Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad - wikipedia Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad Jump to : navigation , search image = Mission Soledad , 36641 Fort Romie , Rd Soledad , CA USA - panoramio ( 2 ). jpg imagesize = 260 caption = Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad name = Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad location = 36641 Fort Romie Road Soledad , California 93960 originalname = La Misión de María Santísima , Nuestra Señora Dolorosísima de la Soledad translation = The Mission of Mary -- 0 - 0 - o Most Holy , Our Most Sorrowful Lady of Solitude namesake = Our Lady of Solitude , Our Most Sorrowful Lady of Solitude nickname = `` The holy Mission '' founded = October 9 , 1791 foundedby = Fermín Francisco de Lasuén foundingorder = Thirteenth militarydistrict = Third nativetribe = Chalon , Esselen , Yokuts , Salinan placename = Chuttusqelis baptisms = 2,131 marriages = 648 burials = 1,705 secularized = 1835 returned = 1859 owner = Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey currentuse = Chapel / Museum coordinates = 36 ° 24 ′ 16.6278 '' N 121 ° 21 ′ 20.9046 '' W  /  36.404618833 ° N 121.355806833 ° W  / 36.404618833 ; - 121.355806833 Coordinates : 36 ° 24 ′ 16.6278 '' N 121 ° 21 ′ 20.9046 '' W  /  36.404618833 ° N 121.355806833 ° W  / 36.404618833 ; - 121.355806833 locmapin = California designation1 = California designation1_number = # 233 ) ) Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad , known colloquially as the Soledad Mission or Mission Soledad , is a Spanish mission located near the present - day town of Soledad , California . The mission was founded by the Franciscan order on October 9 , 1791 to convert the Native Americans living in the area to Catholicism . It was the thirteenth of California 's Spanish missions , and is named for Mary , Our Lady of Solitude . The town of Soledad is named for the mission . After the 1835 secularization of the mission and the later sale of building materials , the mission fell into a state of disrepair and soon after was left in ruins . A restoration project began in 1954 and a new chapel was dedicated in 1955 . The chapel now functions as a chapel of Our Lady of Solitude , a parish church of the Diocese of Monterey . The priests ' residence was later recreated , and functions as a museum . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Mission era 2 Restoration and reconstruction 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Mission era ( edit ) Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad , La Misión de María Santísima , Nuestra Señora Dolorosísima de la Soledad , was founded October 9 , 1791 by Fermín Francisco de Lasuén , the 13th of 21 missions in California . The Chalon , a subgroup of the Ohlone were converted and made to work and live there , followed by Esselen and Yokut people . By 1803 , there were 627 Mission Indians at Mission Soledad . At the Mission many Chalon married local Esselen speakers , while others married Yokuts were brought into the mission between 1806 and 1834 . The mission 's herds numbered 1,150 cattle , about 5,000 sheep , 30 swine , 670 horses and 40 mules . Spanish Governor José Joaquín de Arrillaga was buried in the chapel after he died on July 24 , 1814 during a visit to the Mission . The mission was inundated by floods in 1824 , 1828 , and 1832 , and following secularization ( when Pio Pico sold the mission for a reported $800 ) , the remaining buildings were looted for supplies . The ruins of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad circa 1900 . Restoration and reconstruction ( edit ) In 1954 , when the Mission Soledad restoration was begun , only piles of adobe dirt and a few wall sections from the cuadrángulo ( quadrangle ) remained . The chapel was reconstructed and dedicated under the auspices of the Native Daughters of the Golden West on October 9 , 1955 . The ruins of the quadrangle , cemetery , and some of the outer rooms , while not restored , can still be seen . Governor Arrillaga 's grave was identified and given a new marker . The Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad is now a functioning Catholic chapel and public museum . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leffingwell , p. 109 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 224 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 111 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 120 Jump up ^ Forbes , p. 202 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 315 : as of December 31 , 1832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California . Jump up ^ City of Soledad , California . `` Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad '' . Jump up ^ Misión de María Santísima Nuestra Señora de la Soledad . `` Mission Soledad '' . See also ( edit ) Spanish missions in California USNS Mission Soledad ( AO - 136 ) -- a Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II . References ( edit ) Forbes , Alexander ( 1839 ) . California : A History of Upper and Lower California . Smith , Elder and Co. , Cornhill , London . Jones , Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar ( eds . ) ( 2007 ) . California Prehistory : Colonization , Culture , and Complexity . Altimira Press , Landham , MD . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Krell , Dorothy ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) . The California Missions : A Pictorial History . Sunset Publishing Corporation , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) . California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions . Voyageur Press , Inc. , Stillwater , MN . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5 . Levy , Richard . ( 1978 ) . William C. Sturtevant , and Robert F. Heizer , ed . Handbook of North American Indians . 8 ( California ) . Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC . p. 486 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 004578 - 9 . Milliken , Randall ( 1987 ) . Ethnohistory of the Rumsen ; Papers in Northern California Anthropology No. 2 . Coyote Press , Salina , CA . Paddison , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) . A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush . Heyday Books , Berkeley , CA . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Ruscin , Terry ( 1999 ) . Mission Memoirs . Sunbelt Publications , San Diego , CA . ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8 . Tapis , Estevan , OFM , State of the Missions of New California ... December 1803 . Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Missions of California . Thunder Bay Press , San Diego , CA . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission Soledad . Official Mission Soledad website Mission Nuestra Senora de la Soledad : Early photographs and sketches archives - via Calisphere California Digital Library Howser , Huell ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` California Missions ( 105 ) '' . California Missions . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . ( hide ) Franciscan Missions in California San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo ( 1770 ) San Antonio de Padua ( 1771 ) San Gabriel Arcángel ( 1771 ) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa ( 1772 ) San Francisco de Asís ( 1776 ) San Juan Capistrano ( 1776 ) Santa Clara de Asís ( 1777 ) San Buenaventura ( 1782 ) Santa Barbara ( 1786 ) La Purísima Concepción ( 1787 ) Santa Cruz ( 1791 ) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ( 1791 ) San José ( 1797 ) San Juan Bautista ( 1797 ) San Miguel Arcángel ( 1797 ) San Fernando Rey de España ( 1797 ) San Luis Rey de Francia ( 1798 ) Santa Inés ( 1804 ) San Rafael Arcángel ( 1817 ) San Francisco Solano ( 1823 ) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles ( 1784 ) San Pedro y San Pablo ( 1786 ) Santa Margarita de Cortona ( 1787 ) San Antonio de Pala ( 1816 ) Santa Ysabel ( 1818 ) Estancias San Francisco Xavier ( Castaic ) ( 1804 ) San Bernardino de Sena ( 1819 ) Santa Ana ( 1820 ) Las Flores ( 1823 ) See also Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival Style architecture California mission clash of cultures Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mission_Nuestra_Señora_de_la_Soledad&oldid = 822333893 '' Categories : Spanish missions in California 1791 in Alta California Churches in Monterey County , California Museums in Monterey County , California History museums in California Religious museums in California 1791 establishments in California Religious organizations established in 1791 California Historical Landmarks History of Monterey County , California Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California Salinas Valley Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 19 : 44 . 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Question: who founded mission nuestra senora de la soledad


Punch Brothers - wikipedia Punch Brothers Jump to : navigation , search Punch Brothers Background information Origin Brooklyn , New York , New York , United States Genres Progressive bluegrass , classical music , acoustic music Years active 2006 -- present Labels Nonesuch Website Punchbrothers.com Members Chris Thile Gabe Witcher Noam Pikelny Chris Eldridge Paul Kowert Past members Bryan Sutton Greg Garrison Punch Brothers is an American band consisting of Chris Thile ( mandolin ) , Gabe Witcher ( fiddle / violin ) , Noam Pikelny ( banjo ) , Chris Eldridge ( guitar ) , and Paul Kowert ( bass ) . Their style has been described as `` bluegrass instrumentation and spontaneity in the structures of modern classical '' as well as `` American country - classical chamber music . '' Punch Brothers , NC Museum of Art , July 16 , 2015 . Photo by Julianne G. Macie Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2006 -- 2007 : Beginnings and Grow 1.2 2007 -- 2009 : `` The Blind Leaving the Blind '' and Punch 1.3 2010 : Antifogmatic 1.4 2011 : Documentary How to Grow A Band 1.5 2012 : Who 's Feeling Young Now ? 1.6 2015 : The Phosphorescent Blues 1.7 2015 : The Wireless 2 Band members 2.1 Current members 2.2 Former members 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.2 Music videos 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) 2006 -- 2007 : beginnings and Grow ( edit ) Main article : How to Grow a Woman from the Ground Thile formed the band in 2006 to record the album How to Grow a Woman from the Ground . In an interview with the Nashville City Paper , Thile described the formation of the band : We got together one night just to drop a ton of money , drink too much wine , eat steaks , and commiserate about our failed relationships . We had gotten to play together a few days before and we had said that we needed to do something musical together . With our hearts smashed to pieces , it became more urgent -- our lives had gone the same way for so long . I knew I wanted to have a band with Gabe ( Witcher ) , but I did n't know if it would be a rock ensemble , an ambitious acoustic classical thing or a bluegrass group . We played , and there was a serious , instantaneous connection . Then I knew I wanted to put together a bluegrass band -- one with a lot of range , but aesthetically a bluegrass band . Initially the band was known as The How to Grow a Band . In 2007 , the band officially changed its name first to The Tensions Mountain Boys and then settled on Punch Brothers . The band 's name comes from the critical line of an earworm jingle that is the centerpiece of Mark Twain 's short story `` A Literary Nightmare '' . The chorus of the jingle consists of two lines , `` Punch , brothers ! punch with care ! Punch in the presence of the passenjare '' , that are said to be the mantra of railroad conductors . What they formed was a type of group that American Songwriter magazine calls `` A 21st century version of the Bluegrass Boys . '' 2007 -- 2009 : `` the Blind Leaving the Blind '' and Punch ( edit ) Main article : Punch ( album ) Chris Thile and Punch Brothers at Wintergrass , 2008 On March 17 , 2007 , this group debuted Chris Thile 's most ambitious work to date at Carnegie Hall : `` The Blind Leaving the Blind '' , a forty - minute suite in four movements . Thile says the piece was written in part to deal with his divorce of 2003 . On February 13 , 2008 , the band set off on their first national tour as Punch Brothers . On February 26 , 2008 , Punch Brothers released the album , Punch , on Nonesuch Records . The album features Thile 's suite `` The Blind Leaving the Blind '' , as well as other original songs . In March 2008 , when Chris Thile was asked in an interview if there would be another album by Punch Brothers , Thile said that `` there will definitely be another album . '' On November 8 , 2008 , the band announced on their website that they parted ways with bass player Greg Garrison . Paul Kowert , who studied under Edgar Meyer at the Curtis Institute of Music , took Garrison 's place on the bass . 2010 : Antifogmatic ( edit ) Main article : Antifogmatic ( album ) Antifogmatic , the second album by Punch Brothers , was released on June 15 , 2010 and features both traditional bluegrass and newgrass styles on the ten - track listing . Though bassist Kowert toured extensively with the band in support of Punch over the last two years , Antifogmatic is the first Punch Brothers album on which he appears . 2011 : documentary How to Grow a band ( edit ) The band is also the focus of the documentary `` How to Grow A Band '' directed by Mark Meatto . It was filmed over a two - year period and , according to the website , `` explores the tensions between individual talents and group identity , art and commerce , youth and wisdom . '' The film premiered at the 42nd Nashville Film Festival in Nashville , Tennessee on April 15 , 2011 . The film also screened as part of the 38th Annual Telluride Bluegrass Festival in June 2011 . 2012 : Who 's Feeling Young Now ? ( edit ) The band released its third album , Who 's Feeling Young Now ? , in February 2012 . Shortly afterwards , they contributed the song ' Dark Days ' to the soundtrack for 2012 blockbuster The Hunger Games . In November 2012 they released Ahoy ! , the 5 - track EP companion to Who 's Feeling Young Now ? 2015 : the Phosphorescent Blues ( edit ) In November 2014 , the band released the first single , entitled `` I Blew It Off , '' from their then - untitled fourth album . In December 2014 , the band announced that the new album , The Phosphorescent Blues , would be released on January 27 , 2015 , along with the immediate release of another new single , `` Julep . '' Julep was nominated for Best American Roots Song at the 2016 Grammy Awards . 2015 : the Wireless ( edit ) On November 20th , 2015 , the Punch Brothers released an EP , The Wireless , consisting of 5 tracks . Band members ( edit ) Noam Pikelny ( banjo ) , Chris Thile ( mandolin ) , Greg Garrison ( bass ) , and Chris Eldridge ( guitar ) at Wintergrass , 2008 Current members ( edit ) Chris Thile -- mandolin , vocals , mandola , bouzouki Gabe Witcher -- fiddle , vocals , drums Noam Pikelny -- banjo , vocals , National steel - bodied guitar Chris Eldridge -- guitar , vocals Paul Kowert -- bass , vocals Former members ( edit ) Bryan Sutton -- guitar , vocals ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Greg Garrison -- bass , vocals ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions US Grass US US Heat US Rock US Folk Punch Release date : February 26 , 2008 Label : Nonesuch Records -- 10 -- -- Antifogmatic Release date : June 15 , 2010 Label : Nonesuch Records 128 39 Who 's Feeling Young Now ? Release date : February 14 , 2012 Label : Nonesuch Records 76 -- 19 5 Ahoy ! EP Release date : November 13 , 2012 Label : Nonesuch Records 144 -- 42 7 The Phosphorescent Blues Release date : January 27 , 2015 Label : Nonesuch Records 37 -- 9 The Wireless EP Release date : November 20 , 2015 Label : Nonesuch Records -- -- 34 9 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Music videos ( edit ) Year Video Director 2013 `` Movement and Location '' Danny Clinch References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paphides , Pete ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Chris Thile and his mandolin '' . The Times . London . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Covers and Classical Moves From a Bluegrass Virtuoso '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Nickel Creek 's Thile ' grows ' a new band '' . Nashville City Paper . 2006 - 08 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Punch Brothers : Punch '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Punch Brothers : American Pickers '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nonesuch Records Signs Singer / Composer / Mandolinist Chris Thile and His New Band , Punch Brothers '' . All About Jazz . 2007 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Now out of the Creek , Thile 's packing Punch - The Boston Globe '' . Boston.com. 2008 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Punch Brothers '' . Punchbrothers.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Phosphorescent Blues -- Pre-Order Now '' . Punchbrothers.com. 2014 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Grammy Awards Nominees Announced '' . The Boot . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Punch Brothers : Movement and Location '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Punch Brothers on YouTube Official Movie Website Bluegrass Modernists Punch Their Own Ticket , Jim Fusilli , The Wall Street Journal , 21 June 2010 ( hide ) Punch Brothers Chris Thile Gabe Witcher Noam Pikelny Chris Eldridge Paul Kowert Bryan Sutton Greg Garrison Albums : How to Grow a Woman from the Ground Punch Antifogmatic Who 's Feeling Young Now ? The Phosphorescent Blues Singles : `` Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground '' Related articles Nickel Creek Leftover Salmon VIAF : 266045977 LCCN : no2008049817 GND : 1021755036 BNF : cb16623772z ( data ) MusicBrainz : 5508509b - 5481 - 4341 - 94ae - 209eb371afe7 NKC : xx0089770 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punch_Brothers&oldid=818256097 '' Categories : Musical groups established in 2006 American bluegrass music groups American country music groups American buskers Nonesuch Records artists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Italiano 日本 語 Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 14 : 32 . About Wikipedia

Question: where did the punch brothers get their name

from the critical line of an earworm jingle that is the centerpiece of Mark Twain's short story "A Literary Nightmare"


History of the Philippines ( 1965 -- 86 ) - wikipedia History of the Philippines ( 1965 -- 86 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Republic of the Philippines Republika ng Pilipinas República de Filipinas 1973 -- 1986 Flag ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Coat of arms Anthem Lupang Hinirang ( official ) `` Chosen Land '' Martsa ng Bagong Lipunan ( secondary ) `` Hymn of the New Society '' Location of the Philippines in Southeast Asia . Capital Manila Languages Filipino English Spanish Government Unitary dominant - party parliamentary republic under totalitarian civic - military rule President 1965 -- 1986 Ferdinand Marcos 1986 Corazon Aquino Vice President 1965 - 1972 Fernando Lopez 1986 Arturo Tolentino 1986 Salvador Laurel Prime Minister 1978 -- 1981 Ferdinand Marcos 1981 - 1986 Cesar Virata 1986 Salvador Laurel Legislature President exercises legislative powers in conjunction to the Batasang Pambansa History 1973 Constitution January 17 , 1973 EDSA Revolution February 22 , 1986 Area 343,448 km ( 132,606 sq mi ) Currency Philippine peso Preceded by Succeeded by Third Philippine Republic Philippines Fifth Philippine Republic The history of the Philippines , from 1965 -- 1986 , covers the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos , also known as Ferdinand Marcos Administration . The Marcos era includes the final years of the Third Republic ( 1965 -- 72 ) , the Philippines under martial law ( 1972 -- 81 ) , and the majority of the Fourth Republic ( 1981 -- 86 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Marcos administration ( 1965 -- 72 ) 1.1 First term 1.2 Second term 1.3 Plaza Miranda bombing 2 Martial law ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 2.1 Economy 2.2 Parliamentary elections 3 The Fourth Republic ( 1981 -- 1986 ) 4 End of the Marcos regime 5 References 6 External links The Marcos administration ( 1965 -- 72 ) ( edit ) First term ( edit ) In 1965 , Ferdinand Marcos won the presidential election and became the 10th President of the Philippines . His first term was marked with increased industrialization and the creation of solid infrastructure nationwide , such as the North Luzon Expressway and the Maharlika Highway . Marcos did this by appointing a cabinet composed mostly of technocrats and intellectuals , by increasing funding to the Armed Forces , and mobilizing them to help in construction . Marcos also established schools and learning institutions nationwide , more than the combined total of those established by his predecessors . In 1968 , Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. warned that Marcos was on the road to establishing `` a garrison state '' by `` ballooning the armed forces budget '' , saddling the defense establishment with `` overstaying generals '' and `` militarizing our civilian government offices '' . These were prescient comments in the light of events that would happen in the following decade . Marcos also sent 10,450 Filipino soldiers to Vietnam during his term , under the PHILCAG ( Philippine Civic Action Group ) . Fidel Ramos , who was later to become the 12th President of the Philippines in 1992 , was a part of this expeditionary force . Second term ( edit ) In 1969 , Marcos ran for a second term ( allowable under the 1935 constitution then in effect ) , and won against 11 other candidates . Marcos ' second term was marked by economic turmoil brought about by factors both external and internal , a restless student body who demanded educational reforms , a rising crime rate , and a growing Communist insurgency , among other things . Ferdinand Marcos , president from 1965 -- 1986 . At one point , student activists took over the Diliman campus of the University of the Philippines and declared it a free commune , which lasted for a while before the government dissolved it . Violent protesting continued over the next few years until the declaration of martial law in 1972 . The event was popularly known as the First Quarter Storm . During the First Quarter Storm in 1970 the line between leftist activists and communists became increasingly blurred , as a significant number of Kabataang Makabayan ( ' KM ' ) advanced activists joined the party of the Communist Party also founded by Jose Maria Sison . KM members protested in front of Congress , throwing a coffin , a stuffed alligator , and stones at Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos after his State of the Nation Address . On the presidential palace , activists rammed the gate with a fire truck and once the gate broke and gave way , the activists charged into the Palace grounds tossing rocks , pillboxes , Molotov cocktails . In front of the US embassy , protesters vandalized , arsoned and damaged the embassy lobby resulting to a strong protest from the U.S. Ambassador . The KM protests ranged from 50,000 to 100,000 in number per weekly mass action . In the aftermath of the January 1970 riots , at least two activists were confirmed dead and several were injured by the police . The mayor of Manila at the time , Antonio Villegas , commended the Manila Police District for their `` exemplary behavior and courage '' and protecting the First Couple long after they have left . The death of the activists was seized by the Lopez controlled Manila Times and Manila Chronicle , blaming Marcos and added fire to the weekly protests . Students declared a week - long boycott of classes and instead met to organize protest rallies . Rumors of coup d'etat were also brewing . A report of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee said that shortly after the Philippine presidential election , 1969 , a group composed mostly of retired colonels and generals organized a revolutionary junta with the aim of first discrediting President Marcos and then killing him . As described in a document given to the committee by Philippine Government official , key figures in the plot were Vice President Fernando Lopez and Sergio Osmena Jr. , whom Marcos defeated in the 1969 election . Marcos even went to the U.S. embassy to dispel rumors that the U.S. embassy is supporting a coup d'etat which the opposition liberal party was spreading . While the report obtained by the NY Times speculated saying that story could be used by Marcos to justify Martial Law , as early as December 1969 in a message from the U.S. Ambassador to the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State , the U.S. Ambassador said that most of the talk about revolution and even assassination has been coming from the defeated opposition , of which Adevoso ( of the Liberal Party ) is a leading activist . He also said that the information he has on the assassination plans are ' hard ' or well - sourced and he has to make sure that it reached President Marcos . In light of the crisis , Marcos wrote an entry in his diary in January 1970 : `` I have several options . One of them is to abort the subversive plan now by the sudden arrest of the plotters . But this would not be accepted by the people . Nor could we get the Huks ( Communists ) , their legal cadres and support . Nor the MIM ( Maoist International Movement ) and other subversive ( or front ) organizations , nor those underground . We could allow the situation to develop naturally then after massive terrorism , wanton killings and an attempt at my assassination and a coup d'etat , then declare martial law or suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus -- and arrest all including the legal cadres . Right now I am inclined towards the latter . '' Plaza Miranda BOMBING ( edit ) Main article : Plaza Miranda bombing On August 21 , 1971 , the Liberal Party held a campaign rally at the Plaza Miranda to proclaim their Senatorial bets and their candidate for the Mayoralty of Manila . Two grenades were reportedly tossed on stage , injuring almost everybody present . As a result , Marcos suspended the writ of habeas corpus in order to arrest those behind the attack . He rounded up a list of supposed suspects , Escabas , and other undesirables in an effort to eliminate rivals in the Liberal Party . Based on interviews of The Washington Post with former Communist Party of the Philippines Officials , it was revealed that `` the ( Communist ) party leadership planned -- and three operatives carried out -- the attack in an attempt to provoke government repression and push the country to the brink of revolution ... ( Communist Party Leader ) Sison had calculated that Marcos could be provoked into cracking down on his opponents , thereby driving thousands of political activists into the underground , the former party officials said . Recruits were urgently needed , they said , to make use of a large influx of weapons and financial aid that China had already agreed to provide . '' Martial law ( 1972 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) Main article : Martial law in the Philippines In September 23 , 1972 , then Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile was ambushed while en route home . This assassination attempt ( which was widely believed to have been staged but denied by Enrile himself ) together with the general citizen disquiet , were used by Marcos as reasons to issue Presidential Proclamation No. 1081 , proclaiming a State of martial law in the Philippines on September 21 . Rigoberto Tiglao , former press secretary and a former communist incarcerated during the martial law , argued that the liberal and communist parties provoked martial law imposition . Enrile said that `` The most significant event that made President Marcos decide to declare martial law was the MV Karagatan incident in July 1972 . It was the turning point . The MV Karagatan involved the infiltration of high powered rifles , ammunition , 40 - millimeter rocket launchers , rocket projectiles , communications equipment , and other assorted war materials by the CPP - NPA - NDF on the Pacific side of Isabela in Cagayan Valley . '' The weapons were shipped from Communist China which at that time was exporting the communist revolution and supported the NPA 's goal to overthrow the government . Marcos , who thereafter ruled by decree , curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties , abolished Congress , controlled media establishments , and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists , including his staunchest critics Senators Benigno Aquino Jr. and Jose W. Diokno , virtually turning the Philippines into a Totalitarian Dictatorship with Marcos as its Supreme Leader . Initially , the declaration of martial law was well received , given the social turmoil of the period . Crime rates decreased significantly after a curfew was implemented . Political opponents were given the opportunity to go into exile . As martial law went on for the next nine years , the excesses committed by the military increased . In total , there were 3,257 extrajudicial killings , 35,000 individual tortures , and 70,000 were incarcerated . It is also reported that 737 Filipinos disappeared between 1975 and 1985 . I am president . I am the most powerful man in the Philippines . All that I have dreamt of I have . More accurately , I have all the material things I want of life -- a wife who is loving and is a partner in the things I do , bright children who will carry my name , a life well lived -- all . But I feel a discontent . -- Ferdinand Marcos Though it was made clear that Martial law was no military take - over of the government , the immediate reaction of some sectors of the nation was of astonishment and dismay , for even if everyone knew that the gravity of the disorder , lawlessness , social injustice , youth and student activism and other disturbing movements had reached a point of peril , they felt that martial law over the whole country was not yet warranted . Worse , political motivations were ascribed to be behind the proclamation , since the then constitutionally non-extendable term of President Marcos was about to expire . This suspicion became more credible when opposition leaders and outspoken anti-administration media people were immediately placed under indefinite detention in military camps and other unusual restrictions were imposed on travel , communication , freedom of speech and of the press , etc . In a word , the martial law regime was anathema to no small portion of the populace . It was in the light of the above circumstances and as a means of solving the dilemma aforementioned that the concept embodied in Amendment No. 6 was born in the Constitution of 1973 . In brief , the central idea that emerged was that martial law might be earlier lifted , but to safeguard the Philippines and its people against any abrupt dangerous situation which would warrant the exercise of some authoritarian powers , the latter must be constitutionally allowed , thereby eliminating the need to proclaim martial law and its concomitants , principally the assertion by the military of prerogatives that made them appear superior to the civilian authorities below the President . In other words , the problem was what may be needed for national survival or the restoration of normalcy in the face of a crisis or an emergency should be reconciled with the popular mentality and attitude of the people against martial law . In a speech before his fellow alumni of the University of the Philippines College of Law , President Marcos declared his intention to lift martial law by the end of January 1981 . The reassuring words for the skeptic came on the occasion of the University of the Philippines law alumni reunion on December 12 , 1980 when the President declared : `` We must erase once and for all from the public mind any doubts as to our resolve to bring martial law to an end and to minister to an orderly transition to parliamentary government . '' The apparent forthright irrevocable commitment was cast at the 45th anniversary celebration of the Armed Forces of the Philippines on December 22 , 1980 when the President proclaimed : `` A few days ago , following extensive consultations with a broad representation of various sectors of the nation and in keeping with the pledge made a year ago during the seventh anniversary of the New Society , I came to the firm decision that martial law should be lifted before the end of January , 1981 , and that only in a few areas where grave problems of public order and national security continue to exist will martial law continue to remain in force . '' Economy ( edit ) According to World Bank Data , the Philippine 's Gross Domestic Product quadrupled from $8 billion in 1972 to $32.45 billion in 1980 . Indeed , according to the U.S. based Heritage Foundation , the Philippines enjoyed its best economic development since 1945 between 1972 . The economy grew amidst the two severe global oil shocks following the 1973 oil crisis and 1979 energy crisis - oil price was $3 / barrel in 1973 and $39.5 in 1979 , or a growth of 1200 % which drove inflation . All in all despite the 1984 - 1985 recession and despite criticisms of growth not benefiting the masses , GDP on a per capita basis more than tripled from $175.9 in 1965 to $565.8 in 1985 at the end of Marcos ' term . The Heritage Foundation pointed that when economy began to weaken 1979 , the government did not adopt anti-recessionist policies and instead launched risky and costly industrial projects . The government had a cautious borrowing policy in the 1970s . Amidst high oil prices , high interest rates , capital flight , and falling export prices of sugar and coconut , the Philippine government borrowed a significant amount of foreign debt in the early 1980s . The country 's total external debt rose from US $2.3 billion in 1970 to US $26.2 billion in 1985 . Marcos ' critics charged that policies have become debt - driven , along with corruption and plunder of public funds by Marcos and his cronies . This held the country under a debt - servicing crisis which is expected to be fixed by only 2025 . Critics have pointed out an elusive state of the country 's development as the period is marred by a sharp devaluing of the Philippine Peso from 3.9 to 20.53 . The overall economy experienced a slower growth GDP per capita , lower wage conditions and higher unemployment especially towards the end of Marcos ' term after the 1983 - 1984 recession . The recession was triggered largely by political instability following Ninoy 's assassination , high global interest rates , Severe global economic recession , and significant increase in global oil price , the latter three of which affected all indebted countries in Latin America , Europe , and the Philippines was not exempted . Critics claimed that poverty incidence grew from 41 % in the 1960s at the time Marcos took the Presidency to 59 % when he was removed from power . Parliamentary elections ( edit ) The first formal elections since 1969 for an interim Batasang Pambansa ( National Assembly ) were held on April 7 , 1978 . Sen. Aquino , then in jail , decided to run as leader of his party , the Lakas ng Bayan party , but they did not win any seats in the Batasan , despite public support and their apparent victory . The night before the elections , supporters of the LABAN party showed their solidarity by setting up a `` noise barrage '' in Manila , creating noise the whole night until dawn . The Fourth Republic ( 1981 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) The opposition boycotted the June 16 , 1981 presidential elections , which pitted Marcos and his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan party against retired Gen. Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party . Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes , which constitutionally allowed him to have another six - year term . Finance Minister Cesar Virata was elected as Prime Minister by the Batasang Pambansa . In 1983 , opposition leader Benigno `` Ninoy '' Aquino Jr. was assassinated at Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile in the United States . This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a series of events , including pressure from the United States , that culminated in a snap presidential election on February 7 , 1986 . The opposition united under Aquino 's widow , Corazon Aquino , and Salvador Laurel , head of the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations ( UNIDO ) . The election was marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering with results by both sides . The official election canvasser , the Commission on Elections ( COMELEC ) , declared Marcos the winner , despite a walk - out staged by disenfranchised computer technicians on February 9 . According to the COMELEC 's final tally , Marcos won with 10,807,197 votes to Aquino 's 9,291,761 votes . By contrast , the partial 70 % tally of NAMFREL , an accredited poll watcher , said Aquino won with 7,835,070 votes to Marcos 's 7,053,068 . End of the Marcos regime ( edit ) See also : Philippine presidential election , 1986 The fraudulent result was not accepted by Aquino and her supporters . International observers , including a U.S. delegation led by Senator Richard Lugar , denounced the official results . General Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile then withdrew their support for the administration , defecting and barricading themselves within Camp Crame . This resulted in that peaceful 1986 EDSA Revolution that forced Marcos into exile in Hawaii while Corazon Aquino became the 11th President of the Philippines on February 25 , 1986 . Under Aquino , the Philippines would adopt a new constitution , ending the Fourth Republic and ushering in the beginning of the Fifth Republic . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PHL marks 29th anniversary of Aquino 's assassination on Tuesday '' . Office of the President of the Philippines . August 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 Constitution , as amended '' . Official Gazette . Philippine government . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic role and contributions of Kabataang Makabayan - '' . 29 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lacaba , Jose F. ( 1982 ) . Days of Disquiet , Nights of Rage : The First Quarter Storm & Related Events . Manila : Salinlahi Pub . House . pp. 11 -- 45 , 157 -- 178 . Jump up ^ `` February - 1970 - The Philippine Diary Project '' . philippinediaryproject.wordpress.com . ^ Jump up to : `` January - 1970 - The Philippine Diary Project '' . philippinediaryproject.wordpress.com . Jump up ^ Finney , John W. ( 18 February 1973 ) . `` U.S. Killer Reported Hired In a Plot Against Marcos '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Foreign relations of the United States , 1969 - 1976 , V. 20 : Southeast Asia . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1969 -- 1976 , Volume XX , Southeast Asia , 1969 -- 1972 - Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Jump up ^ `` EX-COMMUNISTS PARTY BEHIND MANILA BOMBING '' . The Washington Post . August 4 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Celoza , Albert F. ( 1997 ) . Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines : The Political Economy of Authoritarianism . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 94137 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` True or false : Was 1972 Enrile ambush faked ? '' . The Philippine Inquirer. 8 October 2012 . `` Enrile on fake ambush : ' For real ' '' . The Philippine Inquirer. 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Struggle Between Truth and Falsehood '' . Law and Behold ! . ( reproducing news article reprints ) Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 1081 Archived 2012 - 08 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , September 21 , 1972 , Proclaiming a State of Martial Law in the Philippines , The LawPhil Project . Jump up ^ Inquirer ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Demystifying Marcos ' Martial Law Regime '' . Jump up ^ Manila Times ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Liberal and Communist parties provoked martial law imposition '' . Jump up ^ `` Enrile : CPP - NPA -- and China -- provoked Martial Law imposition - The Manila Times Online '' . www.manilatimes.net . Jump up ^ `` Alfred McCoy , Dark Legacy : Human rights under the Marcos regime '' . www.hartford-hwp.com . Jump up ^ William C. Rempel . Delusions of a Dictator : The Mind of Marcos As Revealed in His Secret Diaries . Little Brown & Co , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` G.R. No . L - 58289 July 24 , 1982 '' . Jump up ^ Legaspoi , Valentino . `` G.R. No . L - 58289 July 24 , 1982 '' . ( note 29 ) Jump up ^ Tan , Silverio Benny . `` THE PHILIPPINES AFTER THE LIFTING OF MARTIAL LAW : A LINGERING AUTHORITARIANISM '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Carag , Carlo . `` THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE LIFTING OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` GDP ( current US $ ) - Data '' . ^ Jump up to : `` GDP per capita ( current US $ ) - Data '' . data.worldbank.org . Jump up ^ `` GDP ( current US $ ) - Data '' . data.worldbank.org . Jump up ^ https://www.nber.org/chapters/c9047.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Roots of the Philippines ' Economic Troubles '' . ^ Jump up to : Introduction to `` The Marcos Legacy : Economic Policy and Foreign Debt in the Philippines '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . 1989 . Jump up ^ L. , Edward . `` The Roots of the Philippines ' Economic Troubles '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` United States Prime Rate History '' . www.fedprimerate.com . Jump up ^ James K. Galbraith . `` ' The Predator State : How Conservatives Abandoned the Free Market and Why Liberals Should Too ' '' . Jump up ^ Michael Mussa. `` ' C. Fred Bergsten and the World Economy , Volume 978 , Issues 397 - 399 ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Ferdinand Marcos ' economic disaster '' . Jump up ^ Mahar Manghas . `` ' Monitoring Philippine Poverty By Operational and Sociatal Indicators ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Marcos Economy Golden Age of PH ? Look at the Data '' . Rappler . Jump up ^ `` The dismal record of the Marcos regime '' . Philippine Star . Jump up ^ `` Martial Law and It 's Aftermath '' . US Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` The Marcos legacy of fraudulent and illegitimate debts '' . Freedom from debt coalition . Jump up ^ Peter Ackerman ; Jack DuVall ( 2001 ) , A force more powerful : a century of nonviolent conflict , Macmillan , p. 384 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24050 - 9 ; ^ Isabelo T. Crisostomo ( 1987 ) , Cory -- profile of a president , Branden Books , p. 193 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8283 - 1913 - 3 ( showing a reproduction of NAMFREL 's announcement of the results ) . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Peter ; DuVall , Jack ( 1 January 2000 ) . `` A Force More Powerful : A Century of Non-Violent Conflict '' . Palgrave Macmillan -- via Google Books . 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Protein structure - wikipedia Protein structure Jump to : navigation , search Interactive diagram of protein structure , using PCNA as an example . ( PDB : 1AXC  ) Protein structure is the three - dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid - chain molecule . Proteins are polymers -- specifically polypeptides -- formed from sequences of amino acids , the monomers of the polymer . A single amino acid monomer may also be called a residue indicating a repeating unit of a polymer . Proteins form by amino acids undergoing condensation reactions , in which the amino acids lose one water molecule per reaction in order to attach to one another with a peptide bond . By convention , a chain under 30 amino acids is often identified as a peptide , rather than a protein . To be able to perform their biological function , proteins fold into one or more specific spatial conformations driven by a number of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding , ionic interactions , Van der Waals forces , and hydrophobic packing . To understand the functions of proteins at a molecular level , it is often necessary to determine their three - dimensional structure . This is the topic of the scientific field of structural biology , which employs techniques such as X-ray crystallography , NMR spectroscopy , and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins . Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids . By physical size , proteins are classified as nanoparticles , between 1 -- 100 nm . Very large aggregates can be formed from protein subunits . For example , many thousands of actin molecules assemble into a microfilament . A protein generally undergo reversible structural changes in performing its biological function . The alternative structures of the same protein are referred to as different conformational isomers , or simply , conformations , and transitions between them are called conformational changes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Levels of protein structure 1.1 Primary structure 1.2 Secondary structure 1.3 Tertiary structure 1.4 Quaternary structure 2 Domains , motifs , and folds in protein structure 2.1 Structural domain 2.2 Structural and sequence motif 2.3 Supersecondary structure 2.4 Protein fold 2.5 Superdomain 3 Protein folding 4 Protein structure determination 4.1 Protein Sequence Analysis : Ensembles 5 Protein structure databases 6 Structure classification 7 Computational prediction of protein structure 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Levels of protein structure ( edit ) There are four distinct levels of protein structure . Primary structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein primary structure The primary structure of a protein refers to the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain . The primary structure is held together by peptide bonds that are made during the process of protein biosynthesis . The two ends of the polypeptide chain are referred to as the carboxyl terminus ( C - terminus ) and the amino terminus ( N - terminus ) based on the nature of the free group on each extremity . Counting of residues always starts at the N - terminal end ( NH - group ) , which is the end where the amino group is not involved in a peptide bond . The primary structure of a protein is determined by the gene corresponding to the protein . A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA is transcribed into mRNA , which is read by the ribosome in a process called translation . The sequence of amino acids in insulin was discovered by Frederick Sanger , establishing that proteins have defining amino acid sequences . The sequence of a protein is unique to that protein , and defines the structure and function of the protein . The sequence of a protein can be determined by methods such as Edman degradation or tandem mass spectrometry . Often , however , it is read directly from the sequence of the gene using the genetic code . It is strictly recommended to use the words `` amino acid residues '' when discussing proteins because when a peptide bond is formed , a water molecule is lost , and therefore proteins are made up of amino acid residues . Post-translational modification such as disulfide bond formation , phosphorylations and glycosylations are usually also considered a part of the primary structure , and can not be read from the gene . For example , insulin is composed of 51 amino acids in 2 chains . One chain has 31 amino acids , and the other has 20 amino acids . Secondary structure ( edit ) An α - helix with hydrogen bonds ( yellow dots ) Main article : Protein secondary structure Secondary structure refers to highly regular local sub-structures on the actual polypeptide backbone chain . Two main types of secondary structure , the α - helix and the β - strand or β - sheets , were suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling and coworkers . These secondary structures are defined by patterns of hydrogen bonds between the main - chain peptide groups . They have a regular geometry , being constrained to specific values of the dihedral angles ψ and φ on the Ramachandran plot . Both the α - helix and the β - sheet represent a way of saturating all the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors in the peptide backbone . Some parts of the protein are ordered but do not form any regular structures . They should not be confused with random coil , an unfolded polypeptide chain lacking any fixed three - dimensional structure . Several sequential secondary structures may form a `` supersecondary unit '' . Tertiary structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein tertiary structure Tertiary structure refers to the three - dimensional structure of monomeric and multimeric protein molecules . The α - helixes and β - pleated - sheets are folded into a compact globular structure . The folding is driven by the non-specific hydrophobic interactions , the burial of hydrophobic residues from water , but the structure is stable only when the parts of a protein domain are locked into place by specific tertiary interactions , such as salt bridges , hydrogen bonds , and the tight packing of side chains and disulfide bonds . The disulfide bonds are extremely rare in cytosolic proteins , since the cytosol ( intracellular fluid ) is generally a reducing environment . Quaternary structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein quaternary structure Quaternary structure is the three - dimensional structure consisting of the aggregation of two or more individual polypeptide chains ( subunits ) that operate as a single functional unit . In this context , the quaternary structure is stabilized by the same non-covalent interactions and disulfide bonds as the tertiary structure . Complexes of two or more polypeptides ( i.e. multiple subunits ) are called multimers . Specifically it would be called a dimer if it contains two subunits , a trimer if it contains three subunits , a tetramer if it contains four subunits , and a pentamer if it contains five subunits . The subunits are frequently related to one another by symmetry operations , such as a 2-fold axis in a dimer . Multimers made up of identical subunits are referred to with a prefix of `` homo - '' ( e.g. a homotetramer ) and those made up of different subunits are referred to with a prefix of `` hetero - '' , for example , a heterotetramer , such as the two alpha and two beta chains of hemoglobin . Domains , motifs , and folds in protein structure ( edit ) Protein domains . The two shown protein structures share a common domain ( maroon ) , the PH domain , which is involved in phosphatidylinositol ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) - trisphosphate binding Proteins are frequently described as consisting of several structural units . These units include domains , motifs , and folds . Despite the fact that there are about 100,000 different proteins expressed in eukaryotic systems , there are many fewer different domains , structural motifs and folds . Structural domain ( edit ) A structural domain is an element of the protein 's overall structure that is self - stabilizing and often folds independently of the rest of the protein chain . Many domains are not unique to the protein products of one gene or one gene family but instead appear in a variety of proteins . Domains often are named and singled out because they figure prominently in the biological function of the protein they belong to ; for example , the `` calcium - binding domain of calmodulin '' . Because they are independently stable , domains can be `` swapped '' by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimera proteins . Structural and sequence motif ( edit ) The structural and sequence motifs refer to short segments of protein three - dimensional structure or amino acid sequence that were found in a large number of different proteins . Supersecondary structure ( edit ) The supersecondary structure refers to a specific combination of secondary structure elements , such as β - α - β units or a helix - turn - helix motif . Some of them may be also referred to as structural motifs . Protein fold ( edit ) A protein fold refers to the general protein architecture , like a helix bundle , β - barrel , Rossman fold or different `` folds '' provided in the Structural Classification of Proteins database . A related concept is protein topology that refers to the arrangement of contacts within the protein . Superdomain ( edit ) A superdomain consists of two or more nominally unrelated structural domains that are inherited as a single unit and occur in different proteins . An example is provided by the protein tyrosine phosphatase domain and C2 domain pair in PTEN , several tensin proteins , auxilin and proteins in plants and fungi . The PTP - C2 superdomain evidently came into existence prior to the divergence of fungi , plants and animals is therefore likely to be about 1.5 billion years old . Protein folding ( edit ) Main article : Protein folding Once translated by a ribosome , each polypeptide folds into its characteristic three - dimensional structure from a random coil . Since the fold is maintained by a network of interactions between amino acids in the polypeptide , the native state of the protein chain is determined by the amino acid sequence ( Anfinsen 's dogma ) . Protein structure determination ( edit ) Examples of protein structures from the PDB Rate of Protein Structure Determination by Method and Year Around 90 % of the protein structures available in the Protein Data Bank have been determined by X-ray crystallography . This method allows one to measure the three - dimensional ( 3 - D ) density distribution of electrons in the protein , in the crystallized state , and thereby infer the 3 - D coordinates of all the atoms to be determined to a certain resolution . Roughly 9 % of the known protein structures have been obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) techniques . For larger protein complexes , cryo - electron microscopy can determine protein structures . The resolution is typically lower than that of X-ray crystallography , or NMR , but the maximum resolution is steadily increasing . This technique is still a particularly valuable for very large protein complexes such as virus coat proteins and amyloid fibers . General secondary structure composition can be determined via circular dichroism . Vibrational spectroscopy can also be used to characterize the conformation of peptides , polypeptides , and proteins . Two - dimensional infrared spectroscopy has become a valuable method to investigate the structures of flexible peptides and proteins that can not be studied with other methods . A more qualitative picture of protein structure is often obtained by proteolysis , which is also useful to screen for more crystallizable protein samples . Novel implementations of this approach , including fast parallel proteolysis ( FASTpp ) , can probe the structured fraction and its stability without the need for purification . Once a protein 's structure has been experimentally determined , further detailed studies can be done computationally , using molecular dynamic simulations of that structure . Protein sequence Analysis : ensembles ( edit ) Schematic view of the two main ensemble modeling approaches . Proteins are often thought of as relatively stable structures that have a set tertiary structure and experience conformational changes as a result of being modified by other proteins or as part of enzymatic activity . However proteins have varying degrees of stability and some of the less stable variants are intrinsically disordered proteins . These proteins exist and function in a relatively ' disordered ' state lacking a stable tertiary structure . As a result , they are difficult to describe in a standard protein structure model that was designed for proteins with a fixed tertiary structure . Conformational ensembles have been devised as a way to provide a more accurate and ' dynamic ' representation of the conformational state of intrinsically disordered proteins . Conformational ensembles function by attempting to represent the various conformations of intrinsically disordered proteins within an ensemble file ( the type found at the Protein Ensemble Database ) . Protein ensemble files are a representation of a protein that can be considered to have a flexible structure . Creating these files requires determining which of the various theoretically possible protein conformations actually exist . One approach is to apply computational algorithms to the protein data in order to try to determine the most likely set of conformations for an ensemble file . There are multiple methods for preparing data for the Protein Ensemble Database that fall into two general methodologies -- pool and molecular dynamics ( MD ) approaches ( diagrammed in the figure ) . The pool based approach uses the protein 's amino acid sequence to create a massive pool of random conformations . This pool is then subjected to more computational processing that creates a set of theoretical parameters for each conformation based on the structure . Conformational subsets from this pool whose average theoretical parameters closely match known experimental data for this protein are selected . The molecular dynamics approach takes multiple random conformations at a time and subjects all of them to experimental data . Here the experimental data is serving as limitations to be placed on the conformations ( e.g. known distances between atoms ) . Only conformations that manage to remain within the limits set by the experimental data are accepted . This approach often applies large amounts of experimental data to the conformations which is a very computationally demanding task . Protein Data Type Protocol PED ID References Sic1 / Cdc4 NMR and SAXS Pool - based PED9AAA p15 PAF NMR and SAXS Pool - based PED6AAA MKK7 NMR Pool - based PED5AAB Beta - synuclein NMR MD - based PED1AAD P27 KID NMR MD - based PED2AAA ( adapted from image in `` Computational approaches for inferring the functions of intrinsically disordered proteins '' ) Protein structure databases ( edit ) Protein structure database is a database that is modeled around the various experimentally determined protein structures . The aim of most protein structure databases is to organize and annotate the protein structures , providing the biological community access to the experimental data in a useful way . Data included in protein structure databases often includes 3D coordinates as well as experimental information , such as unit cell dimensions and angles for x-ray crystallography determined structures . Though most instances , in this case either proteins or a specific structure determinations of a protein , also contain sequence information and some databases even provide means for performing sequence based queries , the primary attribute of a structure database is structural information , whereas sequence databases focus on sequence information , and contain no structural information for the majority of entries . Protein structure databases are critical for many efforts in computational biology such as structure based drug design , both in developing the computational methods used and in providing a large experimental dataset used by some methods to provide insights about the function of a protein . Structure classification ( edit ) Protein structures can be grouped based on their similarity or a common evolutionary origin . The Structural Classification of Proteins database and CATH database provide two different structural classifications of proteins . Shared structure between proteins is considered evidence of evolutionary relatedness between proteins and is used group proteins together into protein superfamilies . Computational prediction of protein structure ( edit ) Main article : Protein structure prediction The generation of a protein sequence is much easier than the determination of a protein structure . However , the structure of a protein gives much more insight in the function of the protein than its sequence . Therefore , a number of methods for the computational prediction of protein structure from its sequence have been developed . Ab initio prediction methods use just the sequence of the protein . Threading and homology modeling methods can build a 3 - D model for a protein of unknown structure from experimental structures of evolutionarily - related proteins , called a protein family . See also ( edit ) 3did Biomolecular structure Gene structure Nucleic acid structure Z - matrix conversion from Torsion angles to Cartesian coordinates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ H. Stephen Stoker ( 1 January 2015 ) . Organic and Biological Chemistry . Cengage Learning . p. 371 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 68645 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brocchieri L , Karlin S ( 2005 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Protein length in eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteomes '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 33 ( 10 ) : 3390 -- 3400 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gki615 . PMC 1150220 . PMID 15951512 . Jump up ^ Sanger , F. ; Tuppy , H. ( 1951 - 09 - 01 ) . `` The amino - acid sequence in the phenylalanyl chain of insulin . I . The identification of lower peptides from partial hydrolysates '' . The Biochemical Journal . 49 ( 4 ) : 463 -- 481 . doi : 10.1042 / bj0490463 . ISSN 0264 - 6021 . PMC 1197535 . PMID 14886310 . Jump up ^ Sanger , F. ( 1959 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Chemistry of Insulin '' . Science . 129 ( 3359 ) : 1340 -- 1344 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 129.3359. 1340 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 13658959 . Jump up ^ Pauling L , Corey RB , Branson HR ( 1951 ) . `` The structure of proteins ; two hydrogen - bonded helical configurations of the polypeptide chain '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 37 ( 4 ) : 205 -- 211 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 37.4. 205 . PMC 1063337 . PMID 14816373 . Jump up ^ Chiang YS , Gelfand TI , Kister AE , Gelfand IM ( 2007 ) . `` New classification of supersecondary structures of sandwich - like proteins uncovers strict patterns of strand assemblage '' . Proteins. 68 ( 4 ) : 915 -- 921 . doi : 10.1002 / prot. 21473 . PMID 17557333 . Jump up ^ Govindarajan S , Recabarren R , Goldstein RA ( 17 September 1999 ) . `` Estimating the total number of protein folds '' . Proteins. 35 ( 4 ) : 408 -- 414 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0134 ( 19990601 ) 35 : 4 < 408 : : AID - PROT4 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - A. PMID 10382668 . 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Further reading ( edit ) 50 Years of Protein Structure Determination Timeline - HTML Version - National Institute of General Medical Sciences at NIH Proteins Processes Protein biosynthesis Post-translational modification Protein folding Protein targeting Proteome Protein methods Structures Protein structure Protein structural domains Proteasome Types List of types of proteins List of proteins Membrane protein Globular protein Globulin Edestin Albumin Fibrous protein Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI Protein domains BAR BIR BZIP CARD C1 C2 DED ENTH FYVE HEAT Kringle LIM LRR NACHT PAS PDZ Pyrin PH PX SH2 SH3 SUN TRIO WD40 zinc finger Protein structural analysis High resolution Cryo - electron microscopy X-ray crystallography NMR Electron crystallography EPR Medium resolution Fiber diffraction Mass spectrometry SAXS Spectroscopic NMR Circular dichroism Dual - polarization interferometry Absorbance Fluorescence Fluorescence anisotropy Translational Diffusion Analytical ultracentrifugation Size exclusion chromatography Light scattering NMR Rotational Diffusion Fluorescence anisotropy Flow birefringence Dielectric relaxation NMR Chemical Hydrogen - deuterium exchange Site - directed mutagenesis Chemical modification Thermodynamic Equilibrium unfolding Computational Protein structure prediction Molecular docking ← Tertiary structure Quaternary structure → Biomolecular structure Protein structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Determination Prediction Design Thermodynamics Nucleic acid structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Determination Prediction Design Thermodynamics See also Protein Protein domain Protein engineering Nucleic acid DNA RNA Nucleic acid double helix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_structure&oldid=835457988 '' Categories : Protein structure Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles prone to spam from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Italiano Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 20 : 45 . 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Question: how many levels of protein structure are there