Adventure Time ( season 10 ) - wikipedia Adventure Time ( season 10 ) Jump to : navigation , search Adventure Time ( season 10 ) Volume 11 digital purchase image , featuring episodes from the show 's tenth season Country of origin United States Release Original network Cartoon Network Original release September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 9 List of Adventure Time episodes The tenth and final season of Adventure Time , an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward , premiered on Cartoon Network on September 17 , 2017 . It is set to conclude sometime in 2018 and would wrap up the entire series . The season was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios . The season follows the final adventures of Finn , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and size at will . Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo , where they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , Marceline the Vampire Queen , Lumpy Space Princess , BMO , and Flame Princess . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Concept 1.2 Production 1.3 Series conclusion 2 Cast 3 Broadcast and reception 3.1 Broadcast 4 Episodes 5 Notes 6 References Development ( edit ) Concept ( edit ) The series follows the adventures of Finn the Human , a human boy , and his best friend Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape , grow , and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo , wherein they interact with the other major characters , including : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , Marceline the Vampire Queen , Lumpy Space Princess , BMO , and Flame Princess . Common storylines revolve around Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures , dealing with the antagonistic but misunderstood Ice King , and battling monsters in order to help others . Multi-episode story arcs for this season include Princess Bubblegum confronting her antagonistic Uncle Gumbald , Finn dealing with Fern 's embrace of the dark side , and Betty trying to turn the Ice King back into Simon Petrikov . Production ( edit ) On July 21 , 2016 , Kent Osborne posted an image on Twitter that suggested Adventure Time had been renewed for an additional season . At the time , the season was intended to be the show 's ninth . However , the season divisions were later re-arranged by Cartoon Network , and `` The Wild Hunt '' became the first episode of season ten . This season 's episodes were produced in a process similar to previous seasons . First , the episodes began as simple two - to - three - page outlines that contained the necessary plot information . These outlines were then handed off to storyboard artists , who then expanded the rough outline into a full storyboard . The episodes ' design and coloring were done in Burbank , California . Animation was handled overseas in South Korea , by Rough Draft Korea and by Saerom Animation . Storyboard artists who worked on this season include ( but are not limited to ) Sam Alden , Polly Guo , Seo Kim , Somvilay Xayaphone , Steve Wolfhard , Tom Herpich , Graham Falk , Kent Osborne , Hanna K. Nyström , Aleks Sennwald , Erik Fountain , and Patrick McHale . In regards to other aspects of production , Ghostshrimp -- the series ' former lead background designer -- returned to the series to work on episodes comprising the `` final story arc of Adventure Time '' . Ghostshrimp had retired from the show after the fourth season , but had previously returned to draw backgrounds for the seventh - season miniseries Stakes and the ninth - season episodes `` Abstract '' , `` Fionna and Cake and Fionna '' , and `` Whispers '' . Additionally , Andy Ristaino ( a former character designer , storyboard artist , and background designer for the show ) returned as a revisionist for this season . Series conclusion ( edit ) In an interview , head writer Kent Osborne noted that Cartoon Network provided the writers with `` an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale . '' On September 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed by Cartoon Network that this season would be the show 's last . When asked in an interview with Skwigly about his feelings concerning the end of the series , Osborne said : It 's weird because I 've never been on a show this long , and I do n't think Cartoon Network has done a show with this many episodes -- for the past few seasons we 've been surprised I think every time it gets picked up . And I think a lot of us were thinking in the back of our minds , ' When is this going to end ? Am I gon na be 80 and still writing this ? ! ' It is sad , and everyone 's kind of grieving , but it 's hard to feel too bad about it , because ... they have so many episodes in the bank that it 's gon na play for another couple years . Osborne did note that Cartoon Network provided the writers with `` an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale . '' According to a speech given by Pendarvis , storyline writing for the series wrapped up mid-November 2016 , with the last storyline meeting being held on November 21 . A tweet by Osborne revealed that the show 's final script was pitched to storyboarders Sam Alden and Hanna K. Nyström on November 28 . This episode was then pitched to the show 's producers during the third week of December 2016 . Voice recording for the season and series ended on January 31 , 2017 , as confirmed by a number of voice actors , including Maria Bamford and Andy Milonakis . Production on the series officially ended with a wrap party hosted by Cartoon Network on November 16 , 2017 . Cast and crew members who had worked on the show since its beginning were invited to the festivities , which , among other things , featured a DJ booth shaped like Finn and Jake 's tree fort , a live band , and Adventure Time - related food items . Following the season 's completion , several crewmembers were hired to work on the upcoming Cartoon Network series Summer Camp Island , which was created by Adventure Time storyline writer Julia Pott . Cast ( edit ) The voice actors for the season include : Jeremy Shada ( Finn the Human ) , John DiMaggio ( Jake the Dog ) , Tom Kenny ( The Ice King ) , Hynden Walch ( Princess Bubblegum ) , and Olivia Olson ( Marceline the Vampire Queen ) . Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters , including Lumpy Space Princess . Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO in English , as well as Jake 's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean . Polly Lou Livingston , a friend of Pendleton Ward 's mother , Bettie Ward , plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks . Jessica DiCicco voices Flame Princess , Finn 's ex-girlfriend and the sovereign of the Fire Kingdom . Andy Milonakis voices N.E.P.T.R. , a sentient robot who makes and throws pies . The Lich , the series ' principal antagonist , is portrayed by Ron Perlman in his demonic form . The Adventure Time cast records their lines together as opposed to doing it individually . This is to capture more natural sounding dialogue among the characters . Hynden Walch has described these group session as akin to `` doing a play reading -- a really , really out there play . '' Several guest stars lent their voices to Adventure Time characters for the very first time this season , including the rapper Open Mike Eagle ( left ) and the comedian Brad Neely ( right ) . In addition to the regular cast members , episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions , including actors , musicians , and artists . `` The Wild Hunt '' , `` Always BMO Closing '' , `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' , `` Seventeen '' , and `` Gumbaldia '' feature Fred Melamed voicing Princess Bubblegum 's Uncle Gumbald . In `` The Wild Hunt '' , Jenny Slate reprises her role as Huntress Wizard . `` Son of Rap Bear '' sees Dumbfoundead voices the titular character , Rekstizzy voices Rap Bear , Keith David reprise his role as Flame King , Paul Scheer reprises his role as Toronto , and Open Mike Eagle voices a gingerbread man . In `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' , Livvy Stubenrauch voices the younger Princess Bubblegum , and former supervising director Andres Salaff reprises his role as Neddy . In `` Seventeen '' and `` Gumbaldia '' Brad Neely plays the Green Knight . `` Ring of Fire '' features David Herman as Randy , Raza Jaffrey as Danny , and Andy Daly as Wyatt . In , `` Marcy & Hunson '' , Martin Olson reprises his role as Hunson Abadeer , the father of Marceline . In `` The First Investigation '' , Marc Evan Jackson reprises his role as Kim Kil Whan , and Dave Foley voices the shape - shifter . Foley would reprise this role in the episode `` Jake the Starchild '' . The episode `` Temple of Mars '' features Felicia Day reprising her role as Betty ; the episode also sees the return of Tom Scharpling as Jermaine the dog . Various other characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker , Maria Bamford , Steve Little , and Melissa Villaseñor . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Much like the sixth , seventh , eighth , and ninth seasons , the tenth season of Adventure Time featured several episode `` bombs '' , or instances wherein large amounts of episodes debuted within a relatively short timeframe . The first of these occurred on September 17 , 2017 , when `` The Wild Hunt '' , `` Always BMO Closing '' , `` Son of Rap Bear '' , and `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' aired . The second of these occurred on December 17 , 2017 when `` Seventeen '' , `` Ring of Fire '' , `` Marcy and Hunson '' and `` The First Investigation '' aired . The third of these occurred on March 18 , 2018 , when `` Blenanas '' , `` Jake the Starchild '' , `` Temple of Mars '' , and `` Gumbaldia '' aired . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Adventure Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Supervising direction by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 267 `` The Wild Hunt '' Cole Sanchez Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 275 0.77 Still feeling guilty over Fern 's death , Princess Bubblegum tasks Finn to protect the banana guard from a monster later dubbed `` the Grumbo '' . Finn ca n't bring himself to slay the monster as he keeps seeing Fern 's face materialize when he 's close to defeating it . Later , Finn meets up with Huntress Wizard ( voiced by Jenny Slate ) who is also trying to slay the Grumbo and she tries to give encouraging words to Finn . They find the Grumbo 's cave and Finn once again stalls . Huntress Wizard puts herself in harm 's way and Finn imagines Fern in her place and finally slays the Grumbo . Afterwards , Finn and Huntress Wizard casually admit their feelings for each other and realize that the Grumbo was artificially created . Uncle Gumbald plots to create another monster using the remains of Fern . 268 `` Always BMO Closing '' Diana Lafyatis Graham Falk & Kent Osborne September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 273 0.77 BMO and Ice King become door - to - door salesmen by posing as one body ( Ice King as the body and BMO as the head ) . After selling a stick to Tree Trunks , the two get lost and end up at the dungeon where Gumbald is staying . They sell him Finn 's baby teeth which he happily pays for with a silver cup . Finn is outraged that his baby teeth were sold and is further mortified when Baby Finns made of teeth begin attacking the tree house . Through Ice King 's encouragement , BMO `` sells '' two mallets to Finn and Jake and they successfully defeat the teeth babies . Afterwards , Gumbald admits that his current plan was a bad idea . 269 `` Son of Rap Bear '' Diana Lafyatis Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 276 0.77 While at a party , Flame Princess accidentally signs a contract from Toronto stating that if she loses in a rap battle against Son of Rap Bear ( voiced by Dumbfoundead ) her kingdom will be forfeited to Toronto . She and Finn go meet Rap Bear ( voiced by Rekstizzy ) who explains that his son literally blew his legs off , frightening them . Despite training , Flame Princess still feels ill - prepared , and so she visits her father , the deposed Flame King ( voiced by Keith David ) . She attempts to mend their rocky relationship , but much to her frustration , her father seems oblivious to the pain that he caused his daughter . Later , at the rap battle , Flame Princess begins to lose her composure , but after seeing the still - unapologetic Flame King in the crowd , she angrily expresses her frustrations with her father in a rap . The track impresses the crowd , and Flame Princess defeats Son of Rap Bear . 270 `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' Diana Lafyatis Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 274 0.77 When Finn presents the silver cup from `` Always BMO Closing '' , Princess Bubblegum decides to tell him , Marceline and Jake some more of her history . 800 years ago , a child version of Bonnibel discovers a family photo and decides to create a gum family . She creates Uncle Gumbald , Aunt Lolly and Cousin Chicle to help farm the area . However , her family quickly turn on her with the prospect of `` branding '' their family . Gumbald creates a juice that transforms those into low minded candy people . Bonnibel fights back , transforming them into her eventual candy civilians and deciding on the title of princess . In the present , BMO reveals where it got the cup . 271 5 `` Seventeen '' Cole Sanchez Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone December 17 , 2017 1054 - 281 0.76 At Finn 's seventeenth birthday party , held at the Candy Kingdom , Princess Bubblegum , Marceline , Huntress Wizard and BMO present Finn with gifts . Suddenly , the Green Knight ( voiced by Brad Neely ) arrives and presents Finn with his own gift , an ax that he will reward him with if he attacks him with it . Thinking this is one of Jake 's tricks , Finn beheads the Green Knight only for Jake to arrive and the Knight challenges him to a battle by blocking him from his friends . Finn accepts and the two play 2 / 3 with the party games held at the castle . While arm wrestling , the Knight reveals himself to be a revived Fern who makes short work of Finn . He is stopped by Gumbald , Lolly and Chicle who were returned to their original form by Lumpy Space Princess transforming Ooo at the end of Elements . The trio and Fern leave as Finn is devastated by his loss . 272 6 `` Ring of Fire '' Cole Sanchez Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard December 17 , 2017 1054 - 277 0.76 Tree Trunks gets a call from her old flame Randy ( voiced by David Herman ) who wants his old ring back to propose to his new girlfriend . In flashback , Randy proposed to Tree Trunks after graduating high school . Immediately afterwards , Tree Trunks left him and became a pirate on the sea where she met and married Danny ( voiced by Raza Jaffrey ) . She breaks up with him due to him lying to her and she moves on to becoming a CEO to a shipping company . She marries her employee Wyatt , but due to his clinging attitude breaks up with him and he flees with the ring . Mr. Pig , who followed arrives as does Wyatt who still has the ring . Randy gets it back and Tree Trunks and Mr. Pig reaffirm their love . 273 7 `` Marcy & Hunson '' Cole Sanchez Graham Falk & Adam Muto December 17 , 2017 1054 - 278 0.76 Peppermint Butler gives Finn a new sword , the Night Blade . However , he also summons Hunson Abadeer . Peppermint Butler allows Hunson to roam the earth for one day and is restrained from using his powers . Finn and Jake take him to Marceline who is once again annoyed at her father 's ignorance . When Finn and Jake let slip that Marceline has a solo concert for ghosts , Hunson forces his way in . Marceline gives her performance , but it is interrupted by Hunson 's interference . Chicle , who has been following them , instigates a ruckus with the ghosts who proceed to beat up a weakened Hunson . Marceline is also powerless from stopping them , but Finn 's new sword saves them . The group escape and meet with Princess Bubblegum and Marceline and Hunson make up . 274 8 `` The First Investigation '' Diana Lafyatis Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald December 17 , 2017 1054 - 279 0.76 Kim Kil Whan sends Finn and Jake to Joshua and Margaret 's old office after one of his employees get frightened by something . Finn and Jake witness strange ghosts and other sightings as objects move around . Finn suddenly sees baby versions of himself , Jake and Jermaine and gives Jake a wet willy ( earlier Jake claimed that Finn had given him one years ago and he denied it ) . Realizing that the ghosts are time remnants , Finn tries to look for the source while Jake accidentally scares Kim 's employee and sees his own birth from `` Joshua and Margaret Investigations '' . They discover that one of Dr. Gross ' experiments , Time Bear , had been behind it and fix him with Finn leaving a note for past Joshua and Margaret . While outside , Jake meets his alien parent , is turned blue and taken away leaving a note for Finn that reads `` BRB - Jake '' . 275 9 `` Blenanas '' Diana Lafyatis Sam Alden & Patrick McHale March 18 , 2018 TBA 0.53 Bummed about Jake being gone , Finn reads an issue of Ble Magazine and comes across a doodle of a caveman with his leg getting bit by a dog while a psychiatrist sits next to him . Finn writes `` Ouch ! Hey this is n't helping at all ! '' . He shows it to BMO and Princess Bubblegum , but neither get it . Finn shows it to Ice King who reveals that he wrote to Ble Magazine to have his stories published , but they never were . They find the building guarded by a passive pudding troll and discover that the building has been abandoned for years . They decide to publish a new issue with the joke , but the pudding troll does not get it either . Finn comes to terms with the possibility that he just is not funny , but upon returning home he slips on some banana peels , rips his pants and crashes into a message chair . BMO and NEPTR laugh as Finn smiles . 276 10 `` Jake the Starchild '' Cole Sanchez Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald March 18 , 2018 TBA 0.53 Immediately after `` The First Investigation '' , Jake is taken by his dying alien parent , Warren Ampersand , to his home planet and discovers he that must defeat an evil alien to save the inhabitants . Warren gives Jake a special belt while he wears one himself . As Jake uses his stretching powers , he becomes weaker and Warren becomes younger , revealing that the belts drain Jake 's youth and energy . When Warren reveals his scheme as well as the fact the planet and evil alien are not real , Jake switches the belts and tricks Warren into giving his powers and youth back . Warren then tries to escape back to Earth after learning that Jake has children he could siphon from , but Jake tosses him into a black hole , leaving him stranded on the now empty space rock . 277 11 `` Temple of Mars '' Diana Lafyatis Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard March 18 , 2018 TBA 0.53 Finn is visited by Jermaine who reveals that Jake is in space and that they must rescue him . They head to Mars where Normal Man , now King Man , has Betty doing labor to `` cure '' her . King Man has them enter a cave to search for a device to save Jake and encounter various puzzles . Eventually , they come across Past Betty who was to go on a trip in a week , but met Simon changing her plans . Finn and Jermaine tell her that Betty needs to think about herself and she `` changes '' her past so that she left that day instead of in a week . The cave turns out to be the device and they are reunited with Jake . However , Betty tells King Man that seeing Finn retrieve Jake has only increased her interest in rescuing Simon ; she declares that she now has a plan to not only save Simon , but also retrieve Margles from GOLB , which frightens King Man . 278 12 `` Gumbaldia '' Diana Lafyatis Sam Alden & Graham Falk March 18 , 2018 TBA 0.53 As Princess Bubblegum prepares for war with Gumbald , Finn and Jake decide to pay him a visit so as to prevent it from happening . They meet with the Gum Family who are hellbent on wanting to destroy PB . However , when Finn saves Gumbald from falling , the family come on good terms with Finn and Jake and sign a peace treaty . Before leaving , Finn and Jake are doused with celebratory juice . When they get back to the Candy Kingdom , the juice turns out to be dumdum juice and turns Peppermint Butler into a baby . With no other option , PB sets to go to war with her uncle . Gumbald learns of PB 's survival and gathers many past villains throughout the series , including a confused Ice King , and prepares for the Gum War . 279 280 281 282 13 14 15 16 `` Come Along with Me '' TBA TBA TBA 2018 TBA TBD BMO narrates the Great Gum War in which Princess Bubblegum , Finn , Jake , Lady Rainicorn , Marceline , Flame Princess , Lemongrab , Huntress Wizard and Lumpy Space Princess band together to battle Gumbald and his army . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Information regarding story development and storyboard artists is taken from the opening credits of the season 's episodes . Jump up ^ Information regarding background art is taken from the end credits of the episodes `` Abstract '' , `` Fionna and Cake and Fionna '' , and `` Whispers '' . Jump up ^ `` Seventeen '' was released on the Cartoon Network website on December 7 , 2017 ; `` Ring of Fire '' , `` Marcy & Hunson '' , and `` The First Investigation '' were released via the Cartoon Network phone app on December 8 ; and `` Blenanas '' , `` Jake the Starchild '' , `` Temple of Mars '' , and `` Gumbaldia '' were released via the Cartoon Network phone app and VOD on March 9 . However , because this field specifically refers to episode airdates , the information here will denote when this episode first aired on Cartoon Network . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Cult Hit Animated Series ' Adventure Time ' To End In 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Adventure Time ' : Post-Apocalyptic ' Candyland ' Attracts Adult Fans '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ For information concerning this story arc , see the following episodes : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Wild Hunt '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Graham Falk & Kent Osborne ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Always BMO Closing '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 2 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 4 . Cartoon Network . Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Seventeen '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 5 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Graham Falk ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Gumbaldia '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 12 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ For information concerning this story arc , see the following episodes : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Wild Hunt '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Seventeen '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 5 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Graham Falk ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Gumbaldia '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 12 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ For information concerning this story arc , see the following episodes : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Temple of Mars '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 11 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Kent ( @ kentisawesome ) ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` # AdventureTimeSeason9 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( MrMuto ) ( August 2016 ) . `` That was originally the plan . I 'm not sure where it falls in the official order for Season 9 but it is meant to go right after Three Buckets '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 -- via Ask.fm . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( MrMuto ) ( October 2016 ) . `` Yes . The official season divisions seem to have moved around but when we made those episodes we approached them as the end of Season 8 '' . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 -- via Ask.fm . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Videos '' . Cartoon Network . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2017 . Note : To see episode and season numbering information , click the link that reads `` Full Episodes ( 22 ) '' . Jump up ^ McKendry , David ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : ' Adventure Time ' Writer Dick Grunert '' . Fangoria . The Brooklyn Company , Inc . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ulloa , Alexander ( 2010 ) . `` Adventure Time ( 2010 ) '' . Art of the Title . Art of the Title , LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ristaino , Andy ( skronked ) ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` It takes about 8 months to create an episode from start to finish . About a week to write an episode , a month to storyboard , a few days to record voices , two weeks to put together an animatic , a week to design it , a week to do clean up on the designs , a week to do color design , then it goes overseas and takes about five months to be animated . Rest of the time goes to retakes editing and music and sound design '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 -- via Spring.me . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Rich ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` This Is How an Episode of Cartoon Network 's ' Adventure Time ' Is Made '' . The Daily Beast . The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Chris ( 2014 ) . Adventure Time : The Art of Ooo . Harry N. Abrams . pp. 348 -- 349 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0450 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ghostshrimp ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Rumor has it that I will be doing some new backgrounds for the final story arc of Adventure Time ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bandit , Dan `` Ghostshrimp '' ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` I am officially retiring from Adventure Time today '' . Facebook . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bandit , Dan `` Ghostshrimp '' ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` New Adventure Time 8 - Parter ! '' . GhostshrimpGlobal.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghostshrimp ; Ristaino , Andy ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 024 : Guns , Money , And Drugs with Andy Ristiano '' . Soundcloud . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dutton , Sophie ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Interview with ' Adventure Time ' Head Writer Kent Osborne '' . Skwigly . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Germain , Siomara ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Brockport Welcomes Adventure Time Writer Jack Pendarvis '' . The Stylus . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pendarvis , Jack ( @ JackPendarvis ) ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Starting my last ADVENTURE TIME meeting in about half an hour . Bah , I say ! But also I 'm excited about the story ! But also my stomach hurts '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Osborne , Kent ( @ kentisawesome ) ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Last Adventure Time handout meeting : ( '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Alden , Sam ( @ samalden ) ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` @ HannaKtweet @ kikutowne my board however is going to be hot garbage , ruin the show , etc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nyström , Hanna K ( @ HannaKtweet ) ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` hold me tight and tell me this board will be good . rock me to sleep '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Alden , Sam ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` Pitched my last Adventure Time storyboard last week '' . Instagram . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( @ MrMuto ) ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` from last week 's final Adventure Time storyboard pitch '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bamford , Maria ( @ mariabamfoo ) ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Last day of Adventuretime ! # 8yearsofgoodgoof thanks Pendleton and @ kentisawesome for a wonderful time ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bamford , Maria ( @ mariabamfoo ) ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` @ kentisawesome pumped for last record ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Milonakis , Andy ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Adventure Time Cake '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( November 23 , 2017 ) . `` Goodbye , ' Adventure Time ' : Cast And Crew Gather To Bid Farewell To The Series '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pendarvis , Jack ( @ JackPendarvis ) ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm in a SUMMER CAMP ISLAND meeting RIGHT NOW with @ aleks_sennwald Graham Falk @ Seodles @ samalden @ krismukai @ juliapott & @ ColeSanchez '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Adventure Time '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Note : To reveal who voiced what character , one must click on the various characters under `` Guest Stars '' to reveal their voice actor or actress . Jump up ^ Livingston , Polly Lou ( Actress ) . 2012 . `` Tree Trunks '' ( Commentary track ) , Adventure Time Season One ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Ward , Bettie ( Artist ) . 2012 . `` Tree Trunks '' ( Commentary track ) , Adventure Time Season One ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Character Facts of the Week : Flame Princess from Adventure Time '' . CartoonNetwork.co.uk . May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Our Interview With Adventure Time 's Head of Story and the Voice of Flame Princess ! '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Episodes that credit Andy Milonakis : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Son of Rap Bear '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 3 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Pat McHale ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Blenanas '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 9 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ ScreenCrush staff . `` Meet the Voices Behind Your Favorite ' Adventure Time ' Characters '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time -- Season 3 Comic - Con Exclusive : Hynden Walch '' . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Wild Hunt '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Graham Falk & Kent Osborne ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Always BMO Closing '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 2 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 4 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Seventeen '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 5 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Graham Falk ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Gumbaldia '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 12 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Son of Rap Bear '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 3 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ring of Fire '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 6 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Olson , Olivia . `` ( Snippet of ' Marcy & Hunson ' script ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olson , Olivia . `` ( Clip of ' Marcy & Hunson ' recording ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Graham Falk & Adam Muto ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Marcy & Hunson '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 7 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` The First Investigation '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 8 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jake the Starchild '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 10 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Temple of Mars '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 11 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Sources for season six `` bombs '' : `` Coming Soon '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . `` # Finnale '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sources for season seven `` bombs '' : `` Adventure Time Returns This Monday '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . `` 4 Nights @ 8 / 7 c '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . `` 5 Nights of New Adventure Time Episodes '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sources for season eight `` bombs '' : `` Adventure Time : Season 8 Arrives This Week '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . `` Islands '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources for season nine `` bombs '' : `` Elements '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr. April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . `` Adventure Time Returns on July 17 '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Returns on September 17 '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Returns on Sunday , December 17 '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Returns Sunday , March 18th ! '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Adventure Time Seventeen '' . Cartoon Network . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network ( @ cartoonnetwork ) ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` NEW ADVENTURE TIME ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Adventure Time ' Returning in March with New Episodes '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Production codes for the season derived from the following sources : `` King of Ooo '' . Tumblr . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Note : Production codes are stamped onto various storyboards that must be searched for . Olson , Olivia . `` ( Snippet of ' Marcy & Hunson ' script ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . `` Copyright Catalog '' ( enter `` Adventure Time '' in the search parameter and select individual episode titles for further information ) . United States Copyright Office . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` ADVENTURE TIME : COME ALONG WITH ME ( EMEA ) ( 2017 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King of Ooo confirms only the four part finale is left '' . Tumblr . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Adventure Time Characters Finn the Human Jake the Dog Princess Bubblegum Ice King Marceline the Vampire Queen Seasons Pilot 5 6 7 Stakes 8 Islands 9 Elements 10 Video games Hey Ice King ! Why 'd You Steal Our Garbage ? ! ! Explore the Dungeon Because I Do n't Know ! Battle Party The Secret of the Nameless Kingdom Finn & Jake Investigations Pirates of the Enchiridion Related articles Pendleton Ward The Music of Ooo Random ! Cartoons The Legend of Lucky Pie Cartoon Network : Battle Crashers Book Adventure Time episodes Pilot Season 1 `` Tree Trunks '' `` The Enchiridion ! '' `` Ricardio the Heart Guy '' `` Evicted ! '' Season 2 `` It Came from the Nightosphere '' `` The Eyes '' `` Guardians of Sunshine '' `` Death in Bloom '' `` Mortal Folly '' / `` Mortal Recoil '' Season 3 `` Hitman '' `` Too Young '' `` Fionna and Cake '' `` What Was Missing '' `` Holly Jolly Secrets '' `` Another Way '' `` Incendium '' Season 4 `` Hot to the Touch '' `` Five Short Graybles '' `` Web Weirdos '' `` Dream of Love '' `` Return to the Nightosphere '' / `` Daddy 's Little Monster '' `` In Your Footsteps '' `` Hug Wolf '' `` Princess Monster Wife '' `` Goliad '' `` Beyond This Earthly Realm '' `` Gotcha ! '' `` Princess Cookie '' `` Card Wars '' `` Sons of Mars '' `` Burning Low '' `` BMO Noire '' `` King Worm '' `` Lady & Peebles '' `` You Made Me '' `` Who Would Win '' `` Ignition Point '' `` The Hard Easy '' `` Reign of Gunters '' `` I Remember You '' `` The Lich '' Season 5 `` Finn the Human '' / `` Jake the Dog '' `` Bad Little Boy '' `` Simon & Marcy '' `` A Glitch Is a Glitch '' `` Puhoy '' `` James Baxter the Horse '' `` Wizards Only , Fools '' `` Be More '' `` Sky Witch '' `` Frost & Fire '' `` Time Sandwich '' `` Root Beer Guy '' `` Rattleballs '' `` The Red Throne '' `` Betty '' `` Bad Timing '' `` Billy 's Bucket List '' Season 6 `` Wake Up '' / `` Escape from the Citadel '' `` Food Chain '' `` Furniture & Meat '' `` Something Big '' `` Is That You ? '' `` Jake the Brick '' `` Dentist '' `` Evergreen '' `` Astral Plane '' `` The Diary '' `` Walnuts & Rain '' `` Jermaine '' Season 7 Stakes `` Bad Jubies '' `` Crossover '' `` The Hall of Egress '' Season 8 `` Normal Man '' Islands Season 9 `` Orb '' Elements Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adventure_Time_(season_10)&oldid=838238395 '' Categories : Adventure Time seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Episode lists with unformatted air dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: when does the last episode of adventure time air


0 - wikipedia 0 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the number and digit 0 . It is not to be confused with the letter O . `` Zero '' redirects here . For other uses , see 0 ( disambiguation ) and Zero ( disambiguation ) . `` Naught '' redirects here . For the album by Stolen Babies , see Naught ( album ) . ← − 1 0 1 → - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 → List of numbers -- Integers ← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 → Cardinal 0 , zero , `` oh '' ( / oʊ / ) , nought , naught , nil Ordinal Zeroth , noughth Divisors All numbers Binary 0 Ternary 0 Quaternary 0 Quinary 0 Senary 0 Octal 0 Duodecimal 0 Hexadecimal 0 Vigesimal 0 Base 36 0 Arabic & Kurdish ٠ Urdu Bengali ০ Devanāgarī ० Chinese 零 , 〇 Japanese 零 , 〇 Khmer ០ Thai ๐ 0 ( zero ; / ˈzɪəroʊ / ) is both a number and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals . The number 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers , real numbers , and many other algebraic structures . As a digit , 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems . Names for the number 0 in English include zero , nought ( UK ) , naught ( US ) ( / nɔːt / ) , nil , or -- in contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter `` O '' -- oh or o ( / oʊ / ) . Informal or slang terms for zero include zilch and zip . Ought and aught ( / ɔː t / ) , as well as cipher , have also been used historically . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Modern usage 2 History 2.1 Ancient Near East 2.2 Pre-Columbian Americas 2.3 Classical antiquity 2.4 China 2.5 India and Southeast Asia 2.5. 1 Epigraphy 2.6 Middle Ages 2.6. 1 Transmission to Islamic culture 2.6. 2 Transmission to Europe 3 Mathematics 3.1 Elementary algebra 3.2 Other branches of mathematics 3.3 Related mathematical terms 4 Physics 5 Chemistry 6 Computer science 7 Other fields 8 Symbols and representations 9 Year label 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Etymology Main articles : Names for the number 0 and Names for the number 0 in English The word zero came into the English language via French zéro from Italian zero , Italian contraction of Venetian zevero form of ' Italian zefiro via ṣafira or ṣifr . In pre-Islamic time the word ṣifr ( Arabic صفر ) had the meaning `` empty '' . Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate śūnya ( Sanskrit : शून्य ) from India . The first known English use of zero was in 1598 . The Italian mathematician Fibonacci ( c. 1170 -- 1250 ) , who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe , used the term zephyrum . This became zefiro in Italian , and was then contracted to zero in Venetian . The Italian word zefiro was already in existence ( meaning `` west wind '' from Latin and Greek zephyrus ) and may have influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic ṣifr . Modern usage There are different words used for the number or concept of zero depending on the context . For the simple notion of lacking , the words nothing and none are often used . Sometimes the words nought , naught and aught are used . Several sports have specific words for zero , such as nil in association football ( soccer ) , love in tennis and a duck in cricket . It is often called oh in the context of telephone numbers . Slang words for zero include zip , zilch , nada , and scratch . Duck egg and goose egg are also slang for zero . History Ancient near East nfr heart with trachea beautiful , pleasant , good Ancient Egyptian numerals were base 10 . They used hieroglyphs for the digits and were not positional . By 1770 BC , the Egyptians had a symbol for zero in accounting texts . The symbol nfr , meaning beautiful , was also used to indicate the base level in drawings of tombs and pyramids and distances were measured relative to the base line as being above or below this line . By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC , the Babylonian mathematics had a sophisticated sexagesimal positional numeral system . The lack of a positional value ( or zero ) was indicated by a space between sexagesimal numerals . By 300 BC , a punctuation symbol ( two slanted wedges ) was co-opted as a placeholder in the same Babylonian system . In a tablet unearthed at Kish ( dating from about 700 BC ) , the scribe Bêl - bân - aplu wrote his zeros with three hooks , rather than two slanted wedges . The Babylonian placeholder was not a true zero because it was not used alone . Nor was it used at the end of a number . Thus numbers like 2 and 120 ( 2 × 60 ) , 3 and 180 ( 3 × 60 ) , 4 and 240 ( 4 × 60 ) , looked the same because the larger numbers lacked a final sexagesimal placeholder . Only context could differentiate them . Pre-columbian Americas The back of Epi - Olmec stela C from Tres Zapotes , the second oldest Long Count date discovered . The numerals 7.16. 6.16. 18 translate to September , 32 BC ( Julian ) . The glyphs surrounding the date are thought to be one of the few surviving examples of Epi - Olmec script . The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar developed in south - central Mexico and Central America required the use of zero as a place - holder within its vigesimal ( base - 20 ) positional numeral system . Many different glyphs , including this partial quatrefoil -- -- were used as a zero symbol for these Long Count dates , the earliest of which ( on Stela 2 at Chiapa de Corzo , Chiapas ) has a date of 36 BC . Since the eight earliest Long Count dates appear outside the Maya homeland , it is generally believed that the use of zero in the Americas predated the Maya and was possibly the invention of the Olmecs . Many of the earliest Long Count dates were found within the Olmec heartland , although the Olmec civilization ended by the 4th century BC , several centuries before the earliest known Long Count dates . Although zero became an integral part of Maya numerals , with a different , empty tortoise - like `` shell shape '' used for many depictions of the `` zero '' numeral , it is assumed to have not influenced Old World numeral systems . Quipu , a knotted cord device , used in the Inca Empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region to record accounting and other digital data , is encoded in a base ten positional system . Zero is represented by the absence of a knot in the appropriate position . Classical antiquity The ancient Greeks had no symbol for zero ( μηδέν ) , and did not use a digit placeholder for it . They seemed unsure about the status of zero as a number . They asked themselves , `` How can nothing be something ? '' , leading to philosophical and , by the medieval period , religious arguments about the nature and existence of zero and the vacuum . The paradoxes of Zeno of Elea depend in large part on the uncertain interpretation of zero . Example of the early Greek symbol for zero ( lower right corner ) from a 2nd - century papyrus By 130 AD , Ptolemy , influenced by Hipparchus and the Babylonians , was using a symbol for zero ( a small circle with a long overbar ) in his work on mathematical astronomy called the Syntaxis Mathematica , also known as the Almagest . The way in which it is used can be seen in his table of chords in that book . Ptolemy 's zero was used within a sexagesimal numeral system otherwise using alphabetic Greek numerals . Because it was used alone , not just as a placeholder , this Hellenistic zero was perhaps the earliest documented use of a numeral representing zero in the Old World . However , the positions were usually limited to the fractional part of a number ( called minutes , seconds , thirds , fourths , etc . ) -- they were not used for the integral part of a number , indicating a concept perhaps better expressed as `` none '' , rather than `` zero '' in the modern sense . In later Byzantine manuscripts of Ptolemy 's Almagest , the Hellenistic zero had morphed into the Greek letter omicron ( otherwise meaning 70 ) . Another zero was used in tables alongside Roman numerals by 525 ( first known use by Dionysius Exiguus ) , but as a word , nulla meaning `` nothing '' , not as a symbol . When division produced zero as a remainder , nihil , also meaning `` nothing '' , was used . These medieval zeros were used by all future medieval calculators of Easter . The initial `` N '' was used as a zero symbol in a table of Roman numerals by Bede or his colleagues around 725 . China This is a depiction of zero expressed in Chinese counting rods , based on the example provided by A History of Mathematics . An empty space is used to represent zero . The Sūnzĭ Suànjīng , of unknown date but estimated to be dated from the 1st to 5th centuries AD , and Japanese records dated from the 18th century , describe how the c. 4th century BC Chinese counting rods system enables one to perform decimal calculations . According to A History of Mathematics , the rods `` gave the decimal representation of a number , with an empty space denoting zero . '' The counting rod system is considered a positional notation system . In AD 690 , Empress Wǔ promulgated Zetian characters , one of which was `` 〇 '' . The word is now used as a synonym for the number zero . Zero was not treated as a number at that time , but as a `` vacant position '' . Qín Jiǔsháo 's 1247 Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections is the oldest surviving Chinese mathematical text using a round symbol for zero . Chinese authors had been familiar with the idea of negative numbers by the Han Dynasty ( 2nd century AD ) , as seen in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art , much earlier than the 15th century when they became well - established in Europe . India and southeast asia Pingala ( c. 3rd / 2nd century BC ) , a Sanskrit prosody scholar , used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables ( the latter equal in length to two short syllables ) , a notation similar to Morse code . Pingala used the Sanskrit word śūnya explicitly to refer to zero . It was considered that the earliest text to use a decimal place - value system , including a zero , is the Lokavibhāga , a Jain text on cosmology surviving in a medieval Sanskrit translation of the Prakrit original , which is internally dated to AD 458 ( Saka era 380 ) . In this text , śūnya ( `` void , empty '' ) is also used to refer to zero . A symbol for zero , a large dot likely to be the precursor of the still - current hollow symbol , is used throughout the Bakhshali manuscript , a practical manual on arithmetic for merchants , the date of which was uncertain . In 2017 three samples from the manuscript were shown by radiocarbon dating to come from three different centuries : from 224 - 383 AD , 680 - 779 AD , and 885 - 993 AD , making it the world 's oldest recorded use of the zero symbol . It is not known how the birch bark fragments from different centuries that form the manuscript came to be packaged together . The origin of the modern decimal - based place value notation can be traced to the Aryabhatiya ( c. 500 ) , which states sthānāt sthānaṁ daśaguṇaṁ syāt `` from place to place each is ten times the preceding . '' The concept of zero as a digit in the decimal place value notation was developed in India , presumably as early as during the Gupta period ( c. 5th century ) , with the oldest unambiguous evidence dating to the 7th century . The rules governing the use of zero appeared for the first time in Brahmagupta 's Brahmasputha Siddhanta ( 7th century ) . This work considers not only zero , but negative numbers , and the algebraic rules for the elementary operations of arithmetic with such numbers . In some instances , his rules differ from the modern standard , specifically the definition of the value of zero divided by zero as zero . Epigraphy The number 605 in Khmer numerals , from the Sambor inscription ( Saka era 605 corresponds to AD 683 ) . The earliest known material use of zero as a decimal figure . There are numerous copper plate inscriptions , with the same small o in them , some of them possibly dated to the 6th century , but their date or authenticity may be open to doubt . A stone tablet found in the ruins of a temple near Sambor on the Mekong , Kratié Province , Cambodia , includes the inscription of `` 605 '' in Khmer numerals ( a set of numeral glyphs of the Hindu numerals family ) . The number is the year of the inscription in the Saka era , corresponding to a date of AD 683 . The first known use of special glyphs for the decimal digits that includes the indubitable appearance of a symbol for the digit zero , a small circle , appears on a stone inscription found at the Chaturbhuja Temple at Gwalior in India , dated 876 . Zero is also used as a placeholder in the Bakhshali manuscript , portions of which date from AD 224 -- 383 . Middle ages Transmission to islamic Culture See also : History of the Hindu -- Arabic numeral system The Arabic - language inheritance of science was largely Greek , followed by Hindu influences . In 773 , at Al - Mansur 's behest , translations were made of many ancient treatises including Greek , Roman , Indian , and others . In AD 813 , astronomical tables were prepared by a Persian mathematician , Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al - Khwārizmī , using Hindu numerals ; and about 825 , he published a book synthesizing Greek and Hindu knowledge and also contained his own contribution to mathematics including an explanation of the use of zero . This book was later translated into Latin in the 12th century under the title Algoritmi de numero Indorum . This title means `` al - Khwarizmi on the Numerals of the Indians '' . The word `` Algoritmi '' was the translator 's Latinization of Al - Khwarizmi 's name , and the word `` Algorithm '' or `` Algorism '' started meaning any arithmetic based on decimals . Muhammad ibn Ahmad al - Khwarizmi , in 976 , stated that if no number appears in the place of tens in a calculation , a little circle should be used `` to keep the rows '' . This circle was called ṣifr . Transmission to Europe The Hindu -- Arabic numeral system ( base 10 ) reached Europe in the 11th century , via the Iberian Peninsula through Spanish Muslims , the Moors , together with knowledge of astronomy and instruments like the astrolabe , first imported by Gerbert of Aurillac . For this reason , the numerals came to be known in Europe as `` Arabic numerals '' . The Italian mathematician Fibonacci or Leonardo of Pisa was instrumental in bringing the system into European mathematics in 1202 , stating : After my father 's appointment by his homeland as state official in the customs house of Bugia for the Pisan merchants who thronged to it , he took charge ; and in view of its future usefulness and convenience , had me in my boyhood come to him and there wanted me to devote myself to and be instructed in the study of calculation for some days . There , following my introduction , as a consequence of marvelous instruction in the art , to the nine digits of the Hindus , the knowledge of the art very much appealed to me before all others , and for it I realized that all its aspects were studied in Egypt , Syria , Greece , Sicily , and Provence , with their varying methods ; and at these places thereafter , while on business . I pursued my study in depth and learned the give - and - take of disputation . But all this even , and the algorism , as well as the art of Pythagoras , I considered as almost a mistake in respect to the method of the Hindus ( Modus Indorum ) . Therefore , embracing more stringently that method of the Hindus , and taking stricter pains in its study , while adding certain things from my own understanding and inserting also certain things from the niceties of Euclid 's geometric art . I have striven to compose this book in its entirety as understandably as I could , dividing it into fifteen chapters . Almost everything which I have introduced I have displayed with exact proof , in order that those further seeking this knowledge , with its pre-eminent method , might be instructed , and further , in order that the Latin people might not be discovered to be without it , as they have been up to now . If I have perchance omitted anything more or less proper or necessary , I beg indulgence , since there is no one who is blameless and utterly provident in all things . The nine Indian figures are : 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 . With these nine figures , and with the sign 0 ... any number may be written . Here Leonardo of Pisa uses the phrase `` sign 0 '' , indicating it is like a sign to do operations like addition or multiplication . From the 13th century , manuals on calculation ( adding , multiplying , extracting roots , etc . ) became common in Europe where they were called algorismus after the Persian mathematician al - Khwārizmī . The most popular was written by Johannes de Sacrobosco , about 1235 and was one of the earliest scientific books to be printed in 1488 . Until the late 15th century , Hindu -- Arabic numerals seem to have predominated among mathematicians , while merchants preferred to use the Roman numerals . In the 16th century , they became commonly used in Europe . Mathematics See also : parity of zero 0 is the integer immediately preceding 1 . Zero is an even number , because it is divisible by 2 with no remainder . 0 is neither positive nor negative . By most definitions 0 is a natural number , and then the only natural number not to be positive . Zero is a number which quantifies a count or an amount of null size . In most cultures , 0 was identified before the idea of negative things , or quantities less than zero , was accepted . The value , or number , zero is not the same as the digit zero , used in numeral systems using positional notation . Successive positions of digits have higher weights , so inside a numeral the digit zero is used to skip a position and give appropriate weights to the preceding and following digits . A zero digit is not always necessary in a positional number system , for example , in the number 02 . In some instances , a leading zero may be used to distinguish a number . Elementary algebra The number 0 is the smallest non-negative integer . The natural number following 0 is 1 and no natural number precedes 0 . The number 0 may or may not be considered a natural number , but it is a whole number and hence a rational number and a real number ( as well as an algebraic number and a complex number ) . The number 0 is neither positive nor negative and is usually displayed as the central number in a number line . It is neither a prime number nor a composite number . It can not be prime because it has an infinite number of factors , and can not be composite because it can not be expressed as a product of prime numbers ( 0 must always be one of the factors ) . Zero is , however , even ( as well as being a multiple of any other integer , rational , or real number ) . The following are some basic ( elementary ) rules for dealing with the number 0 . These rules apply for any real or complex number x , unless otherwise stated . Addition : x + 0 = 0 + x = x . That is , 0 is an identity element ( or neutral element ) with respect to addition . Subtraction : x − 0 = x and 0 − x = − x . Multiplication : x 0 = 0 x = 0 . Division : 0 / x = 0 , for nonzero x . But x / 0 is undefined , because 0 has no multiplicative inverse ( no real number multiplied by 0 produces 1 ) , a consequence of the previous rule . Exponentiation : x = x / x = 1 , except that the case x = 0 may be left undefined in some contexts . For all positive real x , 0 = 0 . The expression 0 / 0 , which may be obtained in an attempt to determine the limit of an expression of the form f ( x ) / g ( x ) as a result of applying the lim operator independently to both operands of the fraction , is a so - called `` indeterminate form '' . That does not simply mean that the limit sought is necessarily undefined ; rather , it means that the limit of f ( x ) / g ( x ) , if it exists , must be found by another method , such as l'Hôpital's rule . The sum of 0 numbers ( the empty sum ) is 0 , and the product of 0 numbers ( the empty product ) is 1 . The factorial 0 ! evaluates to 1 , as a special case of the empty product . Other branches of Mathematics In set theory , 0 is the cardinality of the empty set : if one does not have any apples , then one has 0 apples . In fact , in certain axiomatic developments of mathematics from set theory , 0 is defined to be the empty set . When this is done , the empty set is the Von Neumann cardinal assignment for a set with no elements , which is the empty set . The cardinality function , applied to the empty set , returns the empty set as a value , thereby assigning it 0 elements . Also in set theory , 0 is the lowest ordinal number , corresponding to the empty set viewed as a well - ordered set . In propositional logic , 0 may be used to denote the truth value false . In abstract algebra , 0 is commonly used to denote a zero element , which is a neutral element for addition ( if defined on the structure under consideration ) and an absorbing element for multiplication ( if defined ) . In lattice theory , 0 may denote the bottom element of a bounded lattice . In category theory , 0 is sometimes used to denote an initial object of a category . In recursion theory , 0 can be used to denote the Turing degree of the partial computable functions . Related Mathematical terms A zero of a function f is a point x in the domain of the function such that f ( x ) = 0 . When there are finitely many zeros these are called the roots of the function . This is related to zeros of a holomorphic function . The zero function ( or zero map ) on a domain D is the constant function with 0 as its only possible output value , i.e. , the function f defined by f ( x ) = 0 for all x in D . The zero function is the only function that is both even and odd . A particular zero function is a zero morphism in category theory ; e.g. , a zero map is the identity in the additive group of functions . The determinant on non-invertible square matrices is a zero map . Several branches of mathematics have zero elements , which generalize either the property 0 + x = x , or the property 0 × x = 0 , or both . Physics The value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities . For some quantities , the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels , whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen . For example , for an absolute temperature ( as measured in kelvins ) zero is the lowest possible value ( negative temperatures are defined , but negative - temperature systems are not actually colder ) . This is in contrast to for example temperatures on the Celsius scale , where zero is arbitrarily defined to be at the freezing point of water . Measuring sound intensity in decibels or phons , the zero level is arbitrarily set at a reference value -- for example , at a value for the threshold of hearing . In physics , the zero - point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may possess and is the energy of the ground state of the system . Chemistry Zero has been proposed as the atomic number of the theoretical element tetraneutron . It has been shown that a cluster of four neutrons may be stable enough to be considered an atom in its own right . This would create an element with no protons and no charge on its nucleus . As early as 1926 , Andreas von Antropoff coined the term neutronium for a conjectured form of matter made up of neutrons with no protons , which he placed as the chemical element of atomic number zero at the head of his new version of the periodic table . It was subsequently placed as a noble gas in the middle of several spiral representations of the periodic system for classifying the chemical elements . Computer science The most common practice throughout human history has been to start counting at one , and this is the practice in early classic computer science programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL . However , in the late 1950s LISP introduced zero - based numbering for arrays while Algol 58 introduced completely flexible basing for array subscripts ( allowing any positive , negative , or zero integer as base for array subscripts ) , and most subsequent programming languages adopted one or other of these positions . For example , the elements of an array are numbered starting from 0 in C , so that for an array of n items the sequence of array indices runs from 0 to n − 1 . This permits an array element 's location to be calculated by adding the index directly to address of the array , whereas 1 - based languages precalculate the array 's base address to be the position one element before the first . There can be confusion between 0 - and 1 - based indexing , for example Java 's JDBC indexes parameters from 1 although Java itself uses 0 - based indexing . In databases , it is possible for a field not to have a value . It is then said to have a null value . For numeric fields it is not the value zero . For text fields this is not blank nor the empty string . The presence of null values leads to three - valued logic . No longer is a condition either true or false , but it can be undetermined . Any computation including a null value delivers a null result . A null pointer is a pointer in a computer program that does not point to any object or function . In C , the integer constant 0 is converted into the null pointer at compile time when it appears in a pointer context , and so 0 is a standard way to refer to the null pointer in code . However , the internal representation of the null pointer may be any bit pattern ( possibly different values for different data types ) . In mathematics − 0 = + 0 = 0 ; both − 0 and + 0 represent exactly the same number , i.e. , there is no `` positive zero '' or `` negative zero '' distinct from zero . However , in some computer hardware signed number representations , zero has two distinct representations , a positive one grouped with the positive numbers and a negative one grouped with the negatives ; this kind of dual representation is known as signed zero , with the latter form sometimes called negative zero . These representations include the signed magnitude and one 's complement binary integer representations ( but not the two 's complement binary form used in most modern computers ) , and most floating point number representations ( such as IEEE 754 and IBM S / 390 floating point formats ) . In binary , 0 represents the value for `` off '' , which means no electricity flow . Zero is the value of false in many programming languages . The Unix epoch ( the date and time associated with a zero timestamp ) begins the midnight before the first of January 1970 . The MacOS epoch and Palm OS epoch ( the date and time associated with a zero timestamp ) begins the midnight before the first of January 1904 . Many APIs and operating systems that require applications to return an integer value as an exit status typically use zero to indicate success and non-zero values to indicate specific error or warning conditions . Other fields In telephony , pressing 0 is often used for dialling out of a company network or to a different city or region , and 00 is used for dialling abroad . In some countries , dialling 0 places a call for operator assistance . DVDs that can be played in any region are sometimes referred to as being `` region 0 '' Roulette wheels usually feature a `` 0 '' space ( and sometimes also a `` 00 '' space ) , whose presence is ignored when calculating payoffs ( thereby allowing the house to win in the long run ) . In Formula One , if the reigning World Champion no longer competes in Formula One in the year following their victory in the title race , 0 is given to one of the drivers of the team that the reigning champion won the title with . This happened in 1993 and 1994 , with Damon Hill driving car 0 , due to the reigning World Champion ( Nigel Mansell and Alain Prost respectively ) not competing in the championship . On the U.S. Interstate Highway System , in most states exits are numbered based on the nearest milepost from the highway 's western or southern terminus within that state . Several that are less than half a mile ( 800 m ) from state boundaries in that direction are numbered as Exit 0 . Symbols and representations Main article : Symbols for zero The modern numerical digit 0 is usually written as a circle or ellipse . Traditionally , many print typefaces made the capital letter O more rounded than the narrower , elliptical digit 0 . Typewriters originally made no distinction in shape between O and 0 ; some models did not even have a separate key for the digit 0 . The distinction came into prominence on modern character displays . A slashed zero can be used to distinguish the number from the letter . The digit 0 with a dot in the center seems to have originated as an option on IBM 3270 displays and has continued with some modern computer typefaces such as Andalé Mono , and in some airline reservation systems . One variation uses a short vertical bar instead of the dot . Some fonts designed for use with computers made one of the capital - O -- digit - 0 pair more rounded and the other more angular ( closer to a rectangle ) . A further distinction is made in falsification - hindering typeface as used on German car number plates by slitting open the digit 0 on the upper right side . Sometimes the digit 0 is used either exclusively , or not at all , to avoid confusion altogether . Year label Main article : Year zero In the BC calendar era , the year 1 BC is the first year before AD 1 ; there is not a year zero . By contrast , in astronomical year numbering , the year 1 BC is numbered 0 , the year 2 BC is numbered − 1 , and so on . See also Zeroth ( zero as an ordinal number ) Brahmagupta Division by zero Grammatical number Number theory Peano axioms Signed zero Gwalior Fort Notes Jump up ^ No long count date actually using the number 0 has been found before the 3rd century AD , but since the long count system would make no sense without some placeholder , and since Mesoamerican glyphs do not typically leave empty spaces , these earlier dates are taken as indirect evidence that the concept of 0 already existed at the time . References Jump up ^ Matson , John ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` The Origin of Zero '' . Scientific American . Springer Nature . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Soanes , Catherine ; Waite , Maurice ; Hawker , Sara , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Dictionary , Thesaurus and Wordpower Guide ( Hardback ) ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860373 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` aught , Also ought '' in Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary ( 1927 ) , Third Edition , Springfield , MA : G. & C. Merriam . Jump up ^ `` cipher '' , in Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary ( 1927 ) , Third Edition , Springfield , MA : G. & C. Merriam . Jump up ^ aught at etymonline.com Jump up ^ See : Douglas Harper ( 2011 ) , Zero , Etymology Dictionary , Quote = `` figure which stands for naught in the Arabic notation , '' also `` the absence of all quantity considered as quantity , '' c. 1600 , from French zéro or directly from Italian zero , from Medieval Latin zephirum , from Arabic sifr `` cipher , '' translation of Sanskrit sunya - m `` empty place , desert , naught '' ; Menninger , Karl ( 1992 ) . Number words and number symbols : a cultural history of numbers . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 399 -- 404 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 27096 - 3 . ; `` zero , n '' . OED Online . Oxford University Press . December 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 04 . French zéro ( 1515 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter ) or its source Italian zero , for * zefiro , < Arabic çifr ^ Jump up to : See : Smithsonian Institution , Oriental Elements of Culture in the Occident , p. 518 , at Google Books , Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution ; Harvard University Archives , Quote = `` Sifr occurs in the meaning of `` empty '' even in the pre-Islamic time . ( ... ) Arabic sifr in the meaning of zero is a translation of the corresponding India sunya . '' ; Jan Gullberg ( 1997 ) , Mathematics : From the Birth of Numbers , W.W. Norton & Co. , ISBN 978 - 0393040029 , page 26 , Quote = ' ' Zero derives from Hindu sunya -- meaning void , emptiness -- via Arabic sifr , Latin cephirum , Italian zevero . ' ' ; Robert Logan ( 2010 ) , The Poetry of Physics and the Physics of Poetry , World Scientific , ISBN 978 - 9814295925 , page 38 , Quote = `` The idea of sunya and place numbers was transmitted to the Arabs who translated sunya or `` leave a space '' into their language as sifr . '' Jump up ^ Zero , Merriam Webster online Dictionary Jump up ^ Ifrah , Georges ( 2000 ) . The Universal History of Numbers : From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 39340 - 1 . Jump up ^ ' Aught ' definition , Dictionary.com -- Retrieved April 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Aught ' synonyms , Thesaurus.com -- Retrieved April 2013 . Jump up ^ Joseph , George Gheverghese ( 2011 ) . The Crest of the Peacock : Non-European Roots of Mathematics ( Third Edition ) . Princeton . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13526 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Robert . ( 2000 ) . The Nothing That Is : A Natural History of Zero . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Diehl , p. 186 Jump up ^ Mortaigne , Véronique ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` The golden age of Mayan civilisation -- exhibition review '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 November 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallin , Nils - Bertil ( 19 November 2002 ) . `` The History of Zero '' . YaleGlobal online . The Whitney and Betty Macmillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale . Archived from the original on 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` A history of Zero '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ `` Zero and Fractions '' . Know the Romans . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgkin , Luke ( 2 June 2005 ) . A History of Mathematics : From Mesopotamia to Modernity : From Mesopotamia to Modernity . Oxford University Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 152383 - 0 . Jump up ^ Crossley , Lun. 1999 , p. 12 `` the ancient Chinese system is a place notation system '' Jump up ^ Kang - Shen Shen ; John N. Crossley ; Anthony W.C. Lun ; Hui Liu ( 1999 ) . The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art : Companion and Commentary . Oxford University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 853936 - 0 . zero was regarded as a number in India ... whereas the Chinese employed a vacant position ^ Jump up to : `` Mathematics in the Near and Far East '' ( pdf ) . grmath4.phpnet.us . p. 262 . Jump up ^ Struik , Dirk J. ( 1987 ) . A Concise History of Mathematics . New York : Dover Publications . pp. 32 -- 33 . `` In these matrices we find negative numbers , which appear here for the first time in history . '' Jump up ^ Kim Plofker ( 2009 ) . Mathematics in India . Princeton University Press . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12067 - 6 . Jump up ^ Vaman Shivaram Apte ( 1970 ) . Sanskrit Prosody and Important Literary and Geographical Names in the Ancient History of India . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 648 -- 649 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0045 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Math for Poets and Drummers '' ( pdf ) . people.sju.edu . Jump up ^ Kim Plofker ( 2009 ) , Mathematics in India , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0691120676 , page 54 -- 56 . Quote -- `` In the Chandah - sutra of Pingala , dating perhaps the third or second century BC , ( ... ) Pingala 's use of a zero symbol ( śūnya ) as a marker seems to be the first known explicit reference to zero . '' Kim Plofker ( 2009 ) , Mathematics in India , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0691120676 , 55 -- 56 . `` In the Chandah - sutra of Pingala , dating perhaps the third or second century BC , there are five questions concerning the possible meters for any value `` n '' . ( ... ) The answer is ( 2 ) = 128 , as expected , but instead of seven doublings , the process ( explained by the sutra ) required only three doublings and two squarings -- a handy time saver where `` n '' is large . Pingala 's use of a zero symbol as a marker seems to be the first known explicit reference to zero . Jump up ^ Ifrah , Georges ( 2000 ) , p. 416 . Jump up ^ `` How India 's invention of zero helped create modern mathematics '' . Jump up ^ Devlin , Hannah ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Much ado about nothing : ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Revell , Timothy ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) . `` History of zero pushed back 500 years by ancient Indian text '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon dating finds Bakhshali manuscript contains oldest recorded origins of the symbol ' zero ' '' . Bodleian Library . 2017 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata , translated by Walter Eugene Clark . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Robertson , J.J. , E.F. `` Aryabhata the Elder '' . School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews , Scotland . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ William L. Hosch , ed. ( 15 August 2010 ) . The Britannica Guide to Numbers and Measurement ( Math Explained ) . books.google.com.my . The Rosen Publishing Group . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 9781615301089 . Jump up ^ Bourbaki , Nicolas Elements of the History of Mathematics ( 1998 ) , p. 46 . Britannica Concise Encyclopedia ( 2007 ) , entry `` Algebra '' Jump up ^ Algebra with Arithmetic of Brahmagupta and Bhaskara , translated to English by Henry Thomas Colebrooke ( 1817 ) London Jump up ^ Cœdès , Georges , `` A propos de l'origine des chiffres arabes , '' Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies , University of London , Vol. 6 , No. 2 , 1931 , pp. 323 -- 328 . Diller , Anthony , `` New Zeros and Old Khmer , '' The Mon - Khmer Studies Journal , Vol. 25 , 1996 , pp. 125 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Casselman , Bill . `` All for Nought '' . ams.org . University of British Columbia ) , American Mathematical Society . Jump up ^ Ifrah , Georges ( 2000 ) , p. 400 . Jump up ^ `` Much ado about nothing : ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pannekoek , A. ( 1961 ) . A History of Astronomy . George Allen & Unwin . p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1950 ) , The Story of Civilization , Volume 4 , The Age of Faith : Constantine to Dante -- A.D. 325 -- 1300 , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0965000758 , p. 241 , Quote = `` The Arabic inheritance of science was overwhelmingly Greek , but Hindu influences ranked next . In 773 , at Mansur 's behest , translations were made of the Siddhantas -- Indian astronomical treatises dating as far back as 425 BC ; these versions may have the vehicle through which the `` Arabic '' numerals and the zero were brought from India into Islam . In 813 , al - Khwarizmi used the Hindu numerals in his astronomical tables . '' Jump up ^ Brezina , Corona ( 2006 ) . Al - Khwarizmi : The Inventor Of Algebra . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4042 - 0513 - 0 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1950 ) , The Story of Civilization , Volume 4 , The Age of Faith , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0965000758 , p. 241 , Quote = `` In 976 , Muhammad ibn Ahmad , in his Keys of the Sciences , remarked that if , in a calculation , no number appears in the place of tens , a little circle should be used `` to keep the rows '' . This circle the Mosloems called ṣifr , `` empty '' whence our cipher . '' Jump up ^ Sigler , L. , Fibonacci 's Liber Abaci . English translation , Springer , 2003 . Jump up ^ Grimm , R.E. , `` The Autobiography of Leonardo Pisano '' , Fibonacci Quarterly 11 / 1 ( February 1973 ) , pp. 99 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Lemma B. 2.2 , The integer 0 is even and is not odd , in Penner , Robert C. ( 1999 ) . Discrete Mathematics : Proof Techniques and Mathematical Structures . World Scientific . p. 34 . ISBN 981 - 02 - 4088 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bunt , Lucas Nicolaas Hendrik ; Jones , Phillip S. ; Bedient , Jack D. ( 1976 ) . The historical roots of elementary mathematics . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 254 -- 255 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 13968 - 9 . , Extract of pages 254 -- 255 Jump up ^ Reid , Constance ( 1992 ) . From zero to infinity : what makes numbers interesting ( 4th ed . ) . Mathematical Association of America . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88385 - 505 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wu , X. ; Ichikawa , T. ; Cercone , N. ( 1996 - 10 - 25 ) . Knowledge - Base Assisted Database Retrieval Systems . World Scientific . ISBN 9789814501750 . Jump up ^ Chris Woodford 2006 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Paul DuBois . `` MySQL Cookbook : Solutions for Database Developers and Administrators '' 2014 . p. 204 . Jump up ^ Arnold Robbins ; Nelson Beebe . `` Classic Shell Scripting '' . 2005 . p. 274 Jump up ^ Iztok Fajfar . `` Start Programming Using HTML , CSS , and JavaScript '' . 2015 . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Darren R. Hayes . `` A Practical Guide to Computer Forensics Investigations '' . 2014 . p. 399 ^ Jump up to : Bemer , R.W. ( 1967 ) . `` Towards standards for handwritten zero and oh : much ado about nothing ( and a letter ) , or a partial dossier on distinguishing between handwritten zero and oh '' . Communications of the ACM. 10 ( 8 ) : 513 -- 518 . doi : 10.1145 / 363534.363563 . Jump up ^ Steel , Duncan ( 2000 ) . Marking time : the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar . John Wiley & Sons . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 29827 - 1 . In the B.C. / A.D. scheme there is no year zero . After 31 December 1 BC came AD 1 January 1 ... If you object to that no - year - zero scheme , then do n't use it : use the astronomer 's counting scheme , with negative year numbers . Bibliography Amir D. Aczel ( 2015 ) Finding Zero , New York City : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 27984 - 2 Barrow , John D. ( 2001 ) The Book of Nothing , Vintage . ISBN 0 - 09 - 928845 - 1 . Diehl , Richard A. ( 2004 ) The Olmecs : America 's First Civilization , Thames & Hudson , London . Ifrah , Georges ( 2000 ) The Universal History of Numbers : From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer , Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 39340 - 1 . Kaplan , Robert ( 2000 ) The Nothing That Is : A Natural History of Zero , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Seife , Charles ( 2000 ) Zero : The Biography of a Dangerous Idea , Penguin USA ( Paper ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 029647 - 6 . Bourbaki , Nicolas ( 1998 ) . Elements of the History of Mathematics . Berlin , Heidelberg , and New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 3 - 540 - 64767 - 8 . Isaac Asimov ( 1978 ) . Article `` Nothing Counts '' in Asimov on Numbers . Pocket Books . This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later . Chris Woodford ( 2006 ) , Digital Technology , Evans Brothers , ISBN 978 - 02 - 3752 - 725 - 9 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 0 ( number ) . Look up zero in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Zero Searching for the World 's First Zero A History of Zero Zero Saga The History of Algebra Edsger W. Dijkstra : Why numbering should start at zero , EWD831 ( PDF of a handwritten manuscript ) Zero on In Our Time at the BBC . Weisstein , Eric W. `` 0 '' . MathWorld . Texts on Wikisource : `` Zero '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Zero '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . ( hide ) Integers ( hide ) 0s 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100s 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200s 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300s 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400s 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500s 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600s 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700s 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800s 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900s 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 LCCN : sh85149761 GND : 4368215 - 7 NKC : ph323412 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=0&oldid=816198190 '' Categories : 0 ( number ) Elementary arithmetic Integers Indian inventions Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing Urdu - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from May 2013 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Luganda Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - 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Question: when was zero first used in mathematical operations


Possibilism ( geography ) - wikipedia Possibilism ( geography ) Jump to : navigation , search Possibilism in cultural geography is the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations , but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions . In Cultural ecology Marshall Sahlins used this concept in order to develop alternative approaches to the environmental determinism dominant at that time in ecological studies . Theory by Strabo in 64 BC that humans can make things happen by their own intelligence over time . Strabo cautioned against the assumption that nature and actions of humans were determined by the physical environment they inhabited . He observed that humans were the active elements in a human - environmental partnership . The controversy between geographical possibilism and determinism might be considered as one of ( at least ) three dominant epistemologic controversies of contemporary geography . The other two controversies are 1 ) the `` debate between neopositivists and neokantians about the `` exceptionalism '' or the specificity of geography as a science ( and 2 ) ) the contention between Mackinder and Kropotkin about what is -- or should be -- geography `` . Possibilism in geography is , thus , considered as a distinct approach to geographical knowledge , directly opposed to geographical determinism . See also ( edit ) Guns , Germs , and Steel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dhillon , Jasbir Singh , S.S. ( 2004 ) . Agricultural geography ( 3rd ed . ) . New Delhi : Tata McGraw - Hill . p. 457 . ISBN 9780070532281 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Stadler , Reuel R. Hanks ; contributing author , Stephen J. ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of geography terms , themes , and concepts . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 9781598842951 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ José William Vesentini , Controvérsias geográficas : epistemologia e política , Confins ( magazine ) - Revue Franco - Brésilienne de Géographie External links ( edit ) University of Washington lecture Valparaiso University on La Blache Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possibilism_(geography)&oldid=829799491 '' Categories : Cultural geography History of geography Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who laid the foundation of school of possibilism


List of Australian capital cities - wikipedia List of Australian capital cities Jump to : navigation , search There are eight capital cities in Australia , each of which function as the seat of government for the state or territory in which they are located . Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia . In 1913 , the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra , which continues to serve as the national capital . Each capital city hosts the judicial , administrative and legislative functions for their jurisdiction . In the case of the states and internal territories , their capital cities also happen to be the most populous city in their respective jurisdiction . The Australian external territory of Norfolk Island has its official capital at Kingston , although this acts merely as the administrative centre of government ; its de facto capital is Burnt Pine . WESTERN AUSTRALIA NORTHERN TERRITORY SOUTH AUSTRALIA QUEENSLAND NEW SOUTH WALES VICTORIA TASMANIA Perth Adelaide Melbourne Canberra ( ACT ) Sydney Brisbane Hobart Darwin State and Territory Capitals of Australia Jurisdiction Capital City Population State / Territory Population Date of statehood Capital since Image Australia and Australian Capital Territory Canberra 435,019 403,468 Must remain a territory as per s. 125 of the Australian Constitution 1913 View of Civic from Mount Ainslie , with Telstra Tower in the background New South Wales Sydney 5,029,768 7,759,274 1788 1788 Skyline of the Sydney central business district Victoria Melbourne 4,725,316 6,179,249 1851 1851 The Melbourne skyline on the Yarra River Queensland Brisbane 2,360,241 4,848,877 1859 1860 Brisbane 's CBD , with the Story Bridge in the foreground Western Australia Perth 2,022,044 2,558,951 1829 1829 View of Perth CBD skyline South Australia Adelaide 1,324,279 1,713,054 1836 1836 View of Adelaide Skyline . Tasmania Hobart 224,462 517,588 1825 1826 View of the Hobart downtown district and Mount Wellington from Constitution Dock Northern Territory Darwin 145,916 245,740 Has not attained Statehood 1911 View of Darwin CBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although the ACT has its own government , it remains a territory ultimately under Commonwealth rule . Jump up ^ in 1911 , South Australia transferred responsibility for governing the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth Government of Australia . It was granted self - governance in 1978 , however the Northern Territory is still considered a territory under Commonwealth rule , not a state . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Norfolk Island - Kingston http://www.pitcairners.org/vt_kingston.html Norfolk Island 's Home on the Web Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016?OpenDocument Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016?OpenDocument External links ( edit ) Capital cities of Australia National and ACT Canberra NSW Sydney NT Darwin QLD Brisbane SA Adelaide TAS Hobart VIC Melbourne WA Perth List of cities in Australia Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and Territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Healthcare Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Australian_capital_cities&oldid=813441772 '' Categories : Australian capital cities Demographics of Australia Lists of capitals of country subdivisions Lists of cities in Australia Talk About Wikipedia Languages Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Македонски Bahasa Melayu Norsk Português Русский தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 19 : 08 . 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Question: perth is the capital of which australian state