Indirect speech such as sarcasm achieves a constellation of discourse goals in human communication. While the indirectness of figurative language warrants speakers to achieve certain pragmatic goals, it is challenging for AI agents to comprehend such idiosyncrasies of human communication. Though sarcasm identification has been a well-explored topic in dialogue analysis, for conversational systems to truly grasp a conversation's innate meaning and generate appropriate responses, simply detecting sarcasm is not enough; it is vital to explain its underlying sarcastic connotation to capture its true essence. In this work, we study the discourse structure of sarcastic conversations and propose a novel task  Sarcasm Explanation in Dialogue ( SED ) . Set in a multimodal and code-mixed setting, the task aims to generate natural language explanations of satirical conversations. To this end, we curate WITS , a new dataset to support our task. We propose MAF (Modality Aware Fusion), a multimodal context-aware attention and global information fusion module to capture multimodality and use it to benchmark WITS. The proposed attention module surpasses the traditional multimodal fusion baselines and reports the best performance on almost all metrics. Lastly, we carry out detailed analyses both quantitatively and qualitatively. The use of figurative language serves many communicative purposes and is a regular feature of both oral and written communication (Roberts and Kreuz, 1994). Predominantly used to induce humour, criticism, or mockery (Colston, 1997), paradoxical language is also used in concurrence with hyperbole to show surprise (Colston and Keller, 1998) as well as highlight the disparity between expectations and reality (Ivanko and Pexman, 2003). While the use and comprehension of sarcasm is a  Equal contribution Figure 1: Sarcasm Explanation in Dialogues (SED). cognitively taxing process (Olkoniemi et al., 2016), psychological evidence advocate that it positively correlates with the receiver's theory of mind (ToM) (Wellman, 2014), i.e., the capability to interpret and understand another person's state of mind. Thus, for NLP systems to emulate such anthropomorphic intelligent behavior, they must not only be potent enough to identify sarcasm but also possess the ability to comprehend it in its entirety. To this end, moving forward from sarcasm identification, we propose the novel task of Sarcasm Explanation in Dialogue ( SED ). For dialogue agents, understanding sarcasm is even more crucial as there is a need to normalize its sarcastic undertone and deliver appropriate responses. Conversations interspersed with sarcastic statements often use contrastive language to convey the opposite of what is being said. In a real-world setting, understanding sarcasm goes beyond negat-5956 ing a dialogue's language and involves the acute comprehension of audio-visual cues. Additionally, due to the presence of essential temporal, contextual, and speaker-dependent information, sarcasm understanding in conversation manifests as a challenging problem. Consequently, many studies in the domain of dialogue systems have investigated sarcasm from textual, multimodal, and conversational standpoints (Ghosh et al., 2018; Castro et al., 2019; Oraby et al., 2017; Bedi et al., 2021). However, baring some exceptions (Mishra et al., 2019; Dubey et al., 2019; Chakrabarty et al., 2020), research on figurative language has focused predominantly on its identification rather than its comprehension and normalization. This paper addresses this gap by attempting to generate natural language explanations of satirical dialogues. To illustrate the proposed problem statement, we show an example in Figure 1. It contains a dyadic conversation of four utterances (cid:104) u 1 , u 2 , u 3 , u 4 (cid:105) , where the last utterance ( u 4 ) is a sarcastic remark. Note that in this example, although the opposite of what is being said is, I don't have to think about it," it is not what the speaker means; thus, it enforces our hypothesis that sarcasm explanation goes beyond simply negating the dialogue's language. The discourse is also accompanied by ancillary audio-visual markers of satire such as an ironical intonation of the pitch, a blank face, or roll of the eyes. Thus, conglomerating the conversation history, multimodal signals, and speaker information, SED aims to generate a coherent and cohesive natural language explanation associated with sarcastic dialogues. For the task at hand, we extend MASAC (Bedi et al., 2021)  a sarcasm detection dataset for code-mixed conversations  by augmenting it with natural language explanations for each sarcastic dialogue. We name the dataset WITS 1 . The dataset is a compilation of sarcastic dialogues from a popular Indian TV show. Along with the textual transcripts of the conversations, the dataset also contains multimodal signals of audio and video. We experiment with unimodal as well as multimodal models to benchmark WITS. Text, being the driving force of the explanations, is given the primary importance, and thus, we compare a number of established text-based sequence-to-sequence systems on WITS. To incorporate multimodal information, we propose a unique fusion scheme of 1 WITS: Why Is This Sarcastic" Multimodal Context-Aware Attention (MCA2). Inspired by Yang et al. (2019), this attention variant facilitates deep semantic interaction between the multimodal signals and textual representations by conditioning the key and value vectors with audio-visual information and then performing dot product attention with these modified vectors. The generated audio and video information-informed textual representations are then combined using the Global Information Fusion Mechanism (GIF). The gating mechanism of GIF allows for the selective inclusion of information relevant to the satirical language and also prohibits any multimodal noise from seeping into the model. We further propose MAF ( Modality Aware Fusion ) module where the aforementioned mechanisms are introduced in the Generative Pretrained Models (GPLMs) as adapter modules. Our fusion strategy outperforms the text-based baselines and the traditional multimodal fusion schemes in terms of multiple text-generation metrics. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative analysis of the generated explanations. In a nutshell, our contributions are four fold:  We propose Sarcasm Explanation in Dialogue (SED), a novel task aimed at generating a natural language explanation for a given sarcastic dialogue, elucidating the intended irony. We extend an existing sarcastic dialogue dataset, to curate WITS, a novel dataset containing human annotated gold standard explanations. We benchmark our dataset using MAF-TAVB and MAF-TAVM variants of BART and mBART, respectively, that incorporate the audio-visual cues using a unique context-aware attention mechanism. We carry out extensive quantitative and qualitative analysis along with human evaluation to assess the quality of the generated explanations. Reproducibility: The source codes and the dataset can be found here: https://github.com/LCS2-IIITD/MAF.git. Sarcasm and Text: Joshi et al. (2017) presented a well-compiled survey on computational sarcasm where the authors expanded on the relevant datasets, trends, and issues for automatic sarcasm identification. Early work in sarcasm detection dealt with standalone text inputs like tweets and reviews (Kreuz and Caucci, 2007; Tsur et al., 2010; 5957 Joshi et al., 2015; Peled and Reichart, 2017). These initial works mostly focused on the use of linguistic and lexical features to spot the markers of sarcasm (Kreuz and Caucci, 2007; Tsur et al., 2010). More recently, attention-based architectures are proposed to harness the interand intra-sentence relationships in texts for efficient sarcasm identification (Tay et al., 2018; Xiong et al., 2019; Srivastava et al., 2020). Analysis of figurative language has also been extensively explored in conversational AI setting. Ghosh et al. (2017) utilised attention-based RNNs to identify sarcasm in the presence of context. Two separate LSTMs-with-attention were trained for the two inputs (sentence and context) and their hidden representations were combined during the prediction. The study of sarcasm identification has also expanded beyond the English language. Bharti et al. (2017) collected a Hindi corpus of 2000 sarcastic tweets and employed rule-based approaches to detect sarcasm. Swami et al. (2018) curated a dataset of 5000 satirical Hindi-English code-mixed tweets and used n-gram feature vectors with various ML models for sarcasm detection. Other notable studies include Arabic (Abu Farha and Magdy, 2020), Spanish (Ortega-Bueno et al., 2019), and Italian (Cignarella et al., 2018) languages. Sarcasm and Multimodality: In the conversational setting, MUStARD, a multimodal, multi-speaker dataset compiled by Castro et al. (2019) is considered the benchmark for multimodal sarcasm identification. Chauhan et al. (2020) leveraged the intrinsic interdependency between emotions and sarcasm and devised a multi-task framework for multimodal sarcasm detection. Currently, Hasan et al. (2021) performed the best on this dataset with their humour knowledge enriched transformer model. Recently, Bedi et al. (2021) proposed a code-mixed multi-party dialogue dataset, MASAC, for sarcasm and humor detection. In the bimodal setting, sarcasm identification with tweets containing images has also been well explored (Cai et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2020; Pan et al., 2020) . Beyond Sarcasm Identification: While studies in computational sarcasm have predominantly focused on sarcasm identification, some forays have been made into other domains of figurative language analysis. Dubey et al. (2019) initiated the work of converting sarcastic utterances into their non-sarcastic interpretations using deep learning. In another direction, Mishra et al. (2019) devised a modular unsupervised technique for sarcasm generation by introducing context incongruity through fact removal and incongruous phrase insertion. Following this, Chakrabarty et al. (2020) proposed a retrieve-and-edit-based unsupervised framework for sarcasm generation. Their proposed model leverages the valence reversal and semantic incongruity to generate sarcastic sentences from their non-sarcastic counterparts. In summary, much work has been done in sarcasm detection, but little, if any, effort has been placed into explaining the irony behind sarcasm . This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing a new problem definition and a supporting dataset. Situational comedies, or Sitcoms' , vividly depict human behaviour and mannerism in everyday real-life settings. Consequently, the NLP research community has successfully used such data for sarcasm identification (Castro et al., 2019; Bedi et al., 2021). However, as there is no current dataset tailored for the proposed task, we curate a new dataset named WITS, where we augment the already existing MASAC dataset (Bedi et al., 2021) with explanations for our task. MASAC is a multimodal, multi-party, Hindi-English code-mixed dialogue dataset compiled from the popular Indian TV show, Sarabhai v/s Sarabhai' 2 . We manually analyze the data and clean it for our task. While the original dataset contained 45 episodes of the TV series, we add 10 more episodes along with their transcription and audio-visual boundaries. Subsequently, we select the sarcastic utterances from this augmented dataset and manually define the utterances to be included in the dialogue context for each of them. Finally, we are left with 2240 sarcastic dialogues with the number of contextual utterances ranging from 2 to 27 . Each of these instances is manually 2 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1518542/ 5958 5 10 15 20 25 Number of utterances in a dialog 0 100 200 300 400 500 N u m b e r o f d i a l o g s annotated with a corresponding natural language explanation interpreting its sarcasm. Each explanation contains four primary attributes  source and target of sarcasm, action word for sarcasm, and an optional description for the satire as illustrated in Figure 1. In the explanation Indu implies that Maya is not looking good.", Indu' is the sarcasm source, Maya' is the target, implies' is the action word, while is not looking good' forms the description part of the explanation. We collect explanations in code-mixed format to keep consistency with the dialogue language. We split the data into train/val/test sets in an 80:10:10 ratio for our experiments, resulting in 1792 dialogues in the train set and 224 dialogues each in the validation and test sets. The next section illustrates the annotation process in more detail. Table 1 and Figure 2 show detailed statistics of WITS. Each of the instance in WITS is associated with a corresponding video, audio, and textual transcript such that the last utterance is sarcastic in nature. We first manually define the number of contextual utterances required to understand the sarcasm present in the last utterance of each dialogue. Further, we provide each of these sarcastic statements, along with their context, to the annotators who are asked to generate an explanation for these instances based on the audio, video, and text cues. Two annotators were asked to annotate the entire dataset. The target explanation is selected by calculating the cosine similarity between the two explanations. If the cosine similarity is greater than 90% then the shorter length explanation is selected as the target explanation. Otherwise, a third annotator goes through the dialogue along with the explanations and resolves the conflict. The average cosine similarity after the first pass is 87 . 67% . All the final selected explanations contain the following attributes:  Sarcasm source: The speaker in the dialog who is being sarcastic. Sarcasm target: The person/ thing towards whom the sarcasm is directed. Action word: Verb/ action used to describe how the sarcasm is taking place. For e.g. mocks, insults, taunts, etc. Description: A description about the scene which helps in understanding the sarcasm. Figure 1 represents an example annotation from WITS with its attributes. In this section, we present our model and its nuances. The primary goal is to smoothly integrate multimodal knowledge into the BART architecture. To this end, we introduce Multimodal Aware Fusion (MAF), an adapter-based module that comprises of Multimodal Context-Aware Attention (MCA2) and Global Information Fusion (GIF) mechanisms. Given the textual input sarcastic dialogue along with the audio-video cues, the former aptly introduces multimodal information in the textual representations, while the latter conglomerates the audiovisual information infused textual representations. This adapter module can be readily incorporated at multiple layers of BART/mBART to facilitate various levels of multimodal interaction. Figure 3 illustrates our model architecture. The traditional dot-product-based cross-modal attention scheme leads to the direct interaction of textual representations with other modalities. Here the text representations act as the query against the multimodal representations, which serve as the key and value. As each modality comes from a different embedding subspace, a direct fusion of multimodal information might not retain maximum contextual information and can also leak substantial noise in the final representations. Thus, based on the find-ings of Yang et al. (2019), we propose multimodal fusion through Context Aware Attention . We first generate multimodal information conditioned key and value vectors and then perform the traditional scaled dot-product attention. We elaborate on the process below. Given the intermediate representation H generated by the GPLMs at a specific layer, we calculate the query, key, and value vectors Q , K , and V  R n  d , respectively, as given in Equation 1, where WQ , WK , and WV  R d  d are learnable parameters. Here, n denotes the maximum sequence length of the text, and d denotes the dimensionality of the GPLM generated vector. Let C  R n  d c denote the vector obtained from audio or visual representation. We generate multimodal information informed key and value vectors  K and  V , respectively, as given by Yang et al. (2019). To decide how much information to integrate from the multimodal source and how much information to retain from the textual modality, we learn matrix   R n  1 (Equation 3). Note that U k and U v  R d c  d are learnable matrices. Instead of making  k and  v as hyperparame-ters, we let the model decide their values using a gating mechanism as computed in Equation 3. The matrices of W k 1 , W k 2 , W v 1 , and W v 2  R d  1 are trained along with the model. Finally, the multimodal information infused vectors  K and  V are used to compute the traditional scaled dot-product attention. For our case, we have two modalities  audio and video. Using 5960 the context-aware attention mechanism , we obtain the acoustic-information-infused and visual-information infused vectors HA and HV , respectively (c.f. Equations 4 and 5). H a = Softmax ( Q  K Ta  d k )  V a (4) H v = Softmax ( Q  K Tv  d k )  V v (5) 4.2 Global Information Fusion In order to combine the information from both the acoustic and visual modalities, we design the GIF block. We propose two gates, namely the acoustic gate ( g a ) and the visual gate ( g v ) to control the amount of information transmitted by each modality. They are as follows: g a = [ H  H a ] W a + b a (6) g v = [ H  H v ] W v + b v (7) Here, W a , W v  R 2 d  d and b a , b v  R d  1 are trainable parameters, and  denotes concatenation. The final multimodal information fused representation  H is given by Equation 8. In this section, we illustrate our feature extraction strategy, the comparative systems, followed by the results and its analysis. For a quantitative analysis of the generated explanations, we use the standard metrics for generative tasks  ROUGE-1/2/L (Lin, 2004), BLEU-1/2/3/4 (Papineni et al., 2002), and METEOR (Denkowski and Lavie, 2014). To capture the semantic similarity, we use the multilingual version of the BERTScore (Zhang et al., 2019). Audio: Acoustic representations for each instance are obtained using the openSMILE python library 3 . We use a window size of 25 ms and a window shift of 10 ms to get the non-overlapping frames. Further, we employ the eGeMAPS model (Eyben et al., 2016) and extract 154 dimensional functional features such as Mel Frequency Cep-stral Coefficients (MFCCs) and loudness for each 3 https://audeering.github.io/ opensmile-python/ frame of the instance. These features are then fed to a Transformer encoder (Vaswani et al., 2017) for further processing. Video: We use a pre-trained action recognition model, ResNext-101 (Hara et al., 2018), trained on the Kinetics dataset (Kay et al., 2017) which can recognise 101 different actions. We use a frame rate of 1 . 5 , a resolution of 720 pixels, and a window length of 16 to extract the 2048 dimensional visual features. Similar to audio feature extraction, we employ a Transformer encoder (Vaswani et al., 2017) to capture the sequential dialogue context in the representations. To get the best textual representations for the dialogues, we experiment with various sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) architectures. RNN: We use the openNMT 4 implementation of the RNN seq-to-seq architecture. Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017): The standard Transformer encoder and decoder are used to generate explanations in this case. Pointer Generator Network (See et al., 2017): A seq-to-seq architecture that allows the generation of new words as well as copying words from the input text for generating accurate summaries. BART (Lewis et al., 2020): It is a denoising auto-encoder model with standard machine translation architecture with a bidirectional encoder and an auto-regressive left-to-right decoder. We use its base version. mBART (Liu et al., 2020): Following the same architecture and objective as BART, mBART is trained on large-scale monolingual corpora in different languages 5 . Text Based: As evident from Table 2, BART performs the best across all the metrics for the textual modality, showing an improvement of almost 2 3% on the METEOR and ROUGE scores when compared with the next best baseline. PGN, RNN, and Transformers demonstrate admissible performance considering that they have been trained from scratch. However, it is surprising to see mBART not performing better than BART as it is trained on multilingual data. We elaborate more on this in Appendix A.1. Multimodality: Psychological and linguistic literature suggests that there exist distinct paralinguistic cues that aid in comprehending sarcasm and humour (Attardo et al., 2003; Tabacaru and Lem-mens, 2014). Thus, we gradually merge auditory and visual modalities using MAF module and obtain MAF-TAVB and MAF-TAVM for BART and mBART, respectively. We observe that the inclusion of acoustic signals leads to noticeable gains of 2 3% across the ROUGE, BLEU, and METEOR scores. The rise in BERTScore also suggests that the multimodal variant generates a tad more coherent explanations. As ironical intonations such as mimicry, monotone, flat contour, extremes of pitch, long pauses, and exaggerated pitch (Rock-well, 2007) form a significant component in sarcasm understanding, we surmise that our model, to some extent, is able to spot such markers and identify the intended sarcasm behind them. We notice that visual information also contributes to our cause. Significant performance gains are observed for MAF-TVB and MAF-TVM , as all the metrics show a rise of about 3 4% . While MAF-TAB gives marginally better performance over MAF-TVB in terms of R1, RL, and B1, we see that MAF-TVB performs better in terms of the rest of the metrics. Often, sarcasm is depicted through gestural cues such as raised eyebrows, a straight face, or an eye roll (Attardo et al., 2003). Moreover, when satire is conveyed by mocking someone's looks or physical appearances, it becomes essential to incorporate information expressed through visual media. Thus, we can say that, to some extent, our model is able to capture these nuances of non-verbal cues and use them well to normalize the sarcasm in a dialogue. In summary, we conjecture that whether independent or together, audio-visual signals bring essential information to the table for understanding sarcasm. Table 3 reports the ablation study. CONCAT 1 represents the case where we perform bimodal concatenation ( ( T  A ) , ( T  V ) ) instead of the MCA2 mechanism, followed by the GIF module, whereas, CONCAT 2 represents the simple trimodal concatenation ( T  A  V ) of acoustic, visual, and textual representations followed by a linear layer for dimensionality reduction. In comparison with MCA2 , CONCAT 2 reports a below-average performance with a significant drop of more than 14% for MAF-TAVB and MAF-TAVM . This highlights the need to have deftly crafted multimodal fusion mechanisms. CONCAT 1, on the other hand, gives good performance and is competitive with DPA and MAF-TAVB . We speculate that treating the audio and video modalities separately and then merging them to retain the complimentary and differential features lead to this performance gain. Our proposed MAF outperforms DPA with gains of 1 3% . This underlines that our unique multimodal fusion strategy is aptly able to capture the contextual information provided by the audio and video signals. Replacing the GIF module with simple addition, we observe a noticeable decline in the performance across almost all metrics by about 2 3% . This attests to the inclusion of GIF module over simple addition. We also experiment with fusing multimodal information using MAF before different layers of the BART encoder. The best performance was obtained when the fusion was done before the sixth layer of the architecture (c.f. Appendix A.2). We evaluate the generated explanations based on their ability to correctly identify the source and target of a sarcastic comment in a conversation. We report such results for mBART, BART, MAF-TAB , MAF-TVB , and MAF-TAVB . BART performs better than mBART for the source as well as target identification. We observe that the inclusion of audio (  10%) and video (  8%) information dras-5962 INDRAVARDHAN:AcchasunoMonishatumhaaregharmeinbeenyaaisakuuchhain? tically improves the source identification capability of the model. The combination of both these nonverbal cues leads to a whopping improvement of more than 13% for the same. As a result, we infer that multimodal fusion enables the model to incorporate audio-visual peculiarities unique to each speaker, resulting in improved source identification. The performance for target identification, however, drops slightly on the inclusion of multimodality. We encourage future work in this direction. Qualitative Analysis. We analyze the best performing model, MAF-TAVB , and its corresponding unimodal model, BART, and present some examples in Table 4. In Table 4a, we show one instance where the explanations generated by the BART as well as MAF-TAVB are neither coherent nor comply with the dialogue context and contain much scope of improvement. On the other hand, Table 4b illustrates an instance where the explanation generated by MAF-TAVB adheres to the topic of the dialogue, unlike the one generated by its unimodal counterpart. Table 4c depicts a dialogue where MAF-TAVB 's explanation better captures the satire than BART. We further dissect the models based on different modalities in Appendix A.3. manually inspect the generated results. Consequently, we perform a human evaluation for a sample of 30 instances from our test set with the help of 25 evaluators 6 . We ask the evaluators to judge the generated explanation, given the transcripts of the sarcastic dialogues along with a small video clip with audio as well. Each evaluator has to see the video clips and then rate the generated explanations on a scale of 0 to 5 based on the following factors 7 :  Coherence: Measures how well the explanations are organized and structured. Related to dialogue: Measures whether the generated explanation adheres to the topic of the dialogue. Related to sarcasm: Measures whether the explanation is talking about something related to the sarcasm present in the dialogue. Table 6 presents the human evaluation analysis with average scores for each of the aforementioned categories. Our scrutiny suggests that MAF-TAVB generates more syntactically coherent explanations when compared with its textual and bimodal counterparts. Also, MAF-TAVB and MAF-TVB generate explanations that are more focused on the conversation's topic, as we see an increase of 0 . 55 points in the related to the dialogue category. Thus, we reestablish that these models are able to incorporate information that is explicitly absent from the dialogue, such as scene description, facial fea-6 Evaluators are the experts in linguistics and NLP and their age ranges in 20-28 years. different models. Multimodal models are BART based. tures, and looks of the characters. Furthermore, we establish that MAF-TAVB is better able to grasp sarcasm and its normalization, as it shows about 0 . 6 points improvement over BART in the related to sarcasm category. Lastly, as none of the metrics in Table 6 exhibit high scores ( 3 . 5+ ), we feel there is still much scope for improvement in terms of the generation performance and human evaluation. The research community can further explore the task with our proposed dataset, WITS. In this work, we proposed the new task of Sarcasm Explanation in Dialogue ( SED ) , which aims to generate a natural language explanation for sarcastic conversations. We curated WITS, a novel multimodal, multiparty, code-mixed, dialogue dataset to support the SED task. We experimented with multiple text and multimodal baselines, which give promising results on the task at hand. Furthermore, we designed a unique multimodal fusion scheme to merge the textual, acoustic, and visual features via Multimodal Context-Aware Attention (MCA2) and Global Information Fusion (GIF) mechanisms. As hypothesized, the results show that acoustic and visual features support our task and thus, generate better explanations. We show extensive qualitative analysis of the explanations obtained from different models and highlight their advantages as well as pitfalls. We also perform a thorough human evaluation to compare the performance of the models with that of human understanding. Though the models augmented with the proposed fusion strategy perform better than the rest, the human evaluation suggested there is still room for improvement which can be further explored in future studies. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Ramanujan Fellowship (SERB, India), In-fosys Centre for AI (CAI) at IIIT-Delhi, and ihub-Anubhuti-iiitd Foundation set up under the NM-ICPS scheme of the Department of Science and Technology, India.
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