlie that the rules don't cover spell-effect items for instantaneous spells, but rather than disallowing them entirely, Dave thinks the "duration factor" should be ×4 (as if Cure Light Wounds had a duration of rounds - the most expensive option that DMG allows for.) Erin thinks that the DMG guidelines are flexible and we should consider the cost of the Ring of Cure Light Wounds in context of other, existing magic items. For example, the  is 90,000 GP. The Ring of Cure Light Wounds is at least as powerful (if not more powerful!) so it should cost at least 90,000 GP.   Who, if anyone, is right? RAW preferred, otherwise RAI.  For context, this came up in the context of a dungeon crawl à la Tomb of Horrors: frequent combat, little chance to rest, and no prospect of resupply.


All examples of non-measurable subset of $\mathbb{R}$ (in the Lebesgue sense) seem to need the axiom of choice in some way or the other. Hence, can we say:     The set $A\subseteq \mathbb{R}$ is measurable because the axiom of choice was not used to define it.   Is that a valid argument? Or does there exist non-measurable sets that do not require the axiom of choice?

Suppose $S$ is a subset of $\mathbb{R}$ which can be defined without using the axiom of choice, i.e. which can be proved to exist using only the axioms of ZF. Does it follow that $S$ is measurable?  We know that ZF + "All subsets of $\mathbb{R}$ are Lebesgue measurable" is consistent (assuming ZF is), but the claim doesn't follow from this alone, since there could be a proof that $S$ is not measurable which uses choice.


How can I export my push notifications so they can be imported again on accidental deletion?  If I accidentally wipe out a notification or press the clear button, Android does not ask me for confirmation and just cleans up.

Is there a way to (offline)  retrieve app messages (messages that  appear with on the top right on the home screen with a small icon of the app)  Without opening the app itself? (or when the app doesn't store these messages)  Or is there an app that I can install that can remember these messages?  I am using a Dtek 50 android 6.0


In the 1950s we were strongly discouraged from placing prepositions at the end of sentences, and also from using split infinitives. Is this considered important now?

Like many others, I commonly find myself ending a sentence with a preposition.  Yes, it makes me cringe.  I usually rewrite the sentence, but sometimes (in emails) I just live with it.  To, with... you know who you are.  Should I keep fighting myself on this one, or is it okay in some circumstances?


fullwidth environment causes trouble across pages. mdframed option too does not work well.   The mdframed answer was suggested by the author for normal text here ,   \documentclass[nols,a4paper,twoside,symmetric,justified,marginals=raggedouter]{tufte-book}  \hypersetup{colorlinks} % Comment this line if you don't wish to have colored links  \usepackage{lipsum,mdframed,fontspec} \definecolor{secnum}{RGB}{13,151,225} \definecolor{ptcbackground}{RGB}{212,237,252} \definecolor{ptctitle}{RGB}{0,177,235}  % TOC   \usepackage{titletoc}   \usepackage{etoolbox}   \setcounter{tocdepth}{1}   \pretocmd{\tableofcontents}{\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=ptcbackground,outermargin=\dimexpr-\marginparwidth-\marginparsep\relax,innermargin=0pt,hidealllines=true]\let\cleardoublepage\relax}{}{}   \apptocmd{\tableofcontents}{\end{mdframed}}{}{}  \begin{document} \tableofcontents \chapter{Questions of Design} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Drawing} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Technique} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Design} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Drawing} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Technique} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Design} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Drawing} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Technique} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Design} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Drawing} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \chapter{Questions of Technique} \section{(title section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \section{(title section 2)} \subsection{(title sub-section 1)} \subsection{(title sub-section 2)} \end{document}

Done Major Edit, to make the question clear.  Removing the last chapter line works. But keeping it makes latex go crazy. It prints numbers till 65536.. and errors: ** ERROR ** Page number 65536l too large!    MikTex, XeLatex, PdfLatex (endures a few more section, but then, the same error).  Drilling down, I have found that the problem is because of mdframed, specially usetwoside option. The error also seems to be a result of the following warnings:    The log is here:   \documentclass{book} \usepackage{xcolor} \usepackage{mdframed} \usepackage{titletoc} \usepackage{etoolbox}   \definecolor{secnum}{RGB}{13,151,225} \definecolor{ptcbackground}{RGB}{212,237,252} \definecolor{ptctitle}{RGB}{0,177,235}  \pretocmd{\tableofcontents}{\begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=ptcbackground,hidealllines=true]}{}{} \apptocmd{\tableofcontents}{\end{mdframed}}{}{} \patchcmd{\tableofcontents}{\contentsname}{\color{ptctitle}\contentsname}{}{}  \setcounter{tocdepth}{1}  \titlecontents{section}   [4em]{\sffamily}   {\color{secnum}\contentslabel{2.3em}\normalcolor}{}   {\titlerule*[1000pc]{.}\contentspage\\\hspace*{-3em}\vspace*{2pt}%     \color{white}\rule{\dimexpr\textwidth-20pt\relax}{1pt}}  \titlecontents{lsection}   [5.8em]{\sffamily}   {\color{secnum}\contentslabel{2.3em}\normalcolor}{}   {\titlerule*[1000pc]{.}\contentspage\\\hspace*{-5.8em}\vspace*{2pt}%     \color{white}\rule{\dimexpr\textwidth-15.5pt\relax}{1pt}}  \makeatletter \renewcommand*\l@chapter[2]{%   \ifnum \c@tocdepth >\m@ne     \addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}%     \vskip 1.0em \@plus\p@     \setlength\@tempdima{1.5em}%     \begingroup       \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth       \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth       \leavevmode       \advance\leftskip\@tempdima       \hskip -\leftskip       \colorbox{ptctitle}{\strut%         \makebox[\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep-7pt\relax][l]{%           \color{white}\bfseries\sffamily#1%           \nobreak\hfill\nobreak\hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}}\par\smallskip       \penalty\@highpenalty     \endgroup   \fi} \makeatother \newcommand\PartialToC{% \startcontents[chapters]% \begin{mdframed}[backgroundcolor=ptcbackground,hidealllines=true] \printcontents[chapters]{l}{1}{\colorbox{ptctitle}{%   \parbox[t]{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{%     \strut\color{white}\bfseries\sffamily\makebox[5em]{%       Chapter~\thechapter\hfill}Contents}}\vskip5pt} \end{mdframed}% }  \begin{document}  \tableofcontents  \chapter{Chapter One} \PartialToC \section{Section One One} \section{Section One Two} \section{Section One Three} \section{Section One Four}  \stopcontents[chapters] \chapter{Chapter Two} \PartialToC \section{Section Two One} \section{Section Two Two} \section{Section Two Three}  \stopcontents[chapters] \chapter{Chapter Three} \PartialToC \section{Section Three One} \section{Section Three Two} \section{Section Three Three} \section{Section Three Four} \section{Section Three Five} \stopcontents[chapters]  \chapter{Chapter Three}  \end{document}


Find $\displaystyle \int_{0}^{\dfrac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{1}{1+\tan(x)^{\sqrt{2}}}dx$.   I am told I should solve this by switching the limits, but I am unsure of the substitution I should use.

Evaluate the integral $$\int_0^{\pi/2} \frac{1}{1+\tan^\alpha{x}}\,\mathrm{d}x$$


I made a mistake while installing Ubuntu, so I had to install it twice. Unfortunately, I now have two identical installs of Ubuntu. I am trying to use GParted to delete the partitions with the install but I am getting this error: Unable to delete /dev/sda10! Please unmount any logical partitions having a number higher than 10. This is how my partitioning table look in GParted:   sda1 & sda2 is Windows, sda4 is a swap area, sda10-12 is the Ubuntu installation I don't use, sda13&14 is the Ubuntu installation I am using, and sda5-9 is a Kali installation I occasionally use and don't want to delete.  This is the output I got when I ran df to double check that I was booting from sda13&14.   $ df Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on udev             4006212       0   4006212   0% /dev tmpfs             805276    9992    795284   2% /run /dev/sda14      62945204 7059752  52664972  12% / tmpfs            4026368    6496   4019872   1% /dev/shm tmpfs               5120       4      5116   1% /run/lock tmpfs            4026368       0   4026368   0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda13        291252    3684    287568   2% /boot/efi tmpfs             805276      12    805264   1% /run/user/121 tmpfs             805276      32    805244   1% /run/user/1000   What I want to do is to delete sda10-12 and merge the free space into sda14. But as mentioned I am getting an error message when trying to delete them. I still have the Ubuntu Live USB which I can boot from, but I don't want to destroy any of my other OS's. So what I am wondering is, how can I safely accomplish what I want to do?

Previously, I have installed Windows 7 on my 320 GB laptop with three partitions 173, 84 and 63 GB each. The 63 GB partition was where the Windows was installed. The rest were for file containers.  Now I changed my OS to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. I installed Ubuntu by replacing the entire Windows 7 on the 63 GB partition. The rest of the partitions remain as an NTFS Windows partition and I can still access them both (the 173 and 84 GB partitions).  Now I want to change the two partitions of Windows into an Ubuntu format partitions plus most importantly, I want to extend the 63 GB partition to more than a 100 GB because at the moment I am running out of disk space. Whenever I try to install any application, especially using wine, it always complains for a shortage of disk space.  How do I do the extending activity before I entirely format my laptop again and lose all the important files on my partitions?


This is an exercise from Guillemin/Pollack's Differential Topology. In a previous exercise, I'm asked to give a complete set of parametrizations of $S^1\times S^1$, which I've succeeded in (I think) by the likes of $$\begin{align}\varphi_1(u,v) &= (u,\sqrt{1-u^2},v,\sqrt{1-v^2}) \\ \varphi_2(u,v) &= (u,-\sqrt{1-u^2},v,\sqrt{1-v^2}) \end{align} \\ \vdots\\ \text{etc.}$$ (defined over $[0,1]^2).$  Then, the torus $\Bbb T_{a,b}$ (my notation) is defined as the set of points in $\Bbb R^3$ that are at distance $b < a$ from the circumference in the plane $\{z = 0\}$ of radius $a$ centered at the origin.  The exercise is to prove that $\Bbb T_{a,b}$ is diffeomorphic to $S^1\times S^1$. I'm very stuck because I can't seem to characterize neighborhoods of points in $\Bbb T_{a,b}$, can someone help? Answers or just hints are welcome (but I might ask follow up questions in the latter case :) ).

I was asked to prove that a standard torus(which means we don't consider those pathological cases where it intersects with itself, e.g horn torus) is diffeomorphic to $ \mathbb S^1\times \mathbb S^1$.  I was thinking if we could prove it this way: Since every point on the torus can be uniquely defined with a pair of angles $(\theta_1, \theta_2)$. Then we construct a diffeomorphism $\phi(\theta_1, \theta_2)=(\tilde{\theta}_1 ,\tilde{\theta}_2)$ which maps every point on the torus to every point on $\mathbb S^1 \times \mathbb S^1$. Since the map is definitely bijective and smooth with a smooth inverse. We're basically done...  THERE MUST BE SOMETHING WRONG I THINK.  Thanks a lot for everyone's help!


Spoilers season 6, 7  Wouldn’t John be creating a precedent by leaving the Watch after his       resurrection? Technically it may be OK for him as the oath ends with the death.    Yet practically nobody in the realm knows about this though and he’s not eager to tell the story to others,      (even Dany)    Why isn't he questioned by lords, etc. about the matter? Does he create precedent for future generations of watchers (assuming it's not the last WW invasion)? Isn't it reasonable for everyone to do the same thing?

So, to get spoilers out of the way -       Jon Snow is too honorable to break his oath and leave the Night's Watch.  However, he is stabbed a bunch, dies, and due to a line in the Night's Watch oath - "It shall not end until my death" - is able to leave without his usual reservation.   Now, this is fine from Jon's perspective.  However, there is a fairly rigid law about the Wall's deserters being punished by death. Which makes me wonder: why isn't Jon having more trouble with this?   He knows what happened, but others don't.  And the explanation that he actually did die doesn't seem like one the lands' lords and authorities would take on faith.  I know I wouldn't.  His story isn't quite like Sam's, who was sent by the Night's Watch to become a maester.  Jon is famous enough that many would know who he is, and that he has taken the black.  But a story like him dying and coming back to life is probably one that takes quite a but of time to stick - if it ever does.  A possible explanation might be that people know Jon is honorable and trust him. Or that they don't care about the law, and think that they can somehow benefit from not executing him - although the law seems to be a strict one, and not everyone seems to be psyched to help Jon out.  Or maybe by that time people coming back to life is a common enough thing that people believe it that easily.  Speculation aside, however, I am curious whether this was directly addressed from the higher-ups - the makers of the show, or the big boss himself.  Why isn't Jon executed on sight?


Can any one suggest the best practice to generate unique file names for file uploads to avoid duplicate  Entries?  Thanks In Advance.

I need to convert some files to PDF and then attach them to an email.  I'm using Pear Mail for the email side of it and that's fine (mostly--still working out some issues) but as part of this I need to create temporary files.  Now I could use the  function but it sounds like it creates a file on the filesystem, which isn't what I want.  I just want a name in the temporary file system (using ) that won't clash with someone else running the same script of the same user invoking the script more than once.  Suggestions?


Occasionally when I raise the volume on my HTC-one, I get a warning message which stops me until I click 'Ok'. It's more of an annoyance than anything else. Can I disable it? I can't seem to find an option for it in the settings.  This question has already been asked , but it was over a year ago.  There was no solution then, I'm wondering does anyone know if there is a solution now?

I recently got a Nexus 4, and I've got a question regarding the volume warning that pops up if you raise the volume too much. Is it possible to disable or remove this warning? I want to be able to raise the volume with the phone in my pocket (with the volume buttons) without having to pick up the phone. I listen to podcasts with low or bad audio and need to raise it above the warning level.


I have a hard drive with Windows 7 installed on and I wanted to install Ubuntu 12.04 onto an external hard drive. So I made a LiveUSB with Ubuntu 12.04 on and installed it to the external hard drive. I then deleted the partition and re-formatted the external hard drive that had Ubuntu on.  When I go to turn on my laptop now (with the Windows 7 hard drive) I get this.  error: no such device: c74908d5-9525-4fdc-a89a-cfa380052200. Entering rescue mode... grub rescue> ls (hd0) (hd0,msdos3) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos1) grub rescue>   I do not have the original disk that contained the Windows 7 OS on, I have seen from other forums that this can be used to repair the boot loader for windows. So obviously I am in a sticky situation.  I have another external hard drive with Ubuntu 14.04 on and when I connect an external hard drive case with the Windows 7 hard drive on. I can access these folders from Ubuntu 14.04.  :   :   If anyone has any help as to how I can fix this problem, I would greatly appreciate it.

I have installed Ubuntu as dualboot with Windows 7. Now I'm no longer using Ubuntu so i removed the Ubuntu partition and added the unallocated space to my Windows 7 partition. But after I restart my computer it goes directly to the error:   error: unknown filesystem grub rescue >   I don't have the original Windows CD to fix the MBR. Is there a way to fix this error without using the Windows CD?


How do I download Minecraft for free? Not online, it's a free download, how do I download it for free? I know a few games do not cost money. I tried to search for it but I couldn't find it.

I tried searching the website and couldnt find a question that answered this specific aspect of the game. Its very difficult for me to use the internet because of my location, and I have recently become interested in Minecraft.   Im aware that there is a pay version that can be played offline once youve logged in once but the idea of doing anything internet related that requires almost any kind of talking between my computer and the internet is laughable where I am right now.   Even just downloading it will probably take a day or more. Also with a connection like the one I have I sure as heck dont want to pay to play.  Is there a way I can download the game, for free, and play OFFLINE, for free?


2 days ago, we received an ransom email from Armada Collective, followed by 1 hour of DDos attack. This group has been in the news recently ()  here is the email we received:  FORWARD THIS MAIL TO WHOEVER IS IMPORTANT IN YOUR COMPANY AND CAN MAKE DECISION!   We are Armada Collective.  If you haven heard for us, use Google. Recently, we have launched some of the largest DDoS attacks in history Check this out, for example: https://twitter.com/optucker/status/665470164411023360 (and it was measured while we were DDoS-ing 3 other sites at the same time)  Your site will be DDoS-ed starting Tuesday if you don't pay 25 Bitcoins @ ...  Right now we will start 30 minutes attack on your site. It will not be hard, we will not crash it at the moment to try to minimize eventual damage, which we want to avoid at this moment. It's just to prove that this is not a hoax. Check your logs!  If you don't pay by Wednesday, massive attack will start, price to stop will increase to 50 BTC and will go up 25 BTC for every day of attack.  If you report this to media and try to get some free publicity by using our name, instead of paying, attack will start permanently and will last for a long time.  This is not a joke.  Our attacks are extremely powerful - sometimes over 1 Tbps per second. And our bots can even bypass CloudFlare's (and similar cheap protections) javacript visitors check. So, no cheap protection will help.  Prevent it all with just 25 BTC @ ...  Do not reply, we will not read. Pay and we will know its you. AND YOU WILL NEVER AGAIN HEAR FROM US!  And nobody will ever know you cooperated.   We are not sure what to do.  We have the following options:    move our servers to Amazon cloud contact third party services to help pay ransom   Currently, we are leaning not paying any ransom since it will encourage such behavior.  We don't know #1 will help or not.  We have contacted some third party providers who have experiences in such area, but it can be very expensive to handle 1Tbps per second attack.    Any suggestions will be greatly appreciated.  Thanks!

This is a  about DoS and DDoS mitigation.   I found a massive traffic spike on a website that I host today; I am getting thousands of connections a second and I see I'm using all 100Mbps of my available bandwidth.  Nobody can access my site because all the requests time out, and I can't even log into the server because SSH times out too!  This has happened a couple times before, and each time it's lasted a couple hours and gone away on its own.  Occasionally, my website has another distinct but related problem: my server's load average (which is usually around .25) rockets up to 20 or more and nobody can access my site just the same as the other case.  It also goes away after a few hours.  Restarting my server doesn't help; what can I do to make my site accessible again, and what is happening?  Relatedly, I found once that for a day or two, every time I started my service, it got a connection from a particular IP address and then crashed.  As soon as I started it up again, this happened again and it crashed again.  How is that similar, and what can I do about it?


So I'm very new to Ubuntu. I'm building a new computer to run on Ubuntu and I'm just wondering how Ubuntu 14.04 would run on the following hardware I have purchased:   4gb DDR3 ram AMD Phenom 2 Quad Core 2.5 GHz to 3.7 GHz (not sure) EVGA Nvidia GForce GT 610 WD Blue 1TB Desktop Hard Disk Drive - 7200 RPM SATA 6 Gb/s 64MB Cache

I have a device on which I would like to install Ubuntu. How do I find out if Ubuntu will work on it?


I downloaded the launcher (from www.minecraft.net) after purchasing and registering. I run windows 7 ultimate (YES, i downloaded the windows .exe version). I start the launcher and it works fine. I sign in, works fine. I hit play, and all seems normal, until the Mojang screen pops up. Stays up for maybe 3 or 4 seconds, then it will crash back to the launcher. Does this over and over again. Ive tried re-downloading minecraft, re-installing java, several things. Error log reads as follows:  # # A fatal error has been detected by the Java Runtime Environment: # #   EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION (0xc0000005) at pc=0x053c3e88, pid=3680, tid=648 # #  JRE version: Java(tm) SE Runtime Environment (7.0_60-b19)  (build 1.7.0_60-b19) #  Java VM: Java HotSpot(tm) client VM (24.60-b09 mixed mode, sharing windows x86 ) #  Problematic frame: #  C  [ig4dev32.dll+0x3e88] # #  Failed to write core dump. Minidumps are not allowed by default on client versions of windows # #  If you would like to submit a bug report, please visit: #    http://bugreport.sun.com/bugreport/crash.jsp #  The crash happened outside the Java Virtual Machine in native code. #  See problematic frame for where to report the bug. #

When I try to launch Minecraft 1.7.4 or newer, the game crashes on startup, and the game output screen says this:  #  EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION (0xc0000005) at pc=*, pid=*, tid=* # # JRE version: Java™ SE Runtime Environment (7.0_51-b13) (build 1.7.0_51-b13) # Java VM: Java HotSpot™ Client VM (* mixed mode, sharing windows-* ) # Problematic frame: # C  [ig4dev32.dll+0x3e88] OR # C  [ig4dev64.dll+0x55ec] OR # C  [ig4icd32.dll+0x104a77] OR  # C  [ig4icd64.dll+0x84930a]   This happens with both Java 7 and 8.  What causes this error, and what can I do to fix the issue?


It just doesn't make sense. "Define" has a long vowel and "definition" has short. Isn't "definition" the noun form of "define"? Shouldn't both have the same vowels? Why are both pronounced differently? Can someone explain it please?

I was wondering why we pronounce the vowels in the words south and southern. They seem to be very closely related to each other. Both refer to the same direction. South is a noun and Southern is an adjective, which I don't think caused them to have a different vowel. Oxford Dictionary shows that south is /saʊθ/ and southern is /ˈsʌð(ə)n/. In short, south has a long vowel and southern has short.


Feel free to delete the question if doesn't fit here.  Somebody told me, that a person should plug the charger in the laptop side first, then in the mains outlet, as if there is a current peak, it is less prone to burn the charger.  My knowledge to the data can't make any sense of this.  Does it make any sense?

Manuals of several various electronic devices I came across recommend connecting their AC adaptor first into the device, then into mains. I always thought the reverse order is safer because I thought that connecting into mains can send a voltage spike into already connected device. Are power supplies (adaptors of laptops or other electronics) designed in a way that there is no risk of harm to their device when connecting? Are both connecting orders equally safe in these terms?


I wanted to free some space on my Iphone 4S and I deleted the fonts folder from system. When I want to restore .ipsw with the iTunes gave me the error 3194 with internet, and 3004 without internet connection. I edited the host filed and nothing worked. I try to use TinyUmbrella but this doesn't work and said something about Java error like "please define exe4j_java_home 32-bit jdk or jre download". What can I do now?

I'm trying to downgrade my iPhone from the current iOS to an older one, as per .  But every time I try, I always receive this error:     The iPhone could not be restored. This device isn't eligible for the requested build.     I have tried many times with and without DFU mode. Any ideas regarding this?


This is my first time of using Ubuntu. I am trying to install java jdk-15 in my lap.I applied following steps.  sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-15/bin/java 1 sudo update-alternatives --config java sudo gedit /etc/environment => I saved the path (JAVA_HOME = "/usr/lib/jvm/jdk-15" ) source /etc/environment ==> this step outputs "JAVA_HOME: command not found"  Why do I get this? Pls help me.

OS: UBUNTU 18.04  I had installed Oracle Java 8 earlier. But decided to switch to open JDK 11. it's successfully installed. java -version openjdk version "11.0.2" 2019-01-15 OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 11.0.2+9-Ubuntu-3ubuntu118.04.3) OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 11.0.2+9-Ubuntu-3ubuntu118.04.3, mixed mode, sharing)  Then I set the JAVA_HOME sudo nano /etc/environment  File changes: PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/$ JAVA_HOME="/usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/"  Then executed: source /etc/environment  echo $JAVA_HOME /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/  But the moment I exit the terminal and then launch the terminal again: I get this output:  ▶ echo $JAVA_HOME /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-oracle  which you can see is not what is expected. Please help me out


Can you verify my proof if it is right?  Let A and B be sets. (a) Show that A is a subset of B if and only if for any set C, one has A U C is a subset of B U C. (b) Show that A is a subset of B if and only if for any set C, one has A intersect C is a subset of B intersect C.  (a)   To prove (=>) Given A is a subset of B, this implies A U B = B. Given a set C, A U B U C = B U C. Since A is a subset of B, this implies A U C is a subset of B U C. To prove (<=) Solution 1 Given A U C is a subset of B U C , For A U C , x is a member of A U C . For B U C, x is a member of B U C. Suppose x is a member of A but not a member of B, meaning A is not a subset of B. Therefore , A U C is not a subset of B U C. Hence, A must be a subset of B. To prove (<=) Solution 2 Given A U C is a subset of B U C, For A U C, x is a member of A U C and for B U C, x is a member of B U C. Suppose C is a disjoint set. Since A U C is a subset of B U C, it follows that A is a subset of B.   (b)    To prove (=>) Since A is a subset of B , it follows that A U B = B. A intersect C is a subset of A by definition of intersection. B intersect C is a subset of B by definition of intersection. Let x be member of A and member of C. Since A intersect C is a subset of A, x must be in A. Let x be a member of B and member of C. Since B intersect C is a subset of B, x must be in B. Therefore, A intersect C is a subset of B intersect C. To prove (<=) Since A intersect C is a subset of B intersect C, suppose we let Set C be a subset of B and a subset of A as well.  C is a subset of A implies A intersect C is equals to C. C is a subset of B implies B intersect C is equals to C as well. Since A intersect C is equals to B intersect C, A is a subset of B.

Can you verify my proof if it is right?  Let $A$ and $B$ be sets.  (a) Show that $A$ is a subset of $B$ if and only if for any set $C$, one has $A$ union $C$ is a subset of $B$ union $C$. (b) Show that $A$ is a subset of $B$ if and only if for any set $C$, one has $A$ intersect $C$ is a subset of $B$ intersect $C$.  Edited Solution :  (a)  (=>) Given A is a subset of B, this implies A U B = B. Given a set C, A U B U C = B U C. Since A is a subset of B, this implies A U C is a subset of B U C.      Solution 1 :(<=) Given A U C is a subset of B U C , For A U C , x is a member of A U C . For B U C, x is a member of B U C. Suppose x is a member of A but not a member of B, meaning A is not a subset of B. Therefore , A U C is not a subset of B U C. Hence, A must be a subset of B.      Solution 2 :(<=) Given A U C is a subset of B U C, For A U C, x is a member of A U C and for B U C, x is a member of B U C. Suppose C is a disjoint set. Since A U C is a subset of B U C, it follows that A is a subset of B.  (b) (=>) Since A is a subset of B , it follows that A U B = B. [A intersect C] is a subset of A and  [B intersect C ] is a subset of B by definition of intersection. Let x be member of A and member of C. Since [ A intersect C ] is a subset of A, x must be in A. Let x be a member of B and member of C. Since [ B intersect C ] is a subset of B, x must be in B. Therefore, A intersect C is a subset of B intersect C.  (<=) Since A intersect C is a subset of B intersect C, suppose we let Set C be a subset of B and a subset of A as well. C is a subset of A implies A intersect C is equals to C. C is a subset of B implies B intersect C is equals to C as well. Since A intersect C is equals to B intersect C, A is a subset of B.


Assuming that I learn Quantum Mechanics first, and then I approach Classical Mechanics as a special case of Quantum Mechanics, I will definitely find the relationship between Quantum Mechanics and Classical Mechanics very confusing. I don't know how to make sense of what happens when  $\hbar \rightarrow 0$.  For one,  recover . However, .  So, does limit $\hbar \rightarrow 0$ in Quantum Mechanics mean anything? How should we interpret it? Or does the above contradiction reveal yet another flaw in the fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics?

We often see a limit $\hbar \rightarrow 0$ in quantum mechanics and sometimes it's related with symmetry breaking. Can someone briefly write the story behind this limit?


I have got only admin role windows login. How can I reset sql server password?

I installed SQL Server 2005 sometime ago and forgot the administrator password I set during setup. How can I connect to SQL server now?  EDIT: I think I only allowed Sql Server Authentication. Login with integrated security also does not work.


How do I print what is stored in the array in an easy way. I have been staring at this for the past 3 hours!  import java.util.Scanner;  public class December2012 {      public static void main(String[] args) {          int[] array = new int[100];         int sum = 0;         int i = 0;         Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);         while (sum <= 100 && i < array.length) {             System.out.print("Write in the " + (i + 1) + "th number: ");             array[i] = input.nextInt();             sum += array[i];             i++;          }         System.out.print("You added: ");         System.out.print(array[i] + " ");          System.out.println("\nsum is " + sum);     } }

In Java, arrays don't override toString(), so if you try to print one directly, you get the className + '@' + the hex of the  of the array, as defined by Object.toString():  int[] intArray = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; System.out.println(intArray);     // prints something like '[I@3343c8b3'   But usually, we'd actually want something more like [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the simplest way of doing that? Here are some example inputs and outputs:  // Array of primitives: int[] intArray = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; //output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  // Array of object references: String[] strArray = new String[] {"John", "Mary", "Bob"}; //output: [John, Mary, Bob]


I am working with Drupal Profile 2 . Based on User Input Yes/No . I would like to place the selection fields accordingly .  Like If the experience Field if YES. I want to present Employer details Fields and if no . No Fields displayed.  Please suggest if this is possible or any modules available to do this.

I have a content type that has a taxonomy field with two options. If Option A is selected, I want a further taxonomy field with items from Taxonomy X. If Option B is selected, I want another taxonomy field, but with items from Taxonomy Y.   In Drupal 6 I used , which was great. However, there exists no stable D7 version yet, and I need this functionality for a project due this week. The project page even says: "Drupal 7 version (3.x): 7.x-3.x is currently in development. It is a complete rewrite of the module that leverages the new entities system and the States API. Not ready for use on production sites yet." So I feel like I'd be really dumb if I put this on a production site and something broke, when the module project page itself specifically tells me not to.  The other option seems to be , but that's used on a total of 274 sites (compared to the ~18,000 of Conditional Fields).   Are there any other D7-compatible modules that allow forking of field display based on the value of another field? If not, how stable is Field Conditional State? Should I just suck it up and write a module that does what I'm wanting?   Many thanks.


I remember reading somewhere that since Wine's job is to pretty much emulate Windows so that you can run Windows programs, it puts a risk on your Linux machine since Windows Viruses can also run within Wine. Now I know the chances of Windows viruses running within Wine are pretty much a 0.1% of happening. However how much of a risk is this all to my computer?

Can wine as a whole or the windows applications installed via wine pose some kind of risk to an Ubuntu installation? This question arose in my mind when I read this answer to my earlier question :     Try installing PlayonLinux from   playonlinux.org and install IE via   PlayonLinux. and use IE only for those   pesky sites :) - Received 1 downvote      And enjoying the risks of IE? No   thanks - This comment received 2   upvotes   I believe this PlayOnLinux works as a frontend to wine making installing tasks easier.  In totality, I want to know if it is safe to install Internet connecting applications like IE via Wine? Is there any remote possibility of being subject to more online attacks and virus threats this route. I plan to use IE only for browsing websites not accessible with other browsers, like the one in earlier question.


Recently I tried to use apt on Ubuntu server 18.04 but it was not working.  When I tried to run some command, for example, nmap, I saw the suggestion to install it with:  sudo apt install nmap   But when I try to install using the above command, I get this error message:  E: Unable to locate package nmap    and this is for any package I try. I installed Ubuntu server 19 and got the same problem. When I run apt list I get only installed packages.  I tried all apt cache cleaning methods but didn't get any result. However apt update command works fine.  I'm using Ubuntu server x64 with qemu on Windows x64 with hax acceleration and with user network backend.

I am looking for the best method to restore /etc/apt/sources.list to default from the command line.  Is there no way to reference the source code of the package which generates this file or something like that? I want a trusted and version-independent way of restoring this file.  Solutions Ruled Out  Before you mark this as a duplicate, note that I have reviewed  already. It is only applicable if you have the Ubuntu GUI available. This question is specific to the command line.  I have also reviewed  where the accepted solution is someone pasted the contents of their sources.list file. This is not an appropriate way to restore the file as the intentions of the person providing the file contents cannot be verified and the file is subject to change with new releases.  I checked out the , but this is also not from Ubuntu so I do not plan to use it.


I recently installed MS Teams on ubuntu 18.04 because I needed it for a project. Now I don't need it anymore, so I deleted it's .deb file, hoping that doing this would uninstall the app. But even now, as I turn on my computer, it pops up everytime, which irritates me. I even tried to uninstall it from ubuntu App Center, but couldn't locate it there. Can anyone suggest me how can I uninstall it? Thank You!

The question's in the title. The official website gives only details for Windows and Mac:  .


Can someone please explain to me how i can to retrieve the taxonomy terms of a specific vocabulary step by step ? i saw many answers and code but since i'm new to drupal i don't know where the code should be in the module that i created to retrieve the taxonomy terms.

I wanted to retrieve taxonomy terms from a certain vocabulary in Drupal 8.  Apparently I can still do it using taxonomy_get_tree but it's deprecated.  I now have to use   I am trying to access this function from a Block but I don't understand how to instantiate the TermStorageInterface class.  I tried accessing the function directly but it's not a static function :   TermStorageInterface::loadTree('categories')   I tried instantiating the class but it told me Cannot instantiate interface Drupal\taxonomy\TermStorageInterface  $test = new TermStorageInterface();   I don't understand how this class works and how I can access taxonomy links. I think I'm missing a big part of understanding how Drupal works.


I'm doing dualboot with Ubuntu and Windows 8 on my DELL Laptop. EFI is enabled, secure boot is not. My partitions are GPT.  Everything seems to work for some time. After some normal use, GRUB stops working. The "ubuntu" EFI entry is still there on top of everything else. But the computer boots directly into the Windows Bootloader, skipping GRUB.  Any clues on why is that happening or how can I prevent that?  My current partiton setup is:  - /dev/sda1    NTFS    Windows recovery - /dev/sda2    FAT32   UEFI boot (with boot flag) - /dev/sda3    unknown (msftres flag) - /dev/sda4    NTFS    Windows Drive C - /dev/sda5    ext4    /home - /dev/sda6    ext4    /   I usually reinstall GRUB through chrooting from a Live Session and doing a apt-get install --reinstall grub-efi-amd64.

I installed Windows 8 and Ubuntu 12.10 on a 3TB GPT disk in UEFI mode.  Both can boot up OK.  Both operating systems created their ntries in the UEFI boot menu, there's an "ubuntu" and a "Windows 8" entry.  The boot order can be altered in the motherboard's UEFI setup.  I'd like to boot "ubuntu" first, because I set up GRUB 2 to be able to boot both systems.  But whenever I boot Windows 8, it changes the boot order so that it boots up first.  How can I prevent this?  Thanks a lot.  -- UPDATE --  I learned that bcdedit.exe can be used to manipulate the Boot Configuration Data in windows.  This is important because Windows synchronizes the BCD with the boot NVRAM, that stores the boot order.  Every time the {fwbootmgr} entry in the BCD is touched, the NVRAM is overwritten.  I modified this entry to load GRUB 2 first, and it did. However, after booting Windows 8, both the NVRAM and the {fwbootmgr} in the BCD reverted to the original order, that is, to boot Windows 8 first.  I'm really puzzled by this.  -- UPDATE 2 --  I managed to kinda fix the problem by creating a startup script at the group policy editor in Windows. The startup script issues a "bcdedit /set {fwbootmgr} DEFAULT {appropriate UUID}" command. This is BIG hack, and definitely NOT the soulution I want. I'd like Windows to feel OK at the second place after GRUB in the NVRAM.  So how can I do that?


Say I'm in a chat room, and the person I am trying to reach isn't there. I want to ping him and sort of invite him to the conversation. So essentially whenever that person gets logged into the Stack Exchange network he should get a ping notification in his inbox.  Is this possible or not actually possible at the moment?

How can I contact another user, if that user has not specified any contact details in their profile?


If the command my_command has this output:  VAR1=some_value VAR2=other_value   is it possible to call my_command from a shell script so that both VAR1 and VAR2 are saved as environment variables?  I tried the following ways, and none of them works:  #!/bin/bash source my_command export `my_command`   However if I manually enter  export `my_command`   in a terminal console, then both variables are saved.

I have multiple Amazon EC2 accounts and want to quickly be able to switch variables, such as $EC2_HOME, using a script.  I have have a shell script set up like this:  #!/bin/sh export EC2_HOME=/home/me/.ec2 echo $EC2_HOME   When I run the script I know that EC2_HOME is set, but I thought that using export would make the variable stick around after the script completed. It does not, as running echo $EC_HOME does not show anything.  I know this must be very rudimentary Linux scripting knowledge, but I don't know it. I tried looking for related questions without luck - so my apologies if this is a duplicate.


I stumbled across  containing:  LOGFILE=${1:-/var/log/syslog}   What does this line do?

Can anyone explain what this command means?  PATH="${GZIP_BINDIR-'/bin'}:$PATH"; export PATH


What is the difference between these js function structure   (function () { console.log("Foo!"); }());  (function () { console.log("Foo!"); })();  ;(function () { console.log("Foo!"); }());  +function() { console.log("done!"); }();

I've recently started maintaining someone else's JavaScript code. I'm fixing bugs, adding features and also trying to tidy up the code and make it more consistent.  The previous developer used two ways of declaring functions and I can't work out if there is a reason behind it or not.  The two ways are:  var functionOne = function() {     // Some code };     function functionTwo() {     // Some code }   What are the reasons for using these two different methods and what are the pros and cons of each? Is there anything that can be done with one method that can't be done with the other?


I am powering a SIM800C from a 3.7V Li-ion battery. If the battery charge drop below 85% (it still has 4.1V measured without load), the module keeps restarting during startup. This probably happens because of a high load (up to 2A) that causes a voltage drop. According to the SIM800C manual, this could be avoided by using capacitors. I have tried to interpret the reference circuit from Simcom and I use the recommended capacitors but this does not help. Am I connecting the capacitors the right way?  This is the reference circuit from the SIM800C manual:    And this is how I have made the connections:    CA is a 100uF tantalum capacitor and CB is a 10 uF ceramics capacitor.

I have a simple application where a 6V, 2A DC power supply is driving 4 hobbyist-grade servos.  In most cases this is adequate, but there are cases (when all servos are suddenly loaded) when I think the power draw will exceed 2A for a short period of time.  It was suggested to me that I should use a capacitor between my power source and the servos in order to handle this kind of transient load.  Unfortunately the suggestor didn't know how this would actually be implemented.  I tried the University of Google, but mostly came up with videos of giant capacitors being used to dramatically explode things.  Could someone point me in the right direction, or give me a simple circuit example of how I would do this.  Is it as simple as wiring a capacitor onto the positive lead?  What calculations should I make to determine the appropriate capactitor size?  For example, if I wanted to sustain a peak of 3A for 5 seconds.


OK. i want to know something about SQL injection.  I have a database with two table one is Logins and the other Orders. i have a non-parametrized SQL Query like following.  // Select_Button click event  //connection con //command comm comm.commandtext = "Select * from Logins where User_na='"+textBox1.text+" Pass_wrd='"+textBox2.text+"'"; //Execute reader  //Insrt_button Event //connection ins_con //command ins_comm ins_comm.commandText = "Insert Into Logins(User_na, Pass_wrd) values ('"+textBox3.text+'", '"+textBox4.text+"'")"; //Execute non-query   Now i want to know how can there be SQL Attack on My database. How can i drop, say for example, my other datatables in the database.? Is it possible ?  Any and all help is highly appreciated.

Just looking at:   (Source: )  What does this SQL do:  Robert'); DROP TABLE STUDENTS; --   I know both ' and -- are for comments, but doesn't the word DROP get commented as well since it is part of the same line?


Make an element minus the height of another element in css without display flex. Because flex is a new thing, it is not supported in some browsers which is worrying. So I have two elements:
 hello there
some text

 hi there
this is some more text
to make this thing more lengthy
  So, because of the text inside #example2, if #example2 is for example: 100px in height, I want to make the div #example1: 100% of page height minus the height of #example2, 100% - height@#example2 Edit: If there is no way without flex, let me know.

I am working on a web application where I want the content to fill the height of the entire screen.  The page has a header, which contains a logo, and account information. This could be an arbitrary height. I want the content div to fill the rest of the page to the bottom.  I have a header div and a content div. At the moment I am using a table for the layout like so:  CSS and HTML    #page {     height: 100%; width: 100% }  #tdcontent {     height: 100%; }  #content {     overflow: auto; /* or overflow: hidden; */ }

...

...

     The entire height of the page is filled, and no scrolling is required.  For anything inside the content div, setting top: 0; will put it right underneath the header. Sometimes the content will be a real table, with its height set to 100%. Putting header inside content will not allow this to work.  Is there a way to achieve the same effect without using the table?  Update:  Elements inside the content div will have heights set to percentages as well. So something at 100% inside the div will fill it to the bottom. As will two elements at 50%.  Update 2:  For instance, if the header takes up 20% of the screen's height, a table specified at 50% inside #content would take up 40% of the screen space. So far, wrapping the entire thing in a table is the only thing that works.


Find the number of ways of distributing 999 identical balls into 3 identical boxes.  This number(999) is too huge to allow a case by case treatment.  Ans: 83667

We have 6 identical things to be distributed in 4 identical boxes such that empty boxes are allowed the find the number of ways to distribute the things ?


I've been using Ubuntu for months now and I will like to make a donation of $20.00 (its worth $200.00) Seriously, I checked out the website, and couldn’t find anywhere to donate. How can I make a donation?

Is there any online facility to donate to Ubuntu on a recurrent (monthly) basis? Are there any fiscal/tax deductions for doing so? If so, in what countries?


I would like to express "an interpolation scheme which is not based on grids". But among the following options:  "non grid based", "non-grid based", "non grid-based" or "non-grid-based"  I am not sure which one I should use. I have tried google and  and found no answer. I neither found any straightforward guide or rule from some related posts (eg. ,,) on this site. Which one is better for a native speaker?    Edits:    I am not sure about the rule when there are multiple adjectives with some hierarchy among them. I guess it should be "a non grid-based interpolation".(?)

If one wishes to add "non" in front of a hyphenated adjective, should one add a hyphen after "non?"


If there is a file and the filename starts with a dot in front of it. Does that mean that you created the file and you are hiding stuff in it or can the files get created on their own without you creating the filename. I'm just saying I have files with dots in front of them but I didnt create them.

If there is a file and the filename starts with a dot, does that mean you created the file and you are hiding stuff in it, or can the files get created on their own without you creating the filename?


I have EXACTLY the same problem as Derfder had. I tried all proposals and advices mentioned below but nothing works. After deleting ALL browsing history, the urls are still in the autosuggestion.

I accidentally visited gist.gihub.com (note the missing t), and now that URL auto completes each time I start typing gist.…. How can I remove this URL?  I've tried removing it from my history, but that doesn't help:     (note the empty search results)


W: Failed to fetch http: //ppa.launchpad.net/picaso/octave/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/binary-amd64/Packages  404  Not Found  W: Failed to fetch http: //ppa.launchpad.net/picaso/octave/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/binary-i386/Packages  404  Not Found  W: Failed to fetch http: //ppa.launchpad.net/kilian/f.lux/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/binary-amd64/Packages  404  Not Found  W: Failed to fetch http: //ppa.launchpad.net/kilian/f.lux/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/binary-i386/Packages  404  Not Found  E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.   I`m not being able to update  my ubuntu 14.04 And i face some 404 not found too.

PPA seems to be constantly offline. Whenever I use sudo apt-get update, this error is shown:  W: Failed to fetch http://ppa.launchpad.net/ 404  Not Found   How do I fix these errors?


I am creating an application using Xamarin.Forms. I am trying to access each element in the list of MovieRent instances. I have a class that stores movie information:   public class MovieRent     {         public string movieTitle { get; set; }         public string movieReleaseDate { get; set; }         public int movieDuration { get; set; }         public double movieRentalPrice { get; set; }         public string movieRentType { get; set; }          public MovieRent(string mtitle, string mdate, int mtime, double mprice, string type)         {             movieTitle = mtitle;             movieReleaseDate = mdate;             movieDuration = mtime;             movieRentalPrice = mprice;             movieRentType = type;         }     }   addCartList is called to add a movie to a list. This creates/stores a list of movies.    class MoviesToRent     {         public List<MovieRent> movieRentList;         public MoviesToRent()         {             movieRentList = new List<MovieRent>();         }          public static MoviesToRent addCartList(string title, string date, int duration, double price, string type)         {             MoviesToRent movieList = new MoviesToRent();              MovieRentnewMovie = new MovieRent(title, date, duration, price, type);              movieList.movieRentList.Add(newMovie);              return movieList;         }     }   I am trying to access each instance, for example, the title of each movie in the list:  foreach (string movie in MoviesToRent.movieRentList)  {    this.Movie_Info.Text = movieRentList.title; }   However, I get this error:     An object reference is required for the nonstatic field, method, or   property 'MoviesToRent.movieRentList'.   How can I overcome this error, so that I can access the movies that are in the list? I am trying display all movie info by looping through the list. Thank you.

Consider:  namespace WindowsApplication1 {     public partial class Form1 : Form     {         public Form1()         {             InitializeComponent();         }          private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)         {             //int[] val = { 0, 0};             int val;             if (textBox1.Text == "")             {                 MessageBox.Show("Input any no");             }             else             {                 val = Convert.ToInt32(textBox1.Text);                 Thread ot1 = new Thread(new ParameterizedThreadStart(SumData));                 ot1.Start(val);             }         }          private static void ReadData(object state)         {             System.Windows.Forms.Application.Run();         }          void setTextboxText(int result)         {             if (this.InvokeRequired)             {                 this.Invoke(new IntDelegate(SetTextboxTextSafe), new object[] { result });             }             else             {                 SetTextboxTextSafe(result);             }         }          void SetTextboxTextSafe(int result)         {             label1.Text = result.ToString();         }          private static void SumData(object state)         {             int result;             //int[] icount = (int[])state;             int icount = (int)state;              for (int i = icount; i > 0; i--)             {                 result += i;                 System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(1000);             }             setTextboxText(result);         }          delegate void IntDelegate(int result);          private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)         {             Application.Exit();         }     } }   Why is this error occurring?     An object reference is required for the nonstatic field, method, or property 'WindowsApplication1.Form1.setTextboxText(int)


Which one sounds better? Are both 1 and 2 correct?        I don't eat bread, pancakes, and toast.   I don't eat bread, pancakes, nor toast.

This document does not cover the SDK interfaces nor any other reference material.   I think the above is correct, but my grammatical checker in Microsoft Word underlines nor and suggests or. Why?


As in, would their waving throw be Int + Proficiency bonus or -5 + Proficiency Bonus.  If it's the second, wouldn't this make Feeblemind essentially impossible to save from without a nat 20? (Assuming the caster has their casting stat maxed and has a proficiency bonus of +6)  This seems like it could wreak a lot of havoac on a small village without anyone capable of casting Greater Restoration?

Feeblemind can, on a failed save, reduce a creature's intelligence and charisma to 1. That's a -5 modifier.   Every 30 days, the target can repeat this save. Does the character save with their current intelligence or their original? For a character with a DC spell save of 16, the character might never recover on their own without proficiency in intelligence saving throws. (Thanks to Michał Politowski for pointing out that nat 20's are not automatic successes on saving throws).  I guess the root of my question is that this seems over powered, but I really just want to make sure I'd be rolling the correct modifiers.