Motivation: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded non-coding molecules that usually function as negative regulators to silence or suppress gene expression. Owning to the dynamic nature of miRNA and reduced microarray and sequencing costs, a growing number of researchers are now measuring high-dimensional miRNA expression data using repeated or multiple measures in which each individual has more than one sample collected and measured over time. However, the commonly used univariate association testing or the site-by-site (SBS) testing may underutilize the longitudinal feature of the data, leading to underpowered results and less biologically meaningful results.#R##N##R##N#Results: We propose a penalized regression model incorporating grid search method (PGS), for analyzing associations of high-dimensional miRNA expression data with repeated measures. The development of this analytical framework was motivated by a real-world miRNA dataset. Comparisons between PGS and the SBS testing revealed that PGS provided smaller phenotype prediction errors and higher enrichment of phenotype-related biological pathways than the SBS testing. Our extensive simulations showed that PGS provided more accurate estimates and higher sensitivity than the SBS testing with comparable specificities.#R##N##R##N#Availability and implementation: R source code for PGS algorithm, implementation example and simulation study are available for download at https://github.com/feizhe/PGS.#R##N##R##N#Contact: y-zheng@northwestern.edu#R##N##R##N#Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
['Yinan Zheng', 'Zhe Fei', 'Wei Zhang', 'Justin Starren', 'Lei Liu', 'Andrea Baccarelli', 'Yi Li', 'Lifang Hou']
PGS: a tool for association study of high-dimensional microRNA expression data with repeated measures