Eragon - wikipedia Eragon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel by Christopher Paolini . For other uses of the name , see Eragon ( disambiguation ) . For the historical kingdom and region of modern Spain , see Aragon . For the J.R.R. Tolkien character , see Aragorn . Eragon Knopf edition cover by John Jude Palencar , featuring the blue dragon Saphira Author Christopher Paolini Cover artist John Jude Palencar Country United States Language English Series Inheritance Cycle Genre Young adult Fantasy novel Dystopia Publisher Paolini LLC ( first edition ) , Alfred A. Knopf Publication date 2002 ( first edition ) , August 26 , 2003 ( Knopf ) Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) and audio - CD Pages 509 ( Knopf ) 544 ( Paolini LLC ) ISBN 0 - 375 - 82668 - 8 ( First Knopf edition ) ISBN 0 - 9666213 - 3 - 6 ( Paolini LLC ) OCLC 52251450 Dewey Decimal ( Fic ) 21 LC Class PZ7. P19535 Er 2003 Followed by Eldest Copies sold : 24.55 million Eragon is the first novel in the Inheritance Cycle by Christopher Paolini . After writing the first draft for a year , Paolini spent a second year rewriting and fleshing out the story and characters . His parents saw the final manuscript and in 2001 decided to self - publish Eragon ; Paolini spent a year traveling around the United States promoting the novel . By chance , the book was discovered by Carl Hiaasen , who got it re-published by Alfred A. Knopf . The re-published version was released on August 26 , 2003 . The book tells the story of a farm boy named Eragon , who finds a mysterious stone in the mountains . Not knowing the stone 's origin or worth , he attempts to use it as payment to a butcher . A dragon he later names Saphira hatches from the stone , which was really an egg . When the evil King Galbatorix finds out the general location of the egg he sends the Ra'zac to acquire it . By that time Saphira had been growing for a while and takes Eragon to the Spine after Ra'zac appear in their village Carvahall . Eragon and Saphira are forced to flee from their hometown , with a storyteller called Brom , and decide to search for the Varden , a group of rebels who want the downfall of Galbatorix . Critics of Eragon often point out its similarities to other works such as Earthsea , Dragonlance , and Star Wars . Reviewers have also called the book a notable achievement for such a young author as Paolini . Eragon was the third - best - selling children 's hardback book of 2003 , and the second - best - selling paperback of 2005 . It placed on the New York Times Children 's Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks and was adapted as a feature film of the same name that was released on December 15 , 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Origins and publication 1.2 Inspiration and influences 2 Plot summary 3 Reception 4 Film adaptation 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Origins and publication ( edit ) Christopher Paolini started reading fantasy books when he was 10 years old . At the age of 14 , as a hobby , he started writing the first novel in a series of four books , but he could not get beyond a few pages because he had `` no idea '' where he was going . He began reading everything he could about the `` art of writing '' , and then plotted the whole Inheritance Cycle book series . After a month of planning out the series , he started writing the draft of Eragon by hand . It was finished a year later , and Paolini began writing the `` real '' version of the book . After another year of editing , Paolini 's parents saw the final manuscript . They immediately saw its potential and decided to publish the book through their small , home - based publishing company , Paolini International . Paolini created the cover art for this edition of Eragon , which featured Saphira 's eye on the cover . He also drew the maps inside the book . Paolini and his family toured across the United States promoting the book . Over 135 talks were given at bookshops , libraries , and schools , many with Paolini dressed up in a medieval costume ; but the book did not receive much attention . Paolini said he `` would stand behind a table in my costume talking all day without a break -- and would sell maybe forty books in eight hours if I did really well . ( ... ) It was a very stressful experience . I could n't have gone on for very much longer . '' In the summer of 2002 , American novelist Carl Hiaasen was on vacation in one of the cities that Paolini gave a talk in . While there , Hiaasen 's stepson bought a copy of Eragon that he `` immediately loved '' . He showed it to Hiaasen , who brought the book to the attention of the publishing house Alfred A. Knopf . Michelle Frey , executive editor at Knopf , contacted Paolini and his family to ask if they were interested in having Knopf publish Eragon . The answer was yes , and after another round of editing , Knopf published Eragon in August 2003 , with a new cover , drawn by John Jude Palencar . Inspiration and influences ( edit ) An illustration of Beowulf fighting the dragon ( 1908 ) . Paolini received much inspiration from old epic poems . Paolini cites old myths , folk tales , medieval stories , the epic poem Beowulf , and authors J.R.R. Tolkien and Eric Rücker Eddison as his biggest influences in writing . Other literary influences include David Eddings , Andre Norton , Brian Jacques , Anne McCaffrey , Raymond E. Feist , Mervyn Peake , Ursula K. Le Guin , Frank Herbert , Philip Pullman , and Garth Nix . In Eragon , Paolini `` deliberately '' included the `` archetypal ingredients '' of a fantasy book -- a quest , a journey of experience , revenge , romance , betrayal , and a `` special '' sword . The ancient language used by the elves in Eragon is based `` almost entirely '' on Old Norse , German , Anglo Saxon , and Russian myth . Paolini commented : `` ( I ) did a god - awful amount of research into the subject when I was composing it . I found that it gave the world a much richer feel , a much older feel , using these words that had been around for centuries and centuries . I had a lot of fun with that . '' Picking the right names for the characters and places was a process that could take `` days , weeks , or even years '' . Paolini said : `` if I have difficulty choosing the correct moniker , I use a placeholder name until a replacement suggests itself . '' He added that he was `` really lucky '' with the name Eragon , `` because it 's just dragon with one letter changed . '' Also , Paolini commented that he thought of both parts of the name `` Eragon '' - `` era '' and `` gone '' - as if the name itself changes the era in which the character lives . He thought the name fit the book perfectly , but some of the other names caused him `` real headaches '' . Paolini received inspiration from Paradise Valley , Montana ( Emigrant Peak pictured , as viewed from west bank of Yellowstone River ) The landscape in Eragon is based on the `` wild territory '' of Paolini 's home state , Montana . He said in an interview : `` I go hiking a lot , and oftentimes when I 'm in the forest or in the mountains , sitting down and seeing some of those little details makes the difference between having an okay description and having a unique description . '' Paolini also said that Paradise Valley , Montana is `` one of the main sources '' of his inspiration for the landscape in the book ( Eragon takes place in the fictional continent Alagaësia ) . Paolini `` roughed out '' the main history of the land before he wrote the book , but he did not draw a map of it until it became important to see where Eragon was traveling . He then started to get history and plot ideas from seeing the landscape depicted . Paolini chose to have Eragon mature throughout the book because , `` for one thing , it 's one of the archetypal fantasy elements '' . He thought Eragon 's growth and maturation throughout the book `` sort of mirrored my own growing abilities as a writer and as a person , too . So it was a very personal choice for that book . '' Eragon 's dragon , Saphira , was imagined as `` the perfect friend '' by Paolini . He decided to go in a more `` human direction '' with her because she is raised away from her own species , in `` close mental contact '' with a human . `` I considered making the dragon more dragon - like , if you will , in its own society , but I have n't had a chance to explore that . I went with a more human element with Saphira while still trying to get a bit of the magic , the alien , of her race . '' Paolini made Saphira the `` best friend anyone could have : loyal , funny , brave , intelligent , and noble . She transcended that , however , and became her own person , fiercely independent and proud . '' Saphira 's blue tinted vision was in turn inspired by Paolini 's own color - blindness . Paolini added in archetypal elements of a fantasy novel like a quest , a journey of experience , revenge , romance , betrayal , and a `` special '' sword . The book is described as a fantasy , and Booklist observed : `` Paolini knows the genre well -- his lush tale is full of recognizable fantasy elements and conventions '' . Kirkus Review called the book a `` high fantasy '' ; other reviewers have compared it to other books of the fantasy genre , such as Star Wars and Lord of the Rings , and in some instances stated Eragon 's plot is too similar to those other fantasy novels . Plot summary ( edit ) See also : List of Inheritance Cycle characters A shade named Durza , along with a group of urgals , ambushes a party of three elves . After he and the urgals kill the other elves , Durza attempts to steal an egg , that one of the female elves carries , but is foiled when she causes it to vanish . Infuriated , he renders her unconscious with a ball of fire and abducts her . Eragon is a fifteen - year - old boy who has lived with his uncle Garrow and cousin Roran ( Roran Stronghammer ) on a farm near the village of Carvahall , ever since his mother Selena , Garrow 's sister , left him there right after his birth . While hunting in the Spine , Eragon is surprised to see the blue dragon egg , which he believes to be a stone , appear in front of him . A few months later , Eragon witnesses a baby dragon hatch from the egg . Eragon names the dragon Saphira . He raises the dragon in secret until two of King Galbatorix 's servants , the Ra'zac , come to Carvahall ; though it is later revealed that they were n't looking for the egg at first . Eragon and Saphira manage to escape by hiding in the Spine , but Garrow is fatally wounded and the house and farm are burned down by the Ra'zac . Once Garrow dies , Eragon is left with no reason to stay in Carvahall , so he goes after the Ra'zac with his newly hatched dragon , seeking vengeance for the destruction of his home and his uncle 's death . He is accompanied by Brom , an elderly storyteller , who provides Eragon with the sword Zar'roc and insists on helping him and Saphira . Eragon becomes a Dragon Rider through his bond with Saphira . He is the only known Rider in Alagaësia other than King Galbatorix , who , with the help of the now - dead Forsworn , a group of thirteen dragon riders loyal to Galbatorix , killed every other Rider a hundred years ago . On the journey , Brom teaches Eragon sword fighting , magic , the ancient elvish language , and the ways of the Dragon Riders . Their travels bring them to the city of Teirm , where they meet with Brom 's friend Jeod . Eragon 's fortune is told by the witch Angela , and her companion , the werecat Solembum , gives Eragon some mysterious advice . With Jeod 's help , they are able to track the Ra'zac to the southern city of Dras - Leona . Although they manage to infiltrate the city , Eragon encounters the Ra'zac in a cathedral and he and Brom are forced to flee . Later that night , their camp is ambushed by the Ra'zac . A stranger named Murtagh rescues them , but Brom is gravely injured . Saphira watches over Brom as the night progresses , yet when morning comes they realize there is nothing they can do to save him . Brom gives Eragon his blessing , reveals that he was also once a dragon rider and that his dragon 's name was Saphira , and dies . Saphira then encases Brom in a tomb made of a diamond . Murtagh becomes Eragon 's new companion and they travel to the city Gil'ead to find information on how to find the Varden , a group of rebels who want to see the downfall of Galbatorix . While stopping near Gil'ead , Eragon is captured and imprisoned in the same jail that holds a woman he has been having dreams about . As she is being dragged past she is revealed as an elf when her pointed ears are uncovered . Murtagh and Saphira stage a rescue , and Eragon escapes with the unconscious elf . During the escape , Eragon and Murtagh battle with Durza . Murtagh shoots Durza between the eyes with an arrow , and the Shade disappears in a cloud of mist . Having escaped , they run off . Eragon succeeds in communicating with the elf , whose name is revealed as Arya , and learns the location of the Varden . After some arguing , Murtagh decides to still travel with Eragon to the Varden but is still wary of them . An army of Kull ( Urgals who can grow up to 8 feet ) reach Eragon right outside the Varden 's entrance , but are driven off with the help of the Varden , who escort Eragon , Saphira , Murtagh , and Arya to Farthen Dûr the mountain hideout of the varden . When they arrive in Farthen Dûr , Eragon is led to the leader of the Varden , Ajihad . Ajihad imprisons Murtagh after he refuses to allow his mind to be read to determine if he is a friend or a foe to the Varden . Eragon is told by Ajihad that Durza was not destroyed by Murtagh 's arrow , because the only way to kill a Shade is with a stab through the heart . Orik , nephew of the dwarf King Hrothgar , is appointed as Eragon and Saphira 's guide . Orik shows them a place to stay and introduces them to Hrothgar . Eragon also meets Ajihad 's daughter , Nasuada , and Ajihad 's right - hand man , Jörmundur . He also runs into Angela and Solembum , who have arrived in Tronjheim , and visits Murtagh in his prison . He is tested by two magicians , The Twins , as well as Arya . Eragon and the Varden are then attacked by the Kull , as well as the rest of the Urgal army . Eragon personally battles Durza again , and succeeds in stabbing him in the heart with Zar'roc , but Durza slashes a deep cut like Murtagh 's on his back . He then passes out , and is visited telepathically by a stranger while he is unconscious who tells Eragon to visit him in the Elven capital , Ellesméra . Reception ( edit ) Eragon received generally mixed reviews and was criticized for its derivative nature . Liz Rosenberg of The New York Times Book Review criticized Eragon for having `` clichéd descriptions '' , `` B - movie dialogue '' , `` awkward and gangly '' prose . '' However , she concluded the review by noting that `` for all its flaws , it is an authentic work of great talent '' . School Library Journal wrote that in Eragon `` sometimes the magic solutions are just too convenient for getting out of difficult situations '' . Common Sense Media called Eragon 's dialogue `` long - winded '' and `` clichéd '' , with a plot `` straight out of Star Wars by way of The Lord of the Rings , with bits of other great fantasies thrown in here and there . '' The website did concede that the book is a notable achievement for such a young author , and that it would be `` appreciated '' by younger fans . Favorable reviews of Eragon often focused on the book 's characters and plot . IGN 's Matt Casamassina called the book `` entertaining '' , and added that `` Paolini demonstrates that he understands how to hold the reader 's eyes and this is what ultimately separates Eragon from countless other me - too fantasy novels . '' Chris Lawrence of About.com thought the book had all the `` traditional ingredients '' that make a fantasy novel `` enjoyable '' . The book was a `` fun read '' for him because it is `` quick and exciting '' and `` packed '' with action and magic . Lawrence concluded his review by giving the book a rating of 3.8 / 5 , commenting that `` the characters are interesting , the plot is engrossing , and you know the good guy will win in the end . '' Eragon was the third best - selling children 's hardback book of 2003 , and the second best - selling children 's paperback of 2005 . It placed on the New York Times Children 's Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks . In 2006 , the novel was awarded with a Nene Award by the children of Hawaii . It won the Rebecca Caudill Young Reader 's Book Award and the Young Reader 's Choice Award the same year . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Eragon ( film ) Aerial photography of the Ság mountain , which served as the backdrop for Farthen Dûr in the film adaptation of the book . A film adaptation of Eragon was released in the United States on December 15 , 2006 . Plans to create the film were first announced in February 2004 , when 20th Century Fox purchased the rights to Eragon . The film was directed by first - timer Stefen Fangmeier , and written by Peter Buchman . Edward Speleers was selected for the role of Eragon . Over the following months , Jeremy Irons , John Malkovich , Chris Egan and Djimon Hounsou were all confirmed as joining the cast . Principal photography for the film took place in Hungary and Slovakia . The film received mostly negative reviews , garnering a 16 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes ; the tenth worst of 2006 . The Seattle Times described it as `` technically accomplished , but fairly lifeless and at times a bit silly '' . The Hollywood Reporter said the world of Eragon was `` without much texture or depth '' . The story was labelled `` derivative '' by The Washington Post , and `` generic '' by the Las Vegas Weekly . Newsday stressed this point further , asserting that only `` nine - year - olds with no knowledge whatsoever of any of the six Star Wars movies '' would find the film original . The acting was called `` lame '' by the Washington Post , as well as `` stilted '' and `` lifeless '' by the Orlando Weekly . The dialogue was also criticized : MSNBC labelled it `` silly '' ; the Las Vegas Weekly called it `` wooden '' . Positive reviews described the film as `` fun '' and `` the stuff boys ' fantasies are made of '' . The CGI work was called `` imaginative '' and Saphira was called a `` magnificent creation '' . Paolini stated he enjoyed the film , particularly praising the performances of Jeremy Irons and Ed Speleers . Eragon grossed approximately $75 million in the United States and $173.9 million elsewhere , totaling $249 million worldwide . It is the fifth highest - grossing film with a dragon at its focal point , and the sixth highest - grossing film of the sword and sorcery subgenre . Eragon was in release for seventeen weeks in the United States , opening on December 15 , 2006 and closing on April 9 , 2007 . It opened in 3,020 theaters , earning $8.7 million on opening day and $23.2 million across opening weekend , ranking second behind The Pursuit of Happyness . Eragon 's $75 million total United States gross was the thirty - first highest for 2006 . The film earned $150 million in its opening weekend across 76 overseas markets , making it the # 1 film worldwide . The film 's $249 million total worldwide gross was the sixteenth highest for 2006 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Author '' . Alagaesia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Berman , Matt . `` Eragon Book Review and Rating '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Spring , Kit ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Elf and efficiency '' . The Observer . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Saichek , Wiley ( September 2003 ) . `` Christopher Paolini interview '' . Teenreads.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Paolini , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Eragon . Paolini International LLC . ISBN 0 - 9666213 - 3 - 6 . OCLC 49993776 . Jump up ^ `` The Author '' . Alagaesia.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Paolini Q&A '' . Shurtugal.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jana Schulman , `` Retelling Old Tales : Germanic Myth and Language in Christopher Paolini 's Eragon , '' The Year 's Work in Medieval - ism 25 ( 2010 ) , 33 - 41 . ^ Jump up to : Weich , Dave ( 2003 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Philip Pullman , Tamora Pierce , and Christopher Paolini Talk Fantasy Fiction '' . Powell 's Books . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/paolini/statuses/467683317202952192 ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews : Eragon BETA '' . catalog.dclibrary.org . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Liz ( 2003 - 11 - 16 ) . `` The Egg and Him '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Susan . `` Amazon.com Eragon '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Casamassina , Matt ( 2004 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Book Review : Eragon '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Chris . `` Eragon ( Inheritance , Book 1 ) '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Children 's Books , 2003 '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Children 's Books , 2005 '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Best Seller List '' . The New York Times . 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nene Award Website - 2006 winner '' . R.E.A.D for Nene . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Winner -- Eragon '' . Rebecca Caudill Young Reader 's Book Award . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` YRCA Past Winners '' . Pacific Northwest Library Association . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Eragon '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( 2006 - 07 - 18 ) . `` He Was a Teenage Spy , Surrounded by Treacherous Adults '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Ryan ( 2006 - 08 - 15 ) . `` More Eragon Stills ! '' . CanMag . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Screen Destinations : Eragon '' . AdventureTravelLogue . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Eragon '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 8th Annual Golden Tomatoes Awards '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Even preteens are n't slayed by familiar tale '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Eragon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Stephen . `` Eragon '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Josh ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Lord of the Wings '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Seymour , Gene ( 2006 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Eragon '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Jason ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Eragon '' . Orlando Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( 2006 - 12 - 13 ) . `` ' Eragon ' is a ' Star Wars ' wannabe '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael . `` This Week 's Movie Review '' . Crazed Fanboy . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Eragon '' . Urban Cinefile . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( 2006 - 12 - 15 ) . `` All that 's missing are the hobbits '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Viewer '' . Shurtugal.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Eragon ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon - Focal Point of Movie Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sword and Sorcery Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eragon ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 15 -- 17 , 2006 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( 2006 - 12 - 18 ) . `` ' Eragon ' soars atop overseas box office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eragon Eragon at the official website ( hide ) The Inheritance Cycle Christopher Paolini Novels Eragon ( 2002 ) Eldest ( 2005 ) Brisingr ( 2008 ) Inheritance ( 2011 ) Adaptations Eragon ( film ) Eragon ( video game ) Characters List of characters BNF : cb15510967p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eragon&oldid=803419004 '' Categories : 2003 American novels 2000s fantasy novels American young adult novels Young adult fantasy novels Inheritance Cycle Debut novels American fantasy novels adapted into films Novels by Christopher Paolini Self - published books Alfred A. Knopf books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: what is the name of the dragon in eragon


Emerald ash borer - wikipedia Emerald ash borer Jump to : navigation , search Emerald ash borer Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Clade : Euarthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Coleoptera Family : Buprestidae Genus : Agrilus Species : A. planipennis Binomial name Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire , 1888 Synonyms Agrilus feretrius Obenberger Agrilus marcopoli Obenberger Agrilus planipennis , commonly known as the emerald ash borer , is a green buprestid or jewel beetle native to northeastern Asia that feeds on ash species . Females lay eggs in bark crevices on ash trees , and larvae feed underneath the bark of ash trees to emerge as adults in one to two years . In its native range , it is typically found at low densities and does not cause significant damage to trees native to the area . Outside its native range , it is an invasive species and is highly destructive to ash trees native to northwest Europe and North America . Prior to being found in North America , very little was known about emerald ash borer in its native range ; this has resulted in much of the research on its biology being focused in North America . Local governments in North America are attempting to control it by monitoring its spread , diversifying tree species , insecticides , and biological control . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Identification 3 Life cycle 4 Range 5 Host plants 6 As an invasive species 6.1 Invasiveness and spread 6.2 Environmental and economic impacts 6.3 Monitoring 6.4 Management 6.4. 1 Quarantine and tree removal 6.4. 2 Insecticides 6.4. 3 Biological control 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The French priest and naturalist Armand David collected a specimen of the species during one of the trips he took through imperial China in the 1860s and 1870s . He found the beetle in Beijing and sent it back to France , where the first brief description of Agrilus planipennis by the entomologist Léon Fairmaire was published in the Revue d'Entomologie in 1888 . Unaware of Fairmaire 's description , a separate description naming the species as Agrilus marcopoli was published in 1930 by Jan Obenberger . Identification ( edit ) Adult beetles are typically bright metallic green and about 8.5 millimeters ( 0.33 in ) long and 1.6 millimeters ( 0.063 in ) wide . Elytra are typically a darker green , but can also have copper hues . Emerald ash borer is the only North American species of Agrilus with a bright red upper abdomen when viewed with the wings and elytra spread . The species also has a small spine found at the tip of the abdomen and serrate antennae that begin at the fourth antennal segment . Adults beetles of other species can often be misidentified by the public . Life cycle ( edit ) The emerald ash borer life cycle can occur over one or two years depending on the time of year of oviposition , the health of the tree , and temperature . After 400 -- 500 accumulated degree - days above 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) , adults begin to emerge from trees in late spring , and peak emergence occurs around 1000 degree - days . After emergence , adults feed for one week on ash leaves in the canopy before mating , but cause little defoliation in the process . Males hover around trees , locate females by visual cues , and drop directly onto the female to mate ; mating can last 50 minutes , and females may mate with multiple males over their lifespan . A typical female can live around six weeks and lay approximately 40 -- 70 eggs , but females that live longer can lay up to 200 eggs . Eggs are deposited between bark crevices , flakes , or cracks and hatch about two weeks later . Eggs are approximately 0.6 to 1.0 millimeter ( 0.02 to 0.04 in ) in diameter , and are initially white , but later turn reddish - brown if fertile . After hatching , larvae chew through the bark to the inner phloem , cambium , and outer xylem where they feed and develop . Emerald ash borer has four larval instars . By feeding , larvae create long serpentine galleries . Fully mature fourth - instar larvae are 26 to 32 millimeters ( 1.0 to 1.3 in ) long . In fall , mature fourth - instars excavate chambers about 1.25 centimeters ( 0.49 in ) into the sapwood or outer bark where they fold into a J - shape . These J - shaped larvae shorten into prepupae and develop into pupae and adults the following spring . To exit the tree , adults chew holes from their chamber through the bark , which leaves a characteristic D - shaped exit hole . Immature larvae can overwinter in their larval gallery , but can require an additional summer of feeding before overwintering again and emerging as adults the following spring . This two - year life cycle is more common in cool climates , such as European Russia . Larva Pupa removed from its pupal chamber . Adults exit the tree from D - shaped holes . Dorsal view of adult with elytra and wings spread . Underside of an adult emerald ash borer . Range ( edit ) Native range of emerald ash borer in eastern Asia and introduced range in European Russia as of 2013 . The native range of the emerald ash borer is temperate northeastern Asia , which includes Russia , Mongolia , northern China , Japan , and Korea . The beetle is invasive in North America where it has a core population in Michigan and surrounding states and provinces . Populations are more scattered outside the core area , and the edges of its known distribution range north to the upper peninsula of Michigan , south to northern Louisiana , west to Colorado , and east to Massachusetts In northern Europe , a population was found in Moscow , Russia in 2003 . From 2003 to 2016 , this population has spread west towards Sweden at 40 km ( 25 mi ) per year and is expected to reach central Europe between 2031 and 2036 . Host plants ( edit ) In its native range , emerald ash borer is only a nuisance pest on native trees , as population densities typically do not reach levels lethal to healthy trees . In China , it infests native F. chinensis , F. mandshurica , and F. rhynchophylla ; in Japan it also infests F. japonica and F. lanuginosa . Emerald ash borer primarily infest and can cause significant damage to ash species including green ash ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica ) , black ash ( Fraxinus nigra ) , white ash ( Fraxinus americana ) , and blue ash ( Fraxinus quadrangulata ) in North America . In Europe , Fraxinus excelsior is the main ash species colonized by EAB . Ash susceptibility can vary due to the attractiveness of chemical volatiles to adults , or the ability of larvae to detoxify phenolic compounds . Emerald ash borer has also been found infesting white fringe tree in North America , which is a non-ash host , but it is unclear whether the trees were healthy when first infested , or were already in decline due to drought . Adults prefer to lay eggs on open grown or stressed ash , but readily lay eggs on healthy trees amongst other tree species . Young trees with bark between 1.5 millimeters ( 0.059 in ) to 5 millimeters ( 0.20 in ) are preferred . Both males and females use leaf volatiles and sesquiterpenes in the bark to locate hosts . Damage occurs in infested trees due to larval feeding . The serpentine feeding galleries of the larvae disrupt the flow of nutrients and water , effectively girdling ( killing ) the tree as it is no longer be able to transport sufficient water and nutrients to the leaves to survive . As an invasive species ( edit ) A green ash killed by emerald ash borers Outside its native range , emerald ash borer is an invasive species that is highly destructive to ash trees in its introduced range . Prior to emerald ash borer being found in North America , very little was known about emerald ash borer in its native range aside from a short description of life - history traits and taxonomic descriptions , which resulted in focused research on its biology in North America . Since its accidental introduction into the United States and Canada in the 1990s and its subsequent detection in 2002 in Canton , Michigan , it has since spread other parts of the North America . It is suspected that it was introduced from overseas in shipping materials such as packing crates . Invasiveness and spread ( edit ) Without factors that would normally suppress emerald ash borer populations in its native range ( e.g. , resistant trees , predators , and parasitoid wasps ) , populations can quickly rise to damaging levels . After initial infestation , all ash trees are expected to die in an area within 10 years without control measures . Every North American ash species has susceptibility to emerald ash borer , as North American species planted in China also have high mortality due to infestations , but some Chinese ash species are resistant . Green ash and black ash trees are preferred by emerald ash borer . White ash is also killed rapidly , but usually only after all green and black ash trees are eliminated . Blue ash displays some resistance to the emerald ash borer by forming callus tissue around emerald ash borer galleries , but is eventually killed . Many of the specialized predators and parasitoids that suppressed emerald ash borer in Asia were not present in North America . Predators and parasitoids native to North America do not sufficiently suppress emerald ash borer , so populations continue to grow . Emerald ash borer populations can spread between 2.5 to 80 km ( 1.6 to 49.7 mi ) a year . It primarily spreads through flight or by transportation of ash bark containing products such as firewood or nursery stock , which allows it to reach new areas and create satellite populations outside of the main infestation . Other factors can limit spread . Winter temperatures of approximately − 38 ° C ( − 36 ° F ) limit range expansion. , and overwintering emerald ash borer survive down to average temperatures of − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) due to antifreeze chemicals in the body and insulation provided by tree bark . Larvae can also survive high heat up to 53 ° C ( 127 ° F ) . North American predators and parasitoids can occasionally cause high emerald ash borer mortality , but generally offer only limited control . Mortality due to native woodpeckers is variable . Parasitism by parasitoids such as Atanycolus cappaerti can be high , but overall such control is generally low . Environmental and economic impacts ( edit ) Emerald ash borer threatens the entire North American Fraxinus genus . It has killed at least tens of millions of ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the 8.7 billion ash trees throughout North America . Emerald ash borer kills young trees several years before reaching their seeding age of 10 years . In both North America and Europe , the loss of ash from an ecosystem can result in increased numbers of invasive plants , changes in soil nutrients , and effects on species that feed on ash . Damage and efforts to control the spread of emerald ash borer have affected businesses that sell ash trees or wood products , property owners , and local or state governments . Quarantines can limit the transport of ash trees and products , but economic impacts are especially high for urban and residential areas due to treatment or removal costs and decreased land value from dying trees . Costs for managing these trees can fall upon homeowners or local municipalities . For municipalities , removing large numbers of dead or infested trees at once is costly , so slowing down the rate at which trees die through removing known infested trees and treating trees with insecticides can allow local governments more time to plan , remove , and replace trees that would eventually die . This strategy saves money as it would cost $10.7 billion in urban areas of 25 states between 2009 -- 2019 , while removing and replacing all ash trees in these same areas at once would cost $25 billion . Some urban areas such as Minneapolis , Minnesota , have large amounts of ash with slightly more than 20 % of their urban forest as ash . Monitoring ( edit ) In areas where emerald ash borer has not yet been detected , surveys are used to monitor for new infestations . Visual surveys are used to find ash trees displaying emerald ash borer damage , and traps with colors attractive to emerald ash borer , such as purple or green , are hung in trees as part of a monitoring program . These traps can also have volatile pheromones applied to them that attract primarily males . A purple trap used for determining the extent of the invasion Sometimes trees are also girdled to act as trap trees to monitor for emerald ash borer . The stressed tree attracts egg - laying females in the spring and trees can be debarked in the fall to search for larvae . If detected , an area is often placed under a quarantine to prevent infested wood material from causing new infestations . Further control measures are then taken within the area to slow population growth by reducing beetle numbers , preventing them from reaching reproductive maturity and dispersing , and reducing the abundance of ash trees . Government agencies in both the USA and Canada have utilized a native species of parasitoid wasp , Cerceris fumipennis , as a means of detecting areas to which emerald ash borer has spread . The females of these wasps hunt other jewel beetles and emerald ash borer if it is present . The wasps stun the beetles and carry them back to their burrows in the ground where they are stored until the wasps ' eggs hatch and the wasp larvae feed on the beetles . Volunteers catch the wasps as they return to their burrows carrying the beetles to determine whether emerald ash borer is present . This methodology is known as biological surveillance , as opposed to biological control , because it does not appear that the wasps have a significant negative impact on emerald ash borer populations . Management ( edit ) In areas where emerald ash borer is non-native and invasive , quarantines , infested tree removal , insecticides , and biological control are used to reduce damage to ash trees . North American emerald ash borer finds and quarantine locations as of January 3 , 2017 . Quarantine and tree removal ( edit ) Once an infestation is detected , quarantines are typically imposed by state or national government agencies disallowing transport of ash firewood or live plants outside of these areas without permits indicating the material has been inspected or treated ( i.e. , heat treatment or wood chipping ) to ensure no live emerald ash borer are present in the bark and phloem . In urban areas , trees are often removed once an infestation is found to reduce emerald ash borer population densities and the likelihood of further spread . Urban ash are typically replaced with non-ash species such as maple , oak , or linden to limit food sources . In rural areas , trees can be harvested for lumber or firewood to reduce ash stand density , but quarantines may apply for this material , especially in areas where the material could be infested . Kentucky Extension specialists suggest selecting uncommon species to replace removed ashes in the landscape . Previous generations created monoculture s by planting ash trees in an overabundance , a factor in the extent of the devastation caused by the emerald ash borer . Favoring instead a diversity in species helps keep urban forests healthy . University of Kentuck y scientists suggest choosing monotypic species such as the pawpaw , yellowwood , Franklin tree , Kentucky coffeetree , Osage orange , sourwood , and baldcypress . Insecticides ( edit ) Insecticides with active ingredients such as azadirachtin , imidacloprid , emamectin benzoate , and dinotefuran are currently used since they are systemic ( i.e. , incorporated into the tree ) and remain effective for one to three years depending on the product . Insecticides are typically only considered a viable option in urban areas with high value trees near an infestation . Ash trees are primarily treated by direct injection into the tree or soil drench . Some insecticides can not be applied by homeowners and must be applied by licensed applicators . Initially , tree injections do not compromise tree health , but over many years drilling and chemical wounds can compromise the tree 's health . Damage from emerald ash borer can continue to increase over time even with insecticide applications . Insecticide treatments are not feasible for large forested areas outside of urban areas . Biological control ( edit ) Tetrastichus planipennisi , a parasitoid wasp used as a biological control agent The native range of emerald ash borer in Asia was surveyed for parasitoid species that parasitize emerald ash borer and do not attack other insect species in the hope they would suppress populations when released in North America . Three species imported from China were approved for release by the USDA in 2007 and in Canada in 2013 : Spathius agrili , Tetrastichus planipennisi , and Oobius agrili , while Spathius galinae was approved for release in 2015 . Excluding Spathius galinae , which has only recently been released , the other three species have been documented parasitizing emerald ash borer larvae one year after release , indicating that they survived the winter , but establishment varied among species and locations . Tetrastichus planipennisi and Oobius agrili established and have had increasing populations in Michigan since 2008 ; Spathius agrili has had lower establishment success in North America , which could be due to a lack of available emerald ash borer larvae at the time of adult emergence in spring , limited cold tolerance , and better suitability to regions of North America below the 40th parallel . The USDA is also assessing the application of Beauveria bassiana , an insect fungal pathogen , for controlling emerald ash borer in conjunction with parasitoid wasps . See also ( edit ) Insects portal Forest integrated pest management Forest pathology Invasive species References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests : Agrilus planipennis '' ( PDF ) . OEPP / EPPO Bulletin . European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization . 35 ( 3 ) : 436 -- 438 . 2005 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2338.2005. 00844. x . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Matthew . `` Battle of the Ash Borer : Decades after Beetles Arrived in Michigan , Researchers Looking to Slow Devastation '' . Lansing State Journal . Jump up ^ Parsons , Gary L. ( November 2008 ) . `` Emerald ash borer : A guide to identification and comparison to similar species '' ( PDF ) . USDA . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Native Borers and Emerald Ash Borer Look - alikes '' ( PDF ) . Michigan State University Extension . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gould , Juli S. ; Bauer , Leah S. ; Lelito , Jonathan ; Duan , Jian ( May 2013 ) . `` Emerald Ash Borer Biological Control Release and Recovery Guidelines '' ( PDF ) . USDA - APHIS - ARS - FS . ^ Jump up to : Herms , Daniel A. ; McCullough , Deborah G. ( October 2013 ) . `` Emerald Ash Borer Invasion of North America : History , Biology , Ecology , Impacts , and Management '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Entomology. 59 : 13 -- 30 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - ento - 011613 - 162051 . PMID 24112110 . ^ Jump up to : Poland , Therese . M ; Chen , Tigen ; Jennifer , Koch ; Pureswaran , Deepa ( December 2014 ) . `` Review of the emerald ash borer ( Coleoptera : Buprestidae ) , life history , mating behaviours , host plant selection , and host resistance '' ( PDF ) . The Canadian Entomologist. 147 : 252 -- 262 . doi : 10.4039 / tce. 2015.4 . ^ Jump up to : Valenta , V. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` A new forest pest in Europe : a review of Emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis ) invasion '' . Journal of Applied Entomology . doi : 10.1111 / jen. 12369 . Jump up ^ `` Agrilus planipennis ( insect ) '' . Global Invasive Species Database . ISSG - IUCN . August 14 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emerald ash borer '' . USDA Forest Service . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter A. Thomas ( 2016 ) . `` Biological Flora of the British Isles : Fraxinus excelsior '' . Journal of Ecology. 104 : 1158 -- 1209 . doi : 10.1111 / 1365 - 2745.12566 . Jump up ^ `` Ash tree set for extinction in Europe '' . BBC . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Wang , Xiao - Yi ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` The biology and ecology of the emerald ash borer , Agrilus planipennis , in China '' . Journal of Insect Science . 10 : 128 . Jump up ^ Poland , T. ; McCullough , D. ( 2006 ) . `` Emerald ash borer : invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America 's ash resource '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Forestry. 104 : 118 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` Emerald Ash Borer attacking White Fringe Tree '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agrilus planipennis ( insect ) '' . Global Invasive Species Database . ISSG - IUCN . August 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Initial County EAB detections in North America '' ( PDF ) . USDA . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cappaert , D. ; et al. ( Fall 2005 ) . `` Emerald ash borer in North America : a research and regulatory challenge '' . American Entomologist. 51 : 152 -- 163 . doi : 10.1093 / ae / 51.3. 152 . Jump up ^ Lui , Houping ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Exploratory survey for the emerald ash borer , Agrilus planipennis ( Coleoptera : Buprestidae ) , and its natural enemies in China '' ( PDF ) . Great Lakes Entomologist. 36 : 191 -- 204 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Rebek , E.J. ; Herms , D.A. ; Smitley , D.R. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Interspecific Variation in Resistance to Emerald Ash Borer ( Coleoptera : Buprestidae ) Among North American and Asian Ash ( Fraxinus spp . ) '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Entomology. 37 ( 1 ) : 242 -- 246 . doi : 10.1603 / 0046 - 225X ( 2008 ) 37 ( 242 : IVIRTE ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 18348816 . Jump up ^ Anulewicz , Andrea C. ; McCullough , Deborah G. ; Cappaert , David L. ( September 2007 ) . `` Emerald Ash Borer ( Agrilus planipennis ) Density and Canopy Dieback in Three North American Ash Species '' . Aboriculture & Urban Forestry . International Society of Arboriculture. 33 ( 5 ) : 338 -- 349 . doi : 10.1007 / s10530 - 013 - 0543 - 7 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Ryan D. ; et al. ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Effects of climate on emerald ash borer mortality and the potential for ash survival in North America '' . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 178 : 120 . Jump up ^ `` The Upside Of The Bitter Cold : It Kills Bugs That Kill Trees '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , D.G. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Evaluation of potential strategies to SLow Ash Mortality ( SLAM ) caused by emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis ) : SLAM in an urban forest '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Pest Management . 58 : 9 -- 23 . doi : 10.1080 / 09670874.2011. 637138 . Jump up ^ Kovacs , K.F. ; et al. ( September 2009 ) . `` Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in U.S. communities , 2009 - 2019 '' ( PDF ) . Ecological Economics . 69 ( 3 ) : 569 -- 578 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolecon. 2009.09. 004 . Jump up ^ `` Emerald Ash Borer ( EAB ) is in Minneapolis '' . Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Careless , Philip ; Marshall , Stephen . A. ; Gill , Bruce D. ; et al. ( February 2014 ) . `` The use of Cerceris fumipennis ( Hymenoptera : Crabronidae ) for surveying and monitoring emerald ash borer ( Coleoptera : Buprestidae ) infestations in eastern North America '' . Canadian Entomologist. 146 : 90 -- 105 . doi : 10.4039 / tce. 2013.53 . Jump up ^ `` Moving Firewood '' . USDA . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ash replacement information '' . USDA Forest Service . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SLAM : SLow Ash Mortality '' . Jump up ^ `` After Your Ash Has Died : Making an Informed Decision on What to Replant '' ( PDF ) . extension.ca.uky.edu . ^ Jump up to : Herms , Daniel A. ; McCullough , Deborah G. ; Smitley , David R. ; Sadof , Clifford S. ; Williamson , R. Chris ; Nixon , Phillip L. ( June 2009 ) , `` Insecticide Options for Protecting Ash Trees from Emerald Ash Borer '' ( PDF ) , North Central IPM Center Bulletin , North Central IPM Center : 12 , retrieved August 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hahn , Jeffrey ; Herms , Daniel A. ; McCullough , Deborah G. ( February 2011 ) , Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Potential Side Effects of Systemic Insecticides Used to Control Emerald Ash Borer ( PDF ) , www.emeraldashborer.info , retrieved August 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Doccola , Joseph J. ; Smitley , David R. ; Davis , Terrance W. ; Aiken , John J. ; Wild , Peter M. ( January 2011 ) . `` Tree Wound Responses Following Systemic Insecticide Trunk Injection Treatments in Green Ash ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh . ) as Determined by Destructive Autopsy '' . Aboriculture & Urban Forestry . International Society of Arboriculture. 37 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Bauer , L.S. ; Liu , H-P ; Miller , D. ; Gould , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Developing a classical biological control program for Agrilus planipennis ( Coleoptera : Buprestidae ) , an invasive ash pest in North America '' ( PDF ) . Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society . 53 ( 3&4 ) : 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ `` Biological Control of the Emerald Ash Borer '' . United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service . ^ Jump up to : Bauer , Leah S. ; Duan , Jian J. ; Gould , Juli R. ; van Driesche , Roy ; et al. ( March 8 , 2015 ) . `` Progress in the classical biological control of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire ( Coleoptera : Bupresitdae ) in North America '' . The Canadian Entomologist. 147 : 300 -- 317 . doi : 10.4039 / tce. 2015.18 . Jump up ^ `` Biocontrol : Fungus and Wasps Released to Control Emerald Ash Borer '' . Science News . Science Daily . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emerald ash borer . Wikispecies has information related to Agrilus planipennis Interview with researcher Canadian Food Inspection Agency USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station link to research on EAB Ohio Department of Agriculture infestation PDF map Species Profile - Emerald Ash Borer ( Agrilus planipennis ) , National Invasive Species Information Center , United States National Agricultural Library . Lists general information and resources for Emerald Ash Borer . The short film Emerald Ash Borer : The Green Menace is available for free download at the Internet Archive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emerald_ash_borer&oldid=818482142 '' Categories : Invasive insect species Woodboring beetles Insect pests of temperate forests Buprestidae Forestry in the United States Beetles described in 1888 Beetles of Asia Insects of Russia Invasive animal species in North America Invasive animal species in Europe Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Cebuano Deutsch Français Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 20 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: where is the emerald ash borer found in the us

range north to the upper peninsula of Michigan, south to northern Louisiana, west to Colorado, and east to Massachusetts


Von - wikipedia Von Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Von ( disambiguation ) . Von ( fɔn ) is a term used in German language surnames either as a nobiliary particle indicating a noble patrilineality or as a simple preposition that approximately means of or from in the case of commoners . Nobility directories like Almanach de Gotha often abbreviate noble von to v. In medieval or early modern names the von particle was at times added to commoners ' names ; thus , `` Hans von Duisburg '' meant Hans from ( the city of ) Duisburg . This meaning is preserved in Swiss surnames or in the Dutch van , which is a cognate of von but does not indicate nobility . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 1.1 Germany and Austria 1.1. 1 Non-noble use 1.1. 2 Ancient nobility 1.2 Russia 1.3 Nordic countries 2 Capitalisation 3 References Usage ( edit ) Germany and Austria ( edit ) The abolition of the monarchies in Germany and Austria in 1919 meant that neither state has a privileged nobility , and both have exclusively republican governments . In Germany , this means that legally von simply became an ordinary part of the surnames of the people who used it . There are no longer any legal privileges or constraints associated with this naming convention . According to German alphabetical sorting , people with von in their surnames -- of noble or non-noble descent alike -- are listed in telephone books and other files under the rest of their names ( e.g. , the economist Ludwig von Mises would have been found under M in the phone book rather than V ) . In Austria , in contrast , not only were the privileges of the nobility abolished , their titles and prepositions were abolished as well in 1919 . Thus , for example , Friedrich von Hayek became simply Friedrich Hayek . ( See also Austrian nobility on this issue . ) In contrast to the peerage of the United Kingdom , the aristocracies of the German - speaking countries were held to include untitled nobility , although the names of nearly all the families falling into this category did include von , zu , von und zu , von der , von dem , zum , vom und zum or zur . Non-noble use ( edit ) The preposition originated among German speakers during the Middle Ages and was commonly used to signify a person 's origins , appending the name of the place they originated from , or the name of their parents , as the concept of surname did not start to come into common usage until later on . Indeed , in many Germanic - speaking lands , universal adoption of surnames did not occur until mandated by the French Emperor Napoleon and the legal reforms he introduced in Europe around 1800 . Nevertheless , it was mostly aristocrats and other land owners who acquired a surname consisting of von , zu or zur and a toponym . When families were raised to nobility later on , the prefix was added in front of their existing name whatever its source , e.g. von Goethe . In some cases even an existing non-noble von became noble , or vice versa , therefore the same surname sometimes would be shared by noble and humble individuals . Especially in the Northwest ( Bremen , Hamburg , Holstein , Lower Saxony , Schleswig , Westphalia ) and in German - speaking Switzerland , von is a frequent element in non-noble surnames . About 200 to 300 known non-noble surnames contain the element von . On the other hand , especially in Lower Saxony , several prominent noble surnames do not contain the particle von , e.g. Grote , Knigge or Vincke . In order to distinguish the noble von from the non-noble one , the Prussian military abbreviated it to v. in noble names , often without a space following it , whereas the non-noble von was always spelled in full . In the 19th century in Austria and Bavaria non-noble surnames containing von were widely altered by compounding it to the main surname element , such as von Werden → Vonwerden . `` Untitled '' and `` non-noble '' are not synonyms in the German - speaking world . However , most German nobles used von and most users of von were noble . Nonetheless , desiring to add cachet to their perceived lineages in the era since titles of nobility were abolished , some individuals of no titled descent chose to add the particle to their name , such as movie directors Josef von Sternberg , Erich von Stroheim , and Lars von Trier . Ancient nobility ( edit ) Some very old noble families , usually members of the Uradel , bear surnames without the rather young nobiliary particle von but are nevertheless still noble . Also , a very few German families were elevated to the nobility without use of the preposition von . This was the case of the Riedesel Freiherren zu Eisenbach who received baronial dignity in 1680 . In order to distinguish themselves from bearers of regionally frequent non-noble surnames containing `` von '' , nobles in Northern Germany continue the royal Prussian military practice of abbreviating the noble von to v. but spelling the non-noble von in full . Russia ( edit ) Generally , the growth of the Tsardom of Russia into the Russian Empire was accompanied to a greater or lesser extent by the inflow of German surnames . Two main channels of such migration were a ) the absorption of territories where Germans constituted a part of local nobility , such as Finland , Poland , and the Baltic region , and b ) the state - supported immigration of Germans into Russia , such as the Volgadeutsch . As a rule , the members of the local nobility who found themselves in Russia as a result of geopolitical shifts preserved their privileges in the Empire . Their surnames were listed in the State Register of Noble Families as soon as the required documents were provided . The particle von was preserved as well ; once hyphens came into common use in the 18th and 19th centuries , it was used to connect the von with the following part of the surname ( e.g. Russian : Фон - Визин , von - Wiesen ) . However , since the twentieth century the particle has been written separately , as in the German origin . In the Baltic region , the German language continued to be used alongside Russian , so the language environment was friendly enough there to keep these surnames from localisation . Meanwhile , some of those whose ancestors individually entered the Russian service from abroad , and who settled themselves in Moscow or the core Russian provinces , sooner or later found it easier to adjust their surnames to the local speaking mode . However , unlike immigrants to the United States during the 18th to 20th centuries , who usually lost their nobility particles and often simplified the remaining parts of their surnames , immigrants to the Tsarist and Imperial Russia did not lose their noble particles , although some of their core surnames may have experienced some minor changes . At the end of the 16th century , after the Livonian War , Ivan IV of Russia invited Baron Berndt von Wiesen ( German pronunciation : ( fɔn viːzən ) ) from the Livonian Brothers of the Sword into Russian service and granted him some landed property . In the 17th century his descendants wrote their surnames as Russian : Фон Висин ( which preserved the German spelling rather than the Russian pronunciation : ( fɐn ˈvjisjɪn ) ) . Circa 1660 one of them added - ov ( Russian : Фон Висинов , Russian pronunciation : ( fɐn ˈvjisjɪnəf ) ) , yet in the 18th century this suffix was lost , and the middle consonant changed again s → z ( Russian : Фон - Визин , which preserves the German pronunciation rather than spelling : Russian pronunciation : ( fɐn ˈvjizjɪn ) ) . Finally , in the 18th century Ivan Fonvizin decided to merge the particle von with the core , thus giving a start to a new Russian family of German origin . His son , Denis Fonvizin ( Russian : Фонви́зин , Russian pronunciation : ( fɐnˈvjizjɪn ) ) became a playwright whose plays are staged today . Nordic countries ( edit ) In the Nordic countries , von is common but not universal in the surnames of noble families of German origin and has occasionally been used as a part of names of ennobled families of native or foreign , but non-German , extraction , as with the family of the philosopher Georg Henrik von Wright , which is of Scottish origin or as with the family of the painter Carl Frederik von Breda who was of Dutch ancestry . Capitalisation ( edit ) The prefix von is not capitalised in German - speaking countries . The Duden dictionary recommends capitalizing the prefix von at the beginning of the sentence , but not in its abbreviated form , in order to avoid confusion with an abbreviated first name : `` Von Humboldt kam später . '' and `` v. Humboldt kam später . '' ( Von Humboldt came later . ) The Swiss Neue Zürcher Zeitung , however , recommends omitting the von completely at the beginning of the sentence : `` Humboldt kam später . '' The same broadly holds true for van in Dutch usage , while in Flemish usage Van is commonly capitalized . See van ( Dutch ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Adelszeichen und Adel : Kennzeichnet das ' von ' in jedem Fall eine Adelsfamilie ? '' ( Nobiliary particle and nobility : Does the `` von '' indicate a noble family in every case ? ) , Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung ( Institute of German nobility research ) , retrieved on 8 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nichtadeliges `` von '' '' ( Non-noble `` von '' ) , adelsrecht.de , retrieved on 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Comparison of Duden and NZZ rules Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Von&oldid=810651096 '' Categories : German nobility Austrian nobility Swedish nobility Danish nobility Finnish nobility German words and phrases Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 16 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: what is the meaning of the name von


2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase Jump to : navigation , search The 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase began on 13 February and will end on 26 May 2018 with the final at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev , Ukraine , to decide the champions of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League . A total of 16 teams compete in the knockout phase . Times up to 24 March 2018 ( round of 16 ) are CET ( UTC + 1 ) , thereafter ( quarter - finals and beyond ) times are CEST ( UTC + 2 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Round and draw dates 2 Format 3 Qualified teams 4 Bracket 5 Round of 16 5.1 Summary 5.2 Matches 6 Quarter - finals 6.1 Summary 6.2 Matches 7 Semi-finals 7.1 Summary 7.2 Matches 8 Final 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Round and draw dates ( edit ) The schedule of the knockout phase is as follows ( all draws are held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon , Switzerland ) . Round Draw First leg Second leg Round of 16 11 December 2017 13 -- 14 & 20 -- 21 February 2018 6 -- 7 & 13 -- 14 March 2018 Quarter - finals 16 March 2018 3 -- 4 April 2018 10 -- 11 April 2018 Semi-finals 13 April 2018 24 -- 25 April 2018 1 -- 2 May 2018 Final 26 May 2018 at NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Format ( edit ) The knockout phase involves the 16 teams which qualify as winners and runners - up of each of the eight groups in the group stage . Each tie in the knockout phase , apart from the final , is played over two legs , with each team playing one leg at home . The team that scores more goals on aggregate over the two legs advance to the next round . If the aggregate score is level , the away goals rule is applied , i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advances . If away goals are also equal , then thirty minutes of extra time is played . The away goals rule is again applied after extra time , i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level , the visiting team advances by virtue of more away goals scored . If no goals are scored during extra time , the tie is decided by penalty shoot - out . In the final , which is played as a single match , if scores are level at the end of normal time , extra time is played , followed by penalty shoot - out if scores remain tied . The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows : In the draw for the round of 16 , the eight group winners are seeded , and the eight group runners - up are unseeded . The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams , with the seeded teams hosting the second leg . Teams from the same group or the same association can not be drawn against each other . In the draws for the quarter - finals onwards , there are no seedings , and teams from the same group or the same association can be drawn against each other . Qualified teams ( edit ) Group Winners ( seeded in round of 16 draw ) Runners - up ( unseeded in round of 16 draw ) Manchester United Basel Paris Saint - Germain Bayern Munich Roma Chelsea Barcelona Juventus Liverpool Sevilla Manchester City Shakhtar Donetsk Beşiktaş Porto Tottenham Hotspur Real Madrid Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final Sevilla 0 Manchester United 0 Sevilla 0 Bayern Munich 0 Bayern Munich 5 8 Beşiktaş 0 Bayern Munich Real Madrid Juventus Tottenham Hotspur Juventus 0 Real Madrid Real Madrid 5 Paris Saint - Germain Winners of semi-final 1 Winners of semi-final 2 Porto 0 0 0 Liverpool 5 0 5 Liverpool 5 Manchester City 0 Basel 0 Manchester City 5 Liverpool 5 Roma Chelsea 0 Barcelona Barcelona 0 Roma ( a ) Shakhtar Donetsk 0 Roma ( a ) Round of 16 ( edit ) The draw for the round of 16 was held on 11 December 2017 , 12 : 00 CET . With five English teams in the round of 16 , this was the first time five teams from one association qualified for the Champions League knockout phase . Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 13 , 14 , 20 and 21 February , and the second legs were played on 6 , 7 , 13 and 14 March 2018 . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Juventus 4 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 Basel 2 -- 5 Manchester City 0 -- 4 2 -- 1 Porto 0 -- 5 Liverpool 0 -- 5 0 -- 0 Sevilla 2 -- 1 Manchester United 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 Real Madrid 5 -- 2 Paris Saint - Germain 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 Shakhtar Donetsk 2 -- 2 ( a ) Roma 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 Chelsea 1 -- 4 Barcelona 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 Bayern Munich 8 -- 1 Beşiktaş 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 Matches ( edit ) 13 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Juventus 2 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur Higuaín 2 ' , 9 ' ( pen . ) Report Kane 35 ' Eriksen 71 ' Juventus Stadium , Turin Attendance : 41,232 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 7 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 20 : 45 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 2 Juventus Son Heung - min 39 ' Report Higuaín 64 ' Dybala 67 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 84,010 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Juventus won 4 -- 3 on aggregate . 13 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Basel 0 -- 4 Manchester City Report Gündoğan 14 ' , 53 ' B. Silva 18 ' Agüero 23 ' St. Jakob - Park , Basel Attendance : 36,000 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) 7 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 20 : 45 Manchester City 1 -- 2 Basel Gabriel Jesus 8 ' Report Elyounoussi 17 ' Lang 71 ' City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester Attendance : 49,411 Referee : Pavel Královec ( Czech Republic ) Manchester City won 5 -- 2 on aggregate . 14 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 20 : 45 Porto 0 -- 5 Liverpool Report Mané 25 ' , 53 ' , 85 ' Salah 29 ' Firmino 69 ' Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 47,718 Referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) 6 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool 0 -- 0 Porto Report Anfield , Liverpool Attendance : 48,768 Referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Liverpool won 5 -- 0 on aggregate . 21 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Sevilla 0 -- 0 Manchester United Report Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville Attendance : 39,725 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 13 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Manchester United 1 -- 2 Sevilla Lukaku 84 ' Report Ben Yedder 74 ' , 78 ' Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 74,909 Referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Sevilla won 2 -- 1 on aggregate . 14 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid 3 -- 1 Paris Saint - Germain Ronaldo 45 ' ( pen . ) , 83 ' Marcelo 86 ' Report Rabiot 33 ' Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Attendance : 78,158 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 6 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Paris Saint - Germain 1 -- 2 Real Madrid Cavani 71 ' Report Ronaldo 51 ' Casemiro 80 ' Parc des Princes , Paris Attendance : 46,585 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) Real Madrid won 5 -- 2 on aggregate . 21 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Shakhtar Donetsk 2 -- 1 Roma Ferreyra 52 ' Fred 71 ' Report Ünder 41 ' Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv Attendance : 35,124 Referee : Willie Collum ( Scotland ) 13 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Roma 1 -- 0 Shakhtar Donetsk Džeko 52 ' Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 47,693 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) 2 -- 2 on aggregate . Roma won on away goals . 20 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 20 : 45 Chelsea 1 -- 1 Barcelona Willian 62 ' Report Messi 75 ' Stamford Bridge , London Attendance : 37,741 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 14 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 20 : 45 Barcelona 3 -- 0 Chelsea Messi 3 ' , 63 ' Dembélé 20 ' Report Camp Nou , Barcelona Attendance : 97,183 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Barcelona won 4 -- 1 on aggregate . 20 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich 5 -- 0 Beşiktaş Müller 43 ' , 66 ' Coman 53 ' Lewandowski 79 ' , 88 ' Report Allianz Arena , Munich Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) 14 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 18 : 00 Beşiktaş 1 -- 3 Bayern Munich Vágner Love 59 ' Report Thiago 18 ' Gönül 46 ' ( o.g. ) Wagner 84 ' Vodafone Park , Istanbul Attendance : 36,885 Referee : Michael Oliver ( England ) Bayern Munich won 8 -- 1 on aggregate . Quarter - finals ( edit ) The draw for the quarter - finals was held on 16 March 2018 , 12 : 00 CET . Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 3 and 4 April , and the second legs were played on 10 and 11 April 2018 . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Barcelona 4 -- 4 ( a ) Roma 4 -- 1 0 -- 3 Sevilla 1 -- 2 Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 Juventus 3 -- 4 Real Madrid 0 -- 3 3 -- 1 Liverpool 5 -- 1 Manchester City 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 Matches ( edit ) 4 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 20 : 45 Barcelona 4 -- 1 Roma De Rossi 38 ' ( o.g. ) Manolas 55 ' ( o.g. ) Piqué 59 ' L. Suárez 87 ' Report Džeko 80 ' Camp Nou , Barcelona Attendance : 90,106 Referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 20 : 45 Roma 3 -- 0 Barcelona Džeko 6 ' De Rossi 58 ' ( pen . ) Manolas 82 ' Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 56,580 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 4 -- 4 on aggregate . Roma won on away goals . 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 20 : 45 Sevilla 1 -- 2 Bayern Munich Sarabia 31 ' Report Navas 37 ' ( o.g. ) Thiago 68 ' Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville Attendance : 40,635 Referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich 0 -- 0 Sevilla Report Allianz Arena , Munich Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Willie Collum ( Scotland ) Bayern Munich won 2 -- 1 on aggregate . 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 20 : 45 Juventus 0 -- 3 Real Madrid Report Ronaldo 3 ' , 64 ' Marcelo 72 ' Juventus Stadium , Turin Attendance : 40,849 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Juventus Ronaldo 90 + 8 ' ( pen . ) Report Mandžukić 2 ' , 37 ' Matuidi 61 ' Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Attendance : 75,796 Referee : Michael Oliver ( England ) Real Madrid won 4 -- 3 on aggregate . 4 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool 3 -- 0 Manchester City Salah 12 ' Oxlade - Chamberlain 21 ' Mané 31 ' Report Anfield , Liverpool Attendance : 50,685 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 20 : 45 Manchester City 1 -- 2 Liverpool Gabriel Jesus 2 ' Report Salah 56 ' Firmino 77 ' City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester Attendance : 53,461 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Liverpool won 5 -- 1 on aggregate . Semi-finals ( edit ) The draw for the semi-finals was held on 13 April 2018 , 13 : 00 CEST . For the first time since the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League , all the four teams at this stage represent different national associations . Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 24 and 25 April , and the second legs will be played on 1 and 2 May 2018 . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Bayern Munich Real Madrid 1 -- 2 1 May Liverpool Roma 5 -- 2 2 May Matches ( edit ) 25 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 Real Madrid Kimmich 28 ' Report Marcelo 44 ' Asensio 57 ' Allianz Arena , Munich Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 1 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid Bayern Munich Report Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid 24 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool 5 -- 2 Roma Salah 36 ' , 45 + 1 ' Mané 56 ' Firmino 61 ' , 69 ' Report Džeko 81 ' Perotti 85 ' ( pen . ) Anfield , Liverpool Attendance : 51,236 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 2 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 20 : 45 Roma Liverpool Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 UEFA Champions League Final The final will be played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev on 26 May 2018 . The `` home '' team ( for administrative purposes ) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw . 26 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) 20 : 45 Winners of semi-final 1 Winners of semi-final 2 Report NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shakhtar Donetsk played their home match at Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv , instead of their regular stadium Donbass Arena , Donetsk , due to the war conditions in Eastern Ukraine . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 / 18 Champions League match and draw calendar '' . UEFA.com. 11 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2017 / 18 Season '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com. 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Round of 16 draw '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Knockout stage first : five English clubs through '' . UEFA.com. 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Juventus v Tottenham Hotspur '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Tottenham Hotspur v Juventus '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Basel v Manchester City '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Manchester City v Basel '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Porto v Liverpool '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Liverpool v Porto '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Sevilla v Manchester United '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Manchester United v Sevilla '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Real Madrid v Paris Saint - Germain '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Paris Saint - Germain v Real Madrid '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Shakhtar Donetsk v Roma '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Roma v Shakhtar Donetsk '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Chelsea v Barcelona '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Barcelona v Chelsea '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Bayern Munich v Beşiktaş '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Beşiktaş v Bayern Munich '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quarter - final draw '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League quarter - final draw '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Barcelona v Roma '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Roma v Barcelona '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Sevilla v Bayern Munich '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Bayern Munich v Sevilla '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 11 April 2018 . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Juventus v Real Madrid '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Real Madrid v Juventus '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 11 April 2018 . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Liverpool v Manchester City '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Manchester City v Liverpool '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Semi-final and final draws '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Champions League last four : which nations dominate ? '' . UEFA.com. 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Semi-finals 1st Leg -- Bayern Munich v Real Madrid '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Semi-finals 1st Leg -- Liverpool v Roma '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 24 April 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . 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