ABSTRACT#R##N##R##N#The many-to-one and hop-by-hop traffic pattern in wireless sensor networks exhibits a unique funnelling effect that results in a significant increase in transit traffic intensity, package collision among different links and congestion as closing toward the sink. Some techniques, such as congestion control and aggregation, can help counter these problems. However, they cannot fully alleviate funnelling effect. In this paper, we use a different and novel approach to solve this problem. The proportional fairness backoff scheme is based on the carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance protocol and makes the network's throughput maximum with proportional fairness (data transmission fairness between different nodes). Furthermore, this proportional fairness backoff scheduling scheme can dynamically adjust each sensor node's backoff window on the basis of Kelly's shadow price theory. Further, on the basis of the newly designed throughput analysis model, we discuss the throughput of the carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance-type network. With theoretical analysis and extensive simulations, we show that proportional fairness backoff can effectively mitigate funnelling effect and then improve the network's throughput; at the same time, it keeps effective throughput increase even if the network is high-loaded. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
['Yuanfang Chen', 'Mingchu Li', 'Lei Shu', 'Lei Wang', 'Takahiro Hara']
A proportional fairness backoff scheme for funnelling effect in wireless sensor networks