Egyptian hieroglyphs - wikipedia Egyptian hieroglyphs Jump to : navigation , search `` Hieroglyphics '' redirects here . For other uses , see Hieroglyph ( disambiguation ) . Egyptian hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs from the Great Hypostyle Hall in Karnak ( Seti I , 13th century BC ) Type Logography usable as an abjad Languages Egyptian language Time period c. 3200 BC -- AD 400 Parent systems ( Proto - writing ) Egyptian hieroglyphs Child systems Hieratic , Demotic , Coptic , Meroitic , Proto - Sinaitic Direction Left - to - right ISO 15924 Egyp , 050 Unicode alias Egyptian Hieroglyphs Unicode range U + 13000 -- U + 1342F This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Egyptian hieroglyphs ( / ˈhaɪrəˌɡlɪf , - roʊ - / ) were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt . It combined logographic , syllabic and alphabetic elements , with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters . Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood . The later hieratic and demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing ; Meroitic was a late derivation from demotic . The use of hieroglyphic writing arose from proto - literate symbol systems in the Early Bronze Age , around the 32nd century BC ( Naqada III ) , with the first decipherable sentence written in the Egyptian language dating to the Second Dynasty ( 28th century BC ) . Egyptian hieroglyphs developed into a mature writing system used for monumental inscription in the classical language of the Middle Kingdom period ; during this period , the system made use of about 900 distinct signs . The use of this writing system continued through the New Kingdom and Late Period , and on into the Persian and Ptolemaic periods . Late survivals of hieroglyphic use are found well into the Roman period , extending into the 4th century AD . With the final closing of pagan temples in the 5th century , knowledge of hieroglyphic writing was lost . Although attempts were made , the script remained undeciphered throughout the medieval and early modern period . The decipherment of hieroglyphic writing would only be accomplished in the 1820s by Jean - François Champollion , with the help of the Rosetta Stone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History and evolution 2.1 Origin 2.2 Mature writing system 2.3 Late Period 2.4 Late survival 3 Decipherment 4 Writing system 4.1 Phonetic reading 4.1. 1 Uniliteral signs 4.1. 2 Phonetic complements 4.2 Semantic reading 4.2. 1 Logograms 4.2. 2 Determinatives 4.3 Additional signs 4.3. 1 Cartouche 4.3. 2 Filling stroke 4.4 Signs joined together 4.4. 1 Doubling 4.5 Grammatical signs 5 Spelling 6 Simple examples 7 Encoding and font support 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek adjective ἱερογλυφικός ( hieroglyphikos ) , a compound of ἱερός ( hierós ' sacred ' ) and γλύφω ( glýphō ' Ι carve , engrave ' ; see glyph ) . The glyphs themselves since the Ptolemaic period were called τὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ ( γράμματα ) ( tà hieroglyphikà ( grámmata ) ) `` the sacred engraved letters '' , the Greek counterpart to the Egyptian expression of mdw. w - nṯr `` god 's words '' . Greek ἱερογλυφός meant `` a carver of hieroglyphs '' . In English , hieroglyph as a noun is recorded from 1590 , originally short for nominalised hieroglyphic ( 1580s , with a plural hieroglyphics ) , from adjectival use ( hieroglyphic character ) . History and evolution Origin Seal impression of Seth - Peribsen ( Second Dynasty , c. 28th century BC ) Hieroglyphs emerged from the preliterate artistic traditions of Egypt . For example , symbols on Gerzean pottery from c. 4000 BC have been argued to resemble hieroglyphic writing . Proto - hieroglyphic symbol systems develop in the second half of the 4th millennium BC , such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called `` Scorpion I '' ( Naqada IIIA period , c. 33rd century BC ) recovered at Abydos ( modern Umm el - Qa'ab ) in 1998 or the Narmer Palette ( c. 31st century BC ) . The first full sentence written in hieroglyphs so far discovered was found on a seal impression found in the tomb of Seth - Peribsen at Umm el - Qa'ab , which dates from the Second Dynasty ( 28th or 27th century BC ) . There are around 800 hieroglyphs dating back to the Old Kingdom , Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom Eras . By the Greco - Roman period , there are more than 5,000 . Geoffrey Sampson stated that Egyptian hieroglyphs `` came into existence a little after Sumerian script , and , probably ( were ) , invented under the influence of the latter '' , and that it is `` probable that the general idea of expressing words of a language in writing was brought to Egypt from Sumerian Mesopotamia '' . However , given the lack of direct evidence , `` no definitive determination has been made as to the origin of hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt '' . Instead , it is pointed out and held that `` the evidence for such direct influence remains flimsy '' and that `` a very credible argument can also be made for the independent development of writing in Egypt ... '' Since the 1990s , and discoveries such as the Abydos glyphs , it has been held as doubtful whether the Mesopotamian symbol system can be said to predate the Egyptian one . Mature writing system Further information : Middle Egyptian language Hieroglyphs consist of three kinds of glyphs : phonetic glyphs , including single - consonant characters that function like an alphabet ; logographs , representing morphemes ; and determinatives , which narrow down the meaning of logographic or phonetic words . Hieroglyphs on a funerary stela in Manchester Museum Late period Further information : Late Egyptian language As writing developed and became more widespread among the Egyptian people , simplified glyph forms developed , resulting in the hieratic ( priestly ) and demotic ( popular ) scripts . These variants were also more suited than hieroglyphs for use on papyrus . Hieroglyphic writing was not , however , eclipsed , but existed alongside the other forms , especially in monumental and other formal writing . The Rosetta Stone contains three parallel scripts -- hieroglyphic , demotic , and Greek . Late survival Hieroglyphs continued to be used under Persian rule ( intermittent in the 6th and 5th centuries BC ) , and after Alexander the Great 's conquest of Egypt , during the ensuing Ptolemaic and Roman periods . It appears that the misleading quality of comments from Greek and Roman writers about hieroglyphs came about , at least in part , as a response to the changed political situation . Some believed that hieroglyphs may have functioned as a way to distinguish ' true Egyptians ' from some of the foreign conquerors . Another reason may be the refusal to tackle a foreign culture on its own terms , which characterized Greco - Roman approaches to Egyptian culture generally . Having learned that hieroglyphs were sacred writing , Greco - Roman authors imagined the complex but rational system as an allegorical , even magical , system transmitting secret , mystical knowledge . By the 4th century , few Egyptians were capable of reading hieroglyphs , and the `` myth of allegorical hieroglyphs '' was ascendant . Monumental use of hieroglyphs ceased after the closing of all non-Christian temples in 391 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I ; the last known inscription is from Philae , known as the Graffito of Esmet - Akhom , from 394 . The Hieroglyphica of Horapollo ( c. 5th century ) appears to retain some genuine knowledge about the writing system . It offers an explanation of close to 200 signs . Some are identified correctly , such as the `` goose '' hieroglyph ( zꜣ ) representing the word for `` son '' . Decipherment Main article : Decipherment of hieroglyphic writing Ibn Wahshiyya 's translation of the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyph alphabet Knowledge of the hieroglyphs had been lost completely by the medieval period . Early attempts at decipherment are due to Dhul - Nun al - Misri and Ibn Wahshiyya ( 9th and 10th century , respectively ) . The early modern tradition of decipherment attemtps begins with the work of Piero Valeriano Bolzani ( 1556 ) . The most famous of the early `` decipherers '' was Athanasius Kircher . In his Lingua Aegyptiaca Restituta ( 1643 ) , Kircher called hieroglyphics `` this language hitherto unknown in Europe , in which there are as many pictures as letters , as many riddles as sounds , in short as many mazes to be escaped from as mountains to be climbed '' . While some of his notions are long discredited , portions of his work have been valuable to later scholars , and Kircher helped pioneer Egyptology as a field of serious study . All medieval and early modern attempts were hampered by the fundamental assumption that hieroglyphs recorded ideas and not the sounds of the language . As no bilingual texts were available , any such symbolic ' translation ' could be proposed without the possibility of verification . The Rosetta Stone in the British Museum The breakthrough in decipherment came only with the discovery of the Rosetta Stone by Napoleon 's troops in 1799 ( during Napoleon 's Egyptian invasion ) . As the stone presented a hieroglyphic and a demotic version of the same text in parallel with a Greek translation , plenty of material for falsifiable studies in translation was suddenly available . In the early 19th century , scholars such as Silvestre de Sacy , Johan David Åkerblad , and Thomas Young studied the inscriptions on the stone , and were able to make some headway . Finally , Jean - François Champollion made the complete decipherment by the 1820s . In his Lettre à M. Dacier ( 1822 ) , he wrote : It is a complex system , writing figurative , symbolic , and phonetic all at once , in the same text , the same phrase , I would almost say in the same word . Hieroglyphs survive today in two forms : directly , through half a dozen Demotic glyphs added to the Greek alphabet when writing Coptic ; and indirectly , as the inspiration for the original alphabet that was ancestral to nearly every other alphabet ever used , including the Latin alphabet . Writing system This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Visually , hieroglyphs are all more or less figurative : they represent real or illusional elements , sometimes stylized and simplified , but all generally perfectly recognizable in form . However , the same sign can , according to context , be interpreted in diverse ways : as a phonogram ( phonetic reading ) , as a logogram , or as an ideogram ( semagram ; `` determinative '' ) ( semantic reading ) . The determinative was not read as a phonetic constituent , but facilitated understanding by differentiating the word from its homophones . Phonetic reading Hieroglyphs typical of the Graeco - Roman period Most non-determinative hieroglyphic signs are phonetic in nature , meaning that the sign is read independently of its visual characteristics ( according to the rebus principle where , for example , the picture of an eye could stand for the English words eye and I ( the first person pronoun ) ) . This picture of an eye is called a phonogram of the word , ' I ' . Phonograms formed with one consonant are called uniliteral signs ; with two consonants , biliteral signs ; with three , triliteral signs . Twenty - four uniliteral signs make up the so - called hieroglyphic alphabet . Egyptian hieroglyphic writing does not normally indicate vowels , unlike cuneiform , and for that reason has been labelled by some an abjad alphabet , i.e. , an alphabet without vowels . Thus , hieroglyphic writing representing a pintail duck is read in Egyptian as sꜣ , derived from the main consonants of the Egyptian word for this duck : ' s ' , ' ꜣ ' and ' t ' . ( Note that ꜣ ( , two half - rings opening to the left ) , sometimes replaced by the digit ' 3 ' , is the Egyptian alef ) . It is also possible to use the hieroglyph of the pintail duck without a link to its meaning in order to represent the two phonemes s and ꜣ , independently of any vowels that could accompany these consonants , and in this way write the word : sꜣ , `` son '' , or when complemented by the context other signs detailed further in the text , sꜣ , `` keep , watch '' ; and sꜣṯ. w , `` hard ground '' . For example : -- the characters sꜣ ; -- the same character used only in order to signify , according to the context , `` pintail duck '' or , with the appropriate determinative , `` son '' , two words having the same or similar consonants ; the meaning of the little vertical stroke will be explained further on : -- the character sꜣ as used in the word sꜣw , `` keep , watch '' As in the Arabic script , not all vowels were written in Egyptian hieroglyphs ; it is debatable whether vowels were written at all . Possibly , as with Arabic , the semivowels / w / and / j / ( as in English W and Y ) could double as the vowels / u / and / i / . In modern transcriptions , an e is added between consonants to aid in their pronunciation . For example , nfr `` good '' is typically written nefer . This does not reflect Egyptian vowels , which are obscure , but is merely a modern convention . Likewise , the ꜣ and ʾ are commonly transliterated as a , as in Ra . Hieroglyphs are written from right to left , from left to right , or from top to bottom , the usual direction being from right to left ( although , for convenience , modern texts are often normalized into left - to - right order ) . The reader must consider the direction in which the asymmetrical hieroglyphs are turned in order to determine the proper reading order . For example , when human and animal hieroglyphs face to the left ( i.e. , they look left ) , they must be read from left to right , and vice versa , the idea being that the hieroglyphs face the beginning of the line . As in many ancient writing systems , words are not separated by blanks or by punctuation marks . However , certain hieroglyphs appear particularly common only at the end of words , making it possible to readily distinguish words . Uniliteral signs Hieroglyphs at Amada , at temple founded by Tuthmosis III . Main article : Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian § Uniliteral signs The Egyptian hieroglyphic script contained 24 uniliterals ( symbols that stood for single consonants , much like letters in English ) . It would have been possible to write all Egyptian words in the manner of these signs , but the Egyptians never did so and never simplified their complex writing into a true alphabet . Each uniliteral glyph once had a unique reading , but several of these fell together as Old Egyptian developed into Middle Egyptian . For example , the folded - cloth glyph seems to have been originally an / s / and the door - bolt glyph a / θ / sound , but these both came to be pronounced / s / , as the / θ / sound was lost . A few uniliterals first appear in Middle Egyptian texts . Besides the uniliteral glyphs , there are also the biliteral and triliteral signs , to represent a specific sequence of two or three consonants , consonants and vowels , and a few as vowel combinations only , in the language . Phonetic complements Egyptian writing is often redundant : in fact , it happens very frequently that a word might follow several characters writing the same sounds , in order to guide the reader . For example , the word nfr , `` beautiful , good , perfect '' , was written with a unique triliteral that was read as nfr : However , it is considerably more common to add to that triliteral , the uniliterals for f and r . The word can thus be written as nfr + f + r , but one still reads it merely as nfr . The two alphabetic characters are adding clarity to the spelling of the preceding triliteral hieroglyph . Redundant characters accompanying biliteral or triliteral signs are called phonetic complements ( or complementaries ) . They can be placed in front of the sign ( rarely ) , after the sign ( as a general rule ) , or even framing it ( appearing both before and after ) . Ancient Egyptian scribes consistently avoided leaving large areas of blank space in their writing , and might add additional phonetic complements or sometimes even invert the order of signs if this would result in a more aesthetically pleasing appearance ( good scribes attended to the artistic , and even religious , aspects of the hieroglyphs , and would not simply view them as a communication tool ) . Various examples of the use of phonetic complements can be seen below : -- md + d + w ( the complementary d is placed after the sign ) → it reads mdw , meaning `` tongue '' . -- ḫ + p + ḫpr + r + j ( the four complementaries frame the triliteral sign of the scarab beetle ) → it reads ḫpr. j , meaning the name `` Khepri '' , with the final glyph being the determinative for ' ruler or god ' . Notably , phonetic complements were also used to allow the reader to differentiate between signs that are homophones , or which do not always have a unique reading . For example , the symbol of `` the seat '' ( or chair ) : -- This can be read st , ws and ḥtm , according to the word in which it is found . The presence of phonetic complements -- and of the suitable determinative -- allows the reader to know which of the three readings to choose : 1st Reading : st -- -- st , written st + t ; the last character is the determinative of `` the house '' or that which is found there , meaning `` seat , throne , place '' ; -- st ( written st + t ; the `` egg '' determinative is used for female personal names in some periods ) , meaning `` Isis '' ; 2nd Reading : ws -- -- wsjr ( written ws+jr , with , as a phonetic complement , `` the eye '' , which is read jr , following the determinative of `` god '' ) , meaning `` Osiris '' ; 3rd Reading : ḥtm -- -- ḥtm. t ( written ḥ + ḥtm + m + t , with the determinative of `` Anubis '' or `` the jackal '' ) , meaning a kind of wild animal ; -- ḥtm ( written ḥ + ḥtm + t , with the determinative of the flying bird ) , meaning `` to disappear '' . Finally , it sometimes happens that the pronunciation of words might be changed because of their connection to Ancient Egyptian : in this case , it is not rare for writing to adopt a compromise in notation , the two readings being indicated jointly . For example , the adjective bnj , `` sweet '' , became bnr . In Middle Egyptian , one can write : -- bnrj ( written b + n + r + i , with determinative ) which is fully read as bnr , the j not being pronounced but retained in order to keep a written connection with the ancient word ( in the same fashion as the English language words through , knife , or victuals , which are no longer pronounced the way they are written . ) Semantic reading Besides a phonetic interpretation , characters can also be read for their meaning : in this instance , logograms are being spoken ( or ideograms ) and semagrams ( the latter are also called determinatives ) . Logograms A hieroglyph used as a logogram defines the object of which it is an image . Logograms are therefore the most frequently used common nouns ; they are always accompanied by a mute vertical stroke indicating their status as a logogram ( the usage of a vertical stroke is further explained below ) ; in theory , all hieroglyphs would have the ability to be used as logograms . Logograms can be accompanied by phonetic complements . Here are some examples : -- rꜥ , meaning `` sun '' ; -- pr , meaning `` house '' ; -- swt ( sw+t ) , meaning `` reed '' ; -- ḏw , meaning `` mountain '' . In some cases , the semantic connection is indirect ( metonymic or metaphoric ) : -- nṯr , meaning `` god '' ; the character in fact represents a temple flag ( standard ) ; -- bꜣ , meaning `` Bâ '' ( soul ) ; the character is the traditional representation of a `` bâ '' ( a bird with a human head ) ; -- dšr , meaning `` flamingo '' ; the corresponding phonogram means `` red '' and the bird is associated by metonymy with this color . Determinatives Determinatives or semagrams ( semantic symbols specifying meaning ) are placed at the end of a word . These mute characters serve to clarify what the word is about , as homophonic glyphs are common . If a similar procedure existed in English , words with the same spelling would be followed by an indicator that would not be read , but which would fine - tune the meaning : `` retort ( chemistry ) '' and `` retort ( rhetoric ) '' would thus be distinguished . A number of determinatives exist : divinities , humans , parts of the human body , animals , plants , etc . Certain determinatives possess a literal and a figurative meaning . For example , a roll of papyrus , is used to define `` books '' but also abstract ideas . The determinative of the plural is a shortcut to signal three occurrences of the word , that is to say , its plural ( since the Egyptian language had a dual , sometimes indicated by two strokes ) . This special character is explained below . Here , are several examples of the use of determinatives borrowed from the book , Je lis les hiéroglyphes ( `` I am reading hieroglyphs '' ) by Jean Capart , which illustrate their importance : -- nfrw ( w and the three strokes are the marks of the plural : ( literally ) `` the beautiful young people '' , that is to say , the young military recruits . The word has a young - person determinative symbol : -- which is the determinative indicating babies and children ; -- nfr. t (. t is here the suffix that forms the feminine ) : meaning `` the nubile young woman '' , with as the determinative indicating a woman ; -- nfrw ( the tripling of the character serving to express the plural , flexional ending w ) : meaning `` foundations ( of a house ) '' , with the house as a determinative , ; -- nfr : meaning `` clothing '' with as the determinative for lengths of cloth ; -- nfr : meaning `` wine '' or `` beer '' ; with a jug as the determinative . All these words have a meliorative connotation : `` good , beautiful , perfect '' . The Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian by Raymond A. Faulkner , gives some twenty words that are read nfr or which are formed from this word . Additional signs Cartouche Rarely , the names of gods are placed within a cartouche ; the two last names of the sitting king are always placed within a cartouche : jmn - rꜥ , `` Amon - Ra '' ; qljwꜣpdrꜣ. t , `` Cleopatra '' ; Filling stroke A filling stroke is a character indicating the end of a quadrat that would otherwise be incomplete . Signs joined together Some signs are the contraction of several others . These signs have , however , a function and existence of their own : for example , a forearm where the hand holds a scepter is used as a determinative for words meaning `` to direct , to drive '' and their derivatives . Doubling The doubling of a sign indicates its dual ; the tripling of a sign indicates its plural . Grammatical signs The vertical stroke , indicating the sign is a logogram ; The two strokes of the `` dual '' and the three strokes of the `` plural '' ; The direct notation of flexional endings , for example : Spelling Standard orthography -- `` correct '' spelling -- in Egyptian is much looser than in modern languages . In fact , one or several variants exist for almost every word . One finds : Redundancies ; Omission of graphemes , which are ignored whether or not they are intentional ; Substitutions of one grapheme for another , such that it is impossible to distinguish a `` mistake '' from an `` alternate spelling '' ; Errors of omission in the drawing of signs , which are much more problematic when the writing is cursive ( hieratic ) writing , but especially demotic , where the schematization of the signs is extreme . However , many of these apparent spelling errors constitute an issue of chronology . Spelling and standards varied over time , so the writing of a word during the Old Kingdom might be considerably different during the New Kingdom . Furthermore , the Egyptians were perfectly content to include older orthography ( `` historical spelling '' ) alongside newer practices , as though it were acceptable in English to use archaic spellings in modern texts . Most often , ancient `` spelling errors '' are simply misinterpretations of context . Today , hieroglyphicists use numerous cataloguing systems ( notably the Manuel de Codage and Gardiner 's Sign List ) to clarify the presence of determinatives , ideograms , and other ambiguous signs in transliteration . Simple examples nomen or birth name Ptolemy in hieroglyphs The glyphs in this cartouche are transliterated as : p `` ua '' l m y ( ii ) s Ptolmys though ii is considered a single letter and transliterated y . Another way in which hieroglyphs work is illustrated by the two Egyptian words pronounced pr ( usually vocalised as per ) . One word is ' house ' , and its hieroglyphic representation is straightforward : Here , the ' house ' hieroglyph works as a logogram : it represents the word with a single sign . The vertical stroke below the hieroglyph is a common way of indicating that a glyph is working as a logogram . Another word pr is the verb ' to go out , leave ' . When this word is written , the ' house ' hieroglyph is used as a phonetic symbol : Here , the ' house ' glyph stands for the consonants pr . The ' mouth ' glyph below it is a phonetic complement : it is read as r , reinforcing the phonetic reading of pr . The third hieroglyph is a determinative : it is an ideogram for verbs of motion that gives the reader an idea of the meaning of the word . Encoding and font support Egyptian hieroglyphs were added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2 which introduced the Egyptian Hieroglyphs block ( U + 13000 -- U + 1342F ) with 1,070 defined characters ( and one reserved codepoint ) . As of July 2013 , four fonts , Aegyptus , NewGardiner , Noto Sans Egyptian Hieroglyphs and JSeshFont support this range . Another font , Segoe UI Historic , comes bundled with Windows 10 and also contains glyphs for the entire Egyptian Hieroglyphs block . See also Ancient Egypt portal List of Egyptian hieroglyphs Gardiner 's sign list Egyptian numerals Egyptian language Middle Bronze Age alphabets Writing in Ancient Egypt Manuel de Codage Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian Notes and references ^ Jump up to : Richard Mattessich ( 2002 ) . `` The oldest writings , and inventory tags of Egypt '' . Accounting Historians Journal . 29 ( 1 ) : 195 -- 208 . JSTOR 40698264 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` hieroglyph '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : There were about 1,000 graphemes in the Old Kingdom period , reduced to around 750 to 850 in the classical language of the Middle Kingdom , but inflated to the order of some 5,000 signs in the Ptolemaic period . Antonio Loprieno , Ancient Egyptian : A Linguistic Introduction ( Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 1995 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ The standard inventory of characters used in Egyptology is Gardiner 's sign list ( 1928 -- 1953 ) . A.H. Gardiner ( 1928 ) , Catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type , from matrices owned and controlled by Dr. Alan Gardiner , `` Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount ( 1928 ) '' , in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 15 ( 1929 ) , p. 95 ; , `` Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount ( 1931 ) '' , in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 17 ( 1931 ) , pp. 245 - 247 ; A.H. Gardiner , `` Supplement to the catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type , showing acquisitions to December 1953 '' ( 1953 ) . Unicode Egyptian Hieroglyphs as of version 5.2 ( 2009 ) assigned 1,070 Unicode characters . Jump up ^ ἱερογλυφικός , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ ἱερός , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ γλύφω , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ Antonio Loprieno , Ancient Egyptian : A Linguistic Introduction ( Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 1995 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hieroglyphic Definition of Hieroglyphic by Merriam - Webster '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Sampson ( 1 January 1990 ) . Writing Systems : A Linguistic Introduction . Stanford University Press . pp. 78 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1756 - 4 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( June 1995 ) . The international standard Bible encyclopedia . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 1150 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3784 - 4 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards , et al. , The Cambridge Ancient History ( 3d ed. 1970 ) pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Krebs ; Carolyn A. Krebs ( December 2003 ) . Groundbreaking scientific experiments , inventions , and discoveries of the ancient world . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 91 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31342 - 4 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Simson Najovits , Egypt , Trunk of the Tree : A Modern Survey of an Ancient Land , Algora Publishing , 2004 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ `` challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs , pictographic symbols representing a specific place , object , or quantity , first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia . '' Mitchell , Larkin . `` Earliest Egyptian Glyphs '' . Archaeology . Archaeological Institute of America . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ The latest presently known hieroglyphic inscription date : Birthday of Osiris , year 110 ( of Diocletian ) , dated to August 24 , 394 Jump up ^ Ahmed ibn ' Ali ibn al Mukhtar ibn ' Abd al Karim ( called Ibn Wahshiyah ) ( 1806 ) . Ancient alphabets & hieroglyphic characters explained : with an account of the Egyptian priests , their classes , initiation time , & sacrifices by the aztecs and their birds , in the Arabic language . W. Bulmer & co . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Jean - François Champollion , Letter to M. Dacier , September 27 , 1822 Jump up ^ Sir Alan H. Gardiner , Egyptian Grammar , Third Edition Revised , Griffith Institute ( 2005 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Gardiner , Sir Alan H. ( 1973 ) . Egyptian Grammar . Griffith Institute . ISBN 0 - 900416 - 35 - 1 . Jump up ^ Antonio Loprieno , Ancient Egyptian , A Linguistic Introduction , Cambridge University Press ( 1995 ) , p. 13 Further reading Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy ( 2000 ) . The Keys of Egypt : The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019439 - 1 . Allen , James P. ( 1999 ) . Middle Egyptian : An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77483 - 7 . Collier , Mark & Bill Manley ( 1998 ) . How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs : a step - by - step guide to teach yourself . British Museum Press . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 1910 - 5 . Selden , Daniel L. ( 2013 ) . Hieroglyphic Egyptian : An Introduction to the Language and Literature of the Middle Kingdom . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 27546 - 2 . Faulkner , Raymond O. ( 1962 ) . Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian . Griffith Institute . ISBN 0 - 900416 - 32 - 7 . Gardiner , Sir Alan H. ( 1957 ) . Egyptian Grammar : Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs , 3rd ed . The Griffith Institute . Hill , Marsha ( 2007 ) . Gifts for the gods : images from Egyptian temples . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9781588392312 . Kamrin , Janice ( 2004 ) . Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs : A Practical Guide . Harry N. Abrams , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4961 - X . McDonald , Angela . Write Your Own Egyptian Hieroglyphs . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2007 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 520 - 25235 - 7 ) . External links Look up hieroglyph in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egyptian hieroglyphs . Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics -- Aldokkan Glyphs and Grammars -- Resources for those interested in learning hieroglyphs , compiled by Aayko Eyma Hieroglyphics ! -- Annotated directory of popular and scholarly resources Egyptian Language and Writing Full - text of The stela of Menthu - weser Wikimedia 's hieroglyph writing codes Unicode Fonts for Ancient Scripts -- Ancient scripts free software fonts Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts ( hide ) Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - Hebrew Proto - Sinaitic Psalter Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic Abugidas Brahmic Northern Asamiya ( Ôxômiya ) Bānglā Bhaikshuki Bhujinmol Brāhmī Devanāgarī Dogri Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhī Kaithi Kalinga Khojki Khotanese Khudawadi Laṇḍā Lepcha Limbu Mahajani Meitei Mayek Modi Multani Nāgarī Nandinagari Odia ' Phags - pa Newar Ranjana Sharada Saurashtra Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagari Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tirhuta Tocharian Zanabazar Square Zhang - Zhung Drusha Marchen Marchung Pungs - chen Pungs - chung Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buhid Burmese Chakma Cham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunó'o Javanese Kadamba Kannada Karen Kawi Khmer Kulitan Lanna Lao Leke Lontara Malayalam Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Thaana Mon Old Makassarese Old Sundanese Pallava Pyu Rejang Rencong Sinhala Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Telugu Thai Tigalari Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Visayan Others Boyd 's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Fox I Ge'ez Gunjala Gondi Japanese Braille Jenticha Kayah Li Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego Sorang Sompeng Pahawh Hmong Thomas Natural Shorthand Alphabets Linear Abkhaz Adlam Armenian Avestan Avoiuli Bassa Vah Borama Carian Caucasian Albanian Coorgi -- Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook writing Early Cyrillic Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Etruscan Evenki Fox II Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Garay Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek Greco - Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi IPA Kaddare Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Mandaic Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Neo-Tifinagh New Tai Lue N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Runic Anglo - Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Sidetic Shavian Somali Tifinagh Vagindra Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Morse code New York Point Semaphore line Flag semaphore Moon type Ideograms / Pictograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbol Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji IConji Isotype Kaidā Míkmaq Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec Logograms Chinese family of scripts Chinese Characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze Script Seal Script large small bird - worm Hanja Idu Kanji Chữ nôm Zhuang Chinese - influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logo - syllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto - Elamite Yi ( Classical ) Logo - consonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu - Arabic Abjad Attic ( Greek ) Muisca Roman Semi-syllabaries Full Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom Redundant Espanca Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Zhuyin fuhao Somacheirograms ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe Notation Syllabaries Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Cherokee Cypriot Cypro - Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics Iban Japanese Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sogana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian Cuneiform Vai Woleai Yi ( Modern ) Yugtun Braille ⠃ ⠗ ⠁ ⠊ ⠇ ⠇ ⠑ Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scripts French - ordered scripts ( see for more ) Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Bharati Devanagari ( Hindi / Marathi / Nepali ) Bengali Punjabi Sinhalese Tamil Urdu etc . Bulgarian Burmese Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese ( Mandarin , mainland ) Czech Dutch Dzongkha ( Bhutanese ) English ( Unified English ) Esperanto Estonian Faroese French Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guarani Hawaiian Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Inuktitut ( reassigned vowels ) Iñupiaq IPA Irish Italian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Mongolian Māori Navajo Nigerian Northern Sami Persian Philippine Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Samoan Scandinavian Slovak South African Spanish Tatar Taiwanese Mandarin ( largely reassigned ) Thai & Lao ( Japanese vowels ) Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav Reordered scripts Algerian Braille ( obsolete ) Frequency - based scripts American Braille ( obsolete ) Independent scripts Japanese Korean Two - Cell Chinese Eight - dot scripts Luxembourgish Kanji Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 ) Symbols in braille Braille music Canadian currency marks Computer Braille Code Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 / GS6 ) International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) Nemeth braille code Braille technology Braille e-book Braille embosser Braille translator Braille watch Mountbatten Brailler Optical braille recognition Perforation Perkins Brailler Refreshable braille display Slate and stylus Braigo Persons Louis Braille Charles Barbier Valentin Haüy Thakur Vishva Narain Singh Sabriye Tenberken William Bell Wait Organisations Braille Institute of America Braille Without Borders Japan Braille Library National Braille Association Blindness organizations Schools for the blind American Printing House for the Blind Other tactile alphabets Decapoint Moon type New York Point Night writing Vibratese Related topics Accessible publishing Braille literacy RoboBraille Electronic writing systems Emoticons Emoji iConji Leet Unicode Internet slang dialects 3arabizi Alay ( Indonesia ) Denglisch Doge Fingilish ( Persian ) Greeklish Gyaru - moji ( Japan ) Jejemon ( Philippines ) Leet ( `` 1337 '' ) Lolspeak / LOLspeak / Kitteh Martian language ( Chinese ) Miguxês ( Portuguese ) Padonkaffsky jargon ( Russian ) Translit Volapuk See also English internet slang ( at Wiktionary ) SMS language Egyptian hieroglyphs List uniliteral biliteral numerals Gardiner 's list Q U V X Y Z Aa Unicode NDL : 00978198 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_hieroglyphs&oldid=837798118 '' Categories : Scripts with ISO 15924 four - letter codes Egyptian hieroglyphs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Malti მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 03 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: what type of writing did ancient egypt use


Salt mining - wikipedia Salt mining Jump to : navigation , search This article is about mining for salt . For the secret CIA prison , see Salt Pit . Modern rock - salt mine near Mount Morris , New York A salt mine is a mine from which halite , commonly known as rock salt , is extracted from evaporite formations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mining regions around the world 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Diorama of an underground salt mine in Germany . Inside Salina Veche , in Slănic , Prahova , Romania . The railing ( lower middle ) gives the viewer an idea of scale . Before the advent of the modern internal combustion engine and earth moving equipment , mining salt was one of the most expensive and dangerous of operations , due to rapid dehydration caused by constant contact with the salt ( both in the mine passages and scattered in the air as salt dust ) , among other problems borne of accidental excessive sodium intake . While salt is now plentiful , until the Industrial Revolution it was difficult to come by , and salt mining was often done by slave or prison labor and life expectancy among those sentenced was low . In ancient Rome , salt on the table was a mark of a rich patron ; those who sat nearer the host were `` above the salt '' , and those less favored were `` below the salt '' . The Roman historian Pliny the Elder stated as an aside in his Natural History 's discussion of sea water , that `` ( I ) n Rome ... the soldier 's pay was originally salt and the word ' salary ' derives from it ... '' Ancient China was among the earliest civilizations in the world with cultivation and trade of salt mining . They first discovered natural gas when they excavated rock salt . The Chinese writer , poet , and politician Zhang Hua of the Jin Dynasty wrote in his book Bowuzhi how people in Zigong , Sichuan excavated natural gas and used it to boil a rock salt solution . The ancient Chinese gradually mastered and advanced the techniques of producing salt . Salt mining was an arduous task for the ancient Chinese , who faced geographical and technological constraints . Salt was mainly extracted from the sea , and salt works in the coastal areas in late imperial China equated to more than 80 percent of national production . In conjunction with this , the Chinese made use of natural crystallization of salt lakes and constructed some artificial evaporation basins close to shore . In 1041 , during the medieval Song dynasty , a well with a diameter about the size of a bowl and several dozen feet deep was drilled for salt production . In Southwestern China , natural salt deposits were mined with bores that could reach to a depth of more than 1000 meters but the yields of ground and salt were relatively low . As salt was a necessity of life for human civilization , salt mining played a pivotal role as one of the most important sources of Imperial Chinese government revenue and state development . Most modern salt mines are privately operated or operated by large multinational companies such K + S , AkzoNobel , Cargill , and Compass Minerals . Mining regions around the world ( edit ) The Crystal Valley region of the Khewra Salt Mines in Pakistan . With around 250,000 visitors a year , the site is a major tourist attraction . A small mosque made of salt bricks inside the Khewra Salt Mines complex Areas known for their salt mines include : Country Site / s Austria Hallstatt and Salzkammergut . Bosnia Tuzla Bulgaria Provadiya ; and Solnitsata , an ancient town believed by Bulgarian archaeologists to be the oldest in Europe and the site of a salt production facility approximately six millennia ago . Canada Sifto Salt Mine in Goderich , Ontario , which , at 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) wide and 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) long , is one of the largest salt mines in the world extending 7 km ( 2.7 sq mi ) . Colombia Zipaquirá England The `` - wich towns '' of Cheshire and Worcestershire . Ethiopia , Eritrea , Djibouti Danakil Desert , where manual labor is used . Germany Rheinberg , Berchtesgaden , Heilbronn Italy Racalmuto , Realmonte and Petralia Soprana within the production sites managed by Italkali . Morocco JMS salt mine in Khemisset . N. Ireland Kilroot , near Carrickfergus , more than a century old and containing passages whose combined length exceeds 25 km . Pakistan Khewra Salt Mines , the world 's second largest salt - mining operation , spanning over 300 km . Poland Wieliczka and Bochnia , both established in the mid-13th century and still operating , mostly as museums . Kłodawa Salt Mine . Romania Slănic ( with Salina Veche , Europe 's largest salt mine ) , Cacica , Ocnele Mari , Salina Turda , Târgu Ocna , Ocna Sibiului , Praid and Salina Ocna Dej . Russia Solikamsk United States Hutchinson , Kansas , Underground mining began at Hutchinson in 1923 . In 1990 the Hutchinson Salt Company was formed and purchased the mine . Avery Island , Louisiana ; Detroit , Michigan , 1,100 feet ( 340 m ) beneath which the Detroit Salt Company 's 1,500 - acre ( 10 km ) subterranean complex extends ; Saltville , Virginia , which served as the site of one of the Confederacy 's main saltworks . Western New York and Central New York , location of American Rock Salt , the largest operating salt mine in the United States with a capacity for producing up to 18,000 tons each day . Syracuse earned the nickname `` The Salt City '' for its salt mining , an activity that continues in the region to the present day . Houston , Texas , near Minute Maid Park is a newly discovered saltworks . Grand Saline in East Texas has a Morton Salt mine . It is one of the largest in the world . See also ( edit ) Salt mines Khewra Schacht Asse II Turda Wieliczka Windsor General Salt evaporation pond Salt lake Salt dome Miner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oilfield Glossary : Term ' evaporite ' '' . Glossary.oilfield.slb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Plinius Naturalis Historia XXXI . ' ' '' . Penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Peter ( 2017 ) . Studies in the History of Tax Law . 8 . Hart Publications ( published August 10 , 2017 ) . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 1509908370 . Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Höllmann , Thomas O. ( 2013 ) . The Land of the Five Flavors : A Cultural History of Chinese Cuisine . Columbia University Press ( published November 26 , 2013 ) . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0231161862 . Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Maugh II , Thomas H. ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Bulgarians find oldest European town , a salt production center '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Industries in Godrich '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV - Geologic Journey - Goderich , Ontario and Detroit Michigan '' . CBC 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Salt mine in the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia , 2015 '' . Independent Travellers . independent-travellers.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italkali Spa - Production Sites '' . Archived from the original ( online ) on 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Detroit Salt Company -- Explore the City under the City '' . Archived from the original ( online ) on 2009 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Spector , Joseph ( 13 Jan 2015 ) . `` American Rock Salt to expand in LIvingston '' . Democrat and Chronicle . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All 17 Cargill Salt Miners Trapped on Underground Elevator Freed '' . NBC News . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salt mining . JMS Salt - production site ( hide ) Salt History History of salt In the American Civil War International Salt Co. v. United States In Middlewich Old Salt Route In Chinese history Salt March Salt road Types Abraum Alaea Alberger Bittern Black lava Butter Celery Curing Cyclic Dairy Flake Fleur de sel Garlic Himalayan Iodised Kala namak Kosher ( Korean sea ) LoSalt Calcium chloride Pickling Potassium chloride Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Onion Rock Sea salt Seasoned Sel gris Smoked Truffle Food usage Brining Salting Brined cheese Salt - cured meat Salted fish Health effects Salt and cardiovascular disease Commerce and industry Salt Industry Commission Evaporation pond Production Salt mining Open - pan salt making List of countries by salt production By region In Cheshire In Ghana In Syracuse , New York Culture Salt in the Bible Salting the earth Miscellaneous Mineral lick Smelling salts Ximenes Redoubt GND : 4131710 - 5 Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_mining&oldid=833227765 '' Categories : Salt mines Ancient Roman technology Chinese inventions Mining Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using columns with the default column width Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 10 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: where is salt mined in the united states


Guinness World Records - wikipedia Guinness World Records Jump to : navigation , search Guinness World Records Editor Craig Glenday ( ed . ) Cover artist Simon Jones Language English , Arabic , Azerbaijani , Bulgarian , Chinese , Croatian , Czech , Danish , Dutch , Estonian , Filipino , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hungarian , Icelandic , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Latvian , Lithuanian , Norwegian , Persian , Polish , Portuguese , Romanian , Russian , Slovak , Slovene , Spanish , Swedish and Turkish Subject World Records Genre Reference Publisher Jim Pattison Group Publication date 10 November 1951 -- present Published in English 27 August 1955 -- present Media type Book , television Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best - selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2017 edition , it is now in its 62nd year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records ; the organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Evolution 3 Defining records 3.1 Ethical and safety issues 3.2 Difficulty in defining records 4 Verifying existing records 5 Museums 6 Television series 7 Gamer 's edition 8 British pop music volume 9 Other media 9.1 Video games 9.2 Film 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) On 10 November 1951 , Sir Hugh Beaver , then the managing director of the Guinness Breweries , went on a shooting party in the North Slob , by the River Slaney in County Wexford , Ireland . After missing a shot at a golden plover , he became involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe , the golden plover or the red grouse ( it is the plover ) . That evening at Castlebridge House , he realized that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe 's fastest game bird . Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad , but there was no book in the world with which to settle arguments about records . He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful . Beaver 's idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter , who had been running a fact - finding agency in London . The twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954 . A thousand copies were printed and given away . After the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street , London , the first 198 - page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas . The following year , it launched in the US , and sold 70,000 copies . Since then , Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records . The book has gone on to become a record breaker in its own right ; with sales of more than 100 million copies in 100 different countries and 37 languages , Guinness World Records is the world 's best selling copyright book ever . Japanese competitive eater Takeru Kobayashi with two Guinness World Record certificates The North Beach ( Nazaré , Portugal ) listed on the Guinness World Records for the biggest waves ever surfed . Because the book became a surprise hit , many further editions were printed , eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year , published in September / October , in time for Christmas . The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years . Both brothers had an encyclopedic memory ; on the TV series Record Breakers , based upon the book , they would take questions posed by children in the audience on various world records and were able to give the correct answer . Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975 . Following Ross ' assassination , the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot . Guinness Superlatives ( later Guinness World Records ) Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book . Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades . The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001 , when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment . Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002 . In 2006 , Apax Partners purchased HiT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to the Jim Pattison Group , the parent company of Ripley Entertainment , which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records ' Attractions . With offices in New York City and Tokyo , Guinness World Records ' global headquarters remain in London , while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando , Florida , US . Evolution ( edit ) Lucky Diamond Rich is `` the world 's most tattooed person '' , and has tattoos covering his entire body . He holds the Guinness world record as of 2006 , being 100 percent tattooed . Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors . Competitions range from obvious ones such as Olympic weightlifting to the longest egg tossing distances , or for longest time spent playing Grand Theft Auto IV or the number of hot dogs that can be consumed in ten minutes , although eating and alcohol consumption entries are no longer accepted , possibly for fear of litigation . Besides records about competitions , it contains such facts as the heaviest tumour , the most poisonous plant , the shortest river ( Roe River ) , the two longest - running dramas ( General Hospital and Guiding Light ) in the US , and the world 's most successful salesman ( Joe Girard ) , among others . Many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something , such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world , being Maurizio Giuliano . Clyde Beatty holds the record for mixing 40 lions and tigers in one cage with himself Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database , as well as select new records ; the criteria for inclusion having changed over the years . The ousting of Norris McWhirter from his consulting role in 1995 and the subsequent decision by Diageo Plc to sell the Guinness World Records brand have shifted it from a text - oriented to an illustrated reference book ( `` style over substance '' ) . The majority of world records are no longer listed in the book or on the website , and can only be determined by a written application to Guinness to ' break ' the record . For those unable to wait the 4 -- 6 weeks for a reply , Guinness will process a ' fast - track ' application for £ 300 ( US $450 ) ( EU300 ) . The Guinness Book of Records is the world 's most sold copyrighted book , earning it an entry within its own pages . A number of spin - off books and television series have also been produced . Guinness World Records bestowed the record of `` Person with the most records '' on Ashrita Furman of Queens , NY in April 2009 . At that time , he held 100 records . In 2005 , Guinness designated 9 November as International Guinness World Records Day to encourage breaking of world records . In 2006 , an estimated 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries . Guinness reported 2,244 new records in 12 months , which was a 173 % increase over the previous year . In February 2008 , NBC aired The Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Time and Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website . Defining Records ( edit ) Sultan Kösen ( Turkey ) is the tallest living person since 17 September 2009 , as verified by Guinness World Records . Play media Cracking open a wheel of Parmigiano - Reggiano cheese as a part of a 2013 world record by Whole Foods Market . For many records , Guinness World Records is the effective authority on the exact requirements for them and with whom records reside , the company providing adjudicators to events to determine the veracity of record attempts . The list of records which the Guinness World Records covers is not fixed ; records may be added and also removed for various reasons . The public are invited to submit applications for records , which can be either the bettering of existing records or substantial achievements which could constitute a new record . The company also provides corporate services for companies to `` harness the power of record - breaking to deliver tangible success for their businesses . '' Ethical and safety issues ( edit ) Steven Petrosino drinking 1 litre of beer in 1.3 seconds in June 1977 . Petrosino set record times for 250 ml , 500 ml and 1.5 litres as well , but Guinness accepted only the record for one litre . They later dropped all beer and alcohol records from their compendium in 1991 , and reinstated the records in 2008 . Guinness World Records states several types of records it will not accept for ethical reasons , such as those related to the killing or harming of animals . Several world records that were once included in the book have been removed for ethical reasons , including concerns for the well being of potential record breakers . For example , following publication of a `` heaviest fish '' record , many fish owners overfed their pets beyond the bounds of what was healthy , and therefore such entries were removed . The Guinness Book also dropped records within their `` eating and drinking records '' section of Human Achievements in 1991 over concerns that potential competitors could harm themselves and expose the publisher to potential litigation . These changes included the removal of all spirit , wine , and beer drinking records , along with other unusual records for consuming such unlikely things as bicycles and trees . Other records , such as sword swallowing and rally driving ( on public roads ) , were closed from further entry as the current holders had performed beyond what are considered safe human tolerance levels . There have been instances of closed records being reopened . For example , the sword swallowing record was listed as closed in the 1990 Guinness Book of World Records , but the Guinness World Records Primetime TV show , which started in 1998 , accepted three sword swallowing challenges ( and so did the 2007 edition of the Guinness World Records onwards ) . Similarly , the speed beer drinking records which were dropped from the book in 1991 , reappeared 17 years later in the 2008 edition , but were moved from the `` Human Achievements '' section of the older book to the `` Modern Society '' section of the newer edition . As of 2011 , it is required in the guidelines of all `` large food '' type records that the item be fully edible , and distributed to the public for consumption , to prevent food wastage . Chain letters are also not allowed : `` Guinness World Records does not accept any records relating to chain letters , sent by post or e-mail . If you receive a letter or an e-mail , which may promise to publish the names of all those who send it on , please destroy it , it is a hoax . No matter if it says that Guinness World Records and the postal service are involved , they are not . '' Difficulty in defining Records ( edit ) For some potential categories , Guinness World Records has declined to list some records that are too difficult or impossible to determine . For example , its website states : `` We do not accept any claims for beauty as it is not objectively measurable . '' On 10 December 2010 , Guinness World Records stopped its new `` dreadlock '' category after investigation of its first and only female title holder , Asha Mandela , determining it was impossible to judge this record accurately . Verifying existing Records ( edit ) Guinness World Records website publishes selected records and is not supposed to be used for the record verification purposes , as it explains : `` There are more than 40,000 current records in our database and we try our best to feature as many as possible online . We currently include over 15,000 records online which we update every week , so make sure to check the site regularly ! '' . The book printed annually contains only 4000 records . The only way to verify a record is by contacting Guinness , expecting average response time of 2 weeks . Museums ( edit ) Guinness Museum in Hollywood In 1976 , a Guinness Book of World Records museum opened in the Empire State Building . Speed shooter Bob Munden then went on tour promoting The Guinness Book of World Records by performing his record fast draws with a standard weight single - action revolver from a western movie type holster . His fastest time for a draw was 0.02 seconds . Among exhibits were life - size statues of the world 's tallest man ( Robert Wadlow ) and world 's largest earth worm , an X-ray photo of a sword swallower , repeated lightning strike victim Roy Sullivan 's hat complete with lightning holes and a pair of gem - studded golf shoes on sale for $6500 . The museum closed in 1995 . In more recent years , the Guinness company has permitted the franchising of small museums with displays based on the book , all currently ( as of 2010 ) located in towns popular with tourists : Tokyo , Copenhagen , San Antonio . There were once Guinness World Records museums and exhibitions at the London Trocadero , Bangalore , San Francisco , Myrtle Beach , Orlando , Atlantic City , New Jersey , and Las Vegas , Nevada . The Orlando museum , which closed in 2002 , was branded The Guinness Records Experience ; the Hollywood , Niagara Falls , Copenhagen , and Gatlinburg , Tennessee museums also previously featured this branding . Television series ( edit ) Guinness World Records has commissioned various television series documenting world record breaking attempts , including : Country Name Network Broadcast Host ( s ) Australia Australia 's Guinness World Records Seven Network 2005 Grant Denyer Shelley Craft Australia Smashes Guinness World Records James Kerley Bulgaria Световните рекорди Гинес bTV 2006 -- 2007 Krasimir Vankov China The Night of Guinness in China CCTV 2006 -- Wang Xuechun Zhu Xun Lin Hai France L'émission des records ( 1999 -- 2002 ) L'été des records ( 2001 ) TF1 1999 -- 2002 Vincent Perrot L'été de tous les records ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 50 ans , 50 records ( 2004 ) France 3 2003 -- 2005 Pierre Sled La nuit des records France 2 2006 Olivier Minne Adriana Karembeu Le monde des records W9 2008 -- 2010 Alexandre Devoise Karine Ferri Les trésors du livre des records Gulli 2015 Fauve Hautot Willy Rovelli Germany Guinness World Records - Die größten Weltrekorde RTL Television 2004 -- 2008 Oliver Welke ( 2004 ) Oliver Geissen ( 2005 -- 2008 ) India Guinness World Records -- Ab India Todega Colors TV 2011 Preity Zinta Shabbir Ahluwalia Italy Lo show dei record Canale 5 2006 ( pilot ) 2008 -- 2012 2015 Barbara d'Urso ( 1 -- 2 ) Paola Perego ( 3 ) Gerry Scotti ( 4 , 6 ) Teo Mammucari ( 5 ) New Zealand NZ Smashes Guinness World Records TV2 2009 Marc Ellis Philippines Guinness Book of World Records Philippine Edition ABC Cookie Calabig Poland Światowe Rekordy Guinnessa Polsat 2009 -- 2011 Maciej Dowbor Portugal Guinness World Records Portugal SIC 2014 Rita Andrade João Ricardo Spain El show de los récords Antena 3 2001 -- 2002 Mar Saura Manu Carreño Mónica Martínez Guinness World Records Telecinco 2009 Carmen Alcayde Luis Alfonso Muñoz Sweden Guinness rekord - TV TV3 1999 -- 2000 Mårten Andersson ( 1999 ) Linda Nyberg ( 1999 ) Harald Treutiger ( 2000 ) Suzanne Sjögren ( 2000 ) United Kingdom Record Breakers BBC1 1972 -- 2001 Roy Castle ( 1972 -- 1993 ) Norris McWhirter ( 1972 -- 85 ) Ross McWhirter ( 1972 -- 75 ) Guinness World Records ( UK ) ITV 1999 -- 2001 Ian Wright Kate Charman Ultimate Guinness World Records Challenge Jamie Rickers Guinness World Records Smashed Sky1 2008 -- 2009 Steve Jones Konnie Huq Totally Bonkers Guinness Book of Records ITV2 2012 -- 2015 Matt Edmondson Officially Amazing CBBC 2013 -- Ben Shires United States The Guinness Game Syndicated 1979 -- 1980 Bob Hilton Don Galloway Guinness World Records Primetime Fox 1998 -- 2001 Cris Collinsworth Mark Thompson Guinness World Records Unleashed / Gone Wild truTV 2013 -- 2014 Dan Cortese Specials : Guinness World Records : 50 Years , 50 Records - on ITV ( UK ) , 11 September 2004 With the popularity of reality television , Guinness World Records began to market itself as the originator of the television genre , with slogans such as we wrote the book on Reality TV . Suresh Joachim Arulanantham is a Tamil Canadian film actor and producer and multiple - Guinness World Record holder who has broken over 50 world records set in several countries in attempts to benefit the underprivileged children around the world . Some world record attempts are more unusual than others : he is pictured here minutes away from breaking the ironing world record at 55 hours and 5 minutes , at Shoppers World , Brampton . Gamer 's edition ( edit ) Not to be confused with Guinness World Records : The Videogame . In 2008 , Guinness World Records released its gamer 's edition in association with Twin Galaxies . The Gamer 's Edition contains 258 pages , over 1236 video game related world records and four interviews including one with Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day . The most recent edition is the Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition , 2018 , which was released August 29 , 2017 . British pop music volume ( edit ) Main article : British Hit Singles & Albums The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums was published from 2003 to 2006 , based on two earlier , separate HiT publications , British Hit Singles and British Hit Albums , which began in 1977 . It was effectively replaced ( in singles part ) by the Virgin Book of British Hit Singles from 2007 onward . Other media ( edit ) Video games ( edit ) A video game , Guinness World Records : The Video Game , was developed by TT Fusion and released for Nintendo DS , Wii and iOS in November 2008 . Film ( edit ) In 2012 , Warner Bros. announced the development of a live - action film version of Guinness World Records with Daniel Chun as scriptwriter . The film version will apparently use the heroic achievements of record holders as the basis for a narrative that should have global appeal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Corporate '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 19 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Book '' . Guinness Record Book Collecting . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Fionn Davenport ( 2010 ) . Ireland . Lonely Planet . p. 193 . ISBN 9781742203508 . Jump up ^ `` Early history of Guinness World Records '' . 2005 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Richard ( August 2005 ) . `` Publication of the Guinness Book of Records : 27 August 1955 '' . History Today . 55 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2005 . Guinness ; 50th Anniversary edition . 2004 . p. 6 . ISBN 1892051222 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book History 1950 - Present '' . spyhunter007.com . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Corporate - Home '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record Breakers ' McWhirter dies '' . BBC News . 20 April 2004 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of World Records ( UK ed . ) . 2006 . p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records honors one man 's historic milestone -- 100 Records Broken ! -- Guinness World Records Blog post '' . community.guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records Shatter Across the Globe in Honor of Guinness World Records Day 2006 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records Live : Top 100 . Guinness World Records . Retrieved on 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Whey to go : Whole Foods Market ® cracks Parmigiano Reggiano Guinness World Records ® Title '' . Yahoo Finance . 22 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Corportate '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Beer Record '' . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video clip '' . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` IS YOUR PROPOSAL A POTENTIAL GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS TM ACHIEVEMENT ? '' . `` Guinness World Records '' . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fish World Records . Fish - World . Retrieved on 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Guinness Book of World Records . 1990 . p. 464 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record Book Entry '' . Guinness World Beer Record . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record Book Entry 2008 '' . Guinness World Beer Record . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Dreadlock Record -- Rested -- Guinness World Records Blog post -- Home of the Longest , Shortest , Fastest , Tallest facts and feats '' . Community.guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Munden Six - Gun Magic Custom Gunsmithing - Bob & Becky Munden - Six - Gun Magic Gunwork '' . bobmunden.com . Jump up ^ In Praise of Facts , by John Leonard , the introduction to the New York Times Desk Reference Jump up ^ `` Travel & Outdoors - The Good , The Bad , The Ugly : A 1995 Travel Retrospective - Seattle Times Newspaper '' . nwsource.com . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Robert H. `` The Guinness World Records Experience : one of Florida 's Lost Tourist Attractions '' . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ripley Entertainment , Inc . `` Guinness World Records Experience locations '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ripley Entertainment , Inc. ( 20 November 2002 ) . `` Guinness World Records Experience locations '' . Internet Archive Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on 20 November 2002 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book of World Records could be next big brand name to hit cinemas '' . Guardian . 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guinness World Records . Official website Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Jim Pattison Group People Jim Pattison ( President and CEO ) Jim Pattison Media Group Broadcast television stations CFJC CHAT CKPG Great West Television ( Joint venture with Bell Media ) Radio stations ( by call sign ) CFDV CFMY CFQX CHAT CHBW CHBZ CHDR CHIQ CHLB CHPQ CHUB CHWF CIBH CIBW CIFM CIUP CJAV CJBZ CJDR CJJR CJXX CJZN CKBZ CKCE CKDV CKIZ CKKN CKKQ CKLR CKLZ CKPK CKQQ CKWV Outdoor signs Pattison Outdoor Advertising Overwaitea Food Group Overwaitea Foods PriceSmart Foods Save - On - Foods Urban Fare Entertainment Ripley Entertainment Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Attractions Ripley Publishing Ltd Guinness World Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guinness_World_Records&oldid=838373092 '' Categories : Guinness World Records Publications established in 1955 Trivia books World record databases Reference publishers Records Annual publications 1955 books Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 Use British English from August 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles with dead external links from October 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who started the guinness book of world records