text: On Saturday (June 13), the Health Ministry included loss of the sense of smell and taste among the symptoms of Covid-19: “loss of smell (anosmia) or loss of taste (ageusia) preceding the onset of respiratory symptoms has also been reported”. One of the more recently identified symptoms of Covid-19, loss of smell has also been recognised as such by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the health authorities of some countries, including the US and the UK.
  But why do some Covid-19 patients lose their sense of smell? A recent study on mice, in the American Chemical Society’s journal ACS Chemical Neuroscience, explored that question.
  SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, hijacks two human proteins to invade cells. One is the ACE2 “receptor” on the cell surface (the virus binds itself to it) and the other is called TMPRSS2, which the virus uses to replicate its genetic material.
  The sustentacular cells help transfer odours from the air to neurons.
  Butowt and colleagues first used various methods to measure the levels of expression of the two proteins. They found that the mature olfactory neurons do not express ACE2, while the sustentacular cells do.
  “The sense of smell in Covid-19 patients appears to be lost, because the sustentacular cells assist neurons in sensing odours, probably by processing odour-binding proteins,” Butowt said.
  Identifying these cells could help in the development of more accurate diagnostic tests, the researchers said. They have called for future studies should examine whether sustentacular cells can pass the virus to neurons, which could provide SARS-CoV-2 a route to infect the brain.
  The researchers also found that larger amounts of the proteins are made in older mice than in younger ones. “These are significant findings, because the more entry proteins a host cell has, the easier it is for the virus to bind, enter and infect that cell. The high levels of entry proteins in the nasal epithelium may explain why older humans are more likely to become infected with the novel coronavirus than younger humans,” Butowt said.
  The question is whether what was observed in mice happens in humans too. “It is known that the entry proteins have similar expression patterns among mammalian species — meaning that the mouse appears to be suitable model for the human condition,” Butowt said.
  Earlier research had identified two kinds of cells in the nose as the likely first entry points for the virus. These are goblet cells (which produce mucus) and ciliated cells (which help sweep mucus to the throat so it can be swallowed).
  That study, too, had drawn its conclusions from the expression of the two entry proteins. Using the Human Cell Atlas database, it looked at data from different tissues of non-infected people. It found that these two proteins had the highest presence in goblet and ciliated cells.
  There is a key difference in what the two studies looked at. The previous study, by researchers of UK’s Wellcome Sangner Institute, looked at all human cells and identified goblet and ciliated cells as the likely first points of entry. These occur in the respiratory epithelium, the tissue lining most of the respiratory tract.
  The new study in mice looked specifically at the olfactory epithelium, which is inside the nasal cavity. It is within the olfactory epithelium that sustentacular cells showed the highest presence of the two key proteins.
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  Asked if the findings are in conflict, Butowt said all studies depend on the method used. “However what is sure is that sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium have highest level of SARS-CoV-2 receptors as compared to other cells in olfactory epithelium, and ciliary and goblet cells I may say the same as compared to other cells in the respiratory epithelium. But direct comparison between respiratory and olfactory epithelium requires further studies with more techniques,” Butowt said.
  “… There are few studies now, and some require further examinations to resolve inconsistencies between the results,” Butowt added. “That is how real science works I think.”