Where the Heart is ( 2000 film ) - wikipedia Where the Heart is ( 2000 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2000 film . For other uses , see Where the Heart Is . Where The Heart Is Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Williams Produced by Susan Cartsonis David McFadzean Patricia Whitcher Matt Williams Screenplay by Lowell Ganz Babaloo Mandel Based on Where the Heart Is by Billie Letts Starring Natalie Portman Ashley Judd Stockard Channing Joan Cusack Music by Mason Daring Cinematography Richard Greatrex Edited by Brooke Wilson Production company Kiah rainwater studios Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date April 28 , 2000 Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $40 million Where the Heart Is is a 2000 American romantic drama film directed by Matt Williams in his film directing debut . The film stars Natalie Portman , Stockard Channing , Ashley Judd , and Joan Cusack with supporting roles performed by James Frain , Dylan Bruno , Keith David , and Sally Field . The screenplay , written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel , is based on the best - selling novel by Billie Letts . The film follows five years in the life of Novalee Nation , a pregnant 17 - year - old , who is abandoned by her boyfriend at a Walmart in a small Oklahoma town . She secretly moves into the store , where she eventually gives birth to her baby , which attracts media attention . With the help of friends , she makes a new life for herself in the town . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Differences between novel and film 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Novalee Nation ( Natalie Portman ) is seventeen years old and seven months pregnant . She sets off on a road trip from Tennessee to California with her boyfriend , Willy Jack Pickens ( Dylan Bruno ) in an old , broken down 1963 Plymouth . When driving through Sequoyah , Oklahoma , Novalee asks Willy Jack to stop at the local Walmart so that she can go to the restroom and buy new shoes . Willy Jack drives off leaving behind her and her new Polaroid camera . Having no other place to go she walks back inside and meets Thelma `` Sister '' Husband ( Stockard Channing ) . After Sister presents her with a buckeye tree , Novalee also meets Moses Whitecotton ( Keith David ) , a local photographer who advises her to give her baby a strong name . A sickly Novalee is forced to live in the Walmart , undetected . Meanwhile Willy Jack is charged with fraternizing with a minor , and stealing from a convenience store . During his tenure in prison he composes a country song , `` Beat of the Heart . '' Novalee soon meets Forney Hull ( James Frain ) , the surly librarian who looks after his alcoholic sister Mary Elizabeth ( Margaret Hoard ) . During a thunderstorm Novalee , alone at Walmart , goes into labor . Forney , who is now in awe of Novalee , and had seen her enter the store at closing time , smashes through the window to help deliver her child . Novalee instantly becomes a media darling , and in hospital is befriended by Nurse Lexie Coop ( Ashley Judd ) , who has four children by three different men . Novalee names her daughter Americus . Her estranged mother Mama Lil ( Sally Field ) , visits after hearing of the news on television but Novalee soon realises to her dismay and disgust that money had been Mama Lil 's only motive . Sister Husband arrives and offers to take in Novalee and Americus . Three years later , Novalee begins a career as a photographer with the help of Moses . When a tornado blows through Sequoyah , Sister Husband is killed . In memory of Sister , Novalee shoots a picture of Americus and the still - standing buckeye tree amidst the damage from the storm . After the funeral , Novalee finds out that she is the beneficiary of Sister 's estate , totaling around $40,000 . Novalee builds a new home for herself and Americus on Sister 's land . Upon being released from prison and making it to Nashville , Willy Jack becomes a one - hit - wonder after a slow start with the song he wrote in jail . He teams with the grizzled and cranky music agent , Ruth Meyers ( Joan Cusack ) , who gives him a makeover and the stage name `` Billy Shadow . '' At the same time , Novalee is also in Las Vegas to accept an award in a photo contest she has won . Novalee and Willy Jack just miss meeting each other . Ruth Meyers , who has gotten in his hotel room , informs Willy Jack that his old cellmate , Tommy Reynolds , is suing him claiming he is the true writer of Beat of a Heart , now a major radio hit , and terminates her connections with Willy Jack . Novalee returns to Sequoyah after the awards event without realizing how close she came to seeing Willy Jack . One day , Novalee receives a call from Brownie , Lexie 's oldest child . She rushes over to find Lexie bruised and battered and learns that Lexie 's new love interest started to molest her two eldest children and nearly beat her to death as she attempted to protect them . Lexie 's injuries hinder her nursing job and she and her children have to move in with Novalee and Americus . Lexie breaks down feeling guilty and angry . She tearfully tells Novalee that she ignored her kid 's dislike for her boyfriend . Mary Elizabeth later passes away and when Forney does not appear at the funeral , Novalee finds him in a hotel and comforts him . They act on their feelings they have denied for so long and spend the night together . Forney confesses his love for her . Novalee confides in Lexie that she has never considered good enough for Forney and is confused about her own feelings for . Novalee learns that Lexie is seeing someone new . Lexie is embarrassed to admit `` Ernie '' is an exterminator and does not have quite the physical attributes that have in the past attracted her interest . Lexie eventually falls in love with Ernie ( Bob Coonrod ) after learning he gave his ex-wife his restored 1967 Chevy Camaro in exchange for custody of his step - daughter whom he adopted as his own . They get married , and Lexie tells Novalee that she 's pregnant . After Forney returns from his sister 's burial on the east coast , Novalee feels deeply that she is not good enough for him , knowing he has a chance of going back to school . Knowing his life would be a dead end staying with her in Sequoyah , she struggles through lying to him saying she does not love him . Heartbroken and rejected by Novalee , Forney returns to school in Maine . Severely depressed at his ruined career following the lawsuit , Willy Jack becomes an alcoholic and starts popping pills while driving with a woman across country . He wanders off drunk and collapses on a railroad track where he is unable to move as a train approaches . On Americus 's 5th birthday , Novalee picks up a newspaper and sees an article about Willy Jack having lost his legs some months before and recently being robbed of his wheelchair . Novalee visits Willy Jack in the hospital and he confesses his whole life would 've been different if he had n't left her . Novalee , realizing he is now a pathetically changed man , is able to finally forgive and let go of Willy Jack . Novalee realizes that her lies are similar mistakes with Forney . She drives Willy Jack home to Tennessee and then continues to Maine to find Forney at a college . Novalee tells him she really does love him and they return to Oklahoma and marry . The final scene is of their wedding , which takes place in a Walmart . Cast ( edit ) Natalie Portman as Novalee Nation Ashley Judd as Lexie Coop Stockard Channing as Thelma `` Sister '' Husband Joan Cusack as Ruth Meyers James Frain as Forney Hull Dylan Bruno as Willy Jack Pickens Keith David as Moses Whitecotton Richard Andrew Jones as Mr. Sprock Sally Field as Mama Lil Angee Hughes as Religious woman Margaret Hoard as Mary Elizabeth Hull Mackenzie Fitzgerald as Americus Nation David Alvarado as Tommy Reynolds Richard Nance as Johnny DeSotto Bob Coonrod as Ernie Cody Linley as Brownie Coop Adrian Garza as Young Brownie ( uncredited ) Differences between novel and film ( edit ) Novalee finds the number 5 unlucky in the movie , and the number 7 unlucky in the novel . Sister Husband has brown hair in the movie , and blue hair in the novel . In the novel , Lexie marries Leon Yoder . In the film , Forney returns to school . In the novel , Forney instead travels for some time before settling in Chicago . Novalee 's marriage to Forney only occurs in the film . In the novel , Lexie is obese . She is constantly trying new fad diets and weight loss schemes . This aspect of her character is removed from the film version . In the novel , Benny Goodluck gives Novalee a buckeye tree for good luck . In the film , the buckeye tree was given to Novalee by Sister Husband . In the novel , Moses has a wife named Certain whom Novalee also becomes close with . She is entirely omitted from the film , as is Benny Goodluck . Music ( edit ) Original music for the film was produced by Mason Daring . A soundtrack of the original music was released by RCA Records , as well as a music compilation soundtrack featuring songs used in the film by artists such as Emmylou Harris , Lyle Lovett , Martina McBride , and John Hiatt . The song `` That 's the Beat of a Heart '' was performed by The Warren Brothers and Sara Evans . A music video was made for the song , which is included as a bonus extra on the DVD release , and features a number of scenes from the film . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mostly negative reviews . Metacritic gives it a score of 30 % based on reviews from 28 critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 35 % approval rating , based on reviews from 97 critics , with the sites consensus stating that the film 's `` poor script and messy plot undermines the decent cast . '' Box office ( edit ) The film opened in theaters in the United States on April 28 , 2000 . Where the Heart Is accumulated ( USD ) $8,292,939 in its opening weekend , opening at number 4 . The film went on to make $33,772,838 at the North American box office , and an additional $7,090,880 internationally for a worldwide total of $40,863,718 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Metacritic ( Where The Heart Is ) Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes ( Where The Heart Is ) Jump up ^ `` Where the Heart Is '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 15 April 2006 . External links ( edit ) Where the Heart Is on IMDb Where the Heart Is at Box Office Mojo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Heart_Is_(2000_film)&oldid=819399280 '' Categories : English - language films 2000s drama films 2000 films 20th Century Fox films American comedy - drama films American teen drama films American films Country music films Directorial debut films Films based on American novels Films set in department stores Films set in Oklahoma Screenplays by Babaloo Mandel Screenplays by Lowell Ganz Teenage pregnancy in film Walmart Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Question: forney's sister in where the heart is


Cortisol - Wikipedia Cortisol Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the natural hormone . For the medication , see Hydrocortisone . Not to be confused with cortisone , a metabolite from cortisol , with a similar name , genesis , and function . This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents . To comply with Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines , please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article 's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article . ( discuss ) . ( November 2016 ) Cortisol Names IUPAC name 11β , 17α , 21 - Trihydroxypregn - 4 - ene - 3 , 20 - dione Identifiers CAS Number 50 - 23 - 7 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 17650 ChemSpider 5551 DrugBank DB00741 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 019 KEGG D00088 PubChem CID 5754 UNII WI4X0X7BPJ InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C21H30O5 / c1 - 19 - 7 - 5 - 13 ( 23 ) 9 - 12 ( 19 ) 3 - 4 - 14 - 15 - 6 - 8 - 21 ( 26 , 17 ( 25 ) 11 - 22 ) 20 ( 15 , 2 ) 10 - 16 ( 24 ) 18 ( 14 ) 19 / h9 , 14 - 16 , 18 , 22 , 24 , 26H , 3 - 8 , 10 - 11H2 , 1 - 2H3 / t14 - , 15 - , 16 - , 18 + , 19 - , 20 - , 21 - / m0 / s1 Key : JYGXADMDTFJGBT - VWUMJDOOSA - N SMILES ( show ) O = C4 \ C = C2 / ( C @ ) ( ( C@H ) 1 ( C @ @ H ) ( O ) C ( C @ @ ) 3 ( ( C @ @ ) ( O ) ( C ( = O ) CO ) CC ( C@H ) 3 ( C @ @ H ) 1CC2 ) C ) ( C ) CC4 Properties Chemical formula Molar mass 362.460 g / mol Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Infobox references Cortisol is a steroid hormone , in the glucocorticoid class of hormones . When used as a medication , it is known as hydrocortisone . It is produced in humans by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland . It is released in response to stress and low blood - glucose concentration . It functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis , to suppress the immune system , and to aid in the metabolism of fat , protein , and carbohydrates . It also decreases bone formation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Health effects 1.1 Metabolic response 1.2 Immune response 2 Other effects 2.1 Metabolism 2.1. 1 Glucose 2.1. 2 Bone and collagen 2.1. 3 Amino acid 2.2 Wound healing 2.3 Electrolyte balance 2.3. 1 Sodium 2.3. 2 Potassium 2.4 Stomach and kidneys 2.5 Memory 2.6 Sleep , stress , and mood 2.7 Effects during pregnancy 3 Synthesis and release 3.1 Normal levels 3.2 Disorders of cortisol production 4 Regulation 4.1 Factors reducing cortisol levels 4.2 Factors increasing cortisol levels 5 Biochemistry 5.1 Biosynthesis 5.2 Metabolism 6 Chemistry 7 Other animals 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Health effects ( edit ) Metabolic response ( edit ) In the early fasting state , cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis ( the formation of glucose ) , and activates antistress and anti-inflammatory pathways . Cortisol also plays an important , but indirect , role in liver and muscle glycogenolysis , the breaking down of glycogen to glucose - 1 - phosphate and glucose . This is done through its passive influence on glucagon . Additionally , cortisol facilitates the activation of glycogen phosphorylase , which is necessary for epinephrine to have an effect on glycogenolysis . In the late fasting state , the function of cortisol changes slightly and increases glycogenesis . This response allows the liver to take up glucose not being used by the peripheral tissue and turn it into liver glycogen stores to be used if the body moves into the starvation state . Elevated levels of cortisol , if prolonged , can lead to proteolysis ( breakdown of proteins ) and muscle wasting . Several studies have shown that cortisol can have a lipolytic effect ( promote the breakdown of fat ) . Under some conditions , however , cortisol may somewhat suppress lipolysis . Immune response ( edit ) Cortisol prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation . It is used to treat conditions resulting from overactivity of the B - cell - mediated antibody response . Examples include inflammatory and rheumatoid diseases , as well as allergies . Low - potency hydrocortisone , available as a nonprescription medicine in some countries , is used to treat skin problems such as rashes and eczema . It inhibits production of interleukin ( IL ) - 12 , interferon ( IFN ) - gamma , IFN - alpha , and tumor - necrosis - factor ( TNF ) - alpha by antigen - presenting cells ( APCs ) and T helper ( Th ) 1 cells , but upregulates IL - 4 , IL - 10 , and IL - 13 by Th2 cells . This results in a shift toward a Th2 immune response rather than general immunosuppression . The activation of the stress system ( and resulting increase in cortisol and Th2 shift ) seen during an infection is believed to be a protective mechanism which prevents an over-activation of the inflammatory response . Cortisol can weaken the activity of the immune system . It prevents proliferation of T - cells by rendering the interleukin - 2 producer T - cells unresponsive to interleukin - 1 ( IL - 1 ) , and unable to produce the T - cell growth factor ( IL - 2 ) . Cortisol also has a negative - feedback effect on interleukin - 1 . Though IL - 1 is useful in combating some diseases , endotoxic bacteria have gained an advantage by forcing the hypothalamus to increase cortisol levels ( forcing the secretion of corticotropin - releasing hormone , thus antagonizing IL - 1 ) . The suppressor cells are not affected by glucosteroid response - modifying factor , so the effective setpoint for the immune cells may be even higher than the setpoint for physiological processes ( reflecting leukocyte redistribution to lymph nodes , bone marrow , and skin ) . Rapid administration of corticosterone ( the endogenous type I and type II receptor agonist ) or RU28362 ( a specific type II receptor agonist ) to adrenalectomized animals induced changes in leukocyte distribution . Natural killer cells are affected by cortisol . Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes ( often to 50 % of their total potential ) , probably to increase copper availability for immune purposes . This includes lysyl oxidase , an enzyme that cross-links collagen , and elastin . Especially valuable for immune response is cortisol 's stimulation of the superoxide dismutase , since this copper enzyme is almost certainly used by the body to permit superoxides to poison bacteria . Other effects ( edit ) Metabolism ( edit ) Glucose ( edit ) Cortisol counteracts insulin , contributes to hyperglycemia - causing hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibits the peripheral use of glucose ( insulin resistance ) by decreasing the translocation of glucose transporters ( especially GLUT4 ) to the cell membrane . However , cortisol increases glycogen synthesis ( glycogenesis ) in the liver . The permissive effect of cortisol on insulin action in liver glycogenesis is observed in hepatocyte culture in the laboratory , although the mechanism for this is unknown . Bone and collagen ( edit ) Cortisol reduces bone formation , favoring long - term development of osteoporosis ( progressive bone disease ) . It transports potassium out of cells in exchange for an equal number of sodium ions ( see above ) . This can trigger the hyperkalemia of metabolic shock from surgery . Cortisol also reduces calcium absorption in the intestine . Collagen is an important component of connective tissue . It is vital for structural support and is found in muscles , tendons , and joints , as well as throughout the entire body . Cortisol down - regulates the synthesis of collagen . Amino acid ( edit ) Cortisol raises the free amino acids in the serum by inhibiting collagen formation , decreasing amino acid uptake by muscle , and inhibiting protein synthesis . Cortisol ( as opticortinol ) may inversely inhibit IgA precursor cells in the intestines of calves . Cortisol also inhibits IgA in serum , as it does IgM ; however , it is not shown to inhibit IgE . Wound healing ( edit ) Cortisol and the stress response have known deleterious effects on the immune system . High levels of perceived stress and increases in cortisol have been found to lengthen wound - healing time in healthy , male adults . Those who had the lowest levels of cortisol the day following a 4 mm punch biopsy had the fastest healing time . In dental students , wounds from punch biopsies took an average of 40 % longer to heal when performed three days before an examination as opposed to biopsies performed on the same students during summer vacation . This is in line with previous animal studies that show similar detrimental effects on wound healing , notably the primary reports showing that turtles recoil from cortisol . Electrolyte balance ( edit ) Cortisol acts as a diuretic , increasing water diuresis , glomerular filtration rate , and renal plasma flow from the kidneys , as well as increasing sodium retention and potassium excretion . It also increases sodium and water absorption and potassium excretion in the intestines . Sodium ( edit ) Cortisol promotes sodium absorption through the small intestine of mammals . Sodium depletion , however , does not affect cortisol levels so cortisol can not be used to regulate serum sodium . Cortisol 's original purpose may have been sodium transport . This hypothesis is supported by the fact that freshwater fish use cortisol to stimulate sodium inward , while saltwater fish have a cortisol - based system for expelling excess sodium . Potassium ( edit ) A sodium load augments the intense potassium excretion by cortisol . Corticosterone is comparable to cortisol in this case . For potassium to move out of the cell , cortisol moves an equal number of sodium ions into the cell . This should make pH regulation much easier ( unlike the normal potassium - deficiency situation , in which two sodium ions move in for each three potassium ions that move out -- closer to the deoxycorticosterone effect ) . Stomach and kidneys ( edit ) Cortisol stimulates gastric - acid secretion . Cortisol 's only direct effect on the hydrogen - ion excretion of the kidneys is to stimulate the excretion of ammonium ions by deactivating the renal glutaminase enzyme . Memory ( edit ) Cortisol works with epinephrine ( adrenaline ) to create memories of short - term emotional events ; this is the proposed mechanism for storage of flash - bulb memories , and may originate as a means to remember what to avoid in the future . However , long - term exposure to cortisol damages cells in the hippocampus ; this damage results in impaired learning . Furthermore , cortisol inhibits memory retrieval of already stored information . Sleep , stress , and mood ( edit ) Diurnal cycles of cortisol levels are found in humans . In humans , the amount of cortisol present in the blood undergoes diurnal variation ; the level peaks in the early morning ( around 8 am ) and reaches its lowest level at about midnight - 4 am , or three to five hours after the onset of sleep . Information about the light / dark cycle is transmitted from the retina to the paired suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus . This pattern is not present at birth ; estimates of when it begins vary from two weeks to nine months of age . Changed patterns of serum cortisol levels have been observed in connection with abnormal ACTH levels , mood disorders such as major depressive disorder , anxiety disorders , psychological stress , and physiological stressors such as hypoglycemia , illness , fever , trauma , surgery , fear , pain , physical exertion , or temperature extremes . Cortisol levels may also differ for individuals with autism or Asperger 's syndrome . Also , significant individual variation is seen , although a given person tends to have consistent rhythms . Effects during pregnancy ( edit ) During human pregnancy , increased fetal production of cortisol between weeks 30 and 32 initiates production of fetal lung surfactant to promote maturation of the lungs . In fetal lambs , glucocorticoids ( principally cortisol ) increase after about day 130 , with lung surfactant increasing greatly , in response , by about day 135 , and although lamb fetal cortisol is mostly of maternal origin during the first 122 days , 88 % or more is of fetal origin by day 136 of gestation . Although the timing of fetal cortisol concentration elevation in sheep may vary somewhat , it averages about 11.8 days before the onset of labor . In several livestock species ( e.g. cattle , sheep , goats , and pigs ) , the surge of fetal cortisol late in gestation triggers the onset of parturition by removing the progesterone block of cervical dilation and myometrial contraction . The mechanisms yielding this effect on progesterone differ among species . In the sheep , where progesterone sufficient for maintaining pregnancy is produced by the placenta after about day 70 of gestation , the prepartum fetal cortisol surge induces placental enzymatic conversion of progesterone to estrogen . ( The elevated level of estrogen stimulates prostaglandin secretion and oxytocin receptor development . ) Exposure of fetuses to cortisol during gestation can have a variety of developmental outcomes , including alterations in prenatal and postnatal growth patterns . In marmosets , a species of New World primates , pregnant females have varying levels of cortisol during gestation , both within and between females . Infants born to mothers with high gestational cortisol during the first trimester of pregnancy had lower rates of growth in body mass indices than infants born to mothers with low gestational cortisol ( about 20 % lower ) . However , postnatal growth rates in these high - cortisol infants was more rapid than low - cortisol infants later in postnatal periods , and complete catch - up in growth had occurred by 540 days of age . These results suggest that gestational exposure to cortisol in fetuses has important potential fetal programming effects on both pre - and postnatal growth in primates . Synthesis and release ( edit ) Cortisol is produced in the human body by the adrenal gland in the zona fasciculata , the second of three layers comprising the adrenal cortex . The cortex forms the outer `` bark '' of each adrenal gland , situated atop the kidneys . The release of cortisol is controlled by the hypothalamus , a part of the brain . The secretion of corticotropin - releasing hormone by the hypothalamus triggers cells in the neighboring anterior pituitary to secrete another hormone , the adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) , into the vascular system , through which blood carries it to the adrenal cortex . ACTH stimulates the synthesis of cortisol , glucocorticoids , mineralocorticoids , and dehydroepiandrosterone . Normal levels ( edit ) Normal values indicated in the following tables pertain to humans ( normal levels vary among species ) . Measured cortisol levels , and therefore reference ranges , depend on the analytical method used and factors such as age and sex . Test results should , therefore , always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that produced the result . Reference ranges for blood plasma content of free cortisol Time Lower limit Upper limit Unit 09 : 00 am 140 700 nmol / L 5 25 μg / dL Midnight 80 350 nmol / l 2.9 13 μg / dl Using the molecular weight of 362.460 g / mole , the conversion factor from μg / dl to nmol / l is approximately 27.6 ; thus , 10 μg / dl is about 276 nmol / l . Reference ranges for urinalysis of free cortisol Lower limit Upper limit Unit 28 or 30 280 or 490 nmol / 24h 10 or 11 100 or 176 μg / 24 h Disorders of cortisol production ( edit ) Cushing 's syndrome or hypercortisolism : Excessive levels of cortisol in the blood Hypocortisolism : Insufficient levels of cortisol in the blood Disorders of cortisol production , and some consequent conditions , are : Primary hypercortisolism ( Cushing 's syndrome ) Primary hypocortisolism ( Addison 's disease , Nelson 's syndrome ) Secondary hypercortisolism ( pituitary tumor resulting in Cushing 's disease , pseudo-Cushing's syndrome ) Secondary hypocortisolism ( pituitary tumor , Sheehan 's syndrome ) Regulation ( edit ) The primary control of cortisol is the pituitary gland peptide , ACTH , which probably controls cortisol by controlling the movement of calcium into the cortisol - secreting target cells . ACTH is in turn controlled by the hypothalamic peptide corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) , which is under nervous control . CRH acts synergistically with arginine vasopressin , angiotensin II , and epinephrine . ( In swine , which do not produce arginine vasopressin , lysine vasopressin acts synergistically with CRH . ) When activated macrophages start to secrete IL - 1 , which synergistically with CRH increases ACTH , T - cells also secrete glucosteroid response modifying factor ( GRMF ) , as well as IL - 1 ; both increase the amount of cortisol required to inhibit almost all the immune cells . Immune cells then assume their own regulation , but at a higher cortisol setpoint . The increase in cortisol in diarrheic calves is minimal over healthy calves , however , and falls over time . The cells do not lose all their fight - or - flight override because of interleukin - 1 's synergism with CRH . Cortisol even has a negative feedback effect on interleukin - 1 -- especially useful to treat diseases that force the hypothalamus to secrete too much CRH , such as those caused by endotoxic bacteria . The suppressor immune cells are not affected by GRMF , so the immune cells ' effective setpoint may be even higher than the setpoint for physiological processes . GRMF affects primarily the liver ( rather than the kidneys ) for some physiological processes . High - potassium media ( which stimulates aldosterone secretion in vitro ) also stimulate cortisol secretion from the fasciculata zone of canine adrenals -- unlike corticosterone , upon which potassium has no effect . Potassium loading also increases ACTH and cortisol in humans . This is probably the reason why potassium deficiency causes cortisol to decline ( as mentioned ) and causes a decrease in conversion of 11 - deoxycortisol to cortisol . This may also have a role in rheumatoid - arthritis pain ; cell potassium is always low in RA . Ascorbic acid presence , particularly in high doses has also been shown to mediate response to psychological stress and speed the decrease of the levels of circulating cortisol in the body post stress . This can be evidenced through a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and decreased salivary cortisol level after treatment with ascorbic acid . Factors reducing cortisol levels ( edit ) Magnesium supplementation decreases serum cortisol levels after aerobic exercise , but not after resistance training . Omega - 3 fatty acids have a dose - dependent effect in slightly reducing cortisol release influenced by mental stress , suppressing the synthesis of interleukin - 1 and - 6 and enhancing the synthesis of interleukin - 2 ; the former promotes higher CRH release . Omega - 6 fatty acids , though , have an inverse effect on interleukin synthesis . Music therapy can reduce cortisol levels in certain situations . Massage therapy can reduce cortisol . Laughing , and the experience of humor , can lower cortisol levels . Soy - derived phosphatidylserine interacts with cortisol ; the correct dose , however , is unclear . Regular dancing has been shown to lead to significant decreases in salivary cortisol concentrations . Withania somnifera ( ashwagandha ) root extract High - dosage treatment with ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) has been shown to decrease circulating cortisol levels during and shortly after the treatment period . Factors increasing cortisol levels ( edit ) Viral infections increase cortisol levels through activation of the HPA axis by cytokines . Caffeine may increase cortisol levels . Sleep deprivation Intense ( high VO max ) or prolonged aerobic exercise transiently increases cortisol levels to increase gluconeogenesis and maintain blood glucose ; however , cortisol declines to normal levels after eating ( i.e. , restoring a neutral energy balance ) The Val / Val variation of the BDNF gene in men and the Val / Met variation in women are associated with increased salivary cortisol in a stressful situation . Severe trauma or stressful events can elevate cortisol levels in the blood for prolonged periods . Subcutaneous adipose tissue regenerates cortisol from cortisone by the enzyme 11 - beta HSD1 . Anorexia nervosa may be associated with increased cortisol levels . The serotonin receptor gene 5HTR2C is associated with increased cortisol production in men . Smelling androstadienone has been found in one study to raise cortisol levels in women , as well as , in other studies , to affect mood ( see androstadienone article for details and citations ) . Excessive or problematic drinking has been linked to increased cortisol levels , especially in college students . Biochemistry ( edit ) Biosynthesis ( edit ) Steroidogenesis , showing cortisol at right . Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol . Synthesis takes place in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex . ( The name cortisol is derived from cortex . ) While the adrenal cortex also produces aldosterone ( in the zona glomerulosa ) and some sex hormones ( in the zona reticularis ) , cortisol is its main secretion in humans and several other species . ( However , in cattle , corticosterone levels may approach or exceed cortisol levels . ) . The medulla of the adrenal gland lies under the cortex , mainly secreting the catecholamines adrenaline ( epinephrine ) and noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ) under sympathetic stimulation . The synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with ACTH ; ACTH production is , in turn , stimulated by CRH , which is released by the hypothalamus . ACTH increases the concentration of cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane , via regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein . It also stimulates the main rate - limiting step in cortisol synthesis , in which cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone and catalyzed by cytochrome P450SCC ( side - chain cleavage enzyme ) . Metabolism ( edit ) Cortisol is metabolized by the 11 - beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system ( 11 - beta HSD ) , which consists of two enzymes : 11 - beta HSD1 and 11 - beta HSD2 . 11 - beta HSD1 uses the cofactor NADPH to convert biologically inert cortisone to biologically active cortisol 11 - beta HSD2 uses the cofactor NAD+ to convert cortisol to cortisone Overall , the net effect is that 11 - beta HSD1 serves to increase the local concentrations of biologically active cortisol in a given tissue ; 11 - beta HSD2 serves to decrease local concentrations of biologically active cortisol . Cortisol is also metabolized into 5 - alpha tetrahydrocortisol ( 5 - alpha THF ) and 5 - beta tetrahydrocortisol ( 5 - beta THF ) , reactions for which 5 - alpha reductase and 5 - beta reductase are the rate - limiting factors , respectively . 5 - Beta reductase is also the rate - limiting factor in the conversion of cortisone to tetrahydrocortisone . An alteration in 11 - beta HSD1 has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity , hypertension , and insulin resistance known as metabolic syndrome . An alteration in 11 - beta HSD2 has been implicated in essential hypertension and is known to lead to the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess ( SAME ) . Chemistry ( edit ) Cortisol is a naturally occurring pregnane corticosteroid and is also known as 11β , 17α , 21 - trihydroxypregn - 4 - ene - 3 , 20 - dione . Other animals ( edit ) In non-human animals , cortisol is often used as an indicator of stress and can be measured in blood , saliva , urine , hair , and faeces . See also ( edit ) Cortisone , a hormone Membrane glucocorticoid receptor List of corticosteroids References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Scott E ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Cortisol and Stress : How to Stay Healthy '' . About.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hoehn K , Marieb EN ( 2010 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology . 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Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved 8 November 2009 ^ Jump up to : Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g / mol ^ Jump up to : Converted from μg / 24h , using molar mass of 362.460 g / mol ^ Jump up to : Görges R , Knappe G , Gerl H , Ventz M , Stahl F ( April 1999 ) . `` Diagnosis of Cushing 's syndrome : re-evaluation of midnight plasma cortisol vs urinary free cortisol and low - dose dexamethasone suppression test in a large patient group '' . Journal of Endocrinological Investigation . 22 ( 4 ) : 241 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / bf03343551 . PMID 10342356 . ^ Jump up to : MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Cortisol -- urine ^ Jump up to : Converted from nmol / 24h , using molar mass of 362.460 g / mol Jump up ^ `` Cushing 's Syndrome '' . National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service ( NEMDIS ) . July 2008 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . 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PMC 2249754 . PMID 16631247 . Jump up ^ Leproult R , Copinschi G , Buxton O , Van Cauter E ( October 1997 ) . `` Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening '' . Sleep. 20 ( 10 ) : 865 -- 70 . PMID 9415946 . Jump up ^ Robson PJ , Blannin AK , Walsh NP , Castell LM , Gleeson M ( February 1999 ) . `` Effects of exercise intensity , duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes '' . International Journal of Sports Medicine . 20 ( 2 ) : 128 -- 35 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2007 - 971106 . PMID 10190775 . Jump up ^ Fuqua JS , Rogol AD ( July 2013 ) . `` Neuroendocrine alterations in the exercising human : implications for energy homeostasis '' . Metabolism. 62 ( 7 ) : 911 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / j. metabol. 2013.01. 016 . PMID 23415825 . Cortisol has wide - ranging effects , including alterations of carbohydrate , protein , and lipid metabolism ; catabolic effects on skin , muscle , connective tissue , and bone ; immunomodulatory effects ; blood pressure and circulatory system regulation ; and effects on mood and central nervous system function . In the short term , activation of the HPA axis in response to stress is adaptive . However , long - term stress promoting chronic exposure of tissues to high cortisol concentrations becomes maladaptive ... Exercise , particularly sustained aerobic activity , is a potent stimulus of cortisol secretion . The circulating concentrations of cortisol are directly proportional to the intensity of exercise as measured by oxygen uptake . As is the case for the GH / IGF - 1 and HPG axes , the HPA axis also receives many other inputs , including the light / dark cycle , feeding schedules , immune regulation , and many neurotransmitters that mediate the effects of exercise and physical and psychic stress ( 52 ) ... The HPA is activated by stress , whether physical ( exercise ) or psychological . Increased cortisol production , along with activation of the sympathetic nervous system , affects whole body metabolism . This is apparently part of the catabolic response of the entire organism , with the purpose of mobilizing metabolic fuels that are subsequently broken down to produce energy and to dampen the threat or perceived threat ... Thus , a negative net energy balance leads to activation of the HPA axis and the circulating concomitants of the catabolic state in an attempt to keep core processes functional , realizing that the stress of exercise has no effect on cortisol and circulating metabolic substrates beyond the impact of the exercise energy expenditure on energy availability ( 60 ) . Thuma et al. ( 61 ) had already made the important observation that the reported differences in cortisol levels pre - and postexercise depended on whether this difference was measured from a single pretest level or from the physiologic circadian baseline as determined in an independent session in the resting state . By this analytical technique , these investigators showed that increasing energy expenditure led to significant cortisol release . This release was apparent if they subtracted the physiologic circadian baseline from the postexercise value . 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( 2015 ) . `` The effect of mixing entire male pigs prior to transport to slaughter on behaviour , welfare and carcass lesions '' . PLoS One . 10 ( 4 ) : e0122841 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1022841V . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0122841 . PMC 4382277 . PMID 25830336 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ van Staaveren N , Teixeira DL , Hanlon A , Boyle LA ( 1997 ) . `` The effect of mixing entire male pigs prior to transport to slaughter on behaviour , welfare and carcass lesions '' . PLoS One . 10 ( 4 ) : e0122841 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1022841V . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0122841 . PMC 4382277 . PMID 25830336 . Jump up ^ Schalke E , Stichnoth J , Ott S , Jones - Baade R ( 2007 ) . `` Clinical signs caused by the use of electric training collars on dogs in everyday life situations '' . Applied Animal Behaviour Science . 105 ( 4 ) : 369 -- 380 . doi : 10.1016 / j. applanim. 2006.11. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Accorsi PA , Carloni E , Valsecchi P , Viggiani R , Gamberoni M , Tamanini C , Seren E ( January 2008 ) . `` Cortisol determination in hair and faeces from domestic cats and dogs '' . General and Comparative Endocrinology. 155 ( 2 ) : 398 -- 402 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ygcen. 2007.07. 002 . PMID 17727851 . Jump up ^ Möstl E , Messmann S , Bagu E , Robia C , Palme R ( December 1999 ) . `` Measurement of glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in faeces of domestic livestock '' . Zentralblatt für Veterinarmedizin . Reihe A. 46 ( 10 ) : 621 -- 31 . PMID 10638300 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cortisol . Cortisol MS Spectrum Cortisol ( serum / plasma ) at Lab Tests Online Cortisol : analyte monograph -- The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Endogenous steroids Precursors Cholesterol 22R - Hydroxycholesterol 20α , 22R - Dihydroxycholesterol Pregnenolone 11β - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 21 - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α , 21 - Dihydroxypregnenolone 11β , 17α , 21 - Trihydroxypregnenolone Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 11 - Deoxycortisol 11 - Ketoprogesterone 21 - Deoxycortisol 21 - Deoxycortisone Corticosterone Cortisol Cortisone 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Pregnenolone Progesterone Mineralocorticoids 5α - Dihydroaldosterone 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Deoxycortisol 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone ( 21 - deoxycorticosterone ) 18 - Hydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 18 - Hydroxycorticosterone 18 - Hydroxyprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Cortisol Sex steroids Androgens 11 - Ketodihydrotestosterone 11 - Ketotestosterone 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 11β - Hydroxyandrostenedione Adrenosterone ( 11 - ketoandrostenedione ) Androstenediol Androstenedione Androsterone Dehydroandrosterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Dihydrotestosterone Epiandrosterone Epitestosterone 16α - Hydroxyandrostenedione 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA sulfate Testosterone Metabolites : 3α - Androstanediol 3α - Androstanediol glucuronide 3β - Androstanediol 3α , 5β - Androstanediol 3β , 5β - Androstanediol 5β - Androstanedione 5β - Dihydrotestosterone Androstanetriols Androstenediol sulfate Androsterone glucuronide Androsterone sulfate Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide Dihydrotestosterone sulfate Etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone glucuronide Epietiocholanolone Testosterone glucuronide Testosterone sulfate Estrogens Estranes : Estetrol Estradiol Estrone Estriol 16β - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxyestradiol ) 17α - Epiestriol ( 16α - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 16β , 17α - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 2 - Hydroxyestradiol 2 - Hydroxyestriol 2 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Hydroxyestradiol 4 - Hydroxyestriol 4 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestradiol 16α - Hydroxyestrone Others : 27 - Hydroxycholesterol 3α - Androstanediol 3β - Androstanediol 4 - Androstenedione 5 - Androstenediol DHEA DHEA sulfate 7 - Keto - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA Metabolites : 2 - Methoxyestradiol 2 - Methoxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestrone Estradiol glucuronide Estradiol sulfate Estrone glucuronide Estrone sulfate Estriol glucuronide Estriol sulfate Lipoidal estradiol ( e.g. , estradiol stearate , estradiol palmitate ) Progestogens Progesterone 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone 20α - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 5α - DHDOC Metabolites : Allopregnanediol Pregnanediol Pregnanediol glucuronide Pregnanetriol Neurosteroids Cholestanes : 24S - Hydroxycholesterol Cholesterol Pregnanes : 3α - Dihydroprogesterone 3β - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 5β - Dihydroprogesterone Allopregnanolone Corticosterone DHC DHDOC 11 - Deoxycorticosterone Epipregnanolone Isopregnanolone Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone THB THDOC Androstanes : 3α - Androstanediol 3α - Androstenol 7 - Keto - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 7β - Hydroxy - DHEA 7α - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone Androsterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Etiocholanolone Pheromones : 3α - Androstenol 3β - Androstenol Androstadienol Androstadienone Androstenone Androsterone Estratetraenol Others Vitamin D: 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Calcidiol / Calcifediol Calcitriol Cholecalciferol Others : 7α - Hydroxycholesterol 11α - Hydroxyprogesterone 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone Cholesterol sulfate Glucocorticoid receptor modulators GR Agonists Cortisol - like and related ( 16 - unsubstituted ) : 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 9α - Fluorocortisone ( alfluorone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone , desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 21 - Deoxycortisol Δ - Prednisolone Δ - Prednisolone 21 - acetate Amebucort Chloroprednisone Chloroprednisone acetate Cloprednol Cloprednol acetate Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Deprodone Deprodone propionate Dichlorisone Dichlorisone acetate Dichlorisone diacetate Difluprednate Endrisone ( endrysone ) Etiprednol Etiprednol dicloacetate ( etiprednol dichloroacetate ) Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Fluorometholone Fluorometholone acetate Fluperolone Fluperolone acetate Fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone esters Halopredone Halopredone acetate ( halopredone diacetate ) Isoflupredone ( 9α - fluoroprednisolone ) Isoflupredone acetate Loteprednol Loteprednol etabonate Mazipredone ( depersolone ) Medrysone Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone esters Prebediolone Prebediolone acetate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate ) Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Pregnenolone Pregnenolone acetate Pregnenolone succinate ( pregnenolone hemisuccinate ) Resocortol Tipredane Tixocortol Butixocort ( tixocortol butyrate ) Butixocort propionate Tixocortol pivalate Methasones and related ( 16 - substituted ) : 16α - Methyl - 11 - oxoprednisolone Alclometasone Alclometasone dipropionate Amelometasone Beclometasone ( beclomethasone ) Beclometasone esters Betamethasone ( betametasone ) Betamethasone esters Cortobenzolone ( betamethasone salicylate ) Ciclometasone ( ciclomethasone , cyclomethasone ) Clobetasol Clobetasol propionate Clobetasone Clobetasone butyrate Clocortolone Clocortolone esters Cloticasone Cloticasone propionate Cormetasone ( cormethasone ) Cormetasone acetate Descinolone Desoximetasone ( desoxymethasone ) Dexamethasone ( dexametasone ) Dexamethasone esters Diflorasone Diflorasone diacetate Diflucortolone Diflucortolone pivalate Diflucortolone valerate Dimesone Dimesone acetate Doxibetasol ( doxybetasol ) Fluclorolone Flumetasone ( flumethasone ) Flumetasone acetate Flumetasone pivalate Fluocinolone Fluocortin Fluocortin butyl ( fluocortin butylate ) Fluocortolone Fluocortolone esters Fluprednidene ( fluprednylidene ) Fluprednidene acetate Fluticasone Fluticasone furoate Fluticasone propionate Halocortolone Halometasone Icometasone Icometasone enbutate ( icometasone butyrate acetate ) Isoprednidene Locicortolone ( locicortone ) Locicortolone dicibate ( locicortone dicibate ) Meclorisone Meclorisone dibutyrate Meprednisone ( methylprednisone ) Meprednisone acetate Meprednisone hydrogen succinate ( methylprednisone hemisuccinate ) Mometasone Mometasone furoate Paramethasone Paramethasone acetate Paramethasone disodium phosphate Paramethasone phosphate Prednylidene Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate Rimexolone Ticabesone Ticabesone propionate Timobesone Timobesone acetate Triamcinolone Triamcinolone diacetate Ulobetasol ( halobetasol ) Ulobetasol propionate Vamorolone Cyclic ketals ( 16 , 17 - cyclized ) : Acrocinonide ( triamcinolone acroleinide ) Amcinafal ( triamcinolone pentanonide ) Amcinafide ( triamcinolone acetophenide ) Amcinonide ( triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide ) Budesonide Ciclesonide Cicortonide Deflazacort ( azacort ) Descinolone acetonide Desonide ( hydroxyprednisolone acetonide ) Desonide disodium phosphate Desonide pivalate Dexbudesonide Drocinonide Drocinonide phosphate Fluazacort Fluclorolone acetonide ( flucloronide ) Fludroxycortide ( flurandrenolone , flurandrenolide ) Flumoxonide Flunisolide Flunisolide acetate Fluocinolone acetonide Ciprocinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate ) Fluocinonide ( fluocinolide , fluocinolone acetonide acetate ) Procinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide propionate ) Formocortal Halcinonide Itrocinonide Rofleponide Rofleponide palmitate Tralonide Triamcinolone acetonide Flupamesone ( triamcinolone acetonide metembonate ) Triamcinolone acetonide esters Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate ( TBI - PAB ) Triclonide Others / atypical ( other expanded steroid ring systems , homosteroids , and non-pregnane steroids ) : Cortisuzol Cortivazol Domoprednate Naflocort Nicocortonide Nicocortonide acetate Nivacortol ( nivazol ) Oxisopred RU - 28362 Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity : 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Chlormadinone acetate Cyproterone Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone acetate Desogestrel Flugestone Flugestone acetate ( flurogestone acetate ) Fluoxymesterone Gestodene Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Metribolone Norgestomet Osaterone acetate Progesterone Promegestone Quingestrone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Tetrahydrogestrinone Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids : AZD - 5423 GSK - 9027 Mixed ( SEGRMs ) Dagrocorat Fosdagrocorat Mapracorat Antagonists 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 17α - Methylprogesterone Aglepristone Asoprisnil Asoprisnil ecamate C108297 C113176 CORT - 108297 Cyproterone acetate Guggulsterone Ketoconazole Lilopristone LLY - 2707 Metapristone ( RU - 42633 ) Miconazole Mifepristone ( RU - 486 ) Onapristone ORG - 34116 ORG - 34517 ( SCH - 900636 ) ORG - 34850 Pregnenolone 16α - carbonitrile Relacorilant ( CORT - 125134 ) RTI 3021 -- 012 RTI 3021 -- 022 Telapristone Tibolone Toripristone Ulipristal acetate Others Antisense oligonucleotides : IONIS - GCCR ( ISIS - 426115 ) See also Receptor / signaling modulators Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators MR Agonists 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone , desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone 16α , 18 - Dihydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 17α - Hydroxyaldosterone 18 - Hydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 19 - Norprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Mometasone Mometasone furoate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate ) Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Antagonists Steroidal : 6β - Hydroxy - 7α - thiomethylspironolactone 7α - Thiomethylspironolactone ( SC - 26519 ) 7α - Thioprogesterone ( SC - 8365 ) 7α - Thiospironolactone ( SC - 24813 ) 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone 18 - Deoxyaldosterone Canrenoate potassium ( potassium canrenoate ) Canrenoic acid ( canrenoate ) Canrenone ( canrenoate y - lactone ) Dicirenone Dimethisterone Drospirenone Dydrogesterone Eplerenone Gestodene Guggulsterone Medrogestone Mespirenone Mexrenoate potassium Mexrenoic acid ( mexrenoate ) Mexrenone Oxprenoic acid ( oxprenoate ) Oxprenoate potassium ( RU - 28318 ) Pregnenolone Progesterone Prorenoate potassium Prorenoic acid ( prorenoate ) Prorenone RO - 14 - 9012 RU - 26752 SC - 5233 ( spirolactone ) SC - 8109 SC - 11927 ( CS - 1 ) SC - 19886 SC - 27169 Spirorenone Spironolactone Spiroxasone Tibolone Trimegestone ZK - 91587 ZK - 97894 Nonsteroidal : Amlodipine Apararenone Benidipine BR - 4628 Esaxerenone Felodipine Finerenone Nifedipine Nimodipine Nitrendipine PF - 03882845 SM - 368229 See also Receptor / signaling modulators Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids Glucocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids LCCN : sh85063384 GND : 4160902 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&oldid=821809039 '' Categories : Anxiety Glucocorticoids Otologicals Pregnanes Stress Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2012 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use American English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles without InChI source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 19 : 29 . 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Question: where does cortisol come from in the body


Flag of Vietnam - wikipedia Flag of Vietnam Jump to : navigation , search Vietnam Name Cờ đỏ sao vàng ( `` Red flag with a gold star '' ) Use Civil and state flag Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted September 5 , 1945 Design A large yellow star centered on a red field . Designed by Nguyễn Hữu Tiến ( or Lê Quang Sô ) Variant flag of Vietnam Name Flag of the People 's Army of Vietnam Use War flag Proportion 2 : 3 Design A yellow star centered on a red field , and yellow words `` Quyết thắng '' ( determined to win ) in the upper left . Designed by Design is a variant of the flag of Vietnam Variant flag of Vietnam Name Ensign of the Vietnam People 's Navy Use Naval ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted January 15 , 2014 Design A white flag with an emblem of the Vietnam People 's Navy in its upper canton with a blue strip below . Designed by Design is a variant of the flag of Vietnam The flag of Vietnam , or `` red flag with a gold star '' ( cờ đỏ sao vàng ) , was designed in 1940 and used during an uprising against French rule in southern Vietnam that year . Red symbolizes the goals of social revolution behind the Vietnamese , national uprising . The star represents the five main classes in Vietnamese society -- intellectuals , farmers , workers , businesspeople and military personnel . The flag was used by the Viet Minh , a communist - led organization created in 1941 to oppose Japanese occupation . At the end of World War II , Viet Minh leader Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Vietnam independent and signed a decree on September 5 , 1945 adopting the flag as the flag of the North Vietnam . The DRV became the government of North Vietnam in 1954 following the Geneva Accords . The flag was modified on November 30 , 1955 to make the edges of the star sharper . Until the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 , South Vietnam used a yellow flag with three red stripes . The red flag of North Vietnam was later adopted as the flag of the unified Vietnam in 1976 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and history 2 Historical flags 3 Banning of the flag 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Design and History ( edit ) According to the 1992 constitution : `` The National Flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is rectangular in shape , its width is equal to two thirds of its length , in the middle of fresh red background is a bright five - pointed golden star '' . The flag first appeared in the southern uprising ( Nam Kỳ Khởi nghĩa ) of November 23 , 1940 , against French rule in southern Vietnam . A series of articles by Sơn Tùng on the origin of the flag were published in the state media in 1981 . Sơn Tùng stated that the flag was designed by Nguyễn Hữu Tiến , a leader of the uprising who was arrested by the French in advance of the failed uprising and executed August 28 , 1941 . Tiến , who was born in the northern village of Lũng Xuyên , was unknown to the Vietnamese public before Tùng 's research was published . According to a poem Tiến wrote , the red background represents blood while the yellow foreground represents `` the color of our race 's skin '' , the five points of the star represent intellectuals , peasants , workers , traders and soldiers . Tiến 's poem reads in part : Design proportions of the flag . ... All those of red blood and yellow skin Together we fight under the nation 's sacred flag The flag is soaked with our crimson blood , shed for the nation The yellow star is the colour of our race 's skin Stand up , quickly ! The nation 's soul is calling for us Intellectuals , peasants , workers , traders and armymen United as a five - pointed yellow star ... In April 2001 , Vietnam 's Ministry of Culture reported that there was no documentation to support the claim that Tiến designed the flag . In 2005 , Lê Minh Đức , an official of Tiền Giang province , suggested that the flag was designed by another cadre , Lê Quang Sô , a native of Mỹ Tho Province in the Mekong delta . Đức 's theory is based on statements by Sô 's son as well as Sô 's 1968 memoir . According to Đức , yellow was chosen to represent Vietnam while the red background was inspired by the flag of the Communist Party and represents revolution . Sô experimented with stars in various positions and sizes before choosing a large star in the center for aesthetic reasons . In April 1940 , the flag was approved by Phan Văn Khỏe , the Communist party chief of Mỹ Tho . It was subsequently approved by the national party in July . As of 2006 , the state media has not commented on Đức 's version of events . The flag was displayed at a conference on May 19 , 1941 , at which the Viet Minh was founded . The Viet Minh proclaimed it a `` national flag '' on August 17 , 1945 , at a meeting held in the village of Tân Trào in the North . When the Japanese surrendered at the end of World War II , the Viet Minh entered Hanoi and proclaimed the `` Democratic Republic of Vietnam '' on September 2 . On September 5 , DRV President Ho Chi Minh signed a decree adopting the Vietminh flag . French troops returned in October and restored colonial rule in the South . The National Assembly voted unanimously to adopt the flag on March 2 , 1946 . Following the Geneva Accord between Viet Minh and France in 1954 , the DRV became the government of North Vietnam . On November 30 , 1955 , the flag 's design was modified slightly to make the star smaller and its edges straighter . This followed a similar modification of the flag of the Soviet Union . The flag was adopted in the South after the end of the Vietnam war , and North and South were unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on July 2 , 1976 . Scheme Red Yellow Pantone 1788 Yellow 116 CMYK 0.88. 88.11 0.0. 100.0 RGB ( 226 , 28 , 28 ) ( 255,255 , 0 ) Hex triplet # E21C1C # FFFF00 NCS S 1085 Y80R S 0570 G70Y Historical flags ( edit ) Traditional images show the Trung sisters wearing yellow turbans during their revolt against China in AD 40 . These were unwrapped and waved to signal the beginning of a fight . A yellow banner with a red circle in the center was adopted as a standard by Emperor Gia Long ( r . 1802 -- 1820 ) . The flag of South Vietnam was originally designed by Emperor Thành Thái in 1890 , and was revived by Lê Văn Đệ and re-adopted by Emperor Bảo Đại in 1948 . The three stripes represented the Quẻ Càn , or Qian trigram , one of eight trigrams used in the I - Ching , a Taoist scripture . Quẻ Càn is the divination sign for heaven . Later , the stripes were reinterpreted to represent the northern , central and southern regions of Vietnam . The French , who gradually gained control of Vietnam in the late 19th century , flew the national flag of France . As the colony of Cochinchina ( 1864 -- 1945 ) , the South was under exclusive French authority . In contrast , North and Central Vietnam were protectorates with parallel systems of Vietnamese and French administration . Several flags were flown in these regions : the French flag , the Vietnamese imperial flag , and a `` protectorate flag . '' From 1920 to 1945 , the Vietnamese imperial flag had a yellow background with a single , broad red stripe . Japan occupied Vietnam in 1941 - 1945 . In March 1945 , the Japanese deposed the French colonial authorities and proclaimed an Empire of Vietnam with Bảo Đại as emperor . The Quẻ Ly Flag , also a red trigram on a yellow background , was adopted in June . Among other things , Quẻ Ly symbolizes the direction south . Bảo Đại abdicated in August when Japan surrendered . The French returned in October 1945 , but were challenged by the Vietminh , especially in the North . The French proclaimed Cochinchina a republic in June 1946 . This puppet state adopted a Quẻ Càn flag with blue stripes on a yellow background . In May 1948 , the name of the Cochinchina government was changed to `` Provisional Central Government of Vietnam '' in preparation for a merger with the North outlined in the Hạ Long Bay agreements between France and Bảo Đại . Artist Lê Văn Đệ ( 1906 -- 1966 ) met Bảo Đại in Hong Kong in 1948 and proposed that the Quẻ Càn flag of Emperor Thành Thái be restored . On June 2 , 1948 , Chief of State Nguyễn Văn Xuân , signed an ordinance to adopt this flag : `` The national emblem is a flag of yellow background , the height of which is equal to two - thirds of its width . In the middle of the flag and along its entire width , there are three horizontal red bands . Each band has a height equal to one - fifteenth of the width . These three red bands are separated from one another by a space of the band 's height . '' This flag was used in the South until 1975 . It continues to be used by many Vietnamese expatriates as the `` Heritage and Freedom Flag '' , but is de facto banned in Vietnam . Banning of the flag ( edit ) In January 2017 , San Jose , which has the largest population of Vietnamese people in the United States , banned the Vietnamese flag from being displayed on city flagpoles . This was inspired by a 2016 policy adopted by Westminster , California forbidding the display of the flag on city property . Nearby Milpitas also banned the flag from municipal display on September 5 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of flags of Vietnam Flag of North Vietnam Flag of South Vietnam List of flags of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . `` ^ Jump up to : Decree number 5 of September 05 , 1945 Archived April 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , ' Archive of Vietnamese legal documents . ^ Jump up to : Resolution number 249 / SL of November 30 , 1955 , Archive of Vietnamese legal documents . ^ Jump up to : `` Resolution of July 07 , 1976 '' , Archive of Vietnamese legal documents . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam , Article 141 . ^ Jump up to : `` VN Embassy : Flag Designer Urban Myths Squelched '' , Embassy of the Socialist Republic in Vietnam in the United States of America . Jump up ^ Sơn Tùng 's writing was published in installments in the newspaper Sài Gòn Giải Phóng and later as a book entitled Nguyễn Hữu Tiến ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ `` Tác giả quốc kỳ : vẫn là dấu chấm hỏi '' , Tuổi Trẻ , November 23 , 2006 Jump up ^ Ho Chi Minh , Foreign Languages Pub . House , 1988 , p. 76 . `` on May 19 , 1941 Viet Minh Front officially made its appearance , and holding high the gold star red flag . '' Jump up ^ Cima , Ronald J. , ed. ( 1990 ) . `` The General Uprising and Independence '' . Vietnam : A Country Study . Dept. of the Army . ISBN 978 - 0160181436 . The following day , the Congress , at a ceremony in front of the village dinh , officially adopted the national red flag with a gold star , and Ho read an appeal to the Vietnamese people to rise in revolution . Jump up ^ Phút Tán Nguyẽn , A Modern History of Viet - nam ( 1802 - 1954 ) , 1964 . p. 502 . `` The Assembly then adopted national Anthem and national flag , approved a new Cabinet and a Committee in charge of the drafting of the Vietnamese Constitution . '' Jump up ^ Van Tan , `` The Insurrection of the Two Trung Sisters '' ^ Jump up to : Khải Chính Phạm Kim Thư , `` The National Flag of Free Vietnam Archived February 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' Jump up ^ Nguyễn Đình Sài , `` Quốc Kỳ Việt Nam : Nguồn Gốc và Lẽ Chính Thống '' , Vietnam Reform Party . A translation is given here . Jump up ^ Dang , Thanh Thuy Vo ( 2008 ) . Anticommunism as cultural praxis : South Vietnam , War , and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community . San Diego , California . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . The three stripes represent the three distinct regions of Vietnam , connecting the geographically separated ' yellow - skinned ' Vietnamese by the same red blood . The yellow flag originated during the rule of Vietnam 's Emperor Thành Thái ( 1890 ) of the Nguyễn dynasty . Jump up ^ Chế độ Cộng sản Việt Nam ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tìm lại những lá cờ hoàng gia xưa ở Việt Nam '' . Kỷ vật lịch sử . Cuộc vận động Sưu tầm và Tuyên truyền Kỷ vật lịch sử Công an Nhân dân . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Compare to ( South Korean Flag ) . Jump up ^ Dang , Thanh Thuy Vo ( 2008 ) . Anticommunism as cultural praxis : South Vietnam , War , and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community . San Diego , California . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . The three stripes represent the three distinct regions of Vietnam , connecting the geographically separated ' yellow - skinned ' Vietnamese by the same red blood . The yellow flag originated during the rule of Vietnam 's Emperor Thành Thái ( 1890 ) of the Nguyễn dynasty . ^ Jump up to : Vietnam , World Statesman . Jump up ^ `` California City Bans Display of Vietnam National Flag on City Poles '' . NBC News . January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Jose council unanimously approves banning communist Vietnamese flag '' . The Mercury News . January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Milpitas council bans city 's display of Socialist Republic of Vietnam flag '' . The Mercury News . September 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Vietnam . 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Question: what flag is red and has a gold star