History of manga - Wikipedia History of manga Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Anime and manga Anime ( show ) History Industry Original net animation Original video animation Fansub Fandub Companies Longest series Manga ( show ) History International market Mangaka ( list ) Dōjinshi Scanlation Publishers Best - selling series Longest series Alternative Demographic groups ( show ) Children Shōnen Shōjo Seinen Josei Genres ( show ) Harem Magical girl Mecha Yaoi Yuri Others People ( show ) Mitsuru Adachi Fujio Akatsuka George Akiyama Hideaki Anno Hideo Azuma Clamp Osamu Dezaki Hisashi Eguchi Tetsuo Hara Yukinobu Hoshino Ryoichi Ikegami Kunihiko Ikuhara Ken Ishikawa Shotaro Ishinomori Ikki Kajiwara Tomoharu Katsumata Yoshiaki Kawajiri Shōji Kawamori Rakuten Kitazawa Kazuo Koike Satoshi Kon Masami Kurumada Kōichi Mashimo Katsuji Matsumoto Leiji Matsumoto Hayao Miyazaki Shigeru Mizuki Hideko Mizuno Shinji Mizushima Daijiro Morohoshi Tadao Nagahama Go Nagai Shinji Nagashima Daisuke Nishio Eiichiro Oda Kyoko Okazaki Mamoru Oshii Rintaro Takao Saito Hiroshi Sasagawa Junichi Sato Sanpei Shirato Masamune Shirow Gisaburō Sugii Isao Takahata Osamu Tezuka Akira Toriyama Year 24 Group Tatsuo Yoshida Fandom ( show ) Conventions ( list ) Clubs Cosplay Anime music video Otaku Moe Yaoi fandom General ( show ) Omake Terminology Iconography Anime and Manga portal Chōjū - giga ( 12th century ) , traditionally attributed to a monk - artist Kakuyū ( Toba Sōjo ) Image of bathers from the Hokusai manga . The history of manga is said to originate from scrolls dating back to the 12th century , and it is believed they represent the basis for the right - to - left reading style . The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century . Manga is a Japanese term that can be translated as `` comic '' ; Historians and writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga . Their views differ in the relative importance they attribute to the role of cultural and historical events following World War II versus the role of pre-war , Meiji , and pre-Meiji Japanese culture and art . One view represented by other writers such as Frederik L. Schodt , Kinko Ito , and Adam L. Kern , stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions , including pre-war , Meiji , and pre-Meiji culture and art . The other view , emphasizes events occurring during and after the Allied occupation of Japan ( 1945 -- 1952 ) , and stresses that manga was strongly shaped by United States cultural influences , including US comics brought to Japan by the GIs and by images and themes from US television , film , and cartoons ( especially Disney ) . According to Sharon Kinsella , the booming Japanese publishing industry helped create a consumer - oriented society in which publishing giants like Kodansha could shape popular taste . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before World War II 2 After World War II 2.1 Shōjo manga 2.2 Shōjo manga and ladies ' Comics from 1975 to today 2.3 Shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga 2.3. 1 Sex and women 's roles in manga for males 2.4 Gekiga 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 5.1 Bibliography 6 External links Before World war II ( edit ) Manga is said to originate from scrolls dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries . During the Edo period ( 1603 - 1867 ) , another book of drawings , Toba Ehon , embedded the concept of manga . The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century with the publication of such works as Santō Kyōden 's picturebook Shiji no yukikai ( 1798 ) , and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa 's Manga hyakujo ( 1814 ) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books ( 1814 -- 1834 ) containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo - e artist Hokusai who lived from 1760 -- 1849 . Rakuten Kitazawa ( 1876 -- 1955 ) first used the word `` manga '' in the modern sense . Japanese wood block illustration from 19th century Writers stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions as central to the history of manga . They include Frederik L. Schodt , Kinko Ito , Adam L. Kern , and Eric Peter Nash . Schodt points to the existence in the 13th century of illustrated picture scrolls like Chōjū - jinbutsu - giga that told stories in sequential images with humor and wit . Schodt also stresses continuities of aesthetic style and vision between ukiyo - e and shunga woodblock prints and modern manga ( all three fulfill Eisner 's criteria for sequential art ) . While there are disputes over whether Chōjū - jinbutsu - giga or Shigisan - engi was the first manga , both scrolls date back to about the same time period . However others like Isao Takahata , Studio Ghibli co-founder and director , contends there is no linkage with the scrolls and modern manga . Schodt and Nash also see a particularly significant role for kamishibai , a form of street theater where itinerant artists displayed pictures in a light box while narrating the story to audiences in the street . Torrance has pointed to similarities between modern manga and the Osaka popular novel between the 1890s and 1940 , and argues that the development of widespread literacy in Meiji and post-Meiji Japan helped create audiences for stories told in words and pictures . Kinko Ito also roots manga historically in aesthetic continuity with pre-Meiji art , but she sees its post-WWII history as driven in part by consumer enthusiasm for the rich imagery and narrative of the newly developing manga tradition . Ito describes how this tradition has steadily produced new genres and markets , e.g. , for girls ' ( shōjo ) manga in the late 1960s and for Ladies Comics ( redisu ) in the 1980s . Hokusai Manga ( early 19th century ) Kern has suggested that kibyoshi , picture books from the late 18th century , may have been the world 's first comic books . These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous , satirical , and romantic themes . Although Kern does not believe that kibyoshi were a direct forerunner of manga , for Kern the existence of kibyoshi nonetheless points to a Japanese willingness to mix words and pictures in a popular story - telling medium . The first recorded use of the term `` manga '' to mean `` whimsical or impromptu pictures '' comes from this tradition in 1798 , which , Kern points out , predates Katsushika Hokusai 's better known Hokusai Manga usage by several decades . Similarly , Inoue sees manga as being a mixture of image - and word - centered elements , each pre-dating the Allied occupation of Japan . In his view , Japanese image - centered or `` pictocentric '' art ultimately derives from Japan 's long history of engagement with Chinese graphic art , whereas word - centered or `` logocentric '' art , like the novel , was stimulated by social and economic needs of Meiji and pre-war Japanese nationalism for a populace unified by a common written language . Both fuse in what Inoue sees as a symbiosis in manga . The roots of the wide - eyed look commonly associated with manga dates back to shōjo magazine illustrations during the late 19th to early 20th centuries . The most important illustrators associated with this style at the time were Yumeji Takehisa and particularly Jun'ichi Nakahara , who , influenced by his work as a doll creator , frequently drew female characters with big eyes in the early 20th century . This had a significant influence on early manga , particularly shōjo manga , evident in the work of influential manga artists such as Makoto Takahashi and Riyoko Ikeda . However , other writers such as Takashi Murakami have stressed events after WWII , but Murakami sees Japan 's surrender and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as having created long - lasting scars on the Japanese artistic psyche , which , in this view , lost its previously virile confidence in itself and sought solace in harmless and cute ( kawaii ) images . However , Takayumi Tatsumi sees a special role for a transpacific economic and cultural transnationalism that created a postmodern and shared international youth culture of cartooning , film , television , music , and related popular arts , which was , for Tatsumi the crucible in which modern manga have developed . For Murakami and Tatsumi , trans - nationalism ( or globalization ) refers specifically to the flow of cultural and subcultural material from one nation to another . In their usage , the term does not refer to international corporate expansion , nor to international tourism , nor to cross-border international personal friendships , but to ways in which artistic , aesthetic , and intellectual traditions influence each other across national boundaries . An example of cultural trans - nationalism is the creation of Star Wars films in the US , their transformation into manga by Japanese artists , and the marketing of Star Wars manga to the US . Another example is the transfer of hip - hop culture from the US to Japan . Wong also sees a major role for trans - nationalism in the recent history of manga . Thus , these scholars see the history of manga as involving historical continuities and discontinuities between the aesthetic and cultural past as it interacts with post-WWII innovation and trans - nationalism . After World war II ( edit ) After World War II , Japanese artists subsequently gave life to their own style during the occupation ( 1945 -- 1952 ) and post-occupation years ( 1952 - early 1960s ) , when a previously militaristic and ultranationalist Japan was rebuilding its political and economic infrastructure . Although Allied occupation censorship policies specifically prohibited art and writing that glorified war and Japanese militarism , those policies did not prevent the publication of other kinds of material , including manga . Furthermore , the 1947 Japanese Constitution ( Article 21 ) prohibited all forms of censorship . One result was the growth of artistic creativity in this period . In the forefront of this period are two manga series and characters that influenced much of the future history of manga . These are Osamu Tezuka 's Mighty Atom ( Astro Boy in the United States ; begun in 1951 ) and Machiko Hasegawa 's Sazae - san ( begun in 1946 ) . Astro Boy was both a superpowered robot and a naive little boy . Tezuka never explained why Astro Boy had such a highly developed social conscience nor what kind of robot programming could make him so deeply affiliative . Both seem innate to Astro Boy , and represent a Japanese sociality and community - oriented masculinity differing very much from the Emperor - worship and militaristic obedience enforced during the previous period of Japanese imperialism . Astro Boy quickly became ( and remains ) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere as an icon and hero of a new world of peace and the renunciation of war , as also seen in Article 9 of the Japanese constitution . Similar themes occur in Tezuka 's New World and Metropolis . By contrast , Sazae - san ( meaning `` Ms. Sazae '' ) was drawn starting in 1946 by Machiko Hasegawa , a young woman artist who made her heroine a stand - in for millions of Japanese men and especially women rendered homeless by the war . Sazae - san does not face an easy or simple life , but , like Astro Boy , she too is highly affiliative and is deeply involved with her immediate and extended family . She is also a very strong character , in striking contrast to the officially sanctioned Neo-Confucianist principles of feminine meekness and obedience to the `` good wife , wise mother '' ( ryōsai kenbo , りょう さいけん ぼ ; 良妻 賢母 ) ideal taught by the previous military regime . Sazae - san faces the world with cheerful resilience , what Hayao Kawai calls a `` woman of endurance . '' Sazae - san sold more than 62 million copies over the next half century . Tezuka and Hasegawa were also both stylistic innovators . In Tezuka 's `` cinematographic '' technique , the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close - up shots . More critically , Tezuka synchronised the placement of panel with the reader 's viewing speed to simulate moving pictures . Hence in manga production as in film production , the person who decides the allocation of panels ( Komawari ) is credited as the author while most drawing are done by assistants . This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists . Hasegawa 's focus on daily life and on women 's experience also came to characterize later shōjo manga . Between 1950 and 1969 , increasingly large audiences for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres , shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls . Up to 1969 , shōjo manga was drawn primarily by adult men for young female readers . Two very popular and influential male - authored manga for girls from this period were Tezuka 's 1953 - 1956 Ribon no Kishi ( Princess Knight or Knight in Ribbons ) and Mitsuteru Yokoyama 1966 Mahōtsukai Sarii ( Little Witch Sally ) . Ribon no Kishi dealt with the adventures of Princess Sapphire of a fantasy kingdom who had been born with male and female souls , and whose sword - swinging battles and romances blurred the boundaries of otherwise rigid gender roles . Sarii , the pre-teen princess heroine of Mahōtsukai Sarii , came from her home in the magical lands to live on Earth , go to school , and perform a variety of magical good deeds for her friends and schoolmates . Yokoyama 's Mahōtsukai Sarii was influenced by the US TV sitcom Bewitched , but unlike Samantha , the main character of Bewitched , a married woman with her own daughter , Sarii is a pre-teenager who faces the problems of growing up and mastering the responsibilities of forthcoming adulthood . Mahōtsukai Sarii helped create the now very popular mahō shōjo or `` magical girl '' subgenre of later manga . Both series were and still are very popular . Shōjo manga ( edit ) In 1969 , a group of women manga artists later called the Year 24 Group ( also known as Magnificent 24s ) made their shōjo manga debut ( year 24 comes from the Japanese name for 1949 , when many of these artists were born ) . The group included Hagio Moto , Riyoko Ikeda , Yumiko Oshima , Keiko Takemiya , and Ryoko Yamagishi and they marked the first major entry of women artists into manga . Thereafter , shōjo manga would be drawn primarily by women artists for an audience of girls and young women . In 1971 , Ikeda began her immensely popular shōjo manga Berusaiyu no Bara ( The Rose of Versailles ) , a story of Oscar François de Jarjayes , a cross-dressing woman who was a Captain in Marie Antoinette 's Palace Guards in pre-Revolutionary France . In the end , Oscar dies as a revolutionary leading a charge of her troops against the Bastille . Likewise , Hagio Moto 's work challenged Neo-Confucianist limits on women 's roles and activities as in her 1975 They Were Eleven , a shōjo science fiction story about a young woman cadet in a future space academy . These women artists also created considerable stylistic innovations . In its focus on the heroine 's inner experiences and feelings , shōjo manga are `` picture poems '' with delicate and complex designs that often eliminate panel borders completely to create prolonged , non-narrative extensions of time . All of these innovations -- strong and independent female characters , intense emotionality , and complex design -- remain characteristic of shōjo manga up to the present day . Shōjo manga and Ladies ' Comics from 1975 to today ( edit ) In the following decades ( 1975 -- present ) , shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres . Major subgenres have included romance , superheroines , and `` Ladies Comics '' ( in Japanese , redisu レディース , redikomi レヂィーコミ , and josei 女性 じょせい ) , whose boundaries are sometimes indistinguishable from each other and from shōnen manga . In modern shōjo manga romance , love is a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of self - realization . Japanese manga / anime critic Eri Izawa defines romance as symbolizing `` the emotional , the grand , the epic ; the taste of heroism , fantastic adventure , and the melancholy ; passionate love , personal struggle , and eternal longing '' set into imaginative , individualistic , and passionate narrative frameworks . These romances are sometimes long narratives that can deal with distinguishing between false and true love , coping with sexual intercourse , and growing up in a complex world , themes inherited by subsequent animated versions of the story . These `` coming of age '' or Bildungsroman themes occur in both shōjo and shōnen manga . In the Bildungsroman , the protagonist must deal with adversity and conflict , and examples in shōjo manga of romantic conflict are common . They include Miwa Ueda 's Peach Girl , Fuyumi Soryo 's Mars , and , for mature readers , Moyoco Anno 's Happy Mania , Yayoi Ogawa 's Tramps Like Us , and Ai Yazawa 's Nana . In another shōjo manga Bildungsroman narrative device , the young heroine is transported to an alien place or time where she meets strangers and must survive on her own ( including Hagio Moto 's They Were Eleven , Kyoko Hikawa 's From Far Away , Yû Watase 's Fushigi Yûgi : The Mysterious Play , and Chiho Saito 's The World Exists For Me ) . Yet another such device involves meeting unusual or strange people and beings , for example , Natsuki Takaya 's Fruits Basket -- one of the most popular shōjo manga in the United States -- whose orphaned heroine Tohru must survive living in the woods in a house filled with people who can transform into the animals of the Chinese zodiac . In Harako Iida 's Crescent Moon , heroine Mahiru meets a group of supernatural beings , finally to discover that she herself too has a supernatural ancestry when she and a young tengu demon fall in love . With the superheroines , shōjo manga continued to break away from neo-Confucianist norms of female meekness and obedience . Naoko Takeuchi 's Sailor Moon ( Bishōjo Senshi Sēramūn : `` Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon '' ) is a sustained , 18 - volume narrative about a group of young heroines simultaneously heroic and introspective , active and emotional , dutiful and ambitious . The combination proved extremely successful , and Sailor Moon became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats . Another example is CLAMP 's Magic Knight Rayearth , whose three young heroines , Hikaru , Umi , and Fuu , are magically transported to the world of Cephiro to become armed magical warriors in the service of saving Cephiro from internal and external enemies . The superheroine subgenre also extensively developed the notion of teams ( sentai ) of girls working together , like the Sailor Senshi in Sailor Moon , the Magic Knights in Magic Knight Rayearth , and the Mew Mew girls from Mia Ikumi 's Tokyo Mew Mew . By today , the superheroine narrative template has been widely used and parodied within the shōjo manga tradition ( e.g. , Nao Yazawa 's Wedding Peach and Hyper Rune by Tamayo Akiyama ) and outside that tradition , e.g. , in bishōjo comedies like Kanan 's Galaxy Angel . In the mid-1980s and thereafter , as girls who had read shōjo manga as teenagers matured and entered the job market , shōjo manga elaborated subgenres directed at women in their 20s and 30s . This `` Ladies Comic '' or redisu - josei subgenre has dealt with themes of young adulthood : jobs , the emotions and problems of sexual intercourse , and friendships or love among women . Redisu manga retains many of the narrative stylistics of shōjo manga but has been drawn by and written for adult women . Redisu manga and art has been often , but not always , sexually explicit , but sexuality has characteristically been set into complex narratives of pleasure and erotic arousal combined with emotional risk . Examples include Ryō Ramiya 's Luminous Girls , Masako Watanabe 's Kinpeibai and the work of Shungicu Uchida Another subgenre of shōjo - redisu manga deals with emotional and sexual relationships among women ( akogare and yuri ) , in work by Erica Sakurazawa , Ebine Yamaji , and Chiho Saito . Other subgenres of shōjo - redisu manga have also developed , e.g. , fashion ( oshare ) manga , like Ai Yazawa 's Paradise Kiss and horror - vampire - gothic manga , like Matsuri Hino 's Vampire Knight , Kaori Yuki 's Cain Saga , and Mitsukazu Mihara 's DOLL , which interact with street fashions , costume play ( `` cosplay '' ) , J - Pop music , and goth subcultures in complex ways . By the start of the 21st century , manga for women and girls thus represented a broad spectrum of material for pre - and early teenagers to material for adult women . Shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga ( edit ) Manga for male readers can be characterized in different ways . One is by the age of its intended audience : boys up to 18 years old ( shōnen manga ) and young men 18 to 30 years old ( seinen manga ) . Another approach is by content , including action - adventure often involving male heroes , slapstick humor , themes of honor , and sometimes explicit sexuality . Japanese uses different kanji for two closely allied meanings of `` seinen '' -- 青年 for `` youth , young man '' and 成年 for `` adult , majority '' -- the second referring to sexually overt manga aimed at grown men and also called seijin ( `` adult , '' 成人 ) manga . Shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga share many features in common . Boys and young men were among the earliest readers of manga after World War II . From the 1950s on , shōnen manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypical boy : sci - tech subjects like robots and space travel , and heroic action - adventure . Shōnen and seinen manga narratives often portray challenges to the protagonist 's abilities , skills , and maturity , stressing self - perfection , austere self - discipline , sacrifice in the cause of duty , and honorable service to society , community , family , and friends . Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman , Batman , and Spider - Man did not become popular as a shōnen genre . An exception is Kia Asamiya 's Batman : Child of Dreams , released in the US by DC Comics and in Japan by Kodansha . However , lone heroes occur in Takao Saito 's Golgo 13 and Koike and Kojima 's Lone Wolf and Cub . Golgo 13 is about an assassin who puts his skills to the service of world peace and other social goals , and Ogami Itto , the swordsman - hero of Lone Wolf and Cub , is a widower caring for his son Daigoro while he seeks vengeance against his wife 's murderers . However , Golgo and Itto remain men throughout and neither hero ever displays superpowers . Instead , these stories `` journey into the hearts and minds of men '' by remaining on the plane of human psychology and motivation . Many shōnen manga have science fiction and technology themes . Early examples in the robot subgenre included Tezuka 's Astro Boy ( see above ) and Fujiko F. Fujio 's 1969 Doraemon , about a robot cat and the boy he lives with , which was aimed at younger boys . The robot theme evolved extensively , from Mitsuteru Yokoyama 's 1956 Tetsujin 28 - go to later , more complex stories where the protagonist must not only defeat enemies , but learn to master himself and cooperate with the mecha he controls . Thus , in Neon Genesis Evangelion by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto , Shinji struggles against the enemy and against his father , and in Vision of Escaflowne by Katsu Aki , Van not only makes war against Dornkirk 's empire but must deal with his complex feelings for Hitomi , the heroine . Sports themes are also popular in manga for male readers . These stories stress self - discipline , depicting not only the excitement of sports competition but also character traits the hero needs to transcend his limitations and to triumph . Examples include boxing ( Tetsuya Chiba 's 1968 - 1973 Tomorrow 's Joe and Rumiko Takahashi 's 1987 One - Pound Gospel ) and basketball ( Takehiko Inoue 's 1990 Slam Dunk ) . Supernatural settings have been another source of action - adventure plots in shõnen and some shõjo manga in which the hero must master challenges . Sometimes the protagonist fails , as in Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata 's Death Note , where protagonist Light Yagami receives a notebook from a Death God ( shinigami ) that kills anyone whose name is written in it , and , in a shōjo manga example , Hakase Mizuki 's The Demon Ororon , whose protagonist abandons his demonic kingship of Hell to live and die on earth . Sometimes the protagonist himself is supernatural , like Kohta Hirano 's Hellsing , whose vampire hero Alucard battles reborn Nazis hellbent on conquering England , but the hero may also be ( or was ) human , battling an ever - escalating series of supernatural enemies ( Hiromu Arakawa 's Fullmetal Alchemist , Nobuyuki Anzai 's Flame of Recca , and Tite Kubo 's Bleach ) . Military action - adventure stories set in the modern world , for example , about WWII , remained under suspicion of glorifying Japan 's Imperial history and have not become a significant part of the shōnen manga repertoire . Nonetheless , stories about fantasy or historical military adventure were not stigmatized , and manga about heroic warriors and martial artists have been extremely popular . Some are serious dramas , like Sanpei Shirato 's The Legend of Kamui and Rurouni Kenshin by Nobuhiro Watsuki , but others contain strongly humorous elements , like Akira Toriyama 's Dragon Ball . Although stories about modern war and its weapons do exist , they deal as much or more with the psychological and moral problems of war as they do with sheer shoot - ' em - up adventure . Examples include Seiho Takizawa 's Who Fighter , a retelling of Joseph Conrad 's story Heart of Darkness about a renegade Japanese colonel set in WWII Burma , Kaiji Kawaguchi 's The Silent Service , about a Japanese nuclear submarine , and Motofumi Kobayashi 's Apocalypse Meow , about the Vietnam War told in talking animal format . Other battle and fight - oriented manga are complex stories of criminal and espionage conspiracies to be overcome by the protagonist , such as City Hunter by Hojo Tsukasa , Fist of the North Star by Tetsuo Hara , and in the shōjo manga From Eroica with Love by Yasuko Aoike , a long - running crime - espionage story combining adventure , action , and humor ( and another example of how these themes occur across genres ) . For manga critics Koji Aihara and Kentaro Takekuma , such battle stories endlessly repeat the same mindless themes of violence , which they sardonically label the `` Shonen Manga Plot Shish Kebob '' , where fights follow fights like meat skewered on a stick . Other commentators suggest that fight sequences and violence in comics serve as a social outlet for otherwise dangerous impulses . Shōnen manga and its extreme warriorship have been parodied , for example , in Mine Yoshizaki 's screwball comedy Sgt . Frog ( Keroro Gunso ) , about a platoon of slacker alien frogs who invade the Earth and end up free - loading off the Hinata family in Tokyo . Sex and women 's roles in manga for males ( edit ) In early shōnen manga , men and boys played all the major roles , with women and girls having only auxiliary places as sisters , mothers , and occasionally girlfriends . Of the nine cyborgs in Shotaro Ishinomori 's 1964 Cyborg 009 , only one is female , and she soon vanishes from the action . Some recent shōnen manga virtually omit women , e.g. , the martial arts story Baki the Grappler by Itagaki Keisuke and the supernatural fantasy Sand Land by Akira Toriyama . However , by the 1980s , girls and women began to play increasingly important roles in shōnen manga , for example , Toriyama 's 1980 Dr. Slump , whose main character is the mischievous and powerful girl robot Arale Norimaki . The role of girls and women in manga for male readers has evolved considerably since Arale . One class is the pretty girl ( bishōjo ) . Sometimes the woman is unattainable , but she is always an object of the hero 's emotional and sexual interest , like Belldandy from Oh My Goddess ! by Kōsuke Fujishima and Shao - lin from Guardian Angel Getten by Minene Sakurano . In other stories , the hero is surrounded by such girls and women , as in Negima by Ken Akamatsu and Hanaukyo Maid Team by Morishige . The male protagonist does not always succeed in forming a relationship with the woman , for example when Bright Honda and Aimi Komori fail to bond in Shadow Lady by Masakazu Katsura . In other cases , a successful couple 's sexual activities are depicted or implied , like Outlanders by Johji Manabe . In still other cases , the initially naive and immature hero grows up to become a man by learning how to deal and live with women emotionally and sexually , like Yota in Video Girl Ai by Masakazu Katsura , Train Man in Train Man : Densha Otoko by Hidenori Hara , and Makoto in Futari Ecchi by Katsu Aki . In poruno - and eromanga ( seijin manga ) , often called hentai manga in the US , a sexual relationship is taken for granted and depicted explicitly , as in work by Toshiki Yui and in Were - Slut by Jiro Chiba and Slut Girl by Isutoshi . The result is a range of depictions of boys and men from naive to very experienced sexually . Heavily armed female warriors ( sentō bishōjo ) represent another class of girls and women in manga for male readers . Some sentō bishōjo are battle cyborgs , like Alita from Battle Angel Alita by Yukito Kishiro , Motoko Kusanagi from Masamune Shirow 's Ghost in the Shell , and Chise from Shin Takahashi 's Saikano . Others are human , like Attim M - Zak from Hiroyuki Utatane 's Seraphic Feather , Johji Manabe 's Karula Olzen from Drakuun , and Alita Forland ( Falis ) from Sekihiko Inui 's Murder Princess . As of 2013 national censorship laws and local ordinances remain in Japan and the public response to the publication of manga with sexual content or the depiction of nudity has been mixed . Series have an audience and sell well but their publication also encounters opposition . In the early 1990s the opposition resulted in the creation of Harmful manga lists and a shift in the publishing industry . By this time large publishers had created a general manga demand but the corollary is that they were also susceptible to public opinion in their markets . Faced with criticism from certain segments of the population and under pressure from industry groups to self - regulate , major publishing houses discontinued series , such as Angel and 1 + 2 = Paradise , while smaller publication companies , not as susceptible to these forces , were able to fill the void . With the relaxation of censorship in Japan after the early 1990s , a wide variety of explicitly drawn sexual themes appeared in manga intended for male readers that correspondingly occur in English translations . These depictions range from mild partial nudity through implied and explicit sexual intercourse through bondage and sadomasochism ( SM ) , zoophilia ( bestiality ) , incest , and rape . In some cases , rape and lust murder themes came to the forefront , as in Urotsukidoji by Toshio Maeda and Blue Catalyst from 1994 by Kei Taniguchi , but these extreme themes are not commonplace in either untranslated or translated manga . Gekiga ( edit ) Main article : Gekiga Gekiga literally means `` drama pictures '' and refers to a form of aesthetic realism in manga . Gekiga style drawing is emotionally dark , often starkly realistic , sometimes very violent , and focuses on the day - in , day - out grim realities of life , often drawn in gritty and unpretty fashions . Gekiga arose in the late 1950s and 1960s partly from left - wing student and working class political activism and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like Yoshihiro Tatsumi with existing manga . Examples include Sampei Shirato 's 1959 - 1962 Chronicles of a Ninja 's Military Accomplishments ( Ninja Bugeichō ) , the story of Kagemaru , the leader of a peasant rebellion in the 16th century , which dealt directly with oppression and class struggle , and Hiroshi Hirata 's Satsuma Gishiden , about uprisings against the Tokugawa shogunate . As the social protest of these early years waned , gekiga shifted in meaning towards socially conscious , mature drama and towards the avant - garde . Examples include Koike and Kojima 's Lone Wolf and Cub and Akira , an apocalyptic tale of motorcycle gangs , street war , and inexplicable transformations of the children of a future Tokyo . Another example is Osamu Tezuka 's 1976 manga MW , a bitter story of the aftermath of the storage and possibly deliberate release of poison gas by U.S. armed forces based in Okinawa years after World War II . Gekiga and the social consciousness it embodies remain alive in modern - day manga . An example is Ikebukuro West Gate Park from 2001 by Ira Ishida and Sena Aritou , a story of street thugs , rape , and vengeance set on the social margins of the wealthy Ikebukuro district of Tokyo . See also ( edit ) Book : Anime and Manga History of comics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This section draws primarily on the work of Frederik Schodt ( 1986 , 1996 , 2007 ) and of Paul Gravett ( 2004 ) . Time - lines for manga history are available in Mechademia , Gravett , and in articles by Go Tchiei 1998 . Jump up ^ Sarii is the Japanese spelling and pronunciation of the English - language name `` Sally . '' The word mahōtsukai literally means `` magic operator , '' someone who can use and control magic . It does not mean `` witch '' or `` magical girl '' ( which is mahō shōjo in Japanese ) , because tsukai is not a gendered word in Japanese . This use of an English - language name with a Japanese descriptive word is an example of transnationalism in Tatsumi 's sense . Jump up ^ `` The transformation into a superhero is in fact an allegory of becoming an adult . '' Jump up ^ In German , Bildung means `` education '' and Roman means `` novel , '' hence a Bildungsroman is a novel about the education of the protagonist in `` the ways of the world . '' Jump up ^ In another system of classification , shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga -- indeed , all genres of manga -- are defined by the intended audience or demographic of the magazine where the manga originally appeared , regardless of content of the specific manga . This magazine - of - origin system is used by the English - language Wikipedia in its Template : Infobox animanga when assigning demographic labels to manga . For a list of magazine demographics , see http://users.skynet.be/mangaguide/magazines.html , but note that that website does not use magazine audience or demographic for classifying manga , nor is this approach discussed by either Thompson ( 2007 ) or Brenner ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ The French Wikipedia manga article uses the terms seinen and seijin to denote manga for adult men . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ For multiple meanings of bishōjo , see Perper & Cornog ( 2002 ) , pp. 60 -- 63 . Jump up ^ For the sentō bishōjo , translated as `` battling beauty , '' see Kotani , Mari. 2006 . `` Metamorphosis of the Japanese girl : The girl , the hyper - girl , and the battling beauty . '' Mechademia : An Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and the Fan Arts , 1 : 162 - 170 . See also William O. Gardner . 2003 . Attack of the Phallic Girls : Review of Saitô Tamaki . Sentō bishōjo no seishin bunseki ( Fighting Beauties : A Psychoanalysis ) . Tokyo : Ôta Shuppan , 2000 . at http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/review_essays/gardner88.htm . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schodt ( 1986 ) ^ Jump up to : Ito , Kinko. 2004 . `` Growing up Japanese reading manga . '' International Journal of Comic Art , 6 : 392 - 401 . ^ Jump up to : Kern ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Kern ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Kinsella , Sharon 2000 . Adult Manga : Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society . Honolulu : University of Hawai'i Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2318 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kageyama , Y . `` A SHORT HISTORY OF JAPANESE MANGA '' . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Prohl & Nelson 2012 , p. 596 , McCarthy 2014 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Santō Kyōden 's picturebooks '' . Jump up ^ `` Shiji no yukikai ( Japanese National Diet Library ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Bouquillard & Marquet 2007 Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Hokusai '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Shimizu 1985 , pp. 53 -- 54 , 102 -- 103 ^ Jump up to : Schodt ( 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : Nash , Eric Peter . 2009 . Manga kamishibai : the art of Japanese paper theater . Abrams . ISBN 081095303X . Jump up ^ Eisner , Will . 1985 . Comics & Sequential Art . Tamarac , Fl : Poorhouse Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9614728 - 1 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Yomiuri Newspaper Discusses History 's First Manga '' . Yomiuri Shimbun . Anime News Network . 2008 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Torrance , Richard . 2005 . `` Literacy and literature in Osaka , 1890 - 1940 . '' Journal of Japanese Studies , 31 ( 1 ) : 27 - 60 . Web version : http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_japanese_studies/v031/31.1torrance.html Accessed 2007 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kern ( 2006 ) , pp. 139 - 144 , Fig . 3.3 Jump up ^ Inoue , Charles Shirō. 1996 . `` Pictocentrism -- China as a source of Japanese modernity . '' In Sumie Jones , editor . 1996 . Imaging / Reading Eros . Bloomington , IN : East Asian Studies Center , Indiana University . pp. 148 - 152 . ISBN 0 - 9653281 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=j1LLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 ^ Jump up to : Murakami , Takashi ( 2005 ) . Little Boy : the Arts of Japan 's Exploding Subculture . New York : Japan Society . ISBN 0 - 913304 - 57 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Tatsumi , Takayumi ( 2006 ) . Full Metal Apache : Transactions between Cyberpunk Japan and Avant - Pop America . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3774 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom Goes Manga '' . StarWars.com . January 5 , 2000 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Condry , Ian ( 2006 ) . Hip - Hop Japan : Rap and the Path of Cultural Globalization . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3892 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wong , Wendy Siuyi ( 2006 ) . `` Globalizing manga : From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond '' . Mechademia : an Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and the Fan Arts . 1 : 23 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : The Japanese constitution is in the Kodansha encyclopedia `` Japan : Profile of a Nation , Revised Edition '' ( 1999 , Tokyo : Kodansha ) on pp. 692 - 715 . Article 9 : page 695 ; article 21 : page 697 . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2384 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Schodt ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Gravett ( 2004 ) , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Uno , Kathleen S. 1993 . `` The death of ' Good Wife , Wise Mother ' . '' In : Andrew Gordon ( editor ) Postwar Japan as History . Berkeley , CA : University of California . pp. 293 - 322 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07475 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Ohinata , Masami 1995 `` The mystique of motherhood : A key to understanding social change and family problems in Japan . '' In : Kumiko Fujimura - Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda ( editors ) Japanese Women : New Feminist Perspectives on the Past , Present , and Future . New York : The Feminist Press at The City University of New York . pp. 199 - 211 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55861 - 094 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Yoshizumi , Kyoko 1995 `` Marriage and family : Past and present . '' In : Kumiko Fujimura - Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda ( editors ) Japanese Women : New Feminist Perspectives on the Past , Present , and Future . New York : The Feminist Press at The City University of New York . pp. 183 - 197 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55861 - 094 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , William ( 2000 ) . `` From Sazae - san to Crayon Shin - Chan . '' In : Timothy J. Craig ( editor ) Japan Pop ! : Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0561 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kawai , Hayao. 1996 . The Japanese Psyche : Major Motifs in the Fairy Tales of Japan . Woodstock , CT : Spring Publications . Chapter 7 , pp. 125 - 142 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa , Machiko ; Schodt , Frederik L. ( 1997 ) . `` Forward '' . The Wonderful World of Sazae - San . Tokyo : Kodansha International ( JPN ) . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 2075 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Frank ( 1997 - 2003 ) . `` Hist 102 : History of Manga . '' http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html . AnimeInfo . Accessed on 2007 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Toku ( 2005 ) . See also http://www.csuchico.edu/pub/cs/spring_06/feature_03.html . Accessed 2007 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Thorn , Matt ( July -- September 2001 ) . `` Shôjo Manga -- Something for the Girls '' . The Japan Quarterly . 48 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Yoshida , Kaori ( 2002 ) . `` Evolution of Female Heroes : Carnival Mode of Gender Representation in Anime '' . Western Washington University . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Melissa ( June 27 , 2006 ) . `` Bewitched by Magical Girls '' . FPS Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gravett ( 2004 ) , pp. 78 -- 80 Jump up ^ Lent ( 2001 ) , pp. 9 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Tchiei , Goo ( 1998 ) . `` Shojo Manga : A Unique Genre '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Shamoon , Deborah. 2007 . `` Revolutionary romance : The Rose of Versailles and the transformation of shojo manga . '' Mechademia : An Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and Fan Arts . 2 : 3 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hagio Moto 1975 / 1996 `` They Were Eleven . '' In : Matt Thorn ( editor ) Four Shojo Stories . San Francisco : Viz Media . ISBN 1 - 56931 - 055 - 6 . Original story published 1975 ; US edition 1996 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1986 ) , p. 88 Jump up ^ McCloud , Scott . 1993 . Understanding Comics . New York : Paradox Press . pp. 77 - 82 . ^ Jump up to : Ōgi , Fusami 2004 . `` Female subjectivity and shōjo ( girls ) manga ( Japanese comics ) : shōjo in Ladies ' Comics and Young Ladies ' Comics . '' Journal of Popular Culture , 36 ( 4 ) : 780 - 803 . ^ Jump up to : Drazen , Patrick 2003 . Anime Explosion ! : the What ? Why ? & Wow ! of Japanese Animation . Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge . Jump up ^ Izawa , Eri 2000 . `` The romantic , passionate Japanese in anime : A look at the hidden Japanese soul . '' In : Timothy J. Craig ( editor ) Japan Pop ! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . pp. 138 - 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0561 - 0 . Accessed 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ From Graillat , Ludovic 2006 - 2007 `` America vs. Japan : the Influence of American Comics on Manga . '' Refractory : A Journal of Entertainment Media , volume 10 . Accessed 2007 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Moretti , Franco 1987 . The Way of the World : The Bildungsroman in European Culture . London : Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 298 - 4 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( 2007 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Peach Girl Vol. # 1 ( also w / box ) ( of 6 ) '' . Anime on DVD . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Peach Girl Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` MARS Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Mania Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Aoki , Deb . `` Nana by Ai Yazawa - Series Profile and Story Summary '' . About.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bertschy , Zac ( December 26 , 2005 ) . `` NANA G. novel 1 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Randall , Bill . `` Three By Moto Hagio '' . The Comics Journal . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ King , Patrick . `` From Far Away Vol. 2 '' . Anime Fringe . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The World Exists for Me Volume 2 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fruits Basket Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Manga Properties for Spring 2007 : Fruits Basket . '' ICv2 Guide to Manga , Number 45 , pp. 6 , 8 . Jump up ^ `` Crescent Moon Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Anne 2000 . `` Sailor Moon : Japanese superheroes for global girls . '' In : Timothy J. Craig ( editor ) Japan Pop ! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . pp. 259 - 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0561 - 0 . Jump up ^ Grigsby , Mary 1999 `` The social production of gender as reflected in two Japanese culture industry products : Sailormoon and Crayon Shinchan . '' In : John A. Lent , editor Themes and Issues in Asian Cartooning : Cute , Cheap , Mad , and Sexy . Bowling Green , OH : Bowling Green State University Popular Press . pp. 183 - 210 . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 780 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Magic Knight Rayearth I Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Poitras , Gilles 2001 . Anime Essentials : Everything a Fan Needs to Know . Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 53 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Mew Mew Volume 1 '' . Tokyopop . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Peach '' . Viz Media . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Liann ( November 20 , 2004 ) . `` RIGHT TURN ONLY ! ! Sugar Rush '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy Angel '' . Broccoli Books . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Ito , Kinko 2002 . `` The world of Japanese ' Ladies Comics ' : From romantic fantasy to lustful perversion . '' Journal of Popular Culture , 36 ( 1 ) : 68 - 85 . ^ Jump up to : Ito , Kinko 2003 . `` Japanese Ladies ' Comics as agents of socialization : The lessons they teach . '' International Journal of Comic Art , 5 ( 2 ) : 425 - 436 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gretchen 2002 . `` ' Ladies ' Comics ' : Japan 's not - so - underground market in pornography for women . '' U.S. - Japan Women 's Journal ( English Supplement ) , Number 22 , pp. 3 - 31 . Jump up ^ Shamoon , Deborah. 2004 . `` Office slut and rebel flowers : The pleasures of Japanese pornographic comics for women . '' In : Linda Williams ( editor ) Porn Studies . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . pp. 77 - 103 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , pp. 124 - 129 Jump up ^ Ryō Ramiya ( no date ) `` Luminous Girls . '' Tokyo : France Shoin Comic House . ISBN 4 - 8296 - 8201 - 9 . Jump up ^ Toku ( 2005 ) , p. 59 Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , pp. 173 - 177 Jump up ^ Bando , Kishiji ( no date ) `` Shoujo Yuri Manga Guide . '' Accessed 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Font , Dillon . `` Erica Sakurazawa 's Nothing But Loving You '' . Anime Fringe . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fan translations of Ebine Yamaji 's yuri mangas ( sic ) '' . The Gay Comics List . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Perper , Timothy & Martha Cornog 2006 . `` In the Sound of the Bells : Freedom and Revolution in Revolutionary Girl Utena . '' Mechademia : An Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and the Fan Arts , 1 : 183 - 186 . Jump up ^ Masanao , Amano 2004 . Manga Design . Koln , Germany : Taschen GMBH . pp. 526 - 529 . ISBN 3 - 8228 - 2591 - 3 . Jump up ^ Paradise Kiss : http://www.tokyopop.com/product/1044 Accessed 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Knight by Matsuri Hino '' . Shojo Beat . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cain by Kaori Yuki : http://www.shojobeat.com/manga/gc/bio.php Accessed 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ DOLL : http://www.tokyopop.com/shop/1277/DollSoftcover/1.html Accessed 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Shoichi Aoki. 2001 . Fruits . New York : Phaidon Press . ISBN 0 - 7148 - 4083 - 1 . Jump up ^ Winge , Theresa 2006 . `` Costuming the imagination : Origins of anime and manga cosplay . '' Mechademia : An Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and the Fan Arts , 1 : 65 - 76 . Jump up ^ Macias , Patrick , Evers , Izumi , and Nonaka , Kazumi ( illustrator ) . 2004. Japanese Schoolgirl Inferno : Tokyo Teen Fashion Subculture Handbook . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5690 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2007 ) , pp. xxiii - xxiv . See also the opening sections of Un poil de culture - Une introduction à l'animation japonaise. 11 / 07 / 2007 . http://www.metalchroniques.fr/guppy/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=437 Accessed 2007 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Brenner ( 2007 ) , pp. 31 -- 34 Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : Perper & Cornog ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : Schodt ( 1986 ) , pp. 68 -- 87 Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1986 ) , Chapter 3 Jump up ^ Gravett ( 2004 ) , pp. 52 -- 73 Jump up ^ Brenner ( 2007 ) , p. 31 Jump up ^ Golgo : http://www.viz.com/products/products.php?series_id=411 . review : http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/golgo-13-gn-4 . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ See http://www.darkhorse.com/reviews/archive.php?theid=215 for the quoted phrase . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1996 ) , pp. 216 -- 220 Jump up ^ Schodt , Frederik L. 1988 . Robots of the Imagination . In Inside the Robot Kingdom : Japan , Mechatronics , and the Coming Robotopia . Chapter 4 , pp. 73 - 90 . Tokyo : Kodansha International . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1986 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Masanao Amano , editor . 2004 . Manga Design . Köln : Taschen . pp. 92 - 95 . ISBN 3 - 8228 - 2591 - 3 . http://www.shonenjump.com/news/newsroom/dunk_sj.php ; http://comipress.com/article/2006/12/15/1160 . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Aihara & Takekuma ( 2002 ) , pp. 53 - 63 Jump up ^ Aihara & Takekuma ( 2002 ) , illustration on p. 59 Jump up ^ Berek - Lewis , Jason . July 13 , 2005 . Comics in an Age of Terror . http://www.brokenfrontier.com/columns/details.php?id=308 Accessed 2007 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sgt . Frog : http://www.tokyopop.com/product/1214/SgtFrog/2.html ; review : http://eyeonanime.co.uk/panda.php?mi=7&p=d&reviewid2=41 . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Guardian Angel Getten , by Sakurano Minene . Raijin Graphic Novels / Gutsoon ! Entertainment , Vols. 1 - 4 , 2003 - 2004 . Jump up ^ Negima , by Ken Akamatsu . Del Rey / Random House , Vols. 1 - 15 , 2004 - 2007 ; Hanaukyo Maid Team , by Morishige . Studio Ironcat , Vols. 1 - 3 , 2003 - 2004 . Jump up ^ Outlanders : http://www.angelfire.com/anime/mangatemple/outlanders.html . Jump up ^ Train Man : Densha Otoko , Hidenori Hara . Viz , Vols. 1 - 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Perper , Timothy and Martha Cornog. 2007 . `` The education of desire : Futari etchi and the globalization of sexual tolerance . '' Mechademia : An Annual Forum for Anime , Manga , and Fan Arts , 2 : 201 - 214 . Jump up ^ Toshiki Yui : http://lambiek.net/artists/y/yui_toshiki.htm ; http://www.yui-toshiki.com/shed/ . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Slut Girl , by Isutoshi . Eros Comix , Nos. 1 - 6 , 2000 ; http://www.fantagraphics.com/cart/showcat.cgi?Category=Comics+Erotica&SubCategory=Mangerotica&PageNo=10 ; Were - Slut , by Jiro Chiba . Eros Comix , Nos. 1 - 8 , 2001 - 2002 ; http://www.fantagraphics.com/cart/showcat.cgi?Category=Comics+Erotica&SubCategory=Mangerotica&PageNo=12 . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Drakuun : https://web.archive.org/web/20080206232322/http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Towers/9607/manabe/drakuunindex.html . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Osamu ( April 5 , 2002 ) ( first published March 30 , 1995 ) . 戦後 マンガ 50 年史 ( 50 Years of Post-War Manga ) ( in Japanese ) ( 5th ed . ) . Tokyo : Chikuma Shobo . pp. 174 , 181ff . ISBN 978 - 4480052018 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perper , Timothy and Martha Cornog 2003 `` Sex , love , and women in Japanese comics . '' In Robert T. Francoeur and Raymond Noonan , editors . The Comprehensive International Encyclopedia of Sexuality . New York : Continuum . pages 663 - 671 . Section 8D in http://kinseyinstitute.org/ccies/jp.php . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan . 1998 . `` ' Tits and Tentacles ' : Sex , Horror , and the Overfiend . '' In McCarthy , Helen & Jonathan Clements. 1998 . The Erotic Anime Movie Guide . Chapter 4 , pp. 58 - 81 . Jump up ^ Taniguchi , Kei. 1994 . `` Blue Catalyst . '' San Antonio , TX : Emblem ( Antarctic Press ) , Numbers 6 - 8 . Jump up ^ Smith , Toren. 1991 . `` Miso Horny : Sex in Japanese Comics . '' The Comics Journal , No. 143 , pp. 111 - 115 . ^ Jump up to : Schodt ( 1986 ) , pp. 68 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : Gravett ( 2004 ) , pp. 38 -- 42 Jump up ^ Gravett , Paul . `` Gekiga : The Flipside of Manga '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Isao ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Isao ( 2001 ) , pp. 147 -- 149 ^ Jump up to : Nunez , Irma ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` Alternative Comics Heroes : Tracing the Genealogy of Gekiga . '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1986 ) , pp. 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Hirata : http://www.darkhorse.com/search/search.php?frompage=userinput&sstring=Hirata&x=11&y=9 Accessed 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Takeo , Udagawa ( 2007 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Home Manga Zombie : Manga Zombie - Preface '' . Comi Press . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schodt ( 1986 ) , p. 72 Jump up ^ Flinn , Tom ( 2008 ) . `` MW '' . ICv2 ( 50 ) . pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Pfaender , Fabien . `` IWGP , t. 1 '' . planetebd.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aihara , 1Koji ; Takekuma , Kentaro ( 2002 ) ( 1990 ) . Even a Monkey Can Draw Manga . San Francisco , CA : Viz . ISBN 9781569318638 . Brenner , Robin E. ( 2007 ) . Understanding Manga and Anime . Westport , CT : Libraries Unlimited / Greenwood . ISBN 9781591583325 . Gravett , Paul ( 2004 ) . Manga : Sixty Years of Japanese Comics . New York , NY : Harper Design . ISBN 1 - 85669 - 391 - 0 . Isao , Shimizu ( 2001 ) . `` Red Comic Books : The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga '' . In Lent , John A. Illustrating Asia : Comics , Humor Magazines , and Picture Books . Honolulu , HI : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2471 - 6 . Kern , Adam ( 2006 ) . Manga from the Floating World : Comicbook Culture and the Kibyoshi of Edo Japan . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02266 - 1 . Kern , Adam , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Symposium : Kibyoshi : The World 's First Comicbook ? '' . International Journal of Comic Art . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 486 . Lent , John A. , ed. ( 2001 ) . `` Red Comic Books : The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga '' . Illustrating Asia : Comics , Humor Magazines , and Picture Books . Honolulu , HI : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2471 - 6 . Perper , Timothy ; Cornog , Martha ( 2002 ) . `` Eroticism for the masses : Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S. '' . Sexuality and Culture . 6 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 126 . doi : 10.1007 / s12119 - 002 - 1000 - 4 . Schodt , Frederik L. ( 1986 ) . Manga ! Manga ! The World of Japanese Comics . Tokyo : Kodansha . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87011 - 752 - 7 . Schodt , Frederik L. ( 1996 ) . Dreamland Japan : Writings on Modern Manga . Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880656 - 23 - 5 . Schodt , Frederik L. ( 2007 ) . The Astro Boy Essays : Osamu Tezuka , Mighty Atom , and the Manga / Anime Revolution . Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933330 - 54 - 9 . Thompson , Jason ( 2007 ) . Manga : The Complete Guide . Del Rey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 48590 - 8 . Toku , Masami , ed. ( 2005 ) . Shojo Manga : Girl Power ! . Chico , CA : Flume Press / California State University Press . ISBN 1 - 886226 - 10 - 5 . External links ( edit ) A History of Manga A complete Hokusai Book , Hokusai Manga Vol 12 in Touch & Turn format Junichi Nakahara from Shōjo Manga to Fashion ( 中原 淳一 ) Junichi Nakahara -- the godfather of manga ? Manga 's story starts with kamishibai ( hide ) Comics Glossary of comics terminology Formats Comic book Ashcan copy Minicomic Comic strip Comic strip formats Daily comic strip Lianhuanhua Sunday comics Sunday strip Topper Yonkoma Digital comics Mobile comic Webcomic Graphic novel Trade paperback Techniques Film comic Motion comic Photo comics Text comics Creators Artists cartoonists Female comics creators list By country American Australian Canadian Cuban Japanese ( Manga ) History Years in comics American ( Ages : Golden Age Silver Age Bronze Age Modern Age Events ) Japanese ( Manga ) Webcomics Genres Abstract Adult Alternative Autobiographical Celebrity comics Crime Erotic Fantasy ( list ) Horror Romance ( list ) Science fiction Superhero Teen humor Tijuana Bible Underground War Western Tropes Antihero Funny animal Superhero Supervillain Masking Rogue Widescreen comics By country Africa South Africa Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Quebec Mexico United States ( list ) Asia China and Taiwan ( list ) Hong Kong India ( list ) Japan ( lists ) Korea ( list ) Philippines Thailand Europe Czech Republic France and Belgium ( list ) Belgium Germany Hungary Italy ( list ) Netherlands Poland Portugal Serbia Spain ( list ) United Kingdom Wales Oceania Australia Lists By type Comic books Comic strips Webcomics By source Based on fiction Based on films Based on video games Based on television programs Other lists Comic books on CD / DVD Comics and comic strips made into feature films Comics solicited but never published Publishing companies Dystopian comics Furry comics Feminist comic books Limited series Wrestling - based comic books Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_manga&oldid=807351549 '' Categories : Manga History of comics Cultural history of Japan Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Galego Հայերեն Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Русский Tagalog Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 12 : 16 . 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Question: what was the first form of manga in japan


Peach - wikipedia Peach Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the tree and its fruit . For other uses , see Peach ( disambiguation ) , Peaches ( disambiguation ) , and Peachtree ( disambiguation ) . Peach Peach flower , fruit , seed and leaves as illustrated by Otto Wilhelm Thomé ( 1885 ) . Autumn Red peaches , cross section Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Rosales Family : Rosaceae Genus : Prunus Subgenus : Prunus subg . Amygdalus Species : P. persica Binomial name Prunus persica ( L . ) Batsch 1801 not Stokes 1812 nor ( L . ) Siebold & Zucc. 1845 Synonyms Synonymy ( show ) Amygdalus persica L. 1753 Amygdalus persica var . aganonucipersica ( Schübl . & G. Martens ) T.T. Yu & L.T. Lu Amygdalus persica var . compressa ( Loudon ) T.T. Yu & L.T. Lu Amygdalus persica var . scleronucipersica ( Schübl . & G. Martens ) T.T. Yu & L.T. Lu Amygdalus persica var . scleropersica ( Rchb . ) T.T. Yu & L.T. Lu Persica platycarpa Decne . Persica vulgaris Mill . Persica vulgaris var . compressa Loudon Prunus daemonifuga H. Lév . & Vaniot Prunus persica ( L . ) Stokes Prunus persica ( L . ) Siebold & Zucc . Prunus persica f. aganonucipersica ( Schübl . & G. Martens ) Rehder Prunus persica var . compressa ( Loudon ) Bean Prunus persica var . lasiocalyx H. Lév . & Vaniot Prunus persica var . platycarpa ( Decne . ) L.H. Bailey Prunus persica subsp . platycarpa ( Decne . ) D. Rivera , Obón , S. Ríos , Selma , F. Mendez , Verde & F. Cano Prunus persica f. scleropersica ( Rchb . ) Voss Amygdalus nucipersica ( L . ) Rchb . Persica nucipersica ( L . ) Borkh . Amygdalus potanini ( Batalin ) T.T. Yu Persica potaninii ( Batalin ) Kovalev & Kostina The peach ( Prunus persica ) is a deciduous tree native to the region of Northwest China between the Tarim Basin and the north slopes of the Kunlun Mountains , where it was first domesticated and cultivated . It bears an edible juicy fruit called a peach or a nectarine . The specific epithet persica refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia ( modern - day Iran ) , whence it was transplanted to Europe . It belongs to the genus Prunus which includes the cherry , apricot , almond and plum , in the rose family . The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus Amygdalus , distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell . Peaches and nectarines are the same species , even though they are regarded commercially as different fruits . In contrast to peaches , whose fruits present the characteristic fuzz on the skin , nectarines are characterized by the absence of fruit - skin trichomes ( fuzz-less fruit ) ; genetic studies suggest nectarines are produced due to a recessive allele , whereas peaches are produced from a dominant allele for fuzzy skin . China alone produced 58 % of the world 's total for peaches and nectarines in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Etymology 3 Fossil record 4 History 5 Cultivation 5.1 Cultivars 5.2 Nectarines 5.3 Peacherines 5.4 Flat peaches 5.5 Planting 5.6 Insects 5.7 Diseases 5.8 Storage 6 Production 7 Cultural significance 7.1 China 7.2 Japan 7.3 Korea 7.4 Vietnam 7.5 Europe 8 Nutrition and research 9 Gallery 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Description ( edit ) Peach flowers Prunus persica grows to 4 -- 10 m ( 13 -- 33 ft ) tall and 6 in . in diameter . The leaves are lanceolate , 7 -- 16 cm ( 2.8 -- 6.3 in ) long , 2 -- 3 cm ( 0.79 -- 1.18 in ) broad , pinnately veined . The flowers are produced in early spring before the leaves ; they are solitary or paired , 2.5 -- 3 cm diameter , pink , with five petals . The fruit has yellow or whitish flesh , a delicate aroma , and a skin that is either velvety ( peaches ) or smooth ( nectarines ) in different cultivars . The flesh is very delicate and easily bruised in some cultivars , but is fairly firm in some commercial varieties , especially when green . The single , large seed is red - brown , oval shaped , approximately 1.3 -- 2 cm long , and is surrounded by a wood - like husk . Peaches , along with cherries , plums and apricots , are stone fruits ( drupes ) . There are various heirloom varieties , including the Indian Peach , or Indian Blood Peach , which arrives in the latter part of the summer , and can have color ranging from red and white , to purple . Cultivated peaches are divided into clingstones and freestones , depending on whether the flesh sticks to the stone or not ; both can have either white or yellow flesh . Peaches with white flesh typically are very sweet with little acidity , while yellow - fleshed peaches typically have an acidic tang coupled with sweetness , though this also varies greatly . Both colors often have some red on their skin . Low - acid white - fleshed peaches are the most popular kinds in China , Japan , and neighbouring Asian countries , while Europeans and North Americans have historically favoured the acidic , yellow - fleshed cultivars . Etymology ( edit ) The scientific name persica , along with the word `` peach '' itself and its cognates in many European languages , derives from an early European belief that peaches were native to Persia ( modern - day Iran ) . The Ancient Romans referred to the peach as malum persicum `` Persian apple '' , later becoming French pêche , hence the English `` peach '' . The scientific name , Prunus persica , literally means `` Persian plum '' , as it is closely related to the plum . Fossil record ( edit ) Fossil endocarps with characteristics indistinguishable from those of modern peaches have been recovered from late Pliocene deposits in Kunming , dating to 2.6 million years ago . In the absence of evidence that the plants were in other ways identical to the modern peach , the name Prunus kunmingensis has been assigned to these fossils . History ( edit ) Dried date , peach , apricot , and stones . From Lahun , Fayum , Egypt . Late Middle Kingdom . The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , London Although its botanical name Prunus persica refers to Persia ( present Iran ) from where it came to Europe , genetic studies suggest peaches originated in China , where they have been cultivated since the neolithic period . Until recently , it was believed that the cultivation started circa 2000 BC . More recent evidence indicates that domestication occurred as early as 6000 BC in Zhejiang Province of China . The oldest archaeological peach stones are from the Kuahuqiao site . Archaeologists point to the Yangtze River Valley as the place where the early selection for favorable peach varieties probably took place . Peaches were mentioned in Chinese writings and literature beginning from the early 1st millennium BC . An apparently domesticated peach appeared very early in Japan , in 6700 -- 6400 BP ( 4700 -- 4400 BC ) , during the Jōmon period . It was already similar to modern cultivated forms , where the peach stones are significantly larger and more compressed than earlier stones . This domesticated type of peach was apparently brought into Japan from China . Nevertheless , in China itself , this variety is currently attested only at a later date of ca . 5300 to 4300 BP . In India , the peach first appeared by circa 3700 BP ( 1700 BC ) , during the Harappan period . It is also found elsewhere in Western Asia in ancient times . Peach cultivation also went from China , through Persia , and reached Greece by 300 BC . It is often claimed that Alexander the Great introduced the fruit into Europe after he conquered the Persians , although there is no historical evidence for this belief . Peaches were , however , well known to the Romans in first century AD , and were cultivated widely in Emilia - Romagna . Peach trees are portrayed in the wall paintings of the towns destroyed by the Vesuvius eruption of 79 AD , while the oldest known artistic representations of the fruit are in the two fragments of wall paintings , dated back to the first century AD , in Herculaneum , now preserved in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples . The peach was brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers in the 16th century , and eventually made it to England and France in the 17th century , where it was a prized and expensive treat . The horticulturist George Minifie supposedly brought the first peaches from England to its North American colonies in the early 17th century , planting them at his Estate of Buckland in Virginia . Although Thomas Jefferson had peach trees at Monticello , American farmers did not begin commercial production until the 19th century in Maryland , Delaware , Georgia , South Carolina , and finally in Virginia . In April 2010 , an international consortium , the International Peach Genome Initiative ( IPGI ) , that include researchers from the United States , Italy , Chile , Spain , and France announced they had sequenced the peach tree genome ( doubled haploid Lovell ) . Recently , IPGI published the peach genome sequence and related analyses . The peach genome sequence is composed of 227 millions of nucleotides arranged in eight pseudomolecules representing the eight peach chromosomes ( 2n = 16 ) . In addition , a total of 27,852 protein - coding genes and 28,689 protein - coding transcripts were predicted . Particular emphasis in this study is reserved to the analysis of the genetic diversity in peach germplasm and how it was shaped by human activities such as domestication and breeding . Major historical bottlenecks were individuated , one related to the putative original domestication that is supposed to have taken place in China about 4,000 -- 5,000 years ago , the second is related to the western germplasm and is due to the early dissemination of the peach in Europe from China and to the more recent breeding activities in the United States and Europe . These bottlenecks highlighted the strong reduction of genetic diversity associated with domestication and breeding activities . Cultivation ( edit ) A peach flower with a bee pollinating it Peaches grow in a fairly limited range in dry , continental or temperate climates , since the trees have a chilling requirement that tropical or subtropical areas generally do not satisfy except at high altitudes ( for example in certain areas of Ecuador , Colombia , Ethiopia , India , and Nepal ) . Most cultivars require 500 hours of chilling around 0 to 10 ° C ( 32 to 50 ° F ) . During the chilling period , key chemical reactions occur , but the plant appears dormant . Once the chilling period is fulfilled , the plant enters a second type of dormancy , the quiescence period . During quiescence , buds break and grow when sufficient warm weather favorable to growth is accumulated . The trees themselves can usually tolerate temperatures to around − 26 to − 30 ° C ( − 15 to − 22 ° F ) , although the following season 's flower buds are usually killed at these temperatures , preventing a crop that summer . Flower bud death begins to occur between − 15 and − 25 ° C ( 5 and − 13 ° F ) , depending on the cultivar and on the timing of the cold , with the buds becoming less cold tolerant in late winter . Another climate constraint is spring frost . The trees flower fairly early ( in March in western Europe ) and the blossom is damaged or killed if temperatures drop below about − 4 ° C ( 25 ° F ) . However , if the flowers are not fully open , they can tolerate a few degrees colder . Climates with significant winter rainfall at temperatures below 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) are also unsuitable for peach cultivation as the rain promotes peach leaf curl , which is the most serious fungal disease for peaches . In practice , fungicides are extensively used for peach cultivation in such climates , with > 1 % of European peaches exceeding legal pesticide limits in 2013 . Finally , summer heat is required to mature the crop , with mean temperatures of the hottest month between 20 and 30 ° C ( 68 and 86 ° F ) . Typical peach cultivars begin bearing fruit in their third year . Their lifespan in the U.S. varies by region ; the University of California at Davis gives a lifespan of about 15 years while the University of Maine gives a lifespan of 7 years there . Cultivars ( edit ) Main article : Peach ( fruit ) § Varieties Hundreds of peach and nectarine cultivars are known . These are classified into two categories -- freestones and clingstones . Freestones are those whose flesh separates readily from the pit . Clingstones are those whose flesh clings tightly to the pit . Some cultivars are partially freestone and clingstone , so are called semifree . Freestone types are preferred for eating fresh , while clingstone types are for canning . The fruit flesh may be creamy white to deep yellow ; the hue and shade of the color depends on the cultivar . Peach breeding has favored cultivars with more firmness , more red color , and shorter fuzz on the fruit surface . These characteristics ease shipping and supermarket sales by improving eye appeal . However , this selection process has not necessarily led to increased flavor . Peaches have a short shelf life , so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long . Different countries have different cultivars . In the United Kingdom , for example , these cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : ' Duke of York ' ' Peregrine ' ' Rochester ' ' Lord Napier ' ( nectarine ) Nectarines ( edit ) White nectarines , whole and cut open The variety P. persica var . nucipersica ( or var . nectarina ) , commonly called nectarine , has a smooth skin . It is on occasion referred to as a `` shaved peach '' or `` fuzzless peach '' , due to its lack of fuzz or short hairs . Peacherines ( edit ) Peacherine is claimed to be a cross between a peach and a nectarine , and are marketed in Australia and New Zealand . The fruit is intermediate in appearance between a peach and a nectarine , large and brightly colored like a red peach . The flesh of the fruit is usually yellow , but white varieties also exist . The Koanga Institute lists varieties that ripen in the Southern Hemisphere in February and March . Flat peaches ( edit ) Main article : Flat peach Flat peaches or pan-tao have a flattened shape in contrast to ordinary rounded peaches . Planting ( edit ) The developmental sequence of a nectarine over a  7 ⁄ - month period , from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer Most peach trees sold by nurseries are cultivars budded or grafted onto a suitable rootstock . Common rootstocks are ' Lovell Peach ' , ' Nemaguard Peach ' , Prunus besseyi , and ' Citation ' . This is done to improve predictability of the fruit quality . Peach trees need full sun , and a layout that allows good natural air flow to assist the thermal environment for the tree . Peaches are planted in early winter . During the growth season , peach trees need a regular and reliable supply of water , with higher amounts just before harvest . Peaches need nitrogen - rich fertilizers more than other fruit trees . Without regular fertilizer supply , peach tree leaves start turning yellow or exhibit stunted growth . Blood meal , bone meal , and calcium ammonium nitrate are suitable fertilizers . The number of flowers on a peach tree are typically thinned out , because if the full number of peaches mature on a branch , they are undersized and lacking in flavor . Fruits are thinned midway in the season by commercial growers . Fresh peaches are easily bruised , and do not store well . They are most flavorful when they ripen on the tree and are eaten the day of harvest . The peach tree can be grown in an espalier shape . The Baldassari palmette is a palmette design created around 1950 used primarily for training peaches . In walled gardens constructed from stone or brick , which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it , raising the temperature against the wall , peaches can be grown as espaliers against south - facing walls as far north as southeast Great Britain and southern Ireland . Insects ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first pest to attack the tree early in the year when other food is scarce is the earwig ( Forficula auricularia ) which feeds on blossoms and young leaves at night , preventing fruiting and weakening newly planted trees . The pattern of damage is distinct from that of caterpillars later in the year , as earwigs characteristically remove semicircles of petal and leaf tissue from the tips , rather than internally . Greasebands applied just before blossom are effective . The larvae of such moth species as the peachtree borer ( Synanthedon exitiosa ) , the yellow peach moth ( Conogethes punctiferalis ) , the well - marked cutworm ( Abagrotis orbis ) , Lyonetia prunifoliella , Phyllonorycter hostis , the fruit tree borer ( Maroga melanostigma ) , Parornix anguliferella , Parornix finitimella , Caloptilia zachrysa , Phyllonorycter crataegella , Trifurcula sinica , Suzuki 's Promolactis moth ( Promalactis suzukiella ) , the white - spotted tussock moth ( Orgyia thyellina ) , the apple leafroller ( Archips termias ) , the catapult moth ( Serrodes partita ) , the wood groundling ( Parachronistis albiceps ) or the omnivorous leafroller ( Platynota stultana ) are reported to feed on P. persica . The flatid planthopper ( Metcalfa pruinosa ) causes damage to fruit trees . The tree is also a host plant for such species as the Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ) , the unmonsuzume ( Callambulyx tatarinovii ) , the promethea silkmoth ( Callosamia promethea ) , the orange oakleaf ( Kallima inachus ) , Langia zenzeroides , the speckled emperor ( Gynanisa maja ) or the brown playboy ( Deudorix antalus ) . The European red mite ( Panonychus ulmi ) or the yellow mite ( Lorryia formosa ) are also found on the peach tree . It is a good pollen source for honey bees and a honeydew source for aphids . Diseases ( edit ) Main article : List of peach and nectarine diseases Peach trees are prone to a disease called leaf curl , which usually does not directly affect the fruit , but does reduce the crop yield by partially defoliating the tree . Several fungicides can be used to combat the disease , including Bordeaux mixture and other copper - based products ( the University of California considers these organic treatments ) , ziram , chlorothalonil , and dodine . The fruit is susceptible to brown rot or a dark reddish spot . Storage ( edit ) Peaches and nectarines are best stored at temperatures of 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) and high humidity . They are highly perishable , and typically consumed or canned within two weeks of harvest . Peaches are climacteric fruits and continue to ripen after being picked from the tree . Production ( edit ) Peach and nectarine production 2016 ( millions of tonnes ) Country Production China 14.4 Spain 1.5 Italy 1.4 United States 0.9 Greece 0.8 World 25.0 Source : United Nations , FAOSTAT In 2016 , world production of peaches and nectarines was 25 million tonnes , led by China which produced 58 % of the world total ( table ) . In 2013 , 1.9 million tonnes of peaches and nectarines were exported worldwide , led by Spain 's export volume with 39 % ( 0.75 million tonnes ) of the total . Italy ( 0.3 million tonnes ) , Greece and the United States also had significant export volumes of 0.1 million tonnes each . The U.S. state of Georgia is known as the `` Peach State '' due to its significant production of peaches as early as 1571 , with exports to other states occurring around 1858 . In 2014 , Georgia was third in US peach production behind California and South Carolina . Cultural significance ( edit ) Peaches are not only a popular fruit , but are symbolic in many cultural traditions , such as in art , paintings and folk tales such as Peaches of Immortality . China ( edit ) See also : Peaches of Immortality Peach blossoms are highly prized in Chinese culture . The ancient Chinese believed the peach to possess more vitality than any other tree because their blossoms appear before leaves sprout . When early rulers of China visited their territories , they were preceded by sorcerers armed with peach rods to protect them from spectral evils . On New Year 's Eve , local magistrates would cut peach wood branches and place them over their doors to protect against evil influences . Peachwood was also used for the earliest known door gods during the Han . Another author writes : The Chinese also considered peach wood ( t'ao - fu ) protective against evil spirits , who held the peach in awe . In ancient China , peach - wood bows were used to shoot arrows in every direction in an effort to dispel evil . Peach - wood slips or carved pits served as amulets to protect a person 's life , safety , and health . Peach - wood seals or figurines guarded gates and doors , and , as one Han account recites , `` the buildings in the capital are made tranquil and pure ; everywhere a good state of affairs prevails '' . Writes the author , further : Another aid in fighting evil spirits were peach - wood wands . The Li - chi ( Han period ) reported that the emperor went to the funeral of a minister escorted by a sorcerer carrying a peach - wood wand to keep bad influences away . Since that time , peach - wood wands have remained an important means of exorcism in China . Peach kernels ( 桃仁 táo rén ) are a common ingredient used in traditional Chinese medicine to dispel blood stasis , counter inflammation and reduce allergies . It was in an orchard of flowering peach trees that Liu Bei , Guan Yu , and Zhang Fei took an oath of brotherhood in the opening chapter of the classic Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . Another peach forest , `` The Peach Blossom Spring '' by poet Tao Yuanming is the setting of the favourite Chinese fable and a metaphor of utopias . A peach tree growing on a precipice was where the Taoist master Zhang Daoling tested his disciples . The Old Man of the South Pole one of the deities of the Chinese folk religion fulu shou is sometimes seen holding a large peach , representing long life and health . The term `` bitten peach '' , first used by Legalist philosopher Han Fei in his work Han Feizi , became a byword for homosexuality . The book records the incident when courtier Mizi Xia bit into an especially delicious peach and gave the remainder to his lover , Duke Ling of Wei , as a gift so that he could taste it as well . Japan ( edit ) Momotaro , one of Japan 's most noble and semihistorical heroes , was born from within an enormous peach floating down a stream . Momotaro or `` Peach Boy '' went on to fight evil oni and face many adventures . Korea ( edit ) In Korea , peaches have been cultivated from ancient times . According to Samguk Sagi , peach trees were planted during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period , and Sallim gyeongje also mentions cultivation skills of peach trees . The peach is seen as the fruit of happiness , riches , honours and longevity . The rare peach with double seeds is seen as a favorable omen of a mild winter . It is one of the ten immortal plants and animals , so peaches appear in many minhwa ( folk paintings ) . Peaches and peach trees are believed to chase away spirits , so peaches are not placed on tables for jesa ( ancestor veneration ) , unlike other fruits . Vietnam ( edit ) A Vietnamese mythic history states that , in the spring of 1789 , after marching to Ngọc Hồi and then winning a great victory against invaders from the Qing dynasty of China , the Emperor Quang Trung ordered a messenger to gallop to Phú Xuân citadel ( now Huế ) and deliver a flowering peach branch to the Princess Ngọc Hân . This took place on the fifth day of the first lunar month , two days before the predicted end of the battle . The branch of peach flowers that was sent from the north to the centre of Vietnam was not only a message of victory from the King to his wife , but also the start of a new spring of peace and happiness for all the Vietnamese people . In addition , since the land of Nhật Tân had freely given that very branch of peach flowers to the King , it became the loyal garden of his dynasty . It was by a peach tree that the protagonists of the Tale of Kieu fell in love . And in Vietnam , the blossoming peach flower is the signal of spring . Finally , peach bonsai trees are used as decoration during Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) in northern Vietnam . Europe ( edit ) Pierre - Auguste Renoir , A still life painting of peaches Many famous artists have painted still life with peach fruits placed in prominence . Caravaggio , Vicenzo Campi , Pierre - Auguste Renoir , Claude Monet , Édouard Manet , Henri Fantin - Latour , Severin Roesen , Peter Paul Rubens , Van Gogh are among the many influential artists who painted peaches and peach trees in various settings . Scholars suggest that many compositions are symbolic , some an effort to introduce realism . For example , Tresidder claims the artists of Renaissance symbolically used peach to represent heart , and a leaf attached to the fruit as the symbol for tongue , thereby implying speaking truth from one 's heart ; a ripe peach was also a symbol to imply a ripe state of good health . Caravaggio paintings introduce realism by painting peach leaves that are molted , discolored or in some cases have wormholes -- conditions common in modern peach cultivation . Nutrition and research ( edit ) Main article : Peach ( fruit ) § Nutrition and research Gallery ( edit ) A peach tree in blossom Peach blossoms Peach ( cultivar ' Berry ' ) -- watercolour 1895 Claude Monet , A jar of peaches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IPNI Plant Name Query Results '' . ipni.org . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Plant List , Prunus persica ( L . ) Batsch Jump up ^ Faust , M. ; Timon , B.L. ( 2010 ) . `` Origin and Dissemination of Peach '' . Horticultural Reviews . p. 331 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470650585. ch10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 65058 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Oregon State University . Archived from the original on 14 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production of peaches and nectarines in 2016 ; Crops / Regions / World / Production Quantity ( from pick lists ) '' . United Nations , Food and Agricultural Organization , Statistics Division ( FAOSTAT ) . 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . 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Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Prunus persica var . nectarina ' Lord Napier ' ( F ) AGM / RHS Gardening '' . Apps.rhs.org.uk . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Almonds , Nectarines , Peacherines and Apricots '' . Koanga Institute . Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Shimabukuro , Betty ( 7 July 2004 ) . `` Mixed marriages : Cross-pollination produces fruit `` children '' that are n't quite the same as mom and dad `` . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Layne , Desmond ( 2008 ) . The Peach : Botany , Production and uses . CABI . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84593 - 386 - 9 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ingels , Chuck ; et al. ( 2007 ) . The Home Orchard : Growing Your Own Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees . University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources . pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : McCraw , Dean . `` Planting and Early Care of the Peach Orchard '' . Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wer frisst Pfirsich - Blütenknopsen ? '' ( Who eats peach blossom buds ? ) . Garten-pur.de ( in German ) . 9 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UC Pest Management Guidelines '' . UC Davis . 10 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Trainotti , L. ; Tadiello , A. ; Casadoro , G. ( 2007 ) . `` The involvement of auxin in the ripening of climacteric fruits comes of age : The hormone plays a role of its own and has an intense interplay with ethylene in ripening peaches '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 58 ( 12 ) : 3299 -- 3308 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erm178 . PMID 17925301 . Jump up ^ Ziosi , V. ; Bregoli , A.M. ; Fiori , G. ; Noferini , M. ; Costa , G. ( 2007 ) . `` 1 - MCP effects on ethylene emission and fruit quality traits of peaches and nectarines '' . Advances in Plant Ethylene Research . p. 167 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6014 - 4_38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6013 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Prunus persica , peach , nectarine '' . GeoChemBio.com . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Healthy and Sustainable Food '' . The Center for Health and the Global Environment . Harvard Medical School . 16 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn C. Taylor ( 15 August 2003 ) . `` Peaches '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Fair , John D. ( 2002 ) . `` The Georgia Peach and the Southern Quest for Commercial Equity and Independence , 1843 - 1861 '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 86 ( 3 ) : 372 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Doré S.J. , Henry ; Kennelly , S.J. ( translator ) , M. ( 1914 ) . Researches into Chinese Superstitions . V. Tusewei Press , Shanghai . p. 505 . ^ Jump up to : Simoons , Frederick J. ( 1991 ) Food in China : A Cultural and Historical Inquiry , p. 218 , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8804 - X . Jump up ^ `` TCM : Peach kernels '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Eskildsen , Stephen ( 1998 ) . Asceticism in early taoist religion . SUNY Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3955 - 5 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ 한국 에서 의 복숭아 재배 ( Peach cultivation in Korea ) ( in Korean ) . Nate / Britannica . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ 복숭아 ( Peach ) ( in Korean ) . Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Torpy , Janet M. ( 2010 ) . `` Still Life With Peaches '' . JAMA. 303 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 203 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2009.1853 . ^ Jump up to : Jules Janick . `` Caravaggio 's Fruit : A Mirror on Baroque Horticulture '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ de Groft ; Aaron H. ( 2006 ) . `` Caravaggio -- Still Life with Fruit on a Stone Ledge '' . Papers of the Muscarelle Museum of Art , Volume 1 ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tresidder , Jack ( 2004 ) . 1,001 Symbols : An Illustrated Guide to Imagery and Its Meaning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 4282 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Okie , William Thomas . The Georgia Peach : Culture , Agriculture , and Environment in the American South ( Cambridge Studies on the American South , 2016 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peaches and Prunus persica . Wikispecies has information related to Prunus persica National Center for Home Food Preservation -- Freezing Peaches Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu -- Prunus persica images Clemson.edu : Everything About Peaches Taxon identifiers Prunus persica Wd : Q13189 APDB : 84205 Calflora : 8724 EoL : 631649 EPPO : PRNPS FloraBase : 46201 FNA : 242341609 GBIF : 3022511 GRIN : 30065 iNaturalist : 78755 IPNI : 1212858 - 2 ITIS : 24765 NCBI : 3760 NZOR : 291b67cc - accb - 4e94 - 99ba - 373dca8a50ea PalDat : Prunus_persica Plant List : rjp - 376 PLANTS : PRPE3 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 1212858 - 2 Tropicos : 27801115 VASCAN : 8872 Amygdalus persica Wd : Q21870184 FoC : 200010618 GBIF : 5369552 GRIN : 3032 ITIS : 508766 Tropicos : 27801624 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peach&oldid=838450418 '' Categories : Peaches Crops originating from China Flora of China Fruits originating in Asia Garden plants of Asia Ornamental trees Plants described in 1753 Prunus Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2018 Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Lea faka - Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली 117 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 02 : 43 . 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Question: where do peaches come from in the us