Visual dictionaries are a critical component for image classification/retrieval systems based on the bag-of-visual-words (BoVW) model. Dictionaries are usually learned without supervision from a training set of images sampled from the collection of interest. However, for large, general-purpose, dynamic image collections (e.g., the Web), obtaining a representative sample in terms of semantic concepts is not straightforward. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of semantics in the dictionary quality, aiming at verifying the importance of semantic diversity in relation visual diversity for visual dictionaries. In the experiments, we vary the amount of classes used for creating the dictionary and then compute different BoVW descriptors, using multiple codebook sizes and different coding and pooling methods (standard BoVW and Fisher Vectors). Results for image classification show that as visual dictionaries are based on low-level visual appearances, visual diversity is more important than semantic diversity. Our conclusions open the opportunity to alleviate the burden in generating visual dictionaries as we need only a visually diverse set of images instead of the whole collection to create a good dictionary.
['Otávio Augusto Bizetto Penatti', 'Sandra Eliza Fontes de Avila', 'Eduardo Valle', 'Ricardo da Silva Torres']
Semantic Diversity versus Visual Diversity in Visual Dictionaries