List of supermarket Chains in the United Kingdom - wikipedia List of supermarket Chains in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search For UK Convenience store , see List of Convenience stores of the United Kingdom . For UK discount stores , see List of discount stores in the United Kingdom . For UK Clothing & Footwear Retailers , see List of current and defunct clothing and footwear stores in the United Kingdom . Tesco is the largest supermarket chain in the United Kingdom . This is a list of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom . Grocery sales in the UK are dominated by Tesco , Asda , Sainsbury 's and Morrisons . These , dubbed the ' big four ' , had a combined market share of 73.2 % of the UK grocery market in the 12 weeks ending 4 January 2015 , a decline from 74.1 % in 2007 . Discounters Aldi and Lidl have seen a combined rise in market share from 4.8 % to 8.3 % over that time , while upscale grocer Waitrose 's share rose from 3.9 % to 5.1 % In early 2017 , Tesco announced a deal to merge with Booker , the UK 's largest wholesale food retailer , while Aldi became the 5th biggest supermarket . Premier Supermarkets , a subsidiary of Express Dairies , opened the UK 's first supermarket in Streatham , South London in 1951 , though The Co-operative Food opened Britain 's first fully self - service store in March 1948 in Albert Road , Southsea . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of current UK supermarket chains 2 List of defunct UK supermarket chains 3 Waitrose Effect 4 See also 5 References List of current UK supermarket Chains ( edit ) Supermarket Image Founded / came to UK Owned by August 2017 Market share February 2017 Market share 2015 Market share 2007 Market share 2000 Market share Number of stores Notes Aldi 1990 Aldi Süd GmbH 7.0 6.2 5.3 2.6 1.5 726 No frills supermarket Asda 1949 Walmart through subsidiary Corinth Services Ltd 15.3 15.6 17.1 16.6 14.1 603 Founded from the merger of Associated Dairies and the Asquith family owned Queens Supermarket , originally called ASDA Queens Booths 1847 Booth Family and staff - - - 28 Found in Lancashire , Cumbria , Yorkshire , and Cheshire . Budgens 1872 Booker Group 0.4 0.4 0.4 190 Found in England and Wales , with stores up to 10,000 square feet ( 930 m ) Co-op , * and Co-op Food or The Co-operative Food 1844 Various consumers ' co-operatives 6.3 6.0 6.0 4.4 5.4 4,022 Identities shared by about 20 retail co-operatives , including : The Co-operative Group East of England Co-operative Society Midcounties Co-operative Central England Co-operative Scotmid See also : The Co-operative Group # List of corporate members Farmfoods 1955 - 0.7 0.5 - 320 - Fulton 's Foods UK private company - - - 100 Small supermarket chain based in South Yorkshire with branches across the Midlands and North of England Heron Foods 1979 UK private company - - - 290 Primarily frozen foods ; operates stores throughout the Midlands and the North in 2017 Cooltrader were rebranded as Heron foods , five years after being sold to that company . Iceland 1970 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 1.6 2.8 850 First store opened at Oswestry , Shropshire in 1970 Lidl 1994 Lidl Stiftung & Co . KG 5.2 4.5 3.7 2.2 1.3 670 No frills supermarket Marks & Spencer 1884 Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange 3.8 4.3 - 852 Clothing and food retailer Morrisons 1899 Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange 10.4 10.9 10.9 11.2 4.9 569 Fourth biggest supermarket in the UK Ocado 2002 Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange 1.4 - - - 0 Online only , product supply partnership with Waitrose ; outsourced branded delivery partnership with Morrisons Sainsbury 's 1869 Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange 15.8 16.5 16.9 16.2 17.9 1,304 Superstores , as well as ' Local ' and ' Central ' sites Tesco 1919 Publicly traded on the London Stock Exchange 27.8 28.1 28.4 31.6 25.0 3,493 ( UK ) Including Extra , Superstores , Metro , ' Express and Homeplus outlets ; UK 's largest all - purpose retailer Waitrose 1904 John Lewis Partnership 5.1 5.3 5.1 3.9 2.7 344 Waitrose has a variety of store styles , including : Waitrose Stores Convenience Stores and Little Waitrose John Lewis Foodhall Food , Fashion & Home Food & Home Welcome Break outlets ( motorway services ) List of defunct UK supermarket Chains ( edit ) These supermarkets are either no longer trading , have been renamed , or have been taken over and rebranded . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Supermarket Image Founded / came to UK Fate Closed Notes APT Stores Chain of small supermarkets with the catchphrase The Store with More . Bejam 1968 Bought by Iceland Frozen foods Big W 1998 Discontinued , rebranded as Woolworths . 21 store chain of megastores styled after Walmart in America ; 7 of the stores were sold to Asda and Tesco ( the stores that had permission to stock groceries ) and the remaining 14 stores were rebranded and downsized under the regular Woolworths banner . Bishops Bought by Budgens 1984 63 stores in south east England BP Safeway 1962 Dissolved following Safeway takeover by Morrisons Partnership between BP plc and Safeway , listed as Equinox retailing ; some stores now Tesco Express Brian Ford 's Discount Store Bought by Tesco in 2004 Opened by Brian Ford after the sale of the family Ford & Lock business to Gateway in 1974 . The business opened in the former Deveres Kensington engineering building in Barnstaple , Devon expanding with an extension in 1981 . The business was based on the ' cash & carry ' principle . The business was purchased by Tesco in 2004 but continued to be run as Brian Fords until permission was gained to build a Tesco Extra . Burton Supermarkets Bought by Fine Fare Small Nottinghamshire based supermarket chain purchased by Fine Fare and re-branded Capital Freezer Centres Now owned by Farmfoods Chain of freezer stores located in England and Scotland ; owned by United Biscuits since 1979 ; a management buyout happened in 1989 Carrefour 1970s UK business sold to Gateway / Somerfield , then later to Asda 1990 Cartier 's Superfoods c. 1970 Bought by Tesco 1979 Small Kent based supermarket chain taken over by Tesco Cater Brothers 1958 Became part of Prestos 1979 Cater Brothers were a South East - based chain . In 1972 they were bought out by Debenhams after the death of the chairman Leslie Cater in the same plane crash that killed FJ Wallis . In 1979 Debenhams sold the chain to Allied Suppliers who re-branded the stores under their Presto brand . Challenge Supermarket Became part of Frank Dee Supermarket based in Yorkshire that was purchased by Frank Dee in the 1980s and incorporated into the chain . Cooltrader brought out by Heron Foods 2017 Opened in Wrexham , founded by Iceland founder Malcolm Walker . Cooltrader became part of Iceland after Malcolm Walker 's takeover of that business , then sold in 2012 to Heron Foods . Coopers & Co Bought by Fine Fare 1955 Scotland based supermarket and grocers chain bought by Fine Fare and re-branded as Coopers Fine Fare Cordon Bleu 1964 Owned by Argyll Supplies Chain of freezer shops owned by Argyll Supplies ; stores were re-branded under the Lo - cost or Presto name County Stores Sold to Gateway , converted to Somerfield 1990 Crazy Prices Bought by Tesco ABF owned Northern Ireland group Dalgety Freezer Centres Bought by James Gullivers Argyll Supplies 38 freezer centre bought by James Gulliver and added to Argyll Supplies Cordon Bleu business . David Greig Bought by Fitch Lovell Merged into Key Markets DEE Discount Stores Re-branded as Gateway , later Somerfield now owned by Co-op Chain of supermarkets based in North East of England ; parent company Linfood Holdings purchased the smaller Gateway chain and re-branded stores as Gateway and the parent company as Dee Corporation Downsway Supermarkets Bought by Fine Fare 1978 East Anglian based supermarket group with 80 stores owned by Vestey Group ; sold in 1978 and converted to Fine Fare stores Elmo Bought by Fine Fare Small chain of 28 stores based in East Anglia and the South of England ; bought for £ 1m by Fine Fare ; rebranded as Fine Fare Fairway c. 1960s Bought by Frank Dee 1980s Doncaster based chain of supermarkets bought by Frank Dee in 1980s and converted into that chain Fine Fare 1951 Bought by Gateway 1986 Britain 's third supermarket until the 1980s behind Tesco and Sainsburys ; bought by Gateway Corp. in 1986 and shops rebranded as Gateway by 1988 Ford & Lock 1960 Sold to Gateway 36 shops across south - west England ; owner Brian Ford went on to open a new store in his own name Freeze Fair 66 freezer store chain owned by Jobs Dairies bought by Argyll Supplies and added to Cordon Bleu chain . Freezeway Bought by Farmfoods Small chain of freezershops bought by Farmfoods FreshXpress 2007 Administration in 2008 , liquidated in 2009 2009 Smaller stores of former Kwik Save chain ; bought out by management team led by Brendan Murtagh Frank Dee Supermarkets Re-branded as Gateway , later Somerfield now owned by Co-op Chain of supermarkets based in North East of England ; parent company Linfood Holdings purchased the smaller Gateway chain and re-branded stores as Gateway and the parent company as Dee Corporation Galbraith supermarkets 1894 Bought by Allied Suppliers , then Argyll Group Scottish chain Gateway Foodmarkets 1950 Rebranded as Somerfield Grandways Some stores sold to Argyll Group for their Presto chain and Kwik Save , remainder renamed Jacksons 1992 / 3 Regional in Yorkshire GT Smith Bought by Co-operative Group 2002 Regional in West Yorkshire Haldanes 2009 ( including UGO stores ) 2011 Went into administration 2011 Hanburys 1889 Bought by Co-Op 1997 Started in 1889 when Jeremiah Hanbury opened a small store in Market Street , Farnworth , selling butter and bacon . In 1929 , the business was bought by Bolton wholesale grocers E.H. Steele Ltd . In 1997 the 31 Hanburys stores , which cover the north - west , including 8 in Bolton , were acquired by United Norwest Co-op and subsequently re-branded . Hillards 1880 Bought by Tesco Several locations throughout Midlands , North East Hintons Bought by Argyll Foods to become part of Presto Mainly in North East England and Yorkshire Irwin 's Stores Bought by Tesco International 1874 Bought by Dee Corporation Stores were re-branded gateway or sold off to competitors Jacksons Bought by J Sainsbury 2008 See also Grandways , above , which was originally part of the same group . Stores originally traded under the Jacksons name , and were slowly converted to the Grandways brand . After the sale to Sainsbury , the Jackson name was revived for a chain of smaller stores in the Wm Jackson until they were sold and were re-branded Sainsbury Local . Kenton Supermarkets Small chain based in North West of England Key Markets Bought by Dee Corporation Created by food giant Fitch Lovell . Re-branded as Gateway . Kibby 's Supermarkets Chain of supermarkets bought by Unigate . Stores were sold off to various companies including WM Low and International Stores . Kwik Save 1959 Brand now owned by Costcutter Company purchased by Somerfield in 1998 . Name and 177 stores sold by Somerfield in 2006 but went into administration in 2007 . Laws Stores c. 1890s Bought by Wm Low for £ 7.1 million in 1985 1985 Chain of supermarkets focused on North East England Lennons Supermarkets 1958 Bought by Dee Corporation Chain of Supermarkets based in North East . Started as small chain of grocers but opened first supermarket in 1956 in Widnes . Bought by the Dee Corporation before being re-branded as Gateway . Leos Rebranded Co-op Name given to larger co-operative stores during the 1980s Liptons 1871 Bought by Allied Suppliers Converted to Presto or Lo - Cost stores Lo - Cost Converted to Safeway Lowfreeze Bought by Bejam Small chain of freezer shops bought by Bejam Mac Fisheries Bought by Dee Group 1978 Wet fish shops closed Mainstop Acquired by Morrisons 1981 Moore Stores Bought by Cavenham and added to Allied Suppliers group 1976 Chain of small supermarkets based in the North East of England which had a turnover of £ 53m in 1969 / 70 Rebranded either Liptons or Presto . Netto 1990 Bought by Asda in 2010 for £ 778M from Dansk Supermarked Group . 147 stores were rebranded in 2011 as Asda local stores . The remaining 47 stores have been sold off to other companies such as Morrisons and new convenience store UGO and other retailers due to competition laws . Netto then returned to UK , with a partnership with Sainsbury 's and is initially opening 15 stores in the north of England . In July 2016 , Sainsbury 's ended the joint venture , scrapping the Netto name in the UK once again . 2011 Was a no frills supermarket . On 30 September 2011 , Netto UK ceased trading . In 2014 , the supermarket announced they would be returning to the UK with 15 stores . Normans supermarkets Bought by Plymco Normid Rebranded Co-op Was owned by United Co-operatives Norco Rebranded Co-op Aberdeen based co-operative society Orchard Frozen Foods Bought by Iceland 1986 Chain of freezer centres based in the South East of England Premier Supermarkets Bought by Mac Fisheries 1965 Subsidiary of Express Dairies , opened UK 's first supermarket in Streatham , South London in 1951 . Sold after losing out on purchase of Irwin 's stores to Tesco Presto 1977 After buying out Safeway , all stores were converted to Safeway 1998 Price Rite Chain of stores purchased by British American Tobacco and incorporated into International Stores ; stores re-branded as International Stores , before being sold off to Fine Fare and Argyll Foods Quality Fare Bought by the Co-operative Group Queens Supermarkets 1958 Merged with Associated Dairies and GEN to form ASDA 1965 Small chain of supermarkets started by Asquith family in Pontefract . In 1965 merged with Associated Dairies and purchased the GEN brand , relaunching as ASDA Queens , before becoming ASDA . ASDA is an abbreviation of ASquith and DAiries . Rainbow Discontinued , rebranded as parent Co-op Richway Supermarkets Retail chain operating in South of England and the Isle of Wight Safeway 1962 Bought by Morrisons 2005 Safeway Compact stores sold to Somerfield . Was still trading under Safeway in Channel Islands until becoming Waitrose in 2010 . Sainsbury 's Freezer Centres Bought by Bejam 1986 Sainsburys opened the chain of freezer shops to try and compete with the new style of food store , with the first store opening in Southbourne near Bournemouth . By 1980 there was 21 freezer centres , but these were sold off in 1986 to Bejam . Sainsbury 's Savacentre 1977 Discontinued , Rebranded Sainsbury 's 2005 Savacentre was a joint project started by Sainsburys and BHS to compete in Hypermarket scene . Sainsburys added when BHS pulled out of the company . Saverite 1968 Bought by West Midlands Co-operative Society which later became Mid-counties Co-operative after a merger with Oxford , Swindon and Gloucester Co-operative 2000 Shropshire based grocery business started in 1869 . Renamed Saverite in 1968 ( from Morris & Co ) and expanded into supermarkets . Sold to Mid-Counties Co-operative in 2000 . Schofield & Martin Rebranded Waitrose c. 1965 Small chain of grocers based in South Essex purchased by Waitrose in 1944 . Had the first self - service supermarket store within the Waitrose group in 1951 . Shoppers Paradise Taken over by Gateway Discount food store chain created by Associated British Food from un-profitable Fine Fare stores . Became part of Gateway as part of Fine Fare purchase . Shop Rite 1972 Bought by Kwik Save , Still trades as ShopRite in the Isle of Man stocking a range of Waitrose & Iceland products as well as locally produced goods 1994 Discount supermarket chain Smiths Freezer Centres c. 1990s Small chain of freezer stores located in Essex ; went into liquidation during the 1990s Somerfield 1865 Purchase agreed by the Co-operative Group on 16 July 2008 for £ 1.56 bn ; from 2009 many larger stores were sold off and smaller stores rebranded to The Co-operative Food 2011 Food Giant Originally part of Somerfield group , all stores converted to Kwik Save following the Somerfield / Kwik Save merger Solo Trading name of Gateways - rebranded Somerfield Trading name created by Gateways St Catherine 's Freezer Centres Bought by Iceland Chain of 18 freezer centres located in Bristol and South West area Stewarts Supermarket Limited Bought by Tesco ABF owned Northern Ireland group Stitchers Supermarkets Bought by Downsway Small chain of supermarkets purchased by Downsway and re-branded Supernational Stores 1935 Bought by Gateway Templeton supermarkets 1880 Bought by Allied Suppliers then Argyll Group Scottish chain , rebranded as Presto Victor Value Bought by Tesco 1968 / 1986 Independent chain ; larger stores were rebranded as Tesco , remaining sold to Bejam in 1986 Wallis 1955 Bought by Somerfield 2003 Founded by Francis J Wallis of Rainham Essex in 1955 . By 1968 there were 38 stores . In 1977 the chain 's 100 stores were sold to British American Tobacco and merged with their already owned chain International Stores . The stores were re-branded International . The company officially still existed and was wound up by Somerfield , who had purchased International Stores in 2003 . Wavy Line Small chain of small supermarkets and convenience stores located in the South and South East of England Walter Willson Bought by Alldays Chain of small supermarkets and convenience stores in the north east of England and Cumbria Wellworths Bought by Musgrave Group & Safeway 1997 Northern Ireland supermarket chain split into Supervalu and Safeway Whelan Discount Stores Bought by Morrisons for £ 1.5 million 1978 Chain of supermarkets based in Lancashire started by JJB Sports owner Dave Whelan Wm Low Bought by Tesco Presence in Scotland and northern England Williamson & Treadgold Bournemouth based grocers that opened a supermarket at The Hampshire Centre . The store was eventually purchased by Sainsburys . Woolco 1966 Discontinued , rebranded as Woolworth and later bought by Gateway in 1986 1982 Hypermarket chain started by Woolworth Waitrose effect ( edit ) Proximity to a supermarket has been widely reported to be an amenity that can have a significant effect on residential property prices in Britain . Beginning under Andy Hulme and continuing under Mike Songer , the home mortgage unit of Lloyds Bank has published pricing research that examines the premiums commanded by homes in a given neighbourhood against comparables in the same post-code and correlates the difference in price with convenience of access to the various supermarkets . The following table averages information from neighbourhoods across England and Wales , compiled by Lloyds Bank for their 2016 report using supermarket location information from CACI Datalab and house price information from the UK Land Registry . Supermarket Nearby property premium ( % ) Nearby property premium ( £ ) Waitrose 10 % £ 38,666 Sainsbury 's 10 % £ 27,939 Marks & Spencer 9 % £ 27,182 Tesco 9 % £ 22,072 Iceland 8 % £ 20,034 Co-op 8 % £ 17,904 Morrisons 5 % £ 10,558 Asda 2 % £ 5,026 Lidl 2 % £ 3,926 Aldi 1 % £ 1,333 See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Companies portal Business portal Lists portal For supermarkets worldwide , see List of supermarkets . Kantar Worldpanel - UK grocery market share figures List of Convenience stores of the United Kingdom List of discount stores in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Asda overtaken by Sainsbury 's as UK 's second largest supermarket but big four continue to slide '' . CityAM. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK : Discounters Benefit From Downturn '' . KamCity . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Finance ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Tesco merging with Booker in a £ 3.7 billion deal - Business Insider '' . Uk.businessinsider.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sam Dean ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Aldi overtakes Co-op as the UK 's fifth largest supermarket '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Helen Gregory ( 3 November 2001 ) . `` It 's a super anniversary : it 's 50 years since the first full size self - service supermarket was unveiled in the UK '' . The Grocer . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aldi overtakes Waitrose to become UK 's sixth - biggest supermarket '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supermarket market share ( UK ) '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lidl tops Waitrose to become UK 's seventh biggest grocer - BBC News '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Gale , Adam . `` Aldi and Lidl will keep on growing '' . Managementtoday.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lidl tops Waitrose to become UK 's seventh biggest grocer - BBC News '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Musgrave Group Agrees Sale of Budgens and Londis to Booker '' . Musgrave Group . Jump up ^ `` Lidl tops Waitrose to become UK 's seventh biggest grocer - BBC News '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iceland agrees Cooltrader sale to Heron Foods '' . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lidl tops Waitrose to become UK 's seventh biggest grocer - BBC News '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2013 : Performance against our plan '' . Marks & Spencer . 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/investors/9e6d85996d984de181a50d1303f1c998 ^ Jump up to : `` Aldi overtakes Co-op to become UK 's fifth biggest supermarket '' . News.sky.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sarah Butler . `` Lidl overtakes Waitrose as UK shoppers turn to discounters Business '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage shoppoing bags - Little Red Dog '' . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Competition Commission report , para 3.10 ( a ) Jump up ^ `` End of an era as Brian Fords closes - North Devon Gazette p. 25 Jun 2010 '' . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biscuits again drawing support - The Glasgow Herald p. 16 Jan 1984 '' . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capital assets - The Herald p. 23 December 1989 '' . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` u09456 - Picture Sheffield '' . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Walker 's biography - Iceland.co.uk '' . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Check '' . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grocers : The Rise and Rise of the Supermarket Chains By Andrew Seth , Geoffrey Randall '' . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supermarket opened at Denaby - South Yorkshire Times April 10 , 1965 '' . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of an era as Brian Fords closes - North Devon Gazette p. 25 June 2010 '' . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Die Nahrungsmitteldistribution in Westeuropa. 2 . Dänemark , Grossbritannien By Erich Batzer , Erich Greipl , Richard Geml , Helmut Laumer , Erich Greipl '' . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sainsbury 's & Netto stores to help create 300 - plus jobs in Scunthorpe '' . 24 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Morris & Co - Heritage '' . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Co-op buys rival supermarket Somerfield '' . AFP via Google News . 16 July 2008 . Retrieved 16 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final : Wigan 's Whelan makes poignant Wembley return - BBC Sports Website p. 9 May 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Castlepoint before it was Castlepoint - Bournemouth Echo p. 18 March 2015 '' . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Living near Waitrose boosts your house value , claims research '' . BBC . 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waitrose 's latest offer : £ 40,000 added to your house price '' . The Guardian . 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` Living near Waitrose could add £ 38,666 to your house price , survey says '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Myra ( 24 July 2016 ) . `` The Waitrose effect adds £ 40,000 to homes but Aldi gives just £ 1,300 : How a supermarket nearby can boost value '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supermarkets : top of the homebuyer shopping list ? '' . Lloyds Bank . 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . It 's easy to assume the effect of different factors on the value of a property but this research enables us to clearly see that there is a significant association between the convenience of a local supermarket and house prices . Jump up ^ `` Living near a supermarket can bag you a £ 22,000 bonus on your home '' . Lloyds Bank . 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Of course , there are many other drivers of house prices beyond having a supermarket on your doorstep , but our research suggests that it is a strong factor Jump up ^ `` Living near a supermarket can bag you a £ 22,000 bonus on your home '' ( PDF ) . Lloyds Banking Group . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Supermarkets in the United Kingdom ' Big four ' Asda Morrisons Sainsbury 's Tesco Convenience Bargain Booze Best - One Budgens The Co-operative Food Costcutter Happy Shopper Jones Convenience Stores Londis Mace McColl 's Nisa Premier Stores SPAR Discount Aldi B & M Home Bargains Kwik Save Lidl Poundland Poundstretcher Poundworld Quality Save Frozen specialists Farmfoods Heron Foods Iceland Fulton 's Foods Online Ocado Premium Marks & Spencer Waitrose Whole Foods Market Regional Booths Dunnes Stores Filco Planet Organic Shoprite ( Isle of Man ) List of supermarket chains in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=817931147 '' Categories : Supermarkets of the United Kingdom Lists of supermarkets Lists of companies of the United Kingdom by industry Defunct supermarkets of the United Kingdom Retailing in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Incomplete lists from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Français Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 11 : 40 . 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Question: who is the largest supermarket chain in the uk


Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World - wikipedia Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World Jump to : navigation , search Don Bradman has won the award the most times , being named as the notional winner ten times between 1930 and 1948 . The Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World is an annual cricket award selected by Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . It was established in 2004 , to select the best cricketer based upon their performances anywhere in the world in the previous calendar year . A notional list of previous winners , spanning from 1900 to 2002 , was published in the 2007 edition of Wisden . Since 1889 , Wisden has published a list of Cricketers of the Year , typically selecting five cricketers that had the greatest impact during the previous English cricket season . However , in the 2000 edition , the editor Matthew Engel recognised that the best players in the world were typically no longer playing English domestic cricket , and opted to select the Cricketers of the Year based on their performances anywhere in the world . This criterion was applied for the following three years , but in 2004 it reverted to being based on the English season , and a Leading Cricketer in the World was also selected . The recipient of the award is selected by the editor of Wisden , with advice from cricket experts . An Australian , Ricky Ponting was chosen as the first winner of the award , for scoring 1,503 runs in international cricket , including eleven centuries during 2003 . In the 2007 edition of Wisden , a list of winners for previous years was published . A sixteen - person panel helped to select the winners , which Engel described as the cricketer that `` would have been the first name down in the World XI to play Mars '' . It was decided that the first year that would be listed was 1900 , as prior to that Engel claimed international cricket was too `` inchoate and haphazard to make comparison sensible '' . No awards were made for the periods of the World Wars , leaving a list of 93 winners . During this selection , Don Bradman was listed the most , winning on ten occasions , while Garfield Sobers was the leading cricketer eight times . Engel noted that despite attempts to the contrary , the award maintains cricket 's bias towards batsmen . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of award winners 1.1 Actual winners 1.2 Notional winners 2 Multiple winners 3 Winners by country 4 See also 5 References List of award winners ( edit ) Actual winners ( edit ) Kumar Sangakkara was twice recognised by Wisden in 2012 , being named a Cricketer of the Year and Leading Cricketer in the World . Note that each year 's Leading Cricketer of the World is announced in the following year 's Wisden , so the 2003 winner was announced in 2004 , and so on . Year Player Country 2003 Ponting , Ricky Ricky Ponting Australia Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia 2005 Flintoff , Andrew Andrew Flintoff England 2006 Muralitharan , Muttiah Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 2007 Kallis , Jacques Jacques Kallis South Africa 2008 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag India 2009 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag India Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar India 2011 Sangakkara , Kumar Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 2012 Clarke , Michael Michael Clarke Australia 2013 Steyn , Dale Dale Steyn South Africa 2014 Sangakkara , Kumar Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 2015 Williamson , Kane Kane Williamson New Zealand 2016 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli India 2017 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli India Notional winners ( edit ) Ranjitsinhji was the first historical winner , being recognised for 1900 . Jack Hobbs is one of only five players to have won the award more than twice . Harold Larwood was the only non-Australian cricketer to be recognised in the 1930s . Keith Miller reading Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack in 1951 , his selection year Garfield Sobers ( pictured here in 2012 ) was the winner eight times between 1958 and 1970 . Viv Richards was recognised in 1976 , 1978 and 1980 Imran Khan was the first Pakistani cricketer to be recognised , for 1982 . Year Player Country 1900 Ranjitsinhji , K.S. K.S. Ranjitsinhji England 1901 Fry , C.B. C.B. Fry England 1902 Trumper , Victor Victor Trumper Australia 1903 Fry , C.B. C.B. Fry England 1904 Bosanquet , Bernard Bernard Bosanquet England 1905 Jackson , Stanley Stanley Jackson England 1906 Hirst , George George Hirst England 1907 Vogler , Bert Bert Vogler South Africa 1908 Noble , Monty Monty Noble Australia 1909 Rhodes , Wilfred Wilfred Rhodes England 1910 Faulkner , Aubrey Aubrey Faulkner South Africa 1911 Trumper , Victor Victor Trumper Australia 1912 Barnes , Sydney Sydney Barnes England 1913 Barnes , Sydney Sydney Barnes England 1914 Hobbs , Jack Jack Hobbs England 1915 -- 18 z ! Not awarded due to World War I 1919 Gregory , Jack Jack Gregory Australia 1920 Collins , Herbie Herbie Collins Australia 1921 Macartney , Charlie Charlie Macartney Australia 1922 Hobbs , Jack Jack Hobbs England 1923 Hendren , Patsy Patsy Hendren England 1924 Tate , Maurice Maurice Tate England 1925 Hobbs , Jack Jack Hobbs England 1926 Macartney , Charlie Charlie Macartney Australia 1927 Ponsford , Bill Bill Ponsford Australia 1928 Freeman , Tich Tich Freeman England 1929 Hammond , Wally Wally Hammond England 1930 Bradman , Don Don Bradman Australia 1931 Bradman , Don Don Bradman Australia 1932 Bradman , Don Don Bradman Australia 1933 Larwood , Harold Harold Larwood England 1934 Bradman , Don Don Bradman Australia 1935 McCabe , Stan Stan McCabe Australia 1936 Bradman , Don Don Bradman Australia 1937 Bradman , Don Don Bradman Australia 1938 Bradman , Don Don Bradman Australia 1939 Bradman , Don Don Bradman Australia 1940 -- 45 z ! Not awarded due to World War II 1946 Bradman , Don Don Bradman Australia 1947 Compton , Denis Denis Compton England 1948 Bradman , Don Don Bradman Australia 1949 Hutton , Len Len Hutton England 1950 Worrell , Frank Frank Worrell West Indies 1951 Miller , Keith Keith Miller Australia 1952 Hutton , Len Len Hutton England 1953 Bedser , Alec Alec Bedser England 1954 Walcott , Clyde Clyde Walcott West Indies 1955 Tyson , Frank Frank Tyson England 1956 Laker , Jim Jim Laker England 1957 May , Peter Peter May England 1958 Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers West Indies 1959 Benaud , Richie Richie Benaud Australia 1960 Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers West Indies 1961 Davidson , Alan Alan Davidson Australia 1962 Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers West Indies 1963 Trueman , Fred Fred Trueman England 1964 Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers West Indies 1965 Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers West Indies 1966 Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers West Indies 1967 Pollock , Graeme Graeme Pollock South Africa 1968 Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers West Indies 1969 Pollock , Graeme Graeme Pollock South Africa 1970 Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers West Indies 1971 Procter , Mike Mike Procter South Africa 1972 Lillee , Dennis Dennis Lillee Australia 1973 Richards , Barry Barry Richards South Africa Thomson , Jeff Jeff Thomson Australia Lloyd , Clive Clive Lloyd West Indies 1976 Richards , Viv Viv Richards West Indies 1977 Lillee , Dennis Dennis Lillee Australia 1978 Richards , Viv Viv Richards West Indies 1979 Chappell , Greg Greg Chappell Australia 1980 Richards , Viv Viv Richards West Indies 1981 Botham , Ian Ian Botham England 1982 Khan , Imran Imran Khan Pakistan Dev , Kapil Kapil Dev India 1984 Garner , Joel Joel Garner West Indies 1985 Hadlee , Richard Richard Hadlee New Zealand 1986 Marshall , Malcolm Malcolm Marshall West Indies Crowe , Martin Martin Crowe New Zealand Marshall , Malcolm Malcolm Marshall West Indies Border , Allan Allan Border Australia Gooch , Graham Graham Gooch England 1991 Ambrose , Curtly Curtly Ambrose West Indies Akram , Wasim Wasim Akram Pakistan Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia Lara , Brian Brian Lara West Indies 1995 Lara , Brian Brian Lara West Indies Jayasuriya , Sanath Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia 1998 Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar India 1999 Waugh , Steve Steve Waugh Australia 2000 Muralitharan , Muttiah Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Australia 2002 Hayden , Matthew Matthew Hayden Australia Multiple winners ( edit ) Shane Warne was listed twice in the historical list , as well as being recognised for 2004 . Unlike Wisden 's Cricketers of the Year , players can be recognised more than once as the Leading Cricketer in the World , and eighteen players have been selected for multiple years . The majority of these have won the award twice , but five players have been recognised for three or more years : Don Bradman , Garfield Sobers , Jack Hobbs , Viv Richards and Shane Warne . In the 2007 edition which published the notional historical winners , Engel noted with `` surprise and pleasure '' that these five players were the same as had been selected as Wisden 's five Cricketers of the Century . Sachin Tendulkar and Warne have both been selected as notional and actual winners , while Virender Sehwag was the first player to be recognised twice by Wisden as an actual winner since 2004 . Kumar Sangakkara has since similarly been selected twice , and in 2012 he became the first player to be recognised twice in one edition of Wisden , as both Leading Cricketer in the World and a Cricketer of the Year . Player Awards Years Bradman , Don Don Bradman 10 1930 , 1931 , 1932 , 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1946 , 1948 Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers 8 1958 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1970 Hobbs , Jack Jack Hobbs 1914 , 1922 , 1925 Richards , Viv Viv Richards 1976 , 1978 , 1980 Warne , Shane Shane Warne 1993 , 1997 , 2004 Barnes , Sydney Sydney Barnes 1912 , 1913 Fry , C.B. C.B. Fry 1901 , 1903 Hutton , Len Len Hutton 1949 , 1952 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli 2016 , 2017 Lara , Brian Brian Lara 1994 , 1995 Lillee , Dennis Dennis Lillee 1972 , 1977 Macartney , Charlie Charlie Macartney 1921 , 1926 Marshall , Malcolm Malcolm Marshall 1986 , 1988 Muralitharan , Muttiah Muttiah Muralitharan 2000 , 2006 Pollock , Graeme Graeme Pollock 1967 , 1969 Sangakkara , Kumar Kumar Sangakkara 2011 , 2014 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag 2008 , 2009 Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar 1998 , 2010 Trumper , Victor Victor Trumper 1902 , 1911 Winners by country ( edit ) Awards won by nationality ( % ) Australia -- 35 ( 32.4 % ) England -- 28 ( 25.9 % ) West Indies -- 20 ( 18.5 % ) South Africa -- 8 ( 7.4 % ) India -- 7 ( 6.5 % ) Sri Lanka -- 5 ( 4.6 % ) New Zealand -- 3 ( 2.8 % ) Pakistan -- 2 ( 1.9 % ) Cricketers from eight of the ten Test playing nations have been recognised for the award by Wisden , only Bangladesh and Zimbabwe are not represented . Players from Australia and England dominate the list , having won more than half of the time , although this is disproportionately the case in the notional list . Prior to World War II , 34 of the 36 winners played for Australia or England . The `` actual '' award winners are more evenly distributed ; Indian players have won four times , Australian and Sri Lankan players have won three times , South Africans twice , while only one English player has been recognised since 2004 . Awards by country Club Awards Australia 35 England 28 West Indies 20 South Africa 8 India 7 Sri Lanka 5 New Zealand Pakistan See also ( edit ) Six Giants of the Wisden Century Wisden Australia 's Cricketer of the Year Wisden Cricketers of the Century ICC Awards References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Engel , Matthew , ed. ( 2004 ) . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack 2004 ( 141 ed . ) . Alton , Hampshire : John Wisden & Co. Ltd. p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 947766 - 83 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Engel , Matthew , ed. ( 2007 ) . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack 2007 ( 144 ed . ) . Alton , Hampshire : John Wisden & Co. Ltd . pp. 32 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905625 - 02 - 4 . Jump up ^ Engel , Matthew , ed. ( 2000 ) . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack 2000 ( 137 ed . ) . Guildford , Surrey : John Wisden & Co. Ltd. p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 947766 - 57 - X . Jump up ^ `` Wisden 's Leading Cricketer in the World '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN . 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ponting named world 's leading cricketer '' . ABC News . Sydney : Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 7 April 2004 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leading Cricketer in the World '' . Bloomsbury . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kumar Sangakkara ' Leading Cricketer in the World ' for 2011 : Wisden '' . NDTV Sports . New Delhi : NDTV. 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ( hide ) Wisden awards Wisden Cricketers of the Year Wisden Leading Woman Cricketer in the World Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World Young Wisden Schools Cricketer of the Year Wisden Australia 's Cricketer of the Year Wisden Cricketers of the Century Six Giants of the Wisden Century Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisden_Leading_Cricketer_in_the_World&oldid=835868007 '' Categories : Cricket awards and rankings Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World Wisden Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 07 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: has been honoured with the wisden leading cricketer in the world award for 2016


Out of This World ( TV series ) - wikipedia Out of This World ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. television series . For the British television series of the same name , see Out of This World ( UK TV series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Out of This World Title screen Genre Fantasy sitcom Created by John Boni Bob Booker Directed by Bob Claver Scott Baio Selig Frank Stan Harris Russ Petranto Jack Regas Renny Temple Starring Maureen Flannigan Donna Pescow Doug McClure Joe Alaskey Steve Burton Christina Nigra Buzz Belmondo Tom Nolan Voices of Burt Reynolds Opening theme `` Swinging on a Star '' Composer ( s ) Kevin Kiner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 96 Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Booker Producer ( s ) John Boni Barbara Booker Gail Honigberg Laura Levine Mike Scully Bruce Taylor George Yanok Running time 22 mins . Production company ( s ) Bob Booker Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Syndication Original release September 17 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 17 ) -- May 25 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 25 ) Out of This World is an American fantasy sitcom about a teenage girl who is half alien , which gives her unique superhuman powers . It first aired in syndication from September 17 , 1987 and ended on May 25 , 1991 . During its first season , the series was originally part of NBC 's Prime Time Begins at 7 : 30 campaign , in which the network 's owned - and - operated stations would run first - run sitcoms in the 7 : 30 - 8 pm time slot to counter-program competing stations ' game shows , sitcom reruns and other offerings . Out of This World was rotated with the original series Marblehead Manor and She 's the Sheriff , a syndicated revival of the 1983 sitcom We Got It Made , and a television adaptation of the play You Ca n't Take It with You . NBC ended the experiment after the 1987 - 88 season due to the low ratings put up by three of the series , with Out of This World being one of the two that were renewed ( the other being She 's the Sheriff ) . After its first season the series was largely moved to weekend time slots , where it remained until its cancellation following the fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Show summary 1.1 Characters 1.1. 1 The Cube 1.2 Guest stars 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 3 Opening credits 4 International airings 5 Critical reception 6 DVD release 7 In other media 8 References 9 External links Show summary ( edit ) The series revolves around Evie Ethel Garland - a young girl who discovers on her thirteenth birthday that her father Troy is an alien from the planet Antares Prime , in the Scorpio Galaxy . Troy who married her mother and `` merged lifeforms '' to create Evie . Evie 's half - alien heritage gives her superhuman abilities . Most of the episodes revolve around Evie misusing her powers and causing some trouble , which she spends the rest of the episode fixing . Only Evie and her family know about the alien side of her family ; many episodes depict their efforts to hide her secret from other characters . After four seasons , the series ended on a cliffhanger : Troy came to visit and Donna took his place by accident , ending up on Antares Prime while Troy was stranded on Earth . Characters ( edit ) Evie Ethel Garland ( Maureen Flannigan ) -- Evie is a half - human , half - alien girl who lives with her mother in Marlowe , California ( a fictional analogue of Carmel - by - the - Sea ) , in a house overlooking the sea . She is an only child . Evie attends a school for gifted children ( run by her mother ) and achieves good grades there . Her mother had always told Evie that her father was a secret agent , but on her thirteenth birthday Evie developed superhuman abilities ; it was then revealed that her father is a native of another planet . Evie 's most frequently - used power is her ability to freeze time on Earth by touching her index - fingertips together ; this allows her to alter the course of Earthly events by maneuvering herself and / or others as desired . When she claps her hands together , time resumes as normal . She can also `` unfreeze '' individuals by touching them while time is frozen . She later gains the power to gleep , which allows her to manifest objects using only her mind . Her father describes her as `` the perfect child : loving ; caring ; with the same needs of most teenagers '' . The series follows Evie through her teenage years , from her thirteenth birthday in the pilot to her eighteenth birthday in the final episode . Although she was the leading character , Flannigan was billed last in the credits . In the first season , she received the billing `` And Introducing Maureen Flannigan '' . Starting with the second season , she received a different billing : `` And Maureen Flannigan as Evie '' . Donna Froelich - Garland ( Donna Pescow ) -- Evie 's mother . Described by her husband as `` an ambitious working mother with a career '' , Donna runs a school for gifted children , which Evie attends . She later founds her own catering company , `` Donna 's Delights '' . Toward the end of season 3 , Donna becomes the mayor of Marlowe . Donna is very protective of her daughter , often to the dismay of Evie , who would like to be more independent . Donna , along with her brothers Beano and Mick , are the only regular characters on the show who know Evie 's secret . Troy Garland ( Burt Reynolds , voice only ) -- Evie 's father . Troy is a human - looking extraterrestrial , with many special powers , from the distant world of Antares Prime . He is an astronaut where he comes from . Troy met Donna when his spacecraft crashed on Earth at some point in the late 1960 's or early 1970 's . The two fell in love and were married in 1971 ; two years later , Donna gave birth to Evie . The year after that , Troy was recalled to participate in a war which raged on Antares . Since then , Troy occasionally visits Earth ... staying in touch with his daughter via a special communication device known as the `` cube '' ( see below ) . Troy 's powers seem practically unlimited ; although he lives on Antares Prime , he can control many things on Earth - from computers to the weather . He can also give and / or take away Evie 's powers at will ( as demonstrated in the second episode of the series ) ; and is very good at keeping up with events on Earth . While Troy appears in the show 's opening credits , he rarely makes a physical appearance -- and when he does , his face is obscured ( for example , via a surgical mask or shadows ) . In the series finale , when Troy arrives on Earth , he is seen in a silhouette with stars from the galaxy . Troy was credited as `` himself '' in the opening credits from Season Two onwards . Beano Froelich ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ( Joe Alaskey ) -- `` Beano '' , Evie 's uncle on her mom 's side of the family , lives next door to her and his sister Donna . Beano has a large appetite and runs a diet clinic known as `` Waist - a-Weigh '' , which is later renamed after him . Beano is one of the two regular characters who know Evie 's secret , Donna being the other . He last appears in season 4 , episode 12 . Kyle Applegate ( Doug McClure ) -- Kyle is a former television actor who is now the mayor of Marlowe . Kyle is a good friend of the family , but `` the mayor '' punishes even the smallest offenses . As well as being egocentric and vain , Kyle is dimwitted and gullible , often completely failing to notice Evie 's `` alien '' antics . He clings to his former TV glory as the star of `` Mosquito Man '' and many long forgotten mainly Western movies . Towards the end of season three , Kyle is appointed police chief by Donna , who takes over from him as mayor . Buzz ( Buzz Belmondo ) -- The manager of Beano 's diet clinic , and one of the more eccentric characters in town . Buzz usually makes one brief appearance per episode , during which he performs a series of puns and / or prop - based gags ... sometimes related to the elaborate costume that he is wearing . He speaks with an unknown accent , and is prone to bizarre behavior . Donna sometimes resorts to him for help , more often than not regretting it . Lindsay Selkirk ( Christina Nigra ) -- Evie 's best female friend . She and Evie spend a lot of time together drinking milkshakes at their local diner , the `` Goodie Goodie . '' Lindsay is Evie 's confidante when it comes to boys and her non-Antarean related problems . Chris Fuller ( Steve Burton ) -- Chris is a surfer and high school student who later enrolls at Marlowe Community College . He is introduced as a new student and good basketball player in the season one episode `` Evie Get Your Basketball '' . Chris becomes Evie 's boyfriend , although they are more like brother and sister ; sometimes they even date other people . In Season Four , Chris says Evie was and always will be his girl . Quigley Handlesman ( Carl Steven ) ( 1987 - 1988 ) - One of Evie 's classmates at Donna 's school for the gifted . Phil ( John Roarke ) ( 1987 - 1988 ) - The jovial , funny handyman who works on the Garlands ' house during the first season . He is always snooping around in the family 's business ; Donna , Evie , and Beano constantly scramble to keep Phil from suspecting Evie 's alien heritage . Jeffrey Cummings ( Tony Crane ) ( 1990 ) - A high school classmate of Evie and Lindsay 's who transfers in during their senior year . Incredibly handsome , basically picking where Chris left off after going to college , Jeffrey soon begins dating Evie ... who is forced to juggle her relationships with him and with Chris . Peter ( 1990 - 1991 ) ( Peter Pitofsky ) -- A waiter at the Goodie Goodie who is introduced in the first episode of Season Four . He is a clumsy , goofball Antarean who provides his own brand of comic relief whenever Evie and her friends stop by the restaurant . He was military intelligence for Antares until he chose to stay on Earth , his memory erased of all Antarean things . He has a penchant for misinterpreting people 's orders , and sometimes even forgets his own name . Mick Froelich ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( Tom Nolan ) -- Donna 's brother and Evie 's uncle , who was introduced in season 4 , episode 7 , to replace Uncle Beano as a recurring character . He is a former rock musician . The cube ( edit ) Evie was able to communicate with Troy through a special genetic communication device known as the `` cube , '' which he gave to her when she turned thirteen . The cube effectively functioned as a telephone line to Antareus -- it could even be used to leave Troy an `` answerphone '' message , as seen in the episode `` My Little Evie . '' There were no controls on the cube ; Evie simply would call for her father , and the cube would activate when he answered , and deactivate when he would `` hang up . '' Depending on the plotline , Troy would manifest his powers while talking through the cube , emitting a beam of energy directly from the cube . Evie and Donna would normally keep the cube around the house , out of sight ( often in Evie 's bedroom ) , sometimes telling people it was an ornament or a talking clock . When the cube was activated , the top half of it would open up on a hinge with a magenta light pulsing inside , with a `` spacey '' sound effect . The ambient lights in the room would usually dim as well . Troy 's voice would be heard clearly through the cube with reverberation . Originally , even though everyone was able to hear Troy through the cube , Evie was the only one whom Troy could hear , as the cube was described to be `` genetic . '' This changes in the first episode of season 2 , `` Evie 's Birthday Wish . '' At the end of the episode , Evie uses her final wish to request that her mother be able to talk to Troy like she can . As a result , Troy could then hear Donna and they could talk back and forth . It was unknown whether the rest of Evie 's family could also talk to Troy , but there were other aliens that Troy could hear through the cube , as seen in Season 4 Episode 5 `` Evie 's Guardian Angel '' ( an Antaerian was sent to Earth to protect Evie and Donna , and he could speak to Troy via the cube ) . Guest stars ( edit ) The series featured several celebrities who made cameo appearances on the show , occasionally as themselves . In chronological order of appearances : Ann Miller Norman Fell ( as Evie 's psychiatrist Dr. Hauser , `` The Nightmare '' , 1987 ) Scott Carpenter ( as himself , `` Evie and the Young Astronauts '' , 1987 ) Charles Nelson Reilly ( as himself , `` Dueling Mayors '' , 1987 ) Betsy Palmer ( as Donna 's mother , `` Uh , Oh ... Here Comes Mother '' , 1987 ) Tom Bosley ( as Troy 's father , `` Guess Who 's Coming to Earth '' , 1988 and `` Around the World in Eighty Minutes '' , 1989 ) Jamie Farr ( `` Go West , Young Mayor '' , 1988 ) Richard Kiel ( as Norman , `` Go West , Young Mayor '' , 1988 ) Scott Baio ( who also directed several episodes ) made a cameo appearance in `` Princess Evie '' ( 1988 ) and `` Evie Goes For the Gold '' ( 1989 ) Lyle Alzado ( `` Goodbye Mr. Chris '' , 1990 ) Mr. T ( `` New Kid on the Block '' , 1990 ) Susan Anton ( `` Best Friends '' , 1990 ) Pop singer Tiffany ( `` I Want My Evie TV '' , 1990 ) Kathleen Freeman ( as Miss Ogilvy , Evie 's high school teacher , `` Educating Kyle '' , 1991 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Evie 's Thirteenth Birthday Playing with the Power The Nightmare Till Then Evie , Get Your Basketball Every Beano Has His Day Evie and the Young Astronauts Fifties Mom Dueling Mayors Baby Talk Beano 's New Diet Clinic Uh , Oh ... Here Comes Mother The Anniversary To Tell the Truth Pen Pals Broadway Danny Derek Mosquito Man : The Motion Picture The Russians Are Coming Aka Dad The Illness The Box Is Missing Boy Crazy The Three Faces of Evie I 've Got a Secret Season 2 ( edit ) Evie 's Birthday Wish Blast from the Past Career Crunch Should Old Acquaintance Be Forgot ? Evie 's First Kiss Princess Evie Old Flame Guess Who 's Coming to Earth Go West , Young Mayor Close Encounters of the Nerd Kind The Incredible Hunk Pupil 's Court Evie 's Two Dads The Secret of Evie 's Success Honest Evie Evie Goes to Hollywood Two Many Evies Futile Attraction Beano the Kid Queens for a Day The Amazing Evie Whose House Is It , Anyway ? Frisky Business Star Dog Season 3 ( edit ) Evie 's Sweet Sixteen Cinderella Evie Bring Me the Head of Donna Garland A Froggy Day in Marlowe Town Eviegeist Evie 's Driver 's License Evie Goes for the Gold Hair Today , Gone Tomorrow Around the World in 80 Minutes It 's a Cruel World Evie / Stevie The Rocks That Could n't Roll One in a Million Four Men and a Baby Evie 's Double Trouble The Garden of Evie Evie 's Magic Touch Cowboy Kyle , Man of Granite Evie 's Secret Admirer Evie 's Yuppie Love Diamond 's Are Evie 's Best Friend A Kinder , Gentler Mayor My Mother the Con Goodbye , Mr. Chris Season 4 ( edit ) New Kid on the Block My Little Evie Forget Your Troubles A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Read Evie 's Guardian Angel Best Friends I Want My Evie TV Come Fly with Evie Roomies Evie 's High Anxiety Evie 's False Alarm Marlowe Vice Evie 's Latin Touch My Mom , and Why I Love Her Heck 's Angels Would You Buy a Used Car from This Dude ? Evie Nightingale All About Evie Mayor Evie Stump Your Neighbor Evie 's Three Promises Too Late for Evie Educating Kyle Evie 's Eighteen Opening credits ( edit ) The opening credits for the series incorporated special effects footage from the 1979 - 1981 series Buck Rogers in the 25th Century . The theme song is `` Swinging on a Star '' . International airings ( edit ) Out of This World was first broadcast in the UK on the ITV network on April 9 , 1990 , until 1995 . The series was first broadcast in France from 10 September 1988 under the title `` Loin de ce monde '' - Far From This World . In Germany , the series was renamed `` Mein Vater ist ein Außerirdischer '' - My Father is an Alien . In Italy , the series was renamed `` Cose Dell'Altro Mondo '' - Things Belonging To the Other World . In Spain , the series was renamed `` De otro mundo '' - From Another World . In Russia , the series was renamed `` Фантастическая Девушка '' - Fantastic Girl . In Latin America , the series was renamed `` Fuera de este Mundo '' - Out of This World . The show was aired on many TV stations in the Middle East , as well as Saudi TV Channel 2 , with Arabic subtitles . It also aired in Canada on Toronto station CFMT ( now Omni Television ) . It was screened in New Zealand on TVNZ . Critical reception ( edit ) Discussing Out of This World , Roger Fulton stated `` like many juvenile US sitcoms , the series was short on laughs and long on moralizing '' . The book Television Without Pity contained a review of Out of This World that described the show as `` quite possibly the worst sitcom ever made - it 's a complete failure on every level '' . The review went on to criticize the show 's scripts , acting and production , and unfavorably compared Out of This World to Sabrina , the Teenage Witch . The Splitsider website called Out of This World `` perhaps the worst sitcom ever , or at least the most ' 80s sitcom ever '' . DVD release ( edit ) A DVD set with 35 episodes from seasons 1 and 2 was released in Germany on November 8 , 2011 . The 6 - disc set has a runtime of 875 minutes , but does not include all episodes due to music rights . In other media ( edit ) The show was parodied in the Robot Chicken episode , `` Executed by the State '' . In the parody , Evie is asked out by a boy who likes her , she uses her powers to stop time and takes a look down his pants , presumably in order to check out the size of his penis . After seeing the size of his penis , Evie says , `` Uhhh , pass . '' ( This is followed by canned laughter typical of sitcoms of that era . ) Evie then walks off with time still frozen . In the Universal Studios ride Kongfrontation , the news report that plays during the queue is interrupted by an ad for Out of This World , at which the screen crawl at the bottom of the ad is a civil defense message warning that King Kong is in the vicinity and for civilians to stay indoors and not use public transportation until further notice . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC - Comedy Guide - Out Of This World '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2004 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Roger ( 1995 ) . Encyclopedia of TV science fiction . London : Boxtree . p. 392 . ISBN 1 - 85283 - 953 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ariano , Tara ; Bunting , Sarah D. ( 2006 ) . Television Without Pity : 752 Things We Love to Hate ( And Hate to Love ) about TV . Quirk Books . p. 192 . ISBN 1 - 59474 - 117 - 4 . Jump up ^ Boone , Brian ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Looking Back at the Terrible Syndicated Sitcoms of the Late 1980s '' . Splitsider . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mein Vater ist ein Außerirdischer - Vol. 1 ( 6 DVDs ) : Amazon.de : Donna Pescow , Maureen Flannigan , Joe Alaskey , Buzz Belmondo , Doug McClure : Filme & TV '' . Amazon.de. 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` FSK - VV Programmteile '' . Fsk.de . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Science fiction portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Out of This World on IMDb Out of This World at TV.com Out of This World at epguides.com ( hide ) NBC 's `` Prime Time Begins at 7 : 30 '' Marblehead Manor ( Monday ) She 's the Sheriff ( Tuesday ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( Wednesday ) Out of This World ( Thursday ) We Got It Made ( Friday ) 1987 -- 88 network television schedule 1987 in television First - run syndicated sitcoms Prime Time Access Rule Financial Interest and Syndication Rules NBC Owned Television Stations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out_of_This_World_(TV_series)&oldid=838005333 '' Categories : 1987 American television series debuts 1991 American television series endings 1980s American comic science fiction television series 1990s American comic science fiction television series 1980s American sitcoms 1990s American sitcoms American fantasy television series English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by Universal Television Television shows set in California Television shows set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Estremeñu Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 10 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: tv show theme song would you like to swing on a star


Forgetting curve - wikipedia Forgetting curve Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A typical representation of the forgetting curve . The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time . This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it . A related concept is the strength of memory that refers to the durability that memory traces in the brain . The stronger the memory , the longer period of time that a person is able to recall it . A typical graph of the forgetting curve purports to show that humans tend to halve their memory of newly learned knowledge in a matter of days or weeks unless they consciously review the learned material . The forgetting curve supports one of the seven kinds of memory failures : transience , which is the process of forgetting that occurs with the passage of time . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References History ( edit ) In 1885 , Hermann Ebbinghaus collected data to plot a forgetting curve . Today , we approximate forgetting with an exponential curve : R = e − t S , ( \ displaystyle R = e ^ ( - ( \ frac ( t ) ( S ) ) ) , ) where R ( \ displaystyle R ) is retrievability ( a measure of how easy it is to retrieve a piece of information from memory ) , S ( \ displaystyle S ) is stability of memory ( determines how fast R ( \ displaystyle R ) falls over time in the absence of training , testing or other recall ) , and t ( \ displaystyle t ) is time . Hermann Ebbinghaus ran a limited , incomplete study on himself and published his hypothesis in 1885 as Über das Gedächtnis ( later translated into English as Memory : A Contribution to Experimental Psychology ) . Ebbinghaus studied the memorisation of nonsense syllables , such as `` WID '' and `` ZOF '' ( CVCs or Consonant - Vowel - Consonant ) by repeatedly testing himself after various time periods and recording the results . He plotted these results on a graph creating what is now known as the `` forgetting curve '' . From his discovery regarding the `` forgetting curve '' , Ebbinghaus came up with the effects of `` overlearning '' . Essentially , if you practiced something more than what is usually necessary to memorize it , you would have effectively achieved overlearning . Overlearning ensures that information is more impervious to being lost or forgotten , and the forgetting curve for this overlearned material is shallower . In 2015 , an attempt to replicate the forgetting curve with one study subject has shown the experimental results similar to Ebbinghaus ' original data . Description ( edit ) Ebbinghaus hypothesized that the speed of forgetting depends on a number of factors such as the difficulty of the learned material ( e.g. how meaningful it is ) , its representation and physiological factors such as stress and sleep . He further hypothesized that the basal forgetting rate differs little between individuals . He concluded that the difference in performance ( e.g. at school ) can be explained by mnemonic representation skills . He went on to hypothesize that basic training in mnemonic techniques can help overcome those differences in part . He asserted that the best methods for increasing the strength of memory are : better memory representation ( e.g. with mnemonic techniques ) repetition based on active recall ( especially spaced repetition ) . His premise was that each repetition in learning increases the optimum interval before the next repetition is needed ( for near - perfect retention , initial repetitions may need to be made within days , but later they can be made after years ) . Later research suggested that , other than the two factors Ebbinghaus proposed , higher original learning would also produce slower forgetting . Spending time each day to remember information , such as that for exams , will greatly decrease the effects of the forgetting curve . Reviewing material in the first 24 hours after learning information is the optimum time to re-read notes and reduce the amount of knowledge forgotten . Some memories remain free from the detrimental effects of interference and do n't necessarily follow the typical forgetting curve as various noise and outside factors influence what information would be remembered . There is debate among supporters of the hypothesis about the shape of the curve for events and facts that are more significant to the subject . Some supporters , for example , suggest that memories of shocking events such as the Kennedy Assassination or 9 / 11 are vividly imprinted in memory ( flashbulb memory ) . Others have compared contemporaneous written recollections with recollections recorded years later , and found considerable variations as the subject 's memory incorporates after - acquired information . There is considerable research in this area as it relates to eyewitness identification testimony . Eye witness accounts are demonstrably unreliable . See also ( edit ) Atrophy Spaced repetition Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Curve of Forgetting Counselling Services Jump up ^ Schacter , D.L. ( 2009 ) . Psychology . New York : Worth Publishers . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3719 - 2 . Jump up ^ Woźniak Piotr A. , Gorzelańczyk Edward J. and Murakowski Janusz A. ( 1995 ) `` Two components of long - term memory . '' . Acta Neurobiol Experimentalis ( 1995 ) 55 ( 4 ) : 301 - 5 . Pubmed ID ( PMID ) : 8713361 Jump up ^ `` Human Memory . Herman Ebbinghaus '' . Lecture notes in Psychology published at Dr. Bruce Abbott 's homepage at IPFW Jump up ^ Murre J.M.J. , Dros J. ( 2015 ) `` Replication and Analysis of Ebbinghaus ' Forgetting Curve '' . PLOS ONE 10 ( 7 ) : e0120644 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0120644 Jump up ^ Loftus , Geoffrey R. ( 1985 ) . `` Evaluating forgetting curves '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition . 11 ( 2 ) : 397 -- 406 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.11. 2.397 . Jump up ^ Averell , Lee ; Heathcote , Andrew ( 2011 ) . `` The form of the forgetting curve and the fate of memories '' . Journal of Mathematical Psychology . 55 : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmp. 2010.08. 009 . Jump up ^ Forgetting Curve Training Industry ^ Jump up to : `` Why Science Tells Us Not to Rely on Eyewitness Accounts '' . References ( edit ) `` Memory : A Contribution to Experimental Psychology -- Ebbinghaus ( 1885 / 1913 ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Schacter , Daniel L ( 2001 ) . The seven sins of memory : how the mind forgets and remembers . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21919 - 6 . Baddeley , Alan D. ( 1999 ) . Essentials of human memory . Hove : Psychology . ISBN 0 - 86377 - 544 - 6 . Bremer , Rod . The Manual -- A guide to the Ultimate Study Method ( USM ) ( Amazon Digital Services ) . Loftus , Geoffrey R. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition11. 2 ( Apr 1985 ) : 397 - 406 . http://www.trainingindustry.com/wiki/entries/forgetting-curve.aspx Averell , Lee ; Heathcote , Andrew ( February 2011 ) . `` The form of the forgetting curve and the fate of memories '' . Journal of Mathematical Psychology . 55 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmp. 2010.08. 009 . http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=do-the-eyes-have-it Human memory Basic concepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy Types Sensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Iconic Motor learning Visual Short - term `` The Magical Number Seven , Plus or Minus Two '' Working memory Intermediate Long - term Active recall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningful learning Personal - event Procedural Rote learning Selective retention Tip of the tongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde transient global Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference theory Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Repressed memory Retrieval - induced forgetting Selective amnesia Weapon focus Memory errors Confabulation False memory Hindsight bias Imagination inflation List of memory biases Memory conformity Misattribution of memory Misinformation effect Source - monitoring error Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome Research Art of memory Memory and aging Deese -- Roediger -- McDermott paradigm Exceptional memory Indirect tests of memory Lost in the mall technique Memory disorder Memory implantation Methods used to study memory The Seven Sins of Memory Effects of exercise on memory In society Collective memory Cultural memory False memory syndrome Memory and social interactions Memory sport Politics of memory Shas Pollak World Memory Championships Related topics Absent - mindedness Atkinson -- Shiffrin memory model Context - dependent memory Childhood memory Cryptomnesia Effects of alcohol Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary memory Levels - of - processing effect Memory and trauma Memory improvement Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle memory Priming Intertrial Prospective memory Recovered - memory therapy Retrospective memory Sleep and memory State - dependent memory Transactive memory People Robert A. Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman - Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM ( patient ) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia K. Johnson Eric Kandel KC ( patient ) Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus Chris Marker James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh Eleanor Maguire George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. Shimamura Andriy Slyusarchuk Larry Squire Susumu Tonegawa Anne Treisman Endel Tulving Robert Stickgold Clive Wearing Psychology Mind and brain Spaced repetition Concepts Spaced repetition Spacing effect Testing effect Forgetting curve Flashcard Memory Leitner system Incremental reading Study Software List of Flashcard software Anki Cerego Cobocards Course Hero Cram Cram.com Duolingo eSpindle Learning Hello English Memrise Mnemosyne OpenCards Quizlet Skritter SuperMemo Synap Practitioners Paul Pimsleur Sebastian Leitner Piotr Woźniak Researchers Hermann Ebbinghaus Thomas Landauer and Robert A. Bjork Cecil Alec Mace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forgetting_curve&oldid=818650106 '' Categories : Memory processes Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska ქართული Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 19 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who was one of the first to chart the course of forgetting over time


Sandstone - wikipedia Sandstone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the geological rock type . For other uses , see Sandstone ( disambiguation ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sandstone Sedimentary rock Cut slab of sandstone showing Liesegang banding Composition Typically quartz and feldspar ; lithic fragments are also common . Other minerals may be found in particularly mature sandstone . Devonian Sandstone at Suur Taevaskoda , Põlva County , Estonia Alcove in the Navajo Sandstone Kokh - type tombs cut into the multicoloured sandstone of Petra , Jordan Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand - sized ( 0.0625 to 2 mm ) mineral particles or rock fragments . Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth 's surface , as seen in Bowen 's reaction series . Like uncemented sand , sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals , but the most common colors are tan , brown , yellow , red , grey , pink , white , and black . Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features , certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions . Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow the percolation of water and other fluids and are porous enough to store large quantities , making them valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs . Fine - grained aquifers , such as sandstones , are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices , such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity . Quartz - bearing sandstone can be converted into quartzite through metamorphism , usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Components 2.1 Framework grains 2.2 Matrix 2.3 Cement 2.4 Pore space 3 Types of sandstone 3.1 Dott 's classification scheme 4 Uses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading Origins ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sand from Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park , Utah . These are grains of quartz with a hematite coating providing the orange colour . Scale bar is 1.0 mm . Sandstones are clastic in origin ( as opposed to either organic , like chalk and coal , or chemical , like gypsum and jasper ) . They are formed from cemented grains that may either be fragments of a pre-existing rock or be mono - minerallic crystals . The cements binding these grains together are typically calcite , clays , and silica . Grain sizes in sands are defined ( in geology ) within the range of 0.0625 mm to 2 mm ( 0.002 -- 0.079 inches ) . Clays and sediments with smaller grain sizes not visible with the naked eye , including siltstones and shales , are typically called argillaceous sediments ; rocks with larger grain sizes , including breccias and conglomerates , are termed rudaceous sediments . Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon , Arizona , worn smooth by erosion from flash flooding over thousands of years . The formation of sandstone involves two principal stages . First , a layer or layers of sand accumulates as the result of sedimentation , either from water ( as in a stream , lake , or sea ) or from air ( as in a desert ) . Typically , sedimentation occurs by the sand settling out from suspension ; i.e. , ceasing to be rolled or bounced along the bottom of a body of water or ground surface ( e.g. , in a desert or erg ) . Finally , once it has accumulated , the sand becomes sandstone when it is compacted by the pressure of overlying deposits and cemented by the precipitation of minerals within the pore spaces between sand grains . The most common cementing materials are silica and calcium carbonate , which are often derived either from dissolution or from alteration of the sand after it was buried . Colours will usually be tan or yellow ( from a blend of the clear quartz with the dark amber feldspar content of the sand ) . A predominant additional colourant in the southwestern United States is iron oxide , which imparts reddish tints ranging from pink to dark red ( terracotta ) , with additional manganese imparting a purplish hue . Red sandstones are also seen in the Southwest and West of Britain , as well as central Europe and Mongolia . The regularity of the latter favours use as a source for masonry , either as a primary building material or as a facing stone , over other construction . The environment where it is deposited is crucial in determining the characteristics of the resulting sandstone , which , in finer detail , include its grain size , sorting , and composition and , in more general detail , include the rock geometry and sedimentary structures . Principal environments of deposition may be split between terrestrial and marine , as illustrated by the following broad groupings : Terrestrial environments Rivers ( levees , point bars , channel sands ) Alluvial fans Glacial outwash Lakes Deserts ( sand dunes and ergs ) Marine environments Deltas Beach and shoreface sands Tidal flats Offshore bars and sand waves Storm deposits ( tempestites ) Turbidites ( submarine channels and fans ) Components ( edit ) Framework grains ( edit ) Paradise Quarry , Sydney , Australia Grus sand and granitoid that it 's derived from Framework grains are sand - sized ( 0.0625 - to - 2 - millimetre ( 0.00246 to 0.07874 in ) diameter ) detrital fragments that make up the bulk of a sandstone . These grains can be classified into several different categories based on their mineral composition : Quartz framework grains are the dominant minerals in most clastic sedimentary rocks ; this is because they have exceptional physical properties , such as hardness and chemical stability . These physical properties allow the quartz grains to survive multiple recycling events , while also allowing the grains to display some degree of rounding . Quartz grains evolve from plutonic rock , which are felsic in origin and also from older sandstones that have been recycled . Feldspathic framework grains are commonly the second most abundant mineral in sandstones . Feldspar can be divided into two smaller subdivisions : alkali feldspars and plagioclase feldspars . The different types of feldspar can be distinguished under a petrographic microscope . Below is a description of the different types of feldspar . Alkali feldspar is a group of minerals in which the chemical composition of the mineral can range from KAlSi O to NaAlSi O , this represents a complete solid solution . Plagioclase feldspar is a complex group of solid solution minerals that range in composition from NaAlSi O to CaAl Si O . Photomicrograph of a volcanic sand grain ; upper picture is plane - polarised light , bottom picture is cross-polarised light , scale box at left - centre is 0.25 millimetre . This type of grain would be a main component of a lithic sandstone . Lithic framework grains are pieces of ancient source rock that have yet to weather away to individual mineral grains , called lithic fragments or clasts . Lithic fragments can be any fine - grained or coarse - grained igneous , metamorphic , or sedimentary rock , although the most common lithic fragments found in sedimentary rocks are clasts of volcanic rocks . Accessory minerals are all other mineral grains in a sandstone ; commonly these minerals make up just a small percentage of the grains in a sandstone . Common accessory minerals include micas ( muscovite and biotite ) , olivine , pyroxene , and corundum . Many of these accessory grains are more dense than the silicates that make up the bulk of the rock . These heavy minerals are commonly resistant to weathering and can be used as an indicator of sandstone maturity through the ZTR index . Common heavy minerals include zircon , tourmaline , rutile ( hence ZTR ) , garnet , magnetite , or other dense , resistant minerals derived from the source rock . Matrix ( edit ) Matrix is very fine material , which is present within interstitial pore space between the framework grains . The interstitial pore space can be classified into two varieties . One is to call the sandstone an arenite , and the other is to call it a wacke . Below is a definition of the differences between the two matrices : Arenites are texturally clean sandstones that are free of or have very little matrix . Wackes are texturally dirty sandstones that have a significant amount of matrix . Cement ( edit ) Cement is what binds the siliciclastic framework grains together . Cement is a secondary mineral that forms after deposition and during burial of the sandstone . These cementing materials may be either silicate minerals or non-silicate minerals , such as calcite . Silica cement can consist of either quartz or opal minerals . Quartz is the most common silicate mineral that acts as cement . In sandstone where there is silica cement present , the quartz grains are attached to cement , which creates a rim around the quartz grain called overgrowth . The overgrowth retains the same crystallographic continuity of quartz framework grain that is being cemented . Opal cement is found in sandstones that are rich in volcanogenic materials , and very rarely is in other sandstones . Calcite cement is the most common carbonate cement . Calcite cement is an assortment of smaller calcite crystals . The cement adheres itself to the framework grains , this adhesion is what causes the framework grains to be adhered together . Other minerals that act as cements include : hematite , limonite , feldspars , anhydrite , gypsum , barite , clay minerals , and zeolite minerals . Pore space ( edit ) Pore space includes the open spaces within a rock or a soil . The pore space in a rock has a direct relationship to the porosity and permeability of the rock . The porosity and permeability are directly influenced by the way the sand grains are packed together . Porosity is the percentage of bulk volume that is inhabited by interstices within a given rock . Porosity is directly influenced by the packing of even - sized spherical grains , rearranged from loosely packed to tightest packed in sandstones . Permeability is the rate in which water or other fluids flow through the rock . For groundwater , work permeability may be measured in gallons per day through a one square foot cross section under a unit hydraulic gradient . Types of sandstone ( edit ) Schematic QFL diagram showing tectonic provinces Cross-bedding and scour in sandstone of the Logan Formation ( Lower Carboniferous ) of Jackson County , Ohio All sandstones are composed of the same general minerals . These minerals make up the framework components of the sandstones . Such components are quartz , feldspars , and lithic fragments . Matrix may also be present in the interstitial spaces between the framework grains . Below is a list of several major groups of sandstones . These groups are divided based on mineralogy and texture . Even though sandstones have very simple compositions which are based on framework grains , geologists have not been able to agree on a specific , right way , to classify sandstones . Sandstone classifications are typically done by point - counting a thin section using a method like the Gazzi - Dickinson Method . The composition of a sandstone can have important information regarding the genesis of the sediment when used with a triangular Quartz , Feldspar , Lithic fragment ( QFL diagrams ) . Many geologists , however , do not agree on how to separate the triangle parts into the single components so that the framework grains can be plotted . Therefore , there have been many published ways to classify sandstones , all of which are similar in their general format . Visual aids are diagrams that allow geologists to interpret different characteristics about a sandstone . The following QFL chart and the sandstone provenance model correspond with each other therefore , when the QFL chart is plotted those points can then be plotted on the sandstone provenance model . The stage of textural maturity chart illustrates the different stages that a sandstone goes through . A QFL chart is a representation of the framework grains and matrix that is present in a sandstone . This chart is similar to those used in igneous petrology . When plotted correctly , this model of analysis creates for a meaningful quantitative classification of sandstones . A sandstone provenance chart allows geologists to visually interpret the different types of places from which sandstones can originate . A stage of textural maturity is a chart that shows the different stages of sandstones . This chart shows the difference between immature , submature , mature , and supermature sandstones . As the sandstone becomes more mature , grains become more rounded , and there is less clay in the matrix of the rock . Dott 's classification scheme ( edit ) Dott 's ( 1964 ) sandstone classification scheme is one of many such schemes used by geologists for classifying sandstones . Dott 's scheme is a modification of Gilbert 's classification of silicate sandstones , and it incorporates R.L. Folk 's dual textural and compositional maturity concepts into one classification system . The philosophy behind combining Gilbert 's and R.L. Folk 's schemes is that it is better able to `` portray the continuous nature of textural variation from mudstone to arenite and from stable to unstable grain composition '' . Dott 's classification scheme is based on the mineralogy of framework grains , and on the type of matrix present in between the framework grains . In this specific classification scheme , Dott has set the boundary between arenite and wackes at 15 % matrix . In addition , Dott also breaks up the different types of framework grains that can be present in a sandstone into three major categories : quartz , feldspar , and lithic grains . Arenites are types of sandstone that have less than 15 % clay matrix in between the framework grains . Quartz arenites are sandstones that contain more than 90 % of siliceous grains . Grains can include quartz or chert rock fragments . Quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature sandstones . These pure quartz sands result from extensive weathering that occurred before and during transport . This weathering removed everything but quartz grains , the most stable mineral . They are commonly affiliated with rocks that are deposited in a stable cratonic environment , such as aeolian beaches or shelf environments . Quartz arenites emanate from multiple recycling of quarts grains , generally as sedimentary source rocks and less regularly as first - cycle deposits derived from primary igneous or metamorphic rocks . Feldspathic arenites are sandstones that contain less than 90 % quartz , and more feldspar than unstable lithic fragments , and minor accessory minerals . Feldspathic sandstones are commonly immature or sub-mature . These sandstones occur in association with cratonic or stable shelf settings . Feldspathic sandstones are derived from granitic - type , primary crystalline , rocks . If the sandstone is dominantly plagioclase , then it is igneous in origin . Lithic arenites are characterised by generally high content of unstable lithic fragments . Examples include volcanic and metamorphic clasts , though stable clasts such as chert are common in lithic arenites . This type of rock contains less than 90 % quartz grains and more unstable rock fragments than feldspars . They are commonly immature to submature texturally . They are associated with fluvial conglomerates and other fluvial deposits , or in deeper water marine conglomerates . They are formed under conditions that produce large volumes of unstable material , derived from fine - grained rocks , mostly shales , volcanic rocks , and metamorphic rock . Wackes are sandstones that contain more than 15 % clay matrix between framework grains . Quartz wackes are uncommon because quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature . Felspathic wackes are feldspathic sandstone that contain a matrix that is greater than 15 % . Lithic wacke is a sandstone in which the matrix greater than 15 % . Arkose sandstones are more than 25 percent feldspar . The grains tend to be poorly rounded and less well sorted than those of pure quartz sandstones . These feldspar - rich sandstones come from rapidly eroding granitic and metamorphic terrains where chemical weathering is subordinate to physical weathering . Greywacke sandstones are a heterogeneous mixture of lithic fragments and angular grains of quartz and feldspar or grains surrounded by a fine - grained clay matrix . Much of this matrix is formed by relatively soft fragments , such as shale and some volcanic rocks , that are chemically altered and physically compacted after deep burial of the sandstone formation . Uses ( edit ) The Main Quadrangle of the University of Sydney , a so - called sandstone university 17,000 yr old sandstone oil lamp discovered at the caves of Lascaux , France Sandstone statue Maria Immaculata by Fidelis Sporer , around 1770 , in Freiburg , Germany Sandstone is highly absorbent . These are sandstone beverage coasters . Sandstone has been used for domestic construction and housewares since prehistoric times , and continues to be used . Sandstone was a popular building material from ancient times . It is relatively soft , making it easy to carve . It has been widely used around the world in constructing temples , homes , and other buildings . It has also been used for artistic purposes to create ornamental fountains and statues . Some sandstones are resistant to weathering , yet are easy to work . This makes sandstone a common building and paving material including in asphalt concrete . However , some that have been used in the past , such as the Collyhurst sandstone used in North West England , have been found less resistant , necessitating repair and replacement in older buildings . Because of the hardness of individual grains , uniformity of grain size and friability of their structure , some types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to make grindstones , for sharpening blades and other implements . Non-friable sandstone can be used to make grindstones for grinding grain , e.g. , gritstone . A type of pure quartz sandstone , the orthoquartzite , with more of 90 -- 95 percent of quartz , has been proposed for nomination to the Global Heritage Stone Resource . In some regions of Argentina , the orthoquartzite - stoned facade is one of the main features of the Mar del Plata style bungalows . See also ( edit ) Geology portal Dimension stone List of sandstones Kurkar Sedimentary basins Sydney sandstone Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Basic Sedimentary Rock Classification '' , L.S. Fichter , Department of Geology / Environmental Science , James Madison University ( JMU ) , Harrisonburg , Virginia , October 2000 , JMU - sed - classif ( accessed : March 2009 ) : separates clastic , chemical & biochemical ( organic ) . Jump up ^ Dorrik A.V. Stow ( 2005 ) . Sedimentary Rocks in the Field : A Colour Guide . Manson Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874545 - 69 - 9 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Francis John Pettijohn ; Paul Edwin Potter ; Raymond Siever ( 1987 ) . Sand and Sandstone . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 96350 - 1 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boggs , J.R. , 2000 , Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy , 3rd ed . Toronto : Merril Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 13 - 099696 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Prothero , D. ( 2004 ) . Sedimentary Geology . New York , NN : W.H. Freeman and Company Jump up ^ Prothero , D.R. and Schwab , F. , 1996 , Sedimentary Geology , p. 460 , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 2726 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Jackson , J. ( 1997 ) . Glossary of Geology . Alexandria , VA : American Geological Institute ISBN 3 - 540 - 27951 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Sandstone : Sedimentary Rock - Pictures , Definition & More '' . geology.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Carozzi , A. ( 1993 ) . Sedimentary petrography . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall ISBN 0 - 13 - 799438 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Robert H. Dott ( 1964 ) . `` Wacke , greywacke and matrix ; what approach to immature sandstone classification ? '' . SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research . 34 ( 3 ) : 625 -- 32 . doi : 10.1306 / 74D71109 - 2B21 - 11D7 - 8648000102C1865D . Jump up ^ `` Sandstone : Characteristics , Uses And Problems '' . www.gsa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Edensor , T. & Drew , I. Building stone in the City of Manchester : St Ann 's Church . Sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of orthoquartzite -- mindat.org glossary '' . www.mindat.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Cravero , Fernanda et alia ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` ' Piedra Mar del Plata ' : An Argentine orthoquartzite worthy of being considered as a ' Global Heritage Stone Resource ' '' ( PDF ) . Geological Society , London . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Folk , R.L. , 1965 , Petrology of sedimentary rocks PDF version . Austin : Hemphill 's Bookstore . 2nd ed. 1981 , ISBN 0 - 914696 - 14 - 9 . Pettijohn F.J. , P.E. Potter and R. Siever , 1987 , Sand and sandstone , 2nd ed . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 96350 - 2 . Scholle , P.A. , 1978 , A Color illustrated guide to constituents , textures , cements , and porosities of sandstones and associated rocks , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no . 28 . ISBN 0 - 89181 - 304 - 7 . Scholle , P.A. , and D. Spearing , 1982 , Sandstone depositional environments : clastic terrigenous sediments , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no . 31 . ISBN 0 - 89181 - 307 - 1 . USGS Minerals Yearbook : Stone , Dimension , Thomas P. Dolley , U.S. Dept. of the Interior , 2005 ( format : PDF ) . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandstone . Webb , Jonathan . Sandstone shapes ' forged by gravity ' ( July 2014 ) , BBC ( hide ) Stonemasonry Types Ashlar Rustication Carving Dry stone Letter cutting Masonry Monumental Rubble Sculpture Slipform Materials List of stone Artificial stone Brick Cast stone Decorative stones Dimension stone Fieldstone Flagstone Gabion Granite Marble Mortar Sandstone Slate Tools Angle grinder Bush hammer Ceramic tile cutter Chisel Diamond blade Lewis ( lifting appliance ) Non-explosive demolition agents Plug and feather Stonemason 's hammer Straightedge Techniques Brickwork Flaming Flushwork Knapping Polygonal masonry Repointing Scabbling Tuckpointing Products Hardstone carving Headstone ( Footstone ) Mosaic Sculpture Stone wall Organizations International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland Mason Contractors Association of America Operative Plasterers ' and Cement Masons ' International Association Worshipful Company of Masons GND : 4127360 - 6 NDL : 00569937 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&oldid=837610513 '' Categories : Sedimentary rocks Stone Building stone Sandstone Industrial minerals Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 22 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: the most stable mineral at the earth's surface