Marriage officiant - wikipedia Marriage officiant Jump to : navigation , search A marriage officiant , solemniser , or `` vow master '' is a person who officiates at a wedding ceremony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Civil 2 By country 2.1 United States 2.2 Scotland 2.3 Australia 3 By faith 3.1 Judaism 3.2 Quaker 3.3 Catholicism 3.4 Nonreligious 4 See also 5 References Civil ( edit ) Marriage officiant is a civil officer such as a justice of the peace who performs acts of marriage or civil union . Their main responsibility is to witness the consent of the intended spouses for the wedding license and hence validate the marriage or civil union for legal purposes . Officiant 's duties and responsibilities , as well as who may be an officiant vary among jurisdictions By country ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Further information : Officiant and Humanist officiant In the United States , Canada and many other countries around the world , a celebrant is a person who performs religious or secular celebrancy services for weddings , funerals , child namings , coming of age ceremonies , and other rituals . Most Celebrants are ordained clergy , while some are legal officials ( usually judges ) , and others are Officiants empowered by the Humanist Associations around the world . Celebrants may perform alternative and nontraditional ceremonies in places , and under circumstances where mainstream religious clergy will not . Some celebrants perform same - sex weddings and commitment ceremonies . Celebrants , also called Officiants , often perform ceremonies in parks , on beaches , on mountains , on boats , on hiking trails , in hotels , in banquet halls , in private homes , and many other places . Laws in each state of the United States vary about who has the ability to perform wedding ceremonies , but Celebrants or Officiants are usually categorized as `` clergy '' and have the same rights and responsibilities as ordained clergy . In the United States , celebrants are professional ceremony officiants who believe in the power and effectiveness of ceremony and ritual to serve basic needs of society and the individual . They collaborate with their clients to create and perform personalised ceremonies that reflect the client 's beliefs , philosophy of life , and personality , not the celebrant 's . See Celebrant ( United States ) for more information . Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland , since a June 2005 ruling by the Registrar General , humanist weddings are now legal , thanks to a campaign by the Humanist Society Scotland . Scotland is the only part of the United Kingdom where Humanist weddings are recognised as legal by the state and is only one of eight countries in the world where Humanist weddings are legally recognised , the others as of 2017 are : Australia , Canada , Iceland , Ireland , New Zealand , Norway and some states of the United States of America . Celebrants differ from Chaplains in that Celebrants serve the unaffiliated public at large , while Chaplains are usually employed by an institution such as a hospital or other health care facility , the military , etc . However some celebrants of Humanist Society Scotland perform Chaplain duties at Scottish education establishments . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Celebrant ( Australia ) In Australia , Celebrants have a slightly different role , as regulated by local and national laws . By faith ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Jewish wedding In Judaism a Rabbi traditionally officiates over the wedding , however the two people marry each other . They are not married by the Rabbi . Quaker ( edit ) In Quaker weddings the couple marry each other with no third party officiating . Catholicism ( edit ) In the Catholic Church , it is the bride and bridegroom who perform the Sacrament of Matrimony ( marriage ) , but a marriage can only be valid if the Church has a witness at the wedding ceremony whose function is to question the couple to ensure that they have no obstacle to marriage ( such as an un-annulled previous marriage or certain undisclosed facts between the couple ) and that they are freely choosing to wed each other . All ordained clergy ( i.e. a deacon , priest , or bishop ) may witness the wedding ceremony itself , though usually the wedding ceremony occurs during a Mass , which deacons lack the authority or ability to celebrate ; however , in weddings that take place inside Mass , the deacon may still serve as the witness to the wedding , provided that a priest or bishop celebrates the Mass ; and in weddings that take place outside Mass ( which usually occurs in a marriage between a Catholic and a non-Christian or , less often , non-Catholic ) , the ceremony is the same for deacons , priests , and bishops ( with few or no changes ) . Nonreligious ( edit ) See also : Humanist celebrant A number of secular humanist organizations provide credentials to individuals who may solemnize marriages in whatever manner they choose . Some organizations have limited or no requirements for ordination , like the Universal Life Church . Such organizations may be known as ordination mills . See also ( edit ) Officiant Celebrant , the title of a marriage officiant in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Officiant 's regulations in Quebec Archived 2007 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Officiant 's FAQ in California Archived 2006 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ FAQ Officiating Weddings throughout the United States , with links to State Code Sections Jump up ^ `` Humanist Chaplain '' . Glasgow Caledonian University . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ( hide ) Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Equal marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marriage_officiant&oldid=799970087 '' Categories : Wedding ceremony participants Marriage Civil law ( common law ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 22 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: what do you call a person who officiates a wedding

A marriage officiant, solemniser, or "vow master"


Caucasus Mountains - wikipedia Caucasus Mountains Jump to : navigation , search For the lunar mountain range , see Montes Caucasus . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Caucasus Mountains Aerial view of the Caucasus Mountains Highest point Peak Mount Elbrus Elevation 5,642 m ( 18,510 ft ) Coordinates 43 ° 21 ′ 18 '' N 42 ° 26 ′ 31 '' E  /  43.35500 ° N 42.44194 ° E  / 43.35500 ; 42.44194 Length 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) Width 160 km ( 99 mi ) Geography Topographic map Countries Russia , Georgia , Armenia and Azerbaijan Range coordinates 42 ° 30 ′ N 45 ° 00 ′ E  /  42.5 ° N 45 ° E  / 42.5 ; 45 Coordinates : 42 ° 30 ′ N 45 ° 00 ′ E  /  42.5 ° N 45 ° E  / 42.5 ; 45 Satellite image of the Caucasus Mountains The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in West Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region . The Caucasus Mountains include the Greater Caucasus in the north and Lesser Caucasus in the south . The Greater Caucasus runs west - northwest to east - southeast , from the Caucasian Natural Reserve in the vicinity of Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea nearly to Baku on the Caspian Sea . The Lesser Caucasus runs parallel to the Greater about 100 km ( 62 mi ) south . The Greater and Lesser Caucasus ranges are connected by the Likhi Range , and to the west and east of the Likhi Range lie the Colchis Plain and the Kur - Araz Lowland . The Meskheti Range is a part of the Lesser Caucasus system . In the southeast the Aras River separates the Lesser Caucasus from the Talysh Mountains which straddle the border of southeastern Azerbaijan and Iran . The Lesser Caucasus and the Armenian Highland constitute the Transcaucasian Highland , which at their western end converge with the highland plateau of Eastern Anatolia in the far north east of Turkey . The highest peak in the Caucasus range is Mount Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus , which rises to a height of 5,642 metres ( 18,510 ft ) above sea level . Mountains near Sochi hosted part of the 2014 Winter Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Notable peaks 3 Climate 4 Landscape 5 History 6 Image gallery 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Geology ( edit ) Geologically , the Caucasus Mountains belong to a system that extends from southeastern Europe into Asia . The Greater Caucasus Mountains are mainly composed of Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks with the Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks in the higher regions . Some volcanic formations are found throughout the range . On the other hand , the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are formed predominantly of the Paleogene rocks with a much smaller portion of the Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks . The evolution of the Caucasus began from the Late Triassic to the Late Jurassic during the Cimmerian orogeny at the active margin of the Tethys Ocean while the uplift of the Greater Caucasus is dated to the Miocene during the Alpine orogeny . The Caucasus Mountains formed largely as the result of a tectonic plate collision between the Arabian plate moving northwards with respect to the Eurasian plate . As the Tethys Sea was closed and the Arabian Plate collided with the Iranian Plate and was pushed against it and with the clockwise movement of the Eurasian Plate towards the Iranian Plate and their final collision , the Iranian Plate was pressed against the Eurasian Plate . As this happened , the entire rocks that had been deposited in this basin from the Jurassic to the Miocene were folded to form the Greater Caucasus Mountains . This collision also caused the uplift and the Cenozoic volcanic activity in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains . The entire region is regularly subjected to strong earthquakes from this activity . While the Greater Caucasus Mountains have a mainly folded sedimentary structure , the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are largely of volcanic origin . The Javakheti Volcanic Plateau in Georgia and the surrounding volcanic ranges which extend well into central Armenia are some of the youngest features of the region . Only recently was the Caucasus a scene for intense volcanic activity : the Armenian highland was flooded by calc - alkaline basalts and andesites in the Pliocene and the highest summits of the Caucasus , the Elbrus , and the Kazbek , formed as Pleistocene - Pliocene volcanoes . The Kazbek is no longer active , but the Elbrus erupted in postglacial times and fumarole activity is registered near its summit . Contemporary seismic activity is a prominent feature of the region , reflecting active faulting and crustal shortening . Clusters of seismicity occur in Dagestan and in northern Armenia . Many devastating earthquakes have been documented in historical times , including the Spitak earthquake in December 1988 which destroyed the Gyumri - Vanadzor region of Armenia . Notable peaks ( edit ) Europe 's highest mountain is Mount Elbrus 5,642 m ( 18,510 ft ) in the Caucasus Mountains . Elbrus is 832 m ( 2,730 ft ) higher than Mont Blanc , the highest peak in the Alps at 4,810 m ( 15,780 ft ) . The Caucasus Mountains are defined as the continental divide between Asia and Europe for the region between the Black and Caspian Seas . The table below lists some of the highest peaks of the Caucasus . With the exception of Shkhara , the heights are taken from Soviet 1 : 50,000 mapping . There are higher and more prominent , but nameless , peaks than some of the peaks included below . Peak name Elevation ( m ) Prominence ( m ) Country Elbrus 5,642 4,741 Russia Dykh - Tau 5,205 2,002 Russia Shkhara 5,201 1,365 Georgia / Russia Koshtan - Tau 5,152 822 Russia Janga ( Jangi - Tau ) 5,059 300 Georgia / Russia Ararat 5,137 3,611 Turkey Kazbek 5,047 2,353 Georgia / Russia Pushkin 5,033 110 Georgia / Russia Katyn - Tau 4,979 240 Georgia / Russia Gistola 4,860 Georgia Shota Rustaveli 4,860 c. 50 Georgia / Russia Tetnuldi 4,858 672 Georgia Dzhimara 4,780 Georgia / Russia Ushba 4,710 1,143 Georgia Ailama 4,547 1,067 Georgia Tebulos 4,499 2,145 Georgia / Russia Mount Bazardüzü 4,466 2,454 Azerbaijan Tepli 4,431 Russia Diklo 4,285 843 Georgia Mount Shahdagh 4,243 Azerbaijan Gora Addala Shukgelmezr 4,152 1,792 Russia Gora Dyultydag 4,127 1,834 Russia Aragats 4,090 2,143 Armenia Climate ( edit ) Aishkho Pass , Caucasus Nature Reserve The climate of the Caucasus varies both vertically ( according to elevation ) and horizontally ( by latitude and location ) . Temperature generally decreases as elevation rises . Average annual temperature in Sukhumi , Abkhazia at sea level is 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) while on the slopes of Mt. Kazbek at an elevation of 3,700 metres ( 12,100 ft ) , average annual temperature falls to − 6.1 ° C ( 21.0 ° F ) . The northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range are 3 ° C ( 5.4 ° F ) colder than the southern slopes . The highlands of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains in Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia are marked by sharp temperature contrasts between the summer and winter months due to a more continental climate . Precipitation increases from east to west in most areas . Elevation plays an important role in the Caucasus and mountains generally receive higher amounts of precipitation than low - lying areas . The northeastern regions ( Dagestan ) and the southern portions of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are the driest . The absolute minimum annual precipitation is 250 mm ( 9.84 in ) in the northeastern Caspian Depression . Western parts of the Caucasus Mountains are marked by high amounts of precipitation . The southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range receive higher amounts of precipitation than the northern slopes . Annual precipitation in the Western Caucasus ranges from 1,000 to 4,000 mm ( 39.37 -- 157.48 in ) while in the Eastern and Northern Caucasus ( Chechnya , Ingushetia , Kabardino - Balkaria , Ossetia , Kakheti , Kartli , etc . ) precipitation ranges from 600 to 1,800 mm ( 23.62 -- 70.87 in ) . The absolute maximum annual precipitation is 4,100 mm ( 161.42 in ) around the Mt . Mtirala area which lies on the Meskheti Range in Ajaria . The precipitation of the Lesser Caucasus Mountain Range ( Southern Georgia , Armenia , western Azerbaijan ) , not including the Meskheti Range , varies from 300 - 800 mm ( 31.50 in ) annually . The Caucasus Mountains are known for the high amount of snowfall , although many regions which are not located along the windward slopes do not receive nearly as much snow . This is especially true for the Lesser Caucasus Mountains which are somewhat isolated from the moist influences coming in from the Black Sea and receive considerably less precipitation ( in the form of snow ) than the Greater Caucasus Mountains . The average winter snow cover of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains ranges from 10 to 30 cm ( 3.94 -- 11.81 in ) . The Greater Caucasus Mountains ( especially the southwestern slopes ) are marked by heavy snowfall . Avalanches are common from November to April . Snow cover in several regions ( Svaneti and northern Abkhazia ) may reach 5 metres ( 16 ft ) . The Mt . Achishkho region , which is the snowiest place in the Caucasus , often records snow depths of 7 m ( 23 ft ) . Landscape ( edit ) The Caucasus Mountains have a varied landscape which mainly changes according to elevation and distance from large bodies of water . The region contains biomes ranging from subtropical lowland marshes and forests to glaciers ( Western and Central Caucasus ) , and highland semideserts , steppes , and alpine meadows in the south ( mainly in Armenia and Azerbaijan ) . The northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains are covered by oak , hornbeam , maple , and ash forests at lower elevations while birch and pine forests take over at higher elevations . Some of the lowest areas of the region are covered by steppes and grasslands . The slopes of the Northwestern Greater Caucasus ( Kabardino - Balkaria , Cherkessia , etc . ) also contain spruce and fir forests . The alpine zone replaces the forest at around 2,000 metres ( 6,600 ft ) above sea level . The permafrost / glacier line generally starts around 2,800 -- 3,000 metres ( 9,200 -- 9,800 ft ) . The southeastern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains are covered by beech , oak , maple , hornbeam , and ash forests . Beech forests tend to dominate in higher locations . The southwestern slopes of the Greater Caucasus are covered by Colchian forests ( oak , buxus , beech , chestnut , hornbeam , elm ) at lower elevations with coniferous and mixed forests ( spruce , fir and beech ) taking over at higher elevations . The alpine zone on the southern slopes may extend up to 2,800 metres ( 9,200 ft ) above sea level while the glacier / snow line starts at 3,000 -- 3,500 metres ( 9,800 -- 11,500 ft ) . The northern and western slopes of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are characterized both by Colchian and other deciduous forests at lower elevations while mixed and coniferous forests ( mainly spruce and fir ) dominate at higher elevations . Beech forests are also common at higher elevations . The southern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are largely covered by grasslands and steppes up to an elevation of 2,500 metres ( 8,200 ft ) . The highest areas of the region contain alpine grasslands as well . Volcanic and other rock formations are common throughout the region . The volcanic zone extends over a large area from southern Georgia into Armenia and southwestern Azerbaijan . Some of the prominent peaks of the region include Mt . Aragats , Didi Abuli , Samsari , and others . The area is characterized by volcanic plateaus , lava flows , volcanic lakes , volcanic cones and other features . The Lesser Caucasus Mountains lack the type of glaciers and glacial features that are common on the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range . History ( edit ) Further information : History of the Caucasus Crossing the Caucasus Mountain range was an important section of the northern arm of the Silk Route . There was one pass on the southeast end in Derbent ( crossing the Great Wall of Gorgan ( also known as Alexander the Great 's Wall ) ) , and multiple passes throughout the range : Jvari Pass at 2379 m and above the Darial Gorge on the Georgian Military Road , Mamison Pass on the Ossetian Military Road at 2911 m , and Roki Tunnel at 2310 m . See Russian conquest of the Caucasus . Image gallery ( edit ) Mount Elbrus viewed from the south in Russia Komito Mountain in Chechnya Caucasus Mountains in Svaneti , Georgia Chaukhi mountain in Khevi , Georgia A gorge in Dagestan , Russia Twin - peaked Ushba in Georgia Mount Shkhara in Georgia Mount Ararat in Turkey , viewed from Armenia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Native names : Georgian : კავკასიონი , translit. : k'avk'asioni , pronounced ( kʼɑvkʼɑsiɔni ) Armenian : Կովկասյան լեռներ , Kovkasyan leṙner pronounced ( kɔvkɑsjɑn lɛrˈnɛɾ ) Azerbaijani : Qafqaz dağları , pronounced ( qɑfqɑz dɑʁlɑrɯ ) Russian : Кавка́зские го́ры , tr . Kavkázskiye góry , IPA : ( kɐfˈkasːkjɪje ˈɡorɨ ) Turkish : Kafkas Dağları , Turkish pronunciation : ( kɑfkɑs dɑːɫɑrɯ ) Persian : كوه هاى قفقاز  References ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Caucasus . Parts of this article are from the NASA Earth Observatory ; ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Stokes , Chris R ( 2011 ) . Singh , Vijay P. ; Haritashya , Umesh K. , eds . Encyclopedia of Snow , Ice and Glaciers . Spring Science & Business Media . p. 127 . ISBN 9789048126415 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Reilinger ; McClusky ; Oral ; King ; Toksoz ; Barka ; Kinik ; Lenk ; Sanli ( Jan 1997 ) . `` Global Positioning System measurements of present - day crustal movements in the Arabia - Africa - Eurasia plate collision zone '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 102 ( B5 ) : 9983 -- 9999 . Bibcode : 1997JGR ... 102.9983 R . doi : 10.1029 / 96JB03736 . Jump up ^ Philip , H. ; Cisternas , A. ; Gvishiani , A. ; Gorshkov , A. ( 1 April 1989 ) . `` The Caucasus '' . Tectnophysics. 161 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 21 . Bibcode : 1989Tectp. 161 ... 1P . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 89 ) 90297 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mt . Elbrus : Image of the Day . Earthobservatory.nasa.gov . Retrieved on 16 February 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Small Nations and Great Powers : A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus , By Svante E. Cornell , Routledge . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caucasus mountains . NASA Earth Observatory images of the Caucasus : ( 2 ) `` Highest Peaks of the Caucasus from peakbagger.com '' . Peakbagger.com . List of the most prominent mountains in the Caucasus Russia articles History Timeline Proto - Indo - Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus ' Khaganate Kievan Rus ' Novgorod Republic Vladimir - Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism  Postal Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement ( Prisons ) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Gambling Mining Petroleum industry Russian ruble Russian oligarchs Space industry Shipbuilding Trade unions Taxation Tourism Transport Telecommunications Waste Society Demographics Citizens Abortion Alcoholism Crime Education Healthcare Ethnic groups Languages LGBT Immigration Illegal Prostitution Racism Religion Suicide Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Art Literature Ballet Cinema Graffiti Inventions Media Music Public holidays Opera Language Cuisine Martial arts Folklore Television Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Category Portal Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets ( 1922 -- 1936 ) Supreme Soviet ( 1938 -- 1991 ) Congress of People 's Deputies ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five - Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble ( currency ) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All - Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Book Category Commons Portal WikiProject VIAF : 242526666 GND : 4030090 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&oldid=818816860 '' Categories : Caucasus Mountain ranges of the Caucasus Geography of the Caucasus Eastern Europe Western Asia Mountain ranges of Asia Mountain ranges of Europe Mountain ranges of Armenia Mountain ranges of Azerbaijan Mountain ranges of Georgia ( country ) Mountain ranges of Iran Mountain ranges of Russia Mountain ranges of Turkey Geology of the Caucasus Landforms of the Caucasus Physiographic provinces Landforms of Kabardino - Balkaria Landforms of Karachay - Cherkessia Hidden categories : Articles containing Georgian - language text Articles containing Armenian - language text Articles containing Azerbaijani - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: the region that stretches between the black and caspian seas


25 or 6 to 4 - wikipedia 25 or 6 to 4 Jump to : navigation , search `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' Single by Chicago from the album Chicago B - side `` Where Do We Go from Here '' Released June 1970 Format 7 '' Recorded August 1969 Genre Hard rock , jazz rock Length 4 : 50 ( Album version ) 2 : 53 ( Single version ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Robert Lamm Producer ( s ) James William Guercio Chicago singles chronology `` Make Me Smile / Colour My World '' ( 1970 ) `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' ( 1970 ) `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Make Me Smile / Colour My World '' ( 1970 ) `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' ( 1970 ) `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Along Comes a Woman '' ( 1985 ) Along Comes a Woman 1985 `` 25 or 6 to 4 / One More Day '' ( 1986 ) String Module Error : Match not found1986 `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' ( 1986 ) Will You Still Love Me ? 1986 Audio sample file help `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' is a song written by the American musician Robert Lamm , one of the founding members of the rock / jazz fusion band Chicago . It was recorded in 1969 for their second album , Chicago , with Peter Cetera on lead vocals . The album was released in January 1970 and the song was edited and released as a single in June of that same year , climbing to number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and number seven on the UK Singles Chart . It was the band 's first song to reach the top five in the U.S. It has been included in numerous Chicago compilation albums . An updated version of `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' was recorded for the 1986 album Chicago 18 with James Pankow listed as co-writer . With the new band member Jason Scheff on lead vocals , the single reached number 48 on the U.S. chart . This version was also used as the B - side for the band 's next single in 1986 , `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' . In the 2010s , `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' continues to be a staple in Chicago 's live concert set list , and in Peter Cetera 's solo concert set list . In 2016 , former drummer , Danny Seraphine , reunited on stage with Chicago to perform `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' and two other songs at their induction ceremony for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly singles charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Covers and parodies 6 Use in popular culture 7 Influence 8 Personnel 9 References Meaning ( edit ) According to composer Robert Lamm , the song is about trying to write a song in the middle of the night . The song 's title is the time at which the song is set : 25 or 26 minutes before 4 AM . Because of the unique phrasing of the song 's title , `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' has been incorrectly speculated to be a veiled reference to drug quantities , or a mystical allusion . The 1986 music video for the song references the correct meaning at its beginning . The song was banned in Singapore in 1970 and again in 1986 because of its `` alleged allusions to drugs . '' In 1993 , the ban on this song was lifted , along with long - time bans on songs by other artists such as the Beatles , Bob Dylan and Creedence Clearwater Revival . In what may be a coincidence , the song 's writer , Robert Lamm , had recently written and sung another Chicago hit , `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' , for which this song 's title can be seen to serve as an answer . Composition ( edit ) The original recording features an electric guitar solo using a wah - wah pedal by Chicago guitarist Terry Kath , and a lead vocal line in Aeolian mode . The song 's opening guitar riff has been compared to chord progressions and riffs in other songs . In the opinion of writer Melissa Locker : ... the opening guitar riff from Green Day 's ' Brain Stew ' bears a striking similarity to the opening stanza of Chicago 's ' 25 or 6 to 4 . ' LA Weekly 's music editor , Andy Hermann , names it `` The Riff '' and describes it as follows : It 's a descending five - chord pattern , typically played as power chords over four bars , with the last two chords sharing the last bar . The most common variant of it goes from A minor to G to F sharp to F to E , although it can also be played as Am - G-D-F-E or even Am - G - D9 - F# - F-E ... Hermann details the riff 's similarity to the chord progression in Led Zepellin 's song , `` Babe I 'm Gonna Leave You '' , which came out a year before `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' , and the similarity of that chord progression to one in George Harrison 's song , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , which came out even earlier . He labels `` Brain Stew '' , released in 1996 , as `` derivative '' by comparison to `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the 1986 remake won an American Video Award , in the category `` Best Cinematography , '' for Bobby Byrnes . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia 12 Canada RPM Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 UK 7 US Billboard Hot 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia 74 Canada 29 UK 72 US Billboard Hot 100 61 Covers and parodies ( edit ) The song has been covered by various artists , including Leonid & Friends , Straitjacket , Local H , Intruder , Bruce Foxton , The Moog Cookbook , Earth , Wind & Fire , Paul Gilbert , Pacifika , former Mötley Crüe lead singer Vince Neil , Umphrey 's McGee , Nick Ingman , and as an instrumental on the Dave Koz collaboration album Summer Horns . Constantine Maroulis released his version of the song as a single in 2011 . For the results night performance of the finale of the ninth season of American Idol , Lee DeWyze performed `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' with Chicago . In 2005 , Jonathan Coulton made `` When I 'm 25 or 64 '' , a mashup of `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' with `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' by The Beatles . Use in popular culture ( edit ) The song appears as an on - disc track in the video game Rock Band 3 and has been made available as a download for the game / learning software Rocksmith 2014 . Influence ( edit ) Jason Newsted , former bassist of Metallica , says that this song has the first rock or metal riff he ever learned to play . Paul Gilbert , former guitarist of Racer X and Mr. Big , says that a `` really primitive version '' of `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' was one of the first songs he taught himself to play on the guitar , using one string . Personnel ( edit ) Peter Cetera -- lead vocals , bass Terry Kath -- guitar , backing vocals Robert Lamm -- piano , backing vocals Danny Seraphine -- drums Jimmy Pankow -- trombone Lee Loughnane -- trumpet Walt Parazaider -- tenor saxophone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chicago Group Portrait ( Box Set ) ( album liner notes archived online ) ( Media notes ) . New York City , NY : Columbia Records . 1991 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago - Chart history Hot 100 Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHICAGO full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard. 98 ( 41 ) . October 11 , 1986 . p. 80 ( Scroll to page , see No. 48 on Hot 100 Singles chart . ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Why We Follow The Charts - Second Helping of Seconds '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Popoff , Martin ( 2010 ) . Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948 - 1991 . Krause Publications . p. 240 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 1621 - 5 . Jump up ^ Durchholz , Daniel ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago delivers a satisfying career retrospective but pulls a political punch '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Groller , Keith ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : Chicago shows it 's a hard habit to break with a night filled with hits '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Robert ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago feeling 50 years young '' . New Jersey Herald . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maloni , Joshua ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` Who needs Chicago ? Peter Cetera proves his worth at Fallsview '' . www.wnypapers.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varias , Chris ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Cetera : All roads lead away from Chicago '' . Cincinnati.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MURUGAPPAN , REVATHI ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` At 72 , Peter Cetera Still Commands The Crowd '' . Star2.com . Star Media Group Berhad . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onesti , Ron ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago , Cheap Trick bring rock pride to Illinois '' . Daily Herald . Arlington Heights , Illinois , USA : Paddock Publications . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lamm , Robert ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Chicago Comes to Agganis '' . BU Today ( Interview ) . Interview with Devon Maloney . Boston University . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . It 's a reference to time . It 's a song about writing the song , and I looked at my watch while I was writing and it was 25 minutes to four in the morning , or maybe 26 . Jump up ^ History of Chicago ( television documentary ) . CNN . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ' 25 or 6 to 4 ' indicates the time in the morning , 25 minutes to 4 a.m. ^ Jump up to : `` What does the Chicago lyric `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' mean ? `` . The Straight Dope . October 18 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leo , Christie ( 1986 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Singapore Bans Fogerty LP '' . Billboard. 98 ( 52 ) . p. 87 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Censors Relax Ban on Some Beatles Hits '' . DeseretNews.com. 1993 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Ken ( 2002 ) . What to Listen For in Rock : A Stylistic Analysis . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09239 - 4 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` 11 Suspiciously Sound - Alike Songs '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hermann , Andy ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` You Still Ca n't Copyright a Riff -- and That 's a Good Thing '' . L.A. Weekly . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sledgehammer ' wins '' . Fort Lauderdale News . Fort Lauderdale , Florida , USA . February 28 , 1987 . p. 2A . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Hung , Steffen . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- 25 or 6 to 4 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 's Top 100 of 1970 '' . RPM. 1971 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1970 -- UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_torOTK5qc Jump up ^ `` Escape from Pain - Intruder Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Tom ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` The 25 Best Concerts in Phoenix in July 2016 : Chicago -- Wednesday , July 6 -- Celebrity Theatre '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ KAUFMAN , GIL ( October 1 , 1997 ) . `` Moog Cookbook 's Newest Mock Rock Recipe '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perusse , Bernard ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` Pacifika 's music hard to label '' . Regina Leader - Post . Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada : Postmedia News . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Neil plays Del Mar birthday bash '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Reno , Nevada , USA : Reno Newspapers , Inc . January 18 , 1996 . p. 15 , `` Best Bets '' section . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Porio , Anabelle ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` `` ZONKEY '' by Umphrey 's McGee `` . Entertainment Monthly . Boston , Massachusetts , USA : Emerson College . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soft Rock - Invention '' . Discogs . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ragogna , Mike ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` From Summer Horns to Napa Jazz : Conversations with Dave Koz and Brian Culbertson , Plus Toby Lightman 's `` Better '' Premiere `` . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chicago - Admin . `` Constantine Maroulis releases his version of Chicago classic : 25 Or 6 To 4 '' . Chicago -- The Band . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ KAUFMAN , GIL ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Finale : Lee DeWyze Upsets Crystal Bowersox '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coulton , Jonathan ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) . `` When I 'm 25 or 64 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rybka , Jason ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Band 3 Track List ( Xbox 360 , PS3 , Wii ) '' . Lifewire . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Millheim , Edwin ( October 2013 ) . `` Rocksmith 2014 Review '' . Impulse Gamer . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trunk , Eddie ( host ) ; Jamieson , Don ( host ) ; Florentine , Jim ( host ) ( June 1 , 2013 ) . `` Jason Newsted '' . That Metal Show . Season 12 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 21 : 00 . VH1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frost , Matt ( March 2015 ) . `` Paul Gilbert '' . Guitarist . No. 391 ( published February 6 , 2015 ) . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Chicago Robert Lamm Lee Loughnane James Pankow Walter Parazaider Tris Imboden Keith Howland Lou Pardini Walfredo Reyes Jr . Jeff Coffey Danny Seraphine Peter Cetera Terry Kath Laudir de Oliveira Donnie Dacus Chris Pinnick Bill Champlin Jason Scheff Dawayne Bailey Drew Hester Daniel de los Reyes Touring musicians Studio albums Chicago Transit Authority Chicago Chicago III Chicago V Chicago VI Chicago VII Chicago VIII Chicago X Chicago XI Hot Streets Chicago 13 Chicago XIV Chicago 16 Chicago 17 Chicago 18 Chicago 19 Twenty 1 Night & Day : Big Band Chicago XXV : The Christmas Album Chicago XXX Chicago XXXII : Stone of Sisyphus Chicago XXXIII : O Christmas Three Chicago XXXV : The Nashville Sessions Chicago XXXVI : Now Live albums Chicago at Carnegie Hall Live in Japan Chicago Transit Authority Live In Toronto Chicago XXVI : Live in Concert Chicago XXXIV : Live in ' 75 Chicago at Symphony Hall Compilations Chicago IX : Chicago 's Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume II If You Leave Me Now Take Me Back to Chicago Greatest Hits 1982 -- 1989 Group Portrait The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1997 The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1998 Volume II The Very Best of Chicago : Only the Beginning The Box Love Songs The Best of Chicago : 40th Anniversary Edition Related articles Discography Peter Cetera Tom Dowd Tim Feehan David Foster James William Guercio Electra Glide in Blue Phil Ramone Chicago singles discography singles 1960s and 1970s 1969 `` Questions 67 and 68 '' `` Beginnings '' 1970 `` Make Me Smile '' `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' 1971 `` Free '' `` Lowdown '' 1972 `` Saturday in the Park '' `` Dialogue ( Part I & II ) '' 1973 `` Feelin ' Stronger Every Day '' `` Just You ' N ' Me '' `` ( I 've Been ) Searchin ' So Long '' `` Call on Me '' `` Wishing You Were Here '' `` Harry Truman '' `` Old Days '' `` Brand New Love Affair '' 1976 `` Another Rainy Day in New York City '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' 1977 `` You Are on My Mind '' `` Baby , What a Big Surprise '' 1978 `` Little One '' `` Take Me Back to Chicago '' `` Alive Again '' `` No Tell Lover '' 1979 `` Gone Long Gone '' `` Must Have Been Crazy '' `` Street Player '' singles 1980s 1980 `` Thunder and Lightning '' `` Song for You '' 1982 `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' `` Love Me Tomorrow '' `` What You 're Missing '' 1984 `` Stay the Night '' `` Hard Habit to Break '' `` You 're the Inspiration '' 1985 `` Along Comes a Woman '' 1986 `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' ( re-recorded ) `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' `` If She Would Have Been Faithful ... '' `` Niagara Falls '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` Look Away '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` We Can Last Forever '' `` What Kind of Man Would I Be ? '' singles 1990s and 2000s `` Hearts in Trouble '' 1991 `` Chasin ' the Wind '' `` Explain It to My Heart '' `` You Come to My Senses '' 2008 `` Let 's Take a Lifetime '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25_or_6_to_4&oldid=807060344 '' Categories : Chicago ( band ) songs Songs written by Robert Lamm 1969 songs 1970 singles 1986 singles Songs about music Song recordings produced by James William Guercio Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 17 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who played lead guitar on 25 or 6 to 4


List of earthquakes in Iran - wikipedia List of earthquakes in Iran Jump to : navigation , search Earthquakes in Iran from 1990 -- 2006 , by United States Geological Survey Iran is one of the most seismically active countries in the world , being crossed by several major faults that cover at least 90 % of the country . As a result , earthquakes in Iran occur often and are destructive . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology and history 2 Earthquakes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geology and history ( edit ) The Iranian plateau is subject to most types of tectonic activity , including active folding , faulting and volcanic eruptions . It is well known for its long history of disastrous earthquake activity . Not only have these earthquakes killed thousands , but they have also led to waste of valuable natural resources . Since 1900 , at least 126,000 fatalities have resulted from earthquakes in Iran . Earthquakes ( edit ) Date Province Mag . MMI Deaths Injuries Total damage / notes 2017 - 12 - 20 Tehran 5.2 M VI 97 4.0 M aftershock on December 26 ( 1 dead , 75 injured ) . 2017 - 11 - 12 Kermanshah 7.3 M VIII 630 8,435 2017 - 05 - 13 North Khorasan 5.6 M VII 370 2017 - 04 - 05 Khorasan - e Razavi 6.1 M VII 34 2017 - 01 - 06 Fars 5.0 M VI 5 2014 - 08 - 18 Ilam 6.2 M VIII 60 -- 330 2013 - 11 - 28 Bushehr 5.6 M VII 7 45 2013 - 04 - 13 Sistan and Baluchestan 7.7 M VII 35 117 2013 - 04 - 09 Bushehr 6.3 M 37 850 2012 - 08 - 11 East Azerbaijan 6.4 M VIII 306 3,037 Doublet 2012 - 08 - 11 East Azerbaijan 6.3 M Doublet 2011 - 06 - 15 Kerman 5.3 2010 - 12 - 20 Kerman 6.5 M IX 11 100 2010 - 08 - 27 Semnan 5.8 M VII 40 800 displaced 2008 - 09 - 10 Qeshm 5.9 M 7 45 2006 - 03 - 31 Lorestan 6.1 M VIII 63 -- 70 + 1,246 -- 1,418 2005 - 11 - 27 Qeshm 5.8 M VII 13 100 2005 - 02 - 22 Kerman 6.4 M VIII 612 1,411 2004 - 05 - 28 Māzandarān 6.3 M VIII 35 278 -- 400 $15.4 million 2003 - 12 - 22 Kerman 6.6 M IX 26,271 -- 43,200 22,628 -- 30,000 45,000 -- 75,600 displaced 2002 - 06 - 22 Qazvin 6.3 M VIII 261 1,500 1998 - 03 - 14 Kerman 6.6 M VIII 5 50 Berberian 2014 , p. 617 1997 - 05 - 10 South Khorasan 7.3 M X 1,567 2,300 1997 - 02 - 29 Ardabil 6.1 M VIII 1,100 2,600 1990 - 06 - 20 Gilan 7.4 M X 35,000 -- 50,000 60,000 -- 105,000 1981 - 07 - 28 Kerman 7.1 M IX 1,500 1,000 1981 - 06 - 11 Kerman 6.6 M VIII+ 1,400 -- 3,000 many 1978 - 09 - 16 South Khorasan 7.4 M IX 15,000 -- 25,000 1972 - 04 - 10 Fars 6.7 M IX 5,374 1,710 1968 - 08 - 31 South Khorasan 7.4 M X 15,000 1968 - 09 - 01 South Khorasan 6.4 M 900 1965 - 02 - 10 East Azerbaijan 5.1 20 1962 - 09 - 01 Qazvin 7.1 M IX 12,225 2,776 1960 - 04 - 24 Fars 6.0 M 420 NGDC 1958 - 08 - 16 Hamadan 6.7 M 132 NGDC 1957 - 12 - 13 Kermanshah 7.1 1,130 1957 - 07 - 02 Māzandarān 7.1 1,200 1953 - 02 - 12 Semnan 6.6 M VIII 800 -- 973 140 1947 - 08 - 05 South Khorasan 7.3 500 1932 - 05 - 20 Māzandarān 5.4 M VIII 1,070 NGDC 1930 - 05 - 06 West Azerbaijan 7.1 M IX 1,360 -- 3,000 1929 - 05 - 01 Khorasan - e Razavi 7.2 M IX 3,257 -- 3,800 1,121 1923 - 05 - 23 Khorasan - e Razavi 5.7 2,200 1909 - 01 - 23 Lorestan 7.3 M IX 6,000 -- 8,000 1895 - 01 - 17 Khorasan - e Razavi 6.8 M VIII 1,000 -- 11,000 1893 - 11 - 17 Khorasan - e Razavi 6.6 M X 18,000 1864 - 01 - 17 Kerman VIII Many NGDC 1853 - 05 - 05 Fars IX 13,000 NGDC 1755 - 06 - 07 Isfahan 40,000 1727 - 11 - 18 East Azerbaijan VIII 77,000 1721 - 04 - 26 East Azerbaijan 7.7 M VIII -- X 8,000 -- 250,000 1679 - 06 - 04 Yerevan , Armenia 6.4 M IX -- X 7,600 Under Iranian rule at the time 1667 - 11 - 25 Shamakhi , Azerbaijan 6.9 M X 80,000 Under Iranian rule at the time 1042 - 08 - 21 East Azerbaijan 7.6 40,000 893 - 03 - 23 Ardabil 150,000 856 - 12 - 22 Semnan 7.9 M 200,000 Note : M = moment magnitude scale , M = surface wave magnitude , and M = unknown . The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes ' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles . The principles described also apply to lists . In summary , only damaging , injurious , or deadly events should be recorded . See also ( edit ) Environmental issues in Iran Iranian Earthquake Engineering Association ( IEEA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Earthquake Reconnaissance Report on the June 22 , 2002 Changureh ( Avaj ) , Iran Earthquake '' . International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. 2002 - 07 - 19 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Manuel Berberian. `` 100 years ; 126,000 deaths '' . The Iranian . ^ Jump up to : `` Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900 '' . United States Geological Survey . January 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Worldwide Earthquakes '' . United States Geological Survey . January 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Sources NGDC , Significant Earthquake Database , National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA , doi : 10.7289 / V5TD9V7K Berberian , M. ( 2014 ) , Earthquakes and Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau , Developments in Earth Surface Processes ( 1st ed . ) , Elsevier , ISBN 978 - 0444632920 External links ( edit ) Latest earthquakes in Iran and adjacent areas -- Iranian Seismological Center Earthquakes in Iran Historical 856 Damghan 893 Ardabil 1667 Shamakhi 1679 Yerevan 1721 Tabriz 1727 Tabriz 1893 Quchan 1895 Quchan Modern 1909 Borujerd 1929 Kopet Dag 1930 Salmas 1948 Ashgabat 1953 Torud 1962 Buin Zahra 1968 Dasht - e Bayaz and Ferdows 1972 Qir 1978 Tabas 1981 Golbaf 1981 Sirch 1990 Manjil -- Rudbar 1997 Ardabil 1997 Qayen 2002 Bou'in - Zahra 2003 Bam 2004 Baladeh 2005 Zarand 2005 Qeshm 2006 Borujerd 2008 Qeshm July 2010 Iran 2010 Damghan 2010 Hosseinabad 2012 East Azerbaijan 2012 Zohan 2013 Bushehr 2013 Saravan 2013 Borazjan 2014 Murmuri 2017 Kermanshah List of earthquakes in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran&oldid=817516263 '' Categories : Earthquakes in Iran Lists of earthquakes by country Iran history - related lists Lists of events in Iran Hidden categories : M mag M w M s ML M uk Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Hrvatski 日本 語 Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: when was the last time iran had an earthquake


EDF Energy - Wikipedia EDF Energy Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2010 ) EDF Energy plc Type Subsidiary Industry Energy Founded 2002 Headquarters London , England , UK Key people Simone Rossi ( CEO ) Products Gas Electricity Revenue £ 8,030 million GBP Number of employees 13,331 Parent Électricité de France Website www.edfenergy.com EDF Energy is an integrated energy company in the United Kingdom , with operations spanning electricity generation and the sale of gas and electricity to homes and businesses throughout the United Kingdom . It employs 13,331 people and handles 5.7 million customer accounts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 No Dash For Gas action 3 Electricity generation 3.1 Fossil fuel 3.2 Wind 3.3 Nuclear 3.4 Renewable energy 3.5 Carbon intensity 4 Sponsorship 5 Marketing 6 Distribution network operators 7 EDF Energy 's main locations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) EDF Energy Customers ( trading as EDF Energy ) is wholly owned by the French state - owned EDF ( Électricité de France ) and was formed in 2002 following the acquisition and mergers of SEEBOARD Plc ( formerly the South Eastern Electricity Board ) , London Electricity Plc ( formerly the London Electricity Board or LEB ) , SWEB Energy Plc ( formerly the South Western Electricity Board ) and two coal - fired power stations and a combined cycle gas turbine power station . In 2009 , EDF Energy took control of the UK nuclear generator , British Energy , buying share capital from the government . This made EDF Energy one of the UK 's largest generators , as well as the largest distribution network operator . The Development Branch of EDF Energy was formed in April 2004 , bringing together the separate infrastructure interests of what were LE Group , SEEBOARD and SWEB . The focus for the Branch is development activity through the participation in major new infrastructure projects , largely in the public sector through Public - private partnership ( PPP ) and Private Finance Initiative ( PFI ) type schemes . The Development Branch of EDF Energy was later dissolved in October 2006 . The electricity distribution ( or downstream ) networks formerly known as EDF Energy Networks were sold in Nov 2010 to Hong Kong - based Cheung Kong Group ( CKG ) , owned by billionaire Li Ka Shing . Later , EDF Energy Networks was renamed to UK Power Networks . In December 2014 , EDF sold three small UK - based wind farms with a combine capacity of 73 megawatts to the China General Nuclear Power Group for an estimated £ 100 million . In November 2017 , EDF Energy sold its majority stake in five wind farms across Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire for £ 98 million . No Dash for gas action ( edit ) In February 2013 EDF Energy sought an estimated £ 5 million in damages from environmental activists from the No Dash for Gas campaign who occupied the EDF - owned West Burton CCGT power station in October 2012 , and pleaded guilty to charges of aggravated trespass . It is unusual in the UK for companies to seek damages from protesters . Environmentalist George Monbiot , writing in the Guardian , said EDF was conducting a strategic lawsuit against public participation , `` part of a global strategy by corporations to stifle democracy '' , and predicted the `` disastrous unintended consequences of an attempt at censorship '' could result in the Streisand effect and be comparable to the McLibel case . The activists received support in the days since the case became public with over six thousand signatures on a supportive petition at Change.org within the first day , and over 64,000 by the time EDF dropped their lawsuit on 13 March 2013 , saying that this was `` a fair and reasonable solution '' after the protesters had `` agreed in principle to accept a permanent injunction which prevents them from entering multiple sites operated by EDF Energy '' . Electricity generation ( edit ) Fossil fuel ( edit ) Cottam Power Station EDF owns two 2,000 MW coal - fired power stations , Cottam and West Burton , both located near Retford in Nottinghamshire , giving EDF the highest coal - fired generational capacity of any energy company in the UK . It also owns the 790 MW Sutton Bridge CCGT power station , and constructed a new 1,311 MW CCGT station at West Burton , which opened in 2011 . Wind ( edit ) EDF also owns and operates 3 wind farms , at Kirkheaton in Northumberland and the High Hedley Hope wind farm near Tow Law in County Durham , and the Teesside Offshore Wind near Redcar , Teesside . Nuclear ( edit ) Following the acquisition of British Energy in 2009 , the EDF Energy portfolio includes eight nuclear power stations . They are seven AGR power stations ( Dungeness B ; Hinkley Point B ; Hunterston B ; Hartlepool ; Heysham 1 ; Heysham 2 & Torness ) and one PWR power station ( Sizewell B) and total nearly 9000MW of installed capacity . In 2007 EDF announced its intention to construct up to 4 new EPR reactors ; two at Hinkley Point C ( currently scheduled to start operation in 2025 ) and two at Sizewell C. EDF plans to build and operate the new plants through its subsidiary NNB Generation Company ( NNB GenCo ) . In August 2014 , the company announced it had shut down 4 of its 15 reactors for a period of eight weeks to investigate potential cracking in the boiler spine . In February 2016 , EDF announced that it would keep four of its UK nuclear plants open . Heysham 1 and Hartlepool will have their life extended by five years until 2024 , while Heysham 2 and Torness will see their closure dates pushed back by seven years to 2030 . Renewable Energy ( edit ) The Ecologist magazine reported that in 2004 EDF Energy spent virtually nothing on the construction of new renewable energy generation . On their website EDF reports that it is currently investing GBP 2 million in Marine Current Turbines , which use tidal power to generate electricity ; however , these turbines are still at the research and prototype phase and EDF expect them to be operational `` within the next five years '' dependent upon `` a successful pilot . '' EDF also has several ongoing renewable developments in windfarms . In 2007 EDF had an installed renewable energy generating capacity of 1.8 MW , representing 0.08 % of their total capacity of approximately 4,865 MW . In June 2008 EDF announced the formation of EDF Energy Renewables , a 50 : 50 joint venture with EDF Energies Nouvelles , with the stated intention of becoming a ' major force in the UK renewable energies market ' . In July 2009 , Ecotricity started legal proceedings against EDF Energy for the alleged misuse of the Green Union Flag logo , used to promote the Team Green Britain campaign . In 2013 , the 62 MW offshore Teesside Wind Farm started operation . Carbon intensity ( edit ) Year Production ( TWh ) Emission ( Gt CO ) kg CO / MWh 2002 20 15.8 772 2003 23 17.5 776 25 20.5 812 2005 23 18.5 807 2006 25 20.8 818 2007 26 21.1 826 2008 27 21.9 805 2009 72 23.8 330 See also : List of European power companies by carbon intensity Sponsorship ( edit ) EDF Energy London Eye EDF Energy has sponsored several ITV shows , including Soapstar Superstar and City Lights . It also sponsored coverage of the 2006 World Cup in Germany ( shared with Budweiser ) and coverage of the 2007 Rugby World Cup ( shared with Peugeot ) Since 2005 , EDF Energy has been the main sponsor of the EDF Energy Cup -- the Rugby Union domestic cup for the 12 English Premiership clubs and the 4 Welsh regions -- also known as the Anglo - Welsh Cup . In July 2007 EDF Energy was confirmed as another Level One sponsor for London 2012 with exclusive branding rights and Olympic team sponsorship for the 2008 , 2010 and 2012 games as well as being the official energy provider . In August 2008 EDF Energy formed a partnership with The British Red Cross to help vulnerable people to get support during power failures . In January 2011 EDF Energy took over sponsorship from British Airways of the London Eye , on a 3 - year deal renaming the London Eye as the EDF Energy London Eye . Marketing ( edit ) On 4 January 2008 EDF Energy began advertising on the television through ITV , Channel 4 , Channel 5 and various Satellite channels . EDF Energy are using `` It 's not easy being green '' as their slogan to target a new greener eco-friendly image . In 2009 , with Euro RSCG London , EDF Energy created the Team Green Britain campaign , in which Olympic athletes encouraged Britons to be more environmentally aware . On 2 April 2012 , EDF Energy launched an advert including their new mascot Zingy . Distribution network operators ( edit ) EDF Energy is an energy supplier for homes across the country . They do not however manage the network of towers and cables that distributes electricity - these are maintained by distribution network operators ( DNOs ) which vary from region to region . If , for instance , there is a power outage it is necessary to contact the appropriate DNO rather than the energy supplier . See entry on distribution network operator for a full list . EDF Energy 's main locations ( edit ) EDF Energy 's main offices are located in London , Exeter , Crawley and Barnwood . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Nuclear technology portal Renewable energy portal Energy policy of the United Kingdom Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom Green electricity in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.edf.fr/sites/default/files/contrib/groupe-edf/espaces-dedies/espace-finance-fr/informations-financieres/informations-reglementees/document-de-reference/edf-ddr_2016-en.pdf Jump up ^ `` EDF Group 2007 Annual Report , PDF page 72 '' ( PDF ) . EDF Group . ^ Jump up to : `` About British Energy '' . British Energy . Jump up ^ `` Shareholder Information '' . EDF Energy . Jump up ^ `` China 's CGN to buy three small UK wind farms from EDF '' ( Press release ) . Reuters. 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EDF sells majority stake in five UK wind farms '' . businessgreen.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Garvin , Daniel ( 21 February 2013 ) . `` How to occupy a power station : exclusive footage of No Dash For Gas as they prepare to shut down the West Burton plant -- video '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Environmental activists No Dash For Gas occupied two 300ft chimneys at the EDF - owned gas - fired power station in West Burton , Nottinghamshire , in November 2012 . Exclusive footage shows the group 's meticulous preparation for the action . They closed the facility for eight days -- the longest occupation of a power plant in the UK . Protesters reject government plans to invest heavily in new gas power stations and instead call for massive investment in renewables Jump up ^ `` Press release : EDF suing climate activists for £ 5 million - protesters face losing homes '' . No Dash for Gas . 20 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Following the week - long shut - down and occupation of EDF 's West Burton gas - fired power station last October by campaign group ' No Dash for Gas ' , EDF has launched a civil claim for damages against the group and associated activists for costs the company claims to have incurred -- a figure it puts at £ 5 million Jump up ^ Ball , James ( 20 February 2013 ) . `` Activists claim police siding with power company EDF in lawsuit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . The action includes an injunction barring those named from the site , but -- in an unusual move in the UK -- also has a provision to recover damages , interest , and court costs from the activists ... John Sauven , the executive director of Greenpeace ... `` EDF 's lawsuit represents the opening of a new front against peaceful protest '' Jump up ^ Monbiot , George ( 25 February 2013 ) . `` Will EDF become the Barbra Streisand of climate protest ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . The energy giant is part of a global strategy by corporations to stifle democracy ... The Streisand effect , in other words , is blowback : disastrous unintended consequences of an attempt at censorship ... The best - known example is Britain 's famous McLibel case , in which McDonald 's tried to sue two penniless activists ... EDF might find itself in similar trouble . Jump up ^ Read , Simon ( 14 March 2013 ) . `` Energy giant EDF drops lawsuit against climate change protesters after backlash '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Campaigners claimed the climb down as a major victory after a backlash in which hundreds of customers deserted the company and 64,000 people signed an online petition . Jump up ^ Ball , James ( 13 March 2013 ) . `` EDF drops lawsuit against environmental activists after backlash '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Generating energy '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ - Department of Energy and Climate Change ' Digest of UK energy statistics ' ( DUKES ) Archived 28 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Generating energy '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ West Burton Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Station , EDF Web Site Jump up ^ `` Generating energy '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EDF Group 2007 Annual Report , PDF page 74 '' ( PDF ) . EDF Group . Jump up ^ Point , Hinkley ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Press release : Agreements in place for construction of Hinkley Point C nuclear power station '' . EDF Energy . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Defect in UK nuclear plant boiler leads EDF Energy to shut four reactors '' . Business Sun . 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EDF to keep four UK nuclear plants open for years longer - BBC News '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Green Electricity ... Are you being conned '' . The Ecologist. 1 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` EDF Energy powers Marine Current Turbine 's First Commercial Prototype '' . EDF Website. 3 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` EDF Renewables Generation & Development '' . Performance Report 2005 . Jump up ^ `` EDF Group 2007 Annual Report , PDF page 75 '' ( PDF ) . EDF Group . Jump up ^ `` EDF Energies Nouvelles and EDF Energy to form joint venture in the United Kingdom '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Ecotricity threatens legal action against EDF in green Union flag row '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Lee ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` First power from EDF 's Teesside '' . Recharge . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News - British Red Cross '' . www.redcross.org.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ EDF Energy website , accessed 7 August 2012 Archived 11 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Save today , Save tomorrow , EDF Energy '' . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to save energy ? - Electricity and Gas Saving Tips '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The GB electricity distribution network '' . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) EDF Energy United Kingdom power companies Big Six suppliers British Gas EDF Energy E. ON UK Npower SSE Scottish Power Distribution companies Northern Powergrid SP Energy Networks Electricity North West Western Power Distribution Scottish and Southern Energy Power Distribution UK Power Networks Transmission companies National Grid Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission SP Transmission SGN Other suppliers The Co-operative Energy Ecotricity ESB International Extra Energy First Utility Good Energy Opus Energy Ovo Energy Telecom Plus Total Gas & Power Electricity generation in Greater London Companies and organisations Current EDF Energy Hardy Oil and Gas International Power Former The Energy Group Pre-nationalisation electric power companies London Electricity Board National Power Power stations Biomass Active Heathrow T2 Coal Closed Acton Lane Barking A , B + C Battersea Blackwall Point Brimsdown Brunswick Wharf Croydon A + B Deptford Fulham Greenwich Grosvenor Gallery Hackney Kingston Lots Road Neasden Stepney West Ham Woolwich Gas Active Barking Citigen Croydon Enfield Greenwich Taylors Lane Closed Bulls Bridge Future Barking Reach ( extension ) Incinerators / Waste Active Belvedere Crossness Edmonton SELCHP Closed Shoreditch Oil Active Greenwich ( co-fired ) Closed Bankside Belvedere Brunswick Wharf ( co-fired ) Lots Road Wind Active Dagenham Energy in the United Kingdom ( hide ) Companies Coal Anglo American Asia Energy BHP ENRC Glencore Rio Tinto UK Coal Oil and gas Integrated BP Royal Dutch Shell Exploration and production Afren BHP Cairn Energy Centrica Dana Petroleum Desire Petroleum Emerald Energy EnQuest Essar Energy Hardy Oil and Gas JKX Oil & Gas Melrose Resources Ophir Energy Perenco Premier Oil Regal Petroleum Rockhopper Exploration SOCO International Star Energy Tullow Oil Supply Greenergy Murco Petroleum Support Abbot Group AMEC Ensco Expro Hunting Petrofac Qserv Score Group Weir Group WesternGeco Wood Group Utilities Generation and supply Integrated Centrica EDF Energy E. ON UK RWE npower Scottish Power SSE Generation Drax Group Falck Renewables Horizon Nuclear Power International Power Vattenfall United Kingdom Vedanta Resources Supply The Co-operative Energy Ecotricity ESB International Extra Energy Firmus Energy First Utility Good Energy Green Energy LoCO2 Energy Opus Energy Ovo Energy Phoenix Natural Gas Telecom Plus Distribution Electricity Electricity North West Northern Powergrid SP Energy Networks SSE Power Distribution UK Power Networks Western Power Distribution Gas Firmus Energy National Grid Northern Gas Networks Phoenix Natural Gas SGN Wales & West Utilities Transmission Electricity National Grid Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission SP Energy Networks Gas National Grid Other Aggreko APX Group Aquamarine Power Ecogen EnServe Geothermal Engineering Hi - Gen Power Mark Group Wavegen Companies with headquarters and / or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in italics Ultimate parent company is not UK - based Integrated in the United States , no generation or supply activities in the UK Energy sources Coal Coal Authority Coal - fired power stations Coal mines Coal mining regions Confederation of UK Coal Producers Greenhouse gas emissions History Miners ' strike National Coal Board Open - pit coal mining Electricity Association of Electricity Producers BritNed East -- West Interconnector Energy switching services Economy 7 Economy 10 Electricity billing Green electricity Grid Trade Master Agreement HVDC Cross-Channel HVDC Moyle HVDC Norway -- UK Isle of Man to England Interconnector National Grid Control Reserve Service New Electricity Trading Arrangements Power stations Timeline of the electricity supply industry Nuclear Advanced gas - cooled reactor Franco -- British Nuclear Forum Magnox National Nuclear Laboratory Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Nuclear Liabilities Fund Nuclear power stations Office for Nuclear Regulation Sellafield United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Oil and gas BBL Pipeline Dash for Gas Forties pipeline system Fuel protests Gas infrastructure Greenhouse gas emissions Hydrocarbon Oil Duty Oil and Gas Authority National Transmission System Natural gas fields Natural gas - fired power stations North Sea oil Oil & Gas UK Oil fields Oil - fired power stations Oil infrastructure Oil refineries Petroleum revenue tax Renewables Biofuels Biodiesel Biofuel power stations National Non-Food Crops Centre Renewable Fuels Agency Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation Geothermal Geothermal power stations Hydroelectricity Hydroelectric power stations Severn Barrage Wave farms Solar power Wind power List of offshore wind farms List of onshore wind farms North Sea Offshore Grid Wind power in Scotland Government and regulation Organisations Carbon Trust Cenex Committee on Climate Change Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Department of Energy and Climate Change Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Energy Saving Trust Environment Agency Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Legislation and initiatives Carbon Emission Reduction Target Climate Change Act 2008 Climate Change Agreement Climate Change Levy Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Display Energy Certificate Energy Act 2013 Energy Performance Certificate Fossil Fuel Levy Low Carbon Building Programme National Industrial Symbiosis Programme Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation Planning Act 2008 Renewable Heat Incentive Renewables Obligation United Kingdom Climate Change Programme Non-governmental organisations Charities and pressure groups Ashden Award BioRegional Campaign against Climate Change Centre for Alternative Technology National Energy Action Stop Climate Chaos Tyndall Centre Industry bodies Combined Heat and Power Association Energy Institute Energy Networks Association Energy Retail Association Green Power Forum RenewableUK Utilities Intermediaries Association Research Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology Energy Technologies Institute Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research NaREC Oil Depletion Analysis Centre Sunbury Research Centre UK Energy Research Centre Energy conservation Association for the Conservation of Energy British Energy Efficiency Federation Close the Door campaign Code for Sustainable Homes Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme EcoHomes Energy efficiency in British housing Energy Saving Trust Energy Saving Trust Recommended Greenhouse gas emissions HTB National Home Energy Rating Category Nuclear power in the United Kingdom Energy in the United Kingdom Nuclear power Companies Current EDF Energy Magnox Ltd Rolls - Royce Sellafield Ltd Sheffield Forgemasters Urenco New build operators Horizon Nuclear Power NNB Generation Company NuGeneration Defunct British Energy British Nuclear Fuels British Nuclear Group Magnox Electric Nuclear Electric Scottish Nuclear Organisations Civil Nuclear Constabulary National Nuclear Laboratory Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Nuclear Industry Association Nuclear Institute Nuclear Liabilities Fund Office for Nuclear Regulation United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Reactors AGR Dungeness B Hartlepool Heysham 1 Heysham 2 Hinkley Point B Hunterston B Torness FBR ( closed ) Dounreay Magnox ( closed ) Berkeley Bradwell Calder Hall Chapelcross Dungeness A Hinkley Point A Hunterston A Oldbury Sizewell A Trawsfynydd Wylfa PWR Active Sizewell B Planned Hinkley Point C Moorside Non-reactor sites Capenhurst uranium enrichment Sellafield Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant Windscale fire Springfields ( fuel manufacture ) Winfrith ( research and development ) Anti-nuclear Cumbrians Opposed to a Radioactive Environment Energy Fair Stop Hinkley Other Franco - British Nuclear Forum Nuclear or Not ? Nuclear Power and the Environment Nuclear power in Scotland Sustainable Development Commission Tier 1 -- UK Nuclear Site Management & Licensing Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EDF_Energy&oldid=820666173 '' Categories : Utilities of the United Kingdom Power companies of the United Kingdom Nuclear power companies of the United Kingdom Energy in England Companies based in London Energy companies established in 2002 Non-renewable resource companies established in 2002 2002 establishments in the United Kingdom Électricité de France Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use British English from December 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: how many customers does edf have in the uk