French physicist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" id="mwUQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Augustin-Jean Fresnel</a>, in a memoir read to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" id="mwUg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="French Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a>, coins the terms <i id="mwUw"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_polarization" id="mwVA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Linear polarization">linear polarization</a></i>, <i id="mwVQ"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarization" id="mwVg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Circular polarization">circular polarization</a></i>, and <i id="mwVw"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptical_polarization" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Elliptical polarization">elliptical polarization</a></i>, and reports a direct refraction experiment verifying his theory that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_rotation" id="mwWQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Optical rotation">optical rotation</a> is a form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence" id="mwWg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Birefringence">birefringence</a>.<sup about="#mwt51" class="mw-ref reference" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"fresnel-1822z"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-fresnel-1822z-8"}}' id="cite_ref-fresnel-1822z_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref"><a href="./December_9#cite_note-fresnel-1822z-8" id="mwWw" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 8;"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwXA">[8]</span></a></sup>