War Powers Resolution - wikipedia War Powers Resolution Jump to : navigation , search War Powers Resolution Long title Joint resolution concerning the war powers of Congress and the President . Enacted by the 92nd United States Congress Effective November 7 , 1973 Citations Public law 93 - 148 Statutes at Large 87 Stat. 555 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.J. Res. 542 by Clement J. Zablocki ( D - WI ) on May 3 , 1973 Committee consideration by House Foreign Affairs Passed the House on July 10 , 1973 ( 244 -- 170 ) Passed the Senate on July 20 , 1973 ( 75 - 20 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on October 4 , 1973 ; agreed to by the Senate on October 10 , 1973 ( 75 -- 20 ) and by the House on October 12 , 1973 ( 238 -- 122 ) Vetoed by President Richard Nixon on October 24 , 1973 Overridden by the House on November 7 , 1973 ( 284 -- 135 ) Overridden by the Senate and became law on November 7 , 1973 ( 75 -- 18 ) U.S. Congressional opposition to American involvement in wars and interventions 1812 North America House Federalists ' Address 1847 Mexican -- American War Spot Resolutions 1917 World War I Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill 1935 -- 1939 Neutrality Acts 1935 -- 1940 Ludlow Amendment 1970 Vietnam McGovern -- Hatfield Amendment 1970 Southeast Asia Cooper -- Church Amendment 1971 Vietnam Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution 1973 Southeast Asia Case -- Church Amendment 1973 War Powers Resolution Hughes -- Ryan Amendment 1976 Angola Clark Amendment 1982 Nicaragua Boland Amendment 2007 Iraq House Concurrent Resolution 63 The War Powers Resolution ( also known as the War Powers Resolution of 1973 or the War Powers Act ) ( 50 U.S.C. 1541 -- 1548 ) is a federal law intended to check the president 's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress . The Resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution . It provides that the U.S. President can send U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress , `` statutory authorization , '' or in case of `` a national emergency created by attack upon the United States , its territories or possessions , or its armed forces . '' The War Powers Resolution requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days , with a further 30 - day withdrawal period , without a Congressional authorization for use of military force ( AUMF ) or a declaration of war by the United States . The resolution was passed by two - thirds of Congress , overriding the veto of the bill from President Nixon . It has been alleged that the War Powers Resolution has been violated in the past -- for example , by President Bill Clinton in 1999 , during the bombing campaign in Kosovo . Congress has disapproved all such incidents , but none has resulted in any successful legal actions being taken against the president for alleged violations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Background and passage 2.2 Implementation , 1993 -- 2002 2.3 Libya intervention in 2011 2.4 Possible repeal 2.5 Syrian Military Action in 2017 3 Questions regarding constitutionality 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Under the United States Constitution , war powers are divided . Congress has the power to raise and support the armed forces , control the war funding ( Article I , Section 8 ) , and has the `` Power ... to declare war '' , while the President is commander - in - chief of the military , and the militia ( armed citizenry ) `` when called into the actual Service of the United States '' ( Article II , Section 2 ) . It is generally agreed that the commander - in - chief role gives the President power to repel attacks against the United States and makes the President responsible for leading the armed forces . In addition and as with all acts of the Congress , the President has the right to sign or veto congressional acts , such as a declaration of war . However , the war power was intentionally split between Congress and the Executive to prevent unilateral executive action counter to the nation 's direct interests . History ( edit ) Background and passage ( edit ) During the Korean and Vietnam wars , the United States found itself involved for many years in situations of intense conflict without a declaration of war . Many members of Congress became concerned with the erosion of congressional authority to decide when the United States should become involved in a war or the use of armed forces that might lead to war . It was prompted by news leaking out that President Nixon conducted secret bombings of Cambodia during the Vietnam War without notifying Congress . The War Powers Resolution was passed by both the House of Representatives and Senate but was vetoed by President Richard Nixon . By a two - thirds vote in each house , Congress overrode the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law on November 7 , 1973 . Implementation , 1993 -- 2002 ( edit ) Presidents have submitted 130 reports to Congress as a result of the War Powers Resolution , although only one ( the Mayagüez incident ) cited Section 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) and specifically stated that forces had been introduced into hostilities or imminent danger . Congress invoked the War Powers Resolution in the Multinational Force in Lebanon Act ( P.L. 98 - 119 ) , which authorized the Marines to remain in Lebanon for 18 months during 1982 and 1983 . In addition , the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 ( Pub. L. 102 -- 1 ) which authorized United States combat operations against Iraqi forces during the 1991 Gulf War , stated that it constituted specific statutory authorization within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution . On November 9 , 1994 , the House used a section of the War Powers Resolution to state that U.S. forces should be withdrawn from Somalia by March 31 , 1994 ; Congress had already taken this action in appropriations legislation . More recently under President Clinton , war powers were at issue in former Yugoslavia , Bosnia , Kosovo , Iraq , and Haiti , and under President George W. Bush in responding to terrorist attacks against the U.S. after September 11 , 2001 . `` ( I ) n 1999 , President Clinton kept the bombing campaign in Kosovo going for more than two weeks after the 60 - day deadline had passed . Even then , however , the Clinton legal team opined that its actions were consistent with the War Powers Resolution because Congress had approved a bill funding the operation , which they argued constituted implicit authorization . That theory was controversial because the War Powers Resolution specifically says that such funding does not constitute authorization . '' Clinton 's actions in Kosovo were challenged by a member of Congress as a violation of the War Powers Resolution in the D.C. Circuit case Campbell v. Clinton , but the court found the issue was a non-justiciable political question . It was also accepted that because Clinton had withdrawn from the region 12 days prior the 90 - day required deadline , he had managed to comply with the act . After the 1991 Gulf War , the use of force to obtain Iraqi compliance with United Nations resolutions , particularly through enforcement of Iraqi no - fly zones , remained a war powers issue . In October 2002 Congress enacted the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Pub. L. 107 -- 243 which authorized President George W. Bush to use force as necessary to defend the United States against Iraq and enforce relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions . This was in addition to the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists enacted in 2001 . Libya intervention in 2011 ( edit ) Secretary of State Hillary Clinton testified to Congress in March 2011 that the administration did not need congressional authorization for its military intervention in Libya or for further decisions about it , despite congressional objections from members of both parties that the administration was violating the War Powers Resolution . During that classified briefing , she reportedly indicated that the administration would sidestep the Resolution 's provision regarding a 60 - day limit on unauthorized military actions . Months later , she stated that , with respect to the military operation in Libya , the United States was still flying a quarter of the sorties , and the New York Times reported that , while many presidents had bypassed other sections of the War Powers Resolution , there was little precedent for exceeding the 60 - day statutory limit on unauthorized military actions -- a limit which the Justice Department had said in 1980 was constitutional . The State Department publicly took the position in June 2011 that there was no `` hostility '' in Libya within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution , contrary to legal interpretations in 2011 by the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel . May 20 , 2011 , marked the 60th day of US combat in Libya ( as part of the UN resolution ) but the deadline arrived without President Obama seeking specific authorization from the US Congress . President Obama notified Congress that no authorization was needed , since the US leadership had been transferred to NATO , and since US involvement was somewhat `` limited '' . In fact , as of April 28 , 2011 , the US had conducted 75 percent of all aerial refueling sorties , supplied 70 percent of the operation 's intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , and contributed 24 percent of the total aircraft used in the operation . By September , the US had conducted 26 percent of all military sorties , contributing more resources to Operation Unified Protector than any other NATO country . The State Department requested ( but never received ) express congressional authorization . On Friday , June 3 , 2011 , the US House of Representatives voted to rebuke President Obama for maintaining an American presence in the NATO operations in Libya , which they considered a violation of the War Powers Resolution . In The New York Times , an opinion piece by Yale Law Professor Bruce Ackerman stated that Obama 's position `` lacks a solid legal foundation . And by adopting it , the White House has shattered the traditional legal process the executive branch has developed to sustain the rule of law over the past 75 years . '' Possible repeal ( edit ) On January 16 , 2014 , Senators John McCain and Tim Kaine unveiled legislation that would repeal the existing War Powers Resolution and replace it with a new law for greater presidential consultation to Congress before committing military forces to a war or armed conflict . Senator McCain justifies the effort by pointing out that Congress has not formally declared war since June 1942 and that the nature of war has changed since then . Senator Kaine said that modern threats require a re-examination of consultation between a president and the legislature . Since the War Powers Resolution was passed after involvement during Vietnam in 1973 , the U.S. has been involved in several military actions of varying scales without any real effect from the resolution . Recent events like U.S. intervention during the 2011 Libyan Revolution and the attempted call for congressional approval for action in the Syrian Civil War in 2013 have ignited debate over presidential authority and the effectiveness of the War Powers Resolution . The proposed replacement law would require the president to consult with Congress before deployment into a `` significant armed conflict '' or engage in combat operations expected to last over seven days . It extends the time needed to consult Congress of the deployment to three days , but reduces the time required for a resolution to be passed by Congress for extending operations to 30 days . The proposed legislation does not affect humanitarian missions and covert operations . The proposal is based on the work of the bipartisan National War Powers Commission . Syrian military action in 2017 ( edit ) See also : 2017 Shayrat missile strike On April 6 , 2017 , the United States launched 59 BGM - 109 Tomahawk missiles at Shayrat airbase in Syria in response to Syria 's alleged use of chemical weapons . Constitutional scholar and law professor Stephen Vladeck has noted that the strike potentially violates the War Powers Resolution . Questions regarding constitutionality ( edit ) See also : Separation of powers under the United States Constitution and War Powers Clause The War Powers Resolution has been controversial since it was passed . In passing the resolution , Congress specifically cites the Necessary and Proper Clause for its authority . Under the Necessary and Proper Clause , it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution , not only its own powers but also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . Because the Constitution limits the President 's authority in the use of force without a declaration of war by Congress , there is controversy as to whether the provisions of the resolution are consistent with the Constitution . Presidents have therefore drafted reports to Congress required of the President to state that they are `` consistent with '' the War Powers Resolution rather than `` pursuant to '' so as to take into account the presidential position that the resolution is unconstitutional . One argument for the unconstitutionality of the War Powers Resolution by Philip Bobbitt argues `` The power to make war is not an enumerated power '' and the notion that to `` declare '' war is to `` commence '' war is a `` contemporary textual preconception '' . Bobbitt contends that the Framers of the Constitution believed that statutory authorization was the route by which the United States would be committed to war , and that ' declaration ' was meant for only total wars , as shown by the history of the Quasi-War with France ( 1798 -- 1800 ) . In general , constitutional powers are not so much separated as `` linked and sequenced '' ; Congress 's control over the armed forces is `` structured '' by appropriation , while the President commands ; thus the act of declaring war should not be fetishized . Bobbitt also argues that `` A democracy can not ... tolerate secret policies '' because they undermine the legitimacy of governmental action . A second argument concerns a possible breach of the ' separation of powers ' doctrine , and whether the resolution changes the balance between the Legislative and Executive functions . This type of constitutional controversy is similar to one that occurred under President Andrew Johnson with the Tenure of Office Act ( 1867 ) . In that prior instance , the Congress passed a law ( over the veto of the then - President ) that required the President to secure Congressional approval for the removal of Cabinet members and other executive branch officers . The Act was not declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States until 1926 . When Andrew Johnson violated the Act , the House of Representatives impeached him ; action in the Senate to remove him failed by one vote . Here , the separation of powers issue is whether the War Powers Resolution requirements for Congressional approval and presidential reporting to Congress change the constitutional balance established in Articles I and II , namely that Congress is explicitly granted the sole authority to `` declare war '' , `` make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces '' ( Article 1 , Section 8 ) , and to control the funding of those same forces , while the Executive has inherent authority as Commander in Chief . This argument does not address the other reporting requirements imposed on other executive officials and agencies by other statutes , nor does it address the provisions of Article I , Section 8 that explicitly gives Congress the authority to `` make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces '' . The constitution specifically states that Congress is authorized `` to provide and maintain a Navy '' ( Article 1 Section 8 ) . The idea of `` maintenance '' of a Navy implies that Naval Forces would be a permanent fixture of national defense . Two types of Land Forces are described by the Constitution ( Article 1 Section 8 ) : the Militia ( armed citizenry organized into local defense forces and state volunteer regiments ) which Congress can `` call forth '' and prescribe the `` organizing , arming , and disciplining ( training ) '' of , as Congress did in the Militia acts of 1792 ; and the Army , which Congress can `` raise and support '' , through regular appropriation acts limited to no more than two years . This division matches how the Revolutionary War was fought , by the Continental Army , raised and supported by the Continental Congress , and local Militias and Volunteer Regiments , raised by the separate Colonies . After the war , under the Articles of Confederation , a small standing Army , the First American Regiment was raised and gradually increased in size over time by Congress before , following the Constitution 's ratification , being transformed into the Regular Army . The availability of a standing Army , and the President of the United States being authorized as `` Commander in Chief '' , implies his ability as a military commander to employ forces necessary to fulfill his oath to defend the constitution . There is also an unresolved legal question , discussed by Justice White in INS v. Chadha of whether a `` key provision of the War Powers Resolution '' , namely 50 U.S.C. 1544 ( c ) , constitutes an improper legislative veto . ( See Chadha , 462 U.S. 919 , 971 . ) That section 1544 ( c ) states `` such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution '' . Justice White argues in his dissent in Chadha that , under the Chadha ruling , 1544 ( c ) would be a violation of the Presentment Clause . The majority in Chadha does not resolve the issue . Justice White does not address or evaluate in his dissent whether that section would fall within the inherent Congressional authority under Article I Section 8 to `` make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces '' . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 50 U.S. Code Chapter 33 - WAR POWERS RESOLUTION '' . Jump up ^ `` War Powers - Law Library of Congress - Library of Congress '' . Jump up ^ The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 318 - 19 ( Max Farrand ed. , rev . ed. 1966 ) ( 1911 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Library of Congress . Congressional Research Service . War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance . Washington : The Service , 2011 ( RL33532 ) , Summary . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) Clock Ticking on War Powers Resolution , The New York Times The Caucus Blog Jump up ^ Campbell v. Clinton , 203 , February 18 , 2000 , p. 19 , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 Jump up ^ How War Powers , Congressional Action have Intersected Over Time The Wall Street Journal ( 2013 - 09 - 02 ) Jump up ^ 107th Congress ( October 10 , 2002 ) . `` Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 '' ( text ) . United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Congress members grill administration officials on Libya mission '' . CNN . March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lillis , Mike ; et al. ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` White House briefing changes few minds on Libya involvement '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Susan ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Clinton To Congress : Obama Would Ignore Your War Resolutions '' . Talking Points Memo . Jump up ^ Charlie Savage ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Libya Effort Is Called Violation of War Act '' . The New York Times . p . A8 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( June 18 , 2011 ) . `` 2 Top Lawyers Lost to Obama in Libya War Policy Debate '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( June 18 , 2011 ) . `` President overruled 2 key lawyers on debate over Libya war policy '' . The Seattle Times . ^ Jump up to : Cosgrove , Maureen . `` State Department legal adviser : Obama acting lawfully in Libya '' , JURIST ( June 28 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` War Powers Act of 1973 '' , The New York Times ( June 29 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Libya War Deadline Arrives Fox News Jump up ^ `` White House on War Powers Deadline : ' Limited ' US Role in Libya Means No Need to Get Congressional Authorization '' , ABC News , May 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Libya : Nato assumes control of military operation '' . BBC News . March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Owen , Robert ( 2015 ) . `` The U.S. Experience : National Strategy and Campaign Support '' . In Karl Mueller . Precision and Purpose : Airpower in the Libyan Civil War . Rand Corporation . p. 105 . Jump up ^ Dinan , Stephen , `` Bipartisan Congress rebuffs Obama on Libya mission '' . The Washington Times , Saturday , June 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce . `` Legal Acrobatics , Illegal War '' , The New York Times ( June 21 , 2011 ) . Page A27 . Jump up ^ Cassata , Donna ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Senators unveil bill to change war powers '' . Associated Press via military1.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Was Trump 's Syria Strike Legal ? An Expert Weighs In '' . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The war powers resolution '' . US Department of State Bulletin . 1988 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . `` The War Powers Resolution has been controversial from the day it was adopted over President Nixon 's veto . Since 1973 , executive officials and many Members of Congress have criticized various aspects of the law repeatedly . '' Jump up ^ War Powers Joint Resolution , § 2 ( b ) . Jump up ^ `` War Powers : An Essay on John Hart Ely 's War and Responsibility : Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath , '' Michigan Law Quarterly 92 , no . 6 ( May 1994 ) : 1364 -- 1400 . Jump up ^ `` Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) '' . References ( edit ) Grimmett , Richard Z . ( February 14 , 2006 ) . `` CRS Report for Congress : War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 30 . United States Congress ( November 7 , 1973 ) . `` War Powers Resolution of 1973 ( Public Law 93 - 148 ) '' . The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 30 . United States Congress ( October 31 , 1998 ) . `` H.R. 4655 : Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 ( Public Law 105 - 338 ) '' . IraqWatch.org . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2007 . United States Congress ( September 18 , 2001 ) . `` Public Law 107 - 40 : Joint Resolution : To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States ( S.J. Res. 23 ) '' ( text ) . United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 30 . United States Congress ( October 16 , 2002 ) . `` Public Law 107 - 243 : Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 ( H.J. Res. 114 ) '' ( text ) . United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 30 . Kinkopf , Neil . `` The Congress as Surge Protector '' ( PDF ) . American Constitution Society for Law and Policy . p. 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 30 . The Supreme Court has been clear and unambiguous . When Congress , acting in the vast areas of overlapping power , tells the President ' no ' , the President must comply . Doumar , Robert G. ( January 8 , 2003 ) . `` Hamdi v. Rumsfeld Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia , at Norfolk ( CA - 02 - 439 - 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Judiciary . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 30 . Young , D. Lindley ( February 24 , 2003 ) . `` Amicus Curiae Brief in Support of Plaintiff 's Appeal '' ( PDF ) . United States Judiciary . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Library of Congress ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Research Help : War Powers '' ( text ) . United States Government Library of Congress . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : War Powers Resolution Avalon Project - War Powers Resolution The War Powers Resolution : After Twenty - Eight Years November 15 , 2001 PDF The War Powers Resolution : Concepts and Practice March 28 , 2017 PDF War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance September 11 , 2001 HTML War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance January 8 , 2002 PDF War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance March 16 , 2004 PDF War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance November 15 , 2004 PDF The War Powers Resolution : After Thirty Years VIAF : 185882082 LCCN : n78062856 GND : 4492905 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Powers_Resolution&oldid=815288249 '' Categories : Congressional opposition to the Vietnam War United States federal defense and national security legislation 1973 in law 1973 in military history 1973 in the United States Military history of the United States Nixon administration controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Français Íslenska 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 23 : 26 . 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Question: in 1973 congress passed the war powers resolution to

check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress


Orinoco - wikipedia Orinoco Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Orinoco ( disambiguation ) . Orinoco River Río Orinoco Countries Colombia , Venezuela Region South America Source - location Cerro Delgado - Chalbaud , Parima Mountains , Venezuela - elevation 1,047 m ( 3,435 ft ) - coordinates 02 ° 19 ′ 05 '' N 63 ° 21 ′ 42 '' W  /  2.31806 ° N 63.36167 ° W  / 2.31806 ; - 63.36167 Mouth Delta Amacuro - location Atlantic Ocean , Venezuela - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 8 ° 37 ′ N 62 ° 15 ′ W  /  8.617 ° N 62.250 ° W  / 8.617 ; - 62.250 Coordinates : 8 ° 37 ′ N 62 ° 15 ′ W  /  8.617 ° N 62.250 ° W  / 8.617 ; - 62.250 Length 2,140 km ( 1,330 mi ) Basin 880,000 km ( 339,770 sq mi ) Discharge - average 37,000 m / s ( 1,306,643 cu ft / s ) - max 54,000 m / s ( 1,906,992 cu ft / s ) - min 21,000 m / s ( 741,608 cu ft / s ) Orinoco 's watershed The Orinoco River is one of the longest rivers in South America at 2,140 kilometres ( 1,330 mi ) . Its drainage basin , sometimes known as the Orinoquia , covers 880,000 square kilometres ( 340,000 sq mi ) , with 76.3 percent of it in Venezuela and the remainder in Colombia . It is the fourth largest river in the world by discharge volume of water . The Orinoco River and its tributaries are the major transportation system for eastern and interior Venezuela and the llanos of Colombia . The Orinoco River is extremely diverse , and hosts a wide variety of flora and fauna . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Major rivers in the Orinoco Basin 3 Ecology 4 Economic activity 4.1 El Florero iron mine 4.2 Tar sands 5 Eastern Venezuelan basin 6 Recreation and sports 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Map of the Lower Orinoco River , 1897 The mouth of the Orinoco River at the Atlantic Ocean was documented by Columbus on 1 August 1498 , during his third voyage . Its source at the Cerro Delgado -- Chalbaud , in the Parima range , was not explored until 1951 , 453 years later . The source , near the Venezuelan -- Brazilian border , at 1,047 metres ( 3,435 ft ) above sea level ( 02 ° 19 ′ 05 '' N 63 ° 21 ′ 42 '' W  /  2.31806 ° N 63.36167 ° W  / 2.31806 ; - 63.36167 ) , was explored in 1951 by a joint Venezuelan -- French team . The Orinoco Delta , and tributaries in the eastern llanos such as the Apure and Meta , were explored in the 16th century by German expeditions under Ambrosius Ehinger and his successors . In 1531 Diego de Ordaz , starting at the principal outlet in the delta , the Boca de Navios , sailed up the river to the Meta . Antonio de Berrio sailed down the Casanare to the Meta , and then down the Orinoco River and back to Coro . In 1595 , after capturing de Berrio to obtain information while conducting an expedition to find the fabled city of El Dorado , the Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh sailed down the river , reaching the savannah country . Alexander von Humboldt explored the basin in 1800 , reporting on the pink river dolphins . He published extensively on the river 's flora and fauna . The first bridge across the Orinoco River was the Angostura Bridge at Ciudad Bolívar , Venezuela , completed in 1967 . In 2006 a second bridge was completed near Ciudad Guayana , Venezuela , known as the Orinoquia Bridge . The first powerline crossing of the Orinoco River was completed in 1981 for an 800 kV TL single span of 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) using two towers 110 metres ( 360 ft ) tall . In 1992 , an overhead power line crossing for two 400 kV - circuits was completed just west of Morocure ( between the cities of Ciudad Bolivar and Ciudad Guayana ) , north of the confluence of Routes 1 and 19 . It had three towers , and the two spans measured 2,161 metres ( 7,090 ft ) and 2,537 metres ( 8,323 ft ) , respectively . Geography ( edit ) The course of the Orinoco forms a wide ellipsoidal arc , surrounding the Guiana Shield ; it is divided in four stretches of unequal length that roughly correspond to the longitudinal zonation of a typical large river : Upper Orinoco -- 242 kilometres ( 150 mi ) long , from its headwaters to the rapids Raudales de Guaharibos , flows through mountainous landscape in a northwesterly direction Middle Orinoco -- 750 kilometres ( 470 mi ) long , divided into two sectors , the first of which ca . 480 kilometres ( 300 mi ) long has a general westward direction down to the confluence with the Atabapo and Guaviare rivers at San Fernando de Atabapo ; the second flows northward , for about 270 kilometres ( 170 mi ) , along the Venezuelan - Colombian border , flanked on both sides by the westernmost granitic upwellings of the Guiana Shield which impede the development of a flood plain , to the Atures rapids near the confluence with the Meta River at Puerto Carreño , Lower Orinoco -- 959 kilometres ( 596 mi ) long with a well - developed alluvial plain , flows in a northeast direction , from Atures rapids down to Piacoa in front of Barrancas Delta Amacuro -- 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) long that empties into the Gulf of Paría and the Atlantic Ocean , a very large delta , some 22,500 km ( 8,700 sq mi ) and 370 kilometres ( 230 mi ) at its widest . View of the Orinoco River in Mariusa National Park ( Delta Amacuro ) Orinoco River at its confluence with the Caroní River ( lower left ) Rapids of the Orinoco River , near Puerto Ayacucho airport , Venezuela The Orinoco River , here in Amazonas State , Venezuela Orinoco River , in Amazonas State , Venezuela At its mouth , the Orinoco River forms a wide delta that branches off into hundreds of rivers and waterways that flow through 41,000 km ( 16,000 sq mi ) of swampy forests . In the rainy season , the Orinoco River can swell to a breadth of 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) and a depth of 100 metres ( 330 ft ) . Most of the important Venezuelan rivers are tributaries of the Orinoco River , the largest being the Caroní , which joins it at Puerto Ordaz , close to the Llovizna Falls . A peculiarity of the Orinoco river system is the Casiquiare canal , which starts as an arm of the Orinoco , and finds its way to the Rio Negro , a tributary of the Amazon , thus forming a ' natural canal ' between Orinoco and Amazon . Major rivers in the Orinoco Basin ( edit ) Apure : from Venezuela through the east into the Orinoco Arauca : from Colombia to Venezuela east into the Orinoco Atabapo : from the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela north into the Orinoco Caroní : from the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela north into the Orinoco Casiquiare canal : in SE Venezuela , a distributary from the Orinoco flowing west to the Negro River , a major affluent to the Amazon Caura : from eastern Venezuela ( Guiana Highlands ) north into the Orinoco Guaviare : from Colombia east into the Orinoco Inírida : from Colombia southeast into the Guaviare . Meta : from Colombia , border with Venezuela east into the Orinoco Ventuari : from eastern Venezuela ( the Guiana Highlands ) southwest into the Orinoco Vichada : from Colombia east into the Orinoco See also : Casiquiare canal - Orinoco River hydrographic divide Ecology ( edit ) The boto ( also known as the `` Amazon river dolphin '' ) and the giant river otter inhabit the Orinoco River system . The Orinoco crocodile is one of the rarest reptiles in the world . Its range in the wild is restricted to the Orinoco River Basin . More than 1000 fish species have been recorded in the river basin and about 15 % are endemic . Among the fish in the river are species found in brackish or salt water in the Orinoco estuary , but also many restricted to fresh water . By far the largest orders are Characiformes and Siluriformes , which together account for more than 80 % of the fresh water species . Some of the more famous are the black spot piranha and the cardinal tetra . The latter species , which is important in the aquarium industry , is also found in the Rio Negro , revealing the connection between this river and the Orinoco through the Casiquiare canal . Because the Casiquiare includes both blackwater and clear - to whitewater sections , only relatively adaptable species are able to pass through it between the two river systems . Economic activity ( edit ) The river is navigable for most of its length , and dredging enables ocean ships to go as far as Ciudad Bolívar , at the confluence of the Caroní River , 435 kilometres ( 270 mi ) upstream . River steamers carry cargo as far as Puerto Ayacucho and the Atures Rapids . El Florero iron mine ( edit ) In 1926 , a Venezuelan mining inspector found one of the richest iron ore deposits near the Orinoco delta , south of the city of San Felix on a mountain named El Florero . Full - scale mining of the ore deposits began after World War II , by a conglomerate of Venezuelan firms and US steel companies . At the start in the early 1950s , about 10,000 tons of ore - bearing soil was mined per day . Tar sands ( edit ) The Orinoco River deposits also contain extensive tar sands in the Orinoco oil belt , which may be a source of future oil production . Eastern Venezuelan basin ( edit ) Union of the Orinoco with the Caroní River Encompassing the states of Anzoategui - Guarico and Monagas states , the Interior Range forms the northern boundary and the Guayana Shield the southern boundary . Maturin forms the eastern subbasin and Guarico forms the western subbasin . The El Furrial oil field was discovered in 1978 , producing from late Oligocene shallow marine sandstones in an overthrusted foreland basin . Recreation and sports ( edit ) Since 1988 , the local government of Ciudad Guayana has conducted a swim race in the rivers Orinoco and Caroní , with up to 1,000 competitors . Since 1991 , the `` Paso a Nado Internacional de los Rios Orinoco - Caroní '' has been celebrated every year , on a Sunday close to 19 April . Worldwide , this swim - meet has grown in importance , and it has a large number of competitors . The 26th meet was held in 2016 . See also ( edit ) Adaheli , the Sun in the mythology of the Orinoco region `` Orinoco Flow '' , the 1988 song by Enya named after the Orinoco River . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orinoco River at GEOnet Names Server Jump up ^ Helferich , Gerard ( 2004 ) Humboldt 's Cosmos : Alexander von Humboldt and the Latin American Journey that Changed the Way We See the World , Gotham Books , New York , ISBN 1 - 59240 - 052 - 3 . Jump up ^ Scott , R. ( 2001 ) . In the Wake of Tacoma : Suspension Bridges and the Quest for Aerodynamic Stability . American Society of Civil Engineers . p. 184 . ISBN 9780784470732 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Experience '' . SAE Power Lines . Jump up ^ `` Critical Path '' ( PDF ) . PEI . June 2005 . pp. 105 -- 111 , page 107 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pylons of the Orinoco High - Voltage Crossing '' . International Database for Civil and Structural Engineering . Archived from the original on 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orinoco Powerline Crossing '' . Skyscraper Source Media Inc . Archived from the original on 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ciudad Guayana , Venezuela : Image of the Day '' . earthobservatory.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ WWF : Orinoco River Basin , South America . Retrieved 24 May 2014 Jump up ^ Reis , R.E. ; J.S. Albert ; F. Di Dario ; M.M. Mincarone ; P. Petry ; and L.A. Rocha ( 2016 ) . Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America . Journal of Fish Biology 89 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Hales , J. , and P. Petry : Orinoco Llanos . Orinoco Delta & Coastal Drainages . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Seriously Fish : Paracheirodon axelrodi , Cardinal Tetra . Retrieved 24 May 2014 Jump up ^ Staeck , W. ; Schindler , I. ( 2015 ) . `` Description of a new Heros species ( Teleostei , Cichlidae ) from the Rio Orinoco drainage and notes on Heros severus Heckel , 1840 '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Fish Biology . 15 ( 1 - 2 ) : 121 -- 136 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela 's Magnetic Mountain '' Popular Mechanics , July 1949 Jump up ^ Forero , Juan ( 1 June 2006 ) . `` For Venezuela , A Treasure In Oil Sludge '' . The New York Times . 155 ( 53597 ) . pp. C1 -- C6 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Prieto , R. , Valdes , G. , 1992 , El Furrial Oil Field , In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 - 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 Jump up ^ `` Antecedentes y Sumario Paso a Nado Internacional de Los Rios Orinoco / Caroni '' Paso Nado Internacional de Los Rios Orinoco y Caroní '' ( Antecedents and Summary of the International Swim Meet of the Orinoco and Caroni Rivers ) ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 26 edición Paso a Nado de Ríos Orinoco y Caroní 2016 '' . Roberto Muñoz Natación Venezuela . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . References ( edit ) Stark , James H. 1897 . Stark 's Guide - Book and History of Trinidad including Tobago , Granada , and St. Vincent ; also a trip up the Orinoco and a description of the great Venezuelan Pitch Lake . Boston , James H. Stark , publisher ; London , Sampson Low , Marston & Company . ( This book has an excellent description of a trip up the Orinoco as far as Ciudad Bolívar and a detailed description of the Venezuelan Pitch Lake situated on the western side of the Gulf of Paria opposite . ) MacKee , E.D. , Nordin , C.F. and D. Perez - Hernandez ( 1998 ) . `` The Waters and Sediments of the Rio Orinoco and its major Tributaries , Venezuela and Colombia . '' United States Geological Survey water - supply paper , ISSN 0886 - 9308 / A-B . Washington : United States Government Printing Office . Weibezahn , F.H. , Haymara , A. and M.W. Lewis ( 1990 ) . The Orinoco River as an ecosystem . Caracas : Universidad Simon Bolivar . Rawlins , C.B. ( 1999 ) . The Orinoco River . New York : Franklin Watts . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orinoco River . Church , George Earl ( 1911 ) . `` Orinoco '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 ( 11th ed . ) . pp. 275 -- 276 . Down the Orinoco in a Canoe at Project Gutenberg ( Transcription of book from 1902 ) ( hide ) Tributaries of the Orinoco From the Guiana Highlands Atabapo Caroní Caura Ventuari From elsewhere Apure Guárico Portuguesa Arauca Guaviare Arriari Inírida Meta Ariporo Casanare Cravo Norte Cravo Sur Cusiana Lengupá Manacacías Upía Tomo Tuparro Vichada VIAF : 257266255 NDL : 00628329 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orinoco&oldid=821798341 '' Categories : Rivers of Colombia Rivers of Venezuela Border rivers Colombia -- Venezuela border International rivers of South America Orinoco basin Dredged rivers and waterways Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 18 : 13 . 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Joe Turner 's Come and Gone - wikipedia Joe Turner 's Come and Gone Jump to : navigation , search Joe Turner 's Come and Gone Written by August Wilson Date premiered 1984 Place premiered Eugene O'Neill Theater Center Waterford , Connecticut Original language English Series The Pittsburgh Cycle Subject the lives of spirited boarders in a lodging house Genre Drama Setting Seth Holly 's boardinghouse in Pittsburgh in 1911 Joe Turner 's Come and Gone is a play by American playwright August Wilson . It is the second installment of his decade - by - decade chronicle of the African - American experience , The Pittsburgh Cycle . The play was first staged 1984 at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford , Connecticut and opened on Broadway on 27 March 1988 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre -- running for 105 performances . Directed by Lloyd Richards , the cast included Delroy Lindo as Herald Loomis and television and movie star Angela Bassett , as Loomis 's wife , Martha . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Contextual information 3 Plot synopsis 3.1 Act One 3.2 Act Two 4 Character guide 5 Character analysis 6 Genre 7 Style 8 Language 9 Theme / ideas 10 Spectacle 11 Music 12 Sample production history 13 Awards and nominations 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Title ( edit ) The original working title of the play was Mill Hand 's Lunch Bucket , the title of a painting by Romare Bearden . The title Joe Turner 's Come and Gone is a line from the refrain of `` Joe Turner '' , an early blues song . Contextual information ( edit ) Joe Turner 's Come and Gone is the second in a series of August Wilson 's The Century Cycle , which chronicled the struggles and lives of African Americans in the 20th century . Joe Turner 's Come and Gone is set in the second decade of the 20th century and chronicles the lives of a few freed former enslaved African Americans in the North and deals with the conflicts of racism and discrimination . Plot synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) Scene one - Set in the 1910s , the audience is introduced to Seth Holly 's boardinghouse , where Seth and his wife Bertha are in the kitchen watching Bynum in the backyard . Seth is complaining to Bertha about Bynum 's strange spiritual activities . Bertha tells Seth to let him be as he is n't bothering anyone . They also talk about Jeremy , a young man staying in the boardinghouse , getting arrested the night before for supposedly being drunk in public . Seth then has a monologue about the poor situation that the freed slaves are in after traveling up North . He worries that the African Americans are too naïve and that all the promises of jobs in the North will be taken by the poor white Americans . Then Rutherford Selig , the People Finder , comes to order dustpans from Seth , a maker of pots and pans . Then Bynum talks about an adventure that he once took up river where he found the `` shiny man '' , a man he found on the road that offered to explain to him the Secret of Life . He had a spiritual encounter with the man , and sees the ghost of his father , telling him to find his song in life . His song , he later explains , is the Binding Song , which he uses to bind people to one another . Selig leaves and Jeremy enters , and after getting a scolding from Seth , he tells him that the white cops came and picked him up for no reason and that he was , in fact , not drunk at all . Then Herald Loomis and his daughter Zonia enter , looking for a place to stay for the week . They reveal that he is looking for his wife , Martha . After Seth shows them to their room , Jeremy relates a story about his guitar - playing abilities and how he is wary of playing for white men or money because of a bad experience . Bynum convinces Jeremy to go down to a bar to play for some money . Seth confides in Bynum and Bertha his lack of confidence in Loomis , and thinks that he is a `` mean looking '' man and he does n't want to help him find his wife because of it . After this Mattie Campbell enters , looking for Bynum because she has heard that he can `` fix things '' . Her man , Jack , has up and left her , but she wants him to come back . Bynum tells her that he can only bind people that wish to be bound ; that she is better off just letting him find his own path in life . Jeremy intervenes and suggests that Mattie stays with him as to cure both of their loneliness . The scene ends with Zonia and Reuben , the little boy from next door . Reuben discloses Bynum 's odd tendencies to Zonia and tells her a story about his friend Eugene that used to sell pigeons to Bynum so he could use their blood in his rituals . Scene Two - It is a week later and the audience again finds Seth and Bertha eating breakfast in the kitchen . Seth is still worried about Loomis 's intentions and does n't like the look of the man . He suspects that he knows who Loomis 's wife is but wo n't tell him because he is worried about what he will do once he finds her . Selig returns to the house to pick up the dustpans that Seth has made for him and Loomis pays him to try to find his wife because Bynum tells him that Selig is the People Finder . Scene Three - It is the next day and yet again we find Seth and Bertha in the kitchen . Seth is upset because he ca n't find anyone to front him the money to make a new factory for making pots and pans . Then Bynum and Jeremy talk about the importance of being in love with a woman and how being with a woman is all a man needs in life . Then the last boarder enters , Molly Cunningham . She is also looking for a place to stay because she missed her train to Cincinnati . Jeremy takes a liking to Molly 's appearance . Scene Four - Again they are in the kitchen of the boarding house when the scene opens . The group has just finished eating dinner when Seth suggests they `` juba '' - an African style call and response song and dance . Herald Loomis enters and demands that they stop the singing . He goes into an episode where he talks in tongues and falls to the floor . He starts recalling a religious hallucination and Bynum has to calm him down and take him upstairs . Act Two ( edit ) Scene 1 - Seth informs Loomis that he has to leave the boardinghouse because he thinks that Loomis was drunk when he had his episode . Seth tells him that he runs a respectable house and wo n't put up with any shenanigans . Loomis and Zonia have until the next Saturday to leave the house . Bynum , Molly and Mattie are left in the kitchen where they talk about how children often follow in their parents ' footsteps . Molly asserts that she will never follow her father 's path and that she will always be a strong , independent woman . Mattie leaves for Doc Goldblum 's , where she cleans and irons for work . Jeremy returns to the house from work and reveals to Seth that he would not give a white foreman 50 cents to keep his job so he was fired . Seth thinks it was an idiotic choice because now he is out of a job and no longer makes $8 a week . Molly tells Jeremy that he could easily get his job back by simply returning to work . Jeremy then asks Molly to travel around with him because he needs a woman that is independent and knows what she wants . Molly agrees but refuses to return to the South . Scene Two - Bynum and Seth are playing a game of dominoes and Bynum is singing a song about Joe Turner . Loomis asks Bynum to stop because he is uncomfortable with the song . Bynum reveals that he knew all along that Loomis was taken away by Joe Turner and that he needs to find his song in order to start his life again . Loomis relates his story to Bynum and Seth , telling them that he was taken by Joe Turner 's men while trying to preach to some gambling African Americans . He spent seven years on Turner 's chain gang and only survived by the thought of his wife and daughter . He tells them that after seven years he returned home to find that his wife had left and his daughter was living with her grandmother . The scene ends with Loomis being skeptical of Bynum and his voodoo abilities . Scene Three - The scene opens with Bertha reassuring Mattie that she will find everything that she wants and needs in life and that she just has to be patient . The scene ends with Loomis telling Mattie that he 's noticed her watching him and that he finds her attractive . He goes to touch her , however , but feels awkward and says `` I done forgot how to touch '' . Scene Four - It is the next morning and Zonia and Reuben are in the yard . Reuben tells Zonia that he has seen the ghost of Seth 's mother earlier that morning and she made him keep his promise to Eugene and release the pigeons . They marvel at the idea that people could come back to life in the form of spirits . Reuben then asks Zonia if he can kiss her on the lips and she agrees . They decide that later in life they will find each other to get married . Scene Five - In the final scene Loomis and Zonia leave the boardinghouse as it is Saturday . Bertha tells Mattie that all she needs in life is love and laughing - which they all start to do . Then Martha Pentecost ( Loomis ) enters with Selig looking for Loomis and Zonia . Loomis reenters with Zonia and he recounts the last decade of his life ; his search for her and the heartache it has caused him . Martha tells him that she has moved on with her life because she could n't wait for him any longer . Martha also reveals that she had Bynum put a binding spell on her and Zonia and that is why they have come to find each other . Loomis goes into a rage and pulls out a knife . He denounces his Christian background and slashes his chest . The stage directions read `` Having found his song , the song of self - sufficiency , fully resurrected , cleansed and given breath , free from any encumbrance other than the workings of his own heart and the bonds of the flesh , having accepted the responsibility for his own presence in the world , he is free to soar above the environs that weighed and pushed his spirit into terrifying contractions . '' He leaves and the play ends with Bynum yelling `` Herald Loomis , you shining ! You shining like new money ! '' Character Guide ( edit ) Seth Holly - In his early fifties , Seth is owner of the boardinghouse and works as a craftsman . Bertha Holly - Seth 's wife of 25 years and five years his junior , Bertha runs the boardinghouse . She does all the cooking and cleaning , later with the aid of Zonia . Bynum Walker - A `` conjure '' man staying with the Holly 's at the boardinghouse , Bynum is in his sixties and is a freed slave from the south . Rutherford Selig - The only white character in the play , Selig is a peddler who sells Seth 's goods . Known as the `` People Finder '' , Selig is from a family that first brought Africans across the Atlantic to become slaves . But now he unites people by recording the names and places of all the people he peddles to . Jeremy Furlow - Another resident of the boardinghouse , Jeremy is a guitar - playing 25 - year - old . He came to the North looking for a job and a way in life . He works construction , putting in the new road outside of town . Herald Loomis - An odd man who dons an overcoat and hat in mid-August , Loomis is 32 and a displaced slave searching for his wife . He was forced to work for Joe Turner for seven years , which separated him from his wife and daughter . He works as a deacon for the Abundant Life Church and at times was possessed by spiritual beings . Zonia Loomis - Herald 's daughter , Zonia is described as a tall and skinny 11 - year - old . Mattie Campbell - Mattie is a 25 - year - old girl who is disappointed with her position in life and is looking for love . Rueben Mercer - Rueben is the Holly 's next door neighbor and about Zonia 's age . Molly Cunningham - Molly is a good looking young woman of 26 who is strong and independent . Martha Pentecost - Loomis ' wife , Martha is about 28 and very religious and a member of the Evangelical church . She left the South and her daughter behind . Joe Turner - While Turner does not make an actual appearance in the play , he is often referred to with the expectation that the audience is aware of who he is . Joe Turner , the brother of the governor of Tennessee , would kidnap black men and force them into labor on his chain gang for seven years . Character Analysis ( edit ) Seth Holly - Born of free African - American parents in the North , He is set in his ways ; never losing his composure and always running a respectable house . He even condemns other African Americans that do not follow this kind of lifestyle . He is economically very capitalistic and does whatever is necessary to stay afloat ; including working night shifts and odd craftsman jobs he can pick up from Selig . He understands his world on a very literal level , and does n't aspire to become more than he is . Bertha Holly - As Seth 's wife , She knows her place in the hierarchy of the boardinghouse , yet still has some say in the decision making and will often voice her opinion . A very loving mother to the boardinghouse family . In the end , she tells Mattie that the only two things you need in your life are love and laughter ; the things that she has had faith in and have helped her get by . Bynum Walker - Also comfortable with his identity as an African conjurer , Bynum is one of few characters that understands his own identity . Convinced of the fact that everyone has their own song , Bynum perpetuates the theme of identity and our constant search for it . Rutherford Selig - This suspicion of white peddler perpetuates the mistrust between the races in the North and histories repetition . Selig 's identity is well enforced with the history of his ancestors and the professions that he and they chose . Jeremy Furlow - A generation younger than the Holly 's , Jeremy represents a young generation without a purpose and trying to find its own identity as the first liberated slaves . Jeremy 's `` blues playing '' character is classified as a suave , artist young man looking to make a quick buck and travel the nation . He is constantly seeking the attention of the women in his vicinity and tries to find the perfect girl for himself . Herald Loomis - Having been enslaved by Joe Turner for seven years , Loomis has completely lost his way in life . In the end he finds his song , an independent , self - sufficient song that he can sing proudly . Zonia Loomis - Like Reuben , Zonia represents the next innocent , malleable generation . There is a sense that history will repeat itself if the proceeding generation is not taught differently . Mattie Campbell - Originally seeking out Bynum at Seth 's boardinghouse , Mattie ends up living there after Jeremy invites her to stay with him after her boyfriend , Jack , left her . In her desperate search for love , Mattie represents a naïve , inexperienced group of young freed slaves that have moved North in search of prosperity . Mattie requires a man to complete her identity , she is weak and subservient ; what she would be used to as a Southern slave . Rueben Mercer - Reuben represents the repetitiveness of history . Even as an adolescent , Reuben is aware of his place in society , notices the spiritual differences of people around him , and decides at a very early age that he needs a woman that he can find in end to settle down with and marry . Many of the ideals that are seen in the adult characters of this play are instilled in Reuben and will repeat , the good and the bad , as he grows into adulthood . Molly Cunningham - Molly represents the opposite of Mattie . Molly is young , attractive , and independent . Unwilling to let herself be told what to do anymore , by anyone , Molly is convinced that she will never return to the South and refuses be associated with anything that her old life entailed . Martha Pentecost - Like Molly , Martha is an independent African - American woman . She attempted to escape the racial persecution , but still finds it In the North . For strength , she rejects her African identity and turns to Christianity . She does what it takes to ensure her self - preservation and remains a strong , self - sufficient woman until the end . Joe Turner - Joe Turner is more of a representational character in this play than a literal character . By illegally kidnapping freed and run away slaves , Turner represents the evil of the Southern , racist white man . He is based on the person of Joe Turney , brother of Tennessee governor Peter Turney . See pages 53f in `` Conversations with August Wilson '' `` Joe Turner was the brother of Pete Turner , who was the governor of Tennessee , who would press Negroes in peonage . '' Also , see W.C. Handy 's autobiography , p. 145 . `` It goes back to Joe Turney ( also called Turner ) , brother of Pete Turney , one - time governor of Tennessee . Joe had the responsibility of taking Negro prisoners from Memphis to the penitentiary at Nashville . Sometimes he took them to the `` farms '' along the Mississippi . Their crimes when indeed there were any crimes , were usually very minor , the object of the arrests being to provide needed labor for spots along the river . As usual , the method was to set a stool - pigeon where he could start a game of craps . The bones would roll blissfully till the required number of laborers had been drawn into the circle . At that point the law would fall upon the poor devils , arrest as many as were needed for work , try them for gambling in a kangaroo court and then turn the culprits over to Joe Turney . That night , perhaps , there would be weeping and wailing among the dusky belles . If one of them chanced to ask a neighbor what had become of the sweet good man , she was likely to receive the pat reply , ' They tell me Joe Turner 's come and gone . ' '' Genre ( edit ) The genre of Joe Turner 's Come and Gone is a drama . According to David Rush a drama is `` a serious play in which the universe is reduced in size ( 173 ) '' . He also describes it as a `` private struggle , family situation , or a character grappling with some form of social injustice or another '' . Joe Turner lives in the small world of the Holly 's boardinghouse and examines the struggles of its residents . Rush also mentions that `` characters in drama do n't fall into easy categories ; nor are there recurring plot patterns that we can identify ... The plays are always hybrids therefore , the best way to approach them is to apply the criteria of the ( classic tragedy , classic comedy , melodrama , and farce ) and see what conclusions we can draw . '' Again , Joe Turner does not seem to fall into one singular genre , but is a collaborative of already existing ones . Style ( edit ) While there are some depictions of unrealistic events , such as Loomis 's `` possession '' and Bynum 's stories about his shining man and inner song , style of Joe Turner is based in realism . In a relatively simple definition of realism , David Rush describes it as `` a style that attempts to depict life on stage as it is actually lived by the members of the audience . It shows us so - called everyday events happening to people like us who live in a world like ours and tells its story in a way that makes it appear logical and believable ( 191 ) . Joe Turner is exactly that , a linear story line with depictions of everyday life for the residents of the boardinghouse . While modern audiences ca n't necessarily relate with all aspects of this culture , it is definitely plausible in the context of American history . Later Rush goes on to qualify realism by `` three unities : time , place , and action ( 192 ) '' . Again this play follows this definition of realism in that it is linear plot , remains in the place - the boardinghouse in Pittsburgh - and effectively tells the story of the few people that live in this house . In a review of the Ethel Barrymore staging of the play , Clive Barnes comments on the language , idiom , and mix of naturalism and symbolism are beautifully staged and the cast is excellent at depicting the realistic play and develop it a heartrending climax . Language ( edit ) Much like the style of the play , the language used in Joe Turner is realistic in nature and depicts that of the dialogue of the day . Each of the characters has a specific rhythm and speech pattern . The dialogue of the characters also reflects the accents that the characters would have had ; like Seth 's Pennsylvanian twang and Loomis 's Southern drawl . And according to Anne Fleche , there is a lack of suspense or surprise in the dialogue and the comfort of the language of the characters encourages the theme of reoccurring , oppressing experiences . Theme / ideas ( edit ) The major themes in Joe Turner 's Come and Gone are identity , migration , and racial discrimination . These core themes are ones August Wilson tends to use in many of his plays . one Identity : The most prominent theme in Joe Turner is the idea of identity . Each of the characters , whether or not they realize it , is looking for his or her identity as an American , African , man , woman , businessman , and / or artist . As Alen Nadel describes , `` For each of the characters , that quest for humanity is for a form of completeness which their circumstances , and history , has denied them . It may be economic security or fair employment practices , or a mate , or a family . ( 96 ) '' Just because the Civil War decided the emancipation of slaves did not mean that human rights for the freed slaves were guaranteed . African Americans had to fight to find an identity in a strange , hostile environment while trying to hold on to their African roots . Migration : The shuffling of people after the emancipation of the slaves caused many social and cultural issues throughout the nation . Along with the freedom to move about came the idea that no matter your background , there would be somewhere in the country that you could get by economically , if not be successful . Racial Discrimination : Even though there seems to be a promise of jobs and freedom in the North , it often seems as racially divided as the South . Jeremy runs into the most discrimination , although all of the characters feel the effects of intolerance . Not only does discrimination affect the residents of the boardinghouse , but there is an even deeper level of exploitation seen throughout the play . Selig gets paid to find people that he relocates , white police officers take Jeremy 's money , as does the foreman at his job building the road , and Selig is always trying to get a better price out of Seth for his labor . Even though the Civil War has ended , the African Americans were still being treated as objects rather than human beings . Spectacle ( edit ) Most of the spectacle in Joe Turner 's Come and Gone is related to the spirituality and religious qualities of the characters . Bynum is often performing what characters in the play refer to as voodoo activities . In the beginning of the play he is referred to as spilling the blood of the pigeons and has interesting , different good luck charms and untraditional remedies . Also when Loomis becomes possessed by the Holy Spirit at the end of act one requires some spectacular situations and portrayals . Along with this `` possession '' is the juba song that requires the singing and dancing that is `` as African as possible '' with Seth playing harmonica , Bynum singing and drumming , and Jeremy playing guitar . However , most of the play is n't much spectacle at all . Mostly it chronicles the everyday lives of the residents of the boardinghouse . Some critics of the play even criticize the length of the play and say the play had `` little action and but scenes with people yelling at each other '' . In this way the play structure follows the realism genre in that it depicts real life on stage , with everyday activities being performed ; like cooking , cleaning , etc . Music ( edit ) Music within this community seems to be a pivotal social catalyst . Many of the character either play an instrument or sing ; Seth plays the harmonica , Jeremy plays the guitar , and Zonia and Bynum both sing within the play . Zonia is heard at the end of the first scene of act one `` singing and playing a game . '' This playground song is completely innocent in manner and talks about a young girl that often makes mistakes . This song is used to further Zonia 's characterization by showing her as the most innocent character in the play . Jeremy plays the guitar , which also has a typical connotation connected with the character Jeremy portrays . He is the naïve , young character that is fresh to the world . Like his guitar , Jeremy is hip and often represents popular , youthful culture . Seth plays the harmonica during the juba that is performed onstage . The juba is described as : `` The Juba is reminiscent of the ring shouts of the African slaves . It is a call and response dance . Bynum sits at the table and drums . He calls the dance as other clap hands , shuffle , and stomp around the table . It should be as African as possible , with the performers working themselves up into a near frenzy . The words can be improvised , but should include some mention of the Holy Ghost . '' This song is a way for the African Americans to relate with one another and continue their relationship with their heritage . Finally , Bynum is often seen and heard singing throughout the show . The first time he sings is to lighten the mood from the work they are doing . Then later he sings about Joe Turner kidnapping slaves and forcing them to work on his chain gang . Bynum 's singing is a characterization of his wisdom and age . He seems to know a song for all occasions and characters . Not only does he physically sing on stage , Bynum 's character also refers to `` finding your song '' . Music is so important to this man that each person 's soul and purpose in life is characterized by their song . Wilson has also been known to be greatly influenced by the blues music period . The title of the play , for instance , is a line from a blues song and the idea of stealing one 's song is a great tragedy . Also , music also perpetuates the racial issues of the day as Jeremy is often shot down by white men for musical abilities . Sample Production history ( edit ) Joe Turner 's Come and Gone was first produced in 1986 Yale Repertory Theatre . Later , for its press review , it opened on March 26 , 1988 , at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway in New York City , with the following cast : Seth Holly : Mel Winkler Bertha Holly : L. Scott Caldwell Bynum Walker : Ed Hall Rutherford Selig : Raynor Scheine Jeremy Furlow : Bo Rucker Herald Loomis : Delroy Lindo Zonia Loomis : Jamila Perry Mattie Campbell : Kimberleigh Aarn Reuben Mercer : Richard Parnell Habersham Molly Cunningham : Kimberly Scott Martha Pentecost : Angela Bassett Director : Lloyd Richards Set Design : Scott Bradley Costume Design : Pamela Peterson Lighting Design : Michael Giannitti Musical Direction : Dwight Andrews Production Stage Manager : Karen L. Carpenter Stage Manager : Elliott Woodruff Casting Consultants : Meg Simon / Fran Kumin Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards 1988 New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award for Best Play Nominations 1988 Drama Desk Award for Best Play 1988 Tony Award for Best Play References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Feingold ( 27 September 2005 ) . `` August Wilson ( 1945 - 2005 ) '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Big Bill Broonzy , Alan Lomax : Blues Songbook , disc 2 . ^ Jump up to : Nadel , Alen . `` Boundaries , Logistics , and Identity : The Property of Metaphor in Fences and Joe Turner 's Come and Gone '' , May All Your Fences Have Gates . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Fleche , Anne . `` The History Lesson : Authenticity and Anachronism in August Wilson 's Plays . '' May All Your Fences Have Gates . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press , 1994 . Jump up ^ American drama 1945 - 2000 : an introduction By David Krasner Jump up ^ Bryer , Jackson R and Hartig , Mary C. `` Conversations with August Wilson . '' Jackson R. Bryer , Mary C. Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 831 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 831 - 9 Jump up ^ Handy , W.C. Father Of The Blues : An Autobiography . Da Capo Press , 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Rush , David . A Student Guide to Play Analysis . Carbondale : Southern Illinois UP , 2005 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Clive . `` O'Neill in Blackface . '' New York Post 28 March 1988 . In New York Theatre Critics ' Reviews , 1988 : 320 . Jump up ^ Fleche , Anne . `` The History Lesson : Authenticity and Anachronism in August Wilson 's Plays '' , May All Your Fences Have Gates . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press , 1994 . 21 - 50 . Jump up ^ Werner , Craig . `` August Wilson 's Burden : The Function of Neoclassical Jazz '' , May All Your Fences Have Gates . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press , 1994 . Jump up ^ Stearns , David Patrick . `` ' Turner ' Comes to a Near Halt '' . USA Today 29 March 1988 . In New York Theatre Critics ' reviews , 1988 . 323 . Jump up ^ Shafer , Yvonne . August Wilson : A Research and Production Sourcebook . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Werner , Craig . `` August Wilson 's Burden : The Function of Neoclassical Jazz '' , May All Your Fences Have Gates . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press , 1994 . 21 - 50 Jump up ^ `` Joe Turner 's Come and Gone Intro . '' from Enotes.com ( 2 Mar. 2009 ) Further reading ( edit ) Wilson , August ( 1986 ) . Joe Turner 's Come and Gone : A Play in Two Acts ( First ed . ) . New York : s.n . OCLC 18599550 . External links ( edit ) Joe Turner 's Come and Gone at the Internet Broadway Database ( hide ) August Wilson 's Pittsburgh Cycle Plays Fences Gem of the Ocean Jitney Joe Turner 's Come and Gone King Hedley II Ma Rainey 's Black Bottom The Piano Lesson Radio Golf Seven Guitars Two Trains Running Adaptations The Piano Lesson ( 1995 film ) Fences ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Turner%27s_Come_and_Gone&oldid=822143131 '' Categories : 1984 plays Plays by August Wilson Broadway plays Pittsburgh in fiction New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award winners The Pittsburgh Cycle Plays set in the 1910s Plays set in Pennsylvania Plays about slavery African - American plays Works about American slavery Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Question: what does zonia receive from reuben in the play


MULTIPLICATION SIGN - wikipedia MULTIPLICATION SIGN Jump to : navigation , search `` × '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with the letter X . `` Times sign '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with sign of the times . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) × Multiplication sign Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⁄ Word dividers interpunct space General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ basis point ‱ bullet caret dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark '' equals sign = inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ multiplication sign × number sign , pound , hash # numero sign No obelus ÷ ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus and minus + − pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe , broken bar ‖ ¦ Intellectual property copyright © sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋  ₳  ฿  ₿  ₵  ¢  ₡  ₢  $  ₫  ₯  ֏  ₠  €  ƒ  ₣  ₲  ₴  ₭  ₺  ₾  ₼  M  ₥  ₦  ₧  ₱  ₰  £  元 圆 圓  ریال  ៛  ₽  ₹ Rs  ₪  ৳  ₸  ₮  ₩  ¥ 円 Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron , hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ Related Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters In other scripts Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean Portal Book The multiplication sign The multiplication sign , also known as the times sign or the dimension sign is the symbol × . While similar to the lowercase letter x , the form is properly a rotationally symmetric saltire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 2 History 3 Similar notations 4 In computer software 5 Unicode 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Uses ( edit ) In mathematics , the symbol × has a number of uses , including Multiplication of two scalar numbers , where it is read as `` times '' or `` multiplied by '' Cross product of two vectors , where it is usually read as `` cross '' Cartesian product of two sets , where it is usually read as `` cross '' Geometric dimension of an object , such as noting that a room is 10 feet × 12 feet in area , where it is usually read as `` by '' ( for example : `` 10 feet by 12 feet '' ) Dimensions of a matrix , where it is usually read as `` by '' In biology , the multiplication sign is used in a botanical hybrid name , for instance Ceanothus papillosus × impressus ( a hybrid between C. papillosus and C. impressus ) or Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora ( a hybrid between two other species of Crocosmia ) . However , the communication of these hybrid names with a standard non-multiplication `` x '' is common when the actual `` × '' symbol is not readily available . The multiplication sign is also used by historians for an event between two dates . When employed between two dates , for example 1225 and 1232 , 1225 × 1232 means `` no earlier than 1225 and no later than 1232 '' . It can also be used in a date range : 1225 × 1232 -- 1278 . History ( edit ) The multiplication sign ( × ) , often attributed to William Oughtred ( who first used it in an appendix to the 1618 edition of John Napier 's Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio ) , apparently had been in occasional use since the mid 16th century . Similar Notations ( edit ) Main article : Multiplication : Notation and terminology The letter `` x '' is sometimes used in place of the multiplication sign . This is considered incorrect in mathematical writing . In algebraic notation , widely used in mathematics , a multiplication symbol is usually omitted wherever it would not cause confusion : `` a multiplied by b '' can be written as ab or a b . Other symbols can also be used to denote multiplication , often to reduce confusion between the multiplication sign × and the commonly used variable x . In many non-Anglophone countries , rather than × , the primary symbol for multiplication is U + 22C5 ⋅ dot operator , for which the interpunct may be substituted as a more accessible character . This symbol is also used in mathematics wherever multiplication should be written explicitly , such as in `` ab = a ⋅ 2 for b = 2 '' ; this usage is also seen in English - language texts . In some languages ( especially Bulgarian and French ) the use of full stop as a multiplication symbol , such as a. b , is common . Historically , computer language syntax was restricted to the ASCII character set ; in the absence of the × character , U + 002A * Asterisk became the de facto standard notation of the multiplication operator in computing . This selection is still reflected in the standard numeric keypad , where the arithmetic operations of addition , subtraction , multiplication , and division are represented by the + , - , * , and / keys , respectively . In computer software ( edit ) The × symbol is listed in the Latin - 1 Supplement character set and is U + 00D7 × MULTIPLICATION SIGN ( HTML & # 215 ; &times ; ) in Unicode . It can be invoked in various operating systems as per the table below . A monadic × symbol is used by the APL programming language to denote the sign function . There is a similar character ⨯ at U + 2A2F , but this is not always considered identical to U + 00D7 , as U + 2A2F is intended to explicitly denote the cross product of two vectors . Mac OS X in Character Palette , search for MULTIPLICATION SIGN HTML , SGML , XML &times ; and & # 215 ; Microsoft Windows Alt Gr + + Alt + 0 2 1 5 Alt + 0 D 7 Unix - like Ctrl + ⇧ Shift + U00D7 Compose X X OpenOffice.org times TeX \ times Unicode U + 00D7 Unicode ( edit ) In Unicode , the basic character is U + 00D7 × MULTIPLICATION SIGN ( HTML & # 215 ; &times ; ) Other variants are encoded : U + 2297 ⊗ CIRCLED TIMES ( HTML & # 8855 ; &otimes ; ) U + 2715 ✕ MULTIPLICATION X ( HTML & # 10005 ; ) U + 2716 ✖ HEAVY MULTIPLICATION X ( HTML & # 10006 ; ) U + 2A09 ⨉ N - ARY TIMES OPERATOR ( HTML & # 10761 ; ) U + 2A2F ⨯ VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT ( HTML & # 10799 ; ) U + 2A30 ⨰ MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH DOT ABOVE ( HTML & # 10800 ; ) U + 2A31 ⨱ MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH UNDERBAR ( HTML & # 10801 ; ) U + 2A34 ⨴ MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN LEFT HALF CIRCLE ( HTML & # 10804 ; ) U + 2A35 ⨵ MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN RIGHT HALF CIRCLE ( HTML & # 10805 ; ) U + 2A36 ⨶ CIRCLED MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT ( HTML & # 10806 ; ) U + 2A37 ⨷ MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN DOUBLE CIRCLE ( HTML & # 10807 ; ) U + 2A3B ⨻ MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN TRIANGLE ( HTML & # 10811 ; ) U + 2AC1 ⫁ SUBSET WITH MULTIPLICATION SIGN BELOW ( HTML & # 10945 ; ) U + 2AC2 ⫂ SUPERSET WITH MULTIPLICATION SIGN BELOW ( HTML & # 10946 ; ) See also ( edit ) Komejirushi List of mathematical symbols References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stallings , L. ( 2000 ) . `` A Brief History of Algebraic Notation '' . School Science and Mathematics. 100 ( 5 ) : 230 -- 235 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1949 - 8594.2000. tb17262. x . ISSN 0036 - 6803 . Jump up ^ New Hart 's rules : the handbook of style for writers and editors , Oxford University Press , 2005 , p. 183 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861041 - 0 Jump up ^ Florian Cajori ( 1929 ) , A History of Mathematical Notations , Dover Books on Mathematics , pp. 251f . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Unicode Character ' MULTIPLICATION SIGN ' ( U + 00D7 ) '' . Fileformat.info . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . External links ( edit ) `` Letter Database '' . Eki.ee . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . `` Unicode Character ' MULTIPLICATION SIGN ' ( U + 00D7 ) '' . Fileformat.info . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . `` Unicode Character ' VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT ' ( U + 2A2F ) '' . Fileformat.info . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiplication_sign&oldid=837314938 '' Categories : Mathematical symbols Multiplication Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Question: what is the multiplication sign on the computer


Nissan Xterra - wikipedia Nissan Xterra Jump to : navigation , search `` Xterra '' redirects here . For the competition , see XTERRA Triathlon . Nissan Xterra 2009 Nissan Xterra Overview Manufacturer Nissan Also called Nissan Paladin ( China ) Nissan Roniz ( Iran ) Production 1999 -- 2015 2003 -- 2007 ( Brazil ) 1999 -- present ( China ) Assembly Smyrna , Tennessee ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Canton , Mississippi ( 2012 -- 2015 ) United States São José dos Pinhais , Brazil ( 2003 -- 07 ) Body and chassis Class Compact SUV ( 1st generation ) Mid-size SUV ( 2nd generation ) Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Chronology Successor Nissan Rogue ( Mexico ) The Nissan Xterra is an SUV that was manufactured and marketed by Nissan Motors across two generations , sharing its platform with the Nissan Frontier pickup . Both generations of the Xterra featured a two - box design with a raised rear roofline to enable stadium seating -- as well as a bump on the rearmost door expressing an interior first aid kit and `` C '' pillar - mounted rear door handles . The Xterra name derives from the eponymous XTERRA off - road triathlon race series sponsored by Nissan from 1998 to 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 First generation ( WD22 ) 2.1 1999 -- 2001 2.2 2002 -- 2004 3 Second generation ( N50 ) 3.1 2005 -- 2015 3.2 2009 update 3.3 2014 update 3.4 Discontinuation 4 Awards and recognition 5 Production outside of North America 6 References 7 External links Introduction ( edit ) The Xterra was introduced in North America in the 2000 model year ( 1999 calendar year ) and marketed using the tagline Everything you need , nothing you do n't . The Xterra was not Nissan 's first compact SUV : Nissan Japan had the Nissan Mistral , and the Nissan Rasheen , while Nissan Europe produced and sold the Terrano , a 2 - door SUV sold from 1993 to 2006 . Nissan licensed the name `` Xterra '' from Hawaiian - based TEAM Unlimited LLC for an undisclosed amount of money . TEAM Unlimited owns the rights to the Xterra Triathlon as well as the former Lifeguard Challenges . This enabled TEAM Unlimited to grow the Xterra brand . In August 2015 , Nissan announced that the Xterra would cease production and the last Xterra would be sold in the fall of 2015 . Nissan has no plans for a replacement or successor . First generation ( wd22 ) ( edit ) First Generation ( WD22 ) Overview Production May 1999 -- 2004 ( North America and Brazil ) 1999 -- 2009 ( Iran ) 1999 -- present ( China ) Designer Diane Allen ( 1997 ) Body and chassis Related Nissan Frontier Powertrain Engine Petrol engines : 2.4 L KA24DE 143 hp ( 107 kW ) I4 3.3 L VG33E 170 hp ( 130 kW ) V6 3.3 L VG33E 180 hp ( 130 kW ) V6 3.3 L SC VG33ER 210 hp ( 160 kW ) V6 Diesel engines : 2.8 L TDI 4.07 TCA 132 hp ( 98 kW ) I4 2.8 L TDI CRD 4.07 TCE 140 hp ( 100 kW ) I4 Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,650 mm ( 104 in ) Length 4,522 mm ( 178.0 in ) Width 1,788 mm ( 70.4 in ) Height 2002 -- 04 XE : 1,872 mm ( 73.7 in ) 2002 -- 04 SE 4WD : 1,884 mm ( 74.2 in ) 2002 -- 04 SE 2WD : 1,889 mm ( 74.4 in ) 2002 -- 04 S / C 4WD : 1,834 mm ( 72.2 in ) 2002 -- 04 SC 2WD : 1,877 mm ( 73.9 in ) 2000 -- 01 XE : 1,872 mm ( 73.7 in ) 2000 -- 01 SE 4WD : 1,879 mm ( 74.0 in ) 2000 -- 01 SE 2WD : 1,869 mm ( 73.6 in ) 1999 -- 2001 ( edit ) During its first two years there were two trim levels , each with increasing content levels : Xterra XE and Xterra SE . The Xterra featured a 143 hp ( 107 kW ) KA24DE I4 , 5 - speed manual transmission , and steel wheels . It lacked step rails and roof rack . The XE models were configured with several option packages combining the 170 horsepower 3.3 L VG33E V6 engine with either a 5 - speed manual or 4 - speed automatic transmission , as well as such features as roof rack , side step - rails , sun roof , and carpeted floor mats . The SE featured standard equipment that was optional on an XE . Canadian models from 1999 to 2004 were limited only to the VG33E V6 , and only available with part - time 4WD . 2002 -- 2004 ( edit ) 2002 -- 2004 Nissan Xterra Xterra was freshened for 2002 ( July 2001 production ) with a redesigned dash and center console , improved powertrain , and new front end styling . The 3.3 L VG33E V6 was upgraded to 180 hp ( 134 kW ) and a 210 hp ( 157 kW ) supercharged VG33ER option was carried over from the 2001 Nissan Frontier , with 246 lb ft ( 334 N m ) of torque for the automatic , and 231 lb ft ( 313 N m ) of torque with 5 - speed manual . For 2003 , new options became available , including side - curtain airbags and a tire pressure monitoring system . Audio systems were upgraded , the premium 6 - disc , 4 - speaker AM / FM / CD setup being replaced by a 6 - speaker 300W Rockford Fosgate AM / FM / CD system with an 8 - inch subwoofer that took up a small portion of the rear storage area . Although 2004 was the last year for this generation , some models were made as late as January 2005 . Second generation ( n50 ) ( edit ) Second generation ( N50 ) Overview Production April 2004 -- 2015 Model years 2005 - 2015 Body and chassis Platform Nissan F - Alpha platform Related Infiniti QX56 Nissan Armada Nissan Frontier Nissan Pathfinder Nissan Titan Powertrain Engine 4.0 L VQ40DE 265 hp ( 198 kW ) V6 Transmission 5 - speed automatic 6 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,700 mm ( 110 in ) Length 4,539 mm ( 178.7 in ) Width 1,849 mm ( 72.8 in ) Height 1,902 mm ( 74.9 in ) 2005 -- 2015 ( edit ) Unveiled at the New York International Auto Show in 2004 , the Xterra was redesigned for 2005 on the Nissan F - Alpha platform used by the Frontier , entering showrooms April 2004 for the 2005 model year . Offering a rear differential locker on the off - road model , the new model is larger in all dimensions than its predecessor . Utilizing Nissan 's variable valve timing fitted 4.0 L VQ40DE engine , it produces 261 hp ( 195 kW ) . 2009 update ( edit ) 2009 - 2012 Nissan Xterra The Xterra received a facelift for 2009 ( July 2008 production ) with more options and colors , leather seats on SE models , and roof mounted lights on off - road models . The last year of the Nissan Xterra in Mexico was 2008 , as the larger - but - cheaper unibody Nissan Rogue replaced in the product lineup . Reasons why the Xterra stopped sales in Mexico was for Nissan to free up room for the 2009 Suzuki Equator at the Smyrna plant , and also because of Nissan building fewer Xterras due to declining sales in the United States and Canada . After that , the Xterra is now mutually exclusive with the unibody X-Trail sold outside the United States and Canada . However , the X-Trail was sold in Canada from 2005 to 2006 alongside the Xterra , but after the 2006 model year , Nissan replaced the X-Trail in Canada with the Rogue . In 2012 , production was moved from Smyrna , Tennessee , to Nissan 's facility in Canton , Mississippi . 2014 update ( edit ) Changes include : An updated NissanConnect with a Navigation system with available NissanConnect Apps smartphone integration for iPhone and Android , allowing the user to connect with Pandora , iHeartRadio , Facebook and more . To the new app integration , the NissanConnect with Navigation system 's capabilities now include SiriusXM Traffic , SiriusXM Travel Link ( fuel prices , movie times , stock updates and weather ) , SiriusXM Weather ( SiriusXM subscription required , sold separately ) , Streaming Audio via Bluetooth , Hands - free Text Messaging Assistant and audio voice recognition . New 16 - inch aluminum - alloy wheel designs for the S and PRO-4X grades standard Bluetooth Hands - free Phone System , steering wheel audio controls and sunglass holder ( overhead console ) on all grade levels ; push - type HVAC controls and upgraded audio system added to X grade ; addition of heated front seats on PRO-4X ( standard cloth , available leather - appointed seats ) ; new Hyper Silver paint added for the grille and underguard . Early US models include X , S and PRO-4X , with a choice of 6 - speed manual or 5 - speed automatic transmissions , a choice of part - time 4 - wheel drive or 2 - wheel drive . Discontinuation ( edit ) The Xterra was discontinued in the U.S. after the 2015 model year . Poor fuel economy , declining sales , and mandated upgrades to safety and emissions were cited as reasons . Awards and recognition ( edit ) Interior 2000 Motor Trend 's Sport Utility of the Year 2000 North American Truck of the Year 2000 New England Motor Press Association 's Winter Vehicle Award of New England for Best in Class -- Mini Sport Utility 2001 Named Top Car by AAA New Car and Truck Buying Guide 2005 Named on the Automobile Magazine 's 50 Great New Cars list 2006 Nominated as North American Truck of the Year 2006 Motor Trend 's Sport Utility of the Year 2006 Motor Trend 's Truck Trend 's Best Little - Guy SUV Award 2006 Car and Driver Rock - Hopper SUV Winner . 2006 4 × 4 of the Year award from Peterson 's 4 - Wheel and Off - Road magazine . 2006 Edmunds.com Editor 's Most Wanted Vehicle 2009 4Wheeler Magazine 's SUV of the Year 2010 Xterra received the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 's highest Side - impact Safety Rating ( five stars ) . Production outside of North America ( edit ) Nissan Paladin in China Facelifted Nissan Paladin All Nissan - produced Xterras manufactured outside the U.S. were built in São José dos Pinhais , Brazil until 2007 . ( Nissan ceased Brazilian production entirely in 2007 . ) It is built under license by Pars Khodro in Iran as the Nissan Roniz , and in China by Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile as the ( Japanese : Nissan Paladin ) since 2003 . The Paladin uses the same chassis and running gear as the first generation Nissan Xterra , and the 2.4 L KA24DE engine mated to a 5 - speed manual transmission . The front end is from the local Pickup . ( The second generation Xterra model is only available in North America . ) Dongfeng Motors produces a Chinese version of the Xterra called the Oting . It is based on the first generation of the Xterra . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Malia ( November 15 , 1998 ) . `` Nissan names SUV after Maui triathlon '' . Pacific Business News . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 Nissan lineup : Charting the changes '' . Nissan Official Media Newsroom. 18 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ayapana , Erick ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Nissan Xterra Axed for 2016 , Ending 15 - Year Run '' . Motortrend.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://4wheeldrive.about.com/library/weekly/aa062101b.htm Jump up ^ http://trucks.about.com/cs/suvreviews/a/2005_xterra.htm Jump up ^ http://www.rockcrawler.com/features/newsshorts/05january/xterra_production.asp Jump up ^ http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/autos/reviews/healey/2005-01-13-drive-xterra_x.htm Jump up ^ 2014 Nissan Xterra Press Kit Jump up ^ 2014 Nissan Frontier , Xterra Priced Jump up ^ `` Nissan Xterra Discontinued in U.S. '' . edmunds.com. 23 Feb 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xtra ! Xtra ! Nissan Xterra Confirmed to Die After 2015 Model Year '' . caranddriver.com. 18 Aug 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Rock - Hopper 2006 Competition Car and Driver.com , April , 2006 . Accessed on June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Nissan Xterra '' . carspoints.com Retrieved 23 December 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nissan X-Terra . Nissan USA - Official American site Official site on Nissan China Xterra Firma - Nissan Xterra information site , reviews , articles , and forum ( Site Retired , Domain name for sale . ) A story of Nissan Paladin and the Chinese team in a 2005 long - distance auto race ( Dakar 2005 ) from this website : Nissan Motorsports website Nissan Motor Company Marques Current Datsun Infiniti Nissan Venucia Defunct / Integrated Prince Kurogane Aichi Shatai Sold Nissan Diesel Divisions and subsidiaries Autech Infiniti Nismo Nissan Motor India Private Limited Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK Joint ventures Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd. ( 50 % ) Ghandhara Nissan Nissan Motor Indonesia Nissan Philippines Renault -- Nissan -- Mitsubishi Alliance Tan Chong Motor Shareholdings Mitsubishi Motors ( 34 % ) Current Datsun vehicles redi - Go Go Go+ on - Do mi - Do Current Nissan vehicles Cars 370Z / Fairlady Z AD Van Altima / Teana Cima Dayz Fuga GT - R Lannia Latio / Versa Sedan / Almera / Sunny Leaf Livina / Grand Livina March / Micra Maxima Note / Versa Note Pulsar C12 / Tiida Sentra / Sylphy / Pulsar B17 Skyline Pickup Trucks Clipper Truck D22 Frontier / Navara NP200 Patrol Cab Chassis Titan SUVs / Crossovers Armada Juke Kicks Murano Paladin Pathfinder Pathfinder R51 Patrol Patrol Y61 Qashqai / Rogue Sport Rogue Terrano ( India ) X-Trail Xterra Vans Caravan Cube Elgrand Lafesta NV100 NV200 / Evalia NV400 NV1500 NV2500 HD NV3500 HD Quest Serena Urvan Wingroad Commercial trucks Atlas Cabstar Buses Civilian Discontinued vehicles DC - 3 100NX 180SX 200SX B - 210 240SX 240Z 280ZX 300C 300ZX 310 350Z 510 810 1200 Almera Tino Altra ( EV ) Aprio Auster Avenir Bassara Be-1 Bluebird Caball Cablight Cedric Cefiro Cherry Crew Datsun Truck Dualis Echo Expert Fairlady Figaro Gazelle Gloria Hardbody Truck Homy Hypermini Interstar Junior Kubistar Largo Laurel Leopard Liberty Mistral Moco Multi Murano CrossCabriolet NX Pao Pino Pintara Platina Prairie Presage Presea Primastar Primera Prince Royal President Pulsar EXA Pulsar GTI - R R390 GT1 R'nessa Rasheen Roadster - Road Star S - Cargo Saurus Saurus Jr Sileighty Silvia Skyline Crossover Skyline GT - R Stagea Stanza Terrano Terrano II Trade Vanette Violet Concept vehicles 126X 216X 240Z Concept 270X 300 Bambu 300 Seta 300XM 315 - a AA - X Actic AD - 1 AD - 2 AL - X Alpha T Amenio AP - X AQ - X ARC - X AXY AZEAL Bevel BladeGlider Boga C - Note Chapeau Chappo Cocoon Compact Sport CONCEPT 2020 Vision Gran Turismo CQ - X Crossbow CUE - X Cypact Denki Cube Duad Dunehawk Effis Ellure Esflow ESV EV Guide II EV Truck Evalia Extrem FEV FEV - II Foria Forum Fusion Gobi GR - 1 GR - 2 Hi - Cross ideo IDS IDx Intima Invitation Jikoo Judo Jura Kicks Kino KYXX Land Glider LEAF LUC - 2 MID4 Mixim mm. e Moco Nails NCS NEO-X NRV - II Nuvu NV2500 NX - 018 NX - 21 Pivo Pivo 2 Pivo 3 Qazana Redigo Resonance Round Box Saurus Serenity Sport Concept Sport Sedan Stylish VI Sway Terranaut Tone Townpod Trailrunner TRI-X URGE UV - X XIX XVL Yanya Z Concept Zaroot Engines Straight - 3 HR UD Straight - 4 BD CA CD CG CR FJ GA GB HR KA LD MA MR NA QD QG QR SD SR TD UD YD Z ZD Straight - 6 FD LD RB RD S20 SD TB TD UD V V6 VE VG VQ VR V8 UD VEJ30 VH VK VRH35 W64 Y V12 GRX - 3 UD VRT35 Places Nissan Engine Museum Nissan Proving Grounds Nissan Stadium ( Nashville ) Nissan Stadium ( Yokohama ) Other ATTESA CarWings dCi HICAS NAPS VVEL VVL Yokohama F. Marinos A brand of Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . Commons Nissan light truck timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Model year 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 Mini MPV Cube Compact MPV Stanza Wagon / Multi Axxess Mini crossover Juke Compact crossover Rogue Rogue Select Rogue Sport / Qashqai Rogue / X-Trail Mid-size crossover Murano Murano Murano Pathfinder Compact SUV X-Trail X-Trail Xterra Xterra Mid-size SUV Pathfinder Pathfinder Pathfinder Full - size SUV Armada Armada Minivan Van Quest Quest Quest Quest Van NV200 NV Pickup Datsun Truck Hardbody Truck Frontier Frontier NP300 Titan Titan Note Vehicle sold only in Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Xterra&oldid=806116753 '' Categories : Nissan vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 1999 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles containing Japanese - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 20 : 21 . 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Question: when did they stop making the nissan xterra