text: Hi, in today’s article, we’re going to be looking at Instruction Set Architecture or ISA vs Clock speed.
  ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) refers to the list of commands that a CPU is programmed to carry out (execute).
  The word “clock speed” is very ubiquitous these days. Everyone tends to use it. I am sure that a lot of us must have had frustrating discussions with tech illiterates. Many of whom are fully convinced that clock speed is the number one criteria for assessing SoC performances for smartphones.
  Today we are going to look at these two factors (ISA vs Clock speed) to see which one determines the performance of CPU cores in smartphones. We’ll also get to see which one is more important.
  INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE (ISA)
  An Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) or simply architecture is a list of commands that are supported by the processor in a smartphone. If you issue a command to your phone that is not included in the instruction set, it would be unable to carry out that instruction.
  Sometimes we may try to install, load or use an app that needs certain commands to function properly. If these commands are not included in the ISA used in building your SoC, either CPU cores or GPU or even ISP as well, such an instruction would be unsupported.
  This is why when you issue certain commands to your phone, the phone would reject such a command. It would simply display “error” or “this action is not supported”.
  Here is an example of how an instruction set looks like;
  - Add – Join 2 numbers together arithmetically
  - Compare – Compare numbers logically
  - In – Input information from a device or app e.g. camera or keyboard
  - Jump – Jump to designated RAM address
  - Jump if – conditional statement that jumps to a designated RAM address.
  - Load – Load information into RAM from CPU
  - Out – output information to a device e.g. monitor/display
  - Store – store information to RAM
  The ISA is an abstract model of a working CPU core. The making of it is called an implementation. The ISA is a part of the computer processor that pertains to programming. It is also called machine language. It tells the processor what it is supposed to do as well as how to do it (commands).
  Read: What is ARMv9?
  All smartphone processor cores are made using Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) by ARM.
  The RISC used for smartphones is called Arm architecture and it comes in several versions. The newer versions are always better and support more commands and instructions than the previous versions. They are Armv8-A, Armv8.1-A, Armv8.2-A, Armv8.3-A, Armv8.4-A, Armv8.5-A and Armv8.6-A.
  In April 2021, ARMv9 was announced. It has been followed by ARMv9.2 which brings a lot more power but less battery consumption.
  There are certain steps that a CPU core takes during the processing of data. It is called the fetch-decode-execute phase.
  The CPU fetches the data, decodes it and then executes the instruction on the data. The fetch-decode-execute phase is equal to one clock cycle.
  Clock speed (or clock rate) can be defined as the operating speed of a computer or its microprocessor, expressed in cycles per second (hertz). The clock speed determines how steps are completed in one sec. It tells how fast a CPU can performs it is measured in Gigahertz (GHz). If you are getting a phone, the speed should be at least 1.6GHz. Flagship phones can be as fast as 3.2GHz.
  ISA vs Clock speed
  Clock speed is only good for comparing the performance of two SoCs in the same family e.g SD665 vs SD660, Helio P60 vs P65, SD865 vs SD865+ etc.
  The ISA on the other hand tells the extent of a SoC’s abilities and capabilities. The ISA that a CPU core is built from is more important than the speed.
  This is why an SoC built with Armv8.2-A will destroy an SoC built from Armv8-A regardless of the clock speed. SD660 with a clock speed of 2.2GHz is not as good as a Helio G90T with 2.0GHz.
  When shopping for your next phone, do well to check what instruction set the SoC is built on. Always prioritize a newer instruction set over clock speed.
  This brings us to the end of this blog post, if there are any questions or contributions definitely hit me with it in the comment section. Thank you for reading to the end🤗.
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  Thanks for sharing. I’ve learnt something new today.
  You’re welcome brother.