Hindi - Wikipedia Hindi Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Modern Standard Hindi . For other uses , see Hindi ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Hindi belt or Hindu . Hindi हिन्दी Hindī The word `` Hindi '' in Devanagari script Pronunciation Hindustani pronunciation : ( ˈɦin̪d̪iː ) Native to Northern India ( Hindi Belt ) Ethnicity Hindavi people Native speakers 260 million ( 2001 ) L2 speakers : 120 million ( 1999 ) Language family Indo - European Indo - Iranian Indo - Aryan Central Zone ( Hindi ) Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Early forms Sauraseni Prakrit Sauraseni Apabhramsa Old Hindi Writing system Devanagari Devanagari Braille Signed forms Signed Hindi Official status Official language in India Fiji ( as Fiji Hindi ) Recognised minority language in United Arab Emirates Guyana ( as Guyanese Hindustani ) Mauritius Suriname ( as Sarnami Hindoestani ) Trinidad and Tobago ( as Trinidadian Hindustani ) Regulated by Central Hindi Directorate Language codes ISO 639 - 1 hi ISO 639 - 2 hin ISO 639 - 3 hin Linguist List hin - hin Glottolog hind1269 Linguasphere 59 - AAF - qf Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST : Hindī ) , or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST : Mānak Hindī ) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language . Along with the English language , Hindi written in the Devanagari script is the official language of the Government of India . On 14 September 1949 , the Constituent Assembly of India adopted Hindi written in Devanagari script as the official language of the Republic of India . To this end , several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favor of Hindi , most notably Beohar Rajendra Simha along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi , Kaka Kalelkar , Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who even debated in Parliament on this issue . As such , on the 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949 , the efforts came to fruition following adoption of Hindi as the official language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . However , it is not yet the national language of India because it was not prescribed as such in the Indian constitution . Hindi is the lingua franca of the so - called Hindi belt in India . Outside India , it is an official language which is known as Fiji Hindi in Fiji , and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius , Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from specialized vocabulary , Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu , another recognized register of Hindustani . Individually , as a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most - spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Alongside Urdu as Hindustani , it is the third most - spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English . Contents ( hide ) 1 Official status 1.1 Outside India 2 History 3 Comparison with Modern Standard Urdu 4 Script 4.1 Romanization 5 Vocabulary 5.1 Sanskrit 5.2 Persian 5.3 Arabic 6 Media 6.1 Literature 6.2 Internet 7 Sample text 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Official status Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Indian Commonwealth . Under Article 343 , the official languages of the Union has been prescribed , which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English : ( 1 ) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script . The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals . ( 2 ) Notwithstanding anything in clause ( 1 ) , for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution , the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement : Provided that the President may , during the said period , by order authorize the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union Article 351 of the Indian constitution states It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language , to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius , the forms , style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule , and by drawing , wherever necessary or desirable , for its vocabulary , primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages . It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 ( per directives in Article 344 ( 2 ) and Article 351 ) , with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice . However , widespread resistance to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers , especially in South India ( such as the those in Tamil Nadu ) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act of 1963 , which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes , although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies . At the state level , Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states : Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , and Uttarakhand . Each may also designate a `` co-official language '' ; in Uttar Pradesh , for instance , depending on the political formation in power , this language is generally Urdu . Similarly , Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories : Andaman & Nicobar Islands , Chandigarh , Dadra & Nagar Haveli , Daman & Diu , National Capital Territory . National language status for Hindi is a long - debated theme . In 2010 , the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such . Outside India Outside Asia , the Awadhi language ( A Hindi dialect ) is an official language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji , where it referred to it as `` Hindustani '' , however in the 2013 Constitution of Fiji , it is simply called `` Hindi '' . It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji . Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis ( people having roots in north - India but have migrated to Nepal over hundreds of years ) of Nepal . Apart from specialized vocabulary , Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu , another recognized register of Hindustani . Hindi is quite easy to understand for some Pakistanis , who speak Urdu , which , like Hindi , is part of Hindustani . Apart from this , Hindi is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from , or has its origin from the `` Hindi Belt '' of India . A substantially large North Indian diaspora lives in countries like The United States of America , the United Kingdom , the United Arab Emirates , Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , Suriname , South Africa , Fiji and Mauritius , where it is natively spoken at home and among their own Hindustani - speaking communities . Outside India , Hindi speakers are 8 million in Nepal ; 649,000 in United States of America ; 450,170 in Mauritius ; 380,000 in Fiji ; 250,292 in South Africa ; 150,000 in Suriname ; 100,000 in Uganda ; 45,800 in United Kingdom ; 20,000 in New Zealand ; 20,000 in Germany ; 16,000 in Trinidad and Tobago ; 3,000 in Singapore . History Further information : History of Hindustani Like other Indo - Aryan languages , Hindi is considered to be a direct descendant of an early form of Sanskrit , through Sauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa . Hindi emerged as Apabhramsha ( Sanskrit : अपभ्रंश ; corruption or corrupted speech ) , a vernacular form of Prakrit , in the 7th century A.D. Standard Hindi is based on the Khariboli dialect , the vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding region , which came to replace earlier prestige dialects such as Awadhi , Maithili ( sometimes regarded as separate from the Hindi dialect continuum ) and Braj . Urdu -- another form of Hindustani -- acquired linguistic prestige in the later Mughal period ( 1800s ) , and underwent significant Persian influence . In the late 19th century , a movement to develop Hindi as a standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form . In 1881 , Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language , replacing Urdu , and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi . After independence , the government of India instituted the following conventions : standardisation of grammar : In 1954 , the Government of India set up a committee to prepare a grammar of Hindi ; The committee 's report was released in 1958 as A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi . standardisation of the orthography , using the Devanagari script , by the Central Hindi Directorate of the Ministry of Education and Culture to bring about uniformity in writing , to improve the shape of some Devanagari characters , and introducing diacritics to express sounds from other languages . The Constituent Assembly adopted Hindi as an official language of India on 14 September 1949 . Now , it is celebrated as Hindi Day . Comparison with Modern Standard Urdu Main articles : Hindi -- Urdu controversy , Hindustani phonology , and Hindustani grammar Linguistically , Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language . Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and uses more Sanskrit words , whereas Urdu is written in the Perso - Arabic script and uses more Arabic and Persian words . Hindi is the most commonly used official language in India . Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan and is one of 22 official languages of India . Script Main article : Devanagari script Hindi is written in the Devanagari script , an abugida . Devanagari consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants and is written from left to right . Romanization Main article : Devanagari transliteration The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script . Various other systems also exist , such as IAST , ITRANS and ISO 15919 . Vocabulary Further information : Hindustani etymology and List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi Traditionally , Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their etymology : Tatsam ( तत्सम `` same as that '' ) words : These are words which are spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit ( except for the absence of final case inflections ) . They include words inherited from Sanskrit via Prakrit which have survived without modification ( e.g. Hindi नाम nām / Sanskrit नाम nāma , `` name '' ; Hindi कर्म karm / Sanskrit कर्म karma , `` deed , action ; karma '' ) , as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times ( e.g. प्रार्थना prārthanā , `` prayer '' ) . Pronunciation , however , conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit . Amongst nouns , the tatsam word could be the Sanskrit non-inflected word - stem , or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension . Ardhatatsam ( अर्धतत्सम `` semi-tatsama '' ) words : Such words are typically earlier loanwords from Sanskrit which have undergone sound changes subsequent to being borrowed . ( e.g. Hindi सूरज sūraj from Sanskrit सूर्य surya ) Tadbhav ( तद्भव `` born of that '' ) words : These are native Hindi words derived from Sanskrit after undergoing phonological rules ( e.g. Sanskrit कर्म karma , `` deed '' becomes Pali कम्म kamma , and eventually Hindi काम kām , `` work '' ) and are spelled differently from Sanskrit . Deshaj ( देशज ) words : These are words that were not borrowings but do not derive from attested Indo - Aryan words either . Belonging to this category are onomatopoetic words or ones borrowed from local non-Indo - Aryan languages . Videshī ( विदेशी `` foreign '' ) words : These include all loanwords from non-indigenous languages . The most frequent source languages in this category are Persian , Arabic , English and Portuguese . Examples are कमेटी kameṭī from English committee and साबुन sābun `` soap '' from Arabic . Sanskrit Much of Modern Standard Hindi 's vocabulary is derived from Sanskrit , either as native tadbhav words or tatsam borrowings from Sanskrit , especially in technical and academic fields . The Hindi standard , from which much of the Persian , Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by neologisms compounding tatsam words , is called Shuddh Hindi ( pure Hindi ) , and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi . Excessive use of tatsam words creates problems for native speakers . They may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in native Hindi . The educated class of India may be able to pronounce such words , but others have difficulty . Persian Hindi also features significant Persian influence , standardised from spoken Hindustani . Arabic Arabic also shows influence in Hindi , often via Persian but sometimes directly . Media Literature Main article : Hindi literature Hindi literature is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles , being Bhakti ( devotional -- Kabir , Raskhan ) ; Shringar ( beauty -- Keshav , Bihari ) ; Virgatha ( extolling brave warriors ) ; and Adhunik ( modern ) . Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and the composition of long , epic poems . It was primarily written in other varieties of Hindi , particularly Avadhi and Braj Bhasha , but also in Khariboli . During the British Raj , Hindustani became the prestige dialect . Hindustani with heavily Sanskritised vocabulary or Sahityik Hindi ( Literary Hindi ) was popularised by the writings of Swami Dayananda Saraswati , Bhartendu Harishchandra and others . The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani popular with the educated people . Chandrakanta , written by Devaki Nandan Khatri in 1888 , is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi . The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was Munshi Premchand , who is considered as the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement . The Dwivedi Yug ( `` Age of Dwivedi '' ) in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918 . It is named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi , who played a major role in establishing the Modern Hindi language in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love . In the 20th century , Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge . This is known as Chhayavaad ( shadowism ) and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as Chhayavaadi . Jaishankar Prasad , Suryakant Tripathi ' Nirala ' , Mahadevi Varma and Sumitranandan Pant , are the four major Chhayavaadi poets . Uttar Adhunik is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature , marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the Chhayavaadi movement , and by a return to simple language and natural themes . Internet The Hindi Wikipedia was the first Indic - language wiki to reach 100,000 articles . Hindi literature , music , and film have all been disseminated via the internet . Sample text See also : Urdu § Sample text The following is a sample text in High Hindi , of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( by the United Nations ) : Hindi अनुच्छेद 1 ( एक ) -- सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं । उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए । Transliteration ( IAST ) Anucched 1 ( ek ) -- Sabhī manuṣyõ ko gaurav aur adhikārõ ke viṣay mẽ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt hai . Unhẽ buddhi aur antarātmā kī den prāpt hai aur paraspar unhẽ bhāīcāre ke bhāv se bartāv karnā cāhie . Transcription ( IPA ) ( ənʊtʃhːeːd̪ eːk səbɦiː mənʊʃjõː koː ɡɔːɾəʋ ɔːr əd̪ɦɪkaːɾõ keː maːmleː mẽː dʒənmədʒaːt̪ sʋət̪ənt̪ɾət̪aː ɔːr səmaːntaː pɾaːpt̪ hɛː ‖ ʊnɦẽ bʊd̪ɦːɪ ɔːɾ ənt̪əɾaːt̪maː kiː d̪eːn pɾaːpt̪ hɛː ɔːɾ pəɾəspəɾ ʊnɦẽː bɦaːiːtʃaːɾeː keː bɦaːʋ seː bəɾt̪aːʋ kəɾnə tʃaːhɪeː ‖ ) Gloss ( word - to - word ) Article 1 ( one ) -- All human - beings to dignity and rights ' matter in from - birth freedom and equality acquired is . Them to reason and conscience 's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood 's spirit with behaviour to do should . Translation ( grammatical ) Article 1 -- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood . See also Book : Hindi Hindi Divas -- the official day to celebrate Hindi as a language . Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu Stop Hindi Imposition Campaign Bengali Language Movement ( Manbhum ) List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi Languages of India and Languages with official status in India List of languages by number of native speakers in India The list of Hindi words at Wiktionary , the free dictionary List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin World Hindi Secretariat India portal Languages portal Writing portal Linguistics portal References Notes Jump up ^ Hindi at Ethnologue ( 19th ed. , 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : Hindustani ( 2005 ) . Keith Brown , ed . Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics ( 2 ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 08 - 044299 - 4 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Barz , Richard K. ( 1980 ) . `` The cultural significance of Hindi in Mauritius '' . South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies . 3 : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1080 / 00856408008722995 . Jump up ^ `` Central Hindi Directorate : Introduction '' . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Hindi '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of India '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Provisions : Official Language Related Part - 17 of The Constitution Of India '' . Department of Official Language , Government of India . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.patrika.com/news/jabalpur/know-hindi-had-the-status-of-national-language-1398330 Jump up ^ `` PART A Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule ( Scheduled Languages ) '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Saeed ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` There 's no national language in India : Gujarat High Court '' . The Times of India . Ahmedabad : The Times Group . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hindi , not a national language : Court '' . The Hindu . Ahmedabad : Press Trust of India . 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sequence of events with reference to official language of the Union '' . Archived from the original on 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी का संविधान ( Constitution of the Republic of Fiji , the Hindi version ) Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Languages and Caribbean Linguistics '' ( PDF ) . University of the West Indies Press . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard K. Barz ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` The cultural significance of Hindi in Mauritius '' . Taylor&Francis Online . 3 : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1080 / 00856408008722995 . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Mikael Parkvall , `` Världens 100 största språk 2007 '' ( The World 's 100 Largest Languages in 2007 ) , in Nationalencyklopedin . Asterisks mark the 2010 estimates for the top dozen languages . Jump up ^ `` Hindustani '' . Columbia University press . encyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rajbhasha '' ( PDF ) ( in Hindi and English ) . india.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT , 1963 ( AS AMENDED , 1967 ) ( Act No. 19 of 1963 ) '' . Department of Official Language . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat High Court order '' . Jump up ^ `` Fiji Hindi alphabet , pronunciation and language '' . www.omniglot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Section 4 of Fiji Constitution '' . servat.unibe.ch . Retrieved 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Fiji '' . Official site of the Fijian Government . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hindi , Fiji '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States - Languages '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frawley , p. 481 Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom - Languages '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brief History of Hindi '' . Central Hindi Directorate . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Parthasarathy , Kumar , p. 120 Jump up ^ `` Hindi Diwas celebration : How it all began '' . The Indian Express . 14 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hindi and Urdu are classified as literary registers of the same language '' . ^ Jump up to : Masica , p. 65 Jump up ^ Masica , p. 66 Jump up ^ Masica , p. 67 Jump up ^ Kachru , Yamuna ( 2006 ) . Hindi . John Benjamins Publishing . ISBN 9789027238122 . Jump up ^ D. , S. `` Arabic and Hindi '' . The Economist . The Economist . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stop outraging over Marathi -- Hindi and English chauvinism is much worse in India '' . Bibliography Bhatia , Tej K. ( 11 September 2002 ) . Colloquial Hindi : The Complete Course for Beginners . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 83534 - 8 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Grierson , G.A. Linguistic Survey of India Vol I - XI , Calcutta , 1928 , ISBN 81 - 85395 - 27 - 6 ( searchable database ) . Koul , Omkar N. ( 2008 ) . Modern Hindi grammar ( PDF ) . Springfield , VA : Dunwoody Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931546 - 06 - 5 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . McGregor , R.S. ( 1995 ) . Outline of Hindi grammar : With exercises ( 3 . ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Pr . ISBN 0 - 19 - 870008 - 3 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Frawley , William ( 2003 ) . International Encyclopedia of Linguistics : AAVE - Esparanto . Vol. 1 . Oxford University Press . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 13977 - 8 . Parthasarathy , R. ; Kumar , Swargesh ( 2012 ) . Bihar Tourism : Retrospect and Prospect . Concept Publishing Company . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 8 - 180 - 69799 - 9 . Masica , Colin ( 1991 ) . The Indo - Aryan Languages . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29944 - 2 . Ohala , Manjari ( 1999 ) . `` Hindi '' . In International Phonetic Association . Handbook of the International Phonetic Association : a Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet . Cambridge University Press . pp. 100 -- 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63751 - 0 . Sadana , Rashmi ( 2012 ) . English Heart , Hindi Heartland : the Political Life of Literature in India . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26957 - 6 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Shapiro , Michael C. ( 2001 ) . `` Hindi '' . In Garry , Jane ; Rubino , Carl . An encyclopedia of the world 's major languages , past and present . New England Publishing Associates . pp. 305 -- 309 . Shapiro , Michael C. ( 2003 ) . `` Hindi '' . In Cardona , George ; Jain , Dhanesh . The Indo - Aryan Languages . Routledge . pp. 250 -- 285 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77294 - 5 . Snell , Rupert ; Weightman , Simon ( 1989 ) . Teach Yourself Hindi ( 2003 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 142012 - 9 . Taj , Afroz ( 2002 ) A door into Hindi . Retrieved 8 November 2005 . Tiwari , Bholanath ( ( 1966 ) 2004 ) हिन्दी भाषा ( Hindī Bhasha ) , Kitab Pustika , Allahabad , ISBN 81 - 225 - 0017 - X . Dictionaries McGregor , R.S. ( 1993 ) , Oxford Hindi -- English Dictionary ( 2004 ed . ) , Oxford University Press , USA . John Thompson Platts ( 1884 ) , A dictionary of Urdū , classical Hindī , and English ( reprint ed . ) , LONDON : H. Milford , p. 1259 , retrieved 6 July 2011 Hardev Bahri ( 1989 ) , Learners ' Hindi - English dictionary , DELHI : Rajapala Academic Room Hindi Dictionary Mobile App developed in the Harvard Innovation Lab ( iOS , Android and Blackberry ) Further reading Bhatia , Tej K A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition . Leiden , Netherlands & New York , NY : E.J. Brill , 1987 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07924 - 6 Tiwari , deepa , `` ( 3 ) , '' The Hindi Stories. April 2015 . Gyani , Pandit , `` ( 4 ) , '' Hindi Biography & History . September 2016 . External links Hindi edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Hindi . Hindi at DMOZ The Union : Official Language Official Unicode Chart for Devanagari ( PDF ) Hindi Grammar Phonology Devanagari Braille History Vocabulary Hindustani Varieties Western Braj Bhasha Bundeli Haryanvi Kannauji Khari Boli ( Registers : Standard Hindi Standard Urdu ) Sansi Boli Eastern Awadhi Bagheli Bhojpuri Caribbean Hindi Chhattisgarhi Fiji Hindi Pidgins and Creoles Bombay Hindi Haflong Hindi Hinglish Language politics Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu Hindi - Urdu controversy Punjabi Suba movement Global organizations World Hindi Secretariat World Hindi Conference Hindi Divas Arts Literature Awards Sahitya Akademi Award Jnanpith Award Cinema Music Writers Poets Languages of India Official languages Union - level Hindi English 8th schedule to the Constitution of India Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Meitei ( Manipuri ) Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Santali Tamil Telugu Urdu State - level only Garo Gurung Khasi Kokborok Lepcha Limbu Mangar Mizo Newari Rai Sherpa Sikkimese Sunwar Tamang Major unofficial languages Over 1 million speakers Angika Awadhi Bagheli Bagri Bajjika Bhili Bhojpuri Bundeli Chhattisgarhi Dhundhari Garhwali Gondi Harauti Haryanvi Ho Kangri Khandeshi Khortha Kumaoni Kurukh Lambadi Magahi Malvi Marwari Mewari Mundari Nimadi Rajasthani Sadri Surjapuri Tulu Wagdi Varhadi 100,000 -- 1 million speakers Adi Angami Ao Dimasa Halbi Karbi Kharia Kodava Kolami Konyak Korku Koya Kui Kuvi Ladakhi Lotha Malto Mishing Nishi Phom Rabha Sema Sora Tangkhul Thadou Indo - Aryan languages Old / Middle Old Vedic Sanskrit Classical Buddhist Mitanni - Aryan Middle Abahatta Apabhraṃśa Dramatic Prakrits Magadhi Maharashtri Shauraseni Elu Gāndhārī Paisaci Pāli Prakrit Modern Dardic Dameli Domaaki Gawar - Bati Kalami Kalash Kashmiri Khowar Kohistani Nangalami Palula Pashayi Shina Shumashti Torwali Ushoji Northern Eastern Doteli Jumli Nepali Palpa Central Garhwali Kumaoni Western Dogri Kangri Mandeali North - western Punjabi Punjabi dialects Lahnda Hindko Pothwari Saraiki Sindhi Aer Jadgali Kutchi Sindhi Western Bhil Bhili Gamit Rajasthani Bagri Goaria Gojri Jaipuri Malvi Marwari Mewari Dhatki Others Domari Gujarati Kalto Khandeshi Parkari Koli Romani Saurashtra Central Western Braj Bhasha Bundeli Haryanvi Hindustani Hindi Bombay Hindi Urdu Dakhini Hyderabadi Urdu Rekhta Khari Boli Kannauji Sansi Eastern Awadhi Bagheli Chhattisgarhi Fiji Hindi Others Danwar Parya Eastern Bihari Angika Bhojpuri Caribbean Hindustani Vajjika Magahi Maithili Majhi Sadri Bengali -- Assamese Assamese Bengali Bishnupriya Manipuri Chakma Chittagonian Hajong Kayort Kharia Thar Nahari Rajbanshi Rohingya Sylheti Odia Odia Kosli Bodo Parja Kupia Reli Halbic Halbi Bhatri Kamar Mirgan Nahari Others Mal Paharia Southern Marathi -- Konkani Konkani Kukna Marathi others ... 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which of the following words have indian roots
Hindi हिन्दी Hindī The word `` Hindi '' in Devanagari script Pronunciation Hindustani pronunciation : ( ˈɦin̪d̪iː ) Native to Northern India ( Hindi Belt ) Ethnicity Hindavi people Native speakers 260 million ( 2001 ) L2 speakers : 120 million ( 1999 ) Language family Indo - European Indo - Iranian Indo - Aryan Central Zone ( Hindi ) Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Early forms Sauraseni Prakrit Sauraseni Apabhramsa Old Hindi Writing system Devanagari Devanagari Braille Signed forms Signed Hindi Official status Official language in India Fiji ( as Fiji Hindi ) Recognised minority language in United Arab Emirates Guyana ( as Guyanese Hindustani ) Mauritius Suriname ( as Sarnami Hindoestani ) Trinidad and Tobago ( as Trinidadian Hindustani ) Regulated by Central Hindi Directorate Language codes ISO 639 - 1 hi ISO 639 - 2 hin ISO 639 - 3 hin Linguist List hin - hin Glottolog hind1269 Linguasphere 59 - AAF - qf Hindi हिन्दी Hindī The word `` Hindi '' in Devanagari script Pronunciation Hindustani pronunciation : ( ˈɦin̪d̪iː ) Native to Northern India ( Hindi Belt ) Ethnicity Hindavi people Native speakers 260 million ( 2001 ) L2 speakers : 120 million ( 1999 ) Language family Indo - European Indo - Iranian Indo - Aryan Central Zone ( Hindi ) Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Indo - Iranian Indo - Aryan Central Zone ( Hindi ) Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Indo - Iranian Indo - Aryan Central Zone ( Hindi ) Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Indo - Aryan Central Zone ( Hindi ) Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Indo - Aryan Central Zone ( Hindi ) Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Central Zone ( Hindi ) Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Central Zone ( Hindi ) Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Western Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Hindustani Khariboli Hindi Khariboli Hindi Khariboli Hindi Hindi Early forms Sauraseni Prakrit Sauraseni Apabhramsa Old Hindi Sauraseni Apabhramsa Old Hindi Sauraseni Apabhramsa Old Hindi Old Hindi Writing system Devanagari Devanagari Braille Signed forms Signed Hindi Official status Official language in India Fiji ( as Fiji Hindi ) Recognised minority language in United Arab Emirates Guyana ( as Guyanese Hindustani ) Mauritius Suriname ( as Sarnami Hindoestani ) Trinidad and Tobago ( as Trinidadian Hindustani ) Regulated by Central Hindi Directorate Language codes ISO 639 - 1 hi ISO 639 - 2 hin ISO 639 - 3 hin Linguist List hin - hin Glottolog hind1269 Linguasphere 59 - AAF - qf Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST : Hindī ) , or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST : Mānak Hindī ) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language . Along with the English language , Hindi written in the Devanagari script is the official language of the Government of India . On 14 September 1949 , the Constituent Assembly of India adopted Hindi written in Devanagari script as the official language of the Republic of India . To this end , several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favor of Hindi , most notably Beohar Rajendra Simha along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi , Kaka Kalelkar , Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who even debated in Parliament on this issue . As such , on the 50th birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha on 14 September 1949 , the efforts came to fruition following adoption of Hindi as the official language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . However , it is not yet the national language of India because it was not prescribed as such in the Indian constitution . Hindi is the lingua franca of the so - called Hindi belt in India . Outside India , it is an official language which is known as Fiji Hindi in Fiji , and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius , Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from specialized vocabulary , Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu , another recognized register of Hindustani . Individually , as a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most - spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Alongside Urdu as Hindustani , it is the third most - spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English . Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Indian Commonwealth . Under Article 343 , the official languages of the Union has been prescribed , which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English : ( 1 ) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script . The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals . ( 2 ) Notwithstanding anything in clause ( 1 ) , for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution , the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement : Provided that the President may , during the said period , by order authorize the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union Article 351 of the Indian constitution states It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language , to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by assimilating without interfering with its genius , the forms , style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule , and by drawing , wherever necessary or desirable , for its vocabulary , primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages . It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Government by 1965 ( per directives in Article 344 ( 2 ) and Article 351 ) , with state governments being free to function in the language of their own choice . However , widespread resistance to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers , especially in South India ( such as the those in Tamil Nadu ) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act of 1963 , which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes , although the constitutional directive for the Union Government to encourage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced its policies . At the state level , Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states : Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , and Uttarakhand . Each may also designate a `` co-official language '' ; in Uttar Pradesh , for instance , depending on the political formation in power , this language is generally Urdu . Similarly , Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories : Andaman & Nicobar Islands , Chandigarh , Dadra & Nagar Haveli , Daman & Diu , National Capital Territory . National language status for Hindi is a long - debated theme . In 2010 , the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such . Outside Asia , the Awadhi language ( A Hindi dialect ) is an official language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji , where it referred to it as `` Hindustani '' , however in the 2013 Constitution of Fiji , it is simply called `` Hindi '' . It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji . Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis ( people having roots in north - India but have migrated to Nepal over hundreds of years ) of Nepal . Apart from specialized vocabulary , Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu , another recognized register of Hindustani . Hindi is quite easy to understand for some Pakistanis , who speak Urdu , which , like Hindi , is part of Hindustani . Apart from this , Hindi is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from , or has its origin from the `` Hindi Belt '' of India . A substantially large North Indian diaspora lives in countries like The United States of America , the United Kingdom , the United Arab Emirates , Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , Suriname , South Africa , Fiji and Mauritius , where it is natively spoken at home and among their own Hindustani - speaking communities . Outside India , Hindi speakers are 8 million in Nepal ; 649,000 in United States of America ; 450,170 in Mauritius ; 380,000 in Fiji ; 250,292 in South Africa ; 150,000 in Suriname ; 100,000 in Uganda ; 45,800 in United Kingdom ; 20,000 in New Zealand ; 20,000 in Germany ; 16,000 in Trinidad and Tobago ; 3,000 in Singapore . Like other Indo - Aryan languages , Hindi is considered to be a direct descendant of an early form of Sanskrit , through Sauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa . Hindi emerged as Apabhramsha ( Sanskrit : अपभ्रंश ; corruption or corrupted speech ) , a vernacular form of Prakrit , in the 7th century A.D. Standard Hindi is based on the Khariboli dialect , the vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding region , which came to replace earlier prestige dialects such as Awadhi , Maithili ( sometimes regarded as separate from the Hindi dialect continuum ) and Braj . Urdu -- another form of Hindustani -- acquired linguistic prestige in the later Mughal period ( 1800s ) , and underwent significant Persian influence . In the late 19th century , a movement to develop Hindi as a standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form . In 1881 , Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language , replacing Urdu , and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi . After independence , the government of India instituted the following conventions : standardisation of grammar : In 1954 , the Government of India set up a committee to prepare a grammar of Hindi ; The committee 's report was released in 1958 as A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi . standardisation of the orthography , using the Devanagari script , by the Central Hindi Directorate of the Ministry of Education and Culture to bring about uniformity in writing , to improve the shape of some Devanagari characters , and introducing diacritics to express sounds from other languages . standardisation of grammar : In 1954 , the Government of India set up a committee to prepare a grammar of Hindi ; The committee 's report was released in 1958 as A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi . standardisation of the orthography , using the Devanagari script , by the Central Hindi Directorate of the Ministry of Education and Culture to bring about uniformity in writing , to improve the shape of some Devanagari characters , and introducing diacritics to express sounds from other languages . The Constituent Assembly adopted Hindi as an official language of India on 14 September 1949 . Now , it is celebrated as Hindi Day . Linguistically , Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language . Hindi is written in the Devanagari script and uses more Sanskrit words , whereas Urdu is written in the Perso - Arabic script and uses more Arabic and Persian words . Hindi is the most commonly used official language in India . Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan and is one of 22 official languages of India . Hindi is written in the Devanagari script , an abugida . Devanagari consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants and is written from left to right . The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script . Various other systems also exist , such as IAST , ITRANS and ISO 15919 . Traditionally , Hindi words are divided into five principal categories according to their etymology : Tatsam ( तत्सम `` same as that '' ) words : These are words which are spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit ( except for the absence of final case inflections ) . They include words inherited from Sanskrit via Prakrit which have survived without modification ( e.g. Hindi नाम nām / Sanskrit नाम nāma , `` name '' ; Hindi कर्म karm / Sanskrit कर्म karma , `` deed , action ; karma '' ) , as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times ( e.g. प्रार्थना prārthanā , `` prayer '' ) . Pronunciation , however , conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit . Amongst nouns , the tatsam word could be the Sanskrit non-inflected word - stem , or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension . Ardhatatsam ( अर्धतत्सम `` semi-tatsama '' ) words : Such words are typically earlier loanwords from Sanskrit which have undergone sound changes subsequent to being borrowed . ( e.g. Hindi सूरज sūraj from Sanskrit सूर्य surya ) Tadbhav ( तद्भव `` born of that '' ) words : These are native Hindi words derived from Sanskrit after undergoing phonological rules ( e.g. Sanskrit कर्म karma , `` deed '' becomes Pali कम्म kamma , and eventually Hindi काम kām , `` work '' ) and are spelled differently from Sanskrit . Deshaj ( देशज ) words : These are words that were not borrowings but do not derive from attested Indo - Aryan words either . Belonging to this category are onomatopoetic words or ones borrowed from local non-Indo - Aryan languages . Videshī ( विदेशी `` foreign '' ) words : These include all loanwords from non-indigenous languages . The most frequent source languages in this category are Persian , Arabic , English and Portuguese . Examples are कमेटी kameṭī from English committee and साबुन sābun `` soap '' from Arabic . Tatsam ( तत्सम `` same as that '' ) words : These are words which are spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit ( except for the absence of final case inflections ) . They include words inherited from Sanskrit via Prakrit which have survived without modification ( e.g. Hindi नाम nām / Sanskrit नाम nāma , `` name '' ; Hindi कर्म karm / Sanskrit कर्म karma , `` deed , action ; karma '' ) , as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times ( e.g. प्रार्थना prārthanā , `` prayer '' ) . Pronunciation , however , conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit . Amongst nouns , the tatsam word could be the Sanskrit non-inflected word - stem , or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension . Ardhatatsam ( अर्धतत्सम `` semi-tatsama '' ) words : Such words are typically earlier loanwords from Sanskrit which have undergone sound changes subsequent to being borrowed . ( e.g. Hindi सूरज sūraj from Sanskrit सूर्य surya ) Tadbhav ( तद्भव `` born of that '' ) words : These are native Hindi words derived from Sanskrit after undergoing phonological rules ( e.g. Sanskrit कर्म karma , `` deed '' becomes Pali कम्म kamma , and eventually Hindi काम kām , `` work '' ) and are spelled differently from Sanskrit . Deshaj ( देशज ) words : These are words that were not borrowings but do not derive from attested Indo - Aryan words either . Belonging to this category are onomatopoetic words or ones borrowed from local non-Indo - Aryan languages . Videshī ( विदेशी `` foreign '' ) words : These include all loanwords from non-indigenous languages . The most frequent source languages in this category are Persian , Arabic , English and Portuguese . Examples are कमेटी kameṭī from English committee and साबुन sābun `` soap '' from Arabic . Much of Modern Standard Hindi 's vocabulary is derived from Sanskrit , either as native tadbhav words or tatsam borrowings from Sanskrit , especially in technical and academic fields . The Hindi standard , from which much of the Persian , Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by neologisms compounding tatsam words , is called Shuddh Hindi ( pure Hindi ) , and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi . Excessive use of tatsam words creates problems for native speakers . They may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in native Hindi . The educated class of India may be able to pronounce such words , but others have difficulty . Hindi also features significant Persian influence , standardised from spoken Hindustani . Arabic also shows influence in Hindi , often via Persian but sometimes directly . Hindi literature is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles , being Bhakti ( devotional -- Kabir , Raskhan ) ; Shringar ( beauty -- Keshav , Bihari ) ; Virgatha ( extolling brave warriors ) ; and Adhunik ( modern ) . Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and the composition of long , epic poems . It was primarily written in other varieties of Hindi , particularly Avadhi and Braj Bhasha , but also in Khariboli . During the British Raj , Hindustani became the prestige dialect . Hindustani with heavily Sanskritised vocabulary or Sahityik Hindi ( Literary Hindi ) was popularised by the writings of Swami Dayananda Saraswati , Bhartendu Harishchandra and others . The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani popular with the educated people . Chandrakanta , written by Devaki Nandan Khatri in 1888 , is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi . The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was Munshi Premchand , who is considered as the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement . The Dwivedi Yug ( `` Age of Dwivedi '' ) in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918 . It is named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi , who played a major role in establishing the Modern Hindi language in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love . In the 20th century , Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge . This is known as Chhayavaad ( shadowism ) and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as Chhayavaadi . Jaishankar Prasad , Suryakant Tripathi ' Nirala ' , Mahadevi Varma and Sumitranandan Pant , are the four major Chhayavaadi poets . Uttar Adhunik is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature , marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the Chhayavaadi movement , and by a return to simple language and natural themes . The Hindi Wikipedia was the first Indic - language wiki to reach 100,000 articles . Hindi literature , music , and film have all been disseminated via the internet . The following is a sample text in High Hindi , of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( by the United Nations ) : Hindi अनुच्छेद 1 ( एक ) -- सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं । उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए । अनुच्छेद 1 ( एक ) -- सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं । उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए । Transliteration ( IAST ) Anucched 1 ( ek ) -- Sabhī manuṣyõ ko gaurav aur adhikārõ ke viṣay mẽ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt hai . Unhẽ buddhi aur antarātmā kī den prāpt hai aur paraspar unhẽ bhāīcāre ke bhāv se bartāv karnā cāhie . Transliteration ( IAST ) Anucched 1 ( ek ) -- Sabhī manuṣyõ ko gaurav aur adhikārõ ke viṣay mẽ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt hai . Unhẽ buddhi aur antarātmā kī den prāpt hai aur paraspar unhẽ bhāīcāre ke bhāv se bartāv karnā cāhie . Transcription ( IPA ) ( ənʊtʃhːeːd̪ eːk səbɦiː mənʊʃjõː koː ɡɔːɾəʋ ɔːr əd̪ɦɪkaːɾõ keː maːmleː mẽː dʒənmədʒaːt̪ sʋət̪ənt̪ɾət̪aː ɔːr səmaːntaː pɾaːpt̪ hɛː ‖ ʊnɦẽ bʊd̪ɦːɪ ɔːɾ ənt̪əɾaːt̪maː kiː d̪eːn pɾaːpt̪ hɛː ɔːɾ pəɾəspəɾ ʊnɦẽː bɦaːiːtʃaːɾeː keː bɦaːʋ seː bəɾt̪aːʋ kəɾnə tʃaːhɪeː ‖ ) Transcription ( IPA ) ( ənʊtʃhːeːd̪ eːk səbɦiː mənʊʃjõː koː ɡɔːɾəʋ ɔːr əd̪ɦɪkaːɾõ keː maːmleː mẽː dʒənmədʒaːt̪ sʋət̪ənt̪ɾət̪aː ɔːr səmaːntaː pɾaːpt̪ hɛː ‖ ʊnɦẽ bʊd̪ɦːɪ ɔːɾ ənt̪əɾaːt̪maː kiː d̪eːn pɾaːpt̪ hɛː ɔːɾ pəɾəspəɾ ʊnɦẽː bɦaːiːtʃaːɾeː keː bɦaːʋ seː bəɾt̪aːʋ kəɾnə tʃaːhɪeː ‖ ) Gloss ( word - to - word ) Article 1 ( one ) -- All human - beings to dignity and rights ' matter in from - birth freedom and equality acquired is . Them to reason and conscience 's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood 's spirit with behaviour to do should . Gloss ( word - to - word ) Article 1 ( one ) -- All human - beings to dignity and rights ' matter in from - birth freedom and equality acquired is . Them to reason and conscience 's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood 's spirit with behaviour to do should . Translation ( grammatical ) Article 1 -- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood . Translation ( grammatical ) Article 1 -- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood .