Jack Ryan ( character ) - wikipedia Jack Ryan ( character ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Tom Clancy character . For the BioShock character , see BioShock ( series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jack Ryan First appearance The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) Created by Tom Clancy Portrayed by Alec Baldwin ( The Hunt for Red October ) Harrison Ford ( Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger ) Ben Affleck ( The Sum of All Fears ) Chris Pine ( Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ) John Krasinski ( Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ) Information Gender Male Occupation U.S. President , U.S. Vice President , National Security Advisor , Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , CIA Acting DDI , CIA Special Assistant to the DDI , CIA Analyst , Professor , U.S. Naval Academy , Certified Public Accountant and stockbroker , USMC Second Lieutenant Family Emmet William Ryan ( father , deceased ) Catherine Burke Ryan ( mother , deceased ) Special Agent Dominic ( `` Enzo '' ) Caruso , FBI ( nephew ) Captain Brian ( `` Aldo '' ) Caruso , USMC ( nephew ) Spouse ( s ) Caroline `` Cathy '' Muller / Ryan Children Olivia Barbara ( `` Sally '' ) Ryan John Patrick ( `` Jack '' ) Ryan Jr . Kathleen ( `` Katie '' ) Ryan Kyle Daniel Ryan Religion Roman Catholic Dr. John Patrick `` Jack '' Ryan Sr. , KCVO ( Hon . ) , Ph. D. is a fictional character created by author Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations . Jack Ryan was born in Baltimore in 1950 and grew up there , son of a city police detective and a nurse , and attended at Loyola . He earned an NROTC commission in the U.S. Marines at Boston College . Medically discharged at the rank of 2nd Lieutenant following a helicopter crash in Greece , he worked as an investment broker briefly and made a fortune . He met and married Caroline `` Cathy '' Mueller , a medical student and later an ophthalmic / eye surgeon at Johns Hopkins Hospital , with whom he had four children . He returned to academia , eventually accepting a position as a history professor at the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis . He was later recommended to the CIA , eventually spending a short period there writing a position paper , as well as developing a counter-espionage mechanism . He returned to the Academy and , while on a history research trip to London , interrupted a kidnapping attempt on the royal family . After his return to the States , he eventually accepted a position with the CIA as a protege of Admiral Jim Greer , deputy director . He rose rapidly through the ranks in a variety of covert operations against the USSR , eventually becoming a Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . As DDI , he fought numerous political battles that eventually led to him becoming briefly first National Security Advisor , followed by a short period as Vice President , before then suddenly President of the United States after a terrorist plane crashing into the U S. Capitol , serving two terms and dealing with international crises in Europe , the Middle East and the Pacific . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Backstory 1.2 Civilian career 1.3 First CIA work 1.4 CIA career 1.5 First Ryan administration 1.5. 1 Ryan Doctrine 1.5. 2 The Campus 1.6 Second Ryan administration 2 Novels 2.1 Jack Ryan series 2.2 John Clark series 2.3 Jack Ryan Jr. series 2.4 Chronological order 3 In other media 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Biography ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Ryan had his background established in Patriot Games and Red Rabbit . He was born in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1950 , the son of Emmet William Ryan ( 1922 -- 1974 ) , a Baltimore City Police Department homicide lieutenant , and World War II veteran . The elder Ryan had served with the U.S. Army 's 101st Airborne Division at the Battle of the Bulge in western Europe . His mother , Catherine Burke Ryan ( 1923 -- 1974 ) , was a nurse . Without Remorse mentioned that he had a sister , who lived in Seattle . After graduating from Loyola High School ( now Loyola Blakefield ) , a Roman Catholic Jesuit prep school in Towson , Maryland in suburban Baltimore County , Ryan attended Boston College , graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics ( with a strong minor in history ) and a commission as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps ( via Officer Candidate School ) . While waiting for the Corps to assign him , he passed the Certified Public Accountant exam . After officer training at Marine Corps Base Quantico in Quantico , Virginia , he went on to serve briefly as a Marine infantry Platoon leader . However , his military career was cut short at the age of 23 when his platoon 's helicopter , a CH - 46 Sea Knight , crashed during a North Atlantic Treaty Organization exercise over the Greek island of Crete . The crash badly injured Ryan 's back . U.S. Navy surgeons , at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda , Maryland , inadequately repaired his back . This led to a lengthy recovery process ( during which he nearly became addicted to pain medications ) after which , complete with a permanent disability and wearing a back brace , he left the Marines . He passed his stockbroker 's exam and took a position with Wall Street investment firm Merrill Lynch 's Baltimore office . His parents died in a plane crash at Chicago Midway International Airport , 19 months after his crash in Crete . He developed a fear of flying that persisted for years . The film version of The Hunt for Red October changed his education background to being a 1972 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis , Maryland , 20 miles south of Baltimore in the state capital . Civilian career ( edit ) Ryan 's story starts in Patriot Games and continues in Red Rabbit . While managing clients ' portfolios , he began to invest his own money , banking on a tip he had received from an uncle about the workers ' takeover of the Chicago and North Western Railway , making about $6 million off his $100,000 initial investment . He did so well that one of Merrill Lynch 's senior vice presidents , Joe Muller , came to Baltimore to have dinner with him , with the objective of inviting him to the firm 's New York City headquarters near Wall Street . Also present is Muller 's daughter Caroline , nicknamed Cathy , then a senior medical student at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine . They immediately fall in love and get engaged . One night , while having dinner with his fiancée , Ryan throws out his back . Cathy takes him directly to Dr. Stanley Rabinowitz , professor of neurosurgery at famed Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore , to be evaluated . Rabinowitz later operates on Ryan 's back and cures his chronic pain in relatively short order ( in a later novel , the surgeon is credited as Sam Rosen , a doctor introduced in Without Remorse ) . Ryan subsequently persuades the government to terminate his disability checks . Cathy later becomes an ophthalmic surgeon at the Wilmer Eye Institute of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and a Professor of Surgery at Johns Hopkins . After creating a net worth of $8 million , Ryan left the firm after four years and enrolled at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. for six doctoral courses in history . He does a brief stint at the Center for Strategic and International Studies , then accepts a position at the U.S. Naval Academy as a civilian professor of history . First CIA work ( edit ) Following a recommendation from Father Tim O'Riley , a Jesuit priest and professor at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , to a Central Intelligence Agency contact , Ryan was asked to work as a consultant for the agency , although officially employed by the MITRE Corporation . He agreed and spent several months at agency headquarters in Langley , Virginia , where he wrote a paper entitled `` Agents and Agencies '' , in which he maintained that state - sponsored terrorism is an act of war . He also invented the canary trap , a method for exposing an information leak , which involves giving different versions of a sensitive document to each of a group of suspects and seeing which version is leaked . By ensuring that each copy of the document differs slightly in its wording , if any copy is leaked , then it is possible to determine the informant 's identity . These accomplishments come to the attention of U.S. Navy Vice Admiral James Greer , the CIA 's Deputy Director for Intelligence . The expertise of Ryan 's report , plus the application , persuaded Greer to offer him a permanent job in the CIA , but Ryan declined . While Ryan was still teaching at the Naval Academy , his family ( wife and new daughter Sally ) and he take a trip to London for research and vacationing . After spending the day sifting through Royal Navy archives doing research for a book on the British naval war in the Indian Ocean during World War II , Ryan walks to meet his family at a park . As he joins them , members of the Ulster Liberation Army ( ULA ) , an ultraviolent Maoist offshoot of the Marxist Provisional Irish Republican Army , led by Kevin O'Donnell , coincidentally attack a passing car containing the heir to the British throne , the Prince of Wales and his family in front of the Ryans . Ryan is wounded while intervening in the attack and foils their plan , killing one of the gunmen and capturing another . Ryan is later knighted by Queen Elizabeth II as an honorary Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ; in the books , some British characters call him `` Sir John '' , but honorary knights are not permitted to use the style of `` Sir '' , but his American colleagues and friends delight in teasing him so . Sean Miller , the Irish gunman he captured , vows revenge on Ryan and his family ( only in the movie , not the book ) , but since he is going to Albany Prison on the Isle of Wight , the threat seems unrealistic . Ryan returns to the U.S. and the Naval Academy . When later O'Donnell and the ULA liberate Miller on his way to prison in a paddy wagon ( killing both police officers and civilians in the process ) , the Ryans become the target of their revenge -- particularly Miller 's . A few months later after some additional training in a Libyan desert terrorist base when his gang of Irish extremist thugs show up at the Ryan family home at Peregrine Cliff facing Chesapeake Bay and put Jack , his family and best friend Robbie Jackson through a harrowing experience . CIA career ( edit ) In Patriot Games , Greer comes to Ryan and asks him to rejoin the CIA permanently as an analyst to help track down the terrorists . He declines initially , only to accept it after a failed ULA attack on the Ryans mildly wounds his pregnant wife , but severely injures his daughter outside her school . Later , while Ryan hosts the Prince and Princess of Wales at his waterfront home on Chesapeake Bay , south of Annapolis in Maryland , the IRA conducts another attack against him , which Ryan , the Prince , and close friend , Navy Commander Robert Jackson foil . Following the incident and arrests of the ULA members and Miller ( whom Ryan nearly executes with his Browning Hi Power ) , Ryan is taken to the Naval Academy hospital , where he arrives just in time for the birth of Jack Ryan Jr. , his second child . In Red Rabbit , Ryan 's first CIA assignment is to London as a member of a liaison group to the British Secret Intelligence Service . The first order of business focuses on a mission to assist the defection of a KGB communications - center officer who has discovered that longtime KGB director Yuri Andropov ( 1914 - 1984 , head of KGB 1967 - 82 , later General Secretary of USSR 1982 - 1984 ) , had ordered Pope John Paul II 's attempted assassination . Although Ryan and a small team of British agents helps the `` Rabbit '' and his family get to the West , they fail to prevent the attack on the Pope ( which actually happened in real life in 1981 ) . Nevertheless , the Pope is only wounded and his would - be assassin captured , while the British agents execute his Bulgarian handler . `` Rabbit 's '' defection proves to be a major coup for both the American and British intelligence agencies . Ryan soon afterward suggests a nonmilitary long - term strategy to help hasten the Soviet Union 's collapse and the end of the half - century long Cold War . In The Hunt for Red October , Captain First Rank Marko Ramius , the Soviet Navy 's top submarine commander , takes command of the Красный Октябрь ( Krasny Oktyabr , or in English , Red October ) , the newest Typhoon - class ballistic missile submarine , with which he plans to defect with his officers . Having briefly met Captain Ramius at an embassy function several years before , Ryan is asked by Admiral Greer to brief the President 's National Security Adviser Jeffrey Pelt and his staff in his first trip to the White House on Ramius ' background and the deadly new capabilities of Red October 's ' secret revolutionary silent jet propulsion drive system . Ryan recognizes that the renegade ethnic Lithuanian captain may want to change sides rather than attack the West and works to establish contact with him at sea while onboard the tailing American submarine USS Dallas and work to get him and his sub secretly to the U.S. , eventually succeeding . In The Cardinal of the Kremlin , Ryan is reassigned to Langley , at CIA headquarters . He becomes Greer 's assistant with the official title of Special Assistant to the Deputy Director for Intelligence . Greer is grooming him for bigger and better positions , maybe even his own job when the veteran spy finally retires . Ryan is sent to Moscow as part of the American strategic nuclear weapons reduction ( START ) negotiations team . There , he meets Sergey Golovko , a rising star in the KGB hierarchy , and becomes entangled in a complex web related to both the race to develop `` Star Wars '' space - based laser anti-missile defensive technology and engineer another defection , this time compromising the KGB director to save the CIA 's highest informant in the USSR , Agent `` CARDINAL '' , better known as Colonel Misha Filitov . Although they initially meet as adversaries -- at one time literally at gunpoint -- Golovko respects him as a worthy adversary and in later books befriends him , calling him `` Ivan Emmetovich '' , giving him a Russian - style patronymic based on his father 's name , Emmet . In Clear and Present Danger , Ryan is promoted to acting DDI when Greer is hospitalized with cancer . Despite this , he is not made aware of a highly covert and illegal CIA operation encouraged by the President claiming domestic drug abuse was a `` clear and present danger '' to American security , and approved by corrupt National Security Advisor Admiral Cutter . This operation targets Colombian drug lords in South America using military assets of small mobile heavily armed special forces squads and occasional precision air strikes with sophisticated `` smartbombs '' , in what is usually considered a law enforcement area . Ryan works with the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) to rescue a small group of American soldiers cut off in Colombia , forcing him to miss Greer 's funeral . Also in this operation , he first met the U.S. government operative John Clark , with whom he would become friends . Around this time , Ryan also runs afoul of Elizabeth Elliott , international affairs advisor to then - presidential candidate Governor of Ohio J. Robert Fowler , and one of Cathy Ryan 's former professors . In The Sum of All Fears , Ryan reaches his highest post at the CIA , Deputy Director of Central Intelligence . His career is jeopardized when Fowler becomes President and Elizabeth Elliott , Fowler 's lover / manipulator , becomes National Security Advisor . They not only deny Ryan any credit for an innovative Middle East peace plan ( basically turning Jerusalem into a Vatican - like city co-ruled by three Christian , Jewish , and Arab / Muslim mayors ) , but also panic when Iranian and former East German terrorists detonate a nuclear bomb in Denver during the Super Bowl and nearly plunge the world into a Soviet - American nuclear war . Ryan defuses the nuclear crisis by commandeering the Washington - Moscow hot line and convincing the Soviet Premier ( through his friend Golovko ) that the crisis is a setup . He then refuses to confirm Fowler 's order to launch a nuclear missile at Qom ( thus preventing the attack ) , where the Iranian ayatollah lives . The crisis and Elliot scandal drive Fowler to resign , and on this note , Ryan retires from the CIA after his CIA friends and he flies to Riyadh in Saudi Arabia and witness the execution of the terrorists , then being honored by the U.S. 's Middle Eastern allies . ( The film version again departs from the printed / novel version , by presenting a younger , unmarried Ryan , an intelligent mistress - free Fowler , a Greer - like Cabot , and the nuclear bomb is detonated over Baltimore , not Denver . ) First Ryan administration ( edit ) In Debt of Honor , Ryan returns to government service as the National Security Advisor , restoring honor to the job that Cutter and Elliot disgraced . It has been two and a half years since Fowler resigned and his vice president , Roger Durling , is now well into his own term . Jack and the administration must deal with a second war between the U.S. and Japan , as well as an attack on America 's economic infrastructure . After a clean sweep of Japan 's forces in the South Pacific , Vice President Ed Kealty is forced to resign after a sex scandal and President Durling taps Ryan for the job . Ryan accepts the job on the condition that he will only serve until the end of Durling 's term . He sees this as a way of ending his public life . Only minutes after Congress confirms Ryan , though , a Japanese airline pilot deliberately crashes a 747 into the U.S. Capitol building during Congress ' joint session , killing most of the people inside , decapitating the U.S. government , and elevating Ryan to the Presidency . The reluctant yet determined Ryan administration emerges in Executive Orders as Ryan slowly rebuilds the government . He is faced with Kealty 's political trickery , China 's growing military antagonizing of Taiwan , and a deadly plague initiated by the newly formed United Islamic Republic , resulting in two major military conflicts far from American shores ( but one will not take place until the next Ryan novel ) . In The Bear and the Dragon , Ryan has completed Durling 's term as President and has campaigned for -- and won -- the next election . He retains most of his emergency Cabinet and has Robby Jackson as Vice President . Ryan has to deal with the attempted assassination of Golovko , head of Russia 's Foreign Intelligence Service ( formerly the KGB ) . This turns out to be an attempt to sow confusion in the Russian government because of China 's designs to annex Eastern Siberia , where geologists had recently discovered a large amount of oil and gold . These events lead to the inclusion of Russia into NATO and the assistance of U.S. forces in the Sino - Russian conflict ( although attacks on NATO members outside the Atlantic should not trigger Article V ) . When the Chinese begin losing the war , U.S. forces target their strategic assets . A U.S. submarine sinks a Chinese ballistic missile submarine , causing China 's politburo to panic and increase the readiness of their 12 land - based ICBMs . U.S. forces do not have the ability to destroy the silos , as they could only use deep - penetrating bombs , which had all been used to destroy Chinese bridges to disrupt the People 's Liberation Army 's ( PLA ) logistical support . This causes the U.S. and Russia to send a joint RAINBOW - Spetsnaz team to destroy the silos . They destroy 11 of the 12 ICBMs , but one of them manages to launch . The warhead heads towards Washington , DC , and with Ryan taking a command initiative at an Aegis missile cruiser , the ICBM is intercepted by ABMs from the USS Gettysburg . With the PLA 's looming defeat in Siberia , which they were about to learn about via live UAV broadcasts from the CIA through the Internet , student demonstrators in Beijing raid the politburo , causing a reformist politburo member , Fang Gan , to take control and arrest the war 's perpetrators , making peace negotiations with the U.S. and Russia , and beginning China 's transition to democracy . Ryan doctrine ( edit ) At the end of Executive Orders , Ryan , in the tradition of Presidents Monroe , Truman , Carter and Reagan , issues a foreign policy doctrine which largely defines his administration 's international perspective . The Ryan doctrine states that the U.S. will no longer tolerate attacks on `` our territory , our possessions , or our citizens , '' and will hold whoever orders such attacks accountable . This statement comes soon after the Ebola attack on the U.S. ordered by Mahmoud Haji Daryaei , the dictator of the new United Islamic Republic . Ryan announces the new doctrine on television , momentarily cutting away to show Daryaei and his UIR advisors being incinerated by laser - guided bombs launched from two F - 117s , on Ryan 's orders . Therefore , the Ryan doctrine supersedes the executive order put in place by President Ford , which forbids the assassination of foreign heads of state . Ryan , however , believes it is a more ethical alternative than total war , since it punishes the person responsible for the attack instead of the people he rules . Within the books , the Ryan doctrine is not officially invoked after Daryaei 's death ( although Ryan threatens to use it on the Chinese leadership in The Bear and the Dragon , should anything happen to American citizens living in China as a consequence of the Siberian War ) . The Campus ( edit ) Following this , Ryan apparently completes his term and refuses to run for a second elected term . Robby Jackson thus campaigns to become the first African American President , but is assassinated on a trip to the South , which enables Kealty to become the next President . ( It is also possible from what Jack Ryan Jr. says in Teeth of the Tiger that Jack Sr. resigned , feeling he has done what he needed to as President , and encouraged Robby Jackson to run for the Presidency . ) Before Ryan leaves office , he creates `` The Campus '' , a covert counter-terrorism organization that fronts as Hendley Associates , a financial trading firm . He also writes 100 presidential pardons for its members , with Attorney General Pat Martin 's assistance . Second Ryan administration ( edit ) In his retirement , Ryan is living easy with a net worth over $80 million . He is working on two versions of his memoirs , one for immediate release , and another detailing his CIA career , to be published posthumously . However , in Dead or Alive , he becomes increasingly frustrated with the direction in which President Kealty is taking the country , although he is initially publicly silent . Ultimately , he announces that he will come out of retirement to run for a second full term as President as a Republican candidate . Despite having originally not being involved in the Campus 's activities due to his high - profile status , he gradually becomes more directly linked to the Campus 's operations , aiding them from behind the scenes on occasion . Here , Ryan learns his elder son , Jack Jr. , is a field operative of the Campus . Ryan campaigns against Kealty in Locked On , facing off against him in various televised debates . It quickly becomes apparent that Ryan will win the election , as the majority of Americans had never entirely accepted Kealty . Despite the efforts of Paul Laska , a high - profile Czech - American billionaire and a devout enemy of Ryan , and key members of the Kealty administration who labelled Ryan 's longtime friend John Clark a fugitive in an effort to expose the Campus ( as well as tying Ryan to it by association ) , Ryan narrowly wins the election , overcoming all of Kealty 's efforts to harm him . The President - elect now prepares to undo the damage the Kealty administration has done . Ryan initially finds his return to the presidency easy and without struggle following his re-election , but things quickly start to take a turn for the worse . Angered by a contraction in economic growth , the majority of the People 's Republic of China Politburo Standing Committee members turn against their procapitalist President Wei Zhen Lin . Wei attempts to commit suicide when a coup is undertaken by other committee members . Only when Chairman Su Ke Qiang orders PLA tanks to defend Wei did he agree to promote and support Su 's expansionist policies , in exchange for Su 's ongoing protection . The expansionist policies - which include the annexation of Taiwan and the expansion of China 's territory into the South China Sea - are finally revealed to the world after several months . The Ryan administration is vehemently against the new policies , and President Ryan himself decides to take action by supporting Taiwan , along with India , Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Philippines , which would also be affected by an expansion of China 's territory . A devastating series of cyber attacks on American infrastructure occurs , enacted by the `` Ghost Ship '' - a Chinese state - sponsored version of the Campus , using assets of the Chinese Ministry of State Security and Divine Sword Special Forces . The attacks serve to compromise the nation 's national security apparatus and weaken the United States ' resolve . The Campus helps track the attacks to China , and local investigation pinpoints the exact building where the Ghost Ship is currently quartered . President Ryan orders the destruction of the building , decapitating China 's cyberwarfare abilities . Ryan makes contact with Wei and warns him that the cyber attacks are considered an act of war on China 's part . Wei repeatedly denies the claim , and reiterates he is supporting Su , though Ryan guesses correctly Su is controlling Wei since saving him from the attempted coup . Ryan appeals to Wei as a businessman to understand what he is doing will destroy China . After a lengthy , unusual pause , Wei responds that he must discuss Ryan 's claims with Su , providing exact details of when and where Su will be travelling to address the politburo in regards to the war effort . Ryan takes the information as a request from Wei to have the United States assassinate Su . A team from the Campus , with support from the Russian FSB , and working with a local rebel force in China , stages an attack on Su while he is traveling in a motorcade . Su is assassinated by a U.S. sniper , but the event is made to look like Su 's own men turned on him . Ryan announces a blockade of China 's oil supplies until the war effort is abandoned , calling upon Wei and the politburo to accept defeat . President Wei accepts that the expansionist movement has failed and the United States has won its second war with China , and decides to take his own life after realizing the politburo will move against him without Su 's protection . Wei botches the suicide by accidentally shooting himself in the cheek , but ends up choking to death on his own blood . Wei and Su 's deaths mark the end of the war in the South China Sea , and Ryan emerges the clear victor in the conflict . Ryan is featured prominently in Command Authority ; Ryan and his administration contend with the Russian Federation , currently led by their new President , Valeri Volodin . Volodin is established as a dedicated communist opposed to the West , seeking to restore Russia as a strengthened Soviet Union . Volodin moves to establish ties with Iran and China , reunify the nation 's state security services under the FSB , and most notably annex the Ukraine . Those opposed to his actions are replaced or assassinated by Russian government forces or elements of the `` Seven Strong Men '' , a Mafia group that is now easily the most powerful and dangerous criminal underworld faction in Russia . Later , when the FSB and SVR merged under the FSB 's banner , Volodin makes the announcement that FSB director Roman Romanovich Talanov , Volodin 's enigmatic enforcer , is the nation 's new intelligence chief . Sergey Golovko , having retired from the SVR and effectively exiled from Russia for acting as a high - profile Kremlin dissident against Volodin and his policies , succumbs to poisoning from a radioactive agent while at a private lunch at the White House . Ryan 's old friend dies the next day , but on his deathbed , Golovko relays his concerns of Talanov 's unknown background and mysterious connection to Volodin to Ryan . Ryan resolves to decipher Talanov 's history and work out his links to Volodin , hopeful the answers behind his swift rise to power can be used as leverage against Volodin . As armed conflict becomes increasingly likely , Ryan focuses on the growing armed standoff in the Ukraine and absorption of the Crimea , with the rest of the Ukraine facing imminent Russian invasion . An investigation following Golovko 's death implicates the SSM working with the FSB . It also possibly identifies Talanov as a mysterious ex-GRU assassin who operated for the KGB during the Cold War , code - named `` Zenith '' . Ryan is personally alarmed by these discoveries - he became involved in the Zenith affair in his time with the CIA as a MI6 liaison officer , during an investigation into a string of deaths in Berlin . Ryan ultimately sensed an unknown Russian operator was at work behind the events in Berlin , but he was encouraged by MI6 Director General Sir Basil Charleston to let it go . The mystery of Zenith was left unsolved for 30 years , and remained the sole remaining mystery of Ryan 's intelligence career . Operational assets of the Campus , with Jack Ryan Jr. leading the effort ( much to his father 's displeasure and trepidation for his safety ) , ultimately confirm Talanov was Zenith , and Volodin , a senior KGB officer at the time , still acts as his control officer . As young men , they were employed by members of the KGB and GRU leadership who knew the Soviet Union would eventually fall , but made a plan to survive and prosper in the chaotic aftermath , so they could seize control of the nation and turn it back to communism stronger than ever . After siphoning billions from Soviet programs to achieve it , Volodin double - crossed his co-conspirators and had Talanov kill them all so it would be theirs alone . Others were killed to maintain the safety of their black funds , including the bankers killed by Talanov during the Zenith affair so as to prevent exposure to the rest of the KGB . Talanov is also the secret leader of the Seven Strong Men , having been sent undercover with the SSM - placed in a gulag , Talanov worked his way up to become a charter member and leader of the Seven Strong Men , and through them become FSB director for the SSM 's benefit and control of the government , when in actuality the SSM was a tool for Volodin 's policies . These discoveries are made with the help of former MI5 officer Victor Oxley , `` Bedrock '' - an off - book MI5 asset who operated as an assassin during the Cold War in similar fashion to Talanov , aka Zenith . Oxley 's final mission before his disappearance was to hunt down and kill Zenith , but instead found Ryan Sr. about to be killed by a German Stasi team working with Zenith . Oxley interfered and saved Ryan 's life , but was captured , driven away to Russia , brutally tortured by the KGB , and then imprisoned in the same gulag where Talanov ultimately was placed , accidentally hearing of Talanov being Zenith from other inmates . Oxley and the Campus team confront his traitorous control officer Hugh Castor , who confirms the entire story and protected Volodin and Talanov 's secret in exchange for a cut of their black funds , but Castor gives up what he knows for protection by the American government , knowing Talanov will have realized Castor deceived him over the leverage he had . However , Talanov realizes this faster than Castor anticipated - he sends a Spetsnaz team to kill Castor and Oxley , the latter sacrificing himself for Jack Ryan Jr . As the Russian invasion force pushes into the Ukraine , the Campus team and Delta Force operators arrest Dmitri Nesterov , ( Gleb the Scar ) , an SSM capo who is Talanov 's second - in - command and who was behind Golovko 's poisoning . With Nesterov and the Campus 's acquired information in hand , Ryan makes contact with Volodin and confronts him with implications he could be politically destroyed by what he has learned about Zenith and Talanov 's ties to the SSM : claiming ( falsely ) to have suitable evidence gathered that will ruin his government and the invasion , and he must distance himself from Talanov as the Campus has exposed him as a government spy who has been using them all along . Volodin pulls back his troops ; in exchange , the United States keeps what evidence it has secret . Volodin also forces Talanov to resign from the FSB after his criminal dealings are made public and the SSM turns on him . Despite the promise of protection , Volodin allows Talanov to be killed - he is stabbed by a civilian member of his guard force on Nesterov 's orders ( having been encouraged by John Clark to have Talanov killed so he could succeed him ) . The stalemate of Russia and the United States is left ongoing . Ryan , at this time , is in his mid-sixties and world - famous ; and is looking forward to retirement back to the shores of Chesapeake Bay once and for all . Ryan is mentioned by title only in Support and Defend ; when a National Security Council staff member , Ethan Ross , is exposed by the FBI as a traitor responsible for leaking classified government information so as to weaken the administration 's connections with friendly governments . He proceeds to flee as a fugitive to Venezuela , with an intelligence cache with enough information to ruin the CIA . Ryan is said to have made Ross 's capture or death the government 's top priority , establishing him as America 's most wanted . Ryan 's nephew , FBI special agent and Campus operative Dominic Caruso , ultimately succeeds in killing Ross and securing the cache for the CIA , despite attempts by the Russian FSB and Iranian Quds Force to acquire it . Novels ( edit ) Jack Ryan series ( edit ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) Patriot Games ( 1987 ) The Cardinal of the Kremlin ( 1988 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1989 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 1991 ) Debt of Honor ( 1994 ) Executive Orders ( 1996 ) The Bear and the Dragon ( 2000 ) Red Rabbit ( 2002 ) John Clark series ( edit ) All books are written by Tom Clancy . Without Remorse ( 1993 ) Rainbow Six ( 1998 ) Jack Ryan Jr. series ( edit ) The Teeth of the Tiger ( 2003 ) , by Tom Clancy Dead or Alive ( 2010 ) , by Tom Clancy , with Grant Blackwood Locked On ( 2011 ) , by Tom Clancy , with Mark Greaney Threat Vector ( 2012 ) , by Tom Clancy , with Mark Greaney Command Authority ( 2013 ) , by Tom Clancy , with Mark Greaney Support and Defend ( 2014 ) , by Mark Greaney Full Force and Effect ( 2014 ) , by Mark Greaney Under Fire ( 2015 ) , by Grant Blackwood Commander in Chief ( 2015 ) , by Mark Greaney Duty and Honor ( 2016 ) , by Grant Blackwood True Faith and Allegiance ( 2016 ) , by Mark Greaney Point of Contact ( 2017 ) , by Mike Maden Power and Empire ( 2017 ) , by Marc Cameron Chronological order ( edit ) In the order in which they occur in the storyline ( and when they occur ) : Without Remorse ( 1970 -- 71 , 1973 ) - Starts late 1970 , during clean - up of Hurricane Camille 's aftermath . Continues the following spring , in 1971 . This time frame is based on past - tense references to Operation KINGPIN , the real - life rescue attempt at the Song Tay POW camp in Vietnam ( November 1970 ) and by recurring references to the 1971 Major League Baseball season , in which Pittsburgh defeated Baltimore in the World Series . Jack Ryan 's father , Emmet Ryan a Baltimore police detective , is a prominent character . The Epilogue is titled `` February 12 , 1973 . Jack appears briefly in this novel . Patriot Games ( 1981 , based on a reference to Ryan 's age , which is 31 at the novel 's beginning . This roughly fits with a reference to the Princess of Wales expecting a baby ( Prince William was born in summer 1982 ) . Similarly , there is a specific reference to both 1985 and 1986 in the past tense , suggesting the events of the novel took place after these dates . ) Red Rabbit ( 1982 ) , summer , the KGB operation reference is 15 8 1982 - 666 and it is mentioned that this is the date the first message was sent about killing the Pope , also there is an inconsistency since Suslov is alive in the book , but he died in January 1982 , and described in the book actual Pope John Paul II assassination attempt took place May 13th 1981 . However , the book also makes references to the Baltimore Orioles winning the World Series with their `` new shortstop Ripken '' , which occurred in 1983 . The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) The Cardinal of the Kremlin ( 1986 ) - The first chapter is set in January and states that Ryan is 35 years old . It also has references to the other books set earlier . For example , the Foleys have been in Moscow for almost four years . The book must begin ( not including a prologue set at the end of the previous year ) in January 1986 . Starting with the following novel , the series becomes distinctly different from real history as noted below . Clear and Present Danger ( 1988 ) - This novel , like all previous novels , refers to POTUS as `` the President '' instead of giving a name , allowing the materials in the novel to be `` inserted '' into history , but by the end of the novel , the nameless president has been replaced by someone with a name : Governor of Ohio Bob Fowler . The Sum of All Fears ( 1990 -- 91 ) -- Israel partially cedes sovereignty over Jerusalem to the Vatican and Saudi Arabia , and the city becomes a United Nations protectorate policed by Swiss Guards . Jerusalem 's residents can choose between either Vatican , Israeli , or Islamic judicial law . Denver is devastated by a terrorist nuclear explosion . The book occurs after the Persian Gulf War and before the USSR 's dissolution . While it is implied that both events occur at the same time in the Ryanverse as in actual history , 1991 , in the earlier chapters , it states that it had almost been two Novembers since President Fowler had been elected , making the beginning set in 1990 . Complicating the issue , though , is that the novels refer to Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush as past Presidents , though the nameless President and Fowler appear to serve during the time of these two Presidents . Debt of Honor ( 1995 -- 96 ) -- The U.S. and Russia destroy all of their ballistic missiles . After crippling the U.S. economy and becoming a nuclear power , Japan invades and takes the Marianas Islands ; the U.S. and Japan fight a brief war , which the Japanese lose ( they are subsequently denuclearized ) ; Executive Orders ( 1996 ) -- An embittered Japanese pilot and proponent of the war crashes a 747 into the U.S. Capitol Building immediately after Ryan 's confirmation as Vice President , killing most of Congress , the President , all nine Supreme Court justices , the senior military establishment ( including the Joint Chiefs of Staff ) , and most of the Cabinet . Ryan is left in charge of a gutted government . The end of the book occurs 11 months before the 1997 presidential inauguration . Of interest , but not crucial to the plot of this or further books , is that North and South Korea were said to be unified at some point between The Sum of All Fears and this book . The leader of Iraq is assassinated ; Iran and Iraq merge , forming the United Islamic Republic ; the UIR launches a biological attack on the U.S. using the Ebola virus ; the U.S. launches the second Persian Gulf War against the UIR , defeats them , and uses a smart bomb to kill the ayatollah . ( Contradiction : In The Bear and the Dragon , it states Ryan has been President for 15 months and that book occurs after Rainbow Six , which must occur 1999 - 2000 due to the Olympics in Sydney . This makes Executive Orders ( and Debt of Honor ) around 1999 , but this makes the gap with the previous books too large ) . Rainbow Six ( 1999 -- 2000 ) - events are based on the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , RAINBOW - an elite counter-terrorist force - is created and engages terrorists across Europe . Ecoterrorists plan to create a genetically enhanced virus based on Ebola and cancer cells , which they plan to use to wipe out much of the world 's population . The Bear and the Dragon ( 2002 ) -- Russia is admitted to NATO ; China and Russia fight a major war , in which the U.S. intervenes on Russia 's side . It implies that the British Prime Minister is Tony Blair . Ryan has won re-election as president ( 2001 ) . He refuses to run in the 2004 election , endorsing his vice president , Robby Jackson , as their party 's candidate . The Teeth of the Tiger ( late spring 2006 , based on the age of Jack Ryan Jr. and summer approaching at one point ) The U.S. is now engaged in a global war on terrorism , in response to the September 11th attacks which occurred in the Ryanverse as they did in the real world . The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq occurred in the Ryanverse continuity , and the Jerusalem treaty signed in The Sum of All Fears has failed , as Israelis and Palestinians went back to fighting each other . Dead or Alive ( 2007 ) - A character also explicitly refers to the date as May 2010 , in the process of decoding encrypted messages , but this must be seen as a contradiction , as Ed Kealty is president and only for one term . In accordance with the Jack Ryan continuity , Kealty must be president in the term 2005 - 2009 . Locked On ( 2008 ) - Jack Ryan is running for president again . Since it is only possible for Kealty to serve one term per the rules of the Constitution , that term must be from 2005 to 2009 . The election happens in this book , too , making it only possible that the events take place in 2008 . Threat Vector ( 2009 ) - Ryan has been sworn in as President of the United States after having been elected the previous year . The Siberian War with China is said to have happened `` seven years '' prior , thus making The Bear and the Dragon around 2002 , not 2000 as originally thought . Command Authority ( 2013 ) Support and Defend ( 2014 - 07 ) Full Force and Effect ( 2014 - 12 ) Under Fire ( 2015 ) Commander in Chief ( 2015 ) Duty and Honor ( 2016 ) True Faith and Allegiance ( 2016 ) Point of Contact ( 2017 ) , by Mike Maden Power and Empire ( 2017 ) , by Marc Cameron List of books in the Ryan - verse 1970 - 71 : Without Remorse ( John Clark # 1 ) 1981 : Patriot Games ( Jack Ryan # 1 ) 1982 : Red Rabbit ( Jack Ryan # 2 ) 1984 : The Hunt for Red October ( Jack Ryan # 3 ) 1986 : The Cardinal of the Kremlin ( Jack Ryan # 4 ) 1988 : Clear and Present Danger ( Jack Ryan # 5 ) 1990 - 91 : The Sum of All Fears ( Jack Ryan # 6 ) 1995 - 96 : Debt of Honor ( Jack Ryan # 7 ) 1996 : Executive Orders ( Jack Ryan # 8 ) 1999 - 2000 : Rainbow Six ( John Clark # 2 ) 2002 : The Bear and the Dragon ( Jack Ryan # 9 ) 2006 : Teeth of the Tiger ( Campus # 1 ) 2007 : Dead or Alive ( Campus # 2 ) 2008 : Locked On ( Campus # 3 ) 2009 : Threat Vector ( Campus # 4 ) Command Authority ( Jack Ryan # 10 ) Support and Defend ( Campus # 5 ) Full Force and Effect ( Jack Ryan # 11 ) Under Fire ( Campus # 6 ) Commander in Chief ( Jack Ryan # 12 ) In other media ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Main article : Jack Ryan ( film series ) Five films based on Clancy novels featuring Jack Ryan have been produced . The movie portraying the earliest incarnation of Ryan ( fifth film chronologically ) is titled Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit and stars Chris Pine . Released on January 17 , 2014 , it follows Ryan 's move from his accident in the Marines into his CIA career . Jack Ryan is also portrayed by Alec Baldwin in the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October , Harrison Ford in Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , and Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) , and Ben Affleck in the 2002 film The Sum of All Fears . In the novels , Patriot Games occurs before The Hunt for Red October , though the order was reversed in the film versions . Additionally , The Sum of All Fears is not part of Baldwin / Ford series , but rather an intended reboot of the franchise which departs significantly from the chronology of the novels . It takes place in 2002 , whereas the novel takes place in 1991 / 1992 . Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit is a second reboot of the franchise and departs from all previous films . Television ( edit ) Main article : Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan It was announced by Deadline that Carlton Cuse and Graham Roland will be working with Michael Bay and his production company Platinum Dunes and Paramount Television on a Jack Ryan TV series for Amazon . On April 29 , 2016 , Deadline announced that John Krasinski will star as Jack Ryan in the series . On August 16 , 2016 , Amazon Studios announced they had given a series order for a 10 - episode first season of Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan . On November 4 , 2016 , Abbie Cornish was cast as Cathy Muller in the series . On January 6 , 2017 , it was reported that Morten Tyldum will direct the pilot . In February 2017 , it was announced that The Americans director Daniel Sackheim would direct multiple episodes and produce the series . The series is set to premiere in March 2018 , and is said to be inspired by the Harrison Ford Jack Ryan films . Video Games ( edit ) Many video games based on the series have been made , some based on the novels , some on the films , and some on the spin - offs . The Hunt for Red October ( 1987 ) The 1987 video game is based on the book The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) The 1990 video game is based on the film The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) The 2002 video game is based on the film In addition , Ryan is a featured character in many of the Rainbow Six universe video games . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Jack ( hero ) John Clark Domingo Chavez Jack Ryan Jr . List of fictional U.S. Presidents References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` John Krasinski To Star In ' Jack Ryan ' Amazon TV Series From Carlton Cuse & Paramount TV '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Monarchy Today > Queen and public > Honours > Knighthoods '' . The official website of the British Monarchy . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Clancy , Tom ( 1996 ) . Executive Orders ( Berkley mass market ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Berkley Books . pp. 861 & 871 . ISBN 9780425158630 . Jump up ^ Andreva , Nellie ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jack Ryan TV Series From Carlton Cuse , Michael Bay 's Platinum Dunes & Paramount Chased By Nets '' . Jump up ^ Andreva , Nellie ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jack Ryan ' TV Series From Carlton Cuse & Paramount TV Lands At Amazon '' . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon greenlights 10 episodes of John Krasinki 's Jack Ryan series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : Abbie Cornish Cast As Female Lead In Amazon Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : ' Passengers ' Morten Tyldum To Direct Amazon Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dan Sackheim Joins ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' As Director & Executive Producer '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jack Ryan ' : Amazon 's TV Series Is Inspired by the Harrison Ford Movies , Debuts March 2018 '' . Indiewire . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Clancy , Tom ( 1984 ) . Hunt for Red October , The . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 285 - 0 . Clancy , Tom ( 1987 ) . Patriot Games . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13241 - 4 . Clancy , Tom ( 1988 ) . Cardinal of the Kremlin , The . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13345 - 3 . Clancy , Tom ( 1989 ) . Clear and Present Danger . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13440 - 9 . Clancy , Tom ( 1991 ) . Sum of All Fears , The . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13615 - 0 . Clancy , Tom ( 1993 ) . Without Remorse . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13825 - 0 . Clancy , Tom ( 1994 ) . Debt of Honor . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 13954 - 0 . Clancy , Tom ( 1996 ) . Executive Orders . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 14218 - 5 . Clancy , Tom ( 1998 ) . Rainbow Six . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 14390 - 4 . Clancy , Tom ( 2000 ) . Bear and the Dragon , The . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 14563 - X . Clancy , Tom ( 2002 ) . Red Rabbit . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 14870 - 1 . Clancy , Tom ( 2003 ) . Teeth of the Tiger , The . G.P. Putnam & Son . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15079 - X . Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan fictional universe Novels by Tom Clancy The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) Patriot Games ( 1987 ) The Cardinal of the Kremlin ( 1988 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1989 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 1991 ) Without Remorse ( 1993 ) Debt of Honor ( 1994 ) Executive Orders ( 1996 ) Rainbow Six ( 1998 ) The Bear and the Dragon ( 2000 ) Red Rabbit ( 2002 ) The Teeth of the Tiger ( 2003 ) Dead or Alive ( 2010 ) Locked On ( 2011 ) Threat Vector ( 2012 ) Command Authority ( 2013 ) by Mark Greaney Support and Defend ( 2014 ) Full Force and Effect ( 2014 ) Commander in Chief ( 2015 ) by Grant Blackwood Under Fire ( 2015 ) Duty and Honor ( 2016 ) Film series The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) Patriot Games ( 1992 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) Television series Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Video games The Hunt for Red October ( 1987 ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 , Amiga ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1991 , NES ) The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) Characters Jack Ryan John Clark Red October Media franchises developed by Tom Clancy Jack Ryan Rainbow Six Ghost Recon Splinter Cell Power Plays Op - Center Net Force Net Force Explorers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Ryan_(character)&oldid=822360531 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1984 Characters in American novels of the 20th century Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters from Baltimore Fictional Central Intelligence Agency personnel Fictional historians Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional Presidents of the United States Fictional professors Fictional United States independent politicians Fictional Vice Presidents of the United States Fictional United States National Security Advisors Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel Tom Clancy characters Ryanverse characters Thriller film characters Action film characters Spy film characters Fictional accountants Fictional people in finance Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Malagasy 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 22 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: where does jack ryan live in patriot games

Chesapeake Bay, south of Annapolis in Maryland


Objective correlative - wikipedia Objective correlative Jump to : navigation , search An objective correlative is a literary term referring to an objective as well symbolic article used to correlate explicit , rather than implicit , access to traditionally inexplicable concepts such as emotion or color . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theory 2 Origin of terminology 3 Criticisms 4 Examples 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Theory ( edit ) The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot , who is associated with the literary group called the New Critics . Helping define the objective correlative , Eliot 's essay `` Hamlet and His Problems '' , republished in his book The Sacred Wood : Essays on Poetry and Criticism discusses his view of Shakespeare 's incomplete development of Hamlet 's emotions in the play Hamlet . Eliot uses Lady Macbeth 's state of mind as an example of the successful objective correlative : `` The artistic ' inevitability ' lies in this complete adequacy of the external to the emotion ... . '' , as a contrast to Hamlet . According to Eliot , the feelings of Hamlet are not sufficiently supported by the story and the other characters surrounding him . The objective correlative 's purpose is to express the character 's emotions by showing rather than describing feelings as discussed earlier by Plato and referred to by Peter Barry in his book Beginning Theory : An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory as `` ... perhaps little more than the ancient distinction ( first made by Plato ) between mimesis and diegesis ... . '' ( 28 ) . According to Formalist critics , this action of creating an emotion through external factors and evidence linked together and thus forming an objective correlative should produce an author 's detachment from the depicted character and unite the emotion of the literary work . The `` occasion '' of E. Montale is a further form of correlative . Origin of terminology ( edit ) The term was first coined by the American painter and poet Washington Allston ( 1779 - 1843 ) , was introduced by T.S. Eliot , rather casually , into his essay `` Hamlet and His Problems '' ( 1919 ) ; its subsequent vogue in literary criticism , Eliot said , astonished him . In `` Hamlet and His Problems '' , Eliot used the term exclusively to refer to his claimed artistic mechanism whereby emotion is evoked in the audience : `` The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an `` objective correlative '' ; in other words , a set of objects , a situation , a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion ; such that when the external facts , which must terminate in sensory experience , are given , the emotion is immediately evoked . '' It seems to be in deference to this principle that Eliot famously described the play Hamlet as `` most certainly an artistic failure '' : Eliot felt that Hamlet 's strong emotions `` exceeded the facts '' of the play , which is to say they were not supported by an `` objective correlative '' . He acknowledged that such a circumstance is `` something which every person of sensibility has known '' ; but felt that in trying to represent it dramatically , `` Shakespeare tackled a problem which proved too much for him '' . Criticisms ( edit ) One possible criticism of Eliot 's theory includes his assumption that an author 's intentions concerning expression will be understood in one way only . This point is stated by Balachandra Rajan as quoted in David A. Goldfarb 's `` New Reference Works in Literary Theory '' with these words : `` Eliot argues that there is a verbal formula for any given state of emotion which , when found and used , will evoke that state and no other . '' Examples ( edit ) A famous haiku by Yosa Buson entitled , The Piercing Chill I Feel illustrates the use of objective correlative within poetry : The piercing chill I feel : my dead wife 's comb , in our bedroom , under my heel ... In the Clint Eastwood movie Jersey Boys , songwriter Bob Gaudio of The 4 Seasons is asked who the girl is in his song Cry For Me . He makes reference to T.S. Eliot 's topic , `` the Objective Correlative '' , as the subject being every girl , or any girl . In adherence to this reference , the author allows himself the literary license to step outside the scope of his personal experience , and to conjecture about the emotions and responses inherent with the situation , and utilize the third party perspective in the first party presentation . See also ( edit ) Affect Pathetic fallacy Thing theory Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Eliot , T.S. `` '' Hamlet and His Problems . '' The Sacred Wood `` . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Objective Correlative , March 31 , 2015 , retrieved April 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Clint ( Director ) ( June 20 , 2014 ) . Jersey Boys ( Motion picture ) . United States : MK Films , Malpaso Productions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) Barry , Peter : Beginning Theory . An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory . 2nd ed . New York : Manchester University Press , 2002 . Eliot , T.S. `` Hamlet and His Problems . '' 5 April . 2007 . http://www.bartleby.com/200/sw9.html . Goldfarb , David A. `` New Reference Works in Literary Theory . '' Conference : a journal of philosophy and theory , 1995 . 9 April 2007 . http://www.echonyc.com/~goldfarb/encyc.htm . Heehler , Tom . The Well - Spoken Thesaurus : The Objective Correlative and Barbara Kingsolver . Sourcebooks , 2011 . Vivas , Eliseo , The Objective Correlative of T.S. Eliot , reprinted in Critiques and Essays in Criticism , ed . Robert W. Stallman ( 1949 ) . Witkoski , Michael . `` The bottle that is n't there and the duck that ca n't be heard : The ' subjective correlative ' in commercial messages . '' Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education . Vol. 3 . Toronto : Toronto Press , 2003 . 9 April 2007 . http://www.utpjournals.com/simile/issue11/witkoskifulltext.html . External links ( edit ) Objective Correlative at Literary Encyclopedia ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Objective_correlative&oldid=830704450 '' Categories : Literary theory T.S. Eliot Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 13 : 20 . About Wikipedia

Question: who gave the famous objective co relative theory


Celebratory gunfire - wikipedia Celebratory gunfire Jump to : navigation , search Celebratory gunfire ( also called aerial firing or happy fire ) is the shooting of a firearm into the air in celebration . It is culturally accepted in parts of the Balkans , the Middle East , the Central Asian region of Afghanistan , and the South Asian regions of Pakistan and Northern India . In regions such as Puerto Rico and some areas of the United States it is practiced illegally , especially on holidays like New Year 's Eve . Common occasions for celebratory gunfire include New Year 's Day as well as the religious holidays Christmas and Eid . The practice may result in random death and injury from stray bullets . Property damage is sometimes another result of celebratory gunfire ; shattered windows and damaged roofs are often found after such celebrations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Falling - bullet injuries 2 Property damage 3 Trends 4 Notable incidents 4.1 Middle East 4.2 United States 4.3 South Asia 4.4 Europe 4.5 South America 5 Penalties 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Falling - bullet injuries ( edit ) `` Bullets are not greeting cards . Celebrate without firearms . '' From the IANSA Macedonian poster campaign , December 2005 Bullets fired into the air usually fall back with terminal velocities much lower than their muzzle velocity when they leave the barrel of a firearm . Nevertheless , people can be injured , sometimes fatally , when bullets discharged into the air fall back down to the ground . Bullets fired at angles less than vertical are more dangerous as the bullet maintains its angular ballistic trajectory and is far less likely to engage in tumbling motion ; it therefore travels at speeds much higher than a bullet in free fall . A study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) found that 80 % of celebratory gunfire - related injuries are to the head , feet , and shoulders . In Puerto Rico , about two people die and about 25 more are injured each year from celebratory gunfire on New Year 's Eve , the CDC says . Between the years 1985 and 1992 , doctors at the King / Drew Medical Center in Los Angeles , California , treated some 118 people for random falling - bullet injuries . Thirty - eight of them died . Firearms expert Julian Hatcher studied falling bullets in the 1920s and calculated that . 30 caliber rounds reach terminal velocities of 90 m / s ( 300 feet per second or 204 miles per hour ) . A bullet traveling at only 61 m / s ( 200 feet per second ) to 100 m / s ( 330 feet per second ) can penetrate human skin . In 2005 , the International Action Network on Small Arms ( IANSA ) ran education campaigns on the dangers of celebratory gunfire in Serbia and Montenegro . In Serbia , the campaign slogan was `` every bullet that is fired up , must come down . '' Property damage ( edit ) Bullets often lodge in roofs , causing minor damage that requires repair in most cases . Normally , the bullet will penetrate the roof surface through to the roof deck , leaving a hole where water may run into the building and cause a leak . Trends ( edit ) Philippine Health Secretary Francisco Duque III noted the drop in stray bullet injuries , in that country , during the 2005 year - end holiday period -- from 33 cases to 19 . The number of complaints regarding random shooting in Dallas , Texas , on New Year 's Eve declined from approximately 1,000 in 1999 to 800 each in 2001 and 2002 . In early 2008 , increased partisanship in Lebanon led to the practice of firing celebratory gunfire in support when politicians appeared on local television , leading to multiple deaths and to calls from these leaders to end the practice . Notable incidents ( edit ) Middle East ( edit ) April 6 , 2014 : A 20 - year - old pregnant mother of two , Wadia Baidawi , was struck in the head and killed by a stray bullet from her neighbor 's wedding in Sidon , Lebanon . November 21 , 2012 : Following a cease - fire ending fighting with Israel , celebratory gunfire in the Gaza Strip killed a man and wounded three others . October 30 , 2012 : Twenty - three people were electrocuted after celebratory gunfire brought down a power cable during a wedding party in eastern Saudi Arabia . August 2012 : A Kuwaiti bridegroom was killed when a friend of his accidentally shot him as he charged his gun to fire into the air in celebration . August 2010 : 2 people were killed and 13 were injured in Jordan , as part of the yearly celebration of the announcement of the result of Tawjihi . July 29 , 2007 : At least four people were reported killed and 17 others wounded by celebratory gunfire in the capital city of Baghdad , Iraq , following the victory of the national football team in the AFC Asian Cup . Celebratory gunfire occurred despite warnings issued by Iraqi security forces and the country 's leading Shiite cleric , Grand Ayatollah Ali al - Sistani , who forbade the gunfire with a religious fatwā . July 22 , 2003 : More than 20 people were reported killed in Iraq from celebratory gunfire following the deaths of Saddam Hussein 's sons Uday and Qusay in 2003 . United States ( edit ) July 1 , 2017 : A 13 - year - old boy , Noah Inman , was struck in his head and killed while playing basketball in the street . January 1 , 2017 : Armando Martinez , a Texas state Representative , was wounded in the head by a stray bullet during a New Year 's celebration . January 1 , 2015 : A 43 - year - old man , Javier Suarez Rivera , was struck in his head and killed while watching fireworks with his family in Houston . July 4 , 2013 : A 7 - year - old boy , Brendon Mackey , was struck in the top of his head and killed while walking with his father shortly before 9 p.m. amid a large crowd prior to the fireworks display over the Swift Creek Reservoir . January 1 , 2013 : A 10 - year - old girl , Aaliyah Boyer , collapsed after being struck in the back of the head while watching the neighborhood fireworks in Eklton , Maryland . She died two days later of her injuries . July 4 , 2012 : A 34 - year - old woman , Michelle Packard , was struck in the head and killed while watching the fireworks with her family . The police believe the shot could have come from a mile away . January 1 , 2010 : A four - year - old boy , Marquel Peters , was struck by a bullet and killed inside his church The Church of God of Prophecy in Decatur , GA . It is presumed the bullet may have penetrated the roof of the church around 12 : 20AM . December 28 , 2005 : A 23 - year - old U.S. Army private on leave after basic training fired a 9mm pistol into the air in celebration with friends , according to police , one of the bullets came through a fifth - floor apartment window in the New York City borough of Queens , striking a 28 - year - old mother of two in the eye . Her husband found her lifeless body moments later . The shooter had been drinking the night before and turned himself in to police the next morning when he heard the news . He was charged with second - degree manslaughter and weapons - related crimes , and was later found guilty and sentenced to four to twelve years in prison . June 14 , 1999 : Arizona , A fourteen - year - old girl , Shannon Smith , was struck on the top of her head by a bullet and killed while in the backyard of her home . This incident resulted in Arizona enacting `` Shannon 's Law '' in 2000 , that made the discharge of a firearm into the air illegal December 31 , 1994 : Amy Silberman , a tourist from Boston , was killed by a falling bullet from celebratory firing while walking on the Riverwalk in the French Quarter of New Orleans , Louisiana . The Police Department there has been striving to educate the public on the danger since then , frequently making arrests for firing into the air . July 4 , 1950 : Bernard Doyle was killed in his seat while attending a New York Giants game at the Polo Grounds . The bullet was determined to have been fired by Robert Peebles , a juvenile , from an apartment building some distance away on Coogan 's Bluff , presumably in celebration of Independence Day . South asia ( edit ) November 16 , 2016 : A self - proclaimed godwoman and her private guards went on a celebratory shooting spree at a wedding in Haryana 's Karnal town in India , killing the groom 's aunt and leaving three of his relatives critically wounded . February 25 , 2007 : Five people were killed by stray bullets fired at a kite festival in Lahore , Pakistan , including a six - year - old schoolboy who was struck in the head near his home in the city 's Mazang area . December 1859 : An autopsy showed that a native servant in India , who suddenly fell dead for no apparent reason , was mortally wounded from a bullet fired from a distance too far for the shot to be heard . The falling bullet had sufficient energy to pass through the victim 's shoulder , a rib , a lung , his heart and his diaphragm . June 6 , 2013 : a 42 - year - old Pakistani woman was killed by a stray bullet from celebratory gunfire . The gunfire was attributed to celebrations for the election of Pakistan 's prime minister Newaz Sharif . Her 19 - year - old niece was also hit , and rushed to hospital in critical condition . EUROPE ( edit ) January 1 , 2005 : A stray bullet hit a young girl during New Year celebrations in the central square of downtown Skopje , Macedonia . She died two days later . This incident led to the 2006 IANSA awareness campaign in that country . October 12 , 2003 : Wedding guests in Belgrade , Serbia mistakenly shot down a small aircraft . On 7 January 2008 , at about 9 : 30 pm , a Montenegro Airlines Fokker 100 ( 4O - AOK ) was shot at while landing at Podgorica Airport . A routine inspection of the aircraft led to the discovery of a bullet hole in the aircraft 's tail . The aircraft was carrying 20 passengers , but no one was injured . The reason for the incident is unknown ; however , reports indicate that it may have been an inadvertent result of guns being fired during celebrations for Orthodox Christmas . South america ( edit ) December 25 , 2012 : A stray bullet killed a three - year - old girl in Asunción , Paraguay . Penalties ( edit ) In the Republic of Macedonia , a person found guilty of firing off a gun during celebrations faces a jail sentence of up to ten years . In Pakistan , section 144 of the law is imposed to prevent aerial firing during celebrations if harm is caused , and an FIR may be registered against a person who does so . However , many cases of aerial firing go unreported . In the United States , crime classifications vary from a misdemeanor to a felony in different states : In Arizona , firing a gun into the air was raised from a misdemeanor to a felony by Shannon 's law , in response to the death of a 14 - year - old from a stray bullet in 1999 . In California , discharging a firearm into the air is a felony punishable by three years in state prison . If the stray bullet kills someone , the shooter can be charged with murder . In Minnesota , it is illegal to discharge a firearm over a cemetery , or at or in a public transit vehicle . Additionally , local governments may regulate the discharge of a weapon within their jurisdictions . In Ohio , discharging a firearm or a deadly weapon in a public place is classified as disorderly conduct , a Class B misdemeanor , punishable by up to 180 days in jail and a fine of up to $2,000 . In Texas , random gunfire is a Class A misdemeanor , punishable by a maximum one year in jail and $4,000 fine . Anyone who injures or kills someone with a stray bullet could face more serious felony charges . In Wisconsin , criminal charges for this type of offense range from `` endangering safety by use of a dangerous weapon '' to `` reckless homicide '' in the event of a death , with penalties ranging from nine months to 25 years in prison . '' Cultural references ( edit ) The non-fiction U.S. cable television program MythBusters on the Discovery Channel covered this topic in Episode 50 : `` Bullets Fired Up '' ( original airdate : April 19 , 2006 ) . Special - effects experts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman conducted a series of experiments to answer the question : `` Can celebratory gunfire kill when the bullets fall back to earth ? '' Using pig carcasses , they worked out the terminal velocity of a falling bullet and had a mixed result , answering the question with all three of the show 's possible outcomes : Confirmed , Plausible and Busted . They tested falling bullets by firing them from both a handgun and a rifle , by firing them from an air gun designed to propel them at terminal velocity , and by dropping them in the desert from an instrumented balloon . They found that while bullets traveling on a perfectly vertical trajectory tumble on the way down , creating turbulence that reduces terminal velocity below that which would kill , it was very difficult to fire a bullet in a near - ideal vertical trajectory . In practice , bullets were likely to remain spin - stabilized on a ballistic trajectory and fall at a potentially lethal terminal velocity . They also verified cases of actual deaths from falling bullets . See also ( edit ) Feu de joie 21 - gun salute References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shaikh , Hassan Latif ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` Celebratory gunfire '' . Dawn . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Campaign in Macedonia raises awareness of dangers posed by gunfire ( SETimes.com ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve gunfire may bring jail time '' . United Press International . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve Injuries Caused by Celebratory Gunfire -- - Puerto Rico , 2003 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Abdul - Alim , Jamaal ( 2005 - 12 - 29 ) . `` JS Online : Hold the gunfire '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Incorvaia , A.N. ; Poulos , D.M. ; Jones , R.N. ; Tschirhart , J.M. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Can a Falling Bullet Be Lethal at Terminal Velocity ? Cardiac Injury Caused by a Celebratory Bullet '' . The Annals of Thoracic Surgery . 83 ( 1 ) : 283 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. athoracsur. 2006.04. 046 . PMID 17184680 . Archived from the original ( abstract ) on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hatcher , Julian Sommerville ( 1962 ) . Hatcher 's Notebook . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . p. 514 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0795 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Michael J. ( 2005 ) . Head , Face and Neck Trauma : Comprehensive Management . New York : Thieme Medical Publishers . p. 189 . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 308 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting in the air : turning celebration into tragedy '' . International Action Network on Small Arms . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Serbs Told To Keep Guns Quiet On New Year 's Eve -- RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Professionals Topics Library : Roofs & Bullets '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Javellana - Santos , Julie . `` 3 Killed , Over 600 Injured in Philippine Year - End Revelry '' . Arab News . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Ayed , Nahlah ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Mideast Dispatches : Deadly merriment , the fallout from celebratory gunfire '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mohammed Zaatari ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Sidon demands security after stray - bullet death '' . The Daily Star , Lebanon . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Man killed by celebratory gunfire in Gaza '' . Ma'an News Agency . 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebratory gunfire at Saudi wedding cuts cable , 23 electrocuted '' . Reuters. 2012 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Celebratory fire kills Kuwaiti groom at wedding '' . AFP . 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jordanian King Goes to War Over Celebratory Gunfire '' . Green Prophet. 2010 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Burton , Randy ( 2007 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Raining bullets in the Middle East '' . The StarPhoenix . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Gunshots celebrate Iraq soccer win , leave 4 dead '' . Associated Press . AM New York . 2007 - 07 - 30 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer underdogs unite Iraqis '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Michelle L. ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Boy , 13 , dies after being hit by falling bullet in Hammond '' . Chicago Post-Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/02/us/texas-representative-bullet-hits-head/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.star-telegram.com/news/state/texas/article5292357.html Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/02/us-usa-texas-death-idUSKBN0KB1B420150102 Jump up ^ http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/local/chesterfield/boy-shot-in-head-at-chesterfield-fireworks-celebration/article_95a28426-e549-11e2-a881-001a4bcf6878.html Jump up ^ https://www.thetrace.org/2015/12/celebratory-gunfire-new-years/ Jump up ^ Rowe , Kellie ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Student shot at fireworks show , died next morning '' . The State News . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Falling Bullet Kills 4 - Year - Old Boy In DeKalb '' . wsbtv.com. 2010 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Stray bullet kills S Asian expat '' . BBC NEWS. 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kilgannon , Corey ( 2005 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Soldier Charged in Shooting Death of Woman at Window '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Meenan , Mick ( 2006 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Metro Briefing : New York : Queens : Ex-Private Gets 4 To 12 Years For Manslaughter '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.azcentral.com/specials/special14/articles/1015coldcase15.html Jump up ^ `` History Of The New Orleans Police Department '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery Bullet Kills Baseball Fan In Midst of Crowd at Polo Grounds '' . The New York Times . July 5 , 1950 . Retrieved September 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Mystery Shot Kills Baseball Fan in Crowd of 49,000 '' . Chicago Tribune . July 5 , 1950 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Confesses Firing Shot into Polo Grounds '' . The Day ( New London ) . July 8 , 1950 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sadhvi Deva Thakur booked as celebratory firing kills woman '' . Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` 11 Dead At Pakistani Kite Festival , Metal Kite Strings , Stray Celebratory Gunfire Claim Lives At Annual Event , More Than 100 Injured '' . CBS News . 2007 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Longmore , Thomas ( 1895 ) . Gunshot Injuries , Their History , Characteristic Features , Complications , and General Treatment . Longmans , Green . Jump up ^ `` Celebratory gunfire kills woman '' . IOL News . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3185884.stm Jump up ^ `` Bala perdida mata a una niña de tres años '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebratory Gunfire '' . Citizens For A Safer Minnesota . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 4th of July Gunfire Reduction Program '' . Official web site of the Los Angeles Police Department . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Years ' Eve Gunfire Can Be Deadly '' . MyMotherLode.com News . Clarke Broadcasting Corporation . 2002 - 12 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` WTAW News Talk 1620 -- News Archives '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Channel : : Mythbusters : Episode Guide '' . StarPhoenix . CanWest Interactive . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Annotated Mythbusters : Episode 50 : Bullets Fired Up , Vodka Myths III '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Falling bullets : terminal velocities and penetration studies '' , by L.C. Haag , Wound Ballistics Conference , April 1994 , Sacramento , California . External links ( edit ) UN Development Programme activity report Can a bullet fired into the air kill someone when it comes down ? The Straight Dope Celebratory Gunfire : Good Idea or Not ? ' Celebratory ' shot kills groom Spreading the Word About Dangers of Celebratory Gunfire : Henry Louis Adams Minister Fighting to End Celebratory Gunfire Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebratory_gunfire&oldid=822145842 '' Categories : Traditions Military life Ballistics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: where do bullets go when fired in the air


NFL Game Pass - wikipedia NFL Game Pass Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NFL Game Pass is a subscription based audio and video service which allows users to hear and watch live and archived National Football League ( NFL ) games via a Internet connection . For users in North America , only out - of - market preseason games can be viewed live ; full replays of all the games become available on demand after their original live broadcasts end . Live preseason , regular season , and postseason games are available to international users . The NFL originally offered different subscription packages . NFL Audio Pass , formerly NFL Field Pass , was an Internet radio out - of - market sports package that provided live and archived audio broadcasts of NFL games . NFL Game Rewind provided archived games for users in North America to watch . And the original NFL Game Pass package offered live and archived preseason , regular season , and postseason games to international users . All of these packages were integrated into a single NFL Game Pass platform prior to the 2015 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 NFL Audio Pass 2.1 Free previews 2.2 Broadcast availability 3 Developments 4 External links Background ( edit ) Prior to 2002 , NFL.com offered free broadcasts of its NFL games by special agreement with approximately 20 of its member teams . However , about the same time as the first Internet radio bust , the NFL decided to join the RealOne SuperPass system , a subscription multimedia service that provided various channels from major broadcast providers for a fee ( hence the word `` Pass '' in the name ) . RealNetworks no longer manages NFL Audio Pass . NFL Audio Pass ( edit ) NFL Audio Pass provided audio feeds from the flagship English - language radio stations of all 32 NFL teams , broadcasting every preseason , regular season , and postseason game . To direct listeners to the service , the NFL had banned local affiliates from streaming NFL games on the Internet , although several stations still broadcast the games anyway and enforcement of this ban is inconsistent . NFL Audio Pass coverage of the Super Bowl was unique . Because the NFL only allows one station to air a local broadcast for each team in the contest , NFL Audio Pass and Sirius Satellite Radio were the only options for those who want to listen to their home team but live outside of the flagship station 's listening range . In addition to the team broadcasts , the NFL Audio Pass Super Bowl package included various foreign language broadcasts , live feeds from the stadium PA announcer , archives , and `` press box '' stat play - by - play . Free previews ( edit ) In the past , from spring until August 1 , NFL Field Pass opened up its archives to `` free preview . '' All games from the past years were available for free during this window , as is live coverage of the NFL Draft and other live multimedia . This was not the case in 2009 , though the free preview returned in 2010 . Until its demise in 2007 , NFL Europe live video broadcasts were also available on the service . Broadcast availability ( edit ) Prior to 2009 , the national radio broadcasts on the Westwood One network ( including the Pro Bowl , a Westwood One exclusive ) were not available on NFL Field Pass . As part of a renegotiation of the broadcast contract , national Westwood One games , including all prime - time games , the Pro Bowl , and all playoff games , became available on Field Pass beginning in the 2009 NFL season . ( Westwood One 's Sunday afternoon doubleheader broadcasts , which are negotiated with individual teams separately from the national package , remain unavailable on NFL Audio Pass , as do those of the rival Sports USA Radio Network and Compass Media Networks . ) Spanish - language broadcasts from Univision Radio and United Stations Radio Networks are also now available on NFL Audio Pass , although they are available for free on the Univision - NFL joint project , NFLatino.com . Developments ( edit ) An Internet television spinoff service , NFL Game Pass , debuted in 2008 for online users outside of North America . NFL Field Pass and Game Pass during the 2009 season had a major outage on the season 's opening Sunday ( September 13 ) which left its subscribers without access to the service . NFL Field Pass was renamed NFL Audio Pass prior to the 2010 season . Starting with the 2015 season , Game Pass became available in North America , replacing the similar NFL Game Rewind service . At the same time , NFL Audio Pass was also integrated into Game Pass . External links ( edit ) NFL Game Pass ( hide ) National Football League on television and radio Broadcast partners ABC ( AFL ) CBS Fox NBC Defunct networks DuMont Sports Network Monday Night Football History Monday Night Countdown Results Games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present Sunday Night Football ESPN NBC TNT Results ESPN NBC TNT Pregame TV programs The NFL Today CBS Fox NFL Sunday ESPN Sunday NFL Countdown Monday Night Countdown NBC The NFL on NBC pregame show Football Night in America NFL Network List of programs NFL AM NFL Classics NFL GameDay NFL Replay NFL Total Access The Timeline Thursday Night Football Results ( 2006 -- present ) 2007 New England Patriots -- New York Giants game Miracle in Motown NFL Films TV programs Football Follies A Football Life Full Color Football Hard Knocks Inside the NFL NFL Dream Season NFL Films Game of the Week NFL 's Greatest Games NFL Matchup NFL Top 10 NFL Top 100 Other TV programs Finding Giants Football Sidelines Football This Week NFL Live NFL Primetime Pro Football Highlights The NFL Show / NFL This Week Radio broadcast partners Compass Media ESPN Sports USA Westwood One Defunct networks Mutual NBC Secondary partners Absolute Radio 90s ( UK ) NFL Game Pass Sirius XM TSN Radio ( Canada ) Local broadcasters Buffalo Bills Radio Network Cincinnati Bengals Radio Network Cleveland Browns Radio Network Dallas Cowboys Radio Network Denver Broncos broadcasters Detroit Lions Radio Network Packers Radio Network Jaguars Radio Network New England Patriots Radio Network New York Giants Radio Network New York Jets broadcasters Oakland Raiders broadcasters Pittsburgh Steelers Radio Network Titans Radio Network Broadcasters by event NFL Draft Pro Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Postseason events AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game Super Bowl ( lead - out programs ) International events American Bowl World Bowl TV technology 1st & Ten ( graphics system ) FoxBox Instant replay NFL Sunday Ticket NFL Game Pass Telestrator Wiping Other TV information Announcerless Game Canadian broadcasts History Doubleheader ( television ) Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) TV markets Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) List of major sports teams in the United States by city ( TV markets ) Primary television stations Broadcast policies Blackout policies Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_Game_Pass&oldid=796617780 '' Categories : National Football League media Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2017 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: when do replays become available on nfl game pass


Jurassic World Evolution - wikipedia Jurassic World Evolution Jump to : navigation , search Jurassic World Evolution Developer ( s ) Frontier Developments Publisher ( s ) Frontier Developments Director ( s ) Michael Brookes Designer ( s ) Andrew Fletcher Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release June 12 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Business simulation Mode ( s ) Single - player Jurassic World Evolution is an upcoming business simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments . The game is based on the 2015 film Jurassic World , and is scheduled for release on June 12 , 2018 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development and release 3 References 4 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Jurassic World Evolution is a business simulation game that allows the player to construct a Jurassic World dinosaur theme park with attractions and research facilities . The game is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar , previously featured in the films Jurassic Park and Jurassic World , as well as the surrounding islands of the fictional Las Cinco Muertes Archipelago . The player 's ultimate goal is to develop five - star parks across all islands . The game features approximately 40 dinosaur species at launch . Dr. Ian Malcolm assists the player through the game , and players will meet other key figures representing three branches of the park 's development : entertainment , security and science . Each of these characters will push their agenda at the players , trying to convince players to develop the park in accordance to their advice . They give players `` contracts '' to complete , which are a series of goals and objectives . These contracts add narrative to the game , as well as rewards and reputation in their respective domains . Players can also access the INGEN Database to know more about the lore of the game 's world . Entertainment , security and science all feeds into the parks ' ratings . The five islands , each with different characteristics and challenges , will gradually unlock with sufficient park ratings . Essential buildings and facilities featured in the game include the Expedition center , which sends palaeontologists to fossil dig sites so as to obtain dinosaurs DNA content . DNA sequencing unlocks new dinosaurs and updates their statistics , such as lifespan . With sufficient DNA content , players can use the Hammond Research Center to breed and incubate the dinosaurs . Players can also improve the gene of the dinosaurs and evolve them by integrating the DNA of modern species into these dinosaurs gene to fill their gaps . These modifications to dinosaurs ' DNA will change the dinosaurs base statistics , such as their level of aggressiveness to their appearance . Players need to build enclosures to contain dinosaurs for visitors ' viewing . The needs of different dinosaurs , such as the type of food they eat and the extent of the social interactions they require , must be met to keep them healthy and satisfied . The game features a terrain tool which allows players to modify the environment , such as planting trees and creating water sources . Dinosaurs , controlled by artificial intelligence , will interact with each other and with the environment . For instance , they will attack a competing species when they meet with each other . Players also need to construct various entertainment rides , as well as amenities such as restaurants and shops to please the guests . An example of tourist attraction is the Gyrosphere and the monorail from Jurassic World . Players can also use the game 's photo mode to take pictures of dinosaurs , which also help the park to earn money and publicity . As the construction and expansion of the park , and the incubation of dinosaurs require a large sum of money , entertainment branch is the main source of the park 's income . Each entertainment facilities and amenities come with their own management system , with players being able to set and adjust entry fees as well as the amount of staff present in each facility . There are various emergency situations that may happen in the park , ranging from power failures , unpredictable weather , to dinosaurs breakouts , which must be addressed by players in order to ensure guests ' safety and happiness . Players can build an ACU Center and a Ranger Station , which are responsible for maintaining the park 's security , from sedating and transporting dinosaurs to fixing fences . Players can also control vehicles such as helicopters and 4x4 trucks to do certain tasks . Players can also play as the enclosure maintenance staff from a first - person perspective . Emergency shelters which protect the guests , as well as other security structures like power network redundancies and storm warning centers , can be built . Many of these security facilities can be upgraded to strengthen their efficiency when dealing with emergencies . Development and release ( edit ) The game is based on the 2015 film Jurassic World . Michael Brookes was the game 's director , while Andrew Fletcher was the lead designer . Universal Pictures provided the developers with dinosaur models from the films for a high level of detail . Universal also provided reference materials , including audio . To aid in creating the game , the development team closely watched the films and read Michael Crichton 's novels , Jurassic Park and The Lost World , and also read various fan theories . In addition , Universal and the team had discussions about various elements regarding the game . For the game , Jeff Goldblum reprised his role as Ian Malcolm from earlier Jurassic Park films . Bryce Dallas Howard and B.D. Wong also reprised their roles from Jurassic World . On 20 August 2017 , the game was announced during Gamescom 2017 . Later , on October 7 , footage showcasing the in - game engine was revealed during the first annual Frontier Expo . As of March 2018 , Brookes had been working on the game for just over a year . The game is scheduled for a digital release for PC , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 12 June 2018 , coinciding with the theatrical release of the film 's sequel , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . Physical copies of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One version are scheduled for release on 3 July 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blain , Louise ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Life finds a way . Jurassic World Evolution might just be the game that the movies deserve '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( 20 August 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World park sim coming from Planet Coaster developer '' . Polygon . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Wants To Show You The Best Dinosaurs You 've Ever Seen '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ali ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution has 40 dinosaur species , including Indominus Rex '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Returns For Jurassic World Evolution '' . Game Informer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Joho , Jess ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic ' World Evolution ' is the dino video game of our childhood dreams '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World Evolution - First Official Gameplay Demo '' . Frontier Developments . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chiodini , Johnny ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution finds a way to be refreshingly different '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Houghton , David ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution : Build your own park , farm custom dinosaurs , pull out the tranq gun when it all goes wrong '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dransfield , Ian ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` How to build your own dinosaur park in Jurassic World Evolution '' . Red Bull . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rougeau , Michael ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Is A Chaotic Sandbox For Dinosaur Management Mayhem '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Mixes Theme Park Sims With Jurassic Park '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Sunday 's Microsoft Gamescom livestream brought with it a surprise reveal , as a new game based on Jurassic World was announced . Called Jurassic World Evolution , it tasks players with running their own Jurassic World park . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ( 1 April 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution 's Developers Share New Details '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution : Creative Director Michael Brookes Interview '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( 25 April 2018 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard and BD Wong Will Also Be in Jurassic World Evolution '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sliva , Marty ( 20 August 2017 ) . `` Gamescom 2017 : Jurassic World Evolution Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Alex ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` A First Look At Jurassic World Evolution '' . Kotaku Australia . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Mark ( 8 October 2017 ) . `` Get your first look at the dinosaurs in the new ' Jurassic World Evolution ' game '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Gets Official Digital , Physical Release Date : Life finds a way on June 12 and July 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Jurassic Park video games Jurassic Park NES Super NES Genesis CD PC Rampage Edition Arcade Pinball Interactive 2 : The Chaos Continues The Lost World Console Chaos Island Handheld Genesis Arcade Pinball Trespasser Jurassic Park III Arcade III : Danger Zone ! III : Dino Defender III : The DNA Factor III : Park Builder III : Island Attack Scan Command Survival ( cancelled ) Jurassic World Lego Jurassic World Jurassic World Evolution Other games Warpath Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Operation Genesis The Game Builder Jurassic Park Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World_Evolution&oldid=838222471 '' Categories : Business simulation games Jurassic Park video games PlayStation 4 games Upcoming video games scheduled for 2018 Windows games Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: when is the new jurassic world game coming out