The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" id="mwOA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Pietro Leopoldo I</a>, becomes the first modern state to abolish the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment" id="mwOg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> (later commemorated as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_for_Life_Day" id="mwOw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cities for Life Day">Cities for Life Day</a>).<sup about="#mwt35" class="mw-ref reference" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-5"}}' id="cite_ref-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref"><a href="./November_30#cite_note-5" id="mwPA" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 5;"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwPQ">[5]</span></a></sup>
<span class="mw-reference-text" id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-5"><cite about="#mwt32" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBessler2022">Bessler, John (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3maEAAAQBAJ" id="mwB5M" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow"><i id="mwB5Q">The Death Penalty's Denial of Fundamental Human Rights: International Law, State Practice, and the Emerging Abolitionist Norm</i></a>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p.<span id="mwB5U" typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>52. <a class="mw-redirect" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" id="mwB5Y" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a><span id="mwB5c" typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a href="./Special:BookSources/9781108845571" id="mwB5g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Special:BookSources/9781108845571"><bdi id="mwB5k">9781108845571</bdi></a>.</cite><span about="#mwt32" class="Z3988" id="mwB5o" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Death+Penalty%27s+Denial+of+Fundamental+Human+Rights%3A+International+Law%2C+State+Practice%2C+and+the+Emerging+Abolitionist+Norm&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&amp;rft.pages=52&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.isbn=9781108845571&amp;rft.aulast=Bessler&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3maEAAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovember+30"></span></span>