text: Ever wonder how the Internet goes from one point of the world all the way across to the other side? This article explains.
  Answer: Via submarine communications transatlantic cable, a cable laid on the sea bed between land-based stations to carry telecommunication signals across stretches of ocean. The cable is used for various sorts of telecom traffic, including the Internet.
  Most of what you see and find on the internet travels to you from an underwater cable. 99% of all international data is transferred through cables stretching across the floor of the world’s oceans.
  Satellites orbiting the planet also help to supplement communications, relaying signals over long distances or as a backup in the event of communications failure. Cable is preferred over satellite due to the much lower latency and higher bandwidth it achieves.
  Data transmission over the Internet is transmitted by TCP/IP protocols in “packets”. The number of packets depends on the size of the data. The larger the file, the more packets needed to transmit the file.
  Each packet is like an envelope sent by postal mail, with the actual data, part of the original file, inside the envelope. Outside, we have information that will allow TCP/IP to process the packet which extracts and merges the inside data with the data from the other packets from the same file, in the correct order, in order to rebuild the file from its packets. Also, check out this book on How the Internet Works.
  The first submarine communications cables carried telegraphy traffic.
  The first communications occurred on August 16, 1858, reducing the communication time between North America and Europe from ten days – the time it took to deliver a message by ship – to a matter of minutes. Transatlantic telegraph cables have been replaced by transatlantic telecommunications cables.
  The cable consisted of seven copper wires, each weighing 26 kg/km (107 pounds per nautical mile), covered with three coats of gutta-percha, weighing 64 kg/km (261 pounds per nautical mile), and wound with tarred hemp, over which a sheath of 18 strands, each of seven iron wires, was laid in a close spiral. It weighed nearly 550 kg/km.
  You can actually find some pieces of the transatlantic cable and other historical keepsakes for purchase here: https://ebay.to/2wvybcB
  Here is a rare video on workers laying underwater cable:
  Subsequent generations of cables carried first telephony traffic, then data communications traffic.
  Modern cables use optical fiber technology to carry digital payloads, which carry telephone, Internet and private data traffic. They are typically 69 millimetres (2.7 in) in diameter and weigh around 10 kilograms per metre (7 lb/ft), although thinner and lighter cables are used for deep-water sections.
  As of 2010, submarine cables link all the world’s continents except Antarctica. More on Wikipedia
  A cable layer or cable ship is a deep-sea vessel designed and used to lay underwater cables for telecommunications, electric power transmission, or other purposes. Cable ships are distinguished by large cable sheaves for guiding cable over bow or stern or both.
  Here is a cable ship in action:
  Contents of cable
  1. Polythin cover of “Sabec”
  2. Mylar tape
  3. Anti-rust iron
  4. Aluminum protector from water infiltration
  5. Cover of poly carbon
  6. Compact copper
  7. Glotein petrochemical
  8. Fiber optics
  Google’s ‘Faster’ cable is one of a number of undersea cables that connect the world and form a backbone for the internet. The first cable laid across the Atlantic, which was used for telegram communications, was put in place back in 1906.
  It features a “6-fibre-pair cable and optical transmission technologies” and is based at two locations in Japan – Shima, and Chikura – with connections in the US extending the system to hubs on the West Coast of the US.
  “This cable is the first of its kind, with multiple colors (100) of light transmitted over various frequencies,” Hölzle said in a Google Plus post
  “Every ~60km a repeater re-energizes the light as it travels over 9,000km across the ocean floor”.
  Check out these books on Submarine Cable Repair. Submarine cables are very reliable, however, there are occasions when a repair to a cable becomes necessary. Cable faults are caused by many events, both man-made and natural. In water depths greater than 1,000 metres faults are almost always caused by natural events such as underwater seismic activity, underwater landslides, current abrasion, etc. In water depths less than 200 meters, faults are nearly always caused by man-made activities such as fishing and anchoring.
  Here’s a video on what it takes to repair a submarine cable:
  Interested in a piece of Internet history? Check out these submarine cable keepsakes: https://ebay.to/2wvybcB
  Have any more interesting information to share? Please leave in the comments section below.
  Originally posted 2018-01-06 12:18:00. Republished by Blog Post Promoter
  Ang galing galing. Hahaha!
  Great info. Lucky me I found your website by accident (stumbleupon).
  That’s a lot of cable!!!
  when was this created?
  How about satellite?
  Very interesting… there is probably unused cable in the sea also
  I do have some doubts regarding submarine cable. I’m going to mail you my query.
  Used this for my research paper. Thank you for sharing.
  What about satellites?
  Crazy, how long does this last underwater?
  Does it still work this way or do we use satellite now?