Does every group, given for example by its multiplication table, have a matrix representation? If not, how does one proof for a given group that no matrix representation exists?  In addition, as for groups whose elements $g$ can be represented by a matrix $D(g)$ the representation is defined by  $$ D(g_1)D(g_2) = D(g_1g_2) $$  what would be the analogue condition defining non-matrix representations?

Can every group be represented by a group of matrices?   Or are there any counterexamples? Is it possible to prove this from the group axioms?


True or False. For any set of sentences, T, if T semantically entails (double turnstile symbol) p v q, then either T semantically entails p or T semantically entails q.

In Chiswell's Mathematical Logic, there is the following problem is posed using the language of propositions (LP):     In some systems of logic (mostly constructive systems where 'true' is taken to mean 'provable') there is a rule      if $(\Gamma\vdash(\phi\,\lor\psi))$ is a correct sequent then at least   one of $(\Gamma\vdash\phi)$ and $(\Gamma\vdash\psi)$ is also correct.      By giving a counterexample to a particular instance, show that this is   unacceptable as a rule for LP. [Start by giving counterexamples for   both the sequents $(\vdash p_0)$ and $(\vdash(\neg p_0))$.]   In my , it was answered that one can let $\Gamma = \{p_0\,\lor\,(\neg p_0)\}$.  From there, one can deduce neither $(\Gamma\vdash p_0)$ nor $(\Gamma\vdash (\neg p_0))$.  But this does not proceed by the counterexample route that the author suggests.  Namely, he seems to imply that we should (1) take an interpretation of propositional variables $p_0,\,p_1,\,\ldots$ (setting each one equal to T or F), and (2) write $\phi$ and $\psi$ as functions of these propositional variables, and (3) pick sentences for $\Gamma$ which are all T, all with the conditions that (A) $(\phi\,\lor\psi)$ is evaluated as T, yet (B) both $\phi$ and $\psi$ are evaluated as F.  This, of course, seems impossible.  What, then, am I missing?  It seems that taking a concrete interpretation of the propositional symbols makes the constructivist's rule irrefutable.  (Note: this is supposed to be a very simple problem set, and I am an elementary logician).


When I write an email in Mozilla, the spellcheck shows:   21 entries for Spanish (Cuba, Ecuador, Spain ...) 3 entries for English (Australia, UK, US) 4 entries for French (modern, classic, reform, classic/reform)   Is there a way to make it show up only the ones I am interested in (for example, Spanish (Spain), English(US), French(modern))?  It is very uncomfortable to search for the language I need among them all.  I found this bug report:  but seems it is not solved. Any clues? Thanks in advance

I use Thunderbird with two sets of dictionaries: English and Spanish. In the spell checker menu I find about 30 localized dictionaries (all Spanish-speaking countries, and for English: US, England, Canada).  It's quite annoying that every time I need to look for the single proper dictionary, I see all this heap of other dictionaries (useless for me).  Is there any way to remove the unused dictionaries from the menu and leave 2 or 3 that I really use?


So I recently installed the kde packages, running the command apt install kde-full for installing the kde desktop environment, after test it a while I realize I didn't want it anymore so I remove the packages like this apt remove kde-full, but I notice that some packages and applications remains and weren't completely removed.  I am on Debian 8 distribution. I recently turned to the linux world so any help will be appreciated.  [Edit]  I also tried tasksel --list-task:  u desktop   Debian desktop environment u gnome-desktop GNOME u xfce-desktop  Xfce u kde-desktop   KDE u cinnamon-desktop  Cinnamon u mate-desktop  MATE u lxde-desktop  LXDE u web-server    web server u print-server  print server u ssh-server    SSH server i laptop    laptop   Some packges listing with synaptic-package-manager:    aptitude why kde-base-artwork output:  aptitude why kde-base-artwork i   kdeartwork         Depends kscreensaver (>= 4:4.14.2-1)       i A kscreensaver       Depends kde-workspace-bin                  i A kde-workspace-bin  Depends kde-workspace-data (= 4:4.11.13-2) i A kde-workspace-data Depends kde-base-artwork

I just did my first install of any Linux OS, and I accidentally selected "Desktop GUI" in the install, but I want to build everything myself. Is there any way by which I can remove the GUI environment without re-installing OS?


I am trying to build a classification model so I have tried to check the correlation between the features.    Here Loan_Status is my target variable.   I just don't know how to extract information from this? Please help. I have questions like. Is -0.0047 corelation of ApplicantIncome with Loan Status useful?

I am building a regression model and I need to calculate the below to check for correlations   Correlation between 2 Multi level categorical variables Correlation between a Multi level categorical variable and continuous variable  VIF(variance inflation factor) for a Multi level categorical variables   I believe its wrong to use Pearson correlation coefficient for the above scenarios because Pearson only works for 2 continuous variables.   Please answer the below questions   Which correlation coefficient works best for the above cases ?  VIF calculation only works for continuous data so what is the alternative?  What are the assumptions I need to check before I use the correlation coefficient you suggest?  How to implement them in SAS & R?


A. Find a recurrence relation for the number of ternary strings of length n that contain two consecutive 2s.  B. Use this recurrence relation to compute the number of ternary strings of length 5 that contains two consecutive 2s(not 0s or 1s).  How do I go about and solve this problem step by step as I don't have any idea on how to start it.

The question is: Find a recurrence relation for number of ternary strings of length n that contain two consecutive zeros.    I know for ternary strings with length one, there are 0. For a length of 2, there is just 1 (00), and for a length of 3, there are 5 (000,001,002,100,200).    I did a similar problem, finding a relation for the number of bit strings of length n with two consecutive zeros: $$a_n = a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} + 2^{n-2}$$    Since you can add "1" to the end of all the $a_{n-1}$ strings, "10" to all the $a_{n-2}$ strings, and "00" any string of size $n-2$.    For the ternary string problem, I'm pretty sure you would replace the $2^{n-2}$ with $3^{n-2}$, but confused about the other terms of the relation. My guess is that it would have the coefficient $2$ in front of the other terms, since you can add either $1$ or $2$ to the end of $a_{n-1}$ and either $01$ or $02$ at the end of $a_{n-1}$.    So I believe the answer for the relation is: $$a_n = 2a_{n-1} + 2a_{n-2} + 3^{n-2}$$    How does that look?


I have written code to add table element and I am trying to console log the onclick function of that class that is not working            add

 something

I have a bit of code where I am looping through all the select boxes on a page and binding a .hover event to them to do a bit of twiddling with their width on mouse on/off.  This happens on page ready and works just fine.  The problem I have is that any select boxes I add via Ajax or DOM after the initial loop won't have the event bound.  I have found this plugin (), but before I add another 5k to my pages with a plugin, I want to see if anyone knows a way to do this, either with jQuery directly or by another option.


Looking at expression bodied methods, I am trying to understand why the return keyword is not used. For example with public int GetAge() { return this.Age; }  I would have expected public int GetAge() => return this.Age;  as opposed to the correct public int GetAge() => this.Age;  Why is the return keyword not required/allowed in this case?

I'm asking with regards to c#, but I assume its the same in most other languages.  Does anyone have a good definition of expressions and statements and what the differences are?


While writing a html , some sites recommend to write the script at the end of the BODY tag instead of writing at the beginning of BODY tag and i read this will increase the performance of page refresh , But How does this helping when html page is rendered only after DOM parses all the tags ?

When embedding JavaScript in an HTML document, where is the proper place to put the <script> tags and included JavaScript? I seem to recall that you are not supposed to place these in the <head> section, but placing at the beginning of the <body> section is bad, too, since the JavaScript will have to be parsed before the page is rendered completely (or something like that). This seems to leave the end of the <body> section as a logical place for <script> tags.  So, where is the right place to put the <script> tags?  (This question references , in which it was suggested that JavaScript function calls should be moved from <a> tags to <script> tags. I'm specifically using jQuery, but more general answers are also appropriate.)


I am using the scientific report template on overleaf and I am now facing a problem with the bibliography style. the current code is as below:  \begin{thebibliography}{99} \bibitem {1} Jardine, Andrew K.S.,Lin, Daming, Banjevic,Dragan \end{thebibliography}   and shows as above   but what i want it to look like is as below:    Appreciate anyone's help on this. thank you.

I am using the standard article class and bib style unsrt with LaTeX and BibTeX.  I would like to customize individual biblabels in my list of references, for instance starring certain items as follows:     [1] A. Uthor ...      *[2] B. Uthor ...      [3] C. Uthor ...   where the labels should be right-aligned so that the starred ones stand out.  Thanks to this forum, I know how to customize all the labels with:  \makeatletter  \renewcommand\@biblabel[1]{\mbox{$\star \left[ \right.$}#1\mbox{$\left. \right]$}}  \makeatother   but how can I customize only specific ones?  A solution based on BibTeX tags would be prefered, but others will be considered.


Forgot my User password  of windows 10 . Help me find a solution

I got a brand new Windows 7 machine, installed the operating system, created one account and forgot its password. What can I do?  There is no external CD, the operating system is loaded from somewhere inside the machine.  I already tried to remember passwords and tried all candidates with all possible combinations of caps lock, num lock etc.


If i try to open any of partition, I get error message in a box.  Error mounting /dev/sda8 at /media/viratraaz/Documents: Command-line `mount -t "ntfs" -o "uhelper=udisks2,nodev,nosuid,uid=1000,gid=1000,dmask=0077,fmask=0177" "/dev/sda8" "/media/viratraaz/Documents"' exited with non-zero exit status 14: The disk contains an unclean file system (0, 0). Metadata kept in Windows cache, refused to mount. Failed to mount '/dev/sda8': Operation not permitted The NTFS partition is in an unsafe state. Please resume and shutdown Windows fully (no hibernation or fast restarting), or mount the volume read-only with the 'ro' mount option.

Whenever I boot Ubuntu, I get a message that it cannot mount my windows partition, and I can choose to either wait, skip or manually mount.  When I try to enter my Windows partition through Nautilus I get a message saying that this partition is hibernated and that I need to enter the file system and properly close it, something I have done with no problem so I don't know why this happens.    Here's my partition table, if any more data is needed please let me know.     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System /dev/sda1            2048    20000767     9999360   83  Linux /dev/sda2        20002814   478001151   228999169    5  Extended /dev/sda3   *   478001152   622532607    72265728    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4       622532608   625141759     1304576   82  Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda5        20002816   478001151   228999168   83  Linux


class Util{     public static void F(Point p, Point q) {       p.x = 42;        p = q;    }  }  … Point a = new Point(10,20);  Point b = new Point(30,40);  Util.F(a,b);  System.out.println(a.x + " " + b.x);   if someone can please explain me why the output is 42 30  thank in advance!

I always thought Java uses pass-by-reference. However, I've seen a couple of blog posts (for example, ) that claim that it isn't (the blog post says that Java uses pass-by-value). I don't think I understand the distinction they're making. What is the explanation?


Solving the particle in a box problem considering boundaries 0 and L leads to the energy equation $$\frac{n^2\pi^2\hbar^2}{2mL^2}$$ but doing the same with center at the origin (from -L/2 to L/2) I get $$\frac{2n^2\pi^2\hbar^2}{mL^2}$$ shouldn't I get the same answer? I used  the solution $$A\sin (\frac{\sqrt{2mE}}{\hbar}x)+B\cos (\frac{\sqrt{2mE}}{\hbar}x)$$ by substituting $f(-L/2)=f(L/2)=0$ and considering symmetry for cos and sin, $$-A\sin(\frac{\sqrt{2mE}}{\hbar}\frac{L}{2})+B\cos (\frac{\sqrt{2mE}}{\hbar}\frac{L}{2})$$ $$A\sin (\frac{\sqrt{2mE}}{\hbar}\frac{L}{2})+B\cos (\frac{\sqrt{2mE}}{\hbar}\frac{L}{2})$$ subtracting both equations $$2A\sin (\frac{\sqrt{2mE}}{\hbar}\frac{L}{2})=0$$ where $$\frac{\sqrt{2mE}}{\hbar}\frac{L}{2}=n\pi$$ I saw a couple of solutions where they added both equations and used $$\frac{\sqrt{2mE}}{\hbar}\frac{L}{2}=\frac{n\pi}{2}$$ for $\cos u=0$, but for even $n$, $\cos u=\pm1$ so I think it should be $$\frac{\sqrt{2mE}}{\hbar}\frac{L}{2}=\frac{(2n-1)\pi}{2}$$

While Solving the TISE for a particle an infinite square well with potential given by: $$ U(x) = \left\{         \begin{array}{ll}             0 & \quad -L/2 \leq x \leq L/2 \\             \infty & \quad otherwise         \end{array}     \right. $$  we get two sets of solutions: $$ \psi(x) = \left\{         \begin{array}{ll}             A\sin(\frac{n\pi x}{L}) & \quad n = 2,4,6,... \\             B\cos(\frac{n \pi x}{L}) & \quad n = 1,2,3,...         \end{array}     \right. $$  But when we solve the TISE for potential $ U(x) = 0 \quad for \quad 0 \leq x \leq L $ we get only one solution i.e. $\phi(x) = A\sin(\frac{n\pi x}{L}) \space where \space A=\sqrt{\frac{2}{L}}$.  I want to know what difference does the change of coordinates makes on the system so that for one there are two solutions and for other there is only one?


I'm a beginner with Javascript and just need some clarification. I'm not really trying to achieve anything in particular here. Just a bit confused about this scenario. When a variable assigned to an object is passed into a function as an argument, we can mutate the object permanently. However, we can't reassign it and make the changes stick. Why is that? Here is some example code to what I mean: Example1 - Mutation. const house = {   color1: 'white',   color2: 'blue' };  let paintIt = obj => {   obj.color1 = 'gold' };  paintIt(house);  house.color1 // Returns 'gold'  Example2 - Reassignment. let house = {   color1: 'white',   color2: 'blue' };  let paintItReassignment = obj => {   obj = {     forSale : false,     includesGarden : true   }   console.log(obj) // Prints {'forSale':false, 'includesGarden':true} };  paintItReassigment(house) // The reassignment does not work house // Still returns {color1:'white', color2:'blue'}  house = {  forSale : false,  includesGarden : true }; // Regular reassignment still works  Why does it stick when you modify the objects property (example1) but not when you reassign it (example2)?

The primitive types (number, string, etc.) are passed by value, but objects are unknown, because they can be both passed-by-value (in case we consider that a variable holding an object is in fact a reference to the object) and passed-by-reference (when we consider that the variable to the object holds the object itself).  Although it doesn't really matter at the end, I want to know what is the correct way to present the arguments passing conventions. Is there an excerpt from JavaScript specification, which defines what should be the semantics regarding this?


What is the impact of i, b, strongor span tags on SEO? I quote the :  The HTML <b> Element represents a span of text stylistically different from normal text, without conveying any special importance or relevance. It is typically used for keywords in a summary, product names in a review, or other spans of text whose typical presentation would be boldfaced. Another example of its use is to mark the lead sentence of each paragraph of an article. The HTML <i> Element represents a range of text that is set off from the normal text for some reason, for example, technical terms, foreign language phrases, or fictional character thoughts. It is typically displayed in italic type. The HTML Strong Element (<strong>) gives text strong importance, and is typically displayed in bold.  From these, the three of them could be used to highlight "important text". But I don't really know what would be the impact on the semantics, from a SEO perspective. Until now, I was mostly using the span tag with styling attribute in order to raise visual importance to important words without polluting the code with visual style items. However, those important words, are indeed important. I mean that it could be smart to highlight them from a SEO perspective. span being meaningless, switching to another tag may be a good idea after all. Do you know if there are any differences between those three alternative tags to optimize search engine results?

I've been coding for a while and it's just struck me, what's better to use in terms of SEO:  Hello   or  Hello


In ubuntu 20.04 dash to dock extension the dock appears twice after lock or suspend.

What's going on here? I've installed the  on Ubuntu 17.10. Everything was cool, and as I was trying to hone and tweak the look of my desktop, at some point the shortcuts bar (dock?) on the left is duplicated.  (Click image to enlarge) The default, which normally disappears with Dash to Dock, is there underneath the one that usually shows up when I install Dash to Dock. Why? I've tried to go through the options for Dash to Dock, the GNOME Tweak Tool, and the regular Ubuntu settings, but I can't figure it out.


I'm using RestAPI to delete item from list. But I dont want to permanently delete it. I want to send it to Recycle Bin. Is there possible with using RestAPI?

I have a SharePoint 2013 autohosted app with a number of lists inside of it.  I would like to be able to soft delete a list item using the REST API and have it go to the Recycle Bin instead of being permanently deleted.  According to  that should be the default:     Use the HTTP DELETE command against the specific endpoint URL to delete the SharePoint object represented by that endpoint. In the case of recyclable objects, such as lists, files, and list items, this results in a Recycle operation.   However whenever I delete an item using the REST API (with HTTP DELETE) it does not go into the Recycle Bin and instead appears to be permanently deleted.  If I go to the ".../{app_name}/Lists/{list_name}/AllItems.aspx" page and delete list items through that interface instead, then they nicely go into the Recycle Bin.  Does anyone know how to move list items into the Recycle Bin using only the REST API?


I am learning selenium web driver and practicing Amazon site. I found a difficulty to automate the country selection in Amazon site. Kindly help me what locators methods to be used to select the country on the pop up.    Switch to Alert is not helping me..!

I am testing www.paytm.com  In that I have filled in the mobile number but I am not able to focus and select the mobile operator which is present in the dropdown just after the phone number section.  I want to select 'vodafone' as the value from the dropdown.  How to do that using webdriver  Code I have written till now  `  public class MMT {   public static void main (String[] args)  {  System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver","E:/som/chromedriver/chromedriver.exe");  WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();  driver.get("http://paytm.com");  driver.findElement(By.id("mobile-number")).sendKeys("9876543212");`   What should be my next steps?


I expected to be able to do it with THEME_preprocess_field, but the data at that point seems to have only the content's markup and not the label. I would need an instance where I can change both, because there's some mutual conditioning between them. I also tried with THEME_node_view to no effect. Note: I want to do this in a theme, not a custom module.

I have a custom content type in Drupal 8.6.x. I want to be able to change the text used for a field label based on the value of a taxonomy term reference in the node.   For example, I want to change the field label used for the body field, to display "Description" or "Definition" or "Introduction", etc. based on the value in the taxonomy reference field. This is when rendering the node - I don't need to change the field label on the form. I'll need to alter the label in the full and teaser display modes, and just for the custom content type. I don't need to change any of the text in the body field, just what label is shown above it.


I'm wondering how to compute an 'odd' determinant:  ${D_n} = \det \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}   {{a_n}}&x&x& \cdots &x \\    y&{{a_{n - 1}}}&x& \cdots &x \\    y&y&{{a_{n - 2}}}&x& \vdots  \\     \vdots & \vdots &y& \ddots &x \\    y&y& \cdots &y&{{a_1}}  \end{array}} \right]$  I tried Laplace expansion but still couldn't get a clue...  Also I wonder if there is a 'neat' expression for the result...  Any help will be appreciated:)

Let $f(x)=(p_1-x)\cdots (p_n-x)$ $p_1,\ldots, p_n\in \mathbb R$ and let $a,b\in \mathbb R$ such that $a\neq b$  Prove that $\det A={bf(a)-af(b)\over b-a}$ where $A$ is the matrix:  $$\begin{pmatrix}p_1 & a & a & \cdots & a \\ b & p_2 & a & \cdots & a \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ b & b & b & \cdots & p_n \end{pmatrix}$$  that is the entries $k_{ij}=a$ if $i<j$, $k_{ij}=p_i$ if $i=j$ and $k_{ij}=b$ if $i>j$  I tried to do it by induction over $n$. The base case for $n=2$ is easy $\det(A)=p_1p_2-ba={bf(a)-af(b)\over b-a}$  The induction step is where I don´t know what to do. I tried to solve the dterminant by brute force(applying my induction hypothesis for n and prove it for n+1) but I don´t know how to reduce it. It gets horrible.  I would really appreciate if you can help me with this problem. Any comments, suggestions or hints would be highly appreciated


i want to know the details (size,height,width) regarding the image through  url without downloading the image is this possible via apex and if yes then please give the solution

I've seen a lot of questions around this, but not exactly this question.  Within apex code (not using VF so JavaScript isn't an option), how can one find the dimensions of an image given its URL? Some use cases are:   identifying wide images in a rich text field because VF's renderAs="pdf" doesn't honor the max-width property and wide images go off-page  How do other people deal with this?  I've written my own code (see below), but I'm also curious to see what other answers you all have.


Setup:  I have a number that is 10 positions.  The number counts up from 0000000000 so that the first number would be 0000000001 followed by 0000000002 and so on.  So i know the total number of positions in the string.  I want to figure out how to get the total number of zeros i need to append to the beginning of the string.  For example, i can look at the ID of an item and see it is "123" and i know that the "name" of the item is "0000000123".  So im trying to figure out the best way to get the total number of zeros that need to be added to the beginning of the String to make it 10 characters long in total.    I know that i could use if, else if and go through every single position but i know there has to be a "better" more efficient way.  My coding knowledge is sub par so off the top of my head i am not sure where to start.  Any help in the right direction would be appreciated.  I am also googling for ways but wanted to get this posted here in case anyone wants to give me some pointers.

How do you left pad an int with zeros when converting to a String in java?  I'm basically looking to pad out integers up to 9999 with leading zeros (e.g. 1 = 0001).


According to relative mass effect predicted by Einstein's relativity theory, the mass of an object increases with increase in it velocity given by the equation   $$ M = \frac{M_0}{\sqrt{(1 - v^2 / c^2)}}.  $$  This is also one of the reason why an object can never attain the speed of light. This phenomena has also been experimentally observed in particle accelerators.  My question is, with increase in mass of the objet say at 98% speed of light, will their be an increase in its gravitational strength or Field around the object? If so, has this been experimentally observed and confirmed?

I'm a big fan of the podcast Astronomy Cast and a while back I was listening to a Q&A episode they did. A listener sent in a question that I found fascinating and have been wondering about ever since.   From the show :      Arunus Gidgowdusk from Lithuania asks: "If you took a one kilogram mass and accelerated it close to the speed of light would it form into a black hole? Would it stay a black hole if you then decreased the speed?"   Dr. Gay, an astrophysicist and one of the hosts, explained that she'd asked a number of her colleagues and that none of them could provide a satisfactory answer. I asked her more recently on Facebook if anyone had come forward with one and she said they had not.  So I thought maybe this would be a good place to ask.


In order to achieve Microsoft Word format "Line Spacing | Multiple 1.15" in a LaTeX document, I have used the following commands:  \usepackage{setspace} \onehalfspacing \linespread{1.15}   Is that right?

I am a newbie to LaTeX. I noticed that my document is almost a page longer in Word compared to LaTeX. (~7.25 in latex, ~8.25 in Word). This seems to be because my Word document has 23 lines per page, where my LaTeX document has 27. I think the margins are the same (I set them to be, but haven't measured them).  The beginning of my document looks like this:  \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage[margin=1.25in,top=1in,bottom=1in]{geometry} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{setspace} \doublespacing   ...and that's pretty much all the formatting I have.  Is the default "double spacing" in LaTeX/setspace smaller than Word? How can I manually adjust this (in LaTeX)?


Why did my HP DeskJet 3630 printer stop printing from my computer which has Ubuntu installed?

Let's assume that one has some HP printer and/or scanner and checked its support status on the corresponding page of HPLIP site - .  So one have the following information: the device Model name, Min. HPLIP Version and Driver Plug-in need.   What should one install to make Ubuntu fully support the HP printer and/or scanner?


I want to write a very generic function for logging :  function msglog($type, $message) { echo date("r") . " " . __FILE__ . " - $type - $message" . PHP_EOL; }   I am going to use it almost everywhere in my code which will be dispatched in several php scripts include. As shown here, wherever the function is called, __FILE__ is always valued with the main script filename.  Is there a way I can get in the function itself the name of the caller script without having to pass it as a parameter ?   EDIT1 - it is not a duplicate  Eventhough the aim is to retrieve caller information, just like some other questions asked and the solution is the same. Knowing the answer make it obvious they are connected. My question had another "scope".  It is relative to includes and script filename retrieval, not the function name in an unknown context.  EDIT2 - The answer  Yes, the debug_backtrace() function is the answer.  Here is the solution I was looking for :  function msglog( $type, $message) {     $caller = debug_backtrace();     echo date("r") . $caller[0]["file"] . " - $type - $message" . PHP_EOL; }

Is there a PHP function to find out the name of the caller function in a given function?


I'm trying to get my head around the KL divergence in the context of the sample likelihood under two competing hypotheses, one optimal $H_0$ and one suboptimal $H_1$. Roughly speaking, I want to see the "difference in information" when $H_1$ is used instead of the better suited $H_0$ to describe the data. I write the data likelihood for each datum as $p(X_i \mid H_0)$ and $p(X_i \mid H_1)$. I could write the observed KL divergence as $$ \sum_{i=1}^N p(X_i \mid H_0) \log \frac{p(X_i \mid H_0)}{p(X_i \mid H_1)} $$ However, both likelihoods over the sample data $X$ do not sum to one. Therefore, I'm not sure what the interpretation would be. I do consider the two situations (a) where I compare a good hypothesis $H_0$ to a number of suboptimal alternatives and (b) where I compare two independent pairs $(H_0, H_1)$ and $(H'_0, H'_1)$. All comparisons are done over the same sample data $X$.

I have learned about the intuition behind the KL Divergence as how much a model distribution function differs from the theoretical/true distribution of the data. The source I am reading goes on to say that the intuitive understanding of 'distance' between these two distributions is helpful, but should not be taken literally because for two distributions $P$ and $Q$, the KL Divergence is not symmetric in $P$ and $Q$.   I am not sure how to understand the last statement, or is this where the intuition of 'distance' breaks down?   I would appreciate a simple, but insightful example.


So I have an old Windows laptop that I used in college that has over time gotten increasingly bogged down with bloat / fragmentation that I would like to reformat. I can get an install disk easily, but my problem is the licensing. My laptop was pre-installed with a licensed copy of Windows 7. I don't have the serial number (it might be sitting in a box in a basement, but for my purposes isn't accessible). There are two stickers on the bottom of the computer, one of which has the company serial number and a "Microsoft certificate of authenticity" one which is illegibly faded.  Is there a way such that I can either:   Retrieve my windows activation key either from the computer serial number (maybe registered with Microsoft somehow?)  Transfer the actual locally stored license files to an external drive and then copy them back after I've reformatted my C: drive?   ...or secret option 3., do they just authenticate the operating system license based on some internal ID and I'll still be able to install Windows after I reformat?

I'm doing a hard drive upgrade and it might ask me for the product key again.  How can I find it?


The answer to this question can be found here   I have a dataset of 50k positives and nearly 1M negatives.  Instead of taking a random sample to build a logistic regression I take all 50k positives and randomly sample 50k negatives.  How should I interpret the logistic regression coefficients of the upsampled version since that sample is not actually representative of my original population?  Here is a toy example where the sampling will generate two different regression coefficients  beta = rnorm(5) X = matrix(rnorm(10000*5), nrow = 10000) y = X%*%beta + rnorm(10000) label = ifelse(y > 3, 1, 0)  X.pos = X[label == 1,] X.neg = X[label == 0,][1:sum(label),]  summary(glm(c(label[label == 1], label[label == 0][1:sum(label)]) ~ .,             data = as.data.frame(rbind(X.pos, X.neg)),             family = binomial()))  Call: glm(formula = c(label[label == 1], label[label == 0][1:sum(label)]) ~      ., family = binomial(), data = as.data.frame(rbind(X.pos,      X.neg)))  Deviance Residuals:       Min        1Q    Median        3Q       Max   -3.10121  -0.22644   0.00143   0.33291   3.01340    Coefficients:             Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)     (Intercept)  -3.4787     0.2639 -13.184  < 2e-16 *** V1            0.8904     0.1163   7.657 1.91e-14 *** V2           -0.2319     0.1105  -2.100   0.0357 *   V3           -2.9831     0.2064 -14.456  < 2e-16 *** V4            1.3729     0.1333  10.299  < 2e-16 *** V5           -1.6344     0.1435 -11.387  < 2e-16 *** --- Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1  (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)      Null deviance: 1522.15  on 1097  degrees of freedom Residual deviance:  544.67  on 1092  degrees of freedom AIC: 556.67  Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 7  summary(glm(label ~ .,             data = as.data.frame(X),             family = binomial()))  Call: glm(formula = label ~ ., family = binomial(), data = as.data.frame(X))  Deviance Residuals:      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max   -2.5939  -0.1856  -0.0701  -0.0229   3.6145    Coefficients:             Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)     (Intercept) -5.60342    0.15260 -36.720  < 2e-16 *** V1           0.67740    0.06001  11.287  < 2e-16 *** V2          -0.27957    0.05780  -4.837 1.32e-06 *** V3          -2.32995    0.08786 -26.520  < 2e-16 *** V4           1.17757    0.06548  17.985  < 2e-16 *** V5          -1.27162    0.06675 -19.052  < 2e-16 *** --- Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1  (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)      Null deviance: 4254.0  on 9999  degrees of freedom Residual deviance: 2187.1  on 9994  degrees of freedom AIC: 2199.1  Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 8

If I have a dataset with a very rare positive class, and I down-sample the negative class, then perform a logistic regression, do I need to adjust the regression coefficients to reflect the fact that I changed the prevalence of the positive class?  For example, let's say I have a dataset with 4 variables: Y, A, B and C.  Y, A, and B are binary, C is continuous.  For 11,100 observations Y=0, and for 900 Y=1:  set.seed(42) n <- 12000 r <- 1/12 A <- sample(0:1, n, replace=TRUE) B <- sample(0:1, n, replace=TRUE) C <- rnorm(n) Y <- ifelse(10 * A + 0.5 * B + 5 * C + rnorm(n)/10 > -5, 0, 1)   I fit a logistic regression to predict Y, given A, B and C.   dat1 <- data.frame(Y, A, B, C) mod1 <- glm(Y~., dat1, family=binomial)   However, to save time I could remove 10,200 non-Y observations, giving 900 Y=0, and 900 Y=1:  require('caret') dat2 <- downSample(data.frame(A, B, C), factor(Y), list=FALSE) mod2 <- glm(Class~., dat2, family=binomial)   The regression coefficients from the 2 models look very similar:  > coef(summary(mod1))               Estimate Std. Error   z value     Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) -127.67782  20.619858 -6.191983 5.941186e-10 A           -257.20668  41.650386 -6.175373 6.600728e-10 B            -13.20966   2.231606 -5.919353 3.232109e-09 C           -127.73597  20.630541 -6.191596 5.955818e-10 > coef(summary(mod2))               Estimate  Std. Error     z value    Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) -167.90178   59.126511 -2.83970391 0.004515542 A           -246.59975 4059.733845 -0.06074284 0.951564016 B            -16.93093    5.861286 -2.88860377 0.003869563 C           -170.18735   59.516021 -2.85952165 0.004242805   Which leads me to believe that the down-sampling did not affect the coefficients.  However, this is a single, contrived example, and I'd rather know for sure.


I have a Nikon D5100 camera. I want to learn all its functions. I can't find any videos though - I have searched many online training sites for learning photography: Lynda.com, YouTube etc.   Please share learning resources....

I bought an entry-level DSLR at Christmas time (Nikon D3000 with 18-55mm and 55-200mm lenses) and have been figuring my way around the camera.  I know the very basics, but want to take a class and can't logistically take one offered in my area.  Are there good online classes for learning about lighting, exposure, composition, etc.?  Or maybe sites with good exercises for beginners?


We know there is a theoretical absolute zero (0K) at which particles have no kinetic energy, but is there an absolute hot at which a particle can be given no more kinetic energy?

In many presentations of statistical mechanics where we have a system of particles having mass, such as the molecules of an ideal gas, the temperature is often equated to the average relative velocity of the particles. However no such velocity can exceed that of light. Is there therefore an absolute upper bound to temperature as well as an absolute zero?


I understand some precautions must be taken with regards to URLs for SEO. On my website, I have a 301 redirect from wwwmysite.com to mysite.com as I understand that otherwise this can duplicate the webpages. Is there a difference between mysite.com and mysite.com/index.html ? Do I need to have a redirect somewhere to ensure they are the same ? If, for example, I want the URL of each webpage to end with / I can do so by naming each page index.html and placing it in a folder of the desired name, such as the about page would be mysite.com/about/. Is there a difference between this URL, which is my preference, and mysite.com/about/index.html, which both lead to the same file ? I also think this may not be a good method to achieve this, is there an alternative which is good for SEO and will allow the URL of pages to appear as above.

For only my index pages, I am receiving this warning in Google Search Console:     Duplicate, submitted URL not selected as canonical   I know that this occurs because Google is attempting to track both the default landing "page" (i.e. www.domain.example/) and the page to which to which DirectoryIndex points (i.e. www.domain.example/index.html). They are, in fact, the same page, and so the warning is the result of a false positive.  Two questions for our community:   Why does Google not conflate these and count them as a single page? Alternately, is there something wrong with my set up if this has happened? I can easily force both pages to point to a single canonical URL. But which is preferable, "/" or "index.html"?


I tried the following:     $\begin{array}{rcl} \tanh x &=& 1 + 2 \displaystyle\sum^{\infty}_{k = 1} (-1)^k e^{-2kx}\\ \operatorname{sech}^2 x &=& -4 \displaystyle \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty}(-1)^kke^{-2kx}\\ \displaystyle\int^{\infty}_0 \dfrac{\ln x}{\cosh^2 x}\,dx &=& \displaystyle\int^{\infty}_0\ln x \operatorname{sech}^2 x\,dx\\ &=&-4\displaystyle\int^{\infty}_0 \ln x \left(\displaystyle\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty}(-1)^kke^{-2kx}\right)\,dx\\ &=&-4\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}_{k = 1}\left(k(-1)^k\int^{\infty}_0 e^{-2kx}\ln x \,dx\right)\\ &=& -2\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}_{k = 1}\left((-1)^k\int_0^{\infty} e^{-x} \ln\left(\dfrac{x}{2k}\right) \,dx\right) \\ &=& -2\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}_{k = 1}\left((-1)^k \int^{\infty}_0e^{-x}\left(\ln x - \ln 2k\right)\,dx\right)\\ &=& -2 \displaystyle \sum^{\infty}_{k = 1}\left((-1)^k\left(\int^{\infty}_0e^{-x}\ln x \,dx -\left(\ln2k\right)\int^{\infty}_0 e^{-x}\,dx\right)\right)\\ &=&-2\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}_{k= 1}(-1)^k\left(-\gamma -\ln(2k)\right)\\ &=& 2\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}_{k =1}(-1)^k \left(\gamma +\ln(2k)\right) \end{array}$   I found out that the sum does not converge, but the integral does converge. Can you please point out my mistake and guide me to evaluate the integral?

Inspired by the user @Integrals, I thought I'd find some nice integrals! Especially interesting are those involving $\log \pi$. From Borwein and Devlin's "The Computer as Crucible", pg. 58 - show that  $$\displaystyle \int_0^{\infty} \frac{\log x}{\cosh^2x} \ \mathrm{d}x = \log\frac {\pi}4 - \gamma,$$  where $\gamma$ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant.


I have a code generation tool that creates a single cs file with some interfaces, classes and a namepsace (with other classes in it). Some of the classes are defined outside of the namespace. What I would like to do is automatically strip away the namespace (and everything in it) and one of the classes (along with its associated attributes).  I know I could potentially write a regex expression to do this but I'm hoping there is some tool that understands the layout of the CS file (as a tree) so I can tell it which parts I want to prune away.

Which parsers are available for parsing C# code?  I'm looking for a C# parser that can be used in C# and give me access to line and file informations about each artefact of the analysed code.


I am currently making a space game. The player's ship is stationary at world origin while things come towards it. However, the player is supposed to move towards the next destination.  To create the illusion of movement, I have particles moving backwards while my ship remains stationary. However, the particles seems to get lost visually during complex battle scenes.  Is there any other way to give the illusion of movement where there is an absence of stationary reference points?  Here are some screenshots of the game       The referenced question that has been identified as a duplicate does not answer my question. It is somewhat unclear what some of the implementations are. I seek a tried example that is used in other games if possible.  Most of the implementations suggested is more relevant to a first person perspective. I am looking for 3rd person effect where the player cannot "Visually Feel" the effect through a jolt.

I'm making a game where you see a spaceship (in 3rd person) travelling at high-speed between planets (it takes 2-3 seconds move between them).  What effect could I use to convey the effect of extreme speed? I already know about the usual effects, change in FOV, white lines around the subjects, etc..   I'm asking about some things that are more space-like, I mean even if it's not how it would be perceived in real physics, I need it to look like it's fast and it's in space.  Don't hesitate to ask for clarification, my English is nowhere near being perfect, maybe I didn't convey my thought perfectly.


I have this childhood memory of a fairly cheesy SF movie where a person comes into contact with some kind of crystal, and it goes into his arm near the wrist.  You can then see the triangular shape travelling up his arm under the skin, as he watches in horror.  I think this happens twice in the movie.  I know this isn't a lot to go on, but it was a striking scene (to me, anyway), so I thought it might be identifiable.

It is about astronauts entering an old alien building (which may have been a pyramid).  In this building some of the astronauts get killed or injured.  When the last astronaut arrives at the center of the building, he finds another guy who says the building was a test designed by old aliens and that the astronaut will be the next God.


In an mvc .net web application that uses forms authentication, how to know the current user identity in controllers?

In a forms model, I used to get the current logged-in user by:  Page.CurrentUser   How do I get the current user inside a controller class in ASP.NET MVC?


I couldn't find anything regarding what file types are acceptable for things like 's schema.org rendering of a logo in search results.   Since I've not yet implemented a site utilizing the schema stuff I'm wondering if a .SVG file can be used to retain resolution? All I've seen people use are .PNG and .JPG

Structured data markup is a standard way to annotate your content so Google can understand it. However, I am not sure, if Google will accept and parse svg+xml images as a value for the .  The  shows no errors:        Snippet:  {   "@context": "http://schema.org",   "@type": "SoftwareApplication",   "name": "Our application name",   "image": "https://my.company/files/images/desktop-icon.svg",   ... }   There is a , but it does not apply the new application/ld+json format.


I proved this by taking cases for different remainders and using modular arithmetic,  when the prime is $3$.However this method won't give a general proof for all primes.I was eager to get a proof for all primes $p$, but i couldn't get one.I have seen in Pythagorean triples that if both $a$ and $b$ are not divisible by $p$, $c=a^2 + b^2$ is also not, but how do i prove it?  Proving by contradiction may help...maybe induction. Also we can try proving for all numbers. of the form $6n+1$ and $6n-1$ so that it becomes evident for all primes.  The question changed and now is about  proving that for all primes equivalent to $3 \bmod 4.$

$n = 4k + 3 $  We start by letting $a \not\equiv 0\pmod n$ $\Rightarrow$ $a \equiv k\pmod n$ .  $\Rightarrow$ $a^{4k+2} \equiv 1\pmod n$  Now, I know that the contradiction will arrive from the fact that if we can show $a^2 \equiv 1 \pmod n $ then we can say $b^2 \equiv -1 \pmod n $ then it is not possible since solution exists only for $n=4k_2+1 $ so $a \equiv b\equiv 0 \pmod n $  So from the fact that $a^{2^{2k+1}} \equiv 1 \pmod n$ I have to conclude something.


In the  a signed prekey ($SPK_B$) is used as part of the handshake. What is the purpose of this key? There seem to be no obvious cryptographic drawbacks by omitting this key.  One rationale could be that these "semi static" keys can be renewed without the need of changing the identity key ($IK_B$) and hence provide better forward secrecy. But is this a benefit in real world scenarios like Signal or WhatsApp?  What's the drawback of following variant:   Bob publishes $IK_B$ and signed $OPK_B^1$ Alice gets Bob's $IK_B$ and $OPK_B^1$ and verifies the signature Alice then generates $EK_A$ and calculates: $$DH1 = DH(IK_A, OPK_B^1)\\     DH2 = DH(EK_A, IK_B)\\     DH3 = DH(EK_A, OPK_B^1)\\     SK = KDF(DH1 || DH2 || DH3)$$   One could argue that in this variant one cannot omit $OPK_B$. Is this really so bad in real life?  Alternative: what about another modification where you drop $SPK$ and instead renew your identity key $IK$ as often as you would renew your $SPK$ in X3DH? Same forward secrecy properties. When used as part of chat app you do X3DH only the first time you send a message. So what's the harm in changing your $IK$?

I'm reading about  and this protocol uses the  to establish a shared secret key between the two parties but I couldn't understand why we use one-time prekeys in the flow. This keys are optional and if there is any in the server, in the first message between Bob and Alice, an extra Diffie-Hellman is calculate between this prekey and ephemeral key. What is the advantage of using One-time Prekeys?


While running the code below, I'm getting this output--1) Addition 2) Subtraction Enter 1 or 21 First number: 17 Second number: 13 Add two random numbers10 Traceback (most recent call last):   File "C:/Users/rafis/PycharmProjects/pythonProject1/Problem120.py", line 51, in <module>     main()   File "C:/Users/rafis/PycharmProjects/pythonProject1/Problem120.py", line 43, in main     verify(r_ans, user_adds) NameError: name 'r_ans' is not defined  Process finished with exit code 1 ............................... But I can't seem to find any error in the code. How do I "define" the variable? TIA import random  menu1 = input("1) Addition") menu2 = input("2) Subtraction") choose = int(input("Enter 1 or 2"))    def random_generator():     r_1 = random.randint(4, 19)     r_2 = random.randint(4, 19)     print("First number: " + str(r_1))     print("Second number: " + str(r_2))     user_adds = int(input("Add two random numbers"))     r_ans = r_1 + r_2     return r_ans, user_adds     def random_generator3():     r_1 = random.randint(24, 49)     r_2 = random.randint(2, 24)     print("First number: " + str(rando_1))     print("Second number: " + str(rando_2))     r_ans = rando_1 - rando_2     user_adds = int(input("Work out random number 1- random number 2: "))     return r_ans, user_adds     def verify(r_ans, user_adds):     if r_ans == user_adds:         print("Correct")     else:         print("Incorrect. The answer is: " + str(r_ans))   def main():     if choose == 1:         random_generator()         verify(r_ans, user_adds)     elif choose == 2:         random_generator3()         verify(r_ans, user_adds)     else:         print("Invalid input")   main()

The canonical way to return multiple values in languages that support it is often . Option: Using a tuple Consider this trivial example: def f(x):   y0 = x + 1   y1 = x * 3   y2 = y0 ** y3   return (y0, y1, y2)  However, this quickly gets problematic as the number of values returned increases. What if you want to return four or five values? Sure, you could keep tupling them, but it gets easy to forget which value is where. It's also rather ugly to unpack them wherever you want to receive them. Option: Using a dictionary The next logical step seems to be to introduce some sort of 'record notation'. In Python, the obvious way to do this is by means of a dict. Consider the following: def g(x):   y0 = x + 1   y1 = x * 3   y2 = y0 ** y3   return {'y0': y0, 'y1': y1 ,'y2': y2}  (Just to be clear, y0, y1, and y2 are just meant as abstract identifiers. As pointed out, in practice you'd use meaningful identifiers.) Now, we have a mechanism whereby we can project out a particular member of the returned object. For example, result['y0']  Option: Using a class However, there is another option. We could instead return a specialized structure. I've framed this in the context of Python, but I'm sure it applies to other languages as well. Indeed, if you were working in C this might very well be your only option. Here goes: class ReturnValue:   def __init__(self, y0, y1, y2):      self.y0 = y0      self.y1 = y1      self.y2 = y2  def g(x):   y0 = x + 1   y1 = x * 3   y2 = y0 ** y3   return ReturnValue(y0, y1, y2)  In Python the previous two are perhaps very similar in terms of plumbing - after all { y0, y1, y2 } just end up being entries in the internal __dict__ of the ReturnValue. There is one additional feature provided by Python though for tiny objects, the __slots__ attribute. The class could be expressed as: class ReturnValue(object):   __slots__ = ["y0", "y1", "y2"]   def __init__(self, y0, y1, y2):      self.y0 = y0      self.y1 = y1      self.y2 = y2  From the :  The __slots__ declaration takes a sequence of instance variables and reserves just enough space in each instance to hold a value for each variable. Space is saved because __dict__ is not created for each instance.  Option: Using a  (Python 3.7+) Using Python 3.7's new dataclasses, return a class with automatically added special methods, typing and other useful tools: @dataclass class Returnvalue:     y0: int     y1: float     y3: int  def total_cost(x):     y0 = x + 1     y1 = x * 3     y2 = y0 ** y3     return ReturnValue(y0, y1, y2)  Option: Using a list Another suggestion which I'd overlooked comes from Bill the Lizard: def h(x):   result = [x + 1]   result.append(x * 3)   result.append(y0 ** y3)   return result  This is my least favorite method though. I suppose I'm tainted by exposure to Haskell, but the idea of mixed-type lists has always felt uncomfortable to me. In this particular example the list is -not- mixed type, but it conceivably could be. A list used in this way really doesn't gain anything with respect to the tuple as far as I can tell. The only real difference between lists and tuples in Python is that lists are , whereas tuples are not. I personally tend to carry over the conventions from functional programming: use lists for any number of elements of the same type, and tuples for a fixed number of elements of predetermined types. Question After the lengthy preamble, comes the inevitable question. Which method (do you think) is best?


What are the energies $E_{n}$ of the Schroedinger operator  $$ -\frac{d^{2}}{dx^{2}}y(x)+ae^{bx}y(x)=E_{n}y(x) $$  for some real and positive 'a' and 'b' with the Boundary conditions $ y(0)=0=y(\infty) $?  Working a bit I get the quantization condition  $$ J_{E_{n}/4}(\sqrt{-a})=0,$$  ($ J_{a}(x) $ is a Bessel function) but unfortunately this equation yields only imaginary roots.

For $a$ being positive what are the quantisation conditions for an exponential potential?  $$ - \frac{d^{2}}{dx^{2}}y(x)+ ae^{|x|}y(x)=E_{n}y(x) $$ with boundary conditions  $$ y(0)=0=y(\infty) $$ I believe that the energies $ E_{n} $ will be positive and real   I have read a similar paper:     P. Amore, F. M. Fernández. Accurate calculation of the complex eigenvalues of the Schrödinger equation with an exponential potential. ,  [math-ph].   However, I get this strange quantisation condition          $$ J_{2i\sqrt{E_{n}}}(\sqrt{-a})=0 $$  How can I handle this in the case $ a >0 $?


Well. I'm writing a manual to my work. And I have to put a header with the logo image and a footer for the pages. I'm trying to use \lhead{...} \cfoot{...} just to see if it work. but I just can't make it work.  here is my code style.  \documentclass{memoir} \let\STARTCODE\relax  \let\STOPCODE\relax  \STARTCODE \usepackage{fourier} % or what ever \usepackage[scaled=.92]{helvet}%. Sans serif - Helvetica \usepackage{color,calc} \newsavebox{\ChpNumBox} \definecolor{ChapBlue}{rgb}{0.00,0.65,0.65} \makeatletter \newcommand*{\thickhrulefill}{%   \leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1\p@ \hfill \kern \z@} \newcommand*\BuildChpNum[2]{%   \begin{tabular}[t]{@{}c@{}}     \makebox[0pt][c]{#1\strut}  \\[.5ex]     \colorbox{ChapBlue}{%       \rule[-10em]{0pt}{0pt}%       \rule{1ex}{0pt}\color{black}#2\strut       \rule{1ex}{0pt}}%   \end{tabular}} \makechapterstyle{BlueBox}{%   \renewcommand{\chaptername}{}   \renewcommand{\chapnamefont}{\large\scshape}   \renewcommand{\chapnumfont}{\Huge\bfseries}   \renewcommand{\chaptitlefont}{\raggedright\Huge\bfseries}   \setlength{\beforechapskip}{20pt}   \setlength{\midchapskip}{26pt}   \setlength{\afterchapskip}{40pt}   \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{}   \renewcommand{\chapternamenum}{}   \renewcommand{\printchapternum}{%     \sbox{\ChpNumBox}{%       \BuildChpNum{\chapnamefont\@chapapp}%       {\chapnumfont\thechapter}}}   \renewcommand{\printchapternonum}{%     \sbox{\ChpNumBox}{%       \BuildChpNum{\chapnamefont\vphantom{\@chapapp}}%       {\chapnumfont\hphantom{\thechapter}}}}   \renewcommand{\afterchapternum}{}   \renewcommand{\printchaptertitle}[1]{%     \usebox{\ChpNumBox}\hfill     \parbox[t]{\hsize-\wd\ChpNumBox-1em}{%       \vspace{\midchapskip}%       \thickhrulefill\par       \chaptitlefont ##1\par}}% } \chapterstyle{BlueBox} \STOPCODE \setlength\afterchapskip {\onelineskip } \setlength\beforechapskip {\onelineskip }  %ligando a numeração da subsection \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} \maxtocdepth{subsection} \maxtocdepth{subsubsection}  %alterando nome da tabela e da figura \renewcommand{\figurename}{Figura: } \renewcommand{\tablename}{Tabela: }  %cabeçalho \usepackage{fancyhdr} \lhead{LOGO IMAGE HERE} \cfoot{TEXT HERE}  %Margem \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.3cm} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.3cm}  %tamanho que o texto ocupa \textwidth=16cm  %fazendo os footers \pagestyle{plain}  %%%%%%%%%%%%% \usepackage{lipsum} %para tabelas grandes \usepackage{longtable}  %para colocar um width maximo para as figuras do comando %[max width = ...] \usepackage[export]{adjustbox}  %packages inseridos que não são do estilo.  \usepackage{placeins} \usepackage{makeidx} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage[table]{xcolor}

What is the best way to customize the headings at the top of each page in a memoir document?  For example, if I want just the page number at the top of every left page, and just the chapter title (say, in italics) at the top of every right page?  What if I don't want any header on left pages, but just the page number as a footer in the corner?


Using PostGIS, I have a table of data with geographic points defined as last_known_coordinates GEOGRAPHY(POINT,4326). I want to find all of these within a geographic bounding box with given top left and bottom right geographic coordinates, and be sure that the calculations are geographic, not geometric, e.g. that the results account for the curvature of the earth. The query I'm using is roughly: SELECT * from table WHERE last_known_coordinates && ST_MakeEnvelope(?, ?, ?, ?, 4326)::geography  As you can tell I'm a bit new to this, and I know what I want, but not necessarily how to do it correctly. Other answers hint that this is correct, but I'd like to know for sure: Does the ST_Envelope produced by ST_MakeEnvelope, when cast to a geography, take the curvature of the earth into account?

I need to obtain on each element on one table the closest point of another table. The first table contains traffic signs and the second one the Entrance Halls of the town. The thing is that I can't use ST_ClosestPoint function and I have to use ST_Distance function and get the min(ST_distance) record but I am quite stuck building the query.  CREATE TABLE traffic_signs (   id numeric(8,0) ),   "GEOMETRY" geometry,   CONSTRAINT traffic_signs_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id),   CONSTRAINT traffic_signs_id_key UNIQUE (id) ) WITH (   OIDS=TRUE );  CREATE TABLE entrance_halls (   id numeric(8,0) ),   "GEOMETRY" geometry,   CONSTRAINT entrance_halls_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id),   CONSTRAINT entrance_halls_id_key UNIQUE (id) ) WITH (   OIDS=TRUE );   I need to obtain the id of the closest entrnce_hall of every traffic_sign.  My query so far:  SELECT senal.id,port.id,ST_Distance(port."GEOMETRY",senal."GEOMETRY")  as dist     FROM traffic_signs As senal, entrance_halls As port        ORDER BY senal.id,port.id,ST_Distance(port."GEOMETRY",senal."GEOMETRY")   With this I am getting the distance from every traffic_sign to every entrance_hall. But how can I get only the minimun distance?  Regards,


I was wondering if anyone could please tell me how could I generate a spine like this on the cover page of my thesis?

I have just finished my thesis, and I want to ask if there is a way to create a front-title page with spine (I don't know if this is the right term for the area between front page and rear page)? I would also like to include a back page.  Some preliminary ideas are shown bellow    I found a package called zwpagelayout which allows somehow to create a spine and flaps as well. I tried to use it by  \documentclass[11pt]{book} \usepackage[english,greek]{babel} \usepackage[iso-8859-7]{inputenc} \usepackage{kerkis} \usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx} \usepackage{colortbl} \usepackage{xcolor} \usepackage[papersize={,293mm}, topmargin=2mm, botmargin, strictheight, leftmargin=0mm, flap=50mm, textwidth=209mm, spine=13mm, cropmarks, cropframe, croptitle=Πρότυπο Εξωφύλλου]{zwpagelayout} \linespread{1}  \begin{document}  Εξώφυλλο \end{document}   Using this code produces an error that spine is not defined... Any ideas?  I edited the previous code and the result is     Now I have to find a way to "move" around pages... Any ideas will over-welcomed!!!  I also used this  \documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} \usepackage{pstricks} \pagestyle{empty}  \makeatletter  \def\La{%   L\kern-.36em{%   \setbox0\hbox{T}%   \vbox to\ht0{%     \hbox{$\m@th$%       \csname S@\f@size\endcsname       \fontsize\sf@size\z@       \math@fontsfalse\selectfont A}%       \vss%     }%   }% } \def\AllTeX{(\La\kern-.075em)\kern-.075em\TeX} \makeatother  \begin{document} \begin{titlepage} \psset{unit=1in,linewidth=2pt}% \psline(-0.75,2)(-0.75,-\paperheight)% \psline(-0.25,2)(-0.25,-\paperheight)% \rput[lb]{90}(-0.3,-0.75\paperheight){\red\Huge\textbf{Study}}% \rput[lb]{90}(-0.4,-0.1\paperheight){\red\Huge\textbf{MicroMEGAS}}%  \vspace*{3cm} \centerline{\Huge \textbf{P}ost\textbf{S}cript \textbf{T}ricks}  \vspace{2cm} \centerline{\Large Athanasios Stamatopoulos} \end{titlepage}  \end{document}   but my compiler cannot recognise commands like the following  \psline(-0.75,2)(-0.75,-\paperheight)%   The output from this code is     As you see no spine is produced. Instead spine is inserted in frontpage...  I have found a way to move around pads... The complete and correct code is  \documentclass[11pt]{book} \usepackage[english,greek]{babel} \usepackage[iso-8859-7]{inputenc} \usepackage{kerkis} \usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx} \usepackage{colortbl} \usepackage{xcolor} \usepackage[papersize={,293mm}, topmargin=2mm, botmargin, strictheight, leftmargin=0mm, flap=50mm, textwidth=209mm, spine=13mm, cropmarks, cropframe, croptitle=Πρότυπο Εξωφύλλου]{zwpagelayout} \linespread{1}  \begin{document}  \hbox to \textwidth{% \vbox to \textheight{\hsize \CropFlap \centering Back flap\vfill}\hss \vbox to \textheight{\hsize \UserWidth \centering \begin{tikzpicture}\draw (0,0) --(5,5);\end{tikzpicture}\vfill \leavevmode     ISBN+EAN}\hss \vbox to \textheight{\hsize \CropSpine \centering \vfill \begin{sideways}Name Title\end{sideways}\vfill}\hss \vbox to \textheight{\hsize \UserWidth \centering Front cover\vfill \LaTeX}\hss \vbox to \textheight{\hsize \CropFlap \centering Front flap\vfill}} \end{document}


I'm kinda new to Python and I need help. So basically I want to make a function that will run a specific file (.vbs, or some app). How do I do that? Thanks.

How do you call an external command (as if I'd typed it at the Unix shell or Windows command prompt) from within a Python script?


I tried to search for new and active topics on the subject here.  , only mods can approve tag description/wiki suggestions by placing one vote.  By I just approved a suggestion for both a tag  and , no other votes were needed (I'm >25k).  Has something changed? Or is my understanding incorrect?  If something has changed, does it impact edit suggestions to normal posts (questions and answers)?  In case related: I created the tag hours before the suggestions.

was declined by the user who created the tag wiki excerpt, who doesn't yet have the reputation to be a trusted user. (The site is still in beta, and the reputation necessary to be a trusted user is 4000.)        Should the user who first proposed a tag wiki, or a tag wiki excerpt be the one who can unilaterally decide about a proposed edit for a tag wiki? The user who first proposed it isn't necessarily the one who knows if the tag's purpose can be better described with different words, nor does that user necessarily know if the tag has been lately used differently from how it was first used. Since a tag wiki is different from other posts, there should be an exception to the rule "the author of a post can unilaterally decide about any edits."  The paradox is then that the creator of a tag wiki still needs two users to approve their suggested edit. That's what happened in .        The funny fact is that in the revisions for the tag wiki, or tag excerpt (as in the screenshot), the tag wiki/excerpt is said to be created from the Community user.        This bug is  definitely .


I'm putting together a mining-like render build with over 10 GPUs. And I would like to ask is there a limit of gpu's I can use on given time. I am asking this because I can go with like 4 680's (Each with 1500 Cuda Cores).

I'm trying to make blender work with 20 GPU's, however I'm able to concurenntly force only 13 of them to work together while rendering one frame(13 tiles, one gpu per tile). Is there any limitation of GPU's that can run together?  I know octane have/had 12 GPu's limitation, however i can not find any piece of information about limits in cycles.


I am new to LaTeX. I got a problem with an eps files. When I use   \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{epstopdf}  \begin{document} \begin{center} \includegraphics[scale=0.8]{mjo.pdf} \end{center}  \end{document}   I got LaTeX Error:   unknown graphics extension.eps se the latex manual...   Can you help me to resolve this issue?

There several types of graphics files. In no particular order .jpeg .eps .pdf .png .tif .jif (and no doubt others). Some work with latex, dvips and some work with pdflatex. How am I supposed to know which?  Just to confuse matters, metapost produces .eps but I can use these with pdflatex as long as I put in a four line incantation.  Can anyone explain this?


Is my Hewlett Packard Envy TouchSmart 4-1210sg notebook compatible with Ubuntu 14.04.4 LTS?  Thank you for your help.

I am a bit financially strapped and received a Gateway GT5056 tower. The tower has an AMD dual core 64-bit processor in it. Will Ubuntu 12.04 run on this machine? I will not have any other application other than LibreOffice installed.


I am trying to upgrade my Ubuntu virtual machine (currently 12.10) to 13.04 and then eventually to 13.10. I ran the update manager and it says "The software on this computer is up to date. However, Ubuntu 13.10 is now available (you have 12.10)."   If I hit the 'upgrade...' button will it install 13. 04 or 13. 10? I know it is highly recommended that users update from version to version and I am worried if I just hit 'upgrade...' button then something might get messed up upgrading straight to 13. 10 if it skips over 13.04. Any ideas?

Looking at   13.04 will reach EOL in January 2014, while 12.10 will reach EOL in April 2014, therefore if a 12.10 user hasn't upgraded to 13.04 and subsequently to 13.10, there will be a 3 month period where a 12.10 user has a supported version of Ubuntu, but will be unable to upgrade.  I asked this question a number of months ago and the suggestion was that the hope was that there would be an upgrade path from 12.10 to 14.04.  Could somebody confirm whether this is still the case, or if not what the plans are for 12.10 users after 13.04 becomes EOL.  Edited for clarification  The particular issue I was concerned about is that once 13.04 goes EOL, a 12.10 user would in theory lose the ability to upgrade once the 13.04 repo's are removed from the normal release repository.  Using the old releases method would be a way around the issue, however would make it more complicated for a less experienced user.  An alternative could be for the 13.04 repo's to be left available for the 3 month interim period so that a 12.10 version could still be upgraded to 13.04 and subsequently onto 13.10, however that doesn't seem an optimal solution in that users may consider that it meant that support for 13.04 was being continued.  If a direct upgrade from 12.10 to 14.04 was to made available, this would only be available once 14.04 was released and still leaves the issue of the 3 months between January and April 2014 were there may be some confusion.  I suspect that its not going to affect a significant number of users, if somebody has upgraded from 12.04LTS to 12.10, in all probability, they'll have continued to upgrade to 13.04 and upwards because they'd made the choice to use current rather than LTS releases.  It would just be useful to have some clarification of the situation which people can be referred to in advance of 13.04 going EOL rather than hitting the cut off point and it being too late for users to make the decision and being left in limbo.


I understand that the zero ring can't be a zero object for the category of rings, because in that case the 'arrows' are ring homomorphisms which, by definition, but maintain the unit.  But in the category of sets, the 'arrows' are just functions between sets. So why isn't the empty set a terminal object (and hence a zero object)?

From Awodey: In any category $\mathsf{C}$,  an object $0$ is initial if for any object $C$ there is a unique morphism $0 \to C$,  an object $1$ is terminal if for any object $C$ there is a unique morphism $C \to 1$.  First I was puzzled by the fact that we can do mappings from a zero set to any other set in a category $\mathsf{Sets}$. But then after I accepted it conceptually, I do not understand why there is no unique morphism to an empty set from every object in a category $\mathsf{Sets}$. Is this because we cannot map a non-empty set to an empty set (since our mapping is total) although we can map an empty set to a non-empty set?  Please, note, I am familiar with the proposition saying: Initial (terminal) objects are unique up to isomorphism.


Sorry, I am still a newbie on Linux, I was installing earlier some new DEs, I made fresh installation of Ubuntu 13.04, installed, then added KUBUNUTU-DESKTOP, LUBUNTU-DESKTOP and GNOME...  then when I wanted to test my new KDE things were kinda, weird instead of the normal KDE 4.10.5 desktop I mean the place with the wallpaper, short-cuts and widgets are, I got this weird looking thing, that is like a blue outdated ugly version of the old gnome 3 dash....  I want back my default desktop....  any ideas? Dx  Screenshots attached below:  WHAT I GOT:   WHAT I WANT (BACK):

I am a newbie in Linux. I decided to install Kubuntu 11.10 on it and I already have personalized it quite a bit.  I've also realised that Linux is much more sensitive when you reboot it in comparison to Windows! ;)  I switched off the laptop once without properly pressing reboot, and since then the buttons and the writing in the windows in the very top seem too big.  Looks like a bug to me. And if you make the windows smaller it looks really strange and the close and minimize and resize buttons disappear.  I have already once fixed this by inserting the kubuntu cd, but I've forgotten how I did it. I think it was something like restore distribuion or so, but all personalizations kept the same, only the windows were displayed normally (which I of course intended!)  So, how can I restore KDE?


I am trying to prove this statement. I am assuming that if a 3x3 matrix always has an eigenvector, then it also always has an eigenvalue. I tried to prove this looking at a general 3x3 case and trying to calculate det(A-$\lambda$I)=0, but it does not get me anywhere. Is there something intuitive that I am missing?

what do it mean by "A real nxn matrix always has a real eigenvalue when n is odd?" Shouldnt it be that regardless of odd or even there will always have a real root?  hope to hear from you guys soon:)


, I wanted to post a link to a question, followed by a relevant YouTube video. Because I wasn’t paying attention, I posted the video first by mistake. No problem. I edited the existing comment to be the question instead, and then posted the video. Except that it wouldn’t post: nothing happened at all when I tried. I think it was the duplicate message filter preventing me from repeating myself, even though the previous message had been edited, I posted a nonsense message, then the YouTube video, then deleted the nonsense. This worked, but should not have been necessary.

When you edit a message and repost the contents of  its first revision, the repost is eaten up by chat.  Steps to reproduce:   Join any chat room Post something. Let's say you post abcd Edit that to something else. For example, --- Try to post abcd again. The green (pending) message will show up, but when the response is received, it disappears (the server spits out {"id":null,"time":null} as the response)   This happens more often than you think. Many a time I post something, only to realize that I want to use the magic separator (---) to separate it from a previous block. So I up-arrow, Ctrl-X, and type ---, and then I repost the cut text. Which gets eaten up by the server -- making a small change to the repost fixes things.


I load a PHP code into a div:  $(".loader").click(function(e) {     event.preventDefault();      $("#content").load($(this).attr("href")); });    in the target code there's some html5 stuff, i.e.:

         Upload

         <input type="file" class="custom-file-input" id="inputFwFile" aria-describedby="inputFwFile">         Choose file

   and in my js file I want to catch some events:  $("#inputFwFile").change(function(e) {     console.log(e.target.files); });   Please note all the jQuery functions are wrapped into $("document").ready(function() ... statement. The code above works if the html snippet is placed into the main page (index.php). Instead, when loaded into its div content doesn't execute the change event anymore.  Perhaps it's because when the dom is ready the specific #intputFwFile doesn't exist yet? Any way to fix?  UPDATE  After reading the comment I tried this:  index.php                                      file

   index.js  $("document").ready(function() {     $(".loader").click(function(e) {         event.preventDefault();          $("#content").load($(this).attr("href"));     });  });   file.php

                 Upload

                 <input type="file" class="custom-file-input" id="inputFwFile" aria-describedby="inputFwFile">                 Choose file

             but still the change function is not executed even if it's in the same file of the requested element and the script runs when the document has loaded.  Why?

I have a bit of code where I am looping through all the select boxes on a page and binding a .hover event to them to do a bit of twiddling with their width on mouse on/off.  This happens on page ready and works just fine.  The problem I have is that any select boxes I add via Ajax or DOM after the initial loop won't have the event bound.  I have found this plugin (), but before I add another 5k to my pages with a plugin, I want to see if anyone knows a way to do this, either with jQuery directly or by another option.


I have a array in javascript   var arr = ["12","22","33","42"];    If I search for 1 it should not match because it is not a complete array element.  If I search for 12 it should match because it is a complete array element.   I have searched web for this but found  var match = arr.indexOf('1');   But this does not solve my problem  Anybody can help?

What is the most concise and efficient way to find out if a JavaScript array contains a value? This is the only way I know to do it: function contains(a, obj) {     for (var i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {         if (a[i] === obj) {             return true;         }     }     return false; }  Is there a better and more concise way to accomplish this?


I have been having an issue with my viewport that I can't seem to figure out. The mesh that I have for my ground plane has strange clipping and perspective issues in wireframe mode and object mode. When I am in render view or lookdev mode the plane appears as normal.        I have tried deleting the ground plane and the camera. When I delete the camera the 'shadow' of the camera position remains. When I try to add a new plane I still have the same perspective and clipping issue. It seems like I have somehow locked the camera in this position, but I am still able to move the camera around and into new positions, but there is strange clipping on them within this new perspective I somehow manage to create.     Does anyone have any idea what I managed to do here? I have been trying to figure it out for 2 hours...  Many thanks, Collin

When looking at my objects in 3d view I'm seeing a gray cone that seems to be hiding other objects.   Can anyone help me turn this off and explain what it is please.  Screenshots attached.


I am trying to call certain functions based on a certain variable. If I have lots of functions based on this variable it quickly gets very ugly with all if statements. My questions is if there is a more elegant and "pythonic" solution than doing something like the code below? if variable == 0:     function_0() elif variable == 1:     function_1() elif variable == 2:     function_2()

I want to write a function in Python that returns different fixed values based on the value of an input index.    In other languages I would use a switch or case statement, but Python does not appear to have a switch statement.  What are the recommended Python solutions in this scenario?


Yesterday I downloaded Ubuntu ISO file from . Then I used Windows file explorer to burn the ISO to my DVD-R. Then I went to boot manager and selected the DVD drive. It showed "Please select a proper boot device".  I guess I have to install grub bootloader in order to install Linux but I don’t have any idea how to install it on my DVD.

This is the third time I've tried to install Ubuntu Server 14.04.03 64-bit on the same laptop, and each time it caused different problems.  Each time I wrote the same iso image to a USB flash drive by using a different application and OS.   Universal USB Installer (pendrivelinux.com) from Windows WinImage writer from Windows built-in image writer from Linux Mint 17.2    The iso image is the same in all three cases, the USB flash drive is the same, and the laptop is the same. However each time the installation of Ubuntu gave me different installation options. For example, the last time I installed Ubuntu, it didn't show all the packages to choose while installing (Basic Ubuntu server, etc.).


If I try to flag my own question it pops up a 404 error message. Even I can't delete my question(it carries downvotes) as it has already been answered.  Please give me a solution how to remove the question.

I attempted to flag ...        ...as "off topic". Although the initial flag dialog loads correctly, every time I selected the "it doesn't belong here, or is a duplicate" option, the next pane would fail to load:        Request URL:https://christianity.stackexchange.com/flags/questions/18136/close/popup?_=1375739403107 Request Method:GET Status Code:404 Not Found   The account had 46 reputation. I tested this on other sites, but found that it only occurred on Christianity.SE. This was my only account that has the for the  but not enough for the .     I have now earned the commenting privilege on Christianity and am no longer able to reproduce this error, confirming its cause.


In , near the end of the film, the Hulk goes off on his own in a Quinjet and basically abandons everyone and everything that's going on.. when Black Widow asks him to come back, he doesn't say anything and even hangs up on her.                                Why did he act this way and leave so abruptly?

In the end of Avengers: Age of Ultron we get the new roster of Avengers and this is not a new thing, it always happened in comics and cartoons.  But it's due to a major character leaving from the current roster. I can understand why Iron Man left or Thor or Hawkeye but why did Bruce Banner/Hulk leave the Avengers?


I read this fantasy trilogy (maybe even 4-5 books) about 15 years ago. I'm not sure it is a Young Adult series, but it was published at least 20 years ago. My memory of the books is quite fuzzy, but I will describe the parts I remember as well as possible. It starts with a male protagonist (probably about 16ish years old) who lives in a castle. His parents/family might have been the rulers of the area. As some of the residents (probably his parents?) were assassinated/attacked, he has to flee with (a) companion(s). The reason for the attack was a (long-lasting) war with the neighbouring country, under the rule of a dark lord. The enemy might have been beast-like, but I'm not sure about that. We learn that the dark lord has magic powers and that the protagonists can defeat him with their magic. However, it is necessary to find some rare magic enhancing gems/items that are lost through the ages. If I remember correctly, they end up with a group of 7 (I hope I got this number correct) protagonists. Along their journey, they find these gems, and every one of them has a unique ability. I remember one of the gems would enhance/give the power to fire flames (it was red), and it was found in/under a big rock. They found it because one of the protagonists could trace the imprints of the flames left in the surrounding rocks/buildings/ground. Two of the late acquired items were a silver/gold kelk and a gold/silver sword (don't remember which was what material, the sword was probably silver). They could identify the goblet/chalice (there were fake goblets in circulation) because it was one of the hardest materials in the world and could only be scratched by the sword, which they recently acquired. Regarding the series, I also remember a few details. The setting was medieval, and the protagonists country's warriors wore armour of impenetrable gems, that glittered in the light. This was an important aspect highlighted in the first book, as the armour of the knight regarded as priceless. The cover of The Way of Kings by Brandon Sanderson reminds me of the cover of the first book. One of the 7(?) protagonists is a girl named Atara (or Altara, something similar). Lastly, one of the books is called something like Sword of Light and the series is called something like The Trilogy (if it's not a trilogy then Books or something similar) of Eve (or Ava/Avaen, idk sorry). I know these are a lot of random facts (maybe not really facts) and I'm quite frustrated that I am not able to find the series knowing some of the detailed points. Hopefully, you can help me out, I have been looking for ages :) The only series that I could find that somewhat fits this story is Deltora Quest, but that is not it. (The books I'm looking for are not so childish.)

I'm looking for a fantasy book I read about 10 years ago. I don't remember a lot of it, but there are a few things I still know:   The setting was in medieval times. There was no traveling dimensions. I can't recall whether there was magic or not. It wasn't on Earth, but on some invented world. I believe it was a trilogy, with a focus on the son of some nobility. The goal for the characters was to collect a certain number of stones or gems (I believe there were 5 of them), all in certain colours. Every stone has a certain power attached to it. I believe it started out with one or two characters, but the group grew and every character had a certain colour stone at the end. What is important about the gems is that they are unique. It's not part of a bigger magic system, but they are artefacts from somewhere.   There are some minor incidents I can recall vividly:   They build up a fellowship with some stereotypical fantasy builds: an old school fighter, a minstrel, a female archer and probably more. At one point, they mention that if one of the guards in a country falls asleep on duty, he will be kept awake by his garrison/brothers in arms for seven days. At some point the minstrel falls asleep, and the old fighter teaches him how to stay awake. They travel through a forest full of leeches and other insects to reach one of the stones. Also, I seem to recall there was a member of an underground evil organisation among the nobility, who tried to poison someone and were able to do that because they built up an immunity to the poison.   Does anyone has a clue what this series might be?   Suggestions by kind people, but not what I'm looking for, are:   The Seventh Tower Deltora Quest Diadem Westria Sword of Heavens series


I am using the vancouver.bst which conforms to the ICMJE (international committee of medical journal editors) How do I make the citations in the text appear in parentheses, e.g., (3), rather than in brackets [3]?

I'm using a  freely downloadable latex class file and the style is set to \bibliographystyle{ieeetr}. But when I cite something with \cite{} I get it inside ().   For example I get it as abc et al. (1) but what I want to get is abc et al. [1].   Please tell me how to get my citations inside [ ] ?


Does a fixed parameter, one that does not change once it is passed to a function, stay in scope for promise calls within the function.  For example, can I trust x in the function below?  someFunc(1); someFunc(2);  function someFunc(x){     somePrmsFunc.then(function(){         somePrmsFunc.then(function(){             if (x == 1)                 alert(x);         });     }); }

How would you explain JavaScript closures to someone with a knowledge of the concepts they consist of (for example functions, variables and the like), but does not understand closures themselves?  I have seen  given on Wikipedia, but unfortunately it did not help.


I understand that length contraction is a consequence of the relativity of simultaneity. I found this spacetime diagram online:    Here it's clear that what constitutes a rod for one observer, is a sequence of snapshots of this rod for another observer. Now I have always read the following about length contraction: an observer moving with respect to the rod will measure a shorter length. But according to this diagram, the moving observer who measures the length of the rod along his $x'$ axis, should actually measure a longer length?

The length contraction means that an object is the longest in the frame in which it is at rest.   Lets assume i have a meter stick with length $\Delta x$ in my rest frame which is $x,ct$ and i want to know how long my meter stick seems to an observer moving with a frame $x',ct'$.  1st: I draw world lines of a meter stick  in a rest frame and they are vertical (parallel to $ct$ axis) as meter stick is stationary in this frame.   2nd: If an observer in a moving frame $x',ct'$ wants to measure my meter stick he measures its edges at the same moment in his time, so i draw a tilted line (parallel to $x'$ axis).  3rd: If i mesure the length $\Delta x'$ which is a length of a meter stick as observer in frame $x',ct'$ sees it, it seems to me that he sees a longer distance than me.    This is not correct. Could anyone tell me what am i missing here?


Hi I am new to Blender (and 3d design), I have seen that some people can do this. I mean that they can create a cube, apply the "Subdivision Surface" modifier to it and be able to modify the object using the vertices that are formed when applying the modifier. On the other hand, if I create a cube, and apply the modifier "Subdivision Surface", it looks like this  The object still has the shape of the cube and I can only modify it by modifying the surrounding cube. I would need to know how to remove the cube and be able to modify it using the shape of the object. Thanks in advance.

I have an object with two solidify modifiers added, but the modifiers are not visible in the view pane. How can I see the applied modifiers. This is in Blender 2.91


I have a question: how do I use rolling window forecasts in R:  I have 2 datasets:    monthly data which I downloaded from Google.  monthly data I downloaded from the CBS (central bureau of statistics in Holland)   I want to test whether I can build a valid forecasting model, based on say 6years of Google Data, by using rolling window forecasts.  My first intuition was to fit an ARIMA model on the Google Data and test this model on the actual CBS data by calculating the RMSE. But this is not efficient since I need to do this for every month, and I have a lot of months to analyse.   Is there an automated way in R to do this?

I have a model that looks like   lm(y ~ lag(x, -1) + lag(z, -1))   So basically, this is a time series regression with exogenous variables, and I want to carry out a rolling analysis of sample forecasts, meaning that: I first used a subsample (e.g., 1990-1995) for estimation, then I performed a one step ahead forecast, then I added one observation and made another one step ahead forecast, and so on.  I have tried to work with rollapply, defining the model as arima(0,0,0) with xreg=lags of the other variables, but that doesn't work.   Your help would be much appreciated!


what is actually better to use with LuaLaTex: Babel or Polyglossia?  I read everywhere that we should prefer Polyglossia over Babel when using  LuaLaTex because LuaLaTex did not completely support Babel. But these statements i read are some years old and many things have changed. So the support for Babel is maybe better?  Therefore i want to know what package i should prefer and why? thanks!

Could someone summarize features which are (1) common and (2) different for the  and  packages? I know that babel 3.8 (current version) fails to run for some languages  (eg, Russian) under LuaLaTeX and XeLaTeX (at least it was so 2 years ago). What will be the future of the polyglossia package if babel 3.9 (which is now ) will manage to work with XeLaTeX? Will be any sense to use polyglossia as a replacement of babel in that case?  UPDATE: I am sorry for mixing several questions in one post. Main question was about differences between polyglossia and babel. For example, polyglossia has options specific to some languages.


What are recommended solutions to download an entire YouTube playlist as a single .mp3 file? I open to solutions other than youtube-dl.

I'm trying to download some videos in mp3 format. It's a playlist. How do I download the whole playlist using one command?


When a sorcerer of a fire bloodline changes a spell's elemental damage from, say cold, to fire, but the spell has additional effects, say, creating an  on the ground to make enemies slip, what happens to that effect? Does the spell spit out fire, and leave behind ice? Or does its extra effect flavor for the new element, creating bizarre situations?

I've been tinkering with a mischiveous little sorcerer build and I have come to a question I am unsure of. With my Elemental bloodline I can change the type of energy of any spell that does energy damage to my bloodlines chosen type, in this case fire. Shocking Grasp when attacking a target with a metal weapon or metal armor gives an +3 bonus to the touch attack. If my damage is fire, does this change? I believe RAW would imply no. However, I wanted more clarity.


In both states, the required age is 15 to get a permit. Does that mean that a permit issued in North Carolina also allow you to drive legally in South Carolina?

Do states have any kind of reciprocal agreement for drivers (learner's) permits?  If a child has a learner's permit issued in one state (i.e. Virginia), can that child legally drive in a second state (i.e. South Carolina)?  My specifics: we're taking a family vacation to Myrtle Beach, SC from Stafford, Virginia. My son has a Virginia Learner's Permit. Will he be able (legally allowed) to drive my car in SC?


Consider the following scenario. I have MySQL installed on a Windows Server. All files in this server are backed up to a NAS drive by Acronis. My server is broken down. I re-installed operating system and MySQL server. MySQL server is up now. How can I restore my databases from my backup files? Where are the database files located? Note: The backup has the whole files of the computer.

I have a mysql installed inside a windows virtual machine. The hard drive was crashed and the system is not able to restore all again. But I can have access to entire c: ROOT. So I went to  c:/ProgramData/Mysql/Mysql Server 5.5/data/myDatabaseName    There I can see different files like: .frm, .opt, .trg and .trn. In a regular way, I could run a mysqldump to backup and restore all database from command line, but the system is not able to be restored. So I had to copy all these files and past inside inside the same  directory inside same database in another physical instance.   The issue is some tables are not been recognized by this new instance. So I think copy and past is not enough to restore the database.   What am I missing?    Note: Database has innoDb and Myisam tables.


I recently brought up the fact that I play D&D to a friend, and a few days later he came back to me and said that he wanted to play.  I was excited at the idea and said that I would be willing to run a one-off session for him and some other friends.  The first friend used to play somewhere around 15-20 years ago (certainly before 5e), but the other people have never played.  RPGs are fun to me because of the idea of being able to go anywhere and do anything.  I don't want to make a group of people read the entire PHB before they play for the first time, especially before a one shot game.  Even further than that, I will be making their character sheets for them so new players don't get bored by filling out sheets of paper.  Now I am presented with a challenge: I am new to GMing, and relatively new to RPGs in general.  How do I explain the rules of D&D to new players?  What should I explain before we play so that they understand that they can do whatever they want, but are still constrained by rules and rolls of the dice?

Some of my friends just started playing Dungeons & Dragons [5e] for the first time and don't know anything about how to play. I have tried explaining to them the things that are completely necessary and teach them the rest while playing but I could not get them to understand. None of them have a players handbook and they can't afford one and they really want to play. I really want a simple way to explain the basics and since I have a habit of explaining things in ways that are much too complicated. I have already told them the basic rules so all I need to know is a simple way to explain how to play.


This is the simplest form of my problem and I wonder how this happen? Console.WriteLine(3.12 * 3.14);  What it do to give this result? 9.796800000000001  It makes me problem for my general code and program. How to avoid this and give me the exact desired output?

Consider the following code:   0.1 + 0.2 == 0.3  ->  false   0.1 + 0.2         ->  0.30000000000000004   Why do these inaccuracies happen?


I read about cyclotron and how does it work. Several references say that the particle to be accelerated is only accelerated when it is between the gaps of the "Dees" or the semicircular disc like metallic containers. These "Dees" are connected to the RF source or the Oscillator.  I don't understand why would there be no electric field inside the "Dees". I know why would any point inside a cavity in a conductor would have zero electric field due to electrostatic shielding. BUT since the "Dees" have an open cavity and not a fully enclosed cavity, shouldn't there should be some E-field inside the "Dees"? Saying that there is no field inside the "Dees" should be like saying that a hemispherical shell can only have electric field on its outer surface, right? Then why is it said so?  Also, can hemispherical shells be used instead of the "Dees" in a cyclotron? Why? or why not?

Why is there no electric field in the hollow space of the dees of a cyclotron though it is open at one face? Is electrostatic shielding applicable for space(hollow space) inside open conductors(like dees) also?


I want to upgrade to 13.04 but I dont know if something will be deleted ...

I am planning to upgrade from 8.10 to 10.04. But I am wondering whether there will be data loss during the upgrade.  For example:   Will the applications that I have installed on 8.10 still be there after upgrade? Will the settings of application such as the bookmarks for Firefox and for Google Chrome be preserved? Will all the personal files under my home directory be preserved?   Is there anything else I need to know about upgrading?


Let $f:[1,\infty )\to \Bbb R$ be continuous, and suppose that $\lim \limits_{x \to \infty}f(x)$ exists. Use the Weierstrass approximation theorem to prove that $f$ can be uniformly approximated on $[1,\infty )$ by a function $g$ of the form $g(x)=p(\frac{1}{x})$, where $p$ is a polynomial.  By the assumption that $\lim \limits_{x \to \infty}f(x)=L<\infty$, given $\epsilon>0$ there exists $R>0$ such that $\forall x>R$, we have $|f(x)-L|<\varepsilon$. If we restricts $f$ to $[R,a]$ for any $a>R$, then by the Weierstrass theorem, there exists a sequence of polynomials $\{P_n\}$ converges uniformly to $f$ on $[R,a]$. We find that $P_n(x)=L$ on $[R,a]$, when $n$ is large enough. So, I wonder if we restrict $f$ to $[1,R]$, can we find a sequence of polynomials $\{p_n\}$ such that $\lim \limits_{n\to \infty} p_n(x)=f(x)$ uniformly on [1,R] and $p_n(x)=L$ on $[R,\infty)$ such that $p_n\to f$ uniformly on $[1,\infty)$? I have not figured out how to find the function $g$ mentioned in the statement, I 'm not sure how to prove this statement. Appreciate any suggestion.

I am trying to prove that for a continuous $f\colon[1,\infty)\rightarrow\mathbb R$ and $f(x)\to a$ as $x\to\infty$ it could be approximated by $g(x)=p(1/x)$ where $p$ is a polynomial.


I have 2 Python files:  functions.py  global counter counter = 0  def printC():     print(counter)  def increaseC():     counter += 1   and a main.py  from functions import printC from functions import increaseC  printC() increaseC()   The first function prints the 0 with no problem but then i get that error message:  counter += 1  UnboundLocalError: local variable 'counter' referenced before assignment   My question is: How can i increase that global variable that way than i can print the same way like this:  from functions import printC from functions import increaseC  printC() increaseC() printC()   To get the second print with 1 value?

How can I create or use a global variable in a function?  If I create a global variable in one function, how can I use that global variable in another function? Do I need to store the global variable in a local variable of the function which needs its access?


I was doing a trigonometry problem and it claimed that $$\cos{2\alpha}+\cos{4\alpha}+\cdots+\cos{2n\alpha} = \dfrac{\sin(n+1)\alpha \cos{n \alpha}}{\sin{\alpha}}-1$$ without proof. Is this supposed to be an obvious result or does it require work to prove it?

How can we sum up $\sin$ and $\cos$ series when the angles are in arithmetic progression? For example here is the sum of $\cos$ series:  $$\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\cos (a+k \cdot d) =\frac{\sin(n \times \frac{d}{2})}{\sin ( \frac{d}{2} )} \times \cos \biggl( \frac{ 2 a + (n-1)\cdot d}{2}\biggr)$$  There is a slight difference in case of $\sin$, which is: $$\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\sin (a+k \cdot d) =\frac{\sin(n \times \frac{d}{2})}{\sin ( \frac{d}{2} )} \times \sin\biggl( \frac{2  a + (n-1)\cdot d}{2}\biggr)$$   How do we prove the above two identities?