Printing press - wikipedia Printing press Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the historical device created by Johannes Gutenberg . For the modern technology of printing , see printing . Recreated Gutenberg press at the International Printing Museum , Carson , California Part of a series on the History of printing Woodblock printing 200 Movable type 1040 Printing press c. 1440 Etching c. 1515 Mezzotint 1642 Aquatint 1772 Lithography 1796 Chromolithography 1837 Rotary press 1843 Hectograph 1869 Offset printing 1875 Hot metal typesetting 1884 Mimeograph 1886 Photostat and rectigraph 1907 Screen printing 1911 Spirit duplicator 1923 Dot matrix printing 1925 Xerography 1938 Phototypesetting 1949 Inkjet printing 1951 Dye - sublimation 1957 Laser printing 1969 Thermal printing c. 1972 3D printing 1981 Solid Ink printing 1986 Digital printing 1991 A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium ( such as paper or cloth ) , thereby transferring the ink . It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth , paper or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink , and accelerated the process . Typically used for texts , the invention and global spread of the printing press was one of the most influential events in the second millennium . Johannes Gutenberg , a goldsmith by profession , developed , circa 1439 , a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes , as well as making inventions of his own . Printing in East Asia had been prevalent since the Tang dynasty , and in Europe , woodblock printing based on existing screw presses was common by the 14th century . Gutenberg 's most important innovation was the development of hand - molded metal printing matrices , thus producing a movable type based printing press system . His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities . Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe . In Europe , the two inventions , the hand mould and the printing press , together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents , particularly in short print runs . The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries . By 1500 , printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes . In the 16th century , with presses spreading further afield , their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies . The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing , and lent its name to a new branch of media , `` the press '' . In Renaissance Europe , the arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication , which permanently altered the structure of society . The relatively unrestricted circulation of information and ( revolutionary ) ideas transcended borders , captured the masses in the Reformation and threatened the power of political and religious authorities . The sharp increase in literacy broke the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the emerging middle class . Across Europe , the increasing cultural self - awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto - nationalism , and accelerated by the development of European vernacular languages , to the detriment of Latin 's status as lingua franca . In the 19th century , the replacement of the hand - operated Gutenberg - style press by steam - powered rotary presses allowed printing on an industrial scale . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Economic conditions and intellectual climate 1.2 Technological factors 2 Function and approach 3 Gutenberg 's press 4 The Printing Revolution 4.1 Mass production and spread of printed books 4.2 Circulation of information and ideas 5 Industrial printing presses 5.1 Rotary press 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History Main article : History of printing Economic conditions and intellectual climate See also : History of capitalism and Medieval university Medieval university class ( 1350s ) The rapid economic and socio - cultural development of late medieval society in Europe created favorable intellectual and technological conditions for Gutenberg 's improved version of the printing press : the entrepreneurial spirit of emerging capitalism increasingly made its impact on medieval modes of production , fostering economic thinking and improving the efficiency of traditional work - processes . The sharp rise of medieval learning and literacy amongst the middle class led to an increased demand for books which the time - consuming hand - copying method fell far short of accommodating . Technological factors See also : History of Western typography and Medieval technology Technologies preceding the press that led to the press 's invention included : manufacturing of paper , development of ink , woodblock printing , and distribution of eyeglasses . At the same time , a number of medieval products and technological processes had reached a level of maturity which allowed their potential use for printing purposes . Gutenberg took up these far - flung strands , combined them into one complete and functioning system , and perfected the printing process through all its stages by adding a number of inventions and innovations of his own : Early modern wine press . Such screw presses were applied in Europe to a wide range of uses and provided Gutenberg with the model for his printing press . The screw press which allowed direct pressure to be applied on flat - plane was already of great antiquity in Gutenberg 's time and was used for a wide range of tasks . Introduced in the 1st century AD by the Romans , it was commonly employed in agricultural production for pressing wine grapes and ( olive ) oil fruit , both of which formed an integral part of the mediterranean and medieval diet . The device was also used from very early on in urban contexts as a cloth press for printing patterns . Gutenberg may have also been inspired by the paper presses which had spread through the German lands since the late 14th century and which worked on the same mechanical principles . Gutenberg adopted the basic design , thereby mechanizing the printing process . Printing , however , put a demand on the machine quite different from pressing . Gutenberg adapted the construction so that the pressing power exerted by the platen on the paper was now applied both evenly and with the required sudden elasticity . To speed up the printing process , he introduced a movable undertable with a plane surface on which the sheets could be swiftly changed . Movable type sorted in a letter case and loaded in a composing stick on top The concept of movable type was not new in the 15th century ; movable type printing had been invented in China during the Song dynasty , and was later used in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty , where metal movable - type printing technology was developed in 1234 . In Europe , sporadic evidence that the typographical principle , the idea of creating a text by reusing individual characters , was well understood and employed in pre-Gutenberg Europe had been cropping up since the 12th century and possibly before . The known examples range from Germany ( Prüfening inscription ) to England ( letter tiles ) to Italy . However , the various techniques employed ( imprinting , punching and assembling individual letters ) did not have the refinement and efficiency needed to become widely accepted . Gutenberg greatly improved the process by treating typesetting and printing as two separate work steps . A goldsmith by profession , he created his type pieces from a lead - based alloy which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today . The mass production of metal letters was achieved by his key invention of a special hand mould , the matrix . The Latin alphabet proved to be an enormous advantage in the process because , in contrast to logographic writing systems , it allowed the type - setter to represent any text with a theoretical minimum of only around two dozen different letters . Another factor conducive to printing arose from the book existing in the format of the codex , which had originated in the Roman period . Considered the most important advance in the history of the book prior to printing itself , the codex had completely replaced the ancient scroll at the onset of the Middle Ages ( 500 AD ) . The codex holds considerable practical advantages over the scroll format ; it is more convenient to read ( by turning pages ) , is more compact , less costly , and , in particular , unlike the scroll , both recto and verso could be used for writing − and printing . A paper codex of the acclaimed 42 - line Bible , Gutenberg 's major work A fourth development was the early success of medieval papermakers at mechanizing paper manufacture . The introduction of water - powered paper mills , the first certain evidence of which dates to 1282 , allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both Chinese and Muslim papermaking . Papermaking centres began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy , reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further ; papermaking centers reached Germany a century later . Despite this it appears that the final breakthrough of paper depended just as much on the rapid spread of movable - type printing . It is notable that codices of parchment , which in terms of quality is superior to any other writing material , still had a substantial share in Gutenberg 's edition of the 42 - line Bible . After much experimentation , Gutenberg managed to overcome the difficulties which traditional water - based inks caused by soaking the paper , and found the formula for an oil - based ink suitable for high - quality printing with metal type . Function and approach This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This woodcut from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at right inks the text - blocks . Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day , printing around 3,600 pages in the process . A printing press , in its classical form , is a standing mechanism , ranging from 5 to 7 feet ( 1.5 to 2.1 m ) long , 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) wide , and 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) tall . Type , small metal letters that have a raised letter on one end , is arranged into pages and placed in a frame to make a forme , which itself is placed onto a flat stone , ' bed , ' or ' coffin . ' The text is inked using two balls , pads mounted on handles . The balls were made of dog skin leather , because it has no pores , and stuffed with sheep 's wool and were inked . This ink was then applied to the text evenly . One damp piece of paper was then taken from a heap of paper and placed on the tympan . The paper was damp as this lets the type ' bite ' into the paper better . Small pins hold the paper in place . The paper is now held between a frisket and tympan ( two frames covered with paper or parchment ) . These are folded down , so that the paper lies on the surface of the inked type . The bed is rolled under the platen , using a windlass mechanism . A small rotating handle is used called the ' rounce ' to do this , and the impression is made with a screw that transmits pressure through the platen . To turn the screw the long handle attached to it is turned . This is known as the bar or ' Devil 's Tail . ' In a well - set - up press , the springiness of the paper , frisket , and tympan caused the bar to spring back and raise the platen , the windlass turned again to move the bed back to its original position , the tympan and frisket raised and opened , and the printed sheet removed . Such presses were always worked by hand . After around 1800 , iron presses were developed , some of which could be operated by steam power . Gutenberg 's press See also : Letterpress printing Johannes Gutenberg 's work on the printing press began in approximately 1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn -- a man who had previously instructed in gem - cutting -- and Andreas Heilmann , owner of a paper mill . However , it was not until a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that an official record existed ; witnesses ' testimony discussed Gutenberg 's types , an inventory of metals ( including lead ) , and his type molds . Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith , Gutenberg made skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman . He was the first to make type from an alloy of lead , tin , and antimony , which was critical for producing durable type that produced high - quality printed books and proved to be much better suited for printing than all other known materials . To create these lead types , Gutenberg used what is considered one of his most ingenious inventions , a special matrix enabling the quick and precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template . His type case is estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes , most of which were required for special characters , ligatures , punctuation marks , and so forth . Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil - based ink which was more durable than the previously used water - based inks . As printing material he used both paper and vellum ( high - quality parchment ) . In the Gutenberg Bible , Gutenberg made a trial of coloured printing for a few of the page headings , present only in some copies . A later work , the Mainz Psalter of 1453 , presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his successors Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer , had elaborate red and blue printed initials . The printing Revolution The Printing Revolution occurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas , acting as an `` agent of change '' through the societies that it reached . ( Eisenstein ( 1980 ) ) Mass production and spread of printed books See also : Global spread of the printing press and List of early modern newspapers Spread of printing in the 15th century from Mainz , Germany The European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries . The invention of mechanical movable type printing led to a huge increase of printing activities across Europe within only a few decades . From a single print shop in Mainz , Germany , printing had spread to no less than around 270 cities in Central , Western and Eastern Europe by the end of the 15th century . As early as 1480 , there were printers active in 110 different places in Germany , Italy , France , Spain , the Netherlands , Belgium , Switzerland , England , Bohemia and Poland . From that time on , it is assumed that `` the printed book was in universal use in Europe '' . In Italy , a center of early printing , print shops had been established in 77 cities and towns by 1500 . At the end of the following century , 151 locations in Italy had seen at one time printing activities , with a total of nearly three thousand printers known to be active . Despite this proliferation , printing centres soon emerged ; thus , one third of the Italian printers published in Venice . By 1500 , the printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million copies . In the following century , their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies . European printing presses of around 1600 were capable of producing about 1,500 impressions per workday . By comparison , book printing in East Asia , did not use presses and was solely done by block printing . Of Erasmus 's work , at least 750,000 copies were sold during his lifetime alone ( 1469 -- 1536 ) . In the early days of the Reformation , the revolutionary potential of bulk printing took princes and papacy alike by surprise . In the period from 1518 to 1524 , the publication of books in Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold ; between 1518 and 1520 , Luther 's tracts were distributed in 300,000 printed copies . The rapidity of typographical text production , as well as the sharp fall in unit costs , led to the issuing of the first newspapers ( see Relation ) which opened up an entirely new field for conveying up - to - date information to the public . Incunable are surviving pre-16th century print works which are collected by many of the libraries in Europe and North America . Circulation of information and ideas See also : The Gutenberg Galaxy `` Modern Book Printing '' sculpture , commemorating Gutenberg 's invention on the occasion of the 2006 World Cup in Germany The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals , helping to bring on the scientific revolution . Because of the printing press , authorship became more meaningful and profitable . It was suddenly important who had said or written what , and what the precise formulation and time of composition was . This allowed the exact citing of references , producing the rule , `` One Author , one work ( title ) , one piece of information '' ( Giesecke , 1989 ; 325 ) . Before , the author was less important , since a copy of Aristotle made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna . For many works prior to the printing press , the name of the author has been entirely lost . Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages , page numbering , tables of contents , and indices became common , though they previously had not been unknown . The process of reading also changed , gradually moving over several centuries from oral readings to silent , private reading . Over the next 200 years , the wider availability of printed materials led to a dramatic rise in the adult literacy rate throughout Europe . The printing press was an important step towards the democratization of knowledge . Within 50 or 60 years of the invention of the printing press , the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe ( Eisenstein , 1969 ; 52 ) . More people had access to knowledge both new and old , more people could discuss these works . Book production became more commercialised , and the first copyright laws were passed . On the other hand , the printing press was criticized for allowing the dissemination of information which may have been incorrect . A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works , to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area , increasing the variety of published works . The printed word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars , in effect ' decreasing ' their variability . This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe . A third consequence of popularization of printing was on the economy . The printing press was associated with higher levels of city growth . The publication of trade related manuals and books teaching techniques like double - entry bookkeeping increased the reliability of trade and led to the decline of merchant guilds and the rise of individual traders . Industrial printing presses See also : History of printing At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution , the mechanics of the hand - operated Gutenberg - style press were still essentially unchanged , although new materials in its construction , amongst other innovations , had gradually improved its printing efficiency . By 1800 , Lord Stanhope had built a press completely from cast iron which reduced the force required by 90 % , while doubling the size of the printed area . With a capacity of 480 pages per hour , the Stanhope press doubled the output of the old style press . Nonetheless , the limitations inherent to the traditional method of printing became obvious . Koenig 's 1814 steam - powered printing press Two ideas altered the design of the printing press radically : First , the use of steam power for running the machinery , and second the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders . Both elements were for the first time successfully implemented by the German printer Friedrich Koenig in a series of press designs devised between 1802 and 1818 . Having moved to London in 1804 , Koenig soon met Thomas Bensley and secured financial support for his project in 1807 . Patented in 1810 , Koenig had designed a steam press `` much like a hand press connected to a steam engine . '' The first production trial of this model occurred in April 1811 . He produced his machine with assistance from German engineer Andreas Friedrich Bauer . Koenig and Bauer sold two of their first models to The Times in London in 1814 , capable of 1,100 impressions per hour . The first edition so printed was on 28 November 1814 . They went on to perfect the early model so that it could print on both sides of a sheet at once . This began the long process of making newspapers available to a mass audience ( which in turn helped spread literacy ) , and from the 1820s changed the nature of book production , forcing a greater standardization in titles and other metadata . Their company Koenig & Bauer AG is still one of the world 's largest manufacturers of printing presses today . Rotary press The steam powered rotary printing press , invented in 1843 in the United States by Richard M. Hoe , allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day . Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper , as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace . By the late 1930s or early 1940s , rotary presses had increased substantially in efficiency : a model by Platen Printing Press was capable of performing 2,500 to 3,000 impressions per hour . Also , in the middle of the 19th century , there was a separate development of jobbing presses , small presses capable of printing small - format pieces such as billheads , letterheads , business cards , and envelopes . Jobbing presses were capable of quick set - up ( average setup time for a small job was under 15 minutes ) and quick production ( even on treadle - powered jobbing presses it was considered normal to get 1,000 impressions per hour ( iph ) with one pressman , with speeds of 1,500 iph often attained on simple envelope work ) . Job printing emerged as a reasonably cost - effective duplicating solution for commerce at this time . Gallery Model of the Common Press , used from 1650 to 1850 Printing press from 1811 Stanhope press from 1842 Imprenta Press V John Sherwin from 1860 See also General Imprimatur Printing Typography Printing presses Adana Printing Presses Albion press Columbian Printing Press Flexography Vertical print press Other inventions Color printing Lithography Offset printing Desktop publishing Electronic publishing Computer printer Composing stick Notes Jump up ^ For example , in 1999 , the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg no . 1 on their `` People of the Millennium '' countdown . In 1997 , Time -- Life magazine picked Gutenberg 's invention as the most important of the second millennium Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine. ; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume 1,000 Years , 1,000 People : Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium . The Johann Gutenberg entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era . Jump up ^ McLuhan 1962 ; Eisenstein 1980 ; Febvre & Martin 1997 ; Man 2002 ^ Jump up to : Tsien Tsuen - Hsuin ; Joseph Needham ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Science and Civilisation in China . 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 158,201 . ^ Jump up to : Briggs , Asa and Burke , Peter ( 2002 ) A Social History of the Media : from Gutenberg to the Internet , Polity , Cambridge , pp. 15 -- 23 , 61 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1976 ) : `` The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 '' , London : New Left Books , quoted in : Anderson , Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas . Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '' , Fondo de cultura económica , Mexico 1993 , ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2 , pp. 58f . Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , p. 387 : At the same time , then , as the printing press in the physical , technological sense was invented , ' the press ' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage . The phenomenon of publishing was born . Jump up ^ Anderson , Benedict : `` Comunidades Imaginadas . Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo '' , Fondo de cultura económica , Mexico 1993 , ISBN 978 - 968 - 16 - 3867 - 2 , pp. 63 -- 76 Jump up ^ Gerhardt 1978 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Eisenstein 1980 ; Febvre & Martin 1997 ; Man 2002 Jump up ^ Jones , Colin . The Cambridge Illustrated History of France ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43294 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 21 -- 35 Jump up ^ Onken 2009 ; White 1984 , pp. 31f. ; Schneider 2007 , pp. 156 -- 159 Jump up ^ Schneider 2007 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Schulte 1939 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 39f . Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 39 -- 46 Jump up ^ Germany : Brekle 1995 , pp. 23 -- 26 ; Brekle 1997 , p. 62 ; Brekle 2005 , p. 25 ; England : Lehmann - Haupt 1940 , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Brekle 1997 , p. 62 ; Italy : Lipinsky 1986 , pp. 75 -- 80 ; Koch 1994 , p. 213 . Lipinsky surmises that this typographical technique was known in Constantinople from the 10th to 12th century and that the Venetians received it from there ( p. 78 ) . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 : `` Printing '' , retrieved 27 November 2006 Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , pp. 51 -- 55 Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , pp. 51 -- 55 ; Hellinga 2007 , p. 208 : Gutenberg 's invention took full advantage of the degree of abstraction in representing language forms that was offered by the alphabet and by the Western forms of script that were current in the fifteenth century . Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 24 -- 30 Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 1 , 38 -- 67 , 75 : The most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing was the replacement of the roll by the codex ; this we may define as a collection of sheets of any material , folded double and fastened together at the back or spine , and usually protected by covers . ( p. 1 ) Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 45 -- 53 . Technically speaking , a scroll could be written on its back side , too , but the very few ancient specimen found indicate that this was never considered a viable option . ( p. 46 ) Jump up ^ Burns 1996 , p. 418 Jump up ^ Thompson 1978 , p. 169 ; Tsien 1985 , p. 68 − 73 ; Lucas 2005 , p. 28 , fn. 70 Jump up ^ Thompson 1978 , p. 169 ; Burns 1996 , pp. 414 -- 417 Jump up ^ Burns 1996 , p. 417 Jump up ^ Febvre & Martin 1997 , pp. 41 -- 44 ; Burns 1996 , p. 419 : In the West , the only inhibiting expense in the production of writings for an increasingly literate market was the manual labor of the scribe himself . With his mechanization by movable - type printing in the 1440s , the manufacture of paper , until then relatively confined , began to spread very widely . The Paper Revolution of the thirteenth century thus entered a new era . Jump up ^ Roberts & Skeat 1983 , pp. 7f. : Despite all that has been said above , even the strongest supporters of papyrus would not deny that parchment of good quality is the finest writing material ever devised by man . It is immensely strong , remains flexible indefinitely under normal conditions , does not deteriorate with age , and possesses a smooth , even surface which is both pleasant to the eye and provides unlimited scope for the finest writing and illumination . Jump up ^ The ratio between paper and parchment copies is estimated at around 150 to 30 ( Hanebutt - Benz 2000 , pp. 158 -- 189 ) . Jump up ^ Childress 2008 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 67f. : From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600 , assuming a fifteen - hour workday , was between 3,200 and 3,600 impressions per day . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) RIND Survey ( The Press Institute of India - Research Institute for Newspaper Development ) June 2015 , p14 ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. 1998 . ( pp 58 -- 69 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 Jump up ^ Mahnke 2009 , p. 290 Jump up ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Buringh & van Zanden 2009 , p. 417 , table 2 Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Borsa 1976 , p. 314 ; Borsa 1977 , p. 166 − 169 Jump up ^ Pollak , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The performance of the wooden printing press '' . The library quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 264 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Needham 1965 , p. 211 : The outstanding difference between the two ends of the Old World was the absence of screw - presses from China , but this is only another manifestation of the fact that this basic mechanism was foreign to that culture . Widmann 1974 , p. 34 , fn. 14 : In East Asia , both woodblock and movable type printing were manual reproduction techniques , that is hand printing . Duchesne 2006 , p. 83 ; Man 2002 , pp. 112 -- 115 : Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block - printing ; there were no screw - based presses in the east , because they were not wine - drinkers , did n't have olives , and used other means to dry their paper . Jump up ^ Issawi 1980 , pp. 492 Jump up ^ Duchesne 2006 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Weber 2006 , pp. 387f . Jump up ^ The British Library Incunabula Short Title Catalogue gives 29,777 separate editions ( not copies ) as of 8 January 2008 , which however includes some print items from the 16th century ( retrieved 11 March 2010 ) . According to Bettina Wagner : `` Das Second - Life der Wiegendrucke . Die Inkunabelsammlung der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek '' , in : Griebel , Rolf ; Ceynowa , Klaus ( eds . ) : `` Information , Innovation , Inspiration. 450 Jahre Bayerische Staatsbibliothek '' , KG Saur , München 2008 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 11772 - 5 , pp. 207 -- 224 ( 207f . ) , the Incunabula Short Title Catalogue lists 28,107 editions published before 1501 . Jump up ^ Peck , Josh . `` The State of Publishing : Literacy Rates . '' McSweeney 's Internet Tendency . McSweeney , 5 July 2011 . Web . 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Malte Herwig , `` Google 's Total Library '' , Spiegel Online International , Mar. 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Howard Rheingold , `` Moblogs Seen as a Crystal Ball for a New Era in Online Journalism '' , Online Journalism Review , Jul. 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eshgh , Amy . `` Copyright Timeline : A History of Copyright in the United States Association of Research Libraries ® ARL ® '' . www.arl.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Julia C. Crick ; Alexandra Walsham ( 2004 ) . The uses of script and print , 1300 -- 1700 . Cambridge University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81063 - 0 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Nick Bilton ( 14 September 2010 ) . I Live in the Future & Here 's How It Works : Why Your World , Work , and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59111 - 1 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Dittmar . `` Information technology and economic change : The impact of the printing press '' . VoxEU . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Prateek Raj . `` How the Postal System and the Printing Press Transformed European Markets '' . Evonomics . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. 1998 . ( pp 130 -- 133 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Bolza 1967 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. ( 1998 ) . A History of Graphic Design ( Third ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29198 - 5 . References On the effects of the printing press Boruchoff , David A. ( 2012 ) , `` The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times : An Idea and Its Public '' , in Klaus Hock ; Gesa Mackenthun , Entangled Knowledge : Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference , Münster : Waxmann , pp. 133 -- 163 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8309 - 2729 - 7 Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten ( 2009 ) , `` Charting the `` Rise of the West '' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries `` , The Journal of Economic History , 69 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 445 , doi : 10.1017 / s0022050709000837 Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. ( 1980 ) , The Printing Press as an Agent of Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29955 - 1 Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. ( 2005 ) , The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe ( 2nd , rev . ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 60774 - 4 ( More recent , abridged version ) Febvre , Lucien ; Martin , Henri - Jean ( 1997 ) , The Coming of the Book : The Impact of Printing 1450 -- 1800 , London : Verso , ISBN 1 - 85984 - 108 - 2 Man , John ( 2002 ) , The Gutenberg Revolution : The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World , London : Headline Review , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 9 McLuhan , Marshall ( 1962 ) , The Gutenberg Galaxy : The Making of Typographic Man ( 1st ed . ) , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6041 - 9 Technology of printing Bechtel , G. ( 1992 ) , Gutenberg et l'invention de l'imprimerie , Paris : Fayard , ISBN 2 - 213 - 02865 - 6 Bolza , Hans ( 1967 ) , `` Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine '' , Technikgeschichte , 34 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 89 Borsa , Gedeon ( 1976 ) , `` Druckorte in Italien vor 1601 '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 311 -- 314 Borsa , Gedeon ( 1977 ) , `` Drucker in Italien vor 1601 '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 166 -- 169 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 1995 ) , `` Eine weitere Spur einer typographischen Werkstatt beim Kloster Prüfening im 12 . Jahrhundert '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , 70 : 23 -- 26 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 1997 ) , `` Das typographische Prinzip . Versuch einer Begriffsklärung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , 72 : 58 -- 63 Brekle , Herbert E. ( 2005 ) , Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119 . Eine paläographisch - typographische Untersuchung ( brief summary ) , Regensburg : Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft , ISBN 3 - 937527 - 06 - 0 Burns , Robert I. ( 1996 ) , `` Paper comes to the West , 800 -- 1400 '' , in Lindgren , Uta , Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400 . Tradition und Innovation ( 4th ed . ) , Berlin : Gebr . Mann Verlag , pp. 413 -- 422 , ISBN 3 - 7861 - 1748 - 9 Childress , Diana ( 2008 ) , Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press , Minneapolis : Twenty - First Century Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 4024 - 9 Ch'on Hye - bong : `` Typography in Korea '' , Koreana , Vol. 7 , No. 2 ( 1993 ) , pp. 10 -- 19 Stearns , Peter N ( ed . ) . Encyclopedia of World History ( 6 ed . ) . The Houghton Mifflin Company / Bartleby.com . Citation Crompton , Samuel Willard ( 2004 ) , The Printing Press . Transforming Power of Technology , Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7451 - X Duchesne , Ricardo ( 2006 ) , `` Asia First ? '' , The Journal of the Historical Society , 6 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 91 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5923.2006. 00168. x Fontaine , Jean - Paul ( 1999 ) , L'aventure du livre : Du manuscrit medieval a nos jours , Paris : Bibliothèque de l'image Gerhardt , Claus W. ( 1971 ) , `` Warum wurde die Gutenberg - Presse erst nach über 350 Jahren durch ein besseres System abgelöst ? '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 43 -- 57 Gerhardt , Claus W. ( 1978 ) , `` Besitzt Gutenbergs Erfindung heute noch einen Wert ? '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 212 -- 217 Hanebutt - Benz , Eva - Maria ( 2000 ) , `` Gutenbergs Erfindungen '' , Gutenberg . Aventur und Kunst : Vom Geheimunternehmen zur ersten Medienrevolution , Mainz : Stadt Mainz , pp. 158 -- 189 Hellinga , Lotte ( 2007 ) , `` The Gutenberg Revolutions '' , in Eliot , Simon ; Rose , Jonathan , A Companion to the History of the Book , Blackwell Publishing , pp. 207 -- 220 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2765 - 3 Hind , Arthur M. , An Introduction to a History of Woodcut , Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 ( in USA ) , reprinted Dover Publications , 1963 ISBN 0 - 486 - 20952 - 0 Issawi , Charles ( 1980 ) , `` Europe , the Middle East and the Shift in Power : Reflections on a Theme by Marshall Hodgson '' , Comparative Studies in Society and History , 22 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 504 , doi : 10.1017 / s001041750000949x Kapr , Albert ( 1996 ) , Johannes Gutenberg . The Man and his Invention , Aldershot : Scolar , ISBN 1 - 85928 - 114 - 1 Koch , Walter ( 1994 ) , Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik ( 1985 -- 1991 ) , Monumenta Germaniae Historica : Hilfsmittel , 14 , München , p. 213 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 88612 - 114 - 4 Lehmann - Haupt , Hellmut ( 1940 ) , `` Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII . Jahrhunderts '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 93 -- 97 Lipinsky , Angelo ( 1986 ) , `` La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili '' , Ateneo Veneto , 24 : 75 -- 80 Lucas , Adam Robert ( 2005 ) , `` Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds . A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe '' , Technology and Culture , 46 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 30 , doi : 10.1353 / tech. 2005.0026 Mahnke , Helmut ( 2009 ) , Der kunstreiche Johannes Gutenberg und die Frühzeit der Druckkunst , Norderstedt : Books on Demand , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 5041 - 7 Needham , Joseph : `` Science and Civilisation in China '' , Physics and Physical Technology ( Vol. 4 ) , Mechanical Engineering ( Part 2 ) , Cambridge University Press , 1965 Onken , Björn ( 2009 ) , `` Presses '' , in Cancik , Hubert ; Schneider , Helmuth , Brill 's New Pauly Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 : `` Printing '' . Retrieved 27 November 2006 Roberts , Colin H. ; Skeat , T.C. ( 1983 ) , The Birth of the Codex , London : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 726024 - 1 Schneider , Helmuth ( 2007 ) , `` Technology '' , in Scheidel , Walter ; Morris , Ian ; Saller , Richard , The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco - Roman World , Cambridge University Press , pp. 144 -- 171 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78053 - 7 Schulte , Alfred ( 1939 ) , `` Papierpresse , Druckerpresse und Kelter '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 52 -- 56 Thompson , Susan ( 1978 ) , `` Paper Manufacturing and Early Books '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 314 : 167 -- 176 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1978. tb47791. x Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) , Paper and Printing , Science and Civilisation in China , Chemistry and Chemical Technology ( Vol. 5 , Part 1 ) , Cambridge University Press Weber , Johannes ( 2006 ) , `` Strassburg , 1605 : The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe '' , German History , 24 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 412 , doi : 10.1191 / 0266355406gh380oa White , K.D. ( 1984 ) , Greek and Roman Technology , London : Thames and Hudson Widmann , Hans ( 1974 ) , `` Der koreanische Buchdruck und Gutenbergs Erfindung '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch : 32 -- 34 Wolf , Hans - Jürgen ( 1974 ) , Geschichte der Druckpressen ( 1st ed . ) , Frankfurt / Main : Interprint External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing press . Centre for the History of the Book Gutenberg printing − Photos of Incunabula and the Gutenberg Bible ( 1455 ) Internet Archive : Printing ( 1947 ) − a film from the Prelinger Archives explaining the printing industry ( hide ) Letterpress printing History of printing Printer Ways to make impressions Movable type Type casting Type metal Punchcutter Matrix Blocks and plates Stereotype Logographic printing Wood engraving Electrotype Zinc etching Typesetting Manual typesetting Type case Composing stick Sort Slug Strut Reglet Furniture Leading Quoin Chase Forme Hellbox Hot metal typesetting Linotype machine Monotype System Ludlow Typograph Intertype Machine Paige Compositor Printing press Parts of a press Platen Frisket Tympan Bed Inking Offset ink Ink ball Composition roller Types of presses Hand press Stanhope Columbian Albion Jobbing press Golding & Company Chandler & Price Colt 's Armory Cylinder press Rotary press Other equipment Folding machine Paper cutter Addressograph Related arts Typography Bookbinding Printmaking Papermaking GND : 4523304 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing_press&oldid=832353244 '' Categories : Printing Johannes Gutenberg 1445 introductions Textual scholarship Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Patois Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 37 . 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Texas Chainsaw house - wikipedia Texas Chainsaw house Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 30 ° 39 ′ 36.8 '' N 98 ° 26 ′ 13.7 '' W  /  30.660222 ° N 98.437139 ° W  / 30.660222 ; - 98.437139 The so - called Chainsaw House was moved from the La Frontera site to Kingsland in 1998 and restored for use as a restaurant as part of a hotel and railroad district . The Texas Chainsaw House is located in Kingsland , Texas , on the grounds of The Antlers Hotel . This 1900s Victorian house was featured prominently in the 1974 film The Texas Chain Saw Massacre as the home of Leatherface and his cannibalistic family , before it was moved to this location from Williamson County in 1998 . The then - dilapidated farm house originally sat on Quick Hill Road during the July - August 1973 filming of the movie , then sat vacant and deteriorating . The original site is where La Frontera is now located , in Round Rock . Location of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre farmhouse at Quick Hill -- 30 ° 28 ′ 49 '' N 97 ° 41 ′ 33 '' W  /  30.480277 ° N 97.692522 ° W  / 30.480277 ; - 97.692522  ( Site of ' The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ' farmhouse at Quick Hill ) In 1998 , the house was cut into six pieces in order to be moved , then reassembled and restored to its original condition by master carpenter Anthony Mayfield on behalf of an investor couple in Austin , Texas . The house was a `` pattern book '' house , ordered from a catalog and assembled on site from a package of materials brought by wagon from a local lumber company . Research indicates it was likely built between 1908 and 1910 . An identical twin house was later discovered nearby and was also renovated and is now located in Georgetown , Texas Contents ( hide ) 1 Identical twins 1.1 Film sets 2 Other Homes Appearing in Texas Chainsaw films 3 See also 4 References Identical twins ( edit ) A densely overgrown identical twin of the house was later found at La Frontera as well , and it too was cut into pieces and moved , but to nearby Georgetown and restored . It is known locally as the Burkland - Frisk house as it was built by an early settler in Williamson County , Leonard Frisk , and was later owned by Tony Burkland , a relative of the Frisk family . The house originally set across the street from the Chainsaw house , on Quick Hill Road . But it was later moved to another location within La Frontera and was not originally recognized as a twin because of the dilapidated condition of the house and it being completely overgrown with plants and trees . It was moved in 2006 and restored by the developers of La Frontera , Don Martin and Bill Smalling ( 1953 -- 2008 ) . It sits on San Gabriel Village Blvd prominently overlooking the South San Gabriel River and is used as an office . Film sets ( edit ) Replicas of the original house were built as sets for Texas Chainsaw 3D and the 2017 prequel Leatherface . Other homes appearing in Texas Chainsaw films ( edit ) The Hewitt House is a privately owned , six bedroom working farm house . It was built in Austin , Texas in the 1850s where the University of Texas at Austin now stands . The house was then moved by train to 901 County Road 336 Granger , Texas in the 1930s , and restored . This house was featured in the 2003 remake The Texas Chainsaw Massacre , as well as in the 2006 prequel to said remake , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning . See also ( edit ) Antlers Hotel ( Kingsland , Texas ) La Frontera ( Round Rock , Texas ) Kingsland , Texas Georgetown , Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Film Locations for the Texas Chainsaw Massacre '' . Worldwide Guide to Film Locations . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Pack , MM ( 2003 - 10 - 23 ) . `` The Killing Fields : A culinary history of ' The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ' farmhouse '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Matt Phillips . `` TCM Sister House '' . web publication . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Dorsch ( 20 January 2002 ) . `` Twin to Texas Chainsaw Massacre House Moves to Georgetown '' . Williamson County Sun . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Matt Phillips . `` TCM Sister House '' . web publication . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germaine ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Leatherface ' Texas Chainsaw 3D ' Set Visit : A House of Horrors Rebuilt , a Franchise Revered '' . Slash Film . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Tony ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Leatherface Producers Christa Campbell and Lati Grobman Interview '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://roadtrippers.com/us/granger-tx/attractions/the-hewitt-house-texas-chainsaw-massacre-location?lat=40.80972&lng=-96.67528&z=5 ( hide ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Films The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( 1974 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning Texas Chainsaw 3D Leatherface Characters Characters Leatherface Sally Hardesty Miscellaneous Chain Saw Confidential Comics Texas Chainsaw House Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Chainsaw_House&oldid=807967107 '' Categories : Railway hotels in the United States Filming locations by franchise The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Queen Anne architecture in Texas Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 02 : 41 . 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Earth 's rotation - Wikipedia Earth 's rotation Jump to : navigation , search For the duration of daylight and night , see Daytime and Night . An animation of Earth 's rotation around the planet 's axis This long - exposure photo of the northern night sky over the Nepali Himalayas shows the apparent paths of the stars as Earth rotates . Earth 's rotation is the rotation of Planet Earth around its own axis . Earth rotates eastward , in prograde motion . As viewed from the north pole star Polaris , Earth turns counter clockwise . The North Pole , also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole , is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth 's axis of rotation meets its surface . This point is distinct from Earth 's North Magnetic Pole . The South Pole is the other point where Earth 's axis of rotation intersects its surface , in Antarctica . Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun , but once every 23 hours , 56 minutes , and 4 seconds with respect to the stars ( see below ) . Earth 's rotation is slowing slightly with time ; thus , a day was shorter in the past . This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth 's rotation . Atomic clocks show that a modern day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago , slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds . Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BC E . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Empirical tests 2 Rotation period 2.1 True solar day 2.2 Mean solar day 2.3 Stellar and sidereal day 2.4 Angular speed 3 Changes in rotation 3.1 Change in rotational axis 3.2 Change in rotational velocity 3.2. 1 Tidal interactions 3.2. 2 Resonant stabilization 3.2. 3 Global events 3.3 Measurement 3.4 Ancient observations 4 Origin 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Among the ancient Greeks , several of the Pythagorean school believed in the rotation of the earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens . Perhaps the first was Philolaus ( 470 -- 385 BCE ) , though his system was complicated , including a counter-earth rotating daily about a central fire . A more conventional picture was that supported by Hicetas , Heraclides and Ecphantus in the fourth century BCE who assumed that the earth rotated but did not suggest that the earth revolved about the sun . In the third century BCE , Aristarchus of Samos suggested the sun 's central place . However , Aristotle in the fourth century BCE criticized the ideas of Philolaus as being based on theory rather than observation . He established the idea of a sphere of fixed stars that rotated about the earth . This was accepted by most of those who came after , in particular Claudius Ptolemy ( 2nd century CE ) , who thought the earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated . In 499 CE , the Indian astronomer Aryabhata wrote that the spherical earth rotates about its axis daily , and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth . He provided the following analogy : `` Just as a man in a boat going in one direction sees the stationary things on the bank as moving in the opposite direction , in the same way to a man at Lanka the fixed stars appear to be going westward . '' In the 10th century , some Muslim astronomers accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis . According to al - Biruni , Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d. circa 1020 ) invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on the idea believed by some of his contemporaries `` that the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : `` According to the geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars . '' Treatises were written to discuss its possibility , either as refutations or expressing doubts about Ptolemy 's arguments against it . At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories , the Earth 's rotation was discussed by Tusi ( b . 1201 ) and Qushji ( b . 1403 ) ; the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus . In medieval Europe , Thomas Aquinas accepted Aristotle 's view and so , reluctantly , did John Buridan and Nicole Oresme in the fourteenth century . Not until Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 adopted a heliocentric world system did the contemporary understanding of earth 's rotation begin to be established . Copernicus pointed out that if the movement of the earth is violent , then the movement of the stars must be very much more so . He acknowledged the contribution of the Pythagoreans and pointed to examples of relative motion . For Copernicus this was the first step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central sun . Tycho Brahe , who produced accurate observations on which Kepler based his laws , used Copernicus 's work as the basis of a system assuming a stationary earth . In 1600 , William Gilbert strongly supported the earth 's rotation in his treatise on the earth 's magnetism and thereby influenced many of his contemporaries . Those like Gilbert who did not openly support or reject the motion of the earth about the sun are often called `` semi-Copernicans '' . A century after Copernicus , Riccioli disputed the model of a rotating earth due to the lack of then - observable eastward deflections in falling bodies ; such deflections would later be called the Coriolis effect . However , the contributions of Kepler , Galileo and Newton gathered support for the theory of the rotation of the Earth . Empirical tests ( edit ) The earth 's rotation implies that the equator bulges and the poles are flattened . In his Principia , Newton predicted this flattening would occur in the ratio of 1 : 230 , and pointed to the 1673 pendulum measurements by Richer as corroboration of the change in gravity , but initial measurements of meridian lengths by Picard and Cassini at the end of the 17th century suggested the opposite . However measurements by Maupertuis and the French Geodesic Mission in the 1730s established the flattening , thus confirming both Newton and the Copernican position . In the Earth 's rotating frame of reference , a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference . Because of the Coriolis effect , falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release , and projectiles veer right in the northern hemisphere ( and left in the southern ) from the direction in which they are shot . The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale , where it is responsible for the differing rotation direction of cyclones in the northern and southern hemispheres . Hooke , following a 1679 suggestion from Newton , tried unsuccessfully to verify the predicted eastward deviation of a body dropped from a height of 8.2 meters , but definitive results were only obtained later , in the late 18th and early 19th century , by Giovanni Battista Guglielmini in Bologna , Johann Friedrich Benzenberg in Hamburg and Ferdinand Reich in Freiberg , using taller towers and carefully released weights . A ball dropped from a height of 158.5 m ( 520 ft ) departed by 27.4 mm ( 1.08 in ) from the vertical compared with a calculated value of 28.1 mm ( 1.11 in ) . The most celebrated test of Earth 's rotation is the Foucault pendulum first built by physicist Léon Foucault in 1851 , which consisted of a lead - filled brass sphere suspended 67 m from the top of the Panthéon in Paris . Because of the Earth 's rotation under the swinging pendulum , the pendulum 's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude . At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about 11 degrees clockwise per hour . Foucault pendulums now swing in museums around the world . Rotation period ( edit ) Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole , seen overhead at ESO 's La Silla Observatory . True solar day ( edit ) Main article : Solar time Earth 's rotation period relative to the Sun ( solar noon to solar noon ) is its true solar day or apparent solar day . It depends on the Earth 's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the eccentricity and inclination of Earth 's orbit . Both vary over thousands of years , so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies . Generally , it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two . The true solar day tends to be longer near perihelion when the Sun apparently moves along the ecliptic through a greater angle than usual , taking about 10 seconds longer to do so . Conversely , it is about 10 seconds shorter near aphelion . It is about 20 seconds longer near a solstice when the projection of the Sun 's apparent motion along the ecliptic onto the celestial equator causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual . Conversely , near an equinox the projection onto the equator is shorter by about 20 seconds . Currently , the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near 22 December by 30 mean solar seconds , but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near 19 June when it is only 13 seconds longer . The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near 26 March and 16 September by 18 seconds and 21 seconds , respectively . Mean solar day ( edit ) Main article : Mean solar day The average of the true solar day during the course of an entire year is the mean solar day , which contains 86,400 mean solar seconds . Currently , each of these seconds is slightly longer than an SI second because Earth 's mean solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal friction . The average length of the mean solar day since the introduction of the leap second in 1972 has been about 0 to 2 ms longer than 86,400 SI seconds . Random fluctuations due to core - mantle coupling have an amplitude of about 5 ms . The mean solar second between 1750 and 1892 was chosen in 1895 by Simon Newcomb as the independent unit of time in his Tables of the Sun . These tables were used to calculate the world 's ephemerides between 1900 and 1983 , so this second became known as the ephemeris second . In 1967 the SI second was made equal to the ephemeris second . The apparent solar time is a measure of the Earth 's rotation and the difference between it and the mean solar time is known as the equation of time . Stellar and sidereal day ( edit ) On a prograde planet like the Earth , the stellar day is shorter than the solar day . At time 1 , the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead . At time 2 , the planet has rotated 360 ° and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not ( 1 → 2 = one stellar day ) . It is not until a little later , at time 3 , that the Sun is overhead again ( 1 → 3 = one solar day ) . Earth 's rotation period relative to the fixed stars , called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) , is 86,164.098 903 691 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) ( 23 56 4.098 903 691 , 0.997 269 663 237 16 mean solar days ) . Earth 's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox , named sidereal day , is 86,164.090 530 832 88 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) ( 23 56 4.090 530 832 88 , 0.997 269 566 329 08 mean solar days ) . Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms . Both the stellar day and the sidereal day are shorter than the mean solar day by about 3 minutes 56 seconds . The mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623 -- 2005 and 1962 -- 2005 . Recently ( 1999 -- 2010 ) the average annual length of the mean solar day in excess of 86,400 SI seconds has varied between 0.25 ms and 1 ms , which must be added to both the stellar and sidereal days given in mean solar time above to obtain their lengths in SI seconds ( see Fluctuations in the length of day ) . Angular speed ( edit ) Plot of latitude vs tangential speed . The dashed line shows that the Kennedy Space Center example . The dot - dash line denotes typical airliner cruise speed . The angular speed of Earth 's rotation in inertial space is ( 7.2921150 ± 0.0000001 ) × 10 radians per SI second ( mean solar second ) . Multiplying by ( 180 ° / π radians ) × ( 86,400 seconds / mean solar day ) yields 360.9856 ° / mean solar day , indicating that Earth rotates more than 360 ° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day . Earth 's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again , even though it rotates only once ( 360 ° ) relative to the mean Sun . Multiplying the value in rad / s by Earth 's equatorial radius of 6,378,137 m ( WGS84 ellipsoid ) ( factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel ) yields an equatorial speed of 465.1 m / s ( 1,526 ft / s ) , or 1,674.4 km / h ( 1,040.4 mph ) . Some sources state that Earth 's equatorial speed is slightly less , or 1,669.8 km / h . This is obtained by dividing Earth 's equatorial circumference by 24 hours . However , the use of only one circumference unwittingly implies only one rotation in inertial space , so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour . This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day , 1.002 737 909 350 795 , which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of 1,674.4 km / h . The tangential speed of Earth 's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude . For example , the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59 ° N , which yields a speed of : cos 28.59 ° × 1,674.4 km / h ( 1,040.4 mph ; 465.1 m / s ) = 1,470.23 km / h ( 913.56 mph ; 408.40 m / s ) Changes in rotation ( edit ) Main articles : Fluctuations in the length of day and ΔT Earth 's axial tilt is about 23.4 ° . It oscillates between 22.1 ° and 24.5 ° on a 41,000 - year cycle and is currently decreasing . Change in rotational axis ( edit ) The Earth 's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars ( inertial space ) ; the components of this motion are precession and nutation . It also moves with respect to the Earth 's crust ; this is called polar motion . Precession is a rotation of the Earth 's rotation axis , caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun , Moon and other bodies . The polar motion is primarily due to free core nutation and the Chandler wobble . Change in rotational velocity ( edit ) Tidal interactions ( edit ) Over millions of years , the Earth 's rotation slowed significantly by tidal acceleration through gravitational interactions with the Moon . In this process , angular momentum is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to r − 6 ( \ displaystyle r ^ ( - 6 ) ) , where r ( \ displaystyle r ) is the orbital radius of the Moon . This process gradually increased the length of day to its current value and resulted in the Moon being tidally locked with the Earth . This gradual rotational deceleration is empirically documented with estimates of day lengths obtained from observations of tidal rhythmites and stromatolites ; a compilation of these measurements found the length of day to increase steadily from about 21 hours at 600Myr ago to the current 24 hour value . By counting the microscopic lamina that form at higher tides , tidal frequencies ( and thus day lengths ) can be estimated , much like counting tree rings , though these estimates can be increasingly unreliable at older ages . Resonant stabilization ( edit ) The current rate of tidal deceleration is anomalously high , implying the Earth 's rotational velocity must have decreased more slowly in the past . Empirical data tentatively shows a sharp increase in rotational deceleration about 600Myr ago . Some models suggest that the Earth maintained a constant day length of 21 hours throughout much of the Precambrian . This day length corresponds to the semidiurnal resonant period of the thermally - driven atmospheric tide ; at this day length , the decelerative lunar torque could have been canceled by an accelerative torque from the atmospheric tide , resulting in no net torque and a constant rotational period . This stabilizing effect could have been broken by a sudden change in global temperature . Recent computational simulations support this hypothesis and suggest the Marinoan or Sturtian glaciations broke this stable configuration about 600Myr ago , citing the resemblance of simulated results and existing paleorotational data . Deviation of day length from SI based day Global events ( edit ) Additionally , some large - scale events , such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , have caused the length of a day to shorten by 3 microseconds by affecting the Earth 's moment of inertia . Post-glacial rebound , ongoing since the last Ice age , is also changing the distribution of the Earth 's mass thus affecting the moment of inertia of the Earth and , by the conservation of angular momentum , the Earth 's rotation period . Measurement ( edit ) The primary monitoring of the Earth 's rotation is performed with very - long - baseline interferometry coordinated with the Global Positioning System , satellite laser ranging , and other satellite techniques . This provides an absolute reference for the determination of universal time , precession , and nutation . Ancient observations ( edit ) There are recorded observations of solar and lunar eclipses by Babylonian and Chinese astronomers beginning in the 8th century BCE , as well as from the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere . These observations can be used to determine changes in the Earth 's rotation over the last 27 centuries , since the length of the day is a critical parameter in the calculation of the place and time of eclipses . A change in day length of milliseconds per century shows up as a change of hours and thousands of kilometers in eclipse observations . The ancient data is consistent with a shorter day , meaning the Earth was turning faster throughout the past . Origin ( edit ) An artist 's rendering of the protoplanetary disk . The Earth 's original rotation was a vestige of the original angular momentum of the cloud of dust , rocks , and gas that coalesced to form the Solar System . This primordial cloud was composed of hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang , as well as heavier elements ejected by supernovas . As this interstellar dust is heterogeneous , any asymmetry during gravitational accretion resulted in the angular momentum of the eventual planet . However , if the giant - impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon is correct , this primordial rotation rate would have been reset by the Theia impact 4.5 billion years ago . Regardless of the speed and tilt of the Earth 's rotation before the impact , it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact . Tidal effects would then have slowed this rate to its modern value . See also ( edit ) Allais effect Axial precession Diurnal cycle Earth 's orbit Formation and evolution of the Solar System Geodesic ( in mathematics ) Geodesics in general relativity Geodesy Giant - impact hypothesis History of Earth History of geodesy , Space techniques List of important publications in geology Newcomb 's Tables of the Sun Nychthemeron Spherical Earth World Geodetic System Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation ( German Wikipedia article ) . Jump up ^ When Earth 's eccentricity exceeds 0.047 and perihelion is at an appropriate equinox or solstice , only one period with one peak balances another period that has two peaks . Jump up ^ Aoki , the ultimate source of these figures , uses the term `` seconds of UT1 '' instead of `` seconds of mean solar time '' . Jump up ^ In astronomy , unlike geometry , 360 ° means returning to the same point in some cyclical time scale , either one mean solar day or one sidereal day for rotation on Earth 's axis , or one sidereal year or one mean tropical year or even one mean Julian year containing exactly 365.25 days for revolution around the Sun . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennis D. McCarthy ; Kenneth P. Seidelmann ( 18 September 2009 ) . Time : From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics . John Wiley & Sons . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 62795 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , F. Richard ( 2003 ) . `` Historical eclipses and Earth 's rotation '' . Astronomy & Geophysics. 44 ( 2 ) . pp. 2.22 -- 2.27 . Bibcode : 2003A&G ... 44b ... 22S . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1468 - 4004.2003. 44222. x . Jump up ^ Burch , George Bosworth ( 1954 ) . `` The Counter-Earth '' . Osiris. 11 : 267 -- 294 . doi : 10.1086 / 368583 . JSTOR 301675 . Jump up ^ Aristotle . Of the Heavens . Book II , Ch 13 . 1 . Jump up ^ Ptolemy . Almagest Book I , Chapter 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b61_51.pdf Jump up ^ Kim Plofker ( 2009 ) . Mathematics in India . Princeton University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12067 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed. ( 2 November 2006 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1 January 1993 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Ragep , Sally P. ( 2007 ) . `` Ibn Sīnā : Abū ʿAlī al ‐ Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 570 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) Jump up ^ Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001a ) , `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's Motion in Context '' , Science in Context , Cambridge University Press , 14 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 145 -- 163 , doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 Jump up ^ Aquinas , Thomas . Commentaria in libros Aristotelis De caelo et Mundo . Lib II , cap XIV . trans in Grant , Edward , ed. ( 1974 ) . A Source Book in Medieval Science . Harvard University Press . pages 496 -- 500 Jump up ^ Buridan , John ( 1942 ) . Quaestiones super libris quattuo De Caelo et mundo . pp. 226 -- 232 . in Grant 1974 , pp. 500 -- 503 Jump up ^ Oresme , Nicole . Le livre du ciel et du monde . pp. 519 -- 539 . in Grant 1974 , pp. 503 -- 510 Jump up ^ Copernicus , Nicolas . On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres . Book I , Chap 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , William . De Magnete , On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies , and on the Great Magnet the Earth . pp. 313 -- 347 . Jump up ^ Russell , John L. `` Copernican System in Great Britain '' . In J. Dobrzycki . The Reception of Copernicus ' Heliocentric Theory . p. 208 . Jump up ^ J. Dobrzycki 1972 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Almagestum novum , chapter nine , cited in Graney , Christopher M. ( 2012 ) . `` 126 arguments concerning the motion of the earth . GIOVANNI BATTISTA RICCIOLI in his 1651 ALMAGESTUM NOVUM '' ( PDF ) . Journal for the History of Astronomy . volume 43 , pages 215 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac ( 1846 ) . Newton 's Principia . Translated by A. Motte . p. 412 . Jump up ^ Shank , J.B. ( 2008 ) . The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment . U of Chicago Press . pp. 324 , 355 . Jump up ^ `` Starry Spin - up '' . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jean Meeus ; J.M.A. Danby ( January 1997 ) . Mathematical Astronomy Morsels . Willmann - Bell . pp. 345 -- 346 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 943396 - 51 - 4 . Jump up ^ Equation of time in red and true solar day in blue Jump up ^ The duration of the true solar day Jump up ^ http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eoppc/eop/eopc04_05/eopc04.62-now Jump up ^ Physical basis of leap seconds Jump up ^ Leap seconds Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Prediction of Universal Time and LOD Variations Jump up ^ R. Hide et al. , `` Topographic core - mantle coupling and fluctuations in the Earth 's rotation '' 1993 . Jump up ^ Leap seconds by USNO Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : IERS EOP Useful constants Jump up ^ Aoki , et al. , `` The new definition of Universal Time '' , Astronomy and Astrophysics 105 ( 1982 ) 359 -- 361 . Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , ed . P. Kenneth Seidelmann , Mill Valley , Cal. , University Science Books , 1992 , p. 48 , ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Jump up ^ IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86,400 s ... since 1623 Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Graph at end . Jump up ^ IERS Variations in the duration of the day 1962 -- 2005 Jump up ^ Arthur N. Cox , ed. , Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities p. 244 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Bakich , The Cambridge planetary handbook , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Butterworth & Palmer . `` Speed of the turning of the Earth '' . Ask an Astrophysicist . NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center . ^ Jump up to : Williams , George E. ( 1 February 2000 ) . `` Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth 's rotation and the Moon 's orbit '' . Reviews of Geophysics. 38 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 59 . Bibcode : 2000RvGeo ... 38 ... 37W . doi : 10.1029 / 1999RG900016 . ISSN 1944 - 9208 . ^ Jump up to : Zahnle , K. ; Walker , J.C. ( 1 January 1987 ) . `` A constant daylength during the Precambrian era ? '' . Precambrian Research . 37 : 95 -- 105 . Bibcode : 1987PreR ... 37 ... 95Z . doi : 10.1016 / 0301 - 9268 ( 87 ) 90073 - 8 . ISSN 0301 - 9268 . PMID 11542096 . Jump up ^ Scrutton , C.T. ( 1 January 1978 ) . Brosche , Professor Dr Peter ; Sündermann , Professor Dr Jürgen , eds . Periodic Growth Features in Fossil Organisms and the Length of the Day and Month . Springer Berlin Heidelberg . pp. 154 -- 196 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 67097 - 8_12 . ISBN 9783540090465 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Benjamin C. ; Stevenson , David J. ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Analysis of a Precambrian resonance - stabilized day length '' . Geophysical Research Letters : 2016GL068912 . arXiv : 1502.01421 . Bibcode : 2016GeoRL ... 43.5716 B . doi : 10.1002 / 2016GL068912 . ISSN 1944 - 8007 . Jump up ^ Sumatran earthquake sped up Earth 's rotation , Nature , 30 December 2004 . Jump up ^ Wu , P. ; W.R. Peltier ( 1984 ) . `` Pleistocene deglaciation and the earth 's rotation : a new analysis '' . Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 76 ( 3 ) : 753 -- 792 . Bibcode : 1984GeoJ ... 76 ... 753W . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1984. tb01920. x . Jump up ^ Permanent monitoring Jump up ^ Sid Perkins ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Ancient eclipses show Earth 's rotation is slowing '' . Science . doi : 10.1126 / science. aa10469 . Jump up ^ FR Stephenson ; LV Morrison ; CY Hohonkerk ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Measurement of the Earth 's rotation : 720 BC to AD 2015 '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 472 ( 2196 ) . Bibcode : 2016RSPSA. 47260404S . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 2016.0404 . Jump up ^ `` Why do planets rotate ? '' . Ask an Astronomer . Jump up ^ Stevenson , D.J. ( 1987 ) . `` Origin of the moon -- The collision hypothesis '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 15 ( 1 ) : 271 -- 315 . Bibcode : 1987AREPS ... 15 ... 271S . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ea. 15.050187. 001415 . External links ( edit ) USNO Earth Orientation new site , being populated USNO IERS old site , to be abandoned IERS Earth Orientation Center : Earth rotation data and interactive analysis International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) If the Earth 's rotation period is less than 24 hours , why do n't our clocks fall out of sync with the Sun ? 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Question: how long is one full rotation of the earth

about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to the stars


Phoenix Open - Wikipedia Phoenix Open Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Phoenix Open Tournament information Location Scottsdale , Arizona Established 1932 , 86 years ago Course ( s ) TPC Scottsdale Par 71 Length 7,266 yards ( 6,644 m ) Organized by The Thunderbirds Tour ( s ) PGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 6.9 million Month played February Tournament record score Aggregate 256 Mark Calcavecchia ( 2001 ) 256 Phil Mickelson ( 2013 ) To par − 28 Mark Calcavecchia ( 2001 ) − 28 Phil Mickelson ( 2013 ) Current champion Gary Woodland Scottsdale Location in the United States Scottsdale Location in Arizona The Phoenix Open ( known as the Waste Management Phoenix Open for title sponsorship reasons ) is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour , held in late January / early February at the Tournament Players Club ( TPC ) of Scottsdale , Arizona . The tournament was originally the Arizona Open , but was known for most of its history as the Phoenix Open until the investment bank Friedman Billings Ramsey became the title sponsor in October 2003 , and it was known as the FBR Open for the next six editions . Waste Management began its sponsorship in 2010 . The event 's relaxed atmosphere , raucous by the standards of professional golf , has earned it the nickname `` The Greatest Show on Grass '' and made it one of the most popular events on the PGA Tour calendar . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Popularity 3 Conflicts with the Super Bowl 4 Records -- scoring and victories 5 Winners 6 Multiple winners 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Phoenix Open began 85 years ago in 1932 but was discontinued after the 1935 tournament . The rebirth of the Phoenix Open came in 1939 when Bob Goldwater , Sr. convinced fellow Thunderbirds to help run the event . The Thunderbirds , a prominent civic organization in Phoenix , were not as enthusiastic about running the event as he was , leaving Goldwater , Sr. to do most of the work in getting a golf open started . The event was played at the Phoenix Country Club in Phoenix ( 33 ° 28 ′ 55 '' N 112 ° 03 ′ 47 '' W  /  33.482 ° N 112.063 ° W  / 33.482 ; - 112.063 ) , both in its earlier incarnations and after Goldwater resuscitated it . Beginning in 1955 , the Arizona Country Club ( also in Phoenix ) ( 33 ° 29 ′ 06 '' N 111 ° 57 ′ 32 '' W  /  33.485 ° N 111.959 ° W  / 33.485 ; - 111.959 ) , alternated as event host with Phoenix Country Club ; this arrangement lasted until Phoenix Country Club took The Arizona Country Club 's turn in 1975 and became the event 's permanent home again . The tournament moved 31 years ago in 1987 to its current home , the Stadium Course at TPC Scottsdale , northeast of downtown Phoenix . The approximate average elevation of the course is 1,530 feet ( 465 m ) above sea level . Popularity ( edit ) The four - day attendance of the tournament is usually around a half million ; the best - attended event in golf . In 2016 , it set a PGA Tour and Phoenix Open single day attendance record with 201,003 fans in attendance on Saturday , February 6 and set a tournament week attendance record of 618,365 fans . The most popular location for spectators is the par - 3 16th hole , nicknamed `` The Coliseum . '' ( 33 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 111 ° 54 ′ 48 '' W  /  33.6375 ° N 111.9132 ° W  / 33.6375 ; - 111.9132 ) One of the shortest holes on tour at 162 yards ( 148 m ) , it is enclosed by a temporary 20,000 - seat grandstand . The hole could be described as `` one big party , '' with many students from the nearby Arizona State University in Tempe in attendance . Poor shots at the 16th hole receive boos , because the hole is very easy by the PGA 's standards . Good shots , however , are cheered loudly . Famous moments include Tiger Woods ' Saturday hole - in - one in 1997 , which caused the gallery to erupt , throwing cups and other objects in celebration , and Justin Leonard giving the finger to the gallery after a poor shot . Jarrod Lyle aced the hole on Saturday in 2011 , causing the stands to erupt in excitement . After 2013 , the PGA Tour banned the practice of caddies racing the 150 yards ( 140 m ) from the tee box to the green , citing injury concerns . The most popular tour player at the Phoenix Open is unquestionably Phil Mickelson , an Arizona State alumnus ( 1992 ) with three victories at the event . In addition to the golf , there is a concert / party held in the Scottsdale area called the Birds Nest , at which music artists like Huey Lewis and the News play . The Thunderbirds are still highly active in the organization of the tournament . Portions of the proceeds are used by the Thunderbirds to fund Special Olympics activities in Phoenix . Conflicts with the Super Bowl ( edit ) Since 1973 , the Phoenix Open has been played on the weekend of the Super Bowl . In 1996 , it was played Wednesday through Saturday , as Super Bowl XXX was held at Sun Devil Stadium in nearby Tempe . In 2009 , the tournament overlapped with Super Bowl XLIII in Tampa , Florida , when Kenny Perry and Charley Hoffman went to a playoff . That denied the spectators a chance to watch the beginning of the game on NBC , which featured the local Arizona Cardinals . Because of the Super Bowl weekend status , the PGA Tour 's television contracts with CBS and NBC include an alternating tournament . Usually a CBS tournament , the Phoenix Open airs on NBC when CBS has the Super Bowl , and NBC 's Honda Classic airs on CBS in Winter Olympic years . Records -- scoring and victories ( edit ) The tournament 's lowest 72 - hole score was set by Mark Calcavecchia in 2001 with 256 ( -- 28 ) , which was matched by Mickelson in 2013 . In the second round Calcavecchia scored a 60 ( -- 11 ) , which equalled the lowest score at the Phoenix Open ( by Grant Waite in 1996 ) and subsequently matched by Mickelson in 2005 and 2013 . Calcavecchia had 32 birdies in the tournament , which was also an all - time record . There have been only two double eagles in the history of the Phoenix Open . Tom Pernice , Jr. made the first one on the 558 - yard ( 510 m ) par - 5 15th hole in 1990 . Andrew Magee scored the second on the 332 - yard ( 304 m ) par - 4 17th hole in 2001 , and was the first - ever ace on a par - 4 in PGA Tour history . Four men have won three times at the Phoenix Open : Arnold Palmer won consecutively ( 1961 , 1962 , 1963 ) , then Gene Littler ( 1955 , 1959 , 1969 ) , Calcavecchia ( 1989 , 1992 , 2001 ) , and Mickelson ( 1996 , 2005 , 2013 ) . Winners ( edit ) Year Player Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) Purse ( $ ) Waste Management Phoenix Open 2018 Gary Woodland United States 266 − 18 Playoff Chez Reavie 1,242,000 6,900,000 2017 Hideki Matsuyama ( 2 ) Japan 267 − 17 Playoff Webb Simpson 1,206,000 6,700,000 2016 Hideki Matsuyama Japan 270 − 14 Playoff Rickie Fowler 1,170,000 6,500,000 2015 Brooks Koepka United States 269 − 15 1 stroke Hideki Matsuyama Ryan Palmer Bubba Watson 1,134,000 6,300,000 2014 Kevin Stadler United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Graham DeLaet Bubba Watson 1,116,000 6,200,000 2013 Phil Mickelson ( 3 ) United States 256 − 28 4 strokes Brandt Snedeker 1,116,000 6,200,000 2012 Kyle Stanley United States 269 − 15 1 stroke Ben Crane 1,098,000 6,100,000 2011 Mark Wilson United States 266 − 18 Playoff Jason Dufner 1,098,000 6,100,000 Hunter Mahan United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Rickie Fowler 1,080,000 6,000,000 FBR Open 2009 Kenny Perry United States 270 − 14 Playoff Charley Hoffman 1,080,000 6,000,000 2008 J.B. Holmes ( 2 ) United States 270 − 14 Playoff Phil Mickelson 1,080,000 6,000,000 2007 Aaron Baddeley Australia 263 − 21 1 stroke John Rollins 1,080,000 6,000,000 2006 J.B. Holmes United States 263 − 21 7 strokes J.J. Henry Steve Lowery Ryan Palmer Scott Verplank Camilo Villegas 936,000 5,200,000 2005 Phil Mickelson ( 2 ) United States 267 − 17 5 strokes Scott McCarron Kevin Na 936,000 5,200,000 Jonathan Kaye United States 266 − 18 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 936,000 5,200,000 Phoenix Open 2003 Vijay Singh ( 2 ) Fiji 261 − 23 3 strokes John Huston 720,000 4,000,000 2002 Chris DiMarco United States 267 − 17 1 stroke Kenny Perry Kaname Yokoo 720,000 4,000,000 2001 Mark Calcavecchia ( 3 ) United States 256 − 28 8 strokes Rocco Mediate 720,000 4,000,000 2000 Tom Lehman United States 270 − 14 1 stroke Robert Allenby Rocco Mediate 576,000 3,200,000 1999 Rocco Mediate United States 273 − 11 2 strokes Justin Leonard 540,000 3,000,000 1998 Jesper Parnevik Sweden 269 − 15 3 strokes Tommy Armour III Brent Geiberger Steve Pate Tom Watson 450,000 2,500,000 Steve Jones United States 258 − 26 11 strokes Jesper Parnevik 270,000 1,500,000 Phil Mickelson United States 269 − 15 Playoff Justin Leonard 234,000 1,300,000 1995 Vijay Singh Fiji 269 − 15 Playoff Billy Mayfair 234,000 1,300,000 Bill Glasson United States 268 − 16 3 strokes Bob Estes 216,000 1,200,000 Lee Janzen United States 273 − 11 2 strokes Andrew Magee 180,000 1,000,000 Mark Calcavecchia ( 2 ) United States 264 − 20 5 strokes Duffy Waldorf 180,000 1,000,000 1991 Nolan Henke United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Gil Morgan Curtis Strange Tom Watson 180,000 1,000,000 Tommy Armour III United States 267 − 17 5 strokes Jim Thorpe 162,000 900,000 Mark Calcavecchia United States 263 − 21 7 strokes Chip Beck 126,000 700,000 Sandy Lyle Scotland 269 − 15 Playoff Fred Couples 117,000 650,000 Paul Azinger United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Hal Sutton 108,000 600,000 1986 Hal Sutton United States 267 − 17 2 strokes Calvin Peete Tony Sills 90,000 500,000 1985 Calvin Peete United States 270 − 14 2 strokes Morris Hatalsky Doug Tewell 81,000 450,000 1984 Tom Purtzer United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Corey Pavin 72,000 400,000 Bob Gilder ( 2 ) United States 271 − 13 Playoff Rex Caldwell Johnny Miller Mark O'Meara 63,000 350,000 1982 Lanny Wadkins United States 263 − 21 6 strokes Jerry Pate 54,000 300,000 1981 David Graham Australia 268 − 16 1 stroke Lon Hinkle 54,000 300,000 1980 Jeff Mitchell United States 272 − 12 4 strokes Rik Massengale 54,000 300,000 1979 Ben Crenshaw United States 199 * − 14 1 stroke Jay Haas 33,750 250,000 1978 Miller Barber United States 272 − 12 1 stroke Jerry Pate Lee Trevino 40,000 200,000 1977 Jerry Pate United States 277 − 7 Playoff Dave Stockton 40,000 200,000 1976 Bob Gilder United States 268 − 16 2 strokes Roger Maltbie 40,000 200,000 Johnny Miller ( 2 ) United States 260 − 24 14 strokes Jerry Heard 30,000 150,000 Johnny Miller United States 271 − 13 1 stroke Lanny Wadkins 30,000 150,000 1973 Bruce Crampton Australia 268 − 12 1 stroke Steve Melnyk Lanny Wadkins 30,000 150,000 1972 Homero Blancas United States 273 − 11 Playoff Lanny Wadkins 25,000 125,000 Phoenix Open Invitational 1971 Miller Barber United States 261 − 23 2 strokes Billy Casper Dan Sikes 25,000 125,000 1970 Dale Douglass United States 271 − 13 1 stroke Howie Johnson Gene Littler 20,000 100,000 1969 Gene Littler ( 3 ) United States 263 − 21 2 strokes Miller Barber Don January Billy Maxwell 20,000 100,000 1968 George Knudson Canada 272 − 12 3 strokes Julius Boros Sam Carmichael Jack Montgomery 20,000 100,000 1967 Julius Boros United States 272 − 12 1 stroke Ken Still 14,000 70,000 1966 Dudley Wysong United States 278 − 6 1 stroke Gardner Dickinson 9,000 60,000 1965 Rod Funseth United States 274 − 14 3 strokes Bert Yancey 10,500 65,000 1964 Jack Nicklaus United States 271 − 13 3 strokes Bob Brue 7,500 50,000 1963 Arnold Palmer ( 3 ) United States 273 − 15 1 stroke Gary Player 5,300 35,000 1962 Arnold Palmer ( 2 ) United States 269 − 15 12 strokes Billy Casper Don Fairfield Bob McCallister Jack Nicklaus 5,300 35,000 1961 Arnold Palmer United States 270 − 10 Playoff Doug Sanders 4,300 30,000 1960 Jack Fleck United States 273 − 11 Playoff Bill Collins 3,150 22,500 1959 Gene Littler ( 2 ) United States 268 − 12 1 stroke Art Wall , Jr . 2,400 20,000 1958 Ken Venturi United States 274 − 10 1 stroke Walter Burkemo Jay Hebert 2,000 15,000 1957 Billy Casper United States 271 − 9 3 strokes Cary Middlecoff Mike Souchak 2,000 15,000 Phoenix Open 1956 Cary Middlecoff United States 276 − 8 3 strokes Mike Souchak 2,400 15,000 1955 Gene Littler United States 275 − 5 1 stroke Billy Maxwell Johnny Palmer 2,400 15,000 1954 Ed Furgol United States 272 − 12 Playoff Cary Middlecoff 2,000 10,000 1953 Lloyd Mangrum ( 2 ) United States 272 − 12 6 strokes Johnny Bulla Ted Kroll Bo Wininger 2,000 10,000 1952 Lloyd Mangrum United States 274 − 10 5 strokes E.J. Harrison 2,000 10,000 1951 Lew Worsham United States 272 − 12 1 stroke Lawson Little 2,000 10,000 Ben Hogan Open 1950 Jimmy Demaret ( 2 ) United States 269 − 15 1 stroke Sam Snead 2,000 10,000 Phoenix Open 1949 Jimmy Demaret United States 278 − 6 Playoff Ben Hogan 2,000 10,000 1948 Bobby Locke South Africa 268 − 16 1 stroke Jimmy Demaret 2,000 10,000 1947 Ben Hogan ( 2 ) United States 270 − 14 7 strokes Lloyd Mangrum Ed Oliver 2,000 10,000 1946 Ben Hogan United States 273 − 11 Playoff Herman Keiser 1,500 7,500 1945 Byron Nelson ( 2 ) United States 274 − 10 2 strokes Denny Shute 1,000 5,000 1944 Jug McSpaden United States 273 − 11 Playoff Byron Nelson 1,000 5,000 1941 -- 43 : No tournament ( hosted Western Open in 1941 and 1942 ) 1940 Ed Oliver United States 205 ^ − 8 1 stroke Ben Hogan 700 3,000 1939 Byron Nelson United States 198 ^ − 15 12 strokes Ben Hogan 700 3,000 1936 -- 38 : No tournament 1935 Ky Laffoon United States 281 − 3 4 strokes Craig Wood 500 2,500 1934 No tournament Arizona Open 1933 Harry Cooper United States 281 − 3 2 strokes Ray Mangrum Horton Smith 400 1,500 1932 Ralph Guldahl United States 285 − 1 5 strokes John Perelli 600 2,500 * Rain - shortened to 54 holes ^ Scheduled 54 holes Note : Green highlight indicates scoring records . Sources Multiple winners ( edit ) Fourteen men have won this tournament more than once . 3 wins Arnold Palmer : 1961 , 1962 , 1963 ( consecutive ) Gene Littler : 1955 , 1959 , 1969 Mark Calcavecchia : 1989 , 1992 , 2001 Phil Mickelson : 1996 , 2005 , 2013 2 wins Byron Nelson : 1939 , 1945 Ben Hogan : 1946 , 1947 ( consecutive ) Jimmy Demaret : 1949 , 1950 ( consecutive ) Lloyd Mangrum : 1952 , 1953 Johnny Miller : 1974 , 1975 ( consecutive ) Miller Barber : 1971 , 1978 Bob Gilder : 1976 , 1983 Vijay Singh : 1995 , 2003 J.B. Holmes : 2006 , 2008 Hideki Matsuyama : 2016 , 2017 ( consecutive ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Waste Management to sponsor Phoenix Open '' . PGA Tour . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golf '' . Phoenix Country Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golf '' . Arizona Country Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Waste Management Phoenix Open attendance records '' . AZ Central . February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jones maintains Phoenix lead ; Woods records ace on No. 16 '' . Victoria Advocate . ( Texas ) . January 26 , 1997 . p. 6B . Jump up ^ http://www.golfchannel.com/news/golftalkcentral/tour-bans-caddie-races-tpc-scottsdale-colonial/ Jump up ^ `` Crampton 's birdie nets Phoenix win '' . Wilmington Morning Star . ( North Carolina ) . Associated Press . January 15 , 1973 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson grinds out another win '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . January 28 , 1996 . p. 3F . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` The Amazing Story of the Only Par - 4 Hole - in - One in PGA Tour History '' . thoughtco.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee ' helps ' Palmer win Phoenix Open '' . Pittsburgh Press . UPI . February 13 , 1963 . p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palmer wins Phoenix Open '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . February 13 , 1963 . p. 1C . Jump up ^ 2015 Waste Management Phoenix Open Media Guide -- Section 14 : Top Finishers 1932 -- 2014 -- at wmphoenixopen.com Jump up ^ Phoenix Open -- Winners Archived 2014 - 06 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . -- at www.pgatour.com Jump up ^ Phoenix Open -- Winners -- at golfobserver.com Jump up ^ `` Hogan wins Phoenix Open ; trouble looms '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . United Press . January 27 , 1947 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Hogan wins Phoenix tourney '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . January 27 , 1947 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Demaret winner of Phoenix golf '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . January 30 , 1950 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Miller shoots 64 for 14 - shot edge '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . January 13 , 1975 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Miller maybe world 's best '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . UPI . January 13 , 1975 . p. 8B . 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Coordinates : 33 ° 38 ′ N 111 ° 55 ′ W  /  33.64 ° N 111.91 ° W  / 33.64 ; - 111.91 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_Open&oldid=832007370 '' Categories : PGA Tour events Golf in Arizona Sports in Phoenix , Arizona Sports in Scottsdale , Arizona Recurring sporting events established in 1932 1932 establishments in Arizona Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 08 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Question: who sponsored the phoenix open before waste management