The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" id="mwtQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> promulgates the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" id="mwtg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Qinding Xianfa Dagang</a>, the first constitutional document in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" id="mwtw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="History of China">history of China</a>, transforming the Qing empire into a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" id="mwuA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<sup about="#mwt48" class="mw-ref reference" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-7"}}' id="cite_ref-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref"><a href="./August_27#cite_note-7" id="mwuQ" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 7;"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwug">[7]</span></a></sup>
<span class="mw-reference-text" id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-7"><cite about="#mwt45" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFYong'an_RenXianyang_Lu2020">Yong'an Ren; Xianyang Lu (13 May 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edTkDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA22" id="mwB6I" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow"><i id="mwB6M">A New Study on the Judicial Administrative System with Chinese Characteristics</i></a>. Springer Nature. p.<span id="mwB6Q" typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>22. <a class="mw-redirect" href="./ISBN_(identifier)" id="mwB6U" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a><span id="mwB6Y" typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a href="./Special:BookSources/9789811541827" id="mwB6c" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Special:BookSources/9789811541827"><bdi id="mwB6g">9789811541827</bdi></a>.</cite><span about="#mwt45" class="Z3988" id="mwB6k" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+New+Study+on+the+Judicial+Administrative+System+with+Chinese+Characteristics&amp;rft.pages=22&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Nature&amp;rft.date=2020-05-13&amp;rft.isbn=9789811541827&amp;rft.au=Yong%27an+Ren&amp;rft.au=Xianyang+Lu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedTkDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+27"></span></span>