Percy Jackson & the Olympians - wikipedia Percy Jackson & the Olympians Jump to : navigation , search Percy Jackson & the Olympians U.K. logo for Percy Jackson and the Olympians ( as the series is known there ) The Lightning Thief ( 2005 ) The Sea of Monsters ( 2006 ) The Titan 's Curse ( 2007 ) The Battle of the Labyrinth ( 2008 ) The Last Olympian ( 2009 ) Author Rick Riordan Cover artist John Rocco ( from 2006 or 2007 ) Country United States Language English Genre Fantasy , young adult , adventure Publisher Disney Hyperion ( early volumes originally Miramax Books ) Published 2005 -- 2009 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book No. of books 5 Followed by The Heroes of Olympus Percy Jackson & the Olympians , often shortened to Percy Jackson , is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure novels written by American author Rick Riordan , and the first book series in the Camp Half - Blood Chronicles . Five supplementary books , along with three graphic novels , have also been released . More than 45 million copies of the books have been sold in more than 35 countries . As of October 28 , 2011 , the series has been on The New York Times Best Seller list for children 's book series for 245 weeks . The first book was adapted into a film titled Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief in 2010 , which was commercially successful , but received mixed reviews . An adaptation of the second book , titled Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , was released in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Books 2.1 The Lightning Thief 2.2 The Sea of Monsters 2.3 The Titan 's Curse 2.4 The Battle of the Labyrinth 2.5 The Last Olympian 3 Supplementary works 3.1 The Demigod Files 3.2 The Ultimate Guide 3.3 Graphic novels 3.4 Demigods and Monsters 3.5 The Demigod Diaries 4 Characters 5 Reception 6 In other media 6.1 Films 6.2 Video game 6.3 Musical 7 Legacy 7.1 Sequel series 7.1. 1 The Heroes of Olympus 7.1. 2 The Trials of Apollo 7.2 Related series 7.2. 1 The Kane Chronicles 7.2. 2 Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Origins ( edit ) Riordan at the Texas Book Festival in November 2007 , doing publicity for Book 4 Development for both The Lightning Thief and the Percy Jackson series commenced when Rick Riordan began making stories for his son Haley Riordan , who had at the time been diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia . His son , Haley , had been studying Greek mythology in second grade and requested that his father tell him bedtime stories based on Greek myths . When Riordan ran out of myths , his son suggested that he make up new stories using existing mythological characters and new ones . This led Riordan to create the fictional character of Percy Jackson and create the story of how he travels across the United States to recover Zeus 's lightning - bolt . Haley suggested that he should turn that story into a book , and Riordan wrote the book over the next year despite being busy at that time . Leaving his manuscript with his agent and editor for review , Riordan presented the book to a group of 6th , 7th , and 8th graders to read and critique . He gained their approval , and with their help , came up with the name of the book and created the way Percy 's sword works . In 2004 , the book was sold to Miramax Books for enough money for Riordan to quit his job and focus on writing . After it was released on 28 June 2005 , it sold over 1.2 million copies . The book was released in multiple versions , including hardcover , paperback and audio editions . It has been translated into multiple languages and published all over the world . Books ( edit ) The Lightning Thief ( edit ) Main article : The Lightning Thief The Lightning Thief is the first book in the series and was released on July 1 , 2005 . After a harrowing experience at his school trip , Percy Jackson returns home for the summer vacation , wherein him and his mother Sally Jackson , travel to their cabin in Montauk to take their mind off things. However , the trip is cut short after a series of harrowing incidents , such as being attacked by the Minotaur . Percy finds himself at Camp Half - Blood , a training camp for demigods like him . He discovers that he is a demigod , son of Poseidon , the Greek god of the sea , earthquakes , and father of all horses , ( which he made from sea foam ) . Percy also learns that his best friend , Grover Underwood , is actually a satyr , and that the Greek gods are accusing Percy of having stolen Zeus ' master lightning bolt , the most powerful weapon in the world . To clear his name and save the world from another war between the Olympian gods , Percy sets out to retrieve the lightning bolt from Hades , who is suspected of being the real thief . Thus , Percy , Grover , and Annabeth Chase , a daughter of Athena , start on a journey to the underworld , facing numerous mythological monsters on the way . After confronting an innocent Hades , they learn that their friend Luke Castellan , son of Hermes , is the real thief who stole the bolt to allow Kronos , the defeated king of the Titans , a chance to rise again . The book was adapted into a film by Chris Columbus and 20th Century Fox , under the title Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief , and was released on February 12 , 2010 . The Sea of Monsters ( edit ) Main article : The Sea of Monsters The Sea of Monsters is the second installment in the series , released on April 1 , 2006 . Camp Half - Blood is under attack when Thalia 's tree , which guards the borders of the camp , is poisoned and slowly begins to die . In order to save the tree and the camp , someone must recover the Golden Fleece , which is somewhere in the Sea of Monsters . At the same time , Percy finds out that Grover , who has left on a quest to find the missing god Pan , has been captured by the cyclops Polyphemus and that the Fleece is on Polyphemus ' island . Together with Annabeth and his half - brother Tyson , a cyclops , Percy sets out to rescue Grover . Meanwhile , Clarisse La Rue , daughter of Ares , is sent on an official quest by Camp Half - Blood to retrieve the Fleece . The trip to the Sea of Monsters is long and hazardous and along the way the heroes encounter several dangers including Scylla and Charybdis , the sorceress Circe , the Sirens and their former friend Luke Castellan . Percy also learns about a prophecy from the Oracle about a child of one of the three most important gods ( Zeus , Poseidon and Hades ) , playing a vital part in the success or failure of the resurrection of Kronos the Titan - King . The heroes eventually retrieve the Fleece and restore Thalia 's tree but also unknowingly revive Thalia herself , daughter of Zeus , who had been turned into the tree by her father when she died . The book was adapted into a film by Thor Freudenthal and 20th Century Fox , under the title Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , and was released on August 7 , 2013 . The Titan 's Curse ( edit ) Main article : The Titan 's Curse The Titan 's Curse is the third installment in the series . It was released on May 11 , 2007 . On a mission to rescue half - bloods Bianca and Nico di Angelo ; Percy , Annabeth , Thalia and Grover are attacked by a manticore and rescued by the goddess Artemis and her Hunters . However , Annabeth falls off a cliff whilst trying to fight the manticore and is said to be captured . Later , Artemis is captured by Luke 's army while on the hunt for the Ophiotaurus , a cow - serpent monster that was foretold to bring the downfall of Olympus when its entrails are sacrificed to a fire . Her lieutenant Zoe Nightshade , daughter of Atlas , leads Bianca , Thalia and Grover on a quest to save her . Percy , who was not invited to join the party , follows them on behalf of Nico Di Angelo , promising that he will do his best to protect his sister , Bianca . The others eventually find Percy , and he joins their group . They become the prey of skeletons , who chase them across the country . Bianca is able to kill one , which leaves the others mystified . Bianca later dies as they make their way across a godly junkyard . They find Annabeth with Luke and Artemis , who is holding up the sky . Percy then takes it from Artemis and they trick Atlas into his original position under the sky . Thalia replaces Zoe , who dies , as Artemis ' lieutenant . Thalia 's induction as a lieutenant of Artemis ensures that she will become immortal , never aging to 16 , thus escaping the Great Prophecy and leaving Percy to fulfill it . They return to camp and Percy informs Nico about Bianca 's death during the journey . Nico blames Percy for failing to protect her and runs away , only after killing skeletons that invade the camp , so that Percy realizes that Hades is Nico 's father . The Battle of the Labyrinth ( edit ) Main article : The Battle of the Labyrinth The Battle of the Labyrinth is the fourth installment in the series . It was released on May 6 , 2008 . After being attacked by monsters , Percy returns to Camp Half - Blood and learns about the Labyrinth . Annabeth and Percy find an entrance into the Labyrinth in camp . Percy soon learns that Luke will use the entrance to lead his army through the Labyrinth straight into the heart of camp . Annabeth is chosen to lead a quest to prevent it , and chooses to bring Tyson , Percy , and Grover , even though it was traditional to bring only two companions on a quest , as explained by Chiron . While in the Labyrinth , Percy and Annabeth become separated from Grover and Tyson . They encounter Nico , who begins to forgive Percy . Percy and Annabeth arrive under Mount St. Helens . Percy accidentally causes St. Helens to erupt and washes ashore on Calypso 's island , Ogygia . He returns to Camp Half - Blood , rather than staying with her , stating that `` she would always be his biggest ' what - if ' '' . Then he and Annabeth recruit a mortal girl , Rachel Dare to be a guide in the Labyrinth , using her sight through the Mist , the magical veil that separates the mythological world from the mortal world , and her knowledge for the quest . Daedalus is shown to be alive and to have given Ariadne 's string to Luke . They find Grover and Tyson and discover Pan , and Grover tells him that he must return to the world . But Pan says that he can not come and before dying tells Grover to tell those who will listen that he has died . Grover does what he is told . Percy also finds Luke 's body in Kronos ' coffin . A final demigod joins the Titans ' cause , and Kronos fully rises , using Luke 's body . They flee to camp , trying to stop the invasion . Kronos ' forces attack the camp , but they are defeated . The book ends with Daedalus sacrificing himself after the battle to destroy the Labyrinth , as it is tied to his life force , and Nico Di Angelo fully forgiving Percy and proposing a dangerous plan for defeating the Titans . The Last Olympian ( edit ) Main article : The Last Olympian The Last Olympian , the fifth and final book in the Percy Jackson series , was released on May 5 , 2009 . Percy Jackson learns that Kronos ' forces are preparing to attack Olympus . Poseidon , Percy 's father , decides that it is time for Percy to now fulfill the Great Prophecy . Seeking to defeat Kronos , like Achilles did , Percy bathes in the River Styx , making his body invulnerable except one small chosen part of his body ( the small of his back ) . Kronos leads a siege of New York City and puts its citizens to sleep . Percy leads the campers , Hunters , nature spirits , and centaurs to protect Mount Olympus from Kronos and his forces . While they protect Olympus , the gods hold down the monster Typhon as he makes his way to New York . Kronos , possessing Luke 's body , forces his way into Olympus and battles Percy in Olympus ' throne room . Typhon reaches New York but is defeated after the arrival of Poseidon 's forces , led by Tyson . Annabeth is able to make Luke come back to his senses , and Percy gives him Annabeth 's knife . Luke stabs himself in his mortal spot ( as he also was invulnerable from bathing in the River Styx ) to destroy Kronos and save Mount Olympus , but Luke dies . The gods reward Percy and his friends , and offer him immortality . He rejects the offer , but instead requests the gods to claim all their children and to have cabins for all the gods , including the minor ones . Rachel Elizabeth Dare becomes the Oracle and recites the next Great Prophecy . The book finishes with Percy and Annabeth becoming a couple , and ominous clouds looming over Rachel 's next Great Prophecy . Supplementary works ( edit ) The Demigod Files ( edit ) Main article : The Demigod Files The Demigod Files , also written by Rick Riordan , is the first companion book to the series . It was released February 10 , 2009 , featuring three short stories , interviews with the campers , puzzles and pictures . It is set between The Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian . The book received mixed reviews , with some reviewers criticizing the lack of substantial material and others commenting on the writing of the short stories . The stories are Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot , Percy Jackson and the Bronze Dragon , The Camper Interviews , and Percy Jackson and the Sword of Hades . At the end of the book , there are portraits on the characters of the series . The Ultimate Guide ( edit ) The Ultimate Guide is a companion book , second to the series , released on January 19 , 2010 . This book has a magnetic cover and holographic character pictures that change into four different characters . Its 156 pages include trading cards , full - color diagrams and maps . It also includes a dictionary of almost every monster Percy faces in the series , with pictures beside some , as well as various activities . The book tells of Percy Jackson 's starting life as a half - blood , a tour of the Underworld by Nico di Angelo , the story of Sally Jackson 's parents , and items used throughout the series . There is also a paperback version . Graphic novels ( edit ) A graphic novel based on The Lightning Thief was published on October 12 , 2010 . It follows a shortened version of Percy 's adventures in The Lightning Thief with full color drawings . A graphic novel based on the second book in the series , The Sea of Monsters was released on July 2 , 2013 . Another graphic novel based on the third book , The Titan 's Curse was released on October 8 , 2013 . Demigods and Monsters ( edit ) Demigods and Monsters is an unofficial companion book and was released on February 11 , 2009 . With an introduction by Riordan , it features essays written by various young adult authors that explore , discuss and provide further insight into the Percy Jackson series . At 196 pages , it also contains information on the places and characters of the series , as well as a glossary of Greek myths . The Demigod Diaries ( edit ) Main article : The Demigod Diaries The Demigod Diaries contains four new stories with character interviews , illustrations of characters and more , puzzles , and a quiz . The four stories include the adventures of Thalia , Luke , and Annabeth , and others which precede the Percy Jackson and the Olympians series and a first - person narrative from Percy 's viewpoint . Set a month after the events of The Last Olympian and before he goes missing in The Lost Hero , Percy and Annabeth retrieve Hermes ' stolen staff . One of the stories is written by Riordan 's son , Haley , and revolves around one of the demigods who fought for Kronos during the Second Titan War and survived the battle in Manhattan . As a part of the spin - off The Heroes of Olympus series , The Demigod Diaries contain a story involving Jason , Leo , and Piper that recounts their time spent at Camp Half - Blood between The Lost Hero and The Son of Neptune . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of characters in mythology novels by Rick Riordan § Camp Half - Blood chronicles Reception ( edit ) The Lightning Thief received mostly positive reviews and won awards including the School Library Journal Best Book of 2005 . The New York Times praised The Lightning Thief as `` perfectly paced , with electrifying moments chasing each other like heartbeats '' . Author Rick Riordan said of the various awards : `` The ultimate compliment for a children 's writer is when the kids like it . '' Like its predecessor , The Sea of Monsters won several prizes and received generally positive reviews as well . It sold over 100,000 copies in hardcover by the time it was released in paperback and reviewers have praised the storyline , themes and the author 's style of writing . Matt Berman , of Common Sense Media , praised the book , saying `` The Percy Jackson series continues to be pure fun , with the author doing nearly everything right to produce a book that few kids will be able to resist . '' Kirkus reviewed The Battle of the Labyrinth as , `` This volume can stand alone , but no one will be able to read just one ( ... ) look no further for the next Harry Potter , meet Percy Jackson as legions of fans already have . '' As of February 13 , 2016 , it has been on the New York Times Children 's Series Best Seller List for 379 weeks . Some critics , especially Christian critics of Riordan have disapproved of the emphasis on pagan gods in his books . Riordan responds to these complaints by reminding his readers that first and foremost , `` The Lightning Thief explores Greek mythology in a modern setting , but it does so as a humorous work of fantasy . I 'm certainly not interested in changing or contradicting anyone 's religious beliefs . Early in the book , the character Chiron makes a distinction between God , capital - G , the creator of the universe , and the Greek gods ( lower - case g ) . Chiron says he does n't want to delve into the issue of God , but he has no qualms about discussing the Olympians because they are a `` much smaller matter . '' Critics such as The Calico Critic have also disagreed with the fusion of Greek mythology and modern American culture . They have stated that it is difficult to believe `` the reality of the tale '' , claiming that `` monsters in the St. Louis Arch '' and `` the entrance to Olympus in New York '' were unimaginable , despite Riordan 's explanations of why he chose these certain locations . However studies show that overall , readers appreciated the mundane language , witty tone and aesthetic plot of the novels , as well as how it introduced Greek mythology to them . In other Media ( edit ) Films ( edit ) These films have been made from the books : Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Chris Columbus directed and produced Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief for 20th Century Fox through 1492 Pictures . The film was released in 2010 in the United States , Canada and in the United Kingdom on February 12 and in Australia on February 11 . Columbus has stated that he was drawn to directing the Percy Jackson movie because it gave him the `` opportunity to do a movie that we have n't really seen before for this generation . When I was a kid , there were movies that dealt with Greek mythology , which in terms of visual effects was really primitive . So I thought this was an opportunity to deal with Greek mythology which children and adults all over the world are fascinated by and it was not a new genre but a new avenue , dealing with mythological creatures in a contemporary setting . '' The second film in the series , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , was released on August 7 , 2013 . Filming began in April 2012 . Chris Columbus stated that there will not be a third movie any time soon . Video game ( edit ) To accompany the film , a video game was produced . Michael Splechta gave it a 6 / 10 , saying Percy Jackson & the Olympians might not make a splash when it comes to movie tie - in games , but fans of turn - based combat might find some redeeming qualities in this otherwise bare - bones game . '' Musical ( edit ) Main article : The Lightning Thief : The Percy Jackson Musical On January 12 , 2017 , A Series of Unfortunate Events story editor Joe Tracz wrote a new Off Broadway musical adaptation of Percy Jackson tale `` The Lightning Thief . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Sequel series ( edit ) Main article : The Heroes of Olympus The Heroes of Olympus ( edit ) The Heroes of Olympus is a sequel series , also based on Camp Half - Blood and the Greek and Roman mythologies . The first book The Lost Hero was released on October 12 , 2010 . Like the first series , there are five books . The official website requires a password , later revealed as newhero . On December 1 , 2010 , the site went live . The second book in The Heroes of Olympus , The Son of Neptune , was released in October 2011 . The third book , The Mark of Athena , was released on October 2 , 2012 . The fourth book , The House of Hades , was released on October 8 , 2013 . The fifth and final book of The Heroes of Olympus series , The Blood of Olympus , was released on October 7 , 2014 . The Trials of Apollo ( edit ) Main article : Trials of Apollo Riordan is currently at work on yet another follow - up series to The Heroes of Olympus book series titled The Trials of Apollo is a sequel series to both Percy Jackson & the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus . The first installment titled , The Hidden Oracle ( 2016 ) , features Apollo and his journey after being cast down from Olympus . The second book titled The Dark Prophecy was released in May 2017. The third book is titled The Burning Maze is going to be released in May 1 , 2018 . Related series ( edit ) The Kane Chronicles ( edit ) Main article : The Kane Chronicles The novels are set within the same fictional universe as the three previous book series , and is narrated alternately in first - person by the two protagonist - siblings Carter and Sadie Kane . The siblings are descended from the two pharaohs Narmer and Ramses the Great and are powerful magicians . They and their friends are forced to contend with Egyptian gods and goddesses who still interact with the real world . The series includes a trilogy consisting of The Red Pyramid ( 2010 ) , The Throne of Fire ( 2011 ) , and The Serpent 's Shadow ( 2012 ) , as well as three crossover books with the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series . Magnus Chase and the gods of asgard ( edit ) Main article : Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard The main protagonist Magnus Chase , son of the Vanir god of fertility Frey , narrates the novel in first person . He is a cousin of Annabeth Chase , a main character of the Percy Jackson and the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus series , who links the two series together . The series consists of a trilogy of books , The Sword of Summer ( 2015 ) , The Hammer of Thor ( 2016 ) , and The Ship of the Dead ( 2017 ) . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Mythology portal Novels portal Book : Percy Jackson & the Olympians List of artistic depictions of dyslexia From the Files of the Time Rangers -- also based on the premise of Greek gods active in the modern US Olympians ( Marvel Comics ) / Thor ( Marvel Comics ) -- comics based on the same premise , with both Greek and Norse gods . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rick Riordan '' . Rickriordan.com . Archived from the original on 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE : Disney Book Group Launches Rick Riordan 's New Five - Book Series , The Heroes of Olympus , on October 12 with a Live Webcast from the Laydown Event for Book 1 , The Lost Hero '' . Fox Business . 13 September 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers Children 's Series Books Sunday , April 29th 2012 -- The New York Times Children 's Best sellers list New York Times '' . New York Times . 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com. 2012 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . comingsoon.net. 2013 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sally ( 8 February 2010 ) . `` Percy Jackson : My Boy 's Own Adventure '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . rickriordan.com . Disney - Hyperion . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick . `` An Interview With Rick '' . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rich , Motho ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` Author of Book Series Sends Kids on a Web Treasure Hunt '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hyperion : Percy Jackson '' . Hyperion Books . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Bernstein '' . IMDb . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Mabe , Chauncey ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Rick Riordan : Percy Jackson vs. Harry Potter '' . Sun Sentinel . p. 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ The Titan 's Curse on http://www.rickriordan.com/ Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Olympian ( Percy Jackson & the Olympians , Book 5 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Demigod Files '' . 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Demigod Files ( Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series ) '' . barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Percy Jackson and the Olympians : Ultimate Guide ( Hardcover ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ `` Demigods and Monsters : Your Favorite Authors on Rick Riordan 's Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series ( Paperback ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Demigods and Monsters '' . Myth & Mystery. 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Trevelyn Jones ; Luann Toth ; Marlene Charnizon ; Daryl Grabarek ; Joy Fleishhacker ( December 1 , 2005 ) . `` Best Books 2005 '' . School Library Journal . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Shulman , Polly ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Harry Who ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( January 18 , 2006 ) . `` ' Lightning ' strikes with young readers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Twain Award Previous Winners '' . Missouri Association of School Librarians . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ruth , Sheila . `` The Sea of Monsters '' . Wands and Worlds . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nawotka , Edward ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` Son of Poseidon Gaining Strength '' . Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Piehl , Norah . `` Kidsreads.com -- The Sea of Monsters '' . Kidsreads.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters review '' . Matt Berman . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Sea of Monsters : Percy Jackson and the Olympians , Book 2 . ( Brief article ) ( Children 's review ) ( Audiobook review ) '' . School Library Journal . October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Group , Gray Digital . `` An Interview with Rick '' . www.rickriordan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Mugijatna , Sri Kusumo Habsari , Putri , Yunita Ariani ( 2014 ) . `` Rick Riordan 's Intention in Writing Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief and the Reception of the Readers '' . k@ta. 16 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Brodesser , Claude ( June 23 , 2004 ) . `` ' Lightning Thief ' strikes Maverick '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilstrap , Peter ( April 17 , 2007 ) . `` Columbus struck by ' Lightning ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Release Dates '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Sea of Monsters '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Fox Moves Ahead With New ' Die Hard ' and ' Percy Jackson & the Olympians ' Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Splechta , Michael . `` Percy Jackson & The Olympians : The Lightning Thief Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon . `` ' Percy Jackson ' Musical , by ' Unfortunate Events ' Writer , Expands for Return Run '' . Variety . Los Angeles , California : Michelle Sobrino . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Heroes of Olympus , Book One : The Lost Hero ( 9781423113393 ) : Rick Riordan : Books '' . Amazon.com. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived August 14 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Blood of Olympus '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Magnus Chase ! '' . Blogspot.com . Rick Riordan . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Percy Jackson & the Olympians Percy Jackson and the Olympians series site from publisher Disney ( readriordan.com ) Rick Riordan Myth Master at publisher Penguin Books ( UK ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians official Persian - language website percy-jackson.ir ( archived 2010 ) Teacher 's Guide at Educational Resources from Rick Riordan ( rickriordan.com ) Rick Riordan at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ( hide ) The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Jackson_%26_the_Olympians&oldid=836020690 '' Categories : Percy Jackson & the Olympians Coming - of - age fiction Dyslexia in fiction Young adult novel series Greco - Roman mythology in popular culture Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 05 : 39 . 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Question: what is the first book of percy jackson


Only in My Dreams - wikipedia Only in My Dreams Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Debbie Gibson song . For other uses , see Only in My Dreams ( disambiguation ) . `` Only in My Dreams '' Single by Debbie Gibson from the album Out of the Blue A-side `` Vocal ( 3 : 50 ) '' B - side `` Dub ( 4 : 42 ) ( U.S. , 89322 ; JPN , P - 2305 ) Dreamix ( 4 : 18 ) ( UK , A9322 ) '' Released December 16 , 1986 Recorded 1986 Genre Dance - pop , freestyle Length Album Version 3 : 58 Single Version 3 : 42 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Deborah Gibson Producer ( s ) Fred Zarr Debbie Gibson singles chronology `` Only in My Dreams '' ( 1986 ) `` Shake Your Love '' ( 1987 ) `` Only in My Dreams '' ( 1986 ) `` Shake Your Love '' ( 1987 ) `` Only in My Dreams '' is the debut single for American singer - songwriter - actress Debbie Gibson . Released December 16 , 1986 , as a maxi single ( Atlantic DM 86744 ) , and then in remixed form ( Vocal / 3 : 50 , as described herein ) February 1987 , the song was written by Gibson herself in 1984 , two years before she recorded it . Produced by Fred Zarr and engineered by Don Feinberg for BiZarr Music , Inc. , mixed by `` Little '' Louie Vega and mastered by Herb `` Pump '' Powers , the dance - pop song reached number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the summer of 1987 . Douglas Breitbart for Broadbeard Productions , Inc. served as executive producer ( see also Debbie Gibson ) . While it did not initially make the UK top fifty , ' Dreams ' re-entered the UK singles chart in 1988 on the back of the success of her second single ( viz. , `` Shake Your Love , '' Atlantic UK A9187 ) , eventually peaking at # 11 . The Extended Club Mix / Vocal track ( 6 : 34 ) from DM 86744 was excerpted for a dance medley , ' Medley : Out of the Blue - Shake Your Love - Only in My Dreams ' ( Debbie Gibson Mega Mix ) , that became Track 4 on Atlantic DM 86556 ' Foolish Beat ' . A different mix , ' Only in My Dreams ' ( LP Version / 3 : 54 ) , mastered from the original multi-track for DM 86744 , became Track 3 on Gibson 's debut album Out Of The Blue ( Atlantic LP 81780 ) , and a further variation , ' Only in My Dreams ( Dream House Mix / 10 : 03 ) ' , was Track 3 on Atlantic DM 86556 ' Foolish Beat ' . Since the song 's release , Gibson has re-recorded the song twice : in 1997 for her album Deborah and in 2010 for the Deluxe Edition release of the Japan - exclusive Ms. Vocalist . The song was voted # 95 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track Listing ( Atlantic DM 86744 ) 3 Track Listing , 12 '' Oldies Series re-release ( Atlantic DM 86606 ) 4 Versions 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Certifications 6 1997 / 98 re-recording 6.1 Track Listing ( Jellybean Recordings 2532 ) 7 Footnotes 8 External links Music video ( Edit ) The music video for this song was recorded as a dream sequence at Asbury Park beach , NJ , the carousel in the Asbury Park casino ( still in use back then ) , and outside the Asbury Park Convention Center where headliner concerts are still held today . Across the street from the beach , The Stone Pony , where Bruce Springsteen and Bon Jovi got their start , is still in operation . Gibson has several different changes of wardrobe throughout the video . The video shows the futility of a teenage girl attempting to get the man of her dreams to look at her , and when he does , she realizes that she was dreaming the whole event , thus causing her world to come crashing down around her . Track Listing ( Atlantic DM 86744 ) ( edit ) ' Only in My Dreams ' ( Extended Club Mix / Vocal / 6 : 34 ) ( Percapella / Vocal / 3 : 29 ) ( Dreamix / 4 : 18 ) ( Heartthrob Beats / 4 : 14 ) Track listing , 12 '' oldies series re-release ( Atlantic DM 86606 ) ( Edit ) ' Only in My Dreams ' ( Extended Club Mix / Vocal / 6 : 34 ) ( Percapella / Vocal / 3 : 29 ) Back - to - back with these two tracks on this maxi - single is Chic 's ' Dance , Dance , Dance ( Yowsah , Yowsah , Yowsah ) ' ( 8 : 30 ) ; this track was originally released in 1978 on Atlantic maxi single DK 4600 . Versions ( edit ) Only In My Dreams ( Album Version ) - 3 : 46 Only In My Dreams ( 97 Dance Remix ) - 4 : 36 Only In My Dreams ( Club Dub ) - 4 : 36 Only In My Dreams ( Club Mix with Rap ) - 4 : 35 Only In My Dreams ( Debbie Dreams ) - 4 : 38 Only In My Dreams ( Dream Dub ) - 3 : 44 Only In My Dreams ( Extended Club Mix ) - 5 : 55 Only In My Dreams ( Extended Dance Mix ) - 6 : 27 Only In My Dreams ( Hot Tracks Mix ) - 6 : 27 Only In My Dreams ( Rave Radio Version ) - 3 : 44 Only In My Dreams ( Riff Dub ) - 4 : 22 Only In My Dreams ( Vasquez Club Mix ) - 7 : 30 Only In My Dreams ( Video Version ) - 3 : 42 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Canada ( RPM ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 46 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone 1997 / 98 re-recording ( Edit ) `` Only in My Dreams 1998 '' Single by Debbie Gibson from the album Deborah Rev. 1.1 Released 1998 Length 37 : 53 overall Label Jellybean Recordings Songwriter ( s ) Deborah Gibson Producer ( s ) John `` Jellybean '' Benitez , Deborah Gibson Debbie Gibson singles chronology `` Moonchild '' ( 1997 ) `` Only in My Dreams 1998 '' ( 1998 ) `` Naturally '' ( 1998 ) `` Moonchild '' ( 1997 ) `` Only in My Dreams 1998 '' ( 1998 ) `` Naturally '' ( 1998 ) Gibson did several major modifications to this song after she left Atlantic Records . In 1997 , apparently the entire song was re-recorded , first appearing as ' Only in My Dreams ' ( 1997 Dance Edit / 4 : 38 ) , track 14 on Espiritu LP 9602 Deborah , Revision 1.1 for June 1997 , and later in seven variations , including one with a retrofitted eight - measure rap , on Jellybean Recordings DM 2532 ' Only in My Dreams 1998 ' ( released February 1998 ) . The basic rhythm is modified from the Dream House Version of the original song on Atlantic DM 86556 , track 3 . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) Track Listing ( Jellybean Recordings 2532 ) ( edit ) ' Only in My Dreams 1998 ' ( Club Mix / 7 : 32 ) ( Club Mix with Rap / 4 : 37 ) ( Club Dub / 4 : 36 ) ( Rave Vocal Mix / 4 : 37 ) ( Rave Dub / 4 : 37 ) ( Dream Dub / 3 : 45 ) ( Rave Radio Edit / 3 : 46 ) ( Riff Dub / 4 : 23 ) ( Deborah Gibson ) Music Sales Corp. , ASCAP Footnotes ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Out of the Blue ( Debbie Gibson songbook ) , CatNo . HL00356822 . Hal Leonard , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Gibson Canada Chart History '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Only in My Dreams '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Debbie Gibson -- Shake Your Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Debbie Gibson search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Gibson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Debbie Gibson . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Gibson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Debbie Gibson . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Debbie Gibson -- Only in My Dreams '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ / Pop2 / DeborahGibsonDiscog / Discog. txt at AngelFire.com . Retrieved 06 : 15 , 25 May 2008 ( UTC ) . External links ( Edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Debbie Gibson Studio albums Out of the Blue ( 1987 ) Electric Youth ( 1989 ) Anything Is Possible ( 1990 ) Body , Mind , Soul ( 1993 ) Think with Your Heart ( 1995 ) Deborah ( 1997 ) M.Y.O.B. ( 2001 ) Colored Lights : The Broadway Album ( 2003 ) Ms. Vocalist ( 2010 / 2011 ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) Lost in Your Eyes and Other Hits ( 1999 ) Memory Lane , Volume 1 ( 2005 ) Memory Lane , Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Singles `` Only in My Dreams '' ( 1986 ) `` Shake Your Love '' ( 1987 ) `` Out of the Blue '' ( 1987 ) `` Foolish Beat '' ( 1988 ) `` Staying Together '' ( 1988 ) `` Red Hot '' ( 1988 ) `` Lost in Your Eyes '' ( 1989 ) `` Electric Youth '' ( 1989 ) `` No More Rhyme '' ( 1989 ) `` We Could Be Together '' ( 1989 ) `` Without You '' ( 1990 ) `` Anything Is Possible '' ( 1990 ) `` ( This So - Called ) Miracle '' ( 1991 ) `` One Hand , One Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` One Step Ahead '' ( 1991 ) `` Sure '' ( 1991 ) `` In His Mind '' ( 1992 ) `` Losin ' Myself '' ( 1993 ) `` Eyes of the Child '' ( 1993 ) `` Shock Your Mama '' ( 1993 ) `` How Can This Be ? '' ( 1993 ) `` Free Me '' ( 1993 ) `` For Better or Worse '' ( 1995 ) `` Only in My Dreams 1998 '' ( 1998 ) `` Naturally '' ( 1998 ) `` What You Want '' ( 2000 ) Related articles Discography Electric Youth ( fragrance ) Albums Songs Book : Debbie Gibson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_in_My_Dreams&oldid=801799175 '' Categories : Debut singles 1986 singles 1987 singles 1998 singles Debbie Gibson songs Songs written by Debbie Gibson Song recordings produced by Fred Zarr Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 22 : 58 . 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History of coffee - wikipedia History of coffee Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2016 ) The Coffee Bearer by John Frederick Lewis ( 1857 ) . ( Ottoman quarters in Cairo , Egypt ) The origin and history of coffee dates back to the 10th century , and possibly earlier with a number of reports and legends surrounding its first use . The native ( undomesticated ) origin of coffee is thought to have been Ethiopia . The earliest substantiated evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree is from the 15th century , in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen . By the 16th century , it had reached the rest of the Middle East , South India ( Coorg ) , Persia , Turkey , Horn of Africa , and northern Africa . Coffee then spread to the Balkans , Italy and to the rest of Europe , to South East Asia and then to America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 First use 3 History 4 Europe 4.1 Austria 4.2 England 4.3 France 4.4 Germany 4.5 Netherlands 4.6 Poland 5 Americas 6 Asia 6.1 India 6.1. 1 Chikmagalur 6.2 Japan 6.3 South Korea 6.4 Indonesia 6.5 Philippines 7 Production 8 See also 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Sources Etymology ( edit ) The word `` coffee '' entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch koffie , borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish kahve , in turn borrowed from the Arabic qahwah ( قهوة ) . The Arabic word qahwah originally referred to a type of wine , whose etymology is given by Arab lexicographers as deriving from the verb qahā ( قها , `` to lack hunger '' ) in reference to the drink 's reputation as an appetite suppressant . The word qahwah is sometimes alternatively traced to the Arabic quwwa ( `` power , energy '' ) , or to Kaffa , a medieval kingdom in Ethiopia whence the plant was exported to Arabia . These etymologies for qahwah have all been disputed , however . The name qahwah is not used for the berry or plant ( the products of the region ) , which are known in Arabic as bunn and in Oromo as būn . Semitic had a root qhh `` dark color '' , which became a natural designation for the beverage . According to this analysis , the feminine form qahwah ( also meaning `` dark in color , dull ( ing ) , dry , sour '' ) was likely chosen to parallel the feminine khamr ( خمر , `` wine '' ) , and originally meant `` the dark one '' . First use ( edit ) The Ethiopian ancestors of today 's Oromo ethnic group were the first to have recognized the energizing effect of the native coffee plant . Studies of genetic diversity have been performed on Coffea arabica varieties , which were found to be of low diversity but with retention of some residual heterozygosity from ancestral materials , and closely related diploid species Coffea canephora and C. liberica ; however , no direct evidence has ever been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant or known about it there earlier than the seventeenth century . The original domesticated coffee plant is said to have been from Harar , and the native population is thought to be derived from Ethiopia with distinct nearby populations in Sudan and Kenya . Coffee was primarily consumed in the Islamic world where it originated and was directly related to religious practices . There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the drink itself . One account involves the Yemenite Sufi mystic Ghothul Akbar Nooruddin Abu al - Hasan al - Shadhili . When traveling in Ethiopia , the legend goes , he observed birds of unusual vitality , and , upon trying the berries that the birds had been eating , experienced the same vitality . Other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to Sheik Abou'l Hasan Schadheli 's disciple , Omar . According to the ancient chronicle ( preserved in the Abd - Al - Kadir manuscript ) , Omar , who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer , was once exiled from Mocha to a desert cave near Ousab . Starving , Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery , but found them to be bitter . He tried roasting the beans to improve the flavor , but they became hard . He then tried boiling them to soften the bean , which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid . Upon drinking the liquid Omar was revitalized and sustained for days . As stories of this `` miracle drug '' reached Mocha , Omar was asked to return and was made a saint . Another account involves a 9th - century Ethiopian goat - herder , Kaldi , who , noticing the energizing effects when his flock nibbled on the bright red berries of a certain bush , chewed on the fruit himself . His exhilaration prompted him to bring the berries to a monk in a nearby monastery . But the monk disapproved of their use and threw them into the fire , from which an enticing aroma billowed , causing other monks to come and investigate . The roasted beans were quickly raked from the embers , ground up , and dissolved in hot water , yielding the world 's first cup of coffee . Since this story is not known to have appeared in writing before 1671 , 800 years after it was supposed to have taken place , it is highly likely to be apocryphal . History ( edit ) Syrian Bedouin from a beehive village in Aleppo , Syria , sipping the traditional murra ( bitter ) coffee , 1930 Palestinian women grinding coffee , 1905 The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century , in Yemen 's Sufi monasteries . Coffee beans were first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen . Yemeni traders brought coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the bean . The word qahwa originally meant wine , and Sufis in Yemen used the beverage as an aid to concentration and as a kind of spiritual intoxication when they chanted the name of God . Sufis used it to keep themselves alert during their nighttime devotions . A translation of Al - Jaziri 's manuscript traces the spread of coffee from Arabia Felix ( the present day Yemen ) northward to Mecca and Medina , and then to the larger cities of Cairo , Damascus , Baghdad , and Constantinople . By 1414 , the beverage was known in Mecca , and in the early 1500s was spreading to the Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt and North Africa from the Yemeni port of Mocha . Associated with Sufism , a myriad of coffee houses grew up in Cairo ( Egypt ) around the religious University of the Azhar . These coffee houses also opened in Syria , especially in the cosmopolitan city of Aleppo , and then in Istanbul , the capital of the Ottoman Empire , in 1554 . In 1511 , it was forbidden for its stimulating effect by conservative , orthodox imams at a theological court in Mecca . However , these bans were to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Suleiman I , with Grand Mufti Mehmet Ebussuud el - İmadi issuing a fatwa allowing the consumption of coffee . In Cairo , Egypt , a similar ban was instituted in 1532 , and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked . During the 16th century , it had already reached the rest of the Middle East , the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire . From the Middle East , coffee drinking spread to Italy , then to the rest of Europe , and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas . Similarly , coffee was banned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church some time before the 18th century . However , in the second half of the 19th century , Ethiopian attitudes softened towards coffee drinking , and its consumption spread rapidly between 1880 and 1886 ; according to Richard Pankhurst , `` this was largely due to Emperor Menilek , who himself drank it , and to Abuna Matewos who did much to dispel the belief of the clergy that it was a Muslim drink . '' The earliest mention of coffee noted by the literary coffee merchant Philippe Sylvestre Dufour is a reference to bunchum in the works of the 10th century CE Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al - Razi , known as Rhazes in the West , but more definite information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later . One of the most important of the early writers on coffee was Abd al - Qadir al - Jaziri , who in 1587 compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee entitled Umdat al safwa fi hill al - qahwa عمدة الصفوة في حل القهوة . He reported that one Sheikh , Jamal - al - Din al - Dhabhani ( d . 1470 ) , mufti of Aden , was the first to adopt the use of coffee ( circa 1454 ) . He found that among its properties was that it drove away fatigue and lethargy , and brought to the body a certain sprightliness and vigour . Europe ( edit ) Dutch engraving of Mocha in 1692 Coffee was first introduced to Europe on the island of Malta in the 16th century , according to the TV documentary Madwarna . It was introduced there through slavery . Turkish Muslim slaves had been imprisoned by the Knights of St John in 1565 -- the year of the Great Siege of Malta , and they used to make their traditional beverage . Domenico Magri mentioned in his work Virtu del Kafé , `` Turks , most skilful makers of this concoction . '' Also the German traveller Gustav Sommerfeldt in 1663 wrote `` the ability and industriousness with which the Turkish prisoners earn some money , especially by preparing coffee , a powder resembling snuff tobacco , with water and sugar . '' Coffee was a popular beverage in Maltese high society -- many coffee shops opened . Coffee was also noted in Aleppo by the German physician botanist Leonhard Rauwolf , the first European to mention it , as chaube , in 1573 ; Rauwolf was closely followed by descriptions from other European travellers . The vibrant trade between the Republic of Venice and the Muslims in North Africa , Egypt , and the East brought a large variety of African goods , including coffee , to this leading European port . Venetian merchants introduced coffee - drinking to the wealthy in Venice , charging them heavily for the beverage . In this way , coffee was introduced to the mainland of Europe . In 1591 Venetian botanist - physician Prospero Alpini became the first to publish a description of the coffee plant in Europe . The first European coffee house apart from those in the Ottoman Empire and in Malta was opened in Venice in 1645 . Austria ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first coffeehouse in Austria opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna , by using supplies from the spoils obtained after defeating the Turks . The officer who received the coffee beans , Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki , a Polish military officer of Ukrainian origin , opened the coffee house and helped popularize the custom of adding sugar and milk to the coffee . Melange is the typical Viennese coffee , which comes mixed with hot foamed milk and a glass of water . England ( edit ) 1652 advertisement for the UK 's first coffeehouse , St. Michael 's Alley According to Leonhard Rauwolf 's 1583 account , coffee became available in England no later than the 16th century , largely through the efforts of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company . The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michael 's Alley in Cornhill , London . The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée , the servant of Daniel Edwards , a trader in Turkish goods . Edwards imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment . Oxford 's Queen 's Lane Coffee House , established in 1654 , is still in existence today . By 1675 , there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses throughout England , but there were many disruptions in the progressive movement of coffeehouses between the 1660s and 1670s . During the enlightenment , these early English coffee houses became gathering places used for deep religious and political discussions among the populace . This practice became so common , and potentially subversive , that Charles II made an attempt to crush coffee houses in 1675 . The banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal , for example , women frequented them in Germany , but it appears to have been commonplace elsewhere in Europe , including in England . Many in this period believed coffee to have medicinal properties . A 1661 tract entitled `` A character of coffee and coffee - houses '' , written by one `` M.P. '' , lists some of these perceived benefits : ' Tis extolled for drying up the Crudities of the Stomack , and for expelling Fumes out of the Head . Excellent Berry ! which can cleanse the English - man 's Stomak of Flegm , and expel Giddinesse out of his Head . This new commodity proved controversial among some subjects , however . For instance , the anonymous 1674 `` Women 's Petition Against Coffee '' declared : the Excessive Use of that Newfangled , Abominable , Heathenish Liquor called COFFEE ... has ... Eunucht our Husbands , and Crippled our more kind Gallants , that they are become as Impotent , as Age . France ( edit ) Antoine Galland ( 1646 -- 1715 ) in his aforementioned translation described the Muslim association with coffee , tea and chocolate : `` We are indebted to these great ( Arab ) physicians for introducing coffee to the modern world through their writings , as well as sugar , tea , and chocolate . '' Galland reported that he was informed by Mr. de la Croix , the interpreter of King Louis XIV of France , that coffee was brought to Paris by a certain Mr. Thevenot , who had travelled through the East . On his return to that city in 1657 , Thevenot gave some of the beans to his friends , one of whom was de la Croix . In 1669 , Soleiman Agha , Ambassador from Sultan Mehmed IV , arrived in Paris with his entourage bringing with him a large quantity of coffee beans . Not only did they provide their French and European guests with coffee to drink , but they also donated some beans to the royal court . Between July 1669 and May 1670 , the Ambassador managed to firmly establish the custom of drinking coffee among Parisians . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , coffeehouses were first established in North Sea ports , including Bremen ( 1673 ) and Hamburg ( 1677 ) . Initially , this new beverage was written in the English form coffee , but during the 1700s the Germans gradually adopted the French word café , then slowly changed to the word Kaffee , where it stands now . In the 18th century the popularity of coffee gradually spread around the German lands , and was taken up by the ruling classes . Coffee was served at the court of the Great Elector , Frederick William of Brandenburg , as early as 1675 , but the first public coffee house in his capital , Berlin , opened only in 1721 . Café Zimmermann , Leipzig ( engraving by Johann Georg Schreiber , 1732 ) Composer Johann Sebastian Bach , who was cantor of St. Thomas Church , Leipzig , in 1723 -- 50 , conducted a musical ensemble at Café Zimmermann in that Saxon city . Sometime in 1732 -- 35 he composed the secular `` Coffee Cantata '' Schweigt stille , plaudert nicht ( BWV 211 ) , in which a young woman , Lieschen , pleads with her disapproving father to accept her devotion to drinking coffee , then a newfangled fashion . The libretto includes such lines as : Ei ! wie schmeckt der Coffee süße , Lieblicher als tausend Küsse , Milder als Muskatenwein . Coffee , Coffee muss ich haben , Und wenn jemand mich will laben , Ach , so schenkt mir Coffee ein ! ( Oh ! How sweet coffee does taste , Better than a thousand kisses , Milder than muscat wine . Coffee , coffee , I 've got to have it , And if someone wants to perk me up , * Oh , just give me a cup of coffee ! ) Netherlands ( edit ) Further information : Dutch East India Company The race among Europeans to obtain live coffee trees or beans was eventually won by the Dutch in 1616 . Pieter van den Broecke , a Dutch merchant , obtained some of the closely guarded coffee bushes from Mocha , Yemen , in 1616 . He took them back to Amsterdam and found a home for them in the Botanical gardens , where they began to thrive . This apparently minor event received little publicity , but was to have a major impact on the history of coffee . The beans that van der Broecke acquired from Mocha forty years earlier adjusted well to conditions in the greenhouses at the Amsterdam Botanical Garden and produced numerous healthy Coffea arabica bushes . In 1658 the Dutch first used them to begin coffee cultivation in Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) and later in southern India . They abandoned these cultivations to focus on their Javanese plantations in order to avoid lowering the price by oversupply . Within a few years , the Dutch colonies ( Java in Asia , Suriname in the Americas ) had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe . Poland ( edit ) Coffee reached the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century , primarily through merchants trading with the Ottomans . The first coffee shops opened a century later . Usage of coffee has grown since , though it was a luxury commodity during the communist era of the Polish People 's Republic . Consumption of coffee has grown since the transformation of Poland into a democratic , capitalistic country in 1989 , though it still remains lower per capita than in most West European countries . Americas ( edit ) Coffee plantation Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean in 1720 . Those sprouts flourished and 50 years later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee cultivation to Saint - Domingue ( Haiti ) , Mexico and other islands of the Caribbean . The French territory of Saint - Domingue saw coffee cultivated starting in 1734 , and by 1788 supplied half the world 's coffee . Coffee had a major influence on the geography of Latin America . The French colonial plantations relied heavily on African slave laborers . However , the dreadful conditions that the slaves worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon - to - follow Haitian Revolution . The coffee industry never fully recovered there . Coffee also found its way to the Isle of Bourbon , now known as Réunion , in the Indian Ocean . The plant produced smaller beans and was deemed a different variety of arabica known as var . Bourbon . The Santos coffee of Brazil and the Oaxaca coffee of Mexico are the progeny of that Bourbon tree . Circa 1727 , the King of Portugal sent Francisco de Melo Palheta to French Guiana to obtain coffee seeds to become a part of the coffee market . Francisco initially had difficulty obtaining these seeds , but he captivated the French Governor 's wife and she sent him enough seeds and shoots to commence the coffee industry of Brazil . In 1893 , the coffee from Brazil was introduced into Kenya and Tanzania ( Tanganyika ) , not far from its place of origin in Ethiopia , 600 years prior , ending its transcontinental journey . Meanwhile , coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727 , although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822 . After this time , massive tracts of rainforest were cleared first from the vicinity of Rio and later São Paulo for coffee plantations . After the Boston Tea Party of 1773 , large numbers of Americans switched to drinking coffee during the American Revolution because drinking tea had become unpatriotic . Cultivation was taken up by many countries in the latter half of the 19th century , and in almost all of them it involved the large - scale displacement and exploitation of indigenous people . Harsh conditions led to many uprisings , coups and bloody suppressions of peasants . For example Guatemala started producing coffee in the 1500s but lacked the manpower to harvest the coffee beans . As a result the Guatemalan government forced indigenous people to work on the fields . This lead to a strain in the indigenous and Guatemalan people 's relationship that still exists today . A notable exception is Costa Rica where a lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms . Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over the 19th and 20th centuries . In the 20th century Latin American countries faced a possible economic collapse . Before World War II Europe was consuming large amounts of coffee . Once the war started Latin America lost 40 % of its market and was on the verge of economic collapse . Coffee was and is a Latin American commodity . The United States saw this and talked with the Latin American countries and as a result the producers agreed on an equitable division of the U.S. market . The U.S. government monitored this agreement . For the period that this plan was followed the value of coffee doubled , which greatly benefited coffee producers and the Latin American countries . Brazil became the largest producer of coffee in the world by 1852 and it has held that status ever since . It dominated world production , exporting more coffee than the rest of the world combined , from 1850 to 1950 . The period since 1950 saw the widening of the playing field due to the emergence of several other major producers , notably Colombia , Ivory Coast , Ethiopia , and , most recently , Vietnam , which overtook Colombia and became the second - largest producer in 1999 and reached 15 % market share by 2011 . Around the turn of the century an organization named Fair Trade emerged . In the past 20 years Fair trade coffee has become very popular . The idea of fair trade is to pay the farmers more money , so the farmers can have better lives . Most fair Trade 's farmers come from Latin America . There is controversy about the effectiveness of Fair Trade . The proponents argue that Fair Trade helps the farmer receive a larger salary which allows them to live better lives . Opponents argue that Fair Trade does not keep records and therefore can not be accountable . A recent change to the coffee market are lattes , Frappuccino 's and other sugary coffee drinks . With the rise of lattes and Frappuccino 's becoming more popular this has caused coffee houses to be able to use cheaper coffee beans in their coffee , which has hurt the Latin American countries ' economy . The cheaper coffee beans is called Robusta and they contain more caffeine then the more expansive beans . This is another reason the coffee houses can use the cheaper beans because it still contains a high caffeine content . The reason using cheaper beans hurts the Latin American economy is because the producers receive less money for the production of the cheaper beans then they do for the production of the higher quality beans . Since the producers get paid less they are receiving a smaller income , which in turn , hurts the economy of Latin America . Asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) Also see Coffee production in India Monsooned Malabar arabica , compared with green Yirgachefe beans from Ethiopia Coffee came to India well before the East India company , through an India Sufi saint named `` Baba Budan '' . The first record of coffee growing in India is following the introduction of coffee beans from Yemen by Baba Budan to the hills of Chikmagalur ( Coorg , Southern India ) in 1670 . Since then coffee plantations have become established in the region , extending south to Kodagu . Coffee production in India is dominated in the hill tracts of South Indian states , with the state of Karnataka accounting 53 % followed by Kerala 28 % and Tamil Nadu 11 % of production of 8,200 tonnes . Indian coffee is said to be the finest coffee grown in the shade rather than direct sunlight anywhere in the world . There are approximately 250,000 coffee growers in India ; 98 % of them are small growers . As of 2009 , the production of coffee in India was only 4.5 % of the total production in the world . Almost 80 % of the country 's coffee production is exported . Of that which is exported , 70 % is bound for Germany , Russian federation , Spain , Belgium , Slovenia , United States , Japan , Greece , Netherlands and France , and Italy accounts for 29 % of the exports . Most of the export is shipped through the Suez Canal . Coffee is grown in three regions of India with Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu forming the traditional coffee growing region of South India , followed by the new areas developed in the non-traditional areas of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa in the eastern coast of the country and with a third region comprising the states of Assam , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Tripura , Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh of Northeastern India , popularly known as `` Seven Sister States of India '' . Indian coffee , grown mostly in southern India under monsoon rainfall conditions , is also termed as `` Indian monsooned coffee '' . Its flavour is defined as : `` The best Indian coffee reaches the flavour characteristics of Pacific coffees , but at its worst it is simply bland and uninspiring '' . The two well known species of coffee grown are the Arabica and Robusta . The first variety that was introduced in the Baba Budan Giri hill ranges of Karnataka in the 17th century was marketed over the years under the brand names of Kent and S. 795 . Chikmagalur ( edit ) Coffee is the cornerstone of Chikmagalur 's economy . Chikmagalur is the birthplace of coffee in India , where the seed was first sown about 350 years ago . Coffee Board is the department located in Chikmagalur town that oversees the production and marketing of coffee cultivated in the district . Coffee is cultivated in Chikmagalur district in an area of around 85,465 hectares with Arabica being the dominant variety grown in upper hills and Robusta being the major variety in the low level hills . There are around 15000 coffee growers in this district with 96 % of them being small growers with holdings of less than or equal to 4 hectares . The average production is 55,000 MT : 35,000 MT of Arabica and 20,000 MT of Robusta . The average productivity per hectare is 810 kg for Arabica and 1110 kg of Robusta , which are higher than the national average . Arabica is a species of coffee that is also known as the `` coffee shrub of Arabia '' , `` mountain coffee '' or `` arabica coffee '' . Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated , being grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years . It is considered to produce better coffee than the other major commercially grown coffee species , Coffea canephora ( robusta ) . Arabica contains less caffeine than any other commercially cultivated species of coffee . Robusta is a species of coffee which has its origins in western Africa . It is grown mostly in Africa and Brazil , where it is often called Conillon . It is also grown in Southeast Asia where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century . In recent years Vietnam , which only produces robusta , has surpassed Brazil , India , and Indonesia to become the world 's single largest exporter . Approximately one third of the coffee produced in the world is robusta . Japan ( edit ) Coffee was introduced to Japan by the Dutch in the 17th century , but remained a curiosity until the lifting of trade restrictions in 1858 . The first European - style coffeehouse opened in Tokyo in 1888 , and closed four years later . By the early 1930s there were over 30,000 coffeehouses across the country ; availability in the wartime and immediate postwar period dropped to nearly zero , then rapidly increased as import barriers were removed . The introduction of freeze - dried instant coffee , canned coffee , and franchises such as Starbucks and Doutor Coffee in the late 20th century continued this trend , to the point that Japan is now one of the leading per capita coffee consumers in the world . South korea ( edit ) Coffee 's first notable Korean enthusiasts were 19th century emperors Sunjong and Gojong , who preferred to consume it after western - style banquets . By the 1980s instant coffee and canned coffee had become fairly popular , with a more minor tradition of independently owned coffeehouses in larger cities ; toward the end of the century the growth of franchises such as Caffe Bene and Starbucks brought about a greater demand for European - style coffee . Indonesia ( edit ) Coffee was first introduced by the Dutch during colonization in late 17th century . After several years coffee was planted on Indonesia Archipelago . Many coffee specialties are from the Indonesian Archipelago . The colloquial name for coffee , Java , comes from the time when most of Europe and America 's coffee was grown in Java . Today Indonesia is one of the largest coffee producers in the world , mainly for export . However coffee is enjoyed in various ways around the archipelago like traditional `` Kopi Ende '' which is with ginger to fancy new ways in Jakartas many coffee shops like Anomali . Philippines ( edit ) The Philippines is one of the few countries that produces the four varieties of commercially viable coffee : Arabica , Liberica ( Barako ) , Excelsa and Robusta . Climatic and soil conditions in the Philippines -- from the lowland to mountain regions -- make the country suitable for all four varieties . In the Philippines , coffee has a history as rich as its flavor . The first coffee tree was introduced in Lipa , Batangas in 1740 by a Spanish Franciscan monk . From there , coffee growing spread to other parts of Batangas like Ibaan , Lemery , San Jose , Taal , and Tanauan . Batangas owed much of its wealth to the coffee plantations in these areas and Lipa eventually became the coffee capital of the Philippines . By the 1860s , Batangas was exporting coffee to America through San Francisco . When the Suez Canal was opened , a new market started in Europe as well . Seeing the success of the Batangeños , Cavite followed suit by growing the first coffee seedlings in 1876 in Amadeo . In spite of this , Lipa still reigned as the center for coffee production in the Philippines and Batangas barako was commanding five times the price of other Asian coffee beans . In 1880 , the Philippines was the fourth largest exporter of coffee beans , and when the coffee rust hit Brazil , Africa , and Java , it became the only source of coffee beans worldwide . The glory days of the Philippine coffee industry lasted until 1889 when coffee rust hit the Philippine shores . That , coupled with an insect infestation , destroyed virtually all the coffee trees in Batangas . Since Batangas was a major producer of coffee , this greatly affected national coffee production . In two years , coffee production was reduced to 1 / 6th its original amount . By then , Brazil had regained its position as the world 's leading producer of coffee . A few of the surviving coffee seedlings were transferred from Batangas to Cavite , where they flourished . This was not the end of the Philippines ' coffee growing days , but there was less area allotted to coffee because many farmers had shifted to other crops . During the 1950s , the Philippine government , with the help of the Americans , brought in a more resistant variety of coffee . It was also then that instant coffee was being produced commercially , thus increasing the demand for beans . Because of favorable market conditions , many farmers went back to growing coffee in the 1960s . But the sudden proliferation of coffee farms resulted in a surplus of beans around the world , and for a while importation of coffee was banned in order to protect local coffee producers . When Brazil was hit by a frost in the 1970s , world market coffee prices soared . The Philippines became a member of the International Coffee Organization ( ICO ) in 1980 . Production ( edit ) The first step in Europeans ' wresting the means of production was effected by Nicolaes Witsen , the enterprising burgomaster of Amsterdam and member of the governing board of the Dutch East India Company who urged Joan van Hoorn , the Dutch governor at Batavia that some coffee plants be obtained at the export port of Mocha in Yemen , the source of Europe 's supply , and established in the Dutch East Indies ; the project of raising many plants from the seeds of the first shipment met with such success that the Dutch East India Company was able to supply Europe 's demand with `` Java coffee '' by 1719 . Encouraged by their success , they soon had coffee plantations in Ceylon , Sumatra and other Sunda islands . Coffee trees were soon grown under glass at the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden , whence slips were generously extended to other botanical gardens . Dutch representatives at the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Utrecht presented their French counterparts with a coffee plant , which was grown on at the Jardin du Roi , predecessor of the Jardin des Plantes , in Paris . The introduction of coffee to the Americas was effected by Captain Gabriel des Clieux , who obtained cuttings from the reluctant botanist Antoine de Jussieu , who was loath to disfigure the king 's coffee tree . Clieux , when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage , shared his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman , perhaps an agent of the Provinces jealous of the Batavian trade . Clieux nurtured the plants on his arrival in the West Indies , and established them in Guadeloupe and Saint - Domingue in addition to Martinique , where a blight had struck the cacao plantations , which were replaced by coffee plantations in a space of three years , is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the first French coffee plantations were founded . The first coffee plantation in Brazil occurred in 1727 when Lt. Col. Francisco de Melo Palheta smuggled seeds , still essentially from the germ plasm originally taken from Yemen to Batavia , from French Guiana . By the 1800s , Brazil 's harvests would turn coffee from an elite indulgence to a drink for the masses . Brazil , which like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity , relied heavily on slave labor from Africa for the viability of the plantations until the abolition of slavery in 1888 . The success of coffee in 17th - century Europe was paralleled with the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 1648 ) . For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries , Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade . However , a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations , such as Colombia , Guatemala , Nicaragua , Indonesia and Vietnam , now second only to Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world . Large - scale production in Vietnam began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995 . Nearly all of the coffee grown there is Robusta . Despite the origins of coffee cultivation in Ethiopia , that country produced only a small amount for export until the Twentieth Century , and much of that not from the south of the country but from the environs of Harar in the northeast . The Kingdom of Kaffa , home of the plant , was estimated to produce between 50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s . Commercial production effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela . 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from Gambela in 1908 , while in 1927 -- 8 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port . Coffee plantations were also developed in Arsi Province at the same time , and were eventually exported by means of the Addis Ababa -- Djibouti Railway . While only 245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway , this amount jumped to 2,240,000 kilograms by 1922 , surpassed exports of `` Harari '' coffee by 1925 , and reached 9,260,000 kilograms in 1936 . Australia is a minor coffee producer , with little product for export , but its coffee history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500 acres ( 2.0 km ) began to be developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown . Today there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanical harvesting system invented in 1981 . See also ( edit ) Coffee portal History portal Economics of coffee International Coffee Agreement Anacafé Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia National Coffee Association Specialty Coffee Association of America A History of the World in 6 Glasses , by Tom Standage : a review by blaqswans.org Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , Bennett Alan ; Bealer , Bonnie K. ( 2001 ) . The world of caffeine . Routledge . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92723 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Meyers , Hannah ( 7 March 2005 ) . `` '' Suave Molecules of Mocha '' -- Coffee , Chemistry , and Civilization `` . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ OED , s.v. `` Coffee '' . ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary , 1st ed. `` coffee , n . '' Oxford University Press ( Oxford ) , 1891 . Jump up ^ قها . الباحث العربي ( in Arabic ) . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Alan S. ( 1986 ) . `` The etymology of `` coffee '' : The dark brew `` . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 106 ( 3 ) : 557 -- 558 . doi : 10.2307 / 602112 . JSTOR 602112 . Jump up ^ Steiger , L. ; Nagal , C. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` AFLP analysis of genetic diversity within and among Coffea arabica cultivars '' . Theoretical and Applied Genetics . 105 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 209 -- 215 . doi : 10.1007 / s00122 - 002 - 0939 - 8 . PMID 12582521 . ^ Jump up to : John K. Francis . `` Coffea arabica L. RUBIACEAE '' ( PDF ) . Factsheet of U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Wild , Anthony ( 2003 ) . `` Coffee : A dark history '' . Basic Reference . USA : Fourth Estate . 28 : 217 -- 229 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Grigg , David ( 2002 ) . `` The worlds of tea and coffee : Patterns of consumption '' . GeoJournal. 57 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 294 . doi : 10.1023 / b : gejo. 0000007249.91153. c3 . JSTOR 41147739 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery of Coffee '' . shazuli.com . Archived from the original on 16 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Ukers , William ( 1935 ) . All About Coffee . New York : The Tea & Coffee Trade Journal Company . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ukers 1922 : 5 , and all other sources ^ Jump up to : `` Coffee and qahwa : How a drink for Arab mystics went global '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Al - Jaziri 's manuscript work is of considerable interest with regards to the history of coffee in Europe as well . A copy reached the French royal library , where it was translated in part by Antoine Galland as De l'origine et du progrès du café . ^ Jump up to : `` عمدة الصفوة في حل القهوة -- resource for arabic books '' . alwaraq.net . Jump up ^ Schneider , Irene ( 2001 ) . `` Ebussuud '' . In Stolleis , Michael . Juristen : ein biographisches Lexikon ; von der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert ( in German ) ( 2nd ed . ) . München : Beck . p. 193 . ISBN 3 - 406 - 45957 - 9 . Jump up ^ J.E. Hanauer ( 1907 ) . `` About Coffee '' . Folk - lore of the Holy Land . pp. 291 f . ( All ) the coffee - houses ( were ) closed , and their keepers pelted with the sherds of their pots and cups . This was in 1524 , but by an order of Selìm I. , the decrees of the learned were reversed , the disturbances in Egypt quieted , the drinking of coffee declared perfectly orthodox Jump up ^ Aregay , Merid W. ( 1988 ) . `` The Early History of Ethiopia 's Coffee Trade and the Rise of Shawa '' . The Journal of African History . 29 ( 1 , Special Issue in Honour of Roland Oliver ) : 20 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700035969 . JSTOR 182236 . Jump up ^ Richard Pankhurst , Economic History of Ethiopia ( Addis Ababa : Haile Selassie I University , 1968 ) , p. 198 Jump up ^ Dufour , Traitez nouveaux et curieux du café , du thé et du chocolat ( Lyon , 1684 , etc ) . Jump up ^ In later editions Dufour casts doubt on the identity of Rhazes ' bunchum , which is shared by Edward Forbes Robinson , The Early History of Coffee Houses in England ( London , 1893 ) , noted by Ukers 1922 : Jump up ^ The 19th - century orientalist Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy edited the first two chapters of al - Jaziri 's manuscript and included it in the second edition of his Chrestomathie Arabe ( Paris , 1826 , 3 vols . ) . Antoine Galland 's De l'origine et du progrès du Café ( 1699 ) was recently reissued ( Paris : Editions La Bibliothèque , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` Maltese history through a sweet tooth '' . tenzo.fr . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ William Harrison Ukers , All About Coffee : 2 . Jump up ^ `` History of Coffee '' . Nestlé Professional . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Brian William ( 2005 ) . The Social Life of Coffee : The emergence of the British Coffee house . New Haven Conn : Yale University Press ... Jump up ^ Wild , Anthony . Coffee A Dark History . W.W. Norton & Company , Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue , New York , N.Y. 10110 . Jump up ^ `` The surprising history of London 's lost coffee houses '' . The Daily Telegraph . 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Zappiah , Nat ( 2007 ) . `` Coffee Houses and Culture '' . Huntington Library Quarterly . 70 ( 4 ) : 671 -- 677 . doi : 10.1525 / hlq. 2007.70. 4.671 . JSTOR 10.1525 / hlq. 2007.70. 4.671 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee History '' . Archived from the original on 15 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The women 's petition against coffee representing to publick consideration the grand inconveniences accruing to their sex from the excessive use of that drying , enfeebling liquor '' . Archived from the original on 10 August 2006 . Retrieved 18 June 2006 . Jump up ^ http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/History%20of%20coffee/en-en/ Jump up ^ `` Kawa w Polsce -- historia i styl picia -- Koneserzy.pl '' . www.koneserzy.pl . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Otwarcie kawiarni Duvala w Warszawie -- Muzeum Historii Polski '' . muzhp.pl . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SPRZEDAŻ KAWY W POLSCE '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Rice , Robert A. ( 1999 ) . `` A Place Unbecoming : The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America '' . Geographical Review . 89 ( 4 ) : 554 -- 579 . doi : 10.2307 / 216102 . JSTOR 216102 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , p. 16 Jump up ^ Kenneth Davids , Coffee : a guide to buying , brewing , and enjoying , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 24665 - X , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , p. 19 Jump up ^ Pendergrast , pp. 20 -- 24 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Adams , John ( 6 July 1774 ) . `` John Adams to Abigail Adams '' . The Adams Papers : Digital Editions : Adams Family Correspondence , Volume 1 . Massachusetts Historical Society . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote : When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon , and I had ridden 35 miles at least . `` Madam '' said I to Mrs. Huston , `` is it lawfull for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled , or paid no Duties ? '' `` No sir , said she , we have renounced all Tea in this Place . I cant make Tea , but I'le make you Coffee . '' Accordingly I have drank Coffee every Afternoon since , and have borne it very well . Tea must be universally renounced . I must be weaned , and the sooner , the better . ( 2 ) Stone , William L. ( 1867 ) . `` Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel 's Adventures '' . Mrs. General Riedesel : Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga ( Translated from the Original German ) . Albany : Joel Munsell . p. 147 . She then became more gentle , and offered me bread and milk . I made tea for ourselves . The woman eyed us longingly , for the Americans love it very much ; but they had resolved to drink it no longer , as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war . At Google Books . Note : Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel , commander of all German and Indian troops in General John Burgoyne 's Saratoga campaign and American prisoner of war during the American Revolution . ( 3 ) Heiss , Mary Lou ; Heiss , Robert . J ( 2007 ) . `` A History of Tea : The Boston Tea Party '' . The Story of Tea : A Cultural History and Drinking Guide . pp. 21 -- 24 . At Google Books . ( 4 ) Zuraw , Lydia ( 24 April 2013 ) . `` How Coffee Influenced The Course of History '' . NPR . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ( 5 ) DeRupo , Joseph ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` American Revolution : Stars , Stripes -- and Beans ? '' . NCA News . National Coffee Association . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ( 6 ) Luttinger , Nina ; Dicum , Gregory ( 2006 ) . The coffee book : anatomy of an industry from crop to the last drop . The New Press . p. 33 . At Google Books . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ McCreery , David . `` Coffee and Indigenous Labor in Guatemala '' . The Global Coffee Economy in Africa , Asia , and Latin America , 1500 -- 1989 : 192 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Corntassel , Jeff ; Holder , Cindy ( 2008 ) . `` Who 's Sorry Now ? Government Apologies , Truth Commissions , and Indigenous Self - Determination in Australia , Canada , Guatemala , and Peru '' . Human Rights Review . 9 ( 4 ) : 465 -- 489 . doi : 10.1007 / s12142 - 008 - 0065 - 3 . Jump up ^ Williamson , W.F. ( Fall 2017 ) . `` The Place of Coffee in Trade with Latin America '' . Journal of Marketing : 149 -- 151 . Jump up ^ `` UNCTAD -- Coffee Production History '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.tradeforum.org/Fair-Trade/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ transfairusa . `` Santiago 's Story '' . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter . `` Fairtrade is not fair '' . Youtube . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Scholer , Mortan ( Fall 2017 ) . `` Bitter or Better Future for Coffee Farmers '' . International Trade Forum : 9 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Wild , Anthony ( 10 April 1995 ) . The East India Company Book of Coffee . Harper Collins . ISBN 0004127390 . Jump up ^ `` BABA BUDAN GIRI '' . chickmagalur.nic.in . ^ Jump up to : Yeboah , Salomey ( 8 March 2005 ) . `` Value Addition to Coffee in India '' . Cornell Education : Intag 602 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hau Leung ; Lee , Chung - Yee ( 2007 ) . Building supply chain excellence in emerging economies . pp. 293 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 38428 - 6 . Jump up ^ Illy , Andrea ; Viani , Rinantonio ( 2005 ) . Espresso coffee : the science of quality . Academic Press . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 370371 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee Regions -- India '' . Indian Coffee Organization . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Coffee '' . Coffee Research Organization . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Carol ( 2010 ) . The Little Book of Coffee Law . American Bar Association . pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 1 - 60442 - 985 - 2 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brief history of Coffee in Japan '' . d - cage . Jump up ^ `` Countries Compared by Lifestyle > Food and drink > Coffee > Consumption . International Statistics at NationMaster.com '' . nationmaster.com . Jump up ^ `` The Korean Coffee Myth '' . The Marmot 's Hole . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hyo - sik ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Why do coffee shops keep popping up ? '' . Korea Times . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ William Law , The History of Coffee , including a chapter on chicory ( London ) 1850 : 14 , on the authority of Hermann Boerhaave , director of the botanical garden at Leiden . Jump up ^ E.M. Jacobs , Merchant in Asia : the trade of the Dutch East India Company during the `` Coffee from Mocha and the highlands of Batavia '' : 260ff describes the introduction of coffee plantations in detail Jump up ^ Henry Mills Alden , `` A Cup of coffee '' , Harper 's new monthly magazine 44 ( 1872 : 241 ) . Jump up ^ Toussaint - Samat 2008 : 530 . Jump up ^ The story appeared in J.J.C. Goube , Histoire du duché de Normandie ( 1815 , vol . III : 191 ) , of which a translated excerpt was contributed to The Gentleman 's Magazine ( February 1840 : 136 ) `` Generosity of M. Desclieux -- The Coffee - tree at Martinique '' . The date of this event is variously reported : in Goube it is 1726 . Jump up ^ `` Des Clieux 's cutting was the ancestor of all the coffee trees of Martinique , the West Indies , Brazil and Colombia , and some of them went back across the Atlantic to become a source of income to the African colonies that have now gained their independence '' ( Toussaint - Samat 2008 : 531 ) . Jump up ^ Palacios , Marco ( 2002 ) . Coffee in Colombia , 1850 -- 1970 : An Economic , Social and Political History . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52859 - 3 . Jump up ^ Vietnam : Silent Global Coffee Power by Alex Scofield Jump up ^ International Coffee Organization . Total Production of Exporting Countries : Crop Years 2000 / 01 to 2005 / 06 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2010 ... Retrieved 8 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Pankhurst , Economic History , p. 202 Jump up ^ Pankhurst , Economic History , p. 203 Jump up ^ `` Australian Coffee History '' . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Sources ( edit ) `` The Blessed Bean -- history of coffee '' . Archived from the original on 8 November 2006 . Retrieved 19 June 2006 . 1949 Encyclopædia Britannica . Otis , McAllister & Co. 1954 Allen , Stewart Lee ( 1999 ) . The Devil 's Cup : Coffee , the Driving Force in History . Soho Press . Birsel , Salâh . -- Kahveler kitabı. -- 1 . baskı . -- Istanbul : Koza Yayınları , 1975 . -- ( Olaylar - belgeler - anılar ; 8 ) . Burn , Jacob Henry , d . ( 1869 ) . A descriptive catalogue of the London traders , tavern , and coffee - house toke . 2nd ed . London . Chew , Samual C ( 1974 ) . The Crescent and the Rose . Oxford University Press , New York . Darby , M. ( 1983 ) The Islamic Perspective , An aspect of British Architecture and Design in the 19th century . Leighton House Gallery , London . Davids , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Coffee . Ellis , Aytoun ( 1956 ) . The Penny Universities : A History of the Coffee - Houses . London : Secker & Warburg . Galland , Antoine ( 1699 ) De l'origine et du progrez du café , Éd . originale J. Cavelier Paris , 1992 -- La Bibliothèque , coll . L'Écrivain Voyageur Illy , Francesco & Riccardo ( 1989 ) . From Coffee to Espresso Ibn al - Imād al - Hanbali ( d. 1089 AH / 1679 AD ) . Shadharāt al - dhahab fi akhbār man dhahab , al - Juz ' 8 . Cairo , 1931 . Malecka , Anna ( 2015 ) . `` How Turks and Persians Drank Coffee : A Little - known Document of Social History by Father J.T. Krusiński '' . Turkish Historical Review . 6 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 193 . doi : 10.1163 / 18775462 - 00602006 . Pendergrast , Mark ( 2001 ) ( 1999 ) . Uncommon Grounds : The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World . London : Texere . ISBN 1 - 58799 - 088 - 1 . Weinberg , Bennett Alan ; Bealer , Bonnie K. ( 2001 ) . The world of caffeine . Routledge . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92723 - 4 . Liss , David . The Coffee Trader ( 2003 ) . A well - researched historical novel about ( among other things ) the beginnings of the coffee business in 17th century Amsterdam . Includes extensive bibliography . `` Fairtrade is not fair , '' YouTube Video , 09 : 33 , Why Fair Trade is Bad on December 01 , 2009 , posted by `` Peter Griffiths , '' October 5 , 2017 . McCreery , David . `` Coffee and Indigenous Labor in Guatemala , 1871 -- 1980 . '' In The Global Coffee Economy in Africa , Asia and Latin America , 1500 -- 1989 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003.192 -- 208 . James , Deborah . `` Justice and Java . '' NACLA Report on the Americas 34 , no . 2 ( September 2000 ) : 11 -- 12 . Academic Search Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed September 30 , 2017 ) . * Johannessen , Silje , and Harold Wilhite . `` Who Really Benefits from Fairtrade ? An Analysis of Value Distribution in Fairtrade Coffee . '' Globalizations 7 , no . 4 ( December 2010 ) : 525 -- 544 . Academic Search Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Santiago 's Story , '' YouTube Video , 06 : 18 , First Hand Account on March 26 , 2008 , posted by `` Fair Trade Certified , '' October 1 , 2017 , Scholer , Morten . `` Bitter or Better Future for Coffee Producers ? '' International Trade Forum no . 2 ( June 2004 ) : 9 -- 12 . Business Source Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed October 1 , 2017 ) . Topik , Steven C. `` Coffee Anyone ? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies . '' Hispanic American Historical Review 80 , no . 2 ( May 2000 ) : 225 -- 266 . Humanities International Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed September 27 , 2017 ) . Williamson , W.F. `` The Place of Coffee in Trade with Latin America . '' Journal of Marketing 6 , no . 4 ( April 2 , 1942 ) : 149 -- 151 . Business Source Complete , EBSCOhost Coffee Topics Economics Fair trade History Production Coffee production List of countries by coffee production Species and varieties Arabica Kona coffee S795 coffee Charrieriana Liberica Robusta Components Cafestol Caffeic acid Caffeine Coffee bean Processing Coffee roasting Coffee wastewater Decaffeination Home roasting Preparation AeroPress Arabic coffee Brewed coffee Canned coffee Cezve Chorreador Coffeemaker Coffee syrup Cold brew Espresso doppio lungo ristretto Espresso machine French press Handpresso Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol Instant coffee Knockbox List of coffee dishes Moka pot Percolator Turkish coffee Vacuum maker Coffee drinks Affogato Americano Bica Bicerin Black Russian Cà phê sữa đá Café au lait Café de olla Café con leche Caffè crema Café Cubano Caffè mocha Café Touba Caffè corretto Café com Cheirinho Caffè macchiato Cappuccino Carajillo Coffee milk Cortado Espresso Flat white Frappuccino Galão Garoto Greek frappé coffee Iced coffee Indian filter coffee Ipoh white coffee Irish coffee Karsk Kopi Luwak Kopi tubruk Latte Latte macchiato Liqueur coffee Long black Lungo Mazagran Oliang Red eye Ristretto Rüdesheimer Kaffee Tenom coffee Turkish coffee White coffee White Russian Wiener Melange Yuenyeung Organisation lists Coffee companies Coffeehouses Lifestyle Barista Caffè sospeso Coffee break Coffee ceremony CoffeeCon Coffee culture Coffee cupping Coffee Palace Coffeehouse Fika Kopi tiam Latte art Viennese coffee house Substitutes Barley coffee Barley tea Barleycup Caro Chicory Dandelion coffee Inka Postum Qishr Roasted grain drink Misc . Coffee and doughnuts Coffee cup Coffee cup sleeve Demitasse Tasse à café Coffee leaf rust King Gustav 's twin experiment Coffee vending machine Demitasse spoon Single - serve coffee container Third wave of coffee Coffee portal Category : Coffee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_coffee&oldid=819302774 '' Categories : Coffee History of food and drink Hidden categories : CS1 uses Arabic - language script ( ar ) CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 16 : 44 . 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Question: when was coffee first made into a drink