Two groups of non-native adult learners of Mandarin in Australia were compared in their ability to perceive monosyllabic Mandarin words contrasting in lexical tones. They differed in their linguistic experience (non-heritage (n=7), heritage (n=8)). A group of seven native Mandarin speakers was included as controls. All non-native learners used English as their primary language of communication. However, the heritage learners were able to communicate in Cantonese as well as English. The question of interest was whether heritage learners' knowledge of contrastive tone in Cantonese might give them an advantage over Englishspeaking learners in perceiving tone contrasts in Mandarin. In general, there were more similarities than differences between the two groups in their response patterns. Of the six tone contrasts examined (T1-T2, T1-T3, T1-T4, T2-T3, T2-T4, T3-T4), the two groups of learners clearly diverged on T1-T2 and T1-T4 contrasts in opposite directions. The heritage learners were more accurate on T1-T2 and less accurate on T1-T4 than the non-heritage learners who speak Australian English as their first language. Thus, we conclude that simply having an exposure to and functional knowledge of another tonal language since early childhood does not guarantee accurate perception of Mandarin tones compared to adult learners without prior experience with tonal languages.
['Kimiko Tsukada', 'Hui Ling Xu', 'Nan Xu Rattanasone']
The perception of Mandarin tones by learners from heritage and non-heritage backgrounds