We analyse the Crowds anonymity protocol under the novel assumption that the attacker has independent knowledge on behavioural patterns of individual users. Under such conditions we study, reformulate and extend Reiter and Rubin's notion of probable innocence, and provide a new formalisation for it based on the concept of protocol vulnerability. Accordingly, we establish new formal relationships between protocol parameters and attackers' knowledge expressing necessary and sufficient conditions to ensure probable innocence.
['Sardaouna Hamadou', 'Catuscia Palamidessi', 'Vladimiro Sassone', 'Ehab ElSalamouny']
Probable innocence in the presence of independent knowledge