Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow - wikipedia Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow Jump to : navigation , search Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow Part of the First World War SMS Bayern sinking by the stern . SMS Baden can be seen at the far left . Date 21 June 1919 Location Scapa Flow , Orkney , Scotland Result Sinking of ten battleships , five battlecruisers , five cruisers and 32 destroyers Belligerents United Kingdom German Empire Commanders and leaders Sydney Fremantle Ludwig von Reuter Units involved First Battle Squadron High Seas Fleet Casualties and losses None Most of the fleet scuttled ; nine killed ; 16 wounded The scuttling of the German fleet took place at the Royal Navy 's base at Scapa Flow , in Scotland , after the First World War . The High Seas Fleet was interned there under the terms of the Armistice whilst negotiations took place over the fate of the ships . Fearing that all of the ships would be seized and divided amongst the allied powers , the German commander , Admiral Ludwig von Reuter , decided to scuttle the fleet . The scuttling was carried out on 21 June 1919 . Intervening British guard ships were able to beach a number of the ships , but 52 of the 74 interned vessels sank . Many of the wrecks were salvaged over the next two decades and were towed away for scrapping . Those that remain are popular diving sites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Surrender of the fleet 3 In captivity 4 The fleet is scuttled 5 Reactions 6 Aftermath 7 List of the German ships and their fate 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) The signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918 , at Compiègne , France , effectively ended the First World War . The Allied powers agreed that Germany 's U-boat fleet should be surrendered without the possibility of return , but were unable to agree upon a course of action regarding the German surface fleet . The Americans suggested that the ships be interned in a neutral port until a final decision was reached , but the two countries that were approached -- Norway and Spain -- both refused . Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss suggested that the fleet be interned at Scapa Flow with a skeleton crew of German sailors , and guarded in the interim by the Grand Fleet . The terms were transmitted to Germany on 12 November 1918 , instructing them to make the High Seas Fleet ready to sail by 18 November , or the Allies would occupy Heligoland . John Lavery 's painting of the German delegates arriving on HMS Queen Elizabeth On the night of 15 November , Rear - Admiral Hugo Meurer , the representative of Admiral Franz von Hipper , met Admiral David Beatty aboard Beatty 's flagship , HMS Queen Elizabeth . Beatty presented Meurer with the terms , which were expanded at a second meeting the following day . The U-boats were to surrender to Rear - Admiral Reginald Tyrwhitt at Harwich , under the supervision of the Harwich Force . The surface fleet was to sail to the Firth of Forth and surrender to Beatty . They would then be led to Scapa Flow and interned , pending the outcome of the peace negotiations . Meurer asked for an extension to the deadline , aware that the sailors were still in a mutinous mood ( which earlier led to the Wilhelmshaven mutiny ) , and that the officers might have difficulty in getting them to obey orders . Meurer eventually signed the terms after midnight . Surrender of the fleet ( edit ) HMS Cardiff leads the High Seas Fleet into the Firth of Forth . The cruisers Emden , Frankfurt and Bremse entering Scapa Flow The first craft to be surrendered were the U-boats , which began to arrive at Harwich on 20 November 1918 ; 176 were eventually handed over . Hipper refused to lead his fleet to the surrender , delegating the task to Rear - Admiral Ludwig von Reuter . The German fleet was met by the light cruiser Cardiff on the morning of 21 November , and led to the rendezvous with over 370 ships of the Grand Fleet and other allied navies . There were 70 German ships in total ; the battleship König and the light cruiser Dresden had engine trouble and had to be left behind . The destroyer V30 struck a mine while crossing , and sank . The German ships were escorted into the Firth of Forth , where they anchored . Beatty signalled them : The German flag will be hauled down at sunset today and will not be hoisted again without permission . The fleet was then moved between 25 and 27 November to Scapa Flow ; the destroyers to Gutter Sound and the battleships and cruisers to the north and west of the island of Cava . Eventually , a total of 74 ships were interned there , König and Dresden having arrived on 6 December accompanied by the destroyer V129 , which replaced the sunken V30 . The last ship to arrive was the battleship Baden on 9 January 1919 . Initially , the interned ships were guarded by the Battle Cruiser Force ( later reduced to the Battle Cruiser Squadron ) , commanded in succession by Vice-Admiral Pakenham , Rear - Admiral Oliver and Rear - Admiral Keyes . On 1 May 1919 , Vice-Admiral Leveson and the Second Battle Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet took over guard duties , and were succeeded on 18 May by Vice-Admiral Sir Sydney Fremantle and the First Battle Squadron . In captivity ( edit ) Map of the fleet 's internment at Scapa Flow from 25 March 1919 . Only the locations of battleships , cruisers , and five torpedo boats are shown . The fleet in Scapa Flow . November 1918 The naval historian Arthur Marder described the state of affairs in the German ships during the internment as `` one of complete demoralization '' . He identified four reasons that exacerbated the situation : lack of discipline , poor food , lack of recreation and slow postal service . The cumulative result of these problems created `` indescribable filth in some of the ships '' . On 29 November the Second - in - Command of the Grand Fleet , Admiral Sir Charles Madden , wrote to his brother - in - law and former superior Lord Jellicoe that , `` All proposed orders are considered and counter-signed by the men 's committee before they are executed and then they are carried out as convenient '' . When visiting an interned ship the German officers were reported to have been `` dumb with shame '' . Food was sent from Germany twice a month but was monotonous and not of good quality . Catching fish and seagulls provided a dietary supplement and some recreation . A large amount of brandy was also sent over . Recreation for the men was limited to their ships , as the British refused to allow any of the interned sailors to go ashore or visit any other German ships . British officers and men were only allowed to visit on official business . Outgoing post to Germany was censored from the beginning , and later incoming post also . German seamen were granted 300 cigarettes a month or 75 cigars . There were German doctors in the interned fleet but no dentists , and the British refused to provide dental care . Command of the interned ships was exercised through Rear - Admiral von Reuter , flying his flag in the battleship Friedrich der Grosse . He had a British drifter at his disposal for visiting ships and issuing written orders on urgent business , and his staff was occasionally allowed to visit other ships to arrange repatriation of officers and men . Von Reuter , whose health was poor , requested that his flag be transferred to the light cruiser Emden on 25 March after he was repeatedly prevented from sleeping by the stomping on his cabin roof by a group of revolutionary sailors called the `` Red Guard '' . Over seven months the number of men in his command was continually reduced from the 20,000 men who had sailed the ships over in November . 4,000 returned to Germany on 3 December , 6,000 on 6 December and 5,000 on 12 December , leaving 4,815 , of whom approximately 100 were repatriated a month . German sailors fishing over the side of a destroyer Negotiations over the fate of the ships were under way at the Paris Peace Conference . The French and Italians each wanted a quarter of the ships . The British wanted them destroyed , since they knew that any redistribution would be detrimental to the proportional advantage in numbers they had compared to other navies . Under Article XXXI of the Armistice the Germans were not permitted to destroy their ships . Both Admirals Beatty and Madden had approved plans to seize the German ships in case scuttling was attempted ; Admirals Keyes and Leveson recommended that the ships be seized anyway and the crews interned ashore at Nigg Island , but their suggestions were not taken up . Their concern was not without justification , for as early as January 1919 , von Reuter mentioned the possibility of scuttling the fleet to his chief of staff . Having learned of the possible terms of the Treaty of Versailles in May 1919 , he began to prepare detailed plans to scuttle his ships . Admiral Erich Raeder later wrote that von Reuter was informed that the fleet was to be scuttled at all costs . A further reduction of crews with the departure of two transports to Germany on 18 June 1919 meant that von Reuter was left with reliable men to carry out preparations . On that day he sent out orders , paragraph 11 of which stated : `` It is my intention to sink the ships only if the enemy should attempt to obtain possession of them without the assent of our government . Should our government agree in the peace to terms to the surrender of the ships , then the ships will be handed over , to the lasting disgrace of those who have placed us in this position . '' His orders were sent to the interned ships on 18 June . In the meantime the signing of the Treaty of Versailles was scheduled for noon on 21 June 1919 . The First Battle Squadron prepared to board the German ships in force to check for signs that the fleet was preparing to scuttle . On 13 June Admiral Madden requested in person at the Admiralty a daily political appreciation from 17 June onwards so as to be prepared to take action , but as Madden related to Beatty shortly afterwards , `` they had no reliable indication of the German attitude towards the peace terms '' . Admiral Fremantle submitted to Madden on 16 June a scheme for seizing the German ships at midnight of 21 / 22 June , after the treaty was meant to be signed . Madden approved the plan on 19 June , but only after he was informed that the deadline for signing the treaty was extended to 19 : 00 on 23 June and he neglected to officially inform Fremantle . News of the extension was seen by Fremantle in a newspaper on the same day and he assumed it to be true . He had been under orders from Madden for some time to exercise his battleships against torpedo attacks , which required good weather in order to recover the torpedoes . The weather on the night of 20 June was favourable so Fremantle ordered the First Battle Squadron to sea at 09 : 00 the next morning , 21 June . The operation to seize the German ships was postponed until the night of his squadron 's return to Scapa Flow on 23 June , after the deadline to sign the treaty had expired . Fremantle later claimed that before he left Scapa he had unofficially informed von Reuter that the armistice was still in effect . The fleet is scuttled ( edit ) Around 10 : 00 a.m. on 21 June 1919 , von Reuter sent a flag signal ordering the fleet to stand by for the signal to scuttle . At about 11 : 20 the flag signal was sent : `` To all Commanding Officers and the Leader of the Torpedo Boats . Paragraph Eleven of to - day 's date . Acknowledge . Chief of the Interned Squadron . '' The signal was repeated by semaphore and searchlights . Scuttling began immediately : seacocks and flood valves were opened and internal water pipes smashed . Portholes had already been loosened , watertight doors and condenser covers left open , and in some ships holes had been bored through bulkheads , all to facilitate the spread of water once scuttling began . One German ship commander recorded that prior to 21 June , seacocks had been set on a hair turning and heavily lubricated , while large hammers had been placed besides valves . SMS Derfflinger sinking There was no noticeable effect until noon , when Friedrich der Grosse began to list heavily to starboard and all the ships hoisted the Imperial German Ensign at their mainmasts . The crews then began to abandon ship . The British naval forces left at Scapa Flow comprised three destroyers , one of which was under repair , seven trawlers and a number of drifters . Fremantle started receiving news of the scuttling at 12 : 20 and cancelled his squadron 's exercise at 12 : 35 , steaming at full speed back to Scapa Flow . He and a division of ships arrived at 14 : 30 in time to see only the large ships still afloat . He had radioed ahead to order all available craft to prevent the German ships sinking or beach them . The last German ship to sink was the battlecruiser Hindenburg at 17 : 00 , by which time fifteen capital ships were sunk , and only Baden survived . Four light cruisers and thirty - two destroyers were sunk . Nine Germans were shot and killed and about sixteen wounded aboard their lifeboats rowing towards land . During the afternoon , 1,774 Germans were picked up and transported by battleships of the First Battle Squadron to Invergordon . Fremantle had sent out a general order declaring that the Germans were to be treated as prisoners - of - war for having broken the armistice and they were destined for the prisoner - of - war camps at Nigg . Von Reuter and a number of his officers were brought onto the quarterdeck of HMS Revenge , where Fremantle -- through an interpreter -- denounced their actions as dishonourable while von Reuter and his men looked on `` with expressionless faces . '' Admiral Fremantle subsequently remarked privately , `` I could not resist feeling some sympathy for von Reuter , who had preserved his dignity when placed against his will in a highly unpleasant and invidious position . '' Reactions ( edit ) SMS Seydlitz capsized Only the upper works of SMS Hindenburg remained above the water . The French were disappointed that the German fleet was gone , having hoped to acquire at least some of the ships . The British Admiral Wemyss privately remarked : `` I look upon the sinking of the German fleet as a real blessing . It disposes , once and for all , the thorny question of the redistribution of these ships . '' German Admiral Reinhard Scheer declared : `` I rejoice . The stain of surrender has been wiped from the escutcheon of the German Fleet . The sinking of these ships has proved that the spirit of the fleet is not dead . This last act is true to the best traditions of the German Navy . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Of the 74 German ships in Scapa Flow , 15 of the 16 capital ships , 5 of the 8 cruisers , and 32 of the 50 destroyers were sunk . The remainder either remained afloat , or were towed to shallower waters and beached . The beached ships were later dispersed to the allied navies , but most of the sunken ships were initially left at the bottom of Scapa Flow , the cost of salvaging them being deemed to be not worth the potential returns , owing to the glut of scrap metal left after the end of the war , with plenty of obsolete warships having been broken up . After complaints from locals that the wrecks were a hazard to navigation , a salvage company was formed in 1923 , which raised four of the sunken destroyers . Salvage work in progress on the German battleship SMS Baden at Scapa Flow . The cruiser SMS Frankfurt is also in view . At about this time , the entrepreneur Ernest Cox became involved . He bought 26 destroyers from the Admiralty for £ 250 , as well as Seydlitz and Hindenburg . He began operations to refloat the destroyers using an old German dry dock he purchased and subsequently modified . He was able to lift 24 of his 26 destroyers over the next year and a half , after which he began work on the larger vessels . He developed a new salvage technique whereby divers patched the holes in the submerged hulls , and then pumped air into them so they would rise to the surface , where they could then be towed to the breakers . Using this technique , he refloated several of the ships . His methods were costly , however , and the final cost of raising Hindenburg ran to some £ 30,000 . Industrial action and a coal strike in 1926 nearly brought operations to a halt , but Cox instead dug out the coal in the submerged Seydlitz , using it to power his machines until the end of the strike . Salvaging Seydlitz also proved difficult , as the ship sank again during the first attempt to raise her , wrecking most of the salvage equipment . Undaunted , Cox tried again , ordering that when she was next raised , news cameras would be there to capture him witnessing the moment . The plan nearly backfired when Seydlitz was accidentally refloated while Cox was holidaying in Switzerland . Cox told the workers to sink her again , then returned to Britain to be present as Seydlitz was duly refloated a second time . Cox 's company eventually raised 26 destroyers , two battlecruisers and five battleships . Cox sold his remaining interests to the Alloa Shipbuilding Company ( later Metal Industries Group ) and retired as the `` man who bought a navy '' . The latter company went on to raise a further five cruisers , battlecruisers , and battleships , before the outbreak of the Second World War brought operations to a halt . The remaining wrecks lie in deeper waters , in depths up to 47 metres ( 154 ft ) , and there has been no economic incentive to attempt to raise them since . Minor salvage is still carried out to recover small pieces of steel . This low - background steel is used in the manufacture of radiation - sensitive devices , such as Geiger counters , as it is not contaminated with radioisotopes , having been produced prior to any chance of nuclear contamination . The seven wrecks that remain are scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 . Divers are allowed to visit them but need a permit to do so . While the rebuilding of the German Army in the 1930s was based upon the combined myths of `` invincibility on the battlefield '' and the `` stab in the back '' , the attitude and actions of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow became a symbol of defiance for the new recruits and officers of the Kriegsmarine . The last living military witness to the scuttling of the fleet was Claude Choules , who died on 5 May 2011 aged 110 . Choules was the last known living combat veteran of the First World War . An eyewitness account of the scuttling and the subsequent angry meeting between von Reuter and Fremantle was published in 2015 by the family of Hugh David , who died in 1957 . A tug alongside the scuttled destroyer G102 List of the German ships and their fate ( edit ) Name Type Sunk / Beached Fate Baden Battleship Beached Transferred to British control , sunk as a target in 1921 Bayern Battleship Sunk 14 : 30 Salvaged September 1933 Friedrich der Grosse Battleship Sunk 12 : 16 Salvaged 1937 Grosser Kurfürst Battleship Sunk 13 : 30 Salvaged April 1938 Kaiser Battleship Sunk 13 : 15 Salvaged March 1929 Kaiserin Battleship Sunk 14 : 00 Salvaged May 1936 König Battleship Sunk 14 : 00 Unsalvaged König Albert Battleship Sunk 12 : 54 Salvaged July 1935 Kronprinz Wilhelm Battleship Sunk 13 : 15 Unsalvaged Markgraf Battleship Sunk 16 : 45 Unsalvaged Prinzregent Luitpold Battleship Sunk 13 : 15 Salvaged March 1929 Derfflinger Battlecruiser Sunk 14 : 45 Salvaged August 1939 Hindenburg Battlecruiser Sunk 17 : 00 Salvaged July 1930 Moltke Battlecruiser Sunk 13 : 10 Salvaged June 1927 Seydlitz Battlecruiser Sunk 13 : 50 Salvaged November 1929 Von der Tann Battlecruiser Sunk 14 : 15 Salvaged December 1930 Bremse Cruiser Sunk 14 : 30 Salvaged November 1929 Brummer Cruiser Sunk 13 : 05 Unsalvaged Cöln Cruiser Sunk 13 : 50 Unsalvaged Dresden Cruiser Sunk 13 : 50 Unsalvaged Emden Cruiser Beached Transferred to French control , broken up in 1926 Frankfurt Cruiser Beached Transferred to American control , sunk as a target in 1921 Karlsruhe Cruiser Sunk 15 : 50 Unsalvaged Nürnberg Cruiser Beached Transferred to British control , sunk as a target in 1922 S032 S32 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged June 1925 S036 S36 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged April 1925 G038 G38 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged September 1924 G039 G39 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged July 1925 G040 G40 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged July 1925 V043 V43 Destroyer Beached Transferred to American control , sunk as a target in 1921 V044 V44 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V045 V45 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged 1922 V046 V46 Destroyer Beached Transferred to French control , broken up in 1924 S049 S49 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged December 1924 S050 S50 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged October 1924 S051 S51 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 S052 S52 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged October 1924 S053 S53 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged August 1924 S054 S54 Destroyer Sunk Partially salvaged S055 S55 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged August 1924 S056 S56 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged June 1925 S060 S60 Destroyer Beached Transferred to Japanese control , broken up in 1922 S065 S65 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged May 1922 V070 V70 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged August 1924 V073 V73 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V078 V78 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged September 1925 V080 V80 Destroyer Beached Transferred to Japanese control , broken up in 1922 V081 V81 Destroyer Beached Sunk on the way to the breakers V082 V82 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V083 V83 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged 1923 V086 V86 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged July 1925 V089 V89 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged December 1922 V091 V91 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged September 1924 G092 G92 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V100 Destroyer Beached Transferred to French control , broken up in 1921 G101 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged April 1926 G102 Destroyer Beached Transferred to American control , sunk as a target in 1921 G103 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged September 1925 G104 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged April 1926 B109 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged March 1926 B110 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged December 1925 B111 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged March 1926 B112 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged February 1926 V125 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V126 Destroyer Beached Transferred to French control , broken up in 1925 V127 Destroyer Beached Transferred to Japanese control , broken up in 1922 V128 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 V129 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged August 1925 S131 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged August 1924 S132 Destroyer Beached Transferred to American control , sunk in 1921 S136 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged April 1925 S137 Destroyer Beached Transferred to British control , broken up in 1922 S138 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged May 1925 H145 Destroyer Sunk Salvaged March 1925 See also ( edit ) Scuttling of the Peruvian fleet in El Callao a similar event during the War of the Pacific . Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon a similar incident involving the French fleet during World War II . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles of Steel . pp. 778 -- 788 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Vat . Standard of Power . p. 135 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 270 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles of Steel . p. 783 . ^ Jump up to : Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 273 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. pp. 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 271 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 271 . ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles of Steel . p. 785 . Jump up ^ van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 272 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles of Steel . p. 784 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 274 . Jump up ^ von Reuter . Scapa Flow . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Ruge . Scapa Flow 1919 . pp. 130 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Raeder . My Life . p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 167 . Jump up ^ van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 163 . Jump up ^ van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Fremantle . My Naval Career . p. 276 . ^ Jump up to : Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 280 . ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles of Steel . p. 787 . ^ Jump up to : van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . pp. 164 -- 5 . Jump up ^ David Howarth , page 163 `` The Dreadnoughts '' ISBN 0 - 7054 - 0628 - 8 Jump up ^ van der Vat . The Grand Scuttle . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 281 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. p. 282 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles of Steel . p. 788 . Jump up ^ Marder . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . V. pp. 281 -- 282 . Jump up ^ David Howarth , page 164 `` The Dreadnoughts '' ISBN 0 - 7054 - 0628 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Fine . Lost on the Ocean Floor . pp. 130 -- 138 . ^ Jump up to : Butler . Distant Victory . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Maritime and Coastguard Agency . `` PROTECTED WRECKS IN THE UK : Wrecks designated as Maritime Scheduled Ancient Monuments '' . Jump up ^ Humble , Richard ( 1972 ) . Hitler 's high seas fleet . Pan Books , p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 09721 - 7 Jump up ^ Booth , Gary . `` 500 km by bike to demolish Albany '' . Navy News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marek Pruszewicz ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` WW1 : The letter that reveals a brutal day at Scapa Flow '' . BBC Magazine . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ World War I Naval Combat . `` List of Warships Scuttled at Scapa Flow '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Butler , Daniel Allen ( 2006 ) . Distant Victory : The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99073 - 7 . Fine , John Christopher ( 2004 ) . Lost on the Ocean Floor : Diving the World 's Ghost Ships . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 275 - X . Fremantle , Admiral Sir Sydney Robert ( 1949 ) . My Naval Career : 1880 - 1928 . Hutchinson & Co . ( Publishers ) Ltd . Marder , Arthur Jacob ( 1970 ) . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow , The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era , 1904 -- 1919 : 1917 : Victory and Aftermath . Volume V. London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 215187 - 8 . Maritime and Coastguard Agency ( 2007 ) . `` MCA - PROTECTED WRECKS IN THE UK : Wrecks designated as Maritime Scheduled Ancient Monuments '' . MCA Receiver of Wreck . mcga.gov.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . Massie , Robert K. ( 2004 ) . Castles of Steel : Britain , Germany , and the Winning of the Great War at Sea . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40878 - 0 . Raeder , Grand Admiral Erich ( 1960 ) . My Life . Annapolis , MD : United States Naval Institute . Von Reuter , Ludwig ( 1940 ) . Scapa Flow : The Greatest Scuttling of All Time . London : Hurst & Blackett Ltd . von Ruge , Friedrich ( 1969 ) . Scapa Flow 1919 : Das Ende der deutschen Flotte ( in German ) . East Berlin : Oldenburg . Van der Vat , Dan ( 2000 ) . Standard of Power : The Royal Navy in the Twentieth Century . London : Random House . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6535 - 8 . Van der Vat , Dan ( 2007 ) ( 1987 ) . The Grand Scuttle : The Sinking of the German Fleet at Scapa Flow in 1919 . Edinburgh : Birlinn Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84341 - 038 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow . The scuttling at Scapa Flow Scapa Flow Wrecks Coordinates : 58 ° 53.5 ′ N 3 ° 11 ′ W  /  58.8917 ° N 3.183 ° W  / 58.8917 ; - 3.183 Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1919 Shipwrecks 1 Jan : HMY Iolaire 21 Jan : UC - 40 30 Jan : Nimrod 7 Feb : HMS Erin 's Isle 8 Feb : U-16 10 Feb : UC - 91 20 Feb : UC - 71 22 Feb : U-21 7 Mar : HNoMS Thor 6 Apr : Vulkan 15 Apr : U-118 17 Apr : USS Freehold 27 Apr : USS Courtney , USS Otis W. Douglas 28 Apr : USS Gypsum Queen , USS James April ( unknown date ) : Borets za Svobodu 4 May : HMS Cupar 5 May : SMS Leipzig 2 Jun : Rucumilla 9 Jun : HMS L55 16 Jun : HMS Kinross 18 Jun : Oleg 21 Jun : SMS Bayern , SMS Bremse , SMS Brummer , SMS Cöln , SMS Dresden , SMS Derfflinger , SMS Emden , SMS Friedrich der Grosse , SMS G38 , SMS G39 , SMS G40 , SMS Hindenburg , SMS Grosser Kurfürst , SMS Kaiser , SMS Kaiserin , SMS Karlsruhe , SMS König , SMS König Albert , SMS Kronprinz Wilhelm , SMS Markgraf , SMS Moltke , SMS Prinzregent Luitpold , SMS S36 , SMS S50 , Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow , SMS Seydlitz , SMS V45 , SMS V46 , SMS Von der Tann 28 Jun : Duchess of Richmond June ( unknown date ) : Erinpura 27 Jul : USS May 30 Jul : USS G - 2 13 Aug : Basilicata 18 Aug : Dvina 1 Sep : HMS Vittoria 4 Sep : HMS Verulam 8 Sep : Valbanera 9 Sep : USS St. Sebastian , USS SP - 471 10 Sep : USS Coco , USS Katherine K. , USS Patrol No. 1 , USS Sea Hawk 11 Sep : USS Helena I 16 Sep : HMS M25 , HMS M27 29 Sep : ML - 18 , ML - 62 , ML - 191 , Ossifrage 30 Sep : August Helmerich 3 Oct : Frank O'Connor 7 Oct : Sizergh Castle 9 Oct : Daram 17 Oct : SMS Kaiser Franz Joseph I 18 Oct : HMS H41 31 Oct : Fazilka 22 Nov : Myron 12 Dec : USS Kerwood 18 Dec : Cufic Unknown date : UB - 14 Other incidents 1 Jan : USS Northern Pacific 1 Feb : USS Narragansett 28 Feb : RMS Aquitania 17 Apr : Saxonia 21 Jun : SMS Baden , SMS Emden , SMS Frankfurt , SMS Nürnberg June ( unknown date ) : USS West Grama 15 Jul : USS Edward Luckenbach 16 Jul : USS Flamingo 16 Sep : USS R - 6 18 Oct : HMS Vulcan 1918 1920 December 1918 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_in_Scapa_Flow&oldid=835171577 '' Categories : 1919 in Scotland History of Orkney World War I warships scuttled in Scapa Flow Maritime incidents in 1919 Protected Wrecks of Scotland Military history of Scotland Naval history of Germany Military action involving Scottish islands Aftermath of World War I in the United Kingdom Aftermath of World War I in Germany Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2010 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Српски / srpski Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 00 : 26 . 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Question: where was the german fleet scuttled in 1919


Thomas ( name ) - wikipedia Thomas ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with Thomas ( surname ) . ( Discuss ) Proposed since April 2018 . This article is about the name Thomas . For surname , see Thomas ( surname ) . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thomas Saint Thomas the Apostle Pronunciation / ˈtɒməs / French : ( tɔma ) German : ( ˈtoːmas ) Dutch : ( ˈtoːmɑs ) Gender Male Name day July 3 Origin Word / name Aramaic Meaning `` twin '' Other names Related names Tom , Tommaso , Tŏmas , Tomas , Tomasz , Tommy Thomas comes from the Greek bible . Thomas was a popular medieval given throughout Europe , coming from the biblical name , Thomas being one of Jesus ' disciples . It is ultimately derived from the Aramaic personal name meaning `` twin . '' In Britain the name was rare prior to the Norman Conquest ( 11th century ) , but by the 13th and 14th centuries it had become common . References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_(name)&oldid=837945103 '' Categories : Given names English masculine given names Irish masculine given names Scottish masculine given names French masculine given names German masculine given names Dutch masculine given names Norwegian masculine given names Swedish masculine given names Danish masculine given names Hebrew masculine given names Masculine given names Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from April 2018 All articles to be merged Articles lacking sources from April 2018 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Հայերեն Íslenska Latina Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Simple English 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 00 : 08 . About Wikipedia

Question: what is the definition of the name thomas


Kirsten Vangsness - wikipedia Kirsten Vangsness Jump to : navigation , search Kirsten Vangsness Kirsten Simone Vangsness ( 1972 - 07 - 07 ) July 7 , 1972 ( age 45 ) Pasadena , California , U.S. Occupation Actress , writer Years active 1998 -- present Partner ( s ) Keith Hanson ( 2015 - present ; engaged ) Kirsten Simone Vangsness ( born July 7 , 1972 ) is an American actress and writer . She currently stars as FBI Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia on the CBS drama series Criminal Minds . She portrayed the same character on the spin - off series Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Writing 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Vangsness was born in Pasadena , California , the daughter of Errol Leroy Vangsness ( born 1938 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) and his wife Barbara Mary ( née Marconi ; born 1942 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) . Her paternal great - grandparents were Norwegian , with ancestry from Bergen , Gol , and Oslo . She was raised in Porterville , California , and later moved to Cerritos , California . She graduated from Cerritos High School in June 1990 and attended Cypress College . She later graduated from California State University , Fullerton in June 1995 . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Vangsness got into acting as a child to help overcome shyness and got her first big break in the theatre , where she won several awards , including the 15 Minutes of Female Best Actress Award , the Los Angeles Drama Critics Award for Best Emerging Comic Actress , and the Golden Betty Award . Writing ( edit ) Vangsness ' work has been published in the Los Angeles Times . Since 2014 , Vangsness has co-written three episodes of Criminal Minds . In 2014 she co-wrote `` Nelson 's Sparrow '' with Executive Producer , Erica Messer , in 2015 she co-wrote `` A Beautiful Disaster '' once again with Messer and in 2016 she co-wrote `` Spencer '' with Messer . Personal life ( edit ) Vangsness says that she is `` as queer as a purple unicorn singing Madonna '' . She began dating film and television editor Melanie Goldstein in 2006 . They were engaged , but separated in 2013 . In November 2015 , it was reported that she was engaged to her boyfriend , actor and writer Keith Hanson . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Sometimes Santa 's Gotta Get Whacked Tooth Fairy Short film 2006 A-List Blue 2008 Tranny McGuyver TV News Reporter Short film 2009 Scream of the Bikini Interior Decorator In My Sleep Madge 2011 Sarina 's Song Party Guest Short film 2011 Chicago 8 , The The Chicago 8 Sketch Artist 2012 Remember to Breathe Vocals for Young Alice Short film 2015 Kill Me , Deadly Mona Livingston 2016 Diane & Devine Meet the Apocalypse Fawn 2017 Axis Heather ( voice ) 2017 Dave Made a Maze Jane Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Phil of the Future Veronica Episode : `` Age Before Beauty '' LAX Ticket Agent / Stephanie 3 episodes 2005 -- present Criminal Minds Penelope Garcia Main Cast ; 292 episodes Vampire Mob Laura Anderson 2010 -- 2012 Pretty the Series Meredith Champagne 14 episodes 2011 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior Penelope Garcia Main Cast ; 13 episodes Second City This Week Herself 1 episode 2011 -- 2013 Good Job , Thanks ! Therapist 2 episodes 2013 Shelf Life Freaky Squeaky 6 episodes , webseries 2016 - 2017 Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders Penelope Garcia Special Guest ; 2 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vangsness , Kirsten ( 2007 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Kirstens Blog '' . CBS . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds ' Kirsten Vangsness Joins Spin - Off as a Series Regular '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ Family tree by Vangsness ' father Jump up ^ `` Kirsten Simone Vangsness ancestry profile '' . Geni.com . Jump up ^ Cypress College Public Information Office ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Cypress College @ Cypress Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The nerd who got heard '' . Matt Pomroy. 2008 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Season 10 - 1013 . Nelson 's Sparrow - Press Release '' . Criminal Minds Round Table . Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Season 11 - 1118 . A Beautiful Disaster - Press Release '' . Criminal Minds Round Table . Jump up ^ Anderson - Minshall , Diane ( November 2011 ) . `` The Purple Unicorn '' . The Advocate : 42 . Jump up ^ Melanie Goldstein on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Untitled '' . Criminal Minds Fanatic. 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Waldon , Dave ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Kirsten Vangsness Thrives on `` Criminal Minds '' `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nicole Sands ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Criminal Minds Star Kirsten Vangsness Is Engaged : ' He 's the Perfect Partner ' '' . People . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kirsten Vangsness . Kirsten Vangsness on IMDb Kirsten Vangsness at TVGuide.com Profile at CBS - Criminal Minds ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean VIAF : 170639305 LCCN : no2011067949 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirsten_Vangsness&oldid=838368679 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people American television actresses American people of Norwegian descent Queer actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from California People from Cerritos , California 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 15 : 43 . 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Question: actress who plays penelope garcia on criminal minds


List of Presidents of India - Wikipedia List of Presidents of India Jump to : navigation , search Rajendra Prasad First President of India The President of India is the head of state of India and the commander - in - chief of the Indian Armed Forces . The President is referred to as the first citizen of India . Although vested with these powers by the Constitution of India , the position is largely a ceremonial one and executive powers are de facto exercised by the Prime Minister . The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses , the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha , and also members of the Vidhan Sabha , the state legislative assemblies . Presidents may remain in office for a tenure of five years , as stated by article 56 , part V , of the Constitution of India . In the case where a President 's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the President , the Vice President assumes office . By article 70 of part V , the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the President where this is not possible , or in any other unexpected contingency . Representation of Presidents by party of candidacy Independent ( 29.6 % ) Indian National Congress ( 41.2 % ) Bharatiya Janata Party ( 5.8 % ) Janata Party ( 5.8 % ) Acting ( 17.6 % ) There have been 14 Presidents of India since the post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950 . Apart from these fourteen , three Acting Presidents have also been in office for short periods of time . Varahagiri Venkata Giri became the Acting President in 1969 after Zakir Husain , died in office . Giri was elected President a few months later . He remains the only person to have held office both as a President and Acting President . Rajendra Prasad , the first President of India , is the only person to have held office for two terms . Presidents by state of birth Seven Presidents have been members of a political party before being elected . Six of these were active party members of the Indian National Congress . The Janata Party has had one member , Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , who later became President . Two Presidents , Zakir Husain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , have died in office . Their Vice-Presidents served as Acting Presidents until a new President was elected . Following Zakir Husain 's death , two acting Presidents held office until the new President , V.V. Giri , was elected . When Giri resigned to take part in the presidential elections , he was succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting President . The 12th President , Pratibha Patil , is the first woman to serve as President of India , elected in 2007 . On 25 July 2017 , Ram Nath Kovind took office as the 14th President of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Presidents 2 See also 3 References 3.1 General 3.2 Specific 4 External links Presidents This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election . The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri , Mohammad Hidayatullah , and Basappa Danappa Jatti , who served as Acting President , are therefore not numbered or counted as actual terms in office . The President of India does not represent any political party . The colours used in the table indicate the following : Colour key Acting President of India President was an Independent candidate President was an candidate of Indian National Congress ( INC ) President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) President was an candidate of the Janata Party ( JP ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Photograph Elected Took office Left office Term ( in months ) Vice President Candidate of Notes Rajendra Prasad ( 1884 -- 1963 ) 1952 1957 26 January 1950 12 May 1962 120 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indian National Congress Prasad , from Bihar , was the first President of independent India and also the longest - serving President , as the only president to serve two terms in office . He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement . Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1962 13 May 1962 13 May 1967 60 Zakir Husain Independent Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice-chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University . He received the Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President . He was the first President from South India . Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) -- 1967 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 24 Varahagiri Venkata Giri Independent Husain was vice-chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna . He died in office , the first to do so . He was also the shortest - serving President . He was also the first Muslim President . -- Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) -- -- 3 May 1969 20 July 1969 -- -- He was elected Vice President of India in 1967 . Following the death of President Zakir Husain , Giri was appointed as Acting President . He resigned after a few months to take part in the presidential elections . -- Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) -- -- 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 -- -- Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire . He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India . Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) -- 1969 24 August 1969 24 August 1974 60 Gopal Swarup Pathak Independent Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India . He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna , and served as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) . Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1905 -- 1977 ) 24 August 1974 11 February 1977 36 Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1974 ) Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Indian National Congress Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president . He died in 1977 before his term of office ended , and was the second Indian president to die in office . He was also president during Emergency . -- Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) -- -- 11 February 1977 25 July 1977 6 -- -- Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed 's term of office , and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed 's death . He earlier served as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore State . 6 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1913 -- 1996 ) 1977 25 July 1977 25 July 1982 60 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Janata Party Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh . Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh . He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India . 7 Zail Singh ( 1916 -- 1994 ) 1982 25 July 1982 25 July 1987 60 Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1984 -- 1987 ) Indian National Congress In March 1972 , Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab , and in 1980 , he became Union Home Minister . He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) from 1983 to 1986 8 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 25 July 1987 25 July 1992 60 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress In 1942 , Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement . After his release , he was elected to independent India 's Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government , where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence . 9 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) 25 July 1992 25 July 1997 60 Kocheril Raman Narayanan Indian National Congress Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh , and the Indian Minister for Communications . He also served as the Governor of Andhra Pradesh , Punjab and Maharashtra . 10 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 25 July 1997 25 July 2002 60 Krishan Kant Independent Narayanan served as India 's ambassador to Thailand , Turkey , China and United States of America . He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities . He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University . He was the first Dalit President . 11 Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ( 1931 -- 2015 ) 2002 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 60 Krishan Kant ( 2002 ) Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Independent Kalam was an educator and engineer who played a leading role in the development of India 's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs . He also received the Bharat Ratna . Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong . 12 Pratibha Patil ( 1934 -- ) 2007 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 60 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress Patil was the first woman to become the President of India . She was also the first female governor of Rajasthan . 13 Pranab Mukherjee ( 1935 -- ) 2012 25 July 2012 25 July 2017 60 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister , Foreign Minister , Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission . 14 Ram Nath Kovind ( 1945 -- ) 2017 25 July 2017 Incumbent -- Venkaiah Naidu Bharatiya Janata Party Kovind was governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2006 . He is the second Dalit president ( after K.R. Narayanan ) and is the first President from the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) and is an active member of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) since his youth . Other Symbols - Died in office - Did not complete assigned term - Acting President Timeline See also President of India Vice-President of India List of Vice-Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India References General `` Former Presidents '' . President 's Secretariat . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . `` List of Presidents / Vice Presidents '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` President Ram Nath Kovind is Indias first citizen . Your chances begin only at Number 27 '' . indiatoday.com . Times of India . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . Archived from the original (. doc ) on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India gets first woman president since independence '' . BBC News . 25 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 : India becomes a republic '' . BBC News . 26 January 1950 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NDA vs Oppn : India might to witness tightest presidential poll since 1969 '' . Hindustan Times . 26 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harish Khare ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Selecting the next Rashtrapati '' . The Hindu . India . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Infographic : Which states India 's Presidents have hailed from -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shekhar Iyer ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Shekhawat will not resign to contest poll '' . Hindustan Times . India . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First female president for India '' . BBC News . 21 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Hebbar , Nistula ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind enters Rashtrapati Bhavan with big win '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , The Hindu Net ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind takes oath as President , Rajya Sabha discusses farmers ' crisis -- top stories for today '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Presidents of India since India became republic My India '' . www.mapsofindia.com . Archived from the original on 28 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rajendra Prasad '' . The Hindu . India . 7 May 1952 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day '' . Time . 6 February 1950 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajendra Prasad 's birth anniversary celebrated '' . The Hindu . India . 10 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 28 February 2007 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dr S. Radhakrishnan '' . The Sunday Tribune . 30 January 2000 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Commemorative Volume on S. Radhakrishnan '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in . Rajya sabha . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 20 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zakir Husain , '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 24 September 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 7 leaders who died while in office '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri : Shashi Bhushan '' . The Hindu . India . 12 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hidayatullah , Shri M '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ramakrishnan , T. ( 24 July 2012 ) . `` The twice Acting - President '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giri , Shri Varahagiri Venkata '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gallery of Indian Presidents '' . Press Information Bureau of the Government of India . Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency : The Dark Age of Indian democracy '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jatti , Shri Basappa Danappa '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bhargava , G.S. `` Making of the Prez -- Congress chief selects PM as well as President '' . The Tribune . India . Archived from the original on 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley A. ( 1999 ) . India . University of California Press . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22172 - 7 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazarika , Sanjoy ( 17 July 1987 ) . `` Man in the News ; India 's Mild New President : Ramaswamy Venkataraman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Venkataraman , Shri R '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Navtej Sarna ( 27 December 1999 ) . `` Former President Shankar Dayal Sharma passes away '' . Embassy of India , Washington D.C. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Narayanan , Shri K , R '' . Vice President 's Secretariat . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The BJP 's aim was to get rid of me '' . Confederation of Human Rights Organizations . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Can Ram Nath Kovind , second Dalit President , follow in the footsteps of first Dalit President KR Narayanan ? '' . India Today . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramana , M.V. ; Reddy , C. Rammanohar ( 2002 ) . Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2477 - 4 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyagi , Kavita ; Misra , Padma ( 23 May 2011 ) . Basic Technical Communication . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 4238 - 5 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kalam was real people 's President ' '' . Hindustan Times . Indo - Asian News Service . 24 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Perappadan , Bindu Shajan ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` The people 's President does it again '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Emily Wax ( 22 July 2007 ) . `` Female President Elected in India '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pratibha Patil is Rajasthan 's first woman governor '' . Express India . 8 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived version of bio data of Pranab Mukherjee in Lok Sabha '' . india.gov.in . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` PresidentofIndia '' . Presidents Secretariat . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . External links Official website of the President of India Rediff.com -- Presidents of India The Hindu -- A presidential poll in the coalition age Zee News : Former Presidents Presidents of India ( List ) Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri ( acting ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) V.V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D. Jatti ( acting ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind Lists of Presidents and Vice Presidents of India Presidential lists by order Order of service Age Birth Death Number Living Time in office Presidents ' personal lives College education Place of birth Place of primary affiliation Previous occupation Religious affiliation Presidents ' professional lives Political affiliation Previous experience Inaugurations ( Addresses ) Pardons Vacancies Vice Presidential lists Order of service Time in office Birth Longevity Vacancies Succession Line of succession ( hide ) Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Defence External Affairs Finance Health and Family Welfare Home Affairs Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice North Eastern Region Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Science and Technology Tribal Affairs Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_India&oldid=838305321 '' Categories : Lists of national presidents Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of political office - holders in India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use Indian English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2017 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lëtzebuergesch मैथिली മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe اردو 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 05 : 15 . 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Question: who is president of india in present time