Financial accounting - wikipedia Financial accounting Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( hide ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( hide ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( hide ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( hide ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( hide ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( hide ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( hide ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( hide ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( hide ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Financial accounting ( or financial accountancy ) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary , analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business . This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption . Stockholders , suppliers , banks , employees , government agencies , business owners , and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes . Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards . Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction . It includes the standards , conventions and rules that accountants follow in recording and summarizing and in the preparation of financial statements . On the other hand , International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) is a set of passionable accounting standards stating how particular types of transactions and other events should be reported in financial statements . IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . With IFRS becoming more widespread on the international scene , consistency in financial reporting has become more prevalent between global organizations . While financial accounting is used to prepare accounting information for people outside the organization or not involved in the day - to - day running of the company , managerial accounting provides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage the business . Contents ( hide ) 1 Objectives 2 Qualities 3 Three components of financial statements 3.1 Statement of cash flows 3.2 Statement of profit or loss ( income statement or statement of operations ) 3.3 Statement of financial position ( balance sheet ) 3.3. 1 Statement of retained earnings ( statement of changes in equity ) 4 Basic concepts 5 Graphic definition 6 Versus cost accounting 7 Related qualification 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Objectives ( edit ) Financial accounting and financial reporting are often used as synonyms . 1 . According to International Financial Reporting Standards , the objective of financial reporting is : - To provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors , lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity . 2 . According to the European Accounting Association : Capital maintenance is a competing objective of financial reporting . Qualities ( edit ) Financial accounting is the preparation of financial statements that can be consumed by the public and the relevant stakeholders using either Historical Cost Accounting ( HCA ) or Constant Purchasing Power Accounting ( CPPA ) . When producing financial statements , they must comply to the following : Relevance : Financial accounting which is decision - specific . It must be possible for accounting information to influence decisions . Unless this characteristic is present , there is no point in cluttering statements . Materiality : information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements . Reliability : accounting must be free from significant error or bias . It should be easily relied upon by managers . Often information that is highly relevant is n't very reliable , and vice versa . Understandability : accounting reports should be expressed as clearly as possible and should be understood by those to whom the information is relevant . Comparability : financial reports from different periods should be comparable with one another in order to derive meaningful conclusions about the trends in an entity 's financial performance and position over time . Comparability can be ensured by applying the same accounting policies over time ... Three components of financial statements ( edit ) Statement of cash flows ( edit ) The statement of cash flows considers the inputs and outputs in concrete cash within a stated period . The general template of a cash flow statement is as follows : Cash Inflow - Cash Outflow + Opening Balance = Closing Balance Example 1 : in the beginning of September , Ellen started out with $5 in her bank account . During that same month , Ellen borrowed $20 from Tom . At the end of the month , Ellen bought a pair of shoes for $7 . Ellen 's cash flow statement for the month of September looks like this : Cash inflow : $20 Cash outflow : $7 Opening balance : $5 Closing balance : $20 -- $7 + $5 = $18 Example 2 : in the beginning of June , WikiTables , a company that buys and resells tables , sold 2 tables . They 'd originally bought the tables for $25 each , and sold them at a price of $50 per table . The first table was paid out in cash however the second one was bought in credit terms . WikiTables ' cash flow statement for the month of June looks like this : Cash inflow : $50 - How much WikiTables received in cash for the first table . They did n't receive cash for the second table ( sold in credit terms ) . Cash outflow : $50 - How much they 'd originally bought the 2 tables for . Opening balance : $0 Closing balance : $50 -- 2 * $25 + $0 = $50 -- 50 = $0 - Indeed , the cash flow for the month of June for WikiTables amounts to $0 and not $50 . Important : the cash flow statement only considers the exchange of actual cash , and ignores what the person in question owes or is owed . Statement of profit or loss ( income statement or statement of operations ) ( edit ) The statement of profit or income statement reports the changes in value of a company 's accounts over a set period ( most commonly one fiscal year ) , and may compare the changes to changes in the same accounts over the previous period . All changes are summarized on the `` bottom line '' as net income , often reported as `` net loss '' when income is less than zero . The net profit or loss is determined by : Sales ( revenue ) -- cost of goods sold -- selling , general , administrative expenses ( SGA ) -- depreciation / amortization = earnings before interest and taxes ( EBIT ) -- interest and tax expenses = profit / loss Statement of financial position ( balance sheet ) ( edit ) The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm 's assets , liabilities and equity ( capital ) at a set point in time , usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement . The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount . This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity . The statement can be used to help show the status of a company . Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets . International Financial Reporting Standards normally require that companies report current assets and liabilities separately from non-current amounts . Current assets are the most liquid assets of a firm , which can be realized in 12 months period . Current assets include : cash - physical money accounts receivable - revenues earned but not yet collected Merchandise inventory - consists of goods and services a firm currently owns until it ends up getting sold marketable securities - Stocks and bonds a firm has invested in other firms prepaid expenses - expenses paid for in advance for use during that year Non-current assets include fixed or long - term assets and intangible assets : fixed ( long term ) assets property building equipment ( such as factory machinery ) intangible assets copyrights trademarks patents goodwill Liabilities include : current liabilities trade accounts payable dividends payable employee salaries payable interest ( e.g. on debt ) payable long term liabilities mortgage notes payable bonds payable Owner 's equity , sometimes referred to as net assets , is represented differently depending on the type of business ownership . Business ownership can be in the form of a sole proprietorship , partnership , or a corporation . For a corporation , the owner 's equity portion usually shows common stock , and retained earnings ( earnings kept in the company ) . Retained earnings come from the retained earnings statement , prepared prior to the balance sheet . Statement of retained earnings ( statement of changes in equity ) ( edit ) This statement is additional to the three main statements described above . It shows how the distribution of income and transfer of dividends affects the wealth of shareholders in the company . The concept of retained earnings means profits of previous years that are accumulated till current period . Basic proforma for this statement is as follows : Retained earnings at the beginning of period + Net Income for the period - Dividends = Retained earnings at the end of period . Basic concepts ( edit ) THE STABLE MEASURING ASSUMPTION One of the basic principles in accounting is `` The Measuring Unit principle : The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency . This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable ; that is , changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements . '' Historical Cost Accounting , i.e. , financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units , is based on the stable measuring unit assumption under which accountants simply assume that money , the monetary unit of measure , is perfectly stable in real value for the purpose of measuring ( 1 ) monetary items not inflation - indexed daily in terms of the Daily CPI and ( 2 ) constant real value non-monetary items not updated daily in terms of the Daily CPI during low and high inflation and deflation . UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER The stable monetary unit assumption is not applied during hyperinflation . IFRS requires entities to implement capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies . Financial accountants produce financial statements based on the accounting standards in a given jurisdiction . These standards may be the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of a respective country , which are typically issued by a national standard setter , or International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) , which are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . Financial accounting serves the following purposes : producing general purpose financial statements producing information used by the management of a business entity for decision making , planning and performance evaluation producing financial statements for meeting regulatory requirements . Objectives of Financial Accounting Systematic recording of transactions : basic objective of accounting is to systematically record the financial aspects of business transactions ( i.e. book - keeping ) . These recorded transactions are later on classified and summarized logically for the preparation of financial statements and for their analysis and interpretation . Ascertainment of result of above recorded transactions : accountant prepares profit and loss account to know the result of business operations for a particular period of time . If expenses exceed revenue then it is said that the business is running under loss . The profit and loss account helps the management and different stakeholders in taking rational decisions . For example , if business is not proved to be remunerative or profitable , the cause of such a state of affairs can be investigated by the management for taking remedial steps . Ascertainment of the financial position of business : businessman is not only interested in knowing the result of the business in terms of profits or loss for a particular period but is also anxious to know that what he owes ( liability ) to the outsiders and what he owns ( assets ) on a certain date . To know this , accountant prepares a financial position statement of assets and liabilities of the business at a particular point of time and helps in ascertaining the financial health of the business . Providing information to the users for rational decision - making : accounting as a ' language of business ' communicates the financial result of an enterprise to various stakeholders by means of financial statements . Accounting aims to meet the financial information needs of the decision - makers and helps them in rational decision - making . To know the solvency position : by preparing the balance sheet , management not only reveals what is owned and owed by the enterprise , but also it gives the information regarding concern 's ability to meet its liabilities in the short run ( liquidity position ) and also in the long - run ( solvency position ) as and when they fall due . Graphic Definition ( edit ) The accounting equation ( Assets = Liabilities + Owners ' Equity ) and financial statements are the main topics of financial accounting . The trial balance , which is usually prepared using the double - entry accounting system , forms the basis for preparing the financial statements . All the figures in the trial balance are rearranged to prepare a profit & loss statement and balance sheet . Accounting standards determine the format for these accounts ( SSAP , FRS , IFRS ) . Financial statements display the income and expenditure for the company and a summary of the assets , liabilities , and shareholders ' or owners ' equity of the company on the date to which the accounts were prepared . Assets and expenses have normal debit balances , i.e. , debiting these types of accounts increases them . Liabilities , revenues , and capital have normal credit balances , i.e. , crediting these increases them . 0 = Dr Assets Cr Owners ' Equity Cr Liabilities . _____________________________ / \ ____________________________ ... / Cr Retained Earnings ( profit ) Cr Common Stock \ ... _________________ / \ _______________________________ ... / Dr Expenses Cr Beginning Retained Earnings \ ... Dr Dividends Cr Revenue ... \ ________________________ / \ ______________________________________________________ / increased by debits increased by credits Crediting a credit Thus -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - > account increases its absolute value ( balance ) Debiting a debit Debiting a credit Thus -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - > account decreases its absolute value ( balance ) Crediting a debit When the same thing is done to an account as its normal balance it increases ; when the opposite is done , it will decrease . Much like signs in math : two positive numbers are added and two negative numbers are also added . It is only when there is one positive and one negative ( opposites ) that you will subtract . Versus cost accounting ( edit ) See also : Cost accounting Financial accounting aims at finding out results of accounting year in the form of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet . Cost Accounting aims at computing cost of production / service in a scientific manner and facilitate cost control and cost reduction . Financial accounting reports the results and position of business to government , creditors , investors , and external parties . Cost Accounting is an internal reporting system for an organisation 's own management for decision making . In financial accounting , cost classification based on type of transactions , e.g. salaries , repairs , insurance , stores etc . In cost accounting , classification is basically on the basis of functions , activities , products , process and on internal planning and control and information needs of the organization . Financial accounting aims at presenting ' true and fair ' view of transactions , profit and loss for a period and Statement of financial position ( Balance Sheet ) on a given date . It aims at computing ' true and fair ' view of the cost of production / services offered by the firm . Related qualification ( edit ) Many professional accountancy qualifications cover the field of financial accountancy , including Certified Public Accountant ( CPA ) , Chartered Accountant ( CA or other national designations ) and Chartered Certified Accountant ( ACCA ) . See also ( edit ) Constant item purchasing power accounting Historical cost accounting Philosophy of accounting Accounting analyst , whose job involves evaluating public company financial statements Management accounting , the other main division of accounting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Financial Accounting - Definition from KWHS '' . Wharton Business School . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are - January 2015 '' ( PDF ) . IFRS.org . IFRS Foundation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ IFRS Conceptual Framework ( 2010 ) Par . OB2 Jump up ^ European Accounting Association , Response to Question 26 , Comment Letter to the Discussion Paper regarding the Review of the Conceptual Framework , on Page 2 of comment letters , dated 2014 - 01 - 24 Archived 2014 - 07 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chew , Lynsie ; Parkinson , Alan ( 2013 ) . Making Sense of Accounting for Business . Harlow : Pearson . ISBN 9781782369295 . Jump up ^ `` IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements '' . Deloitte Global . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larry M. Walther , Christopher J. Skousen , `` Long - Term Assets '' , Ventus Publishing ApS , 2009 Jump up ^ Malhotra , DK ; Poteau , Ray ( 2016 ) . Financial Accounting I. Academic Publishing . ISBN 1627517308 . Jump up ^ Fred. , Phillips , ( 2011 ) . Fundamentals of financial accounting . Libby , Robert. , Libby , Patricia A. ( 3rd ed ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill Irwin . ISBN 9780073527109 . OCLC 457010553 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Paul H. Walgenbach , Norman E. Dittrich and Ernest I. Hanson , ( 1973 ) , Financial Accounting , New York : Harcourt Grace Javonovich , Inc . Page 429 . Jump up ^ `` Basic accounting principles you should know '' , Cleverism Jump up ^ Cost and Management Accounting . Intermediate . The Institute of Cost Accountants of India . p. 17 . Further reading ( edit ) David Annand , Introduction to Financial Accounting , Athabasca University , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9953266 - 4 - 4 Financial Accounting ( 2015 ) doi : 10.24926 / 8668.0701 ISBN 978 - 1 - 946135 - 10 - 0 Johnny Jackson , Introduction to Financial Accounting , Thomas Edison State University . Alexander , D. , Britton , A. , Jorissen , A. , `` International Financial Reporting and Analysis '' , Second Edition , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84480 - 201 - 2 ( hide ) Accounting Type Financial accounting Cost accounting Statements Balance sheet Income statement Cash flow statement Terms Revenue Cost of goods sold Operating expenses Capital expenditure Depreciation Gross profit Net profit GND : 4113562 - 3 NDL : 00966445 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_accounting&oldid=837991864 '' Categories : Financial accounting Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Shqip Slovenčina Basa Sunda Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 08 : 01 . 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which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting​ equation
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( hide ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( hide ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( hide ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( hide ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( hide ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( hide ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( hide ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( hide ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( hide ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Constant purchasing power Major types ( hide ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( hide ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Constant purchasing power Unit of account Selected accounts ( hide ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Accounting standards ( hide ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( hide ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Cash - flow Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( hide ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Ledger / General ledger Auditing ( hide ) Financial Internal Firms Report Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( hide ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( hide ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Financial accounting ( or financial accountancy ) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary , analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business . This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption . Stockholders , suppliers , banks , employees , government agencies , business owners , and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes . Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards . Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction . It includes the standards , conventions and rules that accountants follow in recording and summarizing and in the preparation of financial statements . On the other hand , International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) is a set of passionable accounting standards stating how particular types of transactions and other events should be reported in financial statements . IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . With IFRS becoming more widespread on the international scene , consistency in financial reporting has become more prevalent between global organizations . While financial accounting is used to prepare accounting information for people outside the organization or not involved in the day - to - day running of the company , managerial accounting provides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage the business . Financial accounting and financial reporting are often used as synonyms . 1 . According to International Financial Reporting Standards , the objective of financial reporting is : - To provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors , lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity . 2 . According to the European Accounting Association : Capital maintenance is a competing objective of financial reporting . Financial accounting is the preparation of financial statements that can be consumed by the public and the relevant stakeholders using either Historical Cost Accounting ( HCA ) or Constant Purchasing Power Accounting ( CPPA ) . When producing financial statements , they must comply to the following : Relevance : Financial accounting which is decision - specific . It must be possible for accounting information to influence decisions . Unless this characteristic is present , there is no point in cluttering statements . Materiality : information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements . Reliability : accounting must be free from significant error or bias . It should be easily relied upon by managers . Often information that is highly relevant is n't very reliable , and vice versa . Understandability : accounting reports should be expressed as clearly as possible and should be understood by those to whom the information is relevant . Comparability : financial reports from different periods should be comparable with one another in order to derive meaningful conclusions about the trends in an entity 's financial performance and position over time . Comparability can be ensured by applying the same accounting policies over time ... Relevance : Financial accounting which is decision - specific . It must be possible for accounting information to influence decisions . Unless this characteristic is present , there is no point in cluttering statements . Materiality : information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements . Reliability : accounting must be free from significant error or bias . It should be easily relied upon by managers . Often information that is highly relevant is n't very reliable , and vice versa . Understandability : accounting reports should be expressed as clearly as possible and should be understood by those to whom the information is relevant . Comparability : financial reports from different periods should be comparable with one another in order to derive meaningful conclusions about the trends in an entity 's financial performance and position over time . Comparability can be ensured by applying the same accounting policies over time ... The statement of cash flows considers the inputs and outputs in concrete cash within a stated period . The general template of a cash flow statement is as follows : Cash Inflow - Cash Outflow + Opening Balance = Closing Balance Example 1 : in the beginning of September , Ellen started out with $5 in her bank account . During that same month , Ellen borrowed $20 from Tom . At the end of the month , Ellen bought a pair of shoes for $7 . Ellen 's cash flow statement for the month of September looks like this : Cash inflow : $20 Cash outflow : $7 Opening balance : $5 Closing balance : $20 -- $7 + $5 = $18 Cash inflow : $20 Cash outflow : $7 Opening balance : $5 Closing balance : $20 -- $7 + $5 = $18 Example 2 : in the beginning of June , WikiTables , a company that buys and resells tables , sold 2 tables . They 'd originally bought the tables for $25 each , and sold them at a price of $50 per table . The first table was paid out in cash however the second one was bought in credit terms . WikiTables ' cash flow statement for the month of June looks like this : Cash inflow : $50 - How much WikiTables received in cash for the first table . They did n't receive cash for the second table ( sold in credit terms ) . Cash outflow : $50 - How much they 'd originally bought the 2 tables for . Opening balance : $0 Closing balance : $50 -- 2 * $25 + $0 = $50 -- 50 = $0 - Indeed , the cash flow for the month of June for WikiTables amounts to $0 and not $50 . Cash inflow : $50 - How much WikiTables received in cash for the first table . They did n't receive cash for the second table ( sold in credit terms ) . Cash outflow : $50 - How much they 'd originally bought the 2 tables for . Opening balance : $0 Closing balance : $50 -- 2 * $25 + $0 = $50 -- 50 = $0 - Indeed , the cash flow for the month of June for WikiTables amounts to $0 and not $50 . Important : the cash flow statement only considers the exchange of actual cash , and ignores what the person in question owes or is owed . The statement of profit or income statement reports the changes in value of a company 's accounts over a set period ( most commonly one fiscal year ) , and may compare the changes to changes in the same accounts over the previous period . All changes are summarized on the `` bottom line '' as net income , often reported as `` net loss '' when income is less than zero . The net profit or loss is determined by : Sales ( revenue ) -- cost of goods sold -- selling , general , administrative expenses ( SGA ) -- depreciation / amortization = earnings before interest and taxes ( EBIT ) -- interest and tax expenses = profit / loss The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm 's assets , liabilities and equity ( capital ) at a set point in time , usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement . The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount . This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity . The statement can be used to help show the status of a company . Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets . International Financial Reporting Standards normally require that companies report current assets and liabilities separately from non-current amounts . Current assets are the most liquid assets of a firm , which can be realized in 12 months period . Current assets include : cash - physical money accounts receivable - revenues earned but not yet collected Merchandise inventory - consists of goods and services a firm currently owns until it ends up getting sold marketable securities - Stocks and bonds a firm has invested in other firms prepaid expenses - expenses paid for in advance for use during that year cash - physical money accounts receivable - revenues earned but not yet collected Merchandise inventory - consists of goods and services a firm currently owns until it ends up getting sold marketable securities - Stocks and bonds a firm has invested in other firms prepaid expenses - expenses paid for in advance for use during that year Non-current assets include fixed or long - term assets and intangible assets : fixed ( long term ) assets property building equipment ( such as factory machinery ) intangible assets copyrights trademarks patents goodwill fixed ( long term ) assets property building equipment ( such as factory machinery ) property building equipment ( such as factory machinery ) equipment ( such as factory machinery ) intangible assets copyrights trademarks patents goodwill copyrights trademarks patents goodwill Liabilities include : current liabilities trade accounts payable dividends payable employee salaries payable interest ( e.g. on debt ) payable long term liabilities mortgage notes payable bonds payable current liabilities trade accounts payable dividends payable employee salaries payable interest ( e.g. on debt ) payable trade accounts payable dividends payable employee salaries payable interest ( e.g. on debt ) payable trade accounts payable employee salaries payable interest ( e.g. on debt ) payable long term liabilities mortgage notes payable bonds payable mortgage notes payable bonds payable mortgage notes payable Owner 's equity , sometimes referred to as net assets , is represented differently depending on the type of business ownership . Business ownership can be in the form of a sole proprietorship , partnership , or a corporation . For a corporation , the owner 's equity portion usually shows common stock , and retained earnings ( earnings kept in the company ) . Retained earnings come from the retained earnings statement , prepared prior to the balance sheet . This statement is additional to the three main statements described above . It shows how the distribution of income and transfer of dividends affects the wealth of shareholders in the company . The concept of retained earnings means profits of previous years that are accumulated till current period . Basic proforma for this statement is as follows : Retained earnings at the beginning of period + Net Income for the period = Retained earnings at the end of period . THE STABLE MEASURING ASSUMPTION One of the basic principles in accounting is `` The Measuring Unit principle : The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency . This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable ; that is , changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements . '' Historical Cost Accounting , i.e. , financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units , is based on the stable measuring unit assumption under which accountants simply assume that money , the monetary unit of measure , is perfectly stable in real value for the purpose of measuring ( 1 ) monetary items not inflation - indexed daily in terms of the Daily CPI and ( 2 ) constant real value non-monetary items not updated daily in terms of the Daily CPI during low and high inflation and deflation . UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER The stable monetary unit assumption is not applied during hyperinflation . IFRS requires entities to implement capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies . Financial accountants produce financial statements based on the accounting standards in a given jurisdiction . These standards may be the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of a respective country , which are typically issued by a national standard setter , or International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) , which are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . Financial accounting serves the following purposes : producing general purpose financial statements producing information used by the management of a business entity for decision making , planning and performance evaluation producing financial statements for meeting regulatory requirements . producing general purpose financial statements producing information used by the management of a business entity for decision making , planning and performance evaluation producing financial statements for meeting regulatory requirements . Objectives of Financial Accounting Systematic recording of transactions : basic objective of accounting is to systematically record the financial aspects of business transactions ( i.e. book - keeping ) . These recorded transactions are later on classified and summarized logically for the preparation of financial statements and for their analysis and interpretation . Ascertainment of result of above recorded transactions : accountant prepares profit and loss account to know the result of business operations for a particular period of time . If expenses exceed revenue then it is said that the business is running under loss . The profit and loss account helps the management and different stakeholders in taking rational decisions . For example , if business is not proved to be remunerative or profitable , the cause of such a state of affairs can be investigated by the management for taking remedial steps . Ascertainment of the financial position of business : businessman is not only interested in knowing the result of the business in terms of profits or loss for a particular period but is also anxious to know that what he owes ( liability ) to the outsiders and what he owns ( assets ) on a certain date . To know this , accountant prepares a financial position statement of assets and liabilities of the business at a particular point of time and helps in ascertaining the financial health of the business . Providing information to the users for rational decision - making : accounting as a ' language of business ' communicates the financial result of an enterprise to various stakeholders by means of financial statements . Accounting aims to meet the financial information needs of the decision - makers and helps them in rational decision - making . To know the solvency position : by preparing the balance sheet , management not only reveals what is owned and owed by the enterprise , but also it gives the information regarding concern 's ability to meet its liabilities in the short run ( liquidity position ) and also in the long - run ( solvency position ) as and when they fall due . Systematic recording of transactions : basic objective of accounting is to systematically record the financial aspects of business transactions ( i.e. book - keeping ) . These recorded transactions are later on classified and summarized logically for the preparation of financial statements and for their analysis and interpretation . Ascertainment of result of above recorded transactions : accountant prepares profit and loss account to know the result of business operations for a particular period of time . If expenses exceed revenue then it is said that the business is running under loss . The profit and loss account helps the management and different stakeholders in taking rational decisions . For example , if business is not proved to be remunerative or profitable , the cause of such a state of affairs can be investigated by the management for taking remedial steps . Ascertainment of the financial position of business : businessman is not only interested in knowing the result of the business in terms of profits or loss for a particular period but is also anxious to know that what he owes ( liability ) to the outsiders and what he owns ( assets ) on a certain date . To know this , accountant prepares a financial position statement of assets and liabilities of the business at a particular point of time and helps in ascertaining the financial health of the business . Providing information to the users for rational decision - making : accounting as a ' language of business ' communicates the financial result of an enterprise to various stakeholders by means of financial statements . Accounting aims to meet the financial information needs of the decision - makers and helps them in rational decision - making . To know the solvency position : by preparing the balance sheet , management not only reveals what is owned and owed by the enterprise , but also it gives the information regarding concern 's ability to meet its liabilities in the short run ( liquidity position ) and also in the long - run ( solvency position ) as and when they fall due . The accounting equation ( Assets = Liabilities + Owners ' Equity ) and financial statements are the main topics of financial accounting . The trial balance , which is usually prepared using the double - entry accounting system , forms the basis for preparing the financial statements . All the figures in the trial balance are rearranged to prepare a profit & loss statement and balance sheet . Accounting standards determine the format for these accounts ( SSAP , FRS , IFRS ) . Financial statements display the income and expenditure for the company and a summary of the assets , liabilities , and shareholders ' or owners ' equity of the company on the date to which the accounts were prepared . Assets and expenses have normal debit balances , i.e. , debiting these types of accounts increases them . Liabilities , revenues , and capital have normal credit balances , i.e. , crediting these increases them . When the same thing is done to an account as its normal balance it increases ; when the opposite is done , it will decrease . Much like signs in math : two positive numbers are added and two negative numbers are also added . It is only when there is one positive and one negative ( opposites ) that you will subtract . Financial accounting aims at finding out results of accounting year in the form of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet . Cost Accounting aims at computing cost of production / service in a scientific manner and facilitate cost control and cost reduction . Financial accounting reports the results and position of business to government , creditors , investors , and external parties . Cost Accounting is an internal reporting system for an organisation 's own management for decision making . In financial accounting , cost classification based on type of transactions , e.g. salaries , repairs , insurance , stores etc . In cost accounting , classification is basically on the basis of functions , activities , products , process and on internal planning and control and information needs of the organization . Financial accounting aims at presenting ' true and fair ' view of transactions , profit and loss for a period and Statement of financial position ( Balance Sheet ) on a given date . It aims at computing ' true and fair ' view of the cost of production / services offered by the firm . Financial accounting aims at finding out results of accounting year in the form of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet . Cost Accounting aims at computing cost of production / service in a scientific manner and facilitate cost control and cost reduction . Financial accounting reports the results and position of business to government , creditors , investors , and external parties . Cost Accounting is an internal reporting system for an organisation 's own management for decision making . In financial accounting , cost classification based on type of transactions , e.g. salaries , repairs , insurance , stores etc . In cost accounting , classification is basically on the basis of functions , activities , products , process and on internal planning and control and information needs of the organization . Financial accounting aims at presenting ' true and fair ' view of transactions , profit and loss for a period and Statement of financial position ( Balance Sheet ) on a given date . It aims at computing ' true and fair ' view of the cost of production / services offered by the firm . Many professional accountancy qualifications cover the field of financial accountancy , including Certified Public Accountant ( CPA ) , Chartered Accountant ( CA or other national designations ) and Chartered Certified Accountant ( ACCA ) .
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