how exactly can i create a update.zip file from  an android device that runs on android kitkat? i tried to backup using titanium backup but it needs root access. is there any way to backup the complete rom without rooting?

I know I'm asking for the close-to-impossible -- as a real full-backup certainly requires root permissions. But still there are many folks around not wanting to root their devices -- afraid of voiding their warranties or bricking their devices, or just not having their devices supported by any rooting method.  I also know there were a lot of questions asked already on this topic, and I checked all of them having the backup tag -- none covers the entire topic, all just have pieces, and especially people new to Android (but other non-power-users as well) would have a hard time figuring out the best way.  So I want a detailed canonical answer to the question:  Not involving root-solutions, how to achieve a backup as close as possible to a full backup?  Please do not give simple one-liner answers like "Use app xyz [full-stop]." If mentioning an app (and I doubt a single app would be the answer here), include what parts are covered by it -- as well as ideas on how to fill the gaps it leaves. (And to make it absolutely clear: I know the first thing coming to mind is Titanium Backup -- I use it myself, but this does not apply here: This question is strictly about methods for non-rooted devices!) Moreover, the answer should be as generic as possible in terms of applying to a wide range of devices (i.e. it should not be restricted to one device or manufacturer).  I already mentioned having investigated all questions here tagged backup. These will certainly be helpful providing details for answers here, so I will list up the topmost ones concerning my question:            All these provide some details for my question (so feel free to get inspired by them) -- but I feel there are still details missing. Also it would be helpful to have a summary -- say, an answer including the full description of "the maximum possible".  A last criterium: While I'd consider cloud-based solutions legit, I'd favour local solutions. If you can provide both: all the better. But some people value privacy quite high (I'm one of them), and thus would not trust their data to some cloud service.    Thanks to Ryan, we now have a solution for a really complete backup of all apps and their data -- which I didn't dare to hope for! The only disadvantage: His solution only works for less than 10% of all Android users; namely those whose devices are running at least with Android 4.x.  So again, I ask the close-to-impossible: Any solutions applicable at least on Gingerbread (2.3.x) or, better, even Froyo (2.2.x) -- so they cover the majority of current devices? These solutions may involve multiple tools (try to keep it as simple as possible though; think of your mother to follow your instructions ;)  And keep in mind: NO ROOT!    To further motivate high-quality answers (and hopefully avoid low-quality ones), I will be a harsh one here: As I rarely do, I will down-vote answers not fitting the mentioned criteria on one end -- but on the other end, I will setup a bounty for the best answer (which cannot be done immediately, but earliest after 2 days).


I am trying to test that a page successfully redirects to a ThankYou page. I havea  page and controller, some of which are below:  Page:  <apex:page standardstylesheets="false" sidebar="false" showHeader="false" standardController="Case" extensions="PartnerSupportCaseController">  <div>               Description               </div>               <div>               <apex:inputTextArea required="true" rows="5" value="{!Case.Description}" label="Description" />               </div>  <apex:commandLink id="Submit" action="{!save}" styleclass="btn btn btn-primary" style="background-color : Green; background-image:none; color:#002233;">Submit</apex:commandLink>    Controller:  public class PartnerSupportCaseController {  public Case supportCase {get;set;}  public Attachment attachedFile;  private static Boolean isThereFile = True;  public String sEmail;  public String dEmail;  public String sPhone;  public String fixedPhone;  public String finalPhone;  List<String> emailDomains = new List<String>{***SomeEmailDomains***}              public PartnerSupportCaseController(ApexPages.StandardController controller) {      this.supportCase = (Case)controller.getRecord();     supportCase.Protocol_Sub_Issue__c = 'Partner Support - Please Pick';     supportCase.RecordTypeId = '012M000000092ju';  }   public pagereference Save() {  upsert supportCase; PageReference pg = Page.PartnerSupportThankYou;     pg.setredirect(true);      return pg;          }   Test Class:  @isTest public class PartnerSupportCaseController_Test {  static testMethod void testPartnerCase(){      Test.startTest();      PartnerSupportCaseController controller = new PartnerSupportCaseController();     String nextPage = controller.save().getUrl();      System.assertEquals('/apex/PartnerSupportThankYou', nextPage);      Test.stopTest(); }   }  The problem that I am running into is that I get an error "Constructor not defined [PartnerSupportCaseController].()"  I am having difficulty figuring out where I went wrong in setting up the controller and trying to access it with this test class. I just need it to verify that it successfully redirected to the thank you page.   Thanks,  CP

I have an error that seems common on the web,  Though i cant find a definite answer that applies to my case:  I have the following Apex code:  public with sharing class templicenseemail {      private ApexPages.standardController standardController;       public Trainee__c trainee { get; set; }     public templicenseemail(ApexPages.StandardController controller) {         this.standardController = standardController;     }      public PageReference doSomething()     {         trainee  = [SELECT Email__c,First_Name__c,Institution__c,Last_Name__c FROM Trainee__c                  WHERE Id = :ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters().get('id')];                  String whatIs = trainee.Volume_Serial_Number__c;                 integer strlen = whatIs.length();                  ApexPages.addMessage(new ApexPages.message(ApexPages.severity.INFO, trainee.Email__c  ));         return null;      }     }   And the following test case:  @isTest(seealldata=false)      private class Send_noti_emailsTestClass5 {          static testMethod void validateSend_noti_emails5() {              templicenseemail  MyTestcase = new templicenseemail();              // code here in the Middle              MyTestcase.doSomething();          }     }   I'm getting the following error:  Error: Compile Error: Constructor not defined: [templicenseemail].<Constructor>(SOBJECT:Lead) at line:      templicenseemail  MyTestcase = new templicenseemail();   Does anyone know why?


Is there any way to make this picture in 1920x1080? Both sides are filled with a lot of pencil strokes and for me, this makes it nearly impossible to use even a stamp and duplicate a part of the background to fill the rest of the white sides.

I was planning to do a 1920x1080 wallpaper from my favourite musician's cover. Everything was going good so far until I used correction brush which totally ruined my whole work. There are pixelated lines (how do I call these?!) everywhere! They're everywhere, it's very visible when zooming. Using Content-Aware Fill did nothing about it. I beg for help. Sorry if I did something wrong writing this post, i'm a beginner.


Prove that for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$   $$\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi}(2\cos\theta)^{2n}d\theta=\frac{(2n)!}{n!n!}$$  My attempt:  I know by the cauchy form:  $f^{(n)}(z_0)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\displaystyle\int_0^{2\pi}\frac{f(z)}{(z-z_0)^{n+1}}dz$  Here I'm stuck. Can someone help me?

As the title suggests, I would like to show that: $$\frac{1}{2\pi}\int^{2\pi}_{0}(2\cos\theta)^{2n}d\theta=\frac{(2n)!}{n!n!}$$ for every positive integer $n$.     How can I go about doing that? I understand the that there are already solutions for the problem: $\frac{1}{2\pi}\int^{2\pi}_{0}(\cos\theta)^{2n}d\theta= {2n \choose n} \frac{\pi}{2^{2n-1}}$. Is there any modifications I can do to obtain the desired solution?


I've just gotten Grand Theft Auto V and it came with two discs. The first one said 'install', the other said 'play'. I inserted the play one and it says it needs the install disc, but I have heard that one of the discs messes up your game?  Which disc is safe to install?

I hear both sides of the story. "Installing both discs will improve performance" or "Playing from the disc is best".  I've come across a few threads that say to install the play disc to a USB drive. Will the Xbox 360 even read from 2 different sources at once?   Someone please clear this up for me, for all of us.  Do I Install the second "play" disc or not, and why?


I'm a new player to RPGs and I'm trying to incubate my skills so that I can play in a group one day. I've got a fair grasp of the rules and I've been running one on one campaigns with my wife; both as a learning experience for myself and as a way of enticing my wife into the system as well.  I'm getting to the point whereby I feel as though my book-learning has plateaued and the only way I can become more skilled is through playing actual games. My wife wouldn't be able to GM, as I don't think she's that into it.  Is there a way to GM and play as a character that is fair to all sides and doesn't leave my PC at an unfair advantage? I'm playing in Pathfinder specifically.  I stress the word fair in this instance as I want to ensure the rules are obeyed and that nobody is treated differently.  This is somewhat similar to the question  however, this is equally about use of this method to help with educating myself and my wife about how the system works from both a combat and dungeoneering setting.

I'm currently playing an IRL game with two of my friends. As you might imagine, I was worried that they weren't powerful enough to take on the higher level encounters so I made a character to help them out. They were both new to D&D so I didn't want to overload them with a gestalt character. However, now I'm worried that I might use my DM powers to make my character more powerful than the other two.  I just want to know something to help prevent myself from using my magic DM powers for evil.  Right now, we have a sorcerer and monk so I was considering making a tank-ish cleric.


We know that $0.\overline{9} = 1$ but then what is $\left\lfloor0.\overline{9}\right\rfloor$?  My thought process went: $0.\overline{9} = 1$ so therefore $\left\lfloor0.\overline{9}\right\rfloor = \left\lfloor1\right\rfloor$   But also $\left\lfloor0.9\right\rfloor = 0$ and it shouldn't change no matter how many numbers you add on to the back of it.  So what is the right answer, if there is one, and why?

Are the floor functions of $0.999\cdots$ and 1 equal?  It is true that $0.999\cdots=1$ but how does one justifies the integer part of $0.999\cdots$ being 1 , where it is not, or alternatively without using $0.999\cdots=1$ how can we show that  $\lfloor0.999\cdots\rfloor = \lfloor 1 \rfloor$ ?


I'm working on a map where it clears normal droppers from your inventory and gives you ones with a tag. But it's detecting the droppers with tags as well.

This is my current command: execute as @a[distance=..100] run execute at @s if block ~ ~-1 ~ minecraft:quartz_block run /clear @s <...> I would like to clear the executing entity's inventory of all items without the NBT tag {PitAllow:1b}. I am in version 1.15.2 and if any plugins are required (Bukkit or Spigot) I'd be fine with installing those.


the first time i visited Youtube with Firexox, it asked me to install Youtube launcher application, i've accepted but now I want to remove it. Every time I open youtube.com in Firefox, also appear a Youtube application button in the launcher. If I right-click on the button i can only block it on the launcher, open a new tab or quit, how can I remove it? Thanks

I accidentally agreed to allow Firefox to 'integrate' YouTube with my desktop sidebar and now I want to get rid of it. How do I do this?


Prove that there exist countable ordinal $\xi$ such that $\xi=\omega^\xi$.  The $\xi= \sup \{b^i \mid b_1=w, b_{i+1}=w^{b^i}\}$ should work. But how to prove that $\xi$ is countable?

Let $\alpha\mapsto\varepsilon_\alpha$ be the enumeration of the $\varepsilon$-numbers--that is, those $\alpha$ such that $\omega^\alpha=\alpha$--by the ordinals.  If we know that countable unions of countable sets are countable, (slightly weaker than countable choice), then we can show fairly easily that $\varepsilon_\alpha$ is countable iff $\alpha$ is countable.  I think I saw a result at some point that $\varepsilon_0$ is countable without relying on any choice principle (though I can't recall where I saw that). Is this true? More generally, for which $\alpha$ can we conclude that $\varepsilon_\alpha$ is countable in ZF?  Update: I have been able to prove (in ZF) that if $\varepsilon_\alpha$ is countable, then $|\alpha|<\aleph_1$, so that's one direction. I'm still a bit uncertain about the answers I've got so far.


I've been trying to get Ubuntu GNOME 17.04 and finally got it to boot, however it failed near the end of the installation leaving my apt repositories not set up correctly. Hopefully this is the only part that failed, however I am just taking this one step at a time. This is what it says when I try to update:  CorruptComputer@Ubuntu-GNOME:~$ sudo apt update [sudo] password for CorruptComputer:  Ign:1 cdrom://Ubuntu-GNOME 17.04 _Zesty Zapus_ - Release amd64 (20170412) zesty InRelease Err:2 cdrom://Ubuntu-GNOME 17.04 _Zesty Zapus_ - Release amd64 (20170412) zesty Release   Please use apt-cdrom to make this CD-ROM recognized by APT. apt-get update cannot be used to add new CD-ROMs Hit:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu zesty InRelease Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu zesty-updates InRelease [89.2 kB] Get:5 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu zesty-security InRelease [89.2 kB] Hit:6 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu zesty-backports InRelease             Reading package lists... Done                                   E: The repository 'cdrom://Ubuntu-GNOME 17.04 _Zesty Zapus_ - Release amd64 (20170412) zesty Release' does not have a Release file. N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default. N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.

There are now errors when updating and I cannot install most software due to a corrupted  /etc/apt/sources.list   file. Is there a copy I can download to replace it?  The file would be for Ubuntu 12.04 (Final Beta) in the United States.


This is my first question.  I'm looking for a character sheet generator. For example, names, skills, attributes, missions. Dou you know a program (Web or desktop)?  A long time ago I read a question that indicates a program, but I forgot It.  EDIT:   I want generate an Medieval RPG game and a Cyberpunk RPG game

Is there a tool out there, preferably free, specifically for making custom, system-agnostic character sheets? I'm looking for something a little more focused than a general program like PhotoShop/GIMP, Illustrator/Inkscape, or Word.


I am trying to find a way how to reduce the space between two figures which are not on the same page. Basically the screenshots explains it:    On the upper page the space between the Header and the figure is just fine, but on the lower page it is appox. 3 times as big. Why is that? How can I reduce this? Normally I wouldn't questions the page layout of LaTeX but that space causes my text to not entirely fit on the page. If I could reduce this space the text could fit on this one page and not leave 2 widows on the next page (not included in the screenshot).  Here is the code I use:  \begin{figure}[!h] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.8]{chapter/Pictures/M_n_Stern_Anlauf_resized.pdf}   \caption{Drehmomentverlauf für die Sternschaltung (Kondensator für $s=1$ dimensioniert)} \label{fig:M_n_Stern_Anlauf} \end{figure}  \begin{figure}[!h] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.8]{chapter/Pictures/I_n_Stern_Anlauf_resized.pdf}   \caption{Stromverlauf für die Sternschaltung (Kondensator für $s=1$ dimensioniert)} \label{fig:I_n_Stern_Anlauf} \end{figure}   Thx everyone!  Edit: Thank you for the link. But it did not change anything for me. Maybe because my page is not float only? I added another screenshot which shows the whole second page here:    My real problem is that the last two words of the last sentence are on the next page which makes no sense. If I change the caption of 2.17 to be one line only then the two missing words come back the way it is supposed to be.  Edit II: By adding  \pagebreak at the end of the last sentence it fixed the problem for me....

I just got a short algorithm on my page, and it keeps getting aligned at the center of the page. But I want to have it aligned at the top, what do I have to do?


I'm using following code to read image file of size 330MB  BufferedImage img=ImageIO.read("test.png");   How to resolve this?

I am writing a client-side Swing application (graphical font designer) on Java 5. Recently, I am running into java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space error because I am not being conservative on memory usage. The user can open unlimited number of files, and the program keeps the opened objects in the memory. After a quick research I found  and others saying on Windows machine the JVM defaults max heap size as 64MB.  Given this situation, how should I deal with this constraint?  I could increase the max heap size using command line option to java, but that would require figuring out available RAM and writing some launching program or script. Besides, increasing to some finite max does not ultimately get rid of the issue.  I could rewrite some of my code to persist objects to file system frequently (using database is the same thing) to free up the memory. It could work, but it's probably a lot work too.  If you could point me to details of above ideas or some alternatives like automatic virtual memory, extending heap size dynamically, that will be great.


I have unit test to test user repository and i use custom rule to override the Schedulers and i'm still get the NullPointerException   Here is the test code  public class UserRepositoryTest extends BaseTest {      @Mock     private UserMapper userMapper;      @Mock     private GithubService githubService;      @Mock     private Throwable throwable;      @InjectMocks     private UserRepository userRepository;      @Test     public void fetchUsersEmitsErrorWhenNetworkServiceErrors() {         when(githubService.getUsers()).thenReturn(Single.error(throwable));         userRepository.fetchUsers().test().assertError(throwable);     }      @Test     public void usersRawItemsFromServiceAreMapped() throws Exception {         List<UserRaw> userRawList = createUserRawList();         when(githubService.getUsers()).thenReturn(Single.just(userRawList));          userRepository.fetchUsers().subscribe();          verify(userMapper).apply(userRawList.get(0));         verify(userMapper).apply(userRawList.get(1));         verify(userMapper).apply(userRawList.get(2));     }      private static List<UserRaw> createUserRawList() {         return new ArrayList<UserRaw>() {             {                 add(mock(UserRaw.class));                 add(mock(UserRaw.class));                 add(mock(UserRaw.class));             }         };     }  }   The base class that the test extend from   @RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.StrictStubs.class) public abstract class BaseTest {      @Rule     public final MockitoRule rule = MockitoJUnit.rule();      @Rule     public final RxSchedulerOverrideRule overrideSchedulersRule = new RxSchedulerOverrideRule();  }   The custom rule  public class RxSchedulerOverrideRule implements TestRule {      @Override     public Statement apply(final Statement base, Description description) {         return new Statement() {             @Override             public void evaluate() throws Throwable {                 RxJavaPlugins.setIoSchedulerHandler(scheduler -> Schedulers.trampoline());                 RxJavaPlugins.setComputationSchedulerHandler(scheduler -> Schedulers.trampoline());                 RxJavaPlugins.setNewThreadSchedulerHandler(scheduler -> Schedulers.trampoline());                 try {                     base.evaluate();                 } finally {                     RxJavaPlugins.reset();                 }             }         };     }  }   and the code from the repository code   public Single<List<User>> fetchUsers() {         return githubService.getUsers()                 .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())                 .observeOn(Schedulers.computation())                 .flatMapObservable(Observable::fromIterable)                 .map(userMapper)                 .toList();     }   I think this bug is very weird because i already override  the repository Schedulers   This the message     java.lang.NullPointerException    at   com.ahmedabdelmeged.githubarch.data.UserRepository.fetchUsers(UserRepository.java:41)     at   com.ahmedabdelmeged.githubarch.data.UserRepositoryTest.usersRawItemsFromServiceAreMapped(UserRepositoryTest.java:46)     at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)  at   sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)     at   sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)     at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)     at   org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:50)     at   org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:12)     at   org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:47)     at   org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:17)     at   org.mockito.internal.junit.JUnitRule$1.evaluateSafely(JUnitRule.java:63)     at org.mockito.internal.junit.JUnitRule$1.evaluate(JUnitRule.java:43)     at   com.ahmedabdelmeged.githubarch.common.RxSchedulerOverrideRule$1.evaluate(RxSchedulerOverrideRule.java:24)

What are Null Pointer Exceptions (java.lang.NullPointerException) and what causes them?  What methods/tools can be used to determine the cause so that you stop the exception from causing the program to terminate prematurely?


I'm currently going through  and I'm struggling to answer the question posed on page 26 (directly before Lecture 9).  Question:  Characterize what it means for a monoid, regarded as a category, to have products. Can a finite monoid have products? I'm using Definition 3 for products, on the bottom of page 22. Suppose $(M, \times)$ is the monoid that defines the single-object category, I tend to call the object $\cdot$. A product structure will be the $4$-tuple $(\cdot, \pi_1, \pi_2, <-,->)$ where $\pi_1, \pi_2 \in M$ and for every $f_1,f_2 \in M$ I have some element $<f_1,f_2> \in M$ so that $\pi_i \times <f_1,f_2> = f_i$. I don't see how I could pick such $\pi_i$ unless $M=\{e\}$, in which case $\pi_i=<-,->=e.$ What other $M$ could this work for?  Any help would be greatly appreciated.

If a monoid is a category with a single object, is there a "monoid-theoretical" concept that the categorical product translates to? As an analogue, in a poset the product translates to the notion of meet (and the coproduct to its dual, the join).  Just by unwinding the definition one can see that this boils down to the existence of two monoid elements $p_1$ and $p_2$ such that for every $x$ and $y$ in the monoid there's a unique element $\langle x,y \rangle$ that factors as $x = p_1\langle x,y \rangle$ and $y = p_2\langle x,y \rangle$; the question is whether the concept is a known and/or useful one.  Incidentally, if the monoid in question is a group then the existence of a product makes the whole thing collapse into the trivial group; this might or not hint that the concept I'm looking for is "too boring" to have a name. In fact it suffices for one of the projections to be right cancellable, or for the pair $\langle x,x\rangle$ to be left cancellable for some $x$, to make the whole thing collapse.


When Starkiller base exploded, Ren appeared to be on it still, either way, he wouldn't have had enough time to get off of it before it exploded, so how did he survive? And if so, how without serious injury?

At the end of Star Wars: The Force Awakens we see two related events:      Rey defeats Kylo Ren in combat, but there is no clear indication that he died. His wounds appear to be to extremities or other non-vital areas such as his shoulder. This leads me to believe he is still alive, and primed to turn mechanical like his grandfather did four movies prior after being defeated in a lightsaber fight with Obi-Wan. This is speculation, as the movie is not specific here.   Also:      Snoke tells General Hux to grab Kylo Ren and flee the planet so Kylo Ren can complete his training.   However, there is no visual indication about what happens to Kylo Ren after the final events on the planet. We see the Millennium Falcon leaving, but no other ships.  Did Kylo Ren leave the planet with General Hux at the end of the film? Is there any canon answer in the novelization or other sources?


I've been working on a project for a website idea, but I noticed that I can actually perform SQL injections on my site. This isn't good, because if I can, then anyone can. What's the "best" way to sanitize data inputs for a php site?  <?php $servername = "localhost"; $username = "myusername"; $password = "mypassword"; $dbname = "users";  // Create connection $conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname); // Check connection if ($conn->connect_error) {     die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error); }   $fname = $_POST['fname']; $lname = $_POST['lname']; $pnum = $_POST['pnum']; $cc = $_POST['cc']; $username = $_POST['username']; $password = $_POST['password'];  $sql = "INSERT INTO Users (fname, lname, cc, pnum, username, password) VALUES ('$fname', '$lname', '$cc', '$pnum', '$username', '$password')"; $result = $conn->multi_query($sql);  if ($result->num_rows > 0) {     // output data of each row     while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {         echo "id: " . $row["id"]. " - Name: " . $row["firstname"]. " " . $row["lastname"]. "<br>";     } } else {     header('Location: registered.html'); }  $conn->close(); ?>

If user input is inserted without modification into an SQL query, then the application becomes vulnerable to , like in the following example:  $unsafe_variable = $_POST['user_input'];   mysql_query("INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES ('$unsafe_variable')");   That's because the user can input something like value'); DROP TABLE table;--, and the query becomes:  INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES('value'); DROP TABLE table;--')   What can be done to prevent this from happening?


I am trying to understand reflection. I am trying to use reflection to get the properties from objects. I first was using  var propertiesForManuallyCreated = typeof(T).GetProperties();   but then realized it wasn't getting the base properties. I tried  var propertiesForManuallyCreatedBase = typeof(T).BaseType.GetProperties();   but that didn't get me the base properties. How can I get the base properties? Below is an image of what I am talking about when I say base.

So what I have right now is something like this:  PropertyInfo[] info = obj.GetType().GetProperties(BindingFlags.Public);   where obj is some object.  The problem is some of the properties I want aren't in obj.GetType() they're in one of the base classes further up.  If I stop the debugger and look at obj, the I have to dig through a few "base" entries to see the properties I want to get at.  Is there some binding flag I can set to have it return those or do I have to recursively dig through the Type.BaseType hierarchy and do GetProperties on all of them?


I've installed Ubuntu, but the microphone volume level is very low (using Skype, for example).  It looks like the problem is only on the Settings page, because if I open "Pulse Audio Meter", it looks like it's working fine.   Could you check my attached screenshot?

I want to disable the way the microphone lowers itself depending on the input. Here is an image:    The microphone started at 100% and slowly started to drop to where the image is showing. This is because of either a background noise or the user raising their voice. In any case, I would like to prohibit this behavior because when it gets too low, the need to raise the voice will be actually needed.  So is there an option or configuration file where one can edit and change this behavior?  This is not related to only one app but several, ranging from Skype to Google Hangouts, Empathy to Teamspeak and more. So please no answers mentioning only one app if the solution does not solve the problem for others.  the pulseaudio app (gui and terminal) was already used. Alsamixer was also used. In both cases, adjusting the microphone level did not help. The auto adjust always happens when anyone speaks, does not even need to be someone speaking loud, they just need to speak and after a couple of seconds the mic level will start auto adjusting. I repeat, this is not a 1 app problem but several, so a common solution is better than a 1 for each app (Which we are talking about more than 50 apps).


Suppose my small brother is playing magnets near my Dell laptop.   Will a magnet wipe data from the hard drive, or otherwise irreversibly damage the hard drive?

When I first started using computers, law of the land in computer class was never bring magnets near anything computer related, lest you lose all your data or screw up your monitor.  Now I am pretty sure magnets will still royally mess up a standard hard drive, and I know for a fact they screw up a CRT monitor.  Though I am also pretty sure they do not screw up a LCD monitor?  Now I have my phone which uses magnets to determine if it's docked, and it made me wonder.  Is it the power of the magnet preventing data loss or the sheer fact that whatever memory type in the phone is immune to it?  What about ear buds, as I know those have tiny magnets in them. Are those capable of damaging any electronic device currently in use?  I'm wondering if I'm being paranoid, but I really am not sure what magnets will damage and what they won't!  Is there a list, or rule of thumb for determining what will be hurt by magnets and what won't be?


I have a confusion with the memorylessness property of exponential distribution.  If exponential distribution is memoryless (i.e. the past has no bearing on its future behavior), why can't I write $P(X>5|X>1) = P(X>5)$? Why  $P(X>5|X>1) = P(X>4)$?  Can anyone kindly explain it to me?

The purpose of this question is to gather material about "lack of memory" and to add new ideas about that.  If the conditional distribution of a given distribution is equal to unconditional distribution then that distribution possesses a "lack of memory" property. The exponential distribution contains "lack of memory". So my questions are  1) Is there any other distribution which has "lack of memory"?   2) What special properties are associated with exponential or other distributions (if exist) because of "lack of memory"?   Please provide interesting examples on applied side which will be helpful for learners to understand lack of memory. One example is .


The following minimal not-working example (mnwe) gives me an issue with the used libertine font:  \documentclass{article} \usepackage{libertine} \begin{document}   \section{Hello World}   Lorem ipsum, ... \end{document}   When building with pdflatex, I get the following error:  pdfTeX error: pdflatex (file LinLibertineT-tlf-ot1--base): Font LinLibertineT-tlf-ot1--base at 600 not found Check the TeX log file for more information   The missfont.log file contains the following:  mktexpk --mfmode / --bdpi 600 --mag 1+0/600 --dpi 600 LinLibertineT-tlf-t1--base mktexpk --mfmode / --bdpi 600 --mag 1+0/600 --dpi 600 LinLibertineT-tlf-ot1--base   And the TeX log:  (/usr/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/libertine/libertine.sty Package: libertine 2014/11/25 (Bob Tennent) Supports Libertine and Biolinum fon ts for all LaTeX engines.   (/usr/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/libertine/LinLibertine_I.tex)) (./mwe.aux) \openout1 = `mwe.aux'.  LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for OML/cmm/m/it on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for T1/cmr/m/n on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for OT1/cmr/m/n on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for OMS/cmsy/m/n on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for OMX/cmex/m/n on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for U/cmr/m/n on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    Checking defaults for TS1/cmr/m/n on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    Try loading font information for TS1+cmr on input line 3.  (/usr/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/ts1cmr.fd File: ts1cmr.fd 2014/09/29 v2.5h Standard LaTeX font definitions ) LaTeX Font Info:    ... okay on input line 3. LaTeX Font Info:    Try loading font information for OT1+LinuxLibertineT-TLF on  input line 3.  (/usr/share/texmf-dist/tex/latex/libertine/OT1LinuxLibertineT-TLF.fd File: OT1LinuxLibertineT-TLF.fd 2012/11/26 (autoinst) Font definitions for OT1/ LinuxLibertineT-TLF. ) LaTeX Font Info:    Font shape `OT1/LinuxLibertineT-TLF/m/n' will be (Font)              scaled to size 10.0pt on input line 3. \c@mv@tabular=\count88 \c@mv@boldtabular=\count89 LaTeX Font Info:    Font shape `OT1/LinuxLibertineT-TLF/m/n' will be (Font)              scaled to size 14.4pt on input line 4. LaTeX Font Info:    Font shape `OT1/LinuxLibertineT-TLF/b/n' will be (Font)              scaled to size 14.4pt on input line 4.  [1  {/home/user/.texlive/texmf-var/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}] (./mwe.aux)  )  Here is how much of TeX's memory you used:  2013 strings out of 493013  34424 string characters out of 6139316  70831 words of memory out of 5000000  5586 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000  8253 words of font info for 19 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000  1141 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191  27i,4n,33p,172b,109s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s  !pdfTeX error: pdflatex (file LinLibertineT-tlf-ot1--base): Font LinLibertineT- tlf-ot1--base at 600 not found  ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced!   I have texlive 2016.42515-2 installed on ArchLinux with kernel 4.8.13-1-ARCH. I tried to manually locate the missing font and was able to find it:   0 ✓ user@alcor ~ $ find /usr/share/texmf-dist/ | grep -i "LinLibertineT\-tlf\-ot1\-\-base" /usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/libertine/LinLibertineT-tlf-ot1--base.tfm   Now I am wondering why pdflatex does not recognize that font?

This question and answer is a response to a request from Joseph Wright.   Why shouldn't I use getnonfreefonts to install additional fonts? Why shouldn't I use updmap when installing or removing fonts?     Background  There are a number of questions on the site concerning problems caused by people installing additional fonts and using updmap to update the 'map' files on which TeX depends.  One common cause of these problems is the use of getnonfreefonts.  Other causes are the use of other font installation scripts or executing updmap directly.


Here is the standard proof for proving that $\sqrt{p}$, where $p$ is prime, is irrational. Assume $\sqrt{p}$ is rational, so that $\sqrt{p} = \frac{a}{b}$, where $a, b \in \mathbb{Z}$, $b \neq 0$ and hcf$(a, b) = 1$ Then $a^2 = pb^2$, so $a^2$ is divisible by $p$. Therefore $a$ is divisible by $p$. Then $a = pk$, where $k \in \mathbb{Z}$. From earlier, $b^2 = pk^2$, so $b^2$ is divisible by $p$. Therefore $b$ is divisible by $p$. The fact that $a$ and $b$ are both divisible by $p$ contradicts that hcf$(a, b) = 1$. Therefore, $\sqrt{p}$ is irrational.  In the proof, where do we use that $p$ is prime? I think it is in deducing that $a$ is divisible by $p$ from $a^2$ divisible by $p$. But then again, we have that $a^2 = pk$, and therefore $a \times a = p \times k$ and so if I divide both sides by $p$, it must divide one of $a$ or $a$. So maybe that's not where we use it.

The contradiction method given in certain books to prove that sqare root of a prime is irrational also shows that sqare root of $4$ is irrational, so how is it acceptable? e.g. Suppose $\sqrt{4}$ is rational, $$\begin{align}        \sqrt{4} &=p/q        \qquad\text{where pand q are coprimes} \\         4 &=p^2/q^2\\       4q^2&=p^2       \tag{1} \\          4&\mid p^2\\          4&\mid p\\      \text {let }p&=4m  \qquad\text{for some natural no. m}  \\        p^2&=16m^2\\       4q^2&=16m^2   \qquad\text{(from (1) )}\\        q^2&=4m^2\\          4& \mid q^2\\          4&\mid q \end{align} $$ but this contradicts our assumption that $p$ and $q$ are coprime since they have a common factor $p$. Hence  $\sqrt{4}$ is not rational. But we know that it is a rational. Why?


Can someone please assist me with this question?   Let $f_n$ be a sequence of non-negative measurable functions on $(\Omega,\mathcal{A},\mu)$ that converge to $f$ pointwise. Suppose that  $$\int_\Omega f \ \mathrm{d}\mu = \lim_{n\to\infty}\int_\Omega f_n \ \mathrm{d}\mu < \infty$$  Then show that for any $A \in \mathcal{A}$ $$\int_A f \ \mathrm{d}\mu = \lim_{n\to\infty}\int_A f_n \ \mathrm{d}\mu.$$ Trivially, I can use Fatou's lemma to show that $\int_A f \ \mathrm{d}\mu \leq \lim_{n\to\infty}\int_A f_n \ \mathrm{d}\mu$. But as for the reverse inequality, I'm not sure.

Suppose $\{f_n\} \subset L^+$ , $f_n \rightarrow f$ pointwise, and $\int f = \lim \int f_n < \infty$. Then $\int_{E} f = \lim \int_{E} f_n$ for all $E \in \mathcal{M}$. However, this needn't be true if $\int f = \lim \int f_n = \infty$.   This is the exercise 13 on page 52, Real Analysis, by Gerald B. Folland. $L^+$ is the space of all measurable functions from $(X,\mathcal{M}, \mu)$ to $[0, \infty]$.  I can find a counterexample satisfying $\int f = \lim \int f_n = \infty$. Let $X = \Bbb N$, $\mathcal{M} = \mathcal{P}(\Bbb N)$ and $\mu$ be the counting measure. $f_n = \chi_{\{2i+1:i \leq n\} \cup \{2j:n \leq j \leq 2n \}}$. Then $\int f = \lim \int f_n = \infty$. But when $E = \{2k: k \in \Bbb N\}$,  Then $\int_{E} f =  0$ and $\lim \int_{E} f_n = \infty$.  But how to show the part "$f_n \rightarrow f$ pointwise, and $\int f = \lim \int f_n < \infty$. Then $\int_{E} f = \lim \int_{E} f_n$ for all $E \in \mathcal{M}$"?


Hi I have a problem with sectioning:  I would like to call each section with Roman numbers I, II, III and each subsection with letters A, B, C and subsubsections with Arabic numbers 1, 2, 3. However when using \ref{} to cite subsubsection 2 in subsection B of section III, I would like to have III.B.2 but I only get B.2. The same for the section I would like III.B..   This is what I have so far.  \documentclass[12pt,letterpaper,leqno,doublespacing]{article} \renewcommand{\thesection}{\Roman{section}} \renewcommand{\thesubsection}{\Alph{subsection}} \renewcommand{\thesubsubsection}{\arabic{subsubsection}} \begin{document} \section{sec 1} \subsection{subsec 1} \subsection{subsec 2} \subsection{subsec 3} \section{sec 2} \subsection{subsec 1} \subsection{subsec 2} \section{sec 3} \subsection{subsec 1} \subsection{subsec 2} \subsubsection{subsub 1} \subsubsection{subsub 2}\label{reference} This is section \ref{reference} \end{document}

For a paper I am typesetting, the author wants subsections to be written with single numerals.  So far, OK,   \renewcommand{\thesubsection}{\arabic{subsection}}   does the job.  Yet frequently, he wants to cite the subsection in a later section, and wants both section and subsection numbers in references; i.e., he wants to quote Section 1.1 from Section 2.      My current workaround is to give both the section and subsection numbers in the reference.   MWE  \documentclass[11pt]{amsart} \usepackage{hyperref} \usepackage[backend=bibtex,citestyle=alphabetic]{biblatex} \renewcommand{\thesubsection}{\arabic{subsection}}  \begin{document} \section{A section} \label{sec:first} \subsection{A subsection} \label{subsect:first} Something cool. \section{New section} Now I want to cite the coolness in Section~\ref{sec:first}.\ref{subsect:first}. \end{document}     This works fine, except that the hyperref is set up so that if you click on the first 1, you go to Section 1, not Subsection 1.  Yet I would prefer that both numerals go to the same place in the hyperref links.       I could just wrap each such citation in \renewcommand{\thesubsection}'s, but is there  an easier way to add section numbers when citing subsections from a different section?   Note: Since I'm using biblatex, titlesec is not applicable.


There are $B$ blue balls and $R$ red balls in a bag.  Now, randomly two balls are removed .  If both of them are of different color , then blue ball is added to the bag .  If both of them are of same color , then red ball is added to the bag .   Also the two drawn balls are discarded.  This is done until one ball is left.  What is the probability that the last ball is blue?  Now, I could not even start a solution on this , so could anyone provide help in solving this ?

A box contains $731$ black balls and $2000$ white balls. The following process is to be repeated as long as possible.  (1) arbitrarily select two balls from the box. If they are of the same color, throw them out and put a black ball into the box. (We have sufficient black balls for this).  (2) if they are of different colors, place the white ball back into the box and throw the black ball away.  What will happen at last? Will the process stop with a single black ball in the box or a single white ball in the box or with an empty box?  I am unable to decide how to start and in which direction? should we apply probability or what?


I am using the following code to send mail  but the sent mail are going in spam. How can I mark them to not spam programatically  $this->load->library('email');   if($this->config->item('protocol')=="smtp"){             $config['protocol'] = 'smtp';             $config['smtp_host'] = $this->config->item('smtp_hostname');             $config['smtp_user'] = $this->config->item('smtp_username');             $config['smtp_pass'] = $this->config->item('smtp_password');             $config['smtp_port'] = $this->config->item('smtp_port');             $config['smtp_timeout'] = $this->config->item('smtp_timeout');             $config['mailtype'] = $this->config->item('smtp_mailtype');             $config['starttls']  = $this->config->item('starttls');              $config['newline']  = $this->config->item('newline');              $this->email->initialize($config);         }             $fromemail='jodbaki@gmail.com';             $fromname='Jod Baki';             $subject=$this->config->item('activation_subject');             $message=$this->config->item('activation_message');;              $message=str_replace('[verilink]',$verilink,$message);              $toemail=$this->input->post('email');              $this->email->to($toemail);             $this->email->from($fromemail, $fromname);             $this->email->subject($subject);             $this->email->message($message);             if(!$this->email->send()){              print_r($this->email->print_debugger());             exit;             }   I am sending the follwoing message  Hi,  Thank you for registering with us. Please click below link to verify your email address.  Click Here  or      Copy below link and visit in browser  http://jodbaki.com/exam/?/login/verify/   Thanks

This is a tricky one and I've always relied on techniques, such as permission-based emails (i.e. only sending to people you have permission to send to) and not using blatantly spamish terminology.  Of late, some of the emails I send out programmatically have started being shuffled into people's spam folder automatically and I'm wondering what I can do about it.  This is despite the fact that these particular emails are not ones that humans would mark as spam, specifically, they are emails that contain license keys that people have paid good money for, so I don't think they're going to consider them spam  I figure this is a big topic in which I am essentially an ignorant simpleton.


Why does this work:  $n = explode("@", "some@email.com"); echo $n[0];   And this not work?  explode("@", "some@email.com")[0]   When I try the latter, I get:  Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '['

In php, I often need to map a variable using an array ... but I can not seem to be able to do this in a one liner. c.f. example:  // the following results in an error: echo array('a','b','c')[$key];  // this works, using an unnecessary variable: $variable = array('a','b','c'); echo $variable[$key];   This is a minor problem, but it keeps bugging every once in a while ... I don't like the fact, that I use a variable for nothing ;)


I am trying to insert an image in the middle of the page, but it is going to the top of the page. why the hell is it happening?   I tried this:   \begin{figure}   \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}     \includegraphics[width=75.5mm]{myimage}   \end{minipage} \end{figure}   I am looking for solution for 2 hours, not a single sign of success!

How to influence the position of float environments like figure and table in LaTeX?   This is a general question and should collect useful answers for all users. I hope we can use this as a reference


let $f$ be in idempotent endomorphism. Show that $M=\text{Range}(f) \oplus \text{Range}(\text{id} - f)$. I want to show the intersection of both range spaces is $\{0\}$. I currently have let $v \in \text{Range}(f) \cap {\text{Range}(\text{id} - f)}$ $f(v) = \text{id}(v)  - f(v)$ $f(v) = v - f(v)$ and I want to show that $v=0$. But I do not know how to progress. any advice is much appreciated!

Let $M$ be an A-module and $f \in \text{End}(M)$ an idempotent endomorphism. Show that $M = \ker(f) \oplus \ker (f-\text{id}_M)$. I don't know how to approach this exercise, using only properties of modules and direct sums, without projections. Can you help me? Thanks in advance.


I have built a website (www.shareall.nl) in wordpress and did some SEO (metadescriptions, headings, links, alt text, microdata, sitemap, robots.txt, etc) using Yoast Wordpress SEO plugin. I did not squeezed everything out of it but the site ranks pretty well in Google on important keywords regarding Prezi (top 5).  The problem however is, that there is a set of pages that are not being indexed and these pages are relevant to my customer? One of the pages is  (I cannot post more links due to my reputation on stackoverflow, but they are all about training).   I know (as the moderator told me) that there is another question about this topic but I have followed all recommendations given there without success. I would like to get more ideas of what to try and hope someone can help me with this.  This is what I have done so far or are some facts about the site which might be relevant:  submitted sitemap and saw most of the pages being indexed robot.txt is not preventing pages from being crawled manually crawled pages using google's webmaster tools and submitted them afterwards the website itself has multiple links from other pages towards the training pages don't have noindex set for concerned pages domain is not new and exists for numerous years now (since 2011) the website is new and is launched this year (february 2014) I have multiple links within the site pointing to the missing pages  Again any help is greatly appreciated!

It's been sometime and Google has yet to index my site. How can I get Google to index my website?


My guestion is since we have now detected gravitational waves can gravitational waves go through interference (ie destructive or constructive interference) with each other like other waves?

If two gravitational waves came in contact with each other what would happen? In another question entirely, what happens when a higher gravitational field interacts with a weaker one.


Assume that $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ is continuous at $x=0$, and the limit \begin{equation} \lim_{x\to0}\frac{f(2x)-f(-x)}{x} \end{equation} exists. Is $f$ necessarily differentiable at 0? I was able to deduce that if $f$ is continuous in a neighbordhood of $0$ and has an isolated zero at $x=0$, it must be differentiable (unless I made an error). I believe that this result holds if there exists some $\delta>0$ such that $f(x)$ does not change sign in the neiborhoods $-\delta<x<0$ and $0<x<\delta$. But for the life of me I can't figure out a general proof (or a counterexample). Any help would be greatly appreicated!

Problem:   If $f(x)$ is continous at $x=0$, and $\lim\limits_{x\to 0} \dfrac{f(ax)-f(x)}{x}=b$, $a, b$ are constants and $|a|>1$, prove that $f'(0)$ exists and $f'(0)=\dfrac{b}{a-1}$.   This approach is definitely wrong:    \begin{align} b&=\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{f(ax)-f(x)}{x}\\ &=\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{f(ax)-f(0)-(f(x)-f(0))}{x}\\ &=af'(0)-f'(0)\\ &=(a-1)f'(0) \end{align}  I will show you a case why this approach is wrong:     \[f(x)= \begin{cases} 1,&x\neq0\\ 0,&x=0 \end{cases}\]   $\lim_{x\to0}\dfrac{f(3x)-f(x)}{x}=\lim_{x\to0} \dfrac{1-1}{x}=0$   but $\lim_{x\to0}\dfrac{f(3x)}{x}=\infty$,$\lim_{x\to0}\dfrac{f(x)}{x}=\infty$   Does anyone know how to prove it? Thanks in advance!


Here is my code: x,y= int(input()),list(map(int, input().split(" "))) ; y_2=y for i in range(int(x/2)):      print(y_2.index(min(y)),y_2.index(max(y)))     del y[y.index(min(y))]     del y[y.index(max(y))]  When I checked y, it changed, which is what I want. But then, my backup list y_2 also changed. why is that?

I needed to create a list of lists in Python, so I typed the following: my_list = [[1] * 4] * 3  The list looked like this: [[1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1]]    Then I changed one of the innermost values: my_list[0][0] = 5  Now my list looks like this: [[5, 1, 1, 1], [5, 1, 1, 1], [5, 1, 1, 1]]    which is not what I wanted or expected. Can someone please explain what's going on, and how to get around it?


I want to know that what is character count limit to use Meta Keyword as per Search Engine Optimization policy  like Title should not be extend than 70 Characters or Meta Description must less than 155 characters

Could you please tell me that what is the maximum length for meta keywords?


When we click on a tag tab key should press or can we get any key action using javascript or tab key.       <input type="text" />
Tab Key 9 click

Is it possible to simulate key press events programmatically in JavaScript?


I have this type of data set:  Time          State 22:54:14.716    5 22:54:14.716    5 22:54:14.716    5 22:54:14.716    5 22:54:14.729    4 22:54:14.919    1 22:54:14.919    1 22:54:15.128    5   I would like to plot a graph with pgfplots but the package can not read properly the time format.


Good evening to everybody here.. My problem is how to write a "tilde" over a symbol (sigma for the precision) in the text mode.. Thank you so much

I want to put a "~" above x, just like \hat x but replacing \hat with \sim.   How to do that?


Edited: this question was associated with another question. I read that answer, appreciate it. Since importxml not working, I wonder what the format would be to read this in another way like importdata? ======= I am trying to get the data from this web page into a Google sheet:  For example for the value 77 in the chart near the bottom, I had been using importxml but it returns #N/A: =importxml("https://www.validea.com/factor-report/AAPL", "/html/body/form/div/div/div[6]/div/div[1]/div/svg/g[1]/g[4]/g[24]/g/g/text[2]")  How do you pull the data from the chart, and is there a way to pull the data in once so that each item doesn't need to re-query the page? Any help is much appreciated.

Google Sheets has several import functions   IMPORTDATA IMPORTFEED IMPORTHTML IMPORTXML   Sometimes the above functions returns errors like #N/A Imported content is empty and would like to be sure that there isn't a problem with the resource content to be imported.  How do I know if these functions are able to get the content that I looking to import?  I know that there also exist IMPORTRANGE but that function only is able to import content from Google Sheets spreadsheets


I am trying to batch convert a set of JPEGs into ASCII text files.  Below is the code I am running (I added the "..." for privacy, it does not actually appear in the code).   gdal_translate -b 1 -of AAIGrid "C:/Users/.../Cropped Pixel Profile Images/*.jpg" "C:/Users/.../Cropped Pixel Profile Images/ASCII Converted Files/*.txt"  The message I am getting back is ERROR 6: Too many command options 'C:/Users/.../Cropped Pixel Profile Images/-10EV.jpg'.  I would just do this whole process through the "translate batch mode" GUI in QGIS, except that I need to add -b 1 to the code, which can't be done for batch processed items (maybe that's a potential bug/ feature request for future versions of Q).    I am also looking for a way to execute this within QGIS, so that I can run the same command on both OSX and Windows. (If it is platform specific, what is the same command for terminal in OSX).  Anybody have any idea why I am running into this error?

how to convert batch file from .tif to .bil format using gdal_translate in windows CMD command line, file in the directory.   Directory path : D:\GDAL-TEST 001_mean.tif 002_mean.tif 003_mean.tif 004_mean.tif So on....   I have one code but by this code we can convert single file at a time but i want to loop through all raster which have .tif extension in the  directory and convert it to .bil format. Please want a solution   My code. I a running this code on GDAL Command window on windows 7 platform.      gdal_translate -of "ENVI" D:\GDAL-TEST\001_mean.tif D:\GDAL-TEST\001_mean.bil


I had a discussion with a friend about a phrase similar to "... the perspective each of you has/have...". But we are not sure which form is correct and why. Can anyone explain?

This is from a multiple choice question with 4 options, but I narrowed it down to 2:     Select the best version of the following sentence:    (there is really no sentence after this, just the answer choices)         a) Each of the conference rooms has a computer display.   d) Each of the conference rooms have computer displays.      In my eyes these choices are both perfectly fine, I can't see anything wrong with either of them.


I am reading .  On page 22, one has the symplectic form for free electrodynamics as $$\Omega_{\Sigma}=-\frac{1}{e^2}\int_{\Sigma}\delta(*F)\wedge\delta A,\tag{1}$$ where $\Sigma$ is any Cauchy hypersurface (3-dimensional) and $\delta$ is the variation in the phase space. Subsequently, (1) gives the equation with indices as $$\Omega_{\Sigma}=-\frac{1}{e^2}\int_{\Sigma}d\Sigma^{\mu}\delta F_{\mu\nu}\wedge\delta A^{\nu},\tag{2}$$ where $d\Sigma^{\mu}$ is the induced mearsure times the unit norm vector to $\Sigma$.  Anybody know how to derive Eq.(2) from Eq.(1)? Further, what does it mean by "induced measure" here? Does it mean $\sqrt{|h|}dx^1dx^2dx^3$, where $h_{\mu\nu}$ is the induced metric? If it is indeed the case, then when the surface is null hypersurce $\mathcal{I}^{\pm}$, we have $h=0$.

Consider a metric $g_{\mu\nu}(x)$ and a hyper surface ${\cal H}$ defined by $~f(x) = c$. One (or at least I) usually finds the "induced metric" on ${\cal H}$ by solving$~f(x) = c$ for one of the coordinates and plugging it back into the metric to give us $\gamma_{ij}$. For null hypersurfaces, I seem to be finding that the resultant induced metric is singular.         Is it true in general that the induced metric as defined above is singular on a null hypersurface?   How does one define the induced metric on a null hypersurface?


My wife's passport and US visa have her given name and surname swapped. Since it matches in both we have been travelling without hassles for years on visitor's multiple-entry 10-year visas, valid until 2029.  Now I would like to have it rectified. Should I first get a new passport and then apply for a fresh visa, or is there a different form for correction?

I am considering a name change, which seems to be a relatively straightforward action, when one remains in the same country: certain documents are replaced with new ones bearing the new name, and others are presented together with the name change document.  However, I travel internationally multiple times per year, and I often change temporary residence from one country to another. So I often deal with immigration and similar things. Furthermore, I have a lot of things going on like work and studies.  Quite obviously, if I change my name, I would often have to produce a proper translation of the name change document, which may include notarized translation thereof with apostille or, for example, traduction assermentée in France.  However, it would be great to hear about experiences of people, who have dealt with this issue first-hand, so I can weight the disadvantages against advantages of this correctly. In particular, I would like to know if anyone has encountered unforeseen difficulties with this, and how people rate the overall difficulty of such experiences.


In the game of , it turns out that any seven cards contain a projective set. How can one prove this? And for fewer than 7 cards, how can we determine the probability that one or more sets exist (in terms of the number of cards)?  For those not familiar with Projective Set, here's a description from the wikipedia page linked above:   A Projective Set card has six binary attributes, or bits, generally represented by colored dots. For each color of dot, each card either has that dot or does not. There is one card for each possible combination of dots except the combination of no dots at all, making $2^6 - 1 = 63$ cards total.  Three cards are said to form a "set" if the total number of dots of each color is either 0 or 2. Similarly, four or more cards form a "set" if the number of dots of each color is an even number.  A card and itself could be said to form a two-card set, but as the cards in the deck are all distinct, this does not arise in actual gameplay.

In the game of , it turns out that any seven cards contain a projective set. For fewer than 7 cards, how can we determine the probability that one or more sets exist (in terms of the number of cards)?  For those not familiar with Projective Set, here's a description from the wikipedia page linked above:   A Projective Set card has six binary attributes, or bits, generally represented by colored dots. For each color of dot, each card either has that dot or does not. There is one card for each possible combination of dots except the combination of no dots at all, making $2^6 - 1 = 63$ cards total.  Three cards are said to form a "set" if the total number of dots of each color is either 0 or 2. Similarly, four or more cards form a "set" if the number of dots of each color is an even number.  A card and itself could be said to form a two-card set, but as the cards in the deck are all distinct, this does not arise in actual gameplay.


Im new to physics and do not yet know of all of the terms and math.  I was wondering about temperature. I read that there is the lowest temperature which is absolute zero where nothing happens, i.e. no vibrational activity from atoms.  My question is; is there also a highest temperature, i.e. an absolute max temperature?  Thank you for your time.

If temperature makes particles vibrate faster, and movement is limited by the speed of light, then I would assume that temperature must be limited as well. Why is there no limit?


I recently started learning about prototypes in Javascript.  I am confused about the advantage of adding methods into a prototype.  Here is an example of what I am thinking  One way to calculate the area of a circle could be like this  function Circle(radius, area){   this.radius = radius;   this.area = (radius*radius*Math.PI); }   But then another way would be like this  function Circle(radius, area){   this.radius = radius; }  Circle.prototype.area = function(){   return this.radius*this.radius*Math.PI }   What is the advantage to making the area method a part of the prototype versus putting a method directly in the constructor?

What's the difference between  var A = function () {     this.x = function () {         //do something     }; };   and  var A = function () { }; A.prototype.x = function () {     //do something };


The X-men time line is   (2009) (2011) (2014)(Past Section) (2016)  (2000)  (2003) (2006) (2013) (2014)(Future Section)   Original Timeline is 5,6,7,8.  Then Wolverine is sent back in time in 9.  But before 9, at the ending of 8, Wolverine meets Xaviers(who was turned to nothing in 7) and Magneto(Who lost his powers in 7)  Magneto may have got back his power maybe through sheer will, or maybe the serum's effect wasn't permanent. But how did Xaviers came back? He only says to Wolverine that he is not the only one with special powers. But its never revealed how or who brought him back.

In X-Men 3:The Last Stand, we see that Professor Charles Xavier died and Jean Grey killed him, and his body turned into pieces.  But in X-Men: Days of Future Past he's alive and well.  I'm pretty surprised that nobody asked about this before. Maybe the answer is too obvious and I'm missing something in the previous movie. I'm not following the comic, so I don't know that maybe this movie is set in an alternate universe.  ADDITION: in the extra scene after the credits in X-Men 3: The Last Stand we see that Xavier has transferred his consciousness to the other body. But his own body already destroyed, so how can he regain his original body?


import java.util.*;  public class test {  public static void main(String[] args) {     Scanner Input = new Scanner(System.in);       int[] guess;     guess = new int[6];      for(int i =0 ; i<5;i++)     {         guess[i] = Input.nextInt();     }      **int[] cypher = encryption(guess);**     System.out.print(cypher);  }  public static int[] encryption(int[] guess) {      int[] cypher = null;     int end = guess.length;     for( int i=0 ; i< end ; i++)     {       **cypher[i] = guess[i] + 1;**     }     return cypher;  }  }   I tried to use an integer array(cypher) to hold an integer array(guess) after coming out of a function(encryption). However, this program doesn't work.The below notifications came out.   Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException  at test.encryption(test.java:31)  at test.main(test.java:19)   Why? how can i correct it?  Thank you guys

What are Null Pointer Exceptions (java.lang.NullPointerException) and what causes them?  What methods/tools can be used to determine the cause so that you stop the exception from causing the program to terminate prematurely?


Could you please provide a specific example of a symmetry and the group with which it is modelled? I am beginner to study symmetry in physics, please answer with just an example. This question is different from , I need some simple example.

The professor in my class of mathematical physics introduces the definition of groups and said that group theory is the mathematics of symmetry.   He gave also some examples of groups such as the set of all real numbers under addition.   My question is what symmetry are we talking about here when we consider the set of all real numbers under addition?


Why can't we substitute $(x-2)^2=t$ in the Definite Integral $$\int_0^3(x-2)^2dx$$? And what about the same Substitution in the indefinite integral $$\int(x-2)^2dx$$

Please consider the integral:  $$\int_{-a}^{a}x^2dx=\frac{2a^3}{3}$$  I would like to know why I can't make the substitution:  $$u=x^2$$  When I make the substitution, the limits of the integral will be the same, and the integral itself will be zero, which is the wrong answer. So why does this simple change of variables not work as I have expected?  Please note that I do not want help solving the integral, I know how to solve it several ways. My question is why does this specific attempt at a solution not work?


I think we should be able to retract NAA and VLQ flags.  makes a good case for that: the original post should've been a comment (when I raised the NAA flag), but it was later edited to be a real answer. Since I raised the flag, I think I should be able to retract it the same way I can a close vote.   It can help shorten the queues It helps users maintain a good flagging record   Like retracting a close vote, or after raising a NAA or VLQ flag now, a user could not raise the same type of flag again for the same post -- only spam, offensive, and custom-reason flags would be permitted.  EDIT:  I've also had cases where I'd like to retract a custom-reason flag. This may be even more valuable queue-shortening-wise.

I'm wondering (since it just happened to me), is it possible to "cancel" ("undo", "delete", "retract", whatever) a flag I just raised if I misclicked it, so the mods won't waste time?  I looked everywhere, but I can't find such a feature.


My terminal used to read   username@computername:~$   but after navigating to some directories, it now says  username@computername:/$   and I can't get back to my Home directory.

First i did pwd, it says:  /home/user   I changed my directory using :  cd /Italic/Food/Places   Now, I want to go back to original directory: /home/user. How can I do this?


For any odd integer $n$, evaluate $n^3 - (n-1)^3 + \cdots + (-1)^{n-1} \cdot 1^3 = \sum_{k=1}^n (-1)^{k+1}\cdot k^3$  How would you go about solving such a problem? Any help would be appreciated.

How is it possible to evaluate:  $$\sum_{k=1}^n{((-1)^{n-k}\cdot k^3)}=n^3 - (n-1)^3 + (n - 2)^3 - \cdots \pm 1^3$$  The fact that there is the $\pm$ at the end makes it difficult.


The following is a paraphrase of someone else's code. In this example, what exactly is chessSolver and how would you use it? It looks like a variable that's being assigned to a new instance of its own class (Game) which seems to be overriding a method (solver()).  public class Game {   protected solver(){}; // Will be overridden    protected final static Game chessSolver =      new Game() {       protected void solver() {         /*...*/       };     }; }

What is the use of anonymous classes in Java? Can we say that usage of anonymous class is one of the advantages of Java?


When I vote on a question or answer in the Android app, sometimes the up arrow turns red briefly then the screen flashes ad if it refreshed and the up button is no longer red. The vote count is at its new incremented value and I get an "already voted" type message if I click the arrow button again, so I know my vote registered.   App Version: 1.0.85 Device Manufacturer: LGE Device Model: VS425PP OS Version: 5.1.1 (161331805d4f5)

Related:   I am using 1.0.71 on KitKat.  Immediately after voting, the arrow is displayed in red and the vote count is correct. However, when I scroll to read answers and then back to the top, the arrow is grey again and the vote count is reset to the previous value.  A reload of the question (pulling the finger down) is needed to show the correct situation, which is kept from then on.  This case was on security.stackexchange.com but I observed the same behavior on other sites too.  Screenshots   original state:  upvoted:  scrolled down and back up  after a reload


Does anyone know any example that invalidates the following affirmation:     If a morphism $f:A\to A$ induces the identity $\hat f:\operatorname{Spec} \left( A \right) \to \operatorname{Spec} \left( A \right)$ then $f = \operatorname{id} _A $.


Hello I wish to study Galois theory independently. I have no previous exposure to Galois theory specifically and was wondering if anyone had any tips or recommendations of good material I can use to do this (preferably online).  I have taken a course in algebra that covered, Rings, Fields, Quotient Rings, Ideals, Homomorphisms/Isomorphisms, Group theory and some basic number theory. So I should have a decent foundation to start learning Galois theory.  I looked online for some video lectures but it seemed quite sparse to be honest so it seems like using a textbook or online pdf would be the way to go but I need something approachable and that explains a lot rather than relying on results (I may not have).   Anyway thanks for looking and if anyone has any suggestions or advice then I would strongly appreciate it.

What kind of recommendations do you have for a very good source to learn Galois Theory? Is there any Atiyah-MacDonald-type book on Galois theory? What is your opinion on the chapters from Lang, and Dummit and Foote?


When I try to run the Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS installer on my Lenovo Yoga 910 I'm stuck here. I want to erase my Windows 10 and just have Ubuntu but it seems as though the installer thinks I want to dual boot. Any suggestions on how to fix this? I would prefer not to  have to make a dual boot.

I would like to install Ubuntu alongside Windows 7 on a HP G62 Notebook. Although I have installed  Ubuntu in a dual-boot many times before, I found out that this model has already four partitions.    Partitions:   SYSTEM (NTFS, 199MB, used 66.59MB) Partition without any tag: NTFS (579GM, used 129GB)  RECOVERY (NTFS 16.74 GB, used 2.42GB)  HP_TOOLS (FAT32, 103.34 MB, used 13.23MB)   Since I am not an expert with partitions I would like to get advice on how to do this.  My first idea is this one:   Free some space from /dev/sda2 (I don't know if could also free some other space) delete the HP_Tools partition (I have already created a backup) create an extended partition with the free space in #1 containing three parititions: swap (1gb); / (EXT4, 30GB);  /home (EXT4, 120GB)   Another option is to use wubi instead.  What do you think? Is there any other way to achieve this?  PS: I really think this HP policy of using 4 partitions is not a coincidence  PS: I tried using gparted from the live CD and I got a warning message saying that if I freed some space from /dev/sda2 I could create serious issues in the system


Is there guidance in any of the source books on damage taken when something falls on a creature?  For my new Loxodon Monk (you may have read about him) I'm planning on Shadow Stepping to a ceiling (which we verified is possible) and simply dropping on my enemies head.  Our current "homebrew modifier" is 1D10 per 100lbs if at least 10 feet in the air. We haven't been able to find anything official. Maybe we just missed it.

If a character who was under the effect of a growth potion (double their height and eight times their weight) and weighed 2,400 lbs. was able to use Dimension Door to teleport 400 feet or more into the air, directly above a Huge-sized monster, and fell on it, how much damage would the falling creature - and the monster - take?  I would assume both would take the 20d6 max for the falling over 200 feet, but is there a estimation on additional damage for the falling creature's size?  According to the splat calculator, at 500 feet you'd be falling at 196 km/hr, and it would expend 1.6 million joules of energy, the equivalent of over 3,000 mid-sized cars hitting an object at 60 km/hr.  A 2,400-lb. barbarian falling 500 feet is like dropping a mid-sized Toyota Corolla off a 50 story building onto a monster - it should do some damage.


I am trying to read a string in from a text file, split the string whenever there are spaces, and store each word in an array of strings:  eg. input "Hello i am a sentence"  output [Hello, i, am, a, sentence]  I currently have the following  Scanner sc = null;       try       {         sc = new Scanner(new FileReader(args[0]));         LinkedList<String> list = new LinkedList<String>();         String str = sc.nextLine();         for(String i:str.split(" ")){            list.add(i);         }         String[] arguments = list.toArray(new String[list.size()]);         System.out.println(arguments);       }       catch (FileNotFoundException e) {}       finally       {           if (sc != null) sc.close();       }   But i am unable to convert the list into an array and i get the following output  [Ljava.lang.String;@45ee12a7

In Java, arrays don't override toString(), so if you try to print one directly, you get the className + '@' + the hex of the  of the array, as defined by Object.toString():  int[] intArray = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; System.out.println(intArray);     // prints something like '[I@3343c8b3'   But usually, we'd actually want something more like [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the simplest way of doing that? Here are some example inputs and outputs:  // Array of primitives: int[] intArray = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; //output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  // Array of object references: String[] strArray = new String[] {"John", "Mary", "Bob"}; //output: [John, Mary, Bob]


Given that $X$ is a topological space with infinite cardinality and $X$ is homeomorphic to $X\times X$.  (A)   $X$ cannot be  connected.  (B)   $X$ cannot be  compact.  (C)   $X$ cannot be homeomorphic to a subspace of $\mathbb R$.  (D)   None of the above.    If I take $\mathbb Q$ with discrete topology then $\mathbb Q$  satisfies  the  given condition  while contradicting  option (C). Now  for  options  (A) and (B), I know if $X$ is connected (compact) then $X\times X$ will be connected (compact). But I cannot  think  of  any examples  of  connected  or  compact  spaces  that  are  homeomorphic  to  their  two-fold  product. Can anyone  provide with  some  examples?

Question is :  Suppose $X$ is a topological space of infinite cardinality which is homeomorphic to $X\times X$. Then which of the following is true:   $X$ is not connected. $X$ is not compact $X$ is not homeomorphic to a subset of $\mathbb{R}$ None of the above.   I guess first two options are false.  We do have possibility that product of two connected spaces is connected.  So, $X\times X$ is connected if $X$ is connected. So I guess there is no problem.  We do have possibility that product of two compact spaces is compact.  So, $X\times X$ is compact if $X$ is compact. So I guess there is no problem.  I understand that this is not the proof to exclude first two options but I guess the chance is more for them to be false.  So, only thing I have problem with is third option.  I could do nothing for that third option..  I would be thankful if some one can help me out to clear this.  Thank you :)


I am writing a literature survey for papers from 2000 to 2017. Should I use a present tense or past tense when I am describing methods that were used in those papers?

In a couple of weeks, I have to present my master thesis to both my professors (supervisors) and family and friends. After the title page, I immediately present the main novelty of my thesis (instead of first presenting a lot of "blablabla" about the literature and stuff).   What would be a suitable tense to do this?  For instance:      I found/ have found/find that [description of findings]   or     This thesis shows/has shown/showed that [description of findings]   I think you'll get the point. It is basically whether to use the present simple/ present perfect or past simple.  EDIT: My thesis is about the effects of unconventional monetary policy announcements by the Fed on European government bond markets. So w.r.t. to the comment of C26 below, it is something happened in the past. However, I also examined through which channels these announcements influence government bond markets in the eurozone. So this is more like a process; something that is most likely also true in the future (i.e. when these announcements will occur again).


I am trying to learning the LSTM method by training the model on a custom dataset. This dataset has 6000 vectors of size 7. The 85% of the 6000 vectors are used for the training and the rest for the validation. In each vector the first value is the input (input_dim=1) and the rest 6 values are the output (output_dim=6). The structure of my network looks like this: model = Sequential() model.add(LSTM(10, input_shape=(1, look_back),return_sequences=True)) model.add(TimeDistributed(Dense(6,activation='linear'))) model.compile(loss='mean_squared_error', optimizer='adam') history= model.fit(trainX, trainY, validation_data=(testX,testY), epochs=200, batch_size=10, verbose=2) model.summary()  As you can see below in plots showing the validation result and training process, respectively, the training has "succeeded". Although I can not manage to train the model to perfectly predict the validation output. Am I missing here something or could you give me some tips to improve the accuracy?

I'm training a neural network and the training loss decreases, but the validation loss doesn't, or it decreases much less than what I would expect, based on references or experiments with very similar architectures and data. How can I fix this?    As for question        to which this question is inspired, the question is intentionally left general so that other questions about how to reduce the generalization error of a neural network down to a level which has been proved to be attainable, can be closed as duplicates of this one.  See also dedicated thread on Meta:


we often repeat few words in like little little , different different etc . Are these valid english usage?

What is the term when a word is used consecutively twice, with intentional stress placed on the first word, as a means to alter the severity of the word's meaning?  I am not referring to a  (had had) or a  (that that), but to the slightly sarcastic use as demonstrated in shows like Seinfeld. Sample sentences, with emphasis:  I know we're going out to eat, but I am only going to pick at an appetizer because I'm not hungry hungry. Don't wear something so formal to the party; I don't think you need to be dressed dressed.  Of personal note, some of my relatives decided a few years ago to nick-name the term a "Celaine" (a combination of their names) due to their own frequent use of it. Note: This question explicitly requests the term of art used by linguists and English scholars when discussing this phenomenon. This question is different from a  which requests a historical explanation for the phenomenon described by this term. None of the answers to the suggested duplicate provide the term.  The author of the similar question requests the term for the pattern in a comment, but does not receive an acceptable answer. The only mention of an acceptable term is in a comment made by the author of this question, in response to the author of the similar question, directing back to this very question.


The law of large numbers states that if we have $X_1,\ldots X_n$ independent variables which are identically distributed, then: $$\overline{X}:=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^nX_i \longrightarrow \mu \quad \mbox{where} \quad \mu = \mathbb{E}(\overline{X})$$ $\overline{X}$ is a random variable whilst $\mu$ is a number; how can it be possible that a random variable converges to a number?

Wikipedia defines convergence in probability as  A sequence ${X_n}$ of random variables converges in probability towards the random variable $X$ if for all ε > 0 $$\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} P(|X_n-X|>\varepsilon) = 0$$  I wonder why the limit $X$ is a random variable. I think $X$ as a r.v. can only be a constant, and defining convergence to a number $a$ instead of a r.v. $X$  $$\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} P(|X_n-a|>\varepsilon) = 0$$  makes the definition more clear.


Can anyone tell me if my Canon EF lenses can be used on a Canon Rebel t5(1200D)

This is specific to Canon, but what is the difference between EF and EF-S lenses?


i have dropbox account with files. Now, i need to check date, when file changed. If file changed, the script are download new file. If file not changed, i have echo "not downloaded".  My file:  if [ -f /root/time.txt ]; then   dropbox=`cat /root/time.txt | awk '{ print $12 }' | sed "s/,//g;s/\"//g"`   data=`date -d $dropbox +%Y%m%d%H%M%S`   echo $data   dropbox2=`curl -X POST https://api.dropboxapi.com/2/files/get_metadata --header "Authorization: Bearer oc3DfYTzbxAAADDADAqWWh2nyEA21OgecbWedBNB02XRWj8janlbftW123DASy122W" --header "Content-Type: application/json" --data "{\"path\":\"/wwe.txt\",\"include_media_info\":true}" | awk '{ print $12 }' | sed "s/,//g;s/\"//g"`   data2=`date -d $dropbox2 +%Y%m%d%H%M%S`   echo $data2  if [$data -eq $data2]; then   echo not downloaded  else     curl -X POST https://content.dropboxapi.com/2/files/download --header "Authorization: Bearer oc3DfYTzbxAAADDADAqWWh2nyEA21OgecbWedBNB02XRWj8janlbftW123DASy122W" --header "Dropbox-API-Arg: {\"path\": \"/wwe.txt\"}" -o "./wwe.txt"     fi else   curl -X POST https://api.dropboxapi.com/2/files/get_metadata --header "Authorization: Bearer oc3DfYTzbxAAADDADAqWWh2nyEA21OgecbWedBNB02XRWj8janlbftW123DASy122W" --header "Content-Type: application/json" --data "{\"path\":\"/wwe.txt\",\"include_media_info\":true}" -o "./time.txt"    fi   But,when i start script, i have this output:  1.sh: line 8: 1.sh: [20161008235133: not found   On line 8, i compare two dates (one from file, second from new checking of metada):  if [$data -eq $data2]; then   Where i have error ? Please help.

I am using the below script to move two days back when script runs at starting two days of the year and also check first and second days of every month and move two days back. if [$month="01"] && [$day="01"]; then         date="$last_month/$yes_day/$last_year"         fulldate="$last_month/$yes_day/$last_year" else         if [$month="01"] && [$day="02"]; then                 date="$last_month/$yes_day/$last_year"                 fulldate="$last_month/$yes_day/$last_year"         else                 if [ $day = "01" ]; then                         date="$last_month/$yes_day/$year"                         fulldate="$year$last_month$yes_day"                 else                         if [ $day = "02" ]; then                                 date="$last_month/$yes_day/$year"                                 fulldate="$year$last_month$yes_day"                         else                                 date="$month/$yes_day/$year"                                 fulldate="$year$month$yes_day"                         fi                 fi         fi fi  But my bad am getting the below error message Etime_script.sh: line 19: [06=01]: command not found Etime_script.sh: line 24: [06=01]: command not found


As for the video editor in Blender, I would simply make the five pictures in the drawing and put them one after the other onto a channel. But how to make the same animation if the text is made out of 3d objects in the default layout ? (for instance in order to make them rotate while they are typed )

An animation of an object appears under something small or invisible to camera


So on every line in terminal, it leads with something like this:  bs7280@bs7280-Lenovo-IdeaPad-U530-Touch:~/path/to/dir$   is there a way to make this shorter, without all of the useless text out front? so maybe it looks something like this:  bs7280:~/path/to/dir$

When I start terminal in Ubuntu, I see:  ilya@HOST:~$   I need to add a timestamp to this, something like:  2011-10-09T09:32:00 ilya@HOST:~$   How can I configure this?


I want to display the content of a page in the manner as present in the image below:   Are any module present for this?

How can I add a background image wallpaper to a drupal site from within the drupal admin i.e. not editing themes or PHP?  I'm not adverse to PHP or themes but adding a background image wallpaper is a generic non-theme specific feature so should require editing a specific theme.   This has to be one of the simplest/fundamental/popular things one wants to do with their site. It ought to be obvious in Drupal -and- possible within the Drupal admin, not via editing themes / PHP code.  Is there a way to do it?   I found some promising modules (actively depveloped for Drupal 7) but am a little unsure how to use them:    (Instructions say: "provide a css selector and color and repeat attributes in the 'Default CSS Settings' section." - but how do I know what CSS selector to use? Yes I know CSS but in the context of Drupal, is there more than one I need to consider and why? Perhaps an example would help here)  (This has more advanced settings for specific entities in drupal: User, Blog, Panels, Node, Views (beta), Context) - OK fine. BUT WHICH one do I use to simply put up a background image for the pages of my Drupal site?!


I'm learning Java and trying to make a small program.  I made a list and a while loop. Everytime the user inputs something it should save the input to the list. Only if the input is "0" then i want it to break the while loop and print out everything whats inside the list. So it has to keep asking the user for an input till he insert 0. At the moment i don't have a teacher. I'm doing this all on my own. Don't blame me for my bad writting skills...  import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Scanner;  public class demo {     public static void main(String[] args) {         while (true) {              ArrayList nummer = new ArrayList(); // make new list              Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); // start scanner              System.out.print("Voer uw naam in: ");              String naam = input.nextLine(); // scanner waiting for input + enter             if (naam == "0") {                 System.out.println("Wrong, exit!");                 input.close();                  for (Object item : nummer) { // foreach-loop                      System.out.print(item);                      }                 break;             } else {                  nummer.add(naam);                 continue;             }         }     } }   Could someone take a look to it and tell me what's wrong with it?  Thanks!

I've been using the == operator in my program to compare all my strings so far. However, I ran into a bug, changed one of them into .equals() instead, and it fixed the bug.  Is == bad? When should it and should it not be used? What's the difference?


I am having a really hard time wrapping my head around component notation for tensor fields. For example, I do not know exactly what the following expression means $$\partial_\mu\partial^\nu \phi, \tag{$\#$}$$ where $\phi$ is a scalar field. On the one hand $\partial^\nu=g^{\lambda\nu}\partial_\lambda$ and hence we could write explicitly $$\partial_\mu\partial^\nu \phi=\sum_{\lambda}g^{\lambda\nu}\partial_\mu \partial_{\lambda}\phi=\begin{cases}\partial_\mu\partial_\nu& \text{ if } \nu=0\\ -\partial_\mu\partial_\nu & \text{ if }\nu=1,2,3. \end{cases} \tag{$*$} $$ On the other hand, we may think of $\partial_\mu\partial^\nu=g(\partial_\mu,\partial_\nu)=\delta_\mu^\nu;$ so that $\partial_\mu\partial^\nu\phi=\phi?$ Maybe? I am actually not sure of what this would mean. I am really confused. Any help is appreciated. To give context of where this expression comes from: I was computing the Lagrangian $$\mathcal L=\frac{1}{2}(\partial_\mu\phi)(\partial^\mu \phi) $$ considering an infinitesimal spacetime translation $x^ \mu\to x^\mu-\alpha a^\mu$. The scalar field thus transforms like $\phi(x)\to \phi(x)+\alpha(\partial_\mu\phi(x))a^\mu.$ Plugging thins into the Lagrangian yields the term I am referring to. I do not have any background in using indices to talk about tensors. I am used to interpret the expressions $\partial_\mu$ as the local vector field defined in some chart (local coordinates) that to each point assigns the corresponding basis tangent vector of its tangent space. I think about vector fields $X$ as abstract secction of the Tangent bundle, which restricted to local coordinates can be expressed as $X=X^\mu\partial_\mu$. In the context of QFT, as far as I understand, the symbol $\partial_\mu$ denotes  $(\partial_t,\nabla)$ in the local coordinates $(t,x,y,z)$. So that $\partial_\mu\phi=(\partial_t \phi,\partial_x \phi,\partial_y\phi,\partial_z\phi)$. Finally I think of $g^{\mu \nu}$ as the component ($\mu\nu$) of the matrix $$g=\begin{pmatrix} 1&0&0&0\\ 0&-1&0&0\\ 0&0&-1&0\\ 0&0&0&-1\\ \end{pmatrix}$$ which represents the pseudo-Riemmanian metric, which by definition acts on tangent vectors, i.e. linear combinations of the $\partial_\mu$ applied to a point. This is where my second strange interpratation of ($\#$) comes from. My question is thus: What is the right way to interpret the component-index notation; and in particular what is the expresion $(\#)$ in explicit coordinates?

I am having a really hard time wrapping my head around component notation for tensor fields. For example, I do not know exactly what the following expression means $$\partial_\mu\partial^\nu \phi, \tag{$\#$}$$ where $\phi$ is a scalar field. On the one hand $\partial^\nu=g^{\lambda\nu}\partial_\lambda$ where $g_{\mu\nu}$ is the Minkowski metric, and hence we could write explicitly $$\partial_\mu\partial^\nu \phi=\sum_{\mu,\nu,\lambda}g^{\lambda\nu}\partial_\mu \partial_{\lambda}\phi=\sum_{\mu,\nu}\partial_{\mu}\partial_{\nu}\phi=\partial_\mu\partial_\nu\phi. \tag{$*$} $$ On the other hand, we may think of $\partial_\mu\partial^\nu=g(\partial_\mu,\partial^\nu)=\delta_\mu^\nu;$ so that $\partial_\mu\partial^\nu\phi=\phi?$ Maybe? I am actually not sure of what this would mean. I am really confused. Any help is appreciated. Edit: To give context of where this expression comes from: I was computing the Lagrangian $$\mathcal L=\frac{1}{2}(\partial_\mu\phi)(\partial^\mu \phi) $$ considering an infinitesimal spacetime translation $x^ \mu\to x^\mu-\alpha a^\mu$. The scalar field thus transforms like $\phi(x)\to \phi(x)+\alpha(\partial_\mu\phi(x))a^\mu.$ Plugging thins into the Lagrangian yields the term I am referring to. Edit 2: The change in placement of indices are actually my doubts. I try to elaborate. I do not have any background in using indices to talk about tensors. I am used to interpret the expressions $\partial_\mu$ as the local vector field defined in some chart (local coordinates). I think about vector fields $X$ as abstract section of the Tangent bundle, which restricted to local coordinates can be expressed as $X=X^\mu\partial_\mu$. In the context of QFT, as far as I understand, the symbol $\partial_\mu$ denotes  $(\partial_t,\nabla)$ in the local coordinates $(t,x,y,z)$. So that $\partial_\mu\phi=(\partial_t \phi,\partial_x \phi,\partial_y\phi,\partial_z\phi)$. This was supposed to be my justification on why I wrote the summation on $\mu$ and $\nu$ in $(*)$, but now I note that this only applies when $\mu$ or $\nu$ appear twice, indicating the scalar product; which leads me to the last remark. I think of $g_{\mu \nu}$ as the component of the matrix $$g=\begin{pmatrix} 1&0&0&0\\ 0&-1&0&0\\ 0&0&-1&0\\ 0&0&0&-1\\ \end{pmatrix}$$ which represents the pseudo-Riemmanian metric, which by definition acts on tangent vectors, i.e. linear combinations of the $\partial_\mu$ applied to a point. This is where my doubt comes, in which was the right way to interpret the notation; in particular what is the expresion $(\#)$ in explicit coordinates?


Consider a simple case: Let $f$ be a function from $\textbf{R}^+$ to $\textbf{R}$, such that $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$. It is known that a positive real number can have two square roots. A basic case: $\sqrt{4} = \{+2, -2\}$. However, this goes against the very definition of a function: "a function is a binary relation between two sets that associates every element of the first set to exactly one element of the second set." (Source: wikipedia) What am I missing?

I just began the topic of functions in my Mathematics textbook and in the first paragraph itself, two conditions about a relation being a function were mentioned.  They were :   1) For every a∈A, there exists b∈B such that (a,b)∈f     I think  that is another way of saying that both the input and output must lie in the given sets 2) If (a,b)∈f and (a,c)∈f, then b = c     And I think that this is another way of saying that an input has a unique output   Let me know if I have misunderstood these statements.  Now, let's think of the square root function...  The square root of 4 is ±2, which means that there are two outputs 2 and -2 for one input 4, so there are two images of the same input, so it defies the second condition that states that a function must have a unique output/image of some input  Let R represent the set of real numbers, then if square root is a function, it means that both the input and output must lie in the set R. In the case of square root of -1, the output will be i (iota) which is not a member of the set R but is a member of C (the set of complex numbers), this defies the first condition that makes a relation a function.  Please let me know if I have misunderstood some concept related to functions and if square root is really a function or not.  Thank You...


I mean, Harry said that Voldemort would try to find the Dursleys. But now he's dead. So what happened to them?

As last seen, the Dursleys are forced to move by the ministry of magic, put into protective custody by the ministry. However, the ministry fell only a few weeks later, and there was evidence that it couldn't be trusted, even then. Are they still alive, and if so, how did they survive the purge from the ministry?


In the nomenclature of travel and transport, what are the most common terms to describe the places at which a journey begins and ends?  I think that "destination" is likely to be the latter—but how do we describe the former?  My mathematical mind wants to say "origin" or "source", but I suspect those from a less scientific background may find those terms awkward; is there any better terminology?

What is the antonym of the word destination. Here is some context:  Every train has a destination and a ____?  I was thinking it might be origin but I've never encountered that word used in this context so I'm not sure - there might be a better word.


This answer is clearly not answering the question (examples before 1950), and is marked a new user, but has a 61K+ reputation on another site (stack overflow) and thus we shouldn't have to explain the rules to them like we should for a new user .  Despite  which asks us to ignore rep bonus for purposes of the first question/answer queue (and I agree with), I'd prefer we save the "new user be nice" for those users who are truely new, and not include those of us who are experienced on other sites.    @Glorfindel remarked that  asks to distinquish between new users to this site versus new users to the whole network.  That information is available via clicking on the user's icon and finding out.  My request is different because I am asking that the "new user be nice" tag is removed completely from those of us who already have enough reputation in another network site to not count as a new user anymore.  Thus, the "new user be nice" tag is network wide, not site specific.  The reason I ask this is because I want to cut down on the false positives, so we don't start ignoring the "new" message because we see it too often.  Do you agree?

I just came across a question by a new contributor to a Stack (in this case, ), as indicated by the new contributor indicator. Since it was an ID request, I launched into a comment linking to  and was about to invite them on the [tour], when I checked their network accounts and found that they had 17k+ rep on Stack Overflow.  Now I know that not everyone will welcome new contributors like that, but still, it would be useful to have an indication if a new contributor is new to Stack Exchange and may not even realise they can edit their own posts (yes, I've encountered those; self-answering just to add new information), or merely new to the current Stack and may only need a couple of pointers on topicality and tagging conventions. Likewise, someone may be a regular on the main Stack, but new to meta.  So please, expand the new contributor indicator to indicate if a user is new to the current Stack, new to the current Meta, new to Meta in general, or new to the Stack Exchange Network.    I realise that a reputation of 101 may indicate a user having received the association bonus, so they may have some experience elsewhere on the Stack Exchange Network. However, that doesn't tell me if they're 200+ on their highest reputation account, or 20k+. The former may still need some help using basic features while the latter doesn't.    I came across a request to . That sounds useful as well, so I've edited my question to incorporate that request.


Why don't electromagnetic waves need a medium to propagate?  How does light get such a magnificent velocity?

As I understand it, electromagnetic waves have two components which are the result of each other, i.e., when a moving electric charge creates a changing magnetic field at point X then a changing electric field is created at point Y and this repeating process is what creates EM waves, so therefore, it requires no medium. Is my understanding correct?  One thing that I'm surprised to know is that light is also called an electromagnetic wave.  Does this include light of any kind, for example: light from a bulb, a tube, and also from the Sun? How do they contain electric and magnetic fields?


I have a command line execution in my .sh file which unzips the file which is in zip format. Below is the command which unzips the file unzip -p -a.  elif [ "${FILECOMMANDOUTPUT}" = "Zip" ] then  COMMANDTOUSE="/usr/bin/unzip -p -a"   But if the file size is larger (say 935 MB) the above command unzip -p -a is not working. I've got 7z e -so -bd command which works if we need to pipe or redirect the output of it somewhere else (to a file) . But I just need a single command which can replace unzip -p -a in the above code.

I have a question regarding unzip command in Unix. As of now my Unix command unzip -p -a is able to zip the file which are lesser in size. But if the file size is larger then the command is not able to unzip it.   Consider the file name is file1.zip and when I give unzip -p -a and while the command executes, it shows the content of the file in the Unix box. I want to know the same 7z command. @Volker:  you have suggested as COMMANDTOUSE="/usr/bin/7z e -so -bd .. but its not working.  This is how much code is defined,  if the file is in zip format, then the unzip -p -a comes into picture. yes the command works for smaller files, and if fails for larger size. I have tried with 7z e -so -bd but its failing. @Volker :  can you suggest an alternate command. Thanks for your continuous help till now.