Indoor localization based on signal strength fingerprinting has received significant attention from the community. This method is attractive because it does not require complex hardware beyond a simple radio transmitter. However, its main limitation is the inaccuracy caused by the variability of the signal strength. When applied to the localization of people, the signal variability can be attributed to three main sources: environmental dynamics (movement of people or objects), movement of transceiver (changes in the position and/or orientation of the transceivers) and body effects (distortion of the wireless signal due to body absorption). Our work focuses on the impact of the last two sources and provides two important contributions. First, we present an analysis to quantify the effects of antenna disorientation and transmitter misplacement. For the RFID system used in our work, these effects can decrease the localization accuracy by up to 50%. Motivated by these results, we identify parts of the human body where tags are less affected by unintentional movements. Second, we describe how multiple transmitters can be used to overcome the absorption effects of the human body. Our results indicate that four transmitters provide a reasonable trade-off between accuracy and hardware cost. We validate our findings through an extensive set of measurements gathered in a home environment. Our tests indicate that by following the guidelines proposed in this paper, the localization accuracy can improve from around 20% up to 88%.
['Stephan Wagner', 'Marcus Handte', 'Marco Zuniga', 'Pedro José Marrón']
On optimal tag placement for indoor localization