Theory of relativity - wikipedia Theory of relativity Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the scientific concept . For philosophical or ontological theories about relativity , see Relativism . For the silent film , see The Einstein Theory of Relativity . Two - dimensional projection of a three - dimensional analogy of spacetime curvature described in general relativity The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein : special relativity and general relativity . Special relativity applies to elementary particles and their interactions , describing all their physical phenomena except gravity . General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature . It applies to the cosmological and astrophysical realm , including astronomy . The theory transformed theoretical physics and astronomy during the 20th century , superseding a 200 - year - old theory of mechanics created primarily by Isaac Newton . It introduced concepts including spacetime as a unified entity of space and time , relativity of simultaneity , kinematic and gravitational time dilation , and length contraction . In the field of physics , relativity improved the science of elementary particles and their fundamental interactions , along with ushering in the nuclear age . With relativity , cosmology and astrophysics predicted extraordinary astronomical phenomena such as neutron stars , black holes , and gravitational waves . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and acceptance 2 Special relativity 3 General relativity 4 Experimental evidence 4.1 Tests of special relativity 4.2 Tests of general relativity 5 Modern applications 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Development and acceptance Main articles : History of special relativity and History of general relativity Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity in 1905 , building on many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson , Hendrik Lorentz , Henri Poincaré and others . Max Planck , Hermann Minkowski and others did subsequent work . Einstein developed general relativity between 1907 and 1915 , with contributions by many others after 1915 . The final form of general relativity was published in 1916 . The term `` theory of relativity '' was based on the expression `` relative theory '' ( German : Relativtheorie ) used in 1906 by Planck , who emphasized how the theory uses the principle of relativity . In the discussion section of the same paper , Alfred Bucherer used for the first time the expression `` theory of relativity '' ( German : Relativitätstheorie ) . By the 1920s , the physics community understood and accepted special relativity . It rapidly became a significant and necessary tool for theorists and experimentalists in the new fields of atomic physics , nuclear physics , and quantum mechanics . By comparison , general relativity did not appear to be as useful , beyond making minor corrections to predictions of Newtonian gravitation theory . It seemed to offer little potential for experimental test , as most of its assertions were on an astronomical scale . Its mathematics seemed difficult and fully understandable only by a small number of people . Around 1960 , general relativity became central to physics and astronomy . New mathematical techniques to apply to general relativity streamlined calculations and made its concepts more easily visualized . As astronomical phenomena were discovered , such as quasars ( 1963 ) , the 3 - kelvin microwave background radiation ( 1965 ) , pulsars ( 1967 ) , and the first black hole candidates ( 1981 ) , the theory explained their attributes , and measurement of them further confirmed the theory . Special relativity Main article : Special relativity Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime . It was introduced in Einstein 's 1905 paper `` On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies '' ( for the contributions of many other physicists see History of special relativity ) . Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in classical mechanics : The laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion relative to one another ( principle of relativity ) . The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers , regardless of their relative motion or of the motion of the light source . The resultant theory copes with experiment better than classical mechanics . For instance , postulate 2 explains the results of the Michelson -- Morley experiment . Moreover , the theory has many surprising and counterintuitive consequences . Some of these are : Relativity of simultaneity : Two events , simultaneous for one observer , may not be simultaneous for another observer if the observers are in relative motion . Time dilation : Moving clocks are measured to tick more slowly than an observer 's `` stationary '' clock . Length contraction : Objects are measured to be shortened in the direction that they are moving with respect to the observer . Maximum speed is finite : No physical object , message or field line can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum . The effect of Gravity can only travel through space at the speed of light , not faster or instantaneously . Mass -- energy equivalence : E = mc , energy and mass are equivalent and transmutable . Relativistic mass , idea used by some researchers . The defining feature of special relativity is the replacement of the Galilean transformations of classical mechanics by the Lorentz transformations . ( See Maxwell 's equations of electromagnetism ) . General relativity Main articles : General relativity and Introduction to general relativity General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Einstein in the years 1907 -- 1915 . The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle , under which the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field ( for example , when standing on the surface of the Earth ) are physically identical . The upshot of this is that free fall is inertial motion : an object in free fall is falling because that is how objects move when there is no force being exerted on them , instead of this being due to the force of gravity as is the case in classical mechanics . This is incompatible with classical mechanics and special relativity because in those theories inertially moving objects can not accelerate with respect to each other , but objects in free fall do so . To resolve this difficulty Einstein first proposed that spacetime is curved . In 1915 , he devised the Einstein field equations which relate the curvature of spacetime with the mass , energy , and any momentum within it . Some of the consequences of general relativity are : Clocks run slower in deeper gravitational wells . This is called gravitational time dilation . Orbits precess in a way unexpected in Newton 's theory of gravity . ( This has been observed in the orbit of Mercury and in binary pulsars ) . Rays of light bend in the presence of a gravitational field . Rotating masses `` drag along '' the spacetime around them ; a phenomenon termed `` frame - dragging '' . The universe is expanding , and the far parts of it are moving away from us faster than the speed of light . Technically , general relativity is a theory of gravitation whose defining feature is its use of the Einstein field equations . The solutions of the field equations are metric tensors which define the topology of the spacetime and how objects move inertially . Experimental evidence Einstein stated that the theory of relativity belongs to a class of `` principle - theories '' . As such , it employs an analytic method , which means that the elements of this theory are not based on hypothesis but on empirical discovery . By observing natural processes , we understand their general characteristics , devise mathematical models to describe what we observed , and by analytical means we deduce the necessary conditions that have to be satisfied . Measurement of separate events must satisfy these conditions and match the theory 's conclusions . Tests of special relativity Main article : Tests of special relativity A diagram of the Michelson -- Morley experiment Relativity is a falsifiable theory : It makes predictions that can be tested by experiment . In the case of special relativity , these include the principle of relativity , the constancy of the speed of light , and time dilation . The predictions of special relativity have been confirmed in numerous tests since Einstein published his paper in 1905 , but three experiments conducted between 1881 and 1938 were critical to its validation . These are the Michelson -- Morley experiment , the Kennedy -- Thorndike experiment , and the Ives -- Stilwell experiment . Einstein derived the Lorentz transformations from first principles in 1905 , but these three experiments allow the transformations to be induced from experimental evidence . Maxwell 's equations -- the foundation of classical electromagnetism -- describe light as a wave that moves with a characteristic velocity . The modern view is that light needs no medium of transmission , but Maxwell and his contemporaries were convinced that light waves were propagated in a medium , analogous to sound propagating in air , and ripples propagating on the surface of a pond . This hypothetical medium was called the luminiferous aether , at rest relative to the `` fixed stars '' and through which the Earth moves . Fresnel 's partial ether dragging hypothesis ruled out the measurement of first - order ( v / c ) effects , and although observations of second - order effects ( v / c ) were possible in principle , Maxwell thought they were too small to be detected with then - current technology . The Michelson -- Morley experiment was designed to detect second - order effects of the `` aether wind '' -- the motion of the aether relative to the earth . Michelson designed an instrument called the Michelson interferometer to accomplish this . The apparatus was more than accurate enough to detect the expected effects , but he obtained a null result when the first experiment was conducted in 1881 , and again in 1887 . Although the failure to detect an aether wind was a disappointment , the results were accepted by the scientific community . In an attempt to salvage the aether paradigm , FitzGerald and Lorentz independently created an ad hoc hypothesis in which the length of material bodies changes according to their motion through the aether . This was the origin of FitzGerald -- Lorentz contraction , and their hypothesis had no theoretical basis . The interpretation of the null result of the Michelson -- Morley experiment is that the round - trip travel time for light is isotropic ( independent of direction ) , but the result alone is not enough to discount the theory of the aether or validate the predictions of special relativity . The Kennedy -- Thorndike experiment shown with interference fringes . While the Michelson -- Morley experiment showed that the velocity of light is isotropic , it said nothing about how the magnitude of the velocity changed ( if at all ) in different inertial frames . The Kennedy -- Thorndike experiment was designed to do that , and was first performed in 1932 by Roy Kennedy and Edward Thorndike . They obtained a null result , and concluded that `` there is no effect ... unless the velocity of the solar system in space is no more than about half that of the earth in its orbit '' . That possibility was thought to be too coincidental to provide an acceptable explanation , so from the null result of their experiment it was concluded that the round - trip time for light is the same in all inertial reference frames . The Ives -- Stilwell experiment was carried out by Herbert Ives and G.R. Stilwell first in 1938 and with better accuracy in 1941 . It was designed to test the transverse Doppler effect -- the redshift of light from a moving source in a direction perpendicular to its velocity -- which had been predicted by Einstein in 1905 . The strategy was to compare observed Doppler shifts with what was predicted by classical theory , and look for a Lorentz factor correction . Such a correction was observed , from which was concluded that the frequency of a moving atomic clock is altered according to special relativity . Those classic experiments have been repeated many times with increased precision . Other experiments include , for instance , relativistic energy and momentum increase at high velocities , experimental testing of time dilation , and modern searches for Lorentz violations . Tests of general relativity Main article : Tests of general relativity General relativity has also been confirmed many times , the classic experiments being the perihelion precession of Mercury 's orbit , the deflection of light by the Sun , and the gravitational redshift of light . Other tests confirmed the equivalence principle and frame dragging . Modern Applications Far from being simply of theoretical interest , relativitistic effects are important practical engineering concerns . Satellite - based measurement needs to take into account relativistic effects , as each satellite is in motion relative to an Earth - bound user and is thus in a different frame of reference under the theory of relativity . Global positioning systems such as GPS , GLONASS , and the forthcoming Galileo , must account for all of the relativistic effects , such as the consequences of Earth 's gravitational field , in order to work with precision . This is also the case in the high - precision measurement of time . Instruments ranging from electron microscopes to particle accelerators would not work if relativistic considerations were omitted . See also Physics portal Science portal Cosmology portal Doubly special relativity Galilean invariance General relativity references Scale relativity Special relativity references References Jump up ^ Einstein A. ( 1916 ) , Relativity : The Special and General Theory ( Translation 1920 ) , New York : H. Holt and Company ^ Jump up to : Einstein , Albert ( November 28 , 1919 ) . `` Time , Space , and Gravitation '' . The Times . ^ Jump up to : Will , Clifford M ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` Relativity '' . Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Will , Clifford M ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` Space - Time Continuum '' . Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Will , Clifford M ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` Fitzgerald -- Lorentz contraction '' . Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Planck , Max ( 1906 ) , `` The Measurements of Kaufmann on the Deflectability of β - Rays in their Importance for the Dynamics of the Electrons '' , Physikalische Zeitschrift , 7 : 753 -- 761 Jump up ^ Miller , Arthur I. ( 1981 ) , Albert Einstein 's special theory of relativity . Emergence ( 1905 ) and early interpretation ( 1905 -- 1911 ) , Reading : Addison -- Wesley , ISBN 0 - 201 - 04679 - 2 Jump up ^ Hey , Anthony J.G. ; Walters , Patrick ( 2003 ) . The New Quantum Universe ( illustrated , revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56457 - 1 . Extract of page 227 Jump up ^ Greene , Brian . `` The Theory of Relativity , Then and Now '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard Phillips ; Morínigo , Fernando B. ; Wagner , William ; Pines , David ; Hatfield , Brian ( 2002 ) . Feynman Lectures on Gravitation . West view Press . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4038 - 1 . , Lecture 5 Jump up ^ Roberts , T ; Schleif , S ; Dlugosz , JM ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . `` What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity ? '' . Usenet Physics FAQ . University of California , Riverside . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Maxwell , James Clerk ( 1880 ) , `` On a Possible Mode of Detecting a Motion of the Solar System through the Luminiferous Ether '' , Nature , 21 ( 535 ) : 314 -- 315 , Bibcode : 1880Natur ... 21S. 314. , doi : 10.1038 / 021314c0 ^ Jump up to : Pais , Abraham ( 1982 ) . `` Subtle is the Lord ... '' : The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . pp. 111 -- 113 . ISBN 0192806726 . Jump up ^ Michelson , Albert A. ( 1881 ) . `` The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether '' . American Journal of Science . 22 ( 128 ) : 120 -- 129 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. s3 - 22.128. 120 . Jump up ^ Michelson , Albert A. & Morley , Edward W. ( 1887 ) . `` On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether '' . American Journal of Science . 34 ( 203 ) : 333 -- 345 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. s3 - 34.203. 333 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pais , Abraham ( 1982 ) . `` Subtle is the Lord ... '' : The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . p. 122 . ISBN 0192806726 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , H.P. ( July 1949 ) . `` Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity '' ( PDF ) . Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 ( 3 ) : 378 -- 382 . Bibcode : 1949RvMP ... 21 ... 378R . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 21.378 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Edwin F. ; John Archibald Wheeler ( 1992 ) . Spacetime physics : Introduction to Special Relativity ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 84 -- 88 . ISBN 0716723271 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , R.J. ; Thorndike , E.M. ( 1932 ) . `` Experimental Establishment of the Relativity of Time '' . Physical Review . 42 ( 3 ) : 400 -- 418 . Bibcode : 1932PhRv ... 42 ... 400K . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 42.400 . Jump up ^ Robertson , H.P. ( July 1949 ) . `` Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 ( 3 ) : 381 . Bibcode : 1949RvMP ... 21 ... 378R . doi : 10.1103 / revmodphys. 21.378 . Jump up ^ Ives , H.E. ; Stilwell , G.R. ( 1938 ) . `` An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock '' . Journal of the Optical Society of America . 28 ( 7 ) : 215 . Bibcode : 1938JOSA ... 28 ... 215I . doi : 10.1364 / JOSA. 28.000215 . Jump up ^ Ives , H.E. ; Stilwell , G.R. ( 1941 ) . `` An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock . II '' . Journal of the Optical Society of America . 31 ( 5 ) : 369 . Bibcode : 1941JOSA ... 31 ... 369I . doi : 10.1364 / JOSA. 31.000369 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Francis , S. ; B. Ramsey ; S. Stein ; Leitner , J. ; M. Moreau . J.M. ; Burns , R. ; Nelson , R.A. ; Bartholomew , T.R. ; Gifford , A. ( 2002 ) . `` Timekeeping and Time Dissemination in a Distributed Space - Based Clock Ensemble '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval ( PTTI ) Systems and Applications Meeting : 201 -- 214 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Further reading Einstein , Albert ( 2005 ) . Relativity : The Special and General Theory . Translated by Robert W. Lawson ( The masterpiece science ed . ) . New York : Pi Press . ISBN 0131862618 . Einstein , Albert . Relativity : The Special and General Theory ( PDF ) . 1920 : Henry Holt and Company . Einstein , Albert ; trans . Schilpp ; Paul Arthur ( 1979 ) . Albert Einstein , Autobiographical Notes ( A Centennial ed . ) . La Salle , Ill. : Open Court Publishing Co . ISBN 0875483526 . Einstein , Albert ( 2009 ) . Einstein 's Essays in Science . Translated by Alan Harris ( Dover ed . ) . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486470115 . Einstein , Albert ( 1956 ) ( 1922 ) . The Meaning of Relativity ( 5 ed . ) . Princeton University Press . The Meaning of Relativity Albert Einstein : Four lectures delivered at Princeton University , May 1921 How I created the theory of relativity Albert Einstein , December 14 , 1922 ; Physics Today August 1982 Relativity Sidney Perkowitz Encyclopædia Britannica External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Theory of relativity Wikisource has original works on the topic : Relativity Wikisource has original text related to this article : Relativity : The Special and General Theory Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Category : Relativity Wikiversity has learning resources about General relativity Theory of relativity at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Relativity Milestones : Timeline of Notable Relativity Scientists and Contributions The dictionary definition of theory of relativity at Wiktionary Media related to Theory of relativity at Wikimedia Commons Branches of physics Divisions Applied Experimental Theoretical Energy Motion Thermodynamics Mechanics Classical Ballistics Lagrangian Hamiltonian Continuum Celestial Statistical Solid Fluid Quantum Waves Fields Gravitation Electromagnetism Optics Geometrical Physical Nonlinear Quantum Quantum field theory Relativity Special General By speciality Accelerator Acoustics Astrophysics Nuclear Stellar Heliophysics Solar Space Astroparticle Atomic -- molecular -- optical ( AMO ) Communication Computational Condensed matter Mesoscopic Solid - state Soft Digital Engineering Material Mathematical Molecular Nuclear Particle Phenomenology Plasma Polymer Statistical Physics in life science Biophysics Virophysics Biomechanics Medical physics Cardiophysics Health physics Laser medicine Medical imaging  Nuclear medicine Neurophysics Psychophysics Physics with other sciences Agrophysics Soil Atmospheric Cloud Chemical Econophysics Geophysics Physical chemistry Time Key concepts Past history deep time Present Future Futures studies Far future in religion Far future in science fiction and popular culture Timeline of the far future Eternity Eternity of the world Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Planck time Second Minute Hour Day Week Month Season Year Decade Century Millennium Tropical year Sidereal year Samvatsara Measurement systems Time zone Six - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Daylight saving time Solar time Sidereal time Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Calendars Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Lunar Solar Hijri Mayan Intercalation Leap second Leap year Clocks Horology History of timekeeping devices Main types astrarium atomic quantum marine sundial sundial markup schema watch water - based Chronology History Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Chronicle Deep time Periodization Regnal year Timeline Religion Mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Immortality Philosophy of time A-series and B - series B - theory of time Causality Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Multiple time dimensions Perdurantism Presentism Static interpretation of time Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time Human experience and use of time Accounting period Chronemics Fiscal year Generation time Mental chronometry Music Procrastination Punctuality Temporal database Term Time discipline Time management Time perception Specious present Time - tracking software Time - use research Time - based currency ( time banking ) Time value of money Time clock Timesheet Yesterday -- Today -- Tomorrow Time in Geology Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Physics Absolute time and space Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Imaginary time Planck epoch Planck time Proper time Rate Spacetime Theory of relativity Time dilation gravitational Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry other subject areas Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Dating methodologies in archaeology Time geography Related topics Carpe diem Clock position Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time complexity Time signature Time travel Time portal Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Relativity Special relativity Background Principle of relativity Special relativity Doubly special relativity Foundations Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell 's equations Formulation Galilean relativity Galilean transformation Lorentz transformation Consequences Time dilation Relativistic mass Mass -- energy equivalence Length contraction Relativity of simultaneity Relativistic Doppler effect Thomas precession Relativistic disks Spacetime Light cone World line Spacetime diagram Biquaternions Minkowski space General relativity Background Introduction Mathematical formulation Fundamental concepts Special relativity Equivalence principle World line Riemannian geometry Minkowski diagram Penrose diagram Phenomena Black hole Event horizon Frame - dragging Geodetic effect Lenses Singularity Waves Ladder paradox Twin paradox Two - body problem BKL singularity Equations ADM formalism BSSN formalism Einstein field equations Geodesic equation Friedmann equations Linearized gravity Post-Newtonian formalism Raychaudhuri equation Hamilton -- Jacobi -- Einstein equation Ernst equation Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff equation Advanced theories Brans -- Dicke theory Kaluza -- Klein Mach 's principle Quantum gravity Solutions Schwarzschild ( interior ) Reissner -- Nordström Gödel Kerr Kerr -- Newman Kasner Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker Taub -- NUT Milne pp - wave van Stockum dust Weyl − Lewis − Papapetrou Scientists Einstein Lorentz Hilbert Poincaré Schwarzschild de Sitter Reissner Nordström Weyl Eddington Friedmann Milne Zwicky Lemaître Gödel Wheeler Robertson Bardeen Walker Kerr Chandrasekhar Ehlers Penrose Hawking Taylor Hulse Stockum Taub Newman Yau Thorne Weiss Bondi Misner others LCCN : sh85112497 GND : 4049363 - 5 BNF : cb11932745v ( data ) NDL : 00571478 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_relativity&oldid=835363827 '' Categories : Theory of relativity Theoretical physics Theories by Albert Einstein Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing German - language text Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 07 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who came up with the theory of relativity


2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup - Wikipedia 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Dates 13 January -- 3 February 2018 Administrator ( s ) International Cricket Council Cricket format 50 overs Tournament format ( s ) Round - robin and knockout Host ( s ) New Zealand Champions India ( 4th title ) Runners - up Australia Participants 16 Matches played 48 Player of the series Shubman Gill Most runs Alick Athanaze ( 418 ) Most wickets Anukul Roy ( 14 ) Qais Ahmad ( 14 ) Faisal Jamkhandi ( 14 ) Official website Official website ← 2016 2020 → The 2018 ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup was an international limited - overs cricket tournament that was held in New Zealand from 13 January to 3 February 2018 . It was the twelfth edition of the Under - 19 Cricket World Cup , and the third to be held in New Zealand ( after the 2002 and 2010 events ) . New Zealand was the first country to host the event three times . The opening ceremony took place on 7 January 2018 . The West Indies were the defending champions . However , they failed to defend their title , after losing their first two group fixtures . Following the group stage fixtures , Afghanistan , Australia , Bangladesh , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan and South Africa had all qualified for the Super League quarter - final stage of the tournament . The other eight teams moved to the Plate League to determine their final placements in the competition . Sri Lanka went on to win the Plate League , giving them a final position of ninth overall in the tournament . In the first Super League semi-final , Australia beat Afghanistan by 6 wickets to progress to the final . In the second semi-final , India beat Pakistan by 203 runs to advance into the final . In the third - place playoff , no play was possible due to rain and a wet outfield . Pakistan therefore finished in third place , as they finished their group ahead of Afghanistan on net run rate . In the final , India beat Australia by 8 wickets to win their fourth Under - 19 World Cup , the most by any side . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 2 Venues 3 Umpires 4 Squads 5 Group stage 5.1 Group A 5.2 Group B 5.3 Group C 5.4 Group D 6 Plate League 6.1 Plate quarter - finals 6.2 Plate playoff semi-finals 6.3 Plate semi-finals 7 Super League 7.1 Super League quarter - finals 7.2 Super League playoff semi-finals 7.3 Super League semi-finals 8 Placement matches 8.1 15th - place playoff 8.2 13th - place playoff 8.3 11th - place playoff 8.4 9th - place playoff ( Plate Final ) 8.5 7th - place playoff 8.6 5th - place playoff 8.7 3rd - place playoff 8.8 Final 9 Final standings 10 References 11 External links Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup qualification The ten full members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , as of 2016 , qualified automatically for the tournament . Namibia , which placed seventh at the 2016 World Cup , also qualified automatically as the highest ranked associate member . The other five places in the tournament were awarded to the winners of the five regional under - 19 tournaments . Team Mode of qualification Australia ICC Full Member Bangladesh ICC Full Member England ICC Full Member India ICC Full Member New Zealand ICC Full Member Pakistan ICC Full Member South Africa ICC Full Member Sri Lanka ICC Full Member West Indies ICC Full Member Zimbabwe ICC Full Member Namibia Highest - ranked associate team at 2016 World Cup Afghanistan Champion of ACC Under - 19 Premier League Kenya Champion of Africa Under - 19 Championship Canada Champion of Americas Under - 19 Championship Papua New Guinea Champion of EAP Under - 19 Trophy Ireland Champion of Europe Under - 19 Championship Venues ( edit ) Christchurch Rangiora Lincoln Queenstown Mount Maunganui Whangarei Seven venues in six cities will host matches at the 2018 World Cup : Hagley Oval , Christchurch Rangiora Oval , Rangiora Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Lincoln Green , Lincoln John Davies Oval , Queenstown Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires ( edit ) On 3 January 2018 , the ICC appointed the officials for the tournament . Along with the seventeen umpires , Jeff Crowe , Dev Govindjee , David Jukes and Graeme Labrooy were also named as the match referees . Rob Bailey Gregory Brathwaite Anil Chaudhary Nigel Duguid Shaun George Shaun Haig Mark Hawthorne Ranmore Martinesz C.K. Nandan David Odhiambo Buddhi Pradhan Ian Ramage Ahsan Raza Shozab Raza Tim Robinson Langton Rusere Paul Wilson Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup squads Each team selected a 15 - man squad for the tournament . Any players born on or after 1 September 1998 were eligible to be selected for the competition . Group stage ( edit ) The fixtures for the tournament were confirmed by the ICC on 17 August 2017 . Group a ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR New Zealand 0 0 0 0 6 + 2.576 South Africa 0 0 0 + 1.160 West Indies 0 0 0 + 0.660 Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 - 4.227 13 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard West Indies 233 / 8 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 234 / 2 ( 39.3 overs ) Keagan Simmons 92 * ( 132 ) Rachin Ravindra 3 / 30 ( 7 overs ) Finn Allen 115 * ( 100 ) Alick Athanaze 1 / 22 ( 4 overs ) New Zealand won by 8 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Finn Allen ( NZ ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to field . 14 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 341 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 172 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Raynard van Tonder 143 ( 121 ) Jasraj Kundi 2 / 49 ( 8 overs ) Jasraj Kundi 41 ( 53 ) Akhona Mnyaka 2 / 9 ( 4 overs ) South Africa won by 169 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Ian Ramage ( Sco ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Raynard van Tonder ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . 17 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard New Zealand 436 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 193 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Jakob Bhula 180 ( 144 ) Sukhdeep Singh 1 / 29 ( 2 overs ) Aman Gandhi 63 ( 106 ) Rachin Ravindra 2 / 33 ( 10 overs ) New Zealand won by 243 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Jakob Bhula ( NZ ) Kenya won the toss and elected to field . 17 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard South Africa 282 / 8 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 206 ( 45.3 overs ) Wandile Makwetu 99 * ( 99 ) Jeavor Royal 1 / 34 ( 10 overs ) Alick Athanaze 76 ( 100 ) Hermann Rolfes 4 / 33 ( 10 overs ) South Africa won by 76 runs Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Wandile Makwetu ( SA ) West Indies won the toss and elected to field . New Zealand and South Africa qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . 20 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard West Indies 318 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 96 ( 24.4 overs ) Alick Athanaze 116 * ( 93 ) Aveet Desai 3 / 54 ( 10 overs ) Aman Gandhi 37 ( 42 ) Bhaskar Yadram 5 / 18 ( 7 overs ) West Indies won by 222 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Alick Athanaze ( WI ) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat . 20 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard New Zealand 279 / 8 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 208 ( 46.2 overs ) Rachin Ravindra 76 ( 89 ) Kgaudise Molefe 2 / 49 ( 10 overs ) Hermann Rolfes 108 ( 124 ) Rachin Ravindra 4 / 32 ( 9.2 overs ) New Zealand won by 71 runs Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Rachin Ravindra ( NZ ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat . Group b ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR India 0 0 0 0 6 + 3.930 Australia 0 0 0 + 2.721 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 - 0.892 Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 - 5.977 13 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Papua New Guinea 95 ( 20 overs ) Zimbabwe 98 / 0 ( 14 overs ) Igo Mahuru 26 ( 26 ) Wesley Madhevere 3 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Wesley Madhevere 53 * ( 44 ) Zimbabwe won by 10 wickets Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) Player of the match : Wesley Madhevere ( Zim ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced the match to 20 overs per side . 14 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard India 328 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Australia 228 ( 42.5 overs ) Prithvi Shaw 94 ( 100 ) Jack Edwards 4 / 65 ( 9 overs ) Jack Edwards 73 ( 90 ) Kamlesh Nagarkoti 3 / 29 ( 7 overs ) India won by 100 runs Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Prithvi Shaw ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . 16 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard Papua New Guinea 64 ( 21.5 overs ) India 67 / 0 ( 8 overs ) Ovia Sam 15 ( 25 ) Anukul Roy 5 / 14 ( 6.5 overs ) Prithvi Shaw 57 * ( 39 ) India won by 10 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Anukul Roy ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . 17 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Zimbabwe 134 ( 33.2 overs ) Australia 135 / 3 ( 18.2 overs ) Robert Chimhinya 27 ( 31 ) Xavier Bartlett 3 / 20 ( 7 overs ) Max Bryant 44 ( 27 ) Liam Roche 1 / 14 ( 3 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Shaun Haig ( NZ ) and David Odhiambo ( Ken ) Player of the match : Xavier Bartlett ( Aus ) Australia won the toss and elected to field . 19 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia 370 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Papua New Guinea 59 ( 24.5 overs ) Nathan McSweeney 156 ( 154 ) James Tau 2 / 42 ( 10 overs ) Leke Morea 20 ( 66 ) Jason Ralston 7 / 15 ( 6.5 overs ) Australia won by 311 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Nathan McSweeney ( Aus ) Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field . Jason Ralston ( Aus ) took the best bowling figures in a group stage match at the U19 Cricket World Cup . However , his record was surpassed by Lloyd Pope who took the best bowling figures of 8 / 35 in U19 Cricket World Cup history in the knockout stages . 19 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard Zimbabwe 154 ( 48.1 overs ) India 155 / 0 ( 21.4 overs ) Milton Shumba 36 ( 151 ) Anukul Roy 4 / 20 ( 7.1 overs ) Shubman Gill 90 * ( 59 ) India won by 10 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Shubman Gill ( Ind ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat . India and Australia qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . Group c ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR England 0 0 0 0 6 + 4.165 Bangladesh 0 0 0 + 0.438 Canada 0 0 0 - 2.107 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 - 2.689 13 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 190 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Namibia 103 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Saif Hassan 84 ( 48 ) Dewald Nell 1 / 22 ( 3 overs ) Eben van Wyk 55 ( 52 ) Hasan Mahmud 2 / 12 ( 4 overs ) Bangladesh won by 87 runs Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Saif Hassan ( Ban ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced the match to 20 overs per side . 15 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 264 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Canada 198 ( 49.3 overs ) Towhid Hridoy 122 ( 126 ) Faisal Jamkhandi 5 / 48 ( 8 overs ) Arslan Khan 63 ( 108 ) Afif Hossain 5 / 43 ( 10 overs ) Bangladesh won by 66 runs Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Afif Hossain ( Ban ) Canada won the toss and elected to field . 15 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Namibia 196 / 9 ( 50 overs ) England 198 / 2 ( 24.1 overs ) Shaun Fouché 44 ( 75 ) Luke Hollman 3 / 41 ( 10 overs ) Will Jacks 73 * ( 44 ) Gerhard Lottering 2 / 33 ( 4 overs ) England won by 8 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) Player of the match : Will Jacks ( Eng ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . 18 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Namibia 193 ( 46 overs ) Canada 197 / 6 ( 42 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 38 ( 52 ) Akash Gill 4 / 43 ( 8 overs ) Arslan Khan 72 ( 89 ) Petrus Burger 2 / 29 ( 10 overs ) Canada won by 4 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Akash Gill ( Can ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . 18 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 175 ( 49.2 overs ) England 177 / 3 ( 29.3 overs ) Afif Hossain 63 ( 85 ) Ethan Bamber 3 / 19 ( 6 overs ) Harry Brook 102 * ( 84 ) Qazi Onik 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) England won by 7 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) Player of the match : Harry Brook ( Eng ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat . 20 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard England 383 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Canada 101 ( 31.5 overs ) Liam Banks 120 ( 114 ) Faisal Jamkhandi 3 / 68 ( 9 overs ) Pranav Sharma 24 ( 42 ) Prem Sisodiya 3 / 23 ( 10 overs ) England won by 282 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Liam Banks ( Eng ) Canada won the toss and elected to field . England and Bangladesh qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . Group d ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR Pakistan 0 0 0 + 1.404 Afghanistan 0 0 0 + 0.639 Sri Lanka 0 0 0 - 0.464 Ireland 0 0 0 - 1.896 13 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Pakistan 188 ( 47.4 overs ) Afghanistan 194 / 5 ( 47.3 overs ) Rohail Nazir 81 ( 105 ) Azmatullah Omarzai 3 / 34 ( 7.4 overs ) Darwish Rasooli 76 ( 78 ) Hasan Khan 2 / 45 ( 10 overs ) Afghanistan won by 5 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Darwish Rasooli ( Afg ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat . 14 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 207 / 8 ( 48 overs ) Sri Lanka 208 / 3 ( 37.3 overs ) Jamie Grassi 75 ( 117 ) Kamindu Mendis 3 / 35 ( 10 overs ) Dhananjaya Lakshan 101 * ( 120 ) Aaron Cawley 2 / 26 ( 6 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : Shaun Haig ( NZ ) and C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) Player of the match : Dhananjaya Lakshan ( SL ) Ireland won the toss and elected to bat . Rain reduced the match to 48 overs per side . 16 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 97 ( 28.5 overs ) Pakistan 98 / 1 ( 8.5 overs ) Joshua Little 24 * ( 20 ) Shaheen Afridi 6 / 15 ( 8.5 overs ) Zaid Alam 43 * ( 19 ) Aaron Cawley 1 / 27 ( 3 overs ) Pakistan won by 9 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) Player of the match : Shaheen Afridi ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . 17 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan 284 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 202 ( 37.3 overs ) Ibrahim Zadran 86 ( 112 ) Nipun Malinga 2 / 56 ( 10 overs ) Jehan Daniel 48 ( 57 ) Naveen - ul - Haq 4 / 35 ( 8 overs ) Afghanistan won by 32 runs ( D / L method ) Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Ibrahim Zadran ( Afg ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced the match to 38 overs due to rain . Afghanistan qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . 19 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Sri Lanka 188 ( 48.2 overs ) Pakistan 190 / 7 ( 43.3 overs ) Jehan Daniel 53 ( 70 ) Thisaru Rashmika 3 / 47 ( 9 overs ) Ali Zaryab 59 ( 94 ) Suleman Shafqat 3 / 29 ( 7.2 overs ) Pakistan won by 3 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Ali Zaryab ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . Pakistan qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . 20 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 225 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Afghanistan 221 ( 49.2 overs ) Graham Kennedy 37 * ( 24 ) Qais Ahmad 3 / 32 ( 10 overs ) Baheer Shah 34 ( 49 ) Harry Tector 3 / 37 ( 10 overs ) Ireland won by 4 runs Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : Shaun Haig ( NZ ) and David Odhiambo ( Ken ) Player of the match : Harry Tector ( Ire ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field . Plate League ( edit ) 13th - place playoff Plate playoff semi-finals Plate quarter - finals Plate semi-finals Plate final C3 Canada 265 / 8 ( 50 ) B4 Papua New Guinea 185 ( 44.3 ) B4 Papua New Guinea 121 ( 37.1 ) C3 Canada 136 ( 47.3 ) D4 Ireland 122 / 7 ( 41.5 ) A3 West Indies 323 / 8 ( 50 ) A3 West Indies 281 / 6 ( 48.2 ) D4 Ireland 278 / 8 ( 50 ) D4 Ireland 288 / 6 ( 50 ) A3 West Indies 254 / 5 ( 50 ) C4 Namibia 186 ( 39.1 ) D3 Sri Lanka 255 / 7 ( 49.4 ) B3 Zimbabwe 114 / 3 ( 19.3 ) C4 Namibia 113 ( 40.1 ) C4 Namibia 180 / 2 ( 27 ) B3 Zimbabwe 259 / 4 ( 50 ) 15th - place playoff A4 Kenya 176 ( 46.5 ) D3 Sri Lanka 260 / 5 ( 45.3 ) 11th - place playoff B4 Papua New Guinea 162 ( 48.3 ) D3 Sri Lanka 419 / 4 ( 50 ) C3 Canada 134 ( 37.5 ) A4 Kenya 176 ( 50 ) A4 Kenya 108 ( 35.5 ) B3 Zimbabwe 272 / 8 ( 50 ) Plate quarter - finals ( edit ) 22 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Canada 265 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Papua New Guinea 185 ( 44.3 overs ) Akash Gill 120 ( 127 ) James Tau 2 / 37 ( 9 overs ) Simon Atai 85 ( 117 ) Aran Pathmanathan 3 / 23 ( 9 overs ) Canada won by 70 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Ian Ramage ( Sco ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Akash Gill ( Can ) Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field . 22 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Namibia 113 ( 40.1 overs ) Zimbabwe 114 / 3 ( 19.3 overs ) Eben van Wyk 24 ( 40 ) Nkosilathi Nungu 2 / 11 ( 3.1 overs ) Wesley Madhavere 47 ( 38 ) Gerhard Lottering 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Zimbabwe won by 7 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) Player of the match : Wesley Madhevere ( Zim ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . 23 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Sri Lanka 419 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 108 ( 35.5 overs ) Hasitha Boyagoda 191 ( 152 ) Abhishekh Chidambaran 2 / 68 ( 10 overs ) Thomas Ochieng 45 ( 63 ) Haren Buddila 4 / 27 ( 10 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 311 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Hasitha Boyagoda ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat . Hasitha Boyagoda ( SL ) made the highest individual score in U19 ODIs as well as in the history of the U19 Cricket World Cup ( 191 ) . 23 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 278 / 8 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 281 / 6 ( 48.2 overs ) Neil Rock 91 ( 101 ) Jeavor Royal 3 / 59 ( 10 overs ) Nyeem Young 55 * ( 33 ) Max Neville 2 / 53 ( 6 overs ) West Indies won by 4 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and David Odhiambo ( Ken ) Player of the match : Nyeem Young ( WI ) Ireland won the toss and elected to bat . Plate playoff semi-finals ( edit ) 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Papua New Guinea 121 ( 37.1 overs ) Ireland 122 / 7 ( 41.5 overs ) Igo Mahuru 45 ( 83 ) JJ Garth 4 / 18 ( 8.1 overs ) Neil Rock 43 ( 76 ) James Tau 4 / 45 ( 10 overs ) Ireland won by 3 wickets Rangiora Recreation Ground , Rangiora Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : JJ Garth ( Ire ) Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to bat . 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Kenya 176 ( 46.5 overs ) Namibia 180 / 2 ( 27 overs ) Aman Gandhi 52 ( 80 ) Petrus Burger 5 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 114 ( 76 ) Aveet Desai 1 / 10 ( 2 overs ) Namibia won by 8 wickets Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Lohan Louwrens ( Nam ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . Plate semi-finals ( edit ) 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Zimbabwe 259 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 260 / 5 ( 45.3 overs ) Jayden Schadendorf 74 ( 78 ) Thisaru Rashmika 2 / 58 ( 10 overs ) Nishan Madushka 109 * ( 135 ) Nkosilathi Nungu 2 / 49 ( 7 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Nishan Madushka ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . 26 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard West Indies 323 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Canada 136 ( 47.3 overs ) Keagan Simmons 166 ( 137 ) Akash Gill 4 / 54 ( 9 overs ) Kavian Naress 61 ( 112 ) Ronaldo Alimohamed 2 / 17 ( 5 overs ) West Indies won by 187 runs Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Keagan Simmons ( WI ) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat . Super League ( edit ) 5th - place playoff Super League playoff semi-finals Super League quarter - finals Super League semi-finals Final C1 England 96 ( 23.4 ) B2 Australia 127 ( 33.3 ) C1 England 216 ( 47.2 ) B2 Australia 182 / 4 ( 37.3 ) C2 Bangladesh 220 / 5 ( 47.3 ) D2 Afghanistan 181 ( 48 ) A1 New Zealand 107 ( 28.1 ) D2 Afghanistan 309 / 6 ( 50 ) A2 South Africa 180 / 2 ( 38.3 ) B1 India 220 / 2 ( 38.5 ) C2 Bangladesh 178 ( 41.4 ) B2 Australia 216 ( 47.2 ) D1 Pakistan 190 / 7 ( 47.5 ) A2 South Africa 189 / 9 ( 50 ) A1 New Zealand 211 ( 43.5 ) D1 Pakistan 69 ( 29.3 ) 7th - place playoff A2 South Africa 284 / 6 ( 50 ) B1 India 272 / 9 ( 50 ) 3rd - place playoff A1 New Zealand 229 ( 47.1 ) B1 India 265 ( 49.2 ) D1 Pakistan C1 England 261 / 7 ( 50 ) C2 Bangladesh 134 ( 42.1 ) D2 Afghanistan Super League quarter - finals ( edit ) 23 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia 127 ( 33.3 overs ) England 96 ( 23.4 overs ) Jason Sangha 58 ( 91 ) Will Jacks 3 / 21 ( 7 overs ) Tom Banton 58 ( 53 ) Lloyd Pope 8 / 35 ( 9.4 overs ) Australia won by 31 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Lloyd Pope ( Aus ) Australia won the toss and elected to bat . Lloyd Pope ( Aus ) took the best bowling figures in a U19 World Cup match . 24 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 189 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan 190 / 7 ( 47.5 overs ) Wandile Makwetu 60 ( 65 ) Muhammad Musa 3 / 29 ( 10 overs ) Ali Zaryab 74 * ( 111 ) Jason Niemand 2 / 31 ( 10 overs ) Pakistan won by 3 wickets Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Ali Zaryab ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan 309 / 6 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 107 ( 28.1 overs ) Rahmanullah Gurbaz 69 ( 67 ) Sandeep Patel 2 / 13 ( 3 overs ) Katene Clarke 38 ( 56 ) Mujeeb Ur Rahman 4 / 14 ( 8.1 overs ) Afghanistan won by 202 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Azmatullah Omarzai ( Afg ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat . 26 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard India 265 ( 49.2 overs ) Bangladesh 134 ( 42.1 overs ) Shubman Gill 86 ( 94 ) Qazi Onik 3 / 48 ( 10 overs ) Pinak Ghosh 43 ( 75 ) Kamlesh Nagarkoti 3 / 18 ( 7.1 overs ) India won by 131 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Shubman Gill ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Super League playoff semi-finals ( edit ) 27 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 284 / 6 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 211 ( 43.5 overs ) Raynard van Tonder 117 ( 129 ) Matthew Fisher 2 / 59 ( 9 overs ) Dale Phillips 74 ( 82 ) Gerald Coetzee 5 / 32 ( 9.5 overs ) South Africa won by 73 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Raynard van Tonder ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . 28 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard England 216 ( 47.2 overs ) Bangladesh 220 / 5 ( 47.3 overs ) Liam Banks 74 ( 82 ) Afif Hossain 3 / 18 ( 5.2 overs ) Afif Hossain 71 ( 86 ) Adam Finch 2 / 36 ( 8 overs ) Bangladesh won by 5 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Afif Hossain ( Ban ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field . Super League semi-finals ( edit ) 29 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan 181 ( 48 overs ) Australia 182 / 4 ( 37.3 overs ) Ikram Ali Khil 80 ( 119 ) Jonathan Merlo 4 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Jack Edwards 72 ( 65 ) Qais Ahmad 2 / 35 ( 10 overs ) Australia won by 6 wickets Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Jack Edwards ( Aus ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat . 30 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard India 272 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan 69 ( 29.3 overs ) Shubman Gill 102 * ( 94 ) Muhammad Musa 4 / 67 ( 10 overs ) Rohail Nazir 18 ( 39 ) Ishan Porel 4 / 17 ( 6 overs ) India won by 203 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Shubman Gill ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Placement matches ( edit ) 15th - place playoff ( edit ) 27 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Kenya 176 ( 50 overs ) Papua New Guinea 162 ( 48.3 overs ) Jayant Mepani 44 ( 79 ) Semo Kamea 3 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Nou Rarua 47 ( 94 ) Gerard Mwendwa 4 / 37 ( 9.3 overs ) Kenya won by 14 runs Rangiora Recreation Ground , Rangiora Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Jayant Mepani ( Ken ) Kenya won the toss and elected to bat . 13th - place playoff ( edit ) 27 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 288 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Namibia 186 ( 39.1 overs ) Harry Tector 101 ( 113 ) Mauritius Ngupita 2 / 41 ( 10 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 62 ( 88 ) Joshua Little 3 / 33 ( 6.1 overs ) Ireland won by 102 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Harry Tector ( Ire ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . 11th - place playoff ( edit ) 28 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Zimbabwe 272 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Canada 134 ( 37.5 overs ) Wesley Madhavere 93 ( 84 ) Faisal Jamkhandi 2 / 65 ( 9 overs ) Akash Gill 60 ( 63 ) Wesley Madhevere 4 / 24 ( 7.5 overs ) Zimbabwe won by 138 runs Rangiora Recreation Ground , Rangiora Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Wesley Madhevere ( Zim ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat . 9th - place playoff ( Plate final ) ( edit ) 28 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard West Indies 254 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 255 / 7 ( 49.4 overs ) Alick Athanaze 110 * ( 110 ) Praveen Jayawickrama 2 / 33 ( 10 overs ) Hasitha Boyagoda 116 ( 124 ) Bhaskar Yadram 2 / 42 ( 10 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 3 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Hasitha Boyagoda ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . 7th - place playoff ( edit ) 30 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard England 261 / 7 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 229 ( 47.1 overs ) Tom Banton 112 ( 122 ) Luke Georgeson 3 / 29 ( 10 overs ) Finn Allen 87 ( 100 ) Will Jacks 3 / 41 ( 9.1 overs ) England won by 32 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Ian Ramage ( Sco ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Tom Banton ( Eng ) England won the toss and elected to bat . 5th - place playoff ( edit ) 31 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 178 ( 41.4 overs ) South Africa 180 / 2 ( 38.3 overs ) Afif Hossain 63 ( 59 ) Fraser Jones 5 / 32 ( 8 overs ) Raynard van Tonder 82 * ( 99 ) Roni Hossain 1 / 21 ( 7 overs ) South Africa won by 8 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) Player of the match : Fraser Jones ( SA ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat . 3rd - place playoff ( edit ) 1 February 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan Pakistan Match abandoned John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) No toss . No play was possible due to a wet outfield . Pakistan finished in third place as they finished their group ahead of Afghanistan on net run rate . Final ( edit ) 3 February 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard Australia 216 ( 47.2 overs ) India 220 / 2 ( 38.5 overs ) Jonathan Merlo 76 ( 102 ) Ishan Porel 2 / 30 ( 7 overs ) Manjot Kalra 101 * ( 102 ) Will Sutherland 1 / 36 ( 6.5 overs ) India won by 8 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Manjot Kalra ( Ind ) Australia won the toss and elected to bat . India won their fourth U19 World Cup , the most by any team . Manjot Kalra ( Ind ) became the fifth batsman to score a hundred in an U19 World Cup final . Final standings ( edit ) Pos . Team India Australia Pakistan Afghanistan 5 South Africa 6 Bangladesh 7 England 8 New Zealand 9 Sri Lanka 10 West Indies 11 Zimbabwe 12 Canada 13 Ireland 14 Namibia 15 Kenya 16 Papua New Guinea References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tauranga , Whangarei to host U-19 World Cup games '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` BACK TO THE FUTURE - History of ICC U19 Cricket World Cup '' -- International Cricket Council . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U19 Cricket World Cup opens in New Zealand '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies win U-19 world cup '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan , New Zealand and South Africa qualify for super league as Windies fail to defend title '' . International Cricket Council . 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan , NZ , South Africa qualify for Super League '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U-19 World Cup : Australia , Pakistan Join India in Quarter - finals '' . News18 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U-19 World Cup : India face Bangladesh in quarter - finals '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teams look for crack combinations in Super League '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boyagoda , Lakshan help Sri Lanka beat Windies and win Plate Championship '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia coast into Final on back of Merlo four - for , Edwards half - century '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless India seal spot in final with 203 - run win '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan finish third after rain forces abandonment '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats : The key numbers from India 's U19 CWC Final triumph '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Nixon ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` Namibia beat Nepal -- secure 2018 qualification '' -- CricketEurope . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 4 February 2016 ) . `` Outcomes from ICC Board and committee meetings '' -- International Cricket Council . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan Qualifies For U19 WC 2018 '' . Tolo News . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya stun Uganda to qualify for U19 World Cup 2018 '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan seals U19s World Cup spot '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PNG Garamuts off to eighth U19 Cricket World Cup '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland hold nerve to qualify for U19 World Cup '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match officials appointed for U19 Cricket World Cup '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Under 19 Cricket World Cup 2018 Squads '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan pick fresh faces ahead of world - beater Rashid '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2018 schedule announced '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WI U-19s to open 2018 World Cup campaign against hosts NZ '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Makwetu , Rolfes lead South Africa into quarter - finals '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Record wicket haul was ' unreal ' - Ralston '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` McSweeney 156 , Ralston 7 for 15 bulldoze PNG '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gill , spinners lead rout of Zimbabwe '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England march into quarter - finals with massive win '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan beat Sri Lanka to seal quarter - final berth '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan seal quarter - final berth , Sri Lanka knocked out '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hasitha Boyagoda 's 191 helps Sri Lanka go past Kenya '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Pope spins Australia to stunning comeback win '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manjot Kalra 's ton leads India Under - 19 to World Cup glory '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 3 Feb 2018 . External links ( edit ) ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2018 at ICC ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2018 at New Zealand Cricket Series home at ESPN Cricinfo Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Tournaments Australia 1988 South Africa 1998 Sri Lanka 2000 New Zealand 2002 Bangladesh 2004 Sri Lanka 2006 Malaysia 2008 New Zealand 2010 Australia 2012 UAE 2014 Bangladesh 2016 New Zealand 2018 Squads 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Qualification 2012 2014 2016 2018 Regional Africa Americas Asia East Asia - Pacific Europe International cricket in 2017 -- 18 Preceding season : International cricket in 2017 September 2017 Australia in India Netherlands in Zimbabwe Sri Lanka vs. Pakistan in United Arab Emirates Bangladesh in South Africa October 2017 Sri Lanka women in West Indies West Indies in Zimbabwe England women in Australia New Zealand in India Hong Kong Cricket Sixes New Zealand women vs. Pakistan in United Arab Emirates November 2017 Sri Lanka in India England in Australia The Ashes Scotland vs. PNG in United Arab Emirates Sri Lanka in South Africa December 2017 West Indies in New Zealand Ireland vs. Afghanistan in United Arab Emirates Zimbabwe in South Africa January 2018 India in South Africa Pakistan in New Zealand United Arab Emirates Tri-Nation Series Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Sri Lanka in Bangladesh February 2018 India women in South Africa Trans - Tasman Tri-Series Zimbabwe vs. Afghanistan in United Arab Emirates World Cricket League Division Two England in New Zealand March 2018 Australia in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Cricket World Cup Qualifier West Indies women in New Zealand Nidahas Trophy Australia women in India Pakistan women in Sri Lanka India women 's Tri-Nation Series April 2018 West Indies in Pakistan England women in India Ongoing Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Championship Women 's Championship Following season : International cricket in 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=831204288 '' Categories : ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup 2018 in cricket International cricket competitions in New Zealand International cricket competitions in 2017 -- 18 2018 ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup January 2018 sports events in Oceania February 2018 sports events in Oceania Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use New Zealand English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी मैथिली मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 10 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who won the icc under 19 world cup 2018