User experience (UX) has become a central theme in user-centered design. It draws attention to the experiential side of use and sets new requirements for software design. Waiting and interruptions can be a source of negative experiences with interactive systems. This review paper discusses the subjective experience of time as a part of UX. It also provides advice on how to influence UX through time-considerate design. We start from the psychological theory of time perception and expand this cognitivist model to a direction compatible with affective computing. The outcome describes the interplay between cognition and affect through a concept of subjectively experienced time. We introduce six design guidelines for time-considerate design of everyday applications. Our design implications concern dialogues, progress indicators, and cost-effective system optimization relevant for UX. We point out the need for empirical research to fill in the gaps in the literature, particularly regarding user adjustment and its implications.
['Lassi A. Liikkanen', 'Paula Gómez Gómez']
Designing interactive systems for the experience of time