Abolition of corporal punishment Act , 1997 - wikipedia Abolition of corporal punishment Act , 1997 Jump to : navigation , search Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act , 1997 Act to provide for the abolishment of corporal punishment authorised in legislation ; and to provide for matters connected therewith . Citation Act No. 33 of 1997 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date assented to 28 August 1997 Date commenced 5 September 1997 Status : Spent The Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act , 1997 ( Act No. 33 of 1997 ) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa that abolished judicial corporal punishment . It followed the Constitutional Court 's 1995 decision in the case of S v Williams and Others that caning of juveniles was unconstitutional . Although the ruling in S v Williams was limited to the corporal punishment of males under the age of 21 , Justice Langa mentioned in dicta that there was a consensus that corporal punishment of adults was also unconstitutional . The act contains two substantive sections . The first provides that `` any law which authorises corporal punishment by a court of law , including a court of traditional leaders , '' is repealed to the extent that it authorises such a punishment . The second makes specific textual amendments various statutes , including the Black Administration Act , the Magistrates ' Courts Act and the Criminal Procedure Act , to remove references to corporal punishment . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Section 13 : The abolition of JCP '' . Judicial Corporal Punishment in South Africa . World Corporal Punishment Research . 2005 . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ S v Williams and Others ( 1995 ) ZACC 6 at para. 10 , 1995 ( 3 ) SA 632 , 1995 ( 7 ) BCLR 861 ( 9 June 1995 ) , Constitutional Court ( South Africa ) External links ( edit ) Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act , 1997 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_Corporal_Punishment_Act,_1997&oldid=742293306 '' Categories : South African legislation Penal system in South Africa 1997 in South African law Corporal punishments Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2016 , at 21 : 20 . About Wikipedia

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Augusta National Golf club - wikipedia Augusta National Golf club Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Augusta National Golf Club The 10th fairway and green in 2006 Club information Show map of the US Show map of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Show all Coordinates 33 ° 30 ′ N 82 ° 01 ′ W  /  33.5 ° N 82.02 ° W  / 33.5 ; - 82.02 Coordinates : 33 ° 30 ′ N 82 ° 01 ′ W  /  33.5 ° N 82.02 ° W  / 33.5 ; - 82.02 Location Augusta , Georgia , U.S. Elevation 160 -- 310 feet ( 50 -- 95 m ) Established 1933 , 85 years ago Type Private Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted Masters Tournament ( 1934 -- present ) PGA Seniors ' Championship 1937 -- 38 Greens Bentgrass Fairways Ryegrass Website masters.com Designed by Bobby Jones and Alister MacKenzie Par 72 Length 7,435 yd ( 6,799 m ) Longest hole is # 2 575 yd ( 526 m ) Course rating 78.1 ( unofficial ) Slope rating 137 ( unofficial ) Course record 63 - Nick Price ( 1986 ) , Greg Norman ( 1996 ) Augusta National Golf Club , located in Augusta , Georgia , is one of the most famous golf clubs in the world . Founded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts on the site of the former Fruitland ( later Fruitlands ) Nursery , the course was designed by Jones and Alister MacKenzie and opened for play in January 1933 . Since 1934 , it has played host to the annual Masters Tournament , one of the four major championships in professional golf , and the only major played each year at the same course . It was the top - ranked course in Golf Digest 's 2009 list of America 's 100 greatest courses and was the number ten - ranked course based on course architecture on Golfweek Magazine 's 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States . The club has drawn criticism for its exclusionary membership policies : Augusta National barred African Americans until 1990 and women until 2012 . The club , which long required all caddies to be black , barred black golfers from the Masters Tournament for 40 years until Lee Elder participated in the 1975 Tournament . Tiger Woods was the only person of color who won the tournament . In 2018 , Augusta National Golf Club was voted the number one Platinum Club of the World , Golf & Country Clubs by the election conducted by Club Leaders Forum . On April 4 , 2018 , Fred Ridley , in his first major appearance as chairman of Augusta National Golf Club , announced that the Augusta National Women 's Amateur Championship would start in 2019 . The tournament will take place a week before the 2019 Masters Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 Amen Corner 1.2 `` The Big Oak Tree '' 1.3 Eisenhower Tree 1.4 Ike 's Pond 1.5 Rae 's Creek 2 Membership 2.1 Notable members 2.2 Chairmen 2.3 2002 membership controversy 3 Green jacket 4 Caddies 5 Appearances in video games 6 References 7 External links Course ( edit ) The course was formerly a plant nursery , and each hole on the course is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated . Several of the holes on the first nine have been renamed , as well as hole # 11 . Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Tea Olive 445 10 Camellia 495 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 505 Flowering Peach 350 12 Golden Bell 155 Flowering Crab Apple 240 13 Azalea 510 5 5 Magnolia 455 14 Chinese Fir 440 6 Juniper 180 15 Firethorn 530 5 7 Pampas 450 16 Redbud 170 8 Yellow Jasmine 570 5 17 Nandina 440 9 Carolina Cherry 460 18 Holly 465 Out 3,725 36 In 3,710 36 Source : Total 7,435 72 Masters Course Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Par 5 5 36 5 5 36 72 Masters 455 575 350 240 455 180 450 570 460 3735 495 505 155 510 440 530 170 440 465 3710 7445 Member 365 515 340 170 400 165 330 480 395 3160 450 400 145 455 380 475 145 370 385 3205 6365 Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade : 2010 : 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) 2000 : 6,985 yards ( 6,387 m ) 1990 : 6,905 yards ( 6,314 m ) 1980 : 7,040 yards ( 6,437 m ) 1970 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1960 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1950 : 6,900 yards ( 6,309 m ) 1940 : 6,800 yards ( 6,218 m ) Unlike most other private or public golf courses in the US , Augusta National has never been rated . During the 1990 Masters Tournament , a team of USGA raters , organized by Golf Digest , evaluated the course and gave it an unofficial rating of 76.2 . It was re-evaluated in 2009 and given an unofficial rating of 78.1 . The golf course architecture website GolfClubAtlas.com has said , `` Augusta National has gone through more changes since its inception than any of the world 's twenty or so greatest courses . To call it a MacKenzie course is false advertising as his features are essentially long gone and his routing is all that is left . '' The authors of the site also add that MacKenzie and Jones were heavily influenced by the Old Course at St Andrews , and intended that the ground game be central to the course . Almost from Augusta 's opening , Roberts sought to make changes to minimize the ground game , and effectively got free rein to do so because MacKenzie died shortly after the course 's opening and Jones went into inactivity due to World War II and then a crippling illness . The authors add , `` With the ground game gone , the course was especially vulnerable to changes in technology , and this brought on a slew of changes from at least 15 different ' architects ' . '' Golf Course Histories has an aerial comparison of the architectural changes for Augusta National Golf Club for the year 1938 versus 2013 . Among the changes to the course were several made by architect Perry Maxwell in 1937 , including an important alteration involving the current 10th hole . When Augusta National originally opened for play in January 1933 , the opening hole ( now the 10th ) was a relatively benign par 4 that played just in excess of 400 yards . From an elevated tee , the hole required little more than a short iron or wedge for the approach . Maxwell moved the green in 1937 to its present location -- on top of the hill , about 50 yards back from the old site -- and transformed it into the toughest hole in Masters Tournament history . Ben Crenshaw referred to Maxwell 's work on the 10th hole as `` one of the great strokes in golf architecture '' . For the 1999 tournament , a short rough was instated around the fairways . Referred to as the second cut , it is substantially shorter than the comparable primary rough at other courses , with an average length of 1.625 inches ( 4.13 cm ) . It is meant to reduce a player 's ability to control the ball coming out of this lie , and encourage better accuracy for driving onto the fairway . Amen Corner ( edit ) The second shot at the 11th , all of the 12th , and the first two shots at the 13th hole at Augusta are nicknamed `` Amen Corner '' . This term was first used in print by author Herbert Warren Wind in his April 21 , 1958 , Sports Illustrated article about the Masters that year . In a Golf Digest article in April 1984 , 26 years later , Wind told about its origin . He said he wanted a catchy phrase like baseball 's `` hot - corner '' or football 's `` coffin - corner '' to explain where some of the most exciting golf had taken place ( the Palmer - Venturi rules issue at twelve , over an embedded ball ruling and how it was handled , in particular ) . Thus `` Amen Corner '' was born . He said it came from the title of a jazz record he had heard in the mid-1930s by a group led by Chicago 's Mezz Mezzrow , Shouting in that Amen Corner . In a Golf Digest article in April 2008 , writer Bill Fields added some new updated information about the origin of the name . He wrote that Richard Moore , a golf and jazz historian from South Carolina , tried to purchase a copy of the old Mezzrow 78 RPM disc for an `` Amen Corner '' exhibit he was putting together for his Golf Museum at Ahmic Lake , Ontario . After extensive research , Moore found that the record never existed . As Moore put it , Wind , himself a jazz buff , must have `` unfortunately bogeyed his mind , 26 years later '' . While at Yale , he was no doubt familiar with , and meant all along , the popular version of the song ( with the correct title , `` Shoutin ' in that Amen Corner '' written by Andy Razaf ) , which was recorded by the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra , vocal by Mildred Bailey ( Brunswick label No. 6655 ) in 1935 . Moore told Fields that , being a great admirer of Wind 's work over the years , he was reluctant , for months , to come forth with his discovery that contradicted Wind 's memory . Moore 's discovery was first reported in Golf World magazine in 2007 , before Fields ' longer article in Golf Digest in 2008 . In 1958 Arnold Palmer outlasted Ken Venturi to win the tournament with heroic escapes at Amen Corner . Amen Corner also played host to Masters moments such as Byron Nelson 's birdie - eagle at 12 and 13 in 1937 , and Sam Snead 's water save at 12 in 1949 that sparked him to victory . On the flip side of fate , Jordan Spieth 's quadruple bogey on 12 during Sunday 's final round in 2016 cost him his 2 - stroke lead and ultimately the championship . `` The big Oak Tree '' ( edit ) `` The Big Oak Tree '' is on the golf course side of the clubhouse and was planted in the 1850s . Eisenhower Tree ( edit ) Main article : Eisenhower Tree Eisenhower Tree in 2011 Also known as the `` Eisenhower Pine '' , a loblolly pine was located on the 17th hole , approximately 210 yards ( 192 m ) from the Masters tee . President Dwight D. Eisenhower , an Augusta National member , hit the tree so many times that , at a 1956 club meeting , he proposed that it be cut down . Not wanting to offend the president , the club 's chairman , Clifford Roberts , immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request . In February 2014 , the Eisenhower Tree was removed after suffering extensive damage during an ice storm . Ike 's Pond ( edit ) During a visit to Augusta National , then - General Eisenhower returned from a walk through the woods on the eastern part of the grounds , and informed Clifford Roberts that he had found a perfect place to build a dam if the club would like a fish pond . Ike 's Pond was built and named , and the dam is located just where Eisenhower said it should be . This is also the location that Roberts committed suicide by gunshot in 1977 . At age 83 , he had been in ill health for several months with cancer and had a debilitating stroke . Rae 's Creek ( edit ) Rae 's Creek cuts across the southeastern corner of the Augusta National property . It flows along the back of the 11th green , in front of the 12th green , and ahead of the 13th tee . This is the lowest point in elevation of the course . The Hogan and Nelson Bridges cross the creek after the 12th and 13th tee boxes , respectively . The creek was named after former property owner John Rae , who died in 1789 . Rae 's Creek runs in front of No. 12 green , has a tributary evident at No. 13 tee , and flows at the back of No. 11 green . It was Rae 's house which was the farthest fortress up the Savannah River from Fort Augusta . The house kept residents safe during Indian attacks when the fort was out of reach . Membership ( edit ) Augusta National Golf Club has about 300 members at any given time . Membership is strictly by invitation : there is no application process . In 2004 , USA Today published a list of all the current members . Membership is believed to cost between $10,000 and $30,000 and annual dues were estimated in 2009 to be less than $10,000 per year . Augusta invited and accepted its first African - American member , TV executive Ron Townsend , in 1990 following a controversy at Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club . Shoal Creek , an all - white golf club in Alabama , refused membership to African Americans . The club also faced demands that the PGA Championship not be held there because of racist comments by the club 's founder . In his 2012 pre-Masters press conference , Chairman Billy Payne declined to discuss the club 's then - continued refusal to admit women . He defended the club 's position by noting that in 2011 , more than 15 % of the non-tournament rounds were played by female players who were member guests or spouses of active members . However , on August 20 , 2012 , Augusta National admitted its first two female members , Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore . Notable members ( edit ) Notable current members include : Warren Buffett , CEO of Berkshire Hathaway Pete Coors , former chairman and CEO of Coors Brewing Company and Molson Coors Brewing Company , current chairman of MillerCoors Bill Gates , co-founder and chairman of Microsoft Roger Goodell , commissioner of the National Football League Pat Haden , former NFL player and former athletic director at the University of Southern California Lou Holtz , former college football coach Hugh L. McColl Jr. , former CEO of Bank of America Darla Moore , South Carolina businesswoman Sam Nunn , former United States Senator from Georgia Sam Palmisano , former CEO of IBM T. Boone Pickens , Jr. , oil tycoon Condoleezza Rice , former United States Secretary of State Henry Waite , former Chairman of HUFF Productions Simon Chirayath , British businessman James D. Robinson III , former CEO of American Express Lynn Swann , former NFL player and current athletic director at the University of Southern California Jack Welch , former CEO of General Electric Matt Rose , former CEO of BNSF Railway Jack Nicklaus , Hall of Fame golfer , six - time Masters champion , and the only Masters champion who is currently a regular member of the club Recently deceased members include : Arnold Palmer , Hall of Fame golfer and four - time Masters champion , was also a regular member when he died in September 2016 . Melvin Laird , former United States Secretary of Defense ( died November 2016 ) Robert Sumner former pastor ( died December 2016 ) Frank Broyles , former athletic director at the University of Arkansas ( died August 2017 ) Chairmen ( edit ) Clifford Roberts ( 1931 -- 1976 ) William Lane ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Hord Hardin ( 1980 -- 1991 ) Jackson T. Stephens ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Hootie Johnson ( 1998 -- 2006 ) Billy Payne ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Fred Ridley ( 2017 -- present ) In 1966 , the governing board of Augusta National passed a resolution honoring founder Bobby Jones with the position of President in Perpetuity . 2002 membership controversy ( edit ) Augusta National and its Chairman Hootie Johnson are widely known for a disagreement beginning in 2002 with Martha Burk , then chair of the Washington - based National Council of Women 's Organizations ; the dispute arose over Augusta National 's refusal to admit female members to the club . Burk said she found out about the club 's policies in a USA Today column by Christine Brennan published April 11 , 2002 . She then wrote a private letter to Johnson , saying that hosting the Masters Tournament at a male - only club constituted sexism . Johnson characterized Burk 's approach as `` offensive and coercive '' . Responding to efforts to link the issue to sexism and civil rights , Johnson maintained that the issue had to do with the rights of any private club : `` Our membership is single gender just as many other organizations and clubs all across America . These would include Junior Leagues , sororities , fraternities , Boy Scouts , Girl Scouts , and countless others . And we all have a moral and legal right to organize our clubs the way we wish . '' Burk , whose childhood nickname was also Hootie , claimed to have been `` called a man hater , anti-family , lesbian , all the usual things . '' Johnson was portrayed as a Senator Claghorn type -- `` a blustery defender of all things Southern '' . Following the discord , two club members resigned : Thomas H. Wyman , a former CEO of CBS , and John Snow , when President George W. Bush nominated him to serve as Secretary of the Treasury . Pressure on corporate sponsors led the club to broadcast the 2003 and 2004 tournaments without commercials . The controversy was discussed by the International Olympic Committee when re-examining whether golf meets Olympic criteria of a `` sport practiced without discrimination with a spirit of friendship , solidarity and fair play '' . Augusta National extended membership to Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore on August 20 , 2012 . Green jacket ( edit ) Every member of Augusta National receives a green sport coat with the club 's logo on the left breast . The idea of the green jacket originated with club co-founder Clifford Roberts . Many believe it is because he wanted patrons visiting during the tournament to be able to readily identify members . Since Sam Snead 's victory in 1949 , the winner of each year 's Masters Tournament has received a green jacket , although he does not receive membership . The jacket is presented to the new winner by the winner of the previous tournament . If the previous champion is either unavailable or has won consecutive tournaments , then the current chairman acts as the presenter . Until 1967 , the jackets were manufactured by Brooks Brothers and since have been made by Hamilton of Cincinnati , Ohio , with the imported wool produced at the Victor Forstmann plant in Dublin , Georgia . The current Masters champion is the only owner of a green jacket permitted to remove it from the grounds of Augusta National , and only for a period of one year . Before this time limit was in place , the jacket of a few long - past Masters champions had been sold , after their deaths , to collectors . Consequently , the members of Augusta National have gone to great lengths to secure the remaining examples . Now , two jackets remain outside the grounds of Augusta National with the club 's permission . When Gary Player first won the Masters in 1961 , he brought his jacket home to South Africa . For years the board insisted that Player return the jacket but Player kept `` forgetting '' or coming up with humorous creative excuses why he did not return the jacket . After becoming something of a running joke , Augusta National 's members allowed him to keep it , where it is on display in his personal museum . The second jacket belongs to 1938 champion Henry Picard . Before the traditions surrounding one of golf 's greatest awards were well established , the jacket was removed by Picard from Augusta National . It is now currently on display in the `` Picard Lounge '' at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood , Ohio . Along with Snead , the nine previous winners were also awarded green jackets in 1949 , and these became known as the `` original ten '' jackets . Horton Smith 's jacket , awarded for his wins in 1934 and 1936 , sold at auction in September 2013 for over $682,000 ; the highest price ever paid for a piece of golf memorabilia. Smith died at age 55 in 1963 and it had been in the possession of his brother Ren 's stepsons for decades . Caddies ( edit ) Augusta National employs a staff of caddies to assist members , guests , and professionals . Before 1983 , staff caddies were assigned to players at the Masters , and all were black males . Club co-founder Roberts once said , `` As long as I 'm alive , all the golfers will be white and all the caddies will be black . '' Roberts comitted suicide at Augusta in 1977 and five years later in November 1982 , chairman Hord Hardin announced that players were henceforth permitted to use their regular caddies at the Masters . This decision followed an incident that occurred during the 1982 tournament . Following a Thursday rain delay , many of the caddies failed to show up at the proper time on Friday morning . As a result of the confusion , two - time champion Tom Watson and others sent scathing complaint letters to Hardin . Twelve players , including then five - time champion Jack Nicklaus , defending champion Craig Stadler , and future two - time champion Ben Crenshaw , employed club caddies in 1983 . Well into the 1970s , all four majors and some tour events required the use of the host club 's caddies ; the U.S. Open had this policy through 1975 , but by 1980 , only the Masters and the Western Open near Chicago retained the requirement . Augusta 's caddie staff continues to wear its trademark white jumpsuits year - round . Female caddies are permitted . Most of them are professional golfers ' regular caddies , such as Fanny Sunesson . Sunesson is one of the PGA Tour 's few female caddies , and has caddied for several players at the Masters , most notably three - time champion Nick Faldo , and more recently Henrik Stenson . The first female caddie at Augusta was George Archer 's daughter Elizabeth in 1983 , her 21st event carrying the bag for her father . Archer , the 1969 champion , tied for twelfth for one of his better finishes at Augusta . During the pre-tournament events in 2007 , Golf Channel 's Kelly Tilghman caddied for Arnold Palmer in the par - 3 contest . Fuzzy Zoeller 's daughter Gretchen was his caddie for his last year as a competitor in the tournament in 2009 . Tennis pro Caroline Wozniacki , ex-fiancée of Rory McIlroy , caddied for him in the par - 3 contests of 2013 and 2014 . Crenshaw won his 1984 and 1995 Masters titles with Augusta National caddie Carl Jackson . Appearances in video games ( edit ) Augusta National Golf Club is featured in the Japan - exclusive video game franchise Harukanaru Augusta , which started in 1989 . The games were produced by T&E Soft . One of its last titles Masters ' 98 : Haruka Naru Augusta was released for the Nintendo 64 . Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament are also featured in the video game Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12 : The Masters , and has subsequently featured in later iterations of the game . This is the first time that the course has been officially used in the Tiger Woods franchise . Augusta National was also previously used in the 1986 computer game Mean 18 , published by Accolade . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Masters Tournament '' ( PDF ) . GCSAA . Tournament fact sheets . April 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the course : Augusta National Golf Club '' . PGA Tour . April 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knuth , Dean ( April 2010 ) . `` How Tough Is Augusta National ? '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Szurlej , Stephen ( 2009 ) . `` America 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses / 2008 - 09 : America 's 100 Greatest '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Classic Courses '' . Golfweek. 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Michael ; Brady , Erik ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Privacy becomes public at Augusta '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Crouse , Karen ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Treasure of Golf 's Sad Past , Black Caddies Vanish in Era of Riches '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Platinum Golf & Country Clubs of the World 2018 - 19 -- Platinum Clubs of the World '' . clubleadersforum.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Augusta National Takes an Unexpected Turn Toward Women 's Golf '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Meyers , Christopher C. ( 2015 ) . `` Fruitland Nursery : A ' Horticultural Mecca ' '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 99 ( 1 ) : 48 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyette , John ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` Augusta National 's natural beauty was born in nursery '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Course Tour : 2012 Masters '' . PGA of America : Major Championships . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta National '' . GolfClubAtlas.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golf Course Histories : Augusta National Golf Club '' . GolfCourseHistories.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyette , John . `` Maxwell made No. 10 a monster '' . www.Augusta.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta National Gets a Little Rough Around the Edges '' . Los Angeles Times . March 12 , 1998 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newfort , John Paul ( April 12 , 2008 ) . `` The ' Second Cut ' at the Masters Still Draws Controversy , 10 Years On '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wind , Herbert Warren ( April 21 , 1958 ) . `` The fateful corner '' . Sports Illustrated : 48 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 5 , 2008 ) , 50 years later , Palmer 's first Masters win still remains controversial , ESPN Jump up ^ The Making of the Masters , by David Owen , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Fun facts about the Masters '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Tree : Where is it , and how did it get its name ? '' . Golf.About.com . Jump up ^ Boyette , John ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` Masters landmark Ike 's Tree suffers major damage , removed '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Jump up ^ Pavey , Rob ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` In 60 years , little about Ike 's Pond has changed '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Course -- Landmarks '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Augusta National Golf Club members list '' . USA Today . August 4 , 2004 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Ron ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Masters Tournament 2012 : How Much Does It Cost To Join Elite Augusta Golf Club ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1990-09-12/sports/sp-242_1_black-member Jump up ^ Johnson , William Oscar ( August 13 , 1990 ) . `` The Gates Open '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hiltzik , Michael ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Augusta National 's woman problem '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta Chairman Billy Payne refused to comment on female memberships '' . Golf.com. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Augusta National admits two women , including Condoleezza Rice '' . USA Today . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shipnuck , Alan ( April 6 , 2004 ) . `` Taking on The Times '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , Ward ( April 6 , 1999 ) . `` Corporate club nears final stage '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Foss , Mike ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Roger Goodell is at the Masters , wearing his green jacket '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Hummer , Steve ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` NFL Hall of Famer Lynn Swann catches on at Augusta National '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Go Fish ESPN.com , Rick Reilly . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ Dangremond , Sam ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' . Town & Country . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arnold Palmer dies at 87 of complications from heart problems '' . ESPN.com . September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Palmer won the Masters in 1958 , 1960 , 1962 and 1964 and is one of two champions -- along with Jack Nicklaus -- who are members of Augusta National . Jump up ^ Maisel , Ivan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Frank Broyles ' Arkansas legacy lives on '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 10 , 2003 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Hootie Is Handling the Heat on the Eve of the Masters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Mariah Burton ( December 2003 ) . `` Women of the Year 2003 Martha Burk '' . Ms. Magazine . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Doug ( November 11 , 2002 ) . `` An interview with Augusta 's Hootie Johnson '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta defends male - only members policy '' . Golf Today . Jump up ^ `` GOLF ; A Private Club 's Defense '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` A Master 's Challenge '' . Quintess Charities . Jump up ^ Ostler , Scott ( April 12 , 2003 ) . `` Hat in hand , Hootie 's nemesis set for big day at Masters '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Blauvelt , Harry ( October 21 , 2002 ) . `` Augusta leader 's record defies image '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . All agree Johnson , who has a record of access and inclusion , is one of the most unlikely people to have gotten caught up in the firestorm over Augusta membership . Yet the former University of South Carolina football player and prominent banker is being characterized nationally as a rube . `` His whole life has been just the opposite of what he 's being portrayed , '' says U.S. Rep. Jim Clyburn , D-S. C. `` He 's always come down on the side of access and equality . He 's not a prejudiced person in any way . He is not deserving of this controversy . '' Jump up ^ Cohen , Randy ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` Is Golf Unethical ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio firm fashions green jackets from Georgia cloth '' . February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kindred , Dave ( August 2013 ) . `` The case of the missing green jacket '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Green jacket nets $682 K at auction '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 & 1936 Masters Champion Horton Smith 's Green Jacket '' . Green Jacket Auctions . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wade , Harless ( April 6 , 1983 ) . `` Tradition bagged at Masters '' . Spokane Chronicle . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Grimsley , Will ( April 5 , 1973 ) . `` Caddie controversy : Aaron holds slim Masters lead '' . The Journal . Jump up ^ `` Tour caddies at Augusta ? '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . November 12 , 1982 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wade , Harless ( April 6 , 1983 ) . `` Tradition bagged at Masters '' . Spokane Chronicle . ( Dallas Morning News ) . p . C1 . ^ Jump up to : Litke , Jim ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` One caddie carries on tradition at Augusta '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . p . D3 . ^ Jump up to : Greenday , Joe ( April 11 , 1983 ) . `` Elizabeth Archer enjoying a first in golf at Masters '' . Boca Raton News . Knight Ridder Newspapers . p. 1D . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 10 , 1983 ) . `` New Masters caddies collide '' . Sunday Star - News . Wilmington , NC . ( New York Times ) . p. 6D . Jump up ^ Loomis , Tom ( April 6 , 1973 ) . `` Chi Chi prefers own caddy '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Westchester winner may bypass events '' . Victoria Advocate . Victoria , Texas . Associated Press . August 26 , 1974 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` Touring golf pros prefer their own caddies '' . Reading Eagle . Associated Press . May 5 , 1974 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Open golfers to pick own caddies in 1976 '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . November 15 , 1975 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Break for some '' . Rome News - Tribune . Rome , Georgia . Associated Press . January 18 , 1976 . p. 3B . Jump up ^ `` Caddies draw golfers in Western Open play '' . Rome News - Tribune . Rome , GA . Associated Press . July 2 , 1980 . p. 8A . Jump up ^ `` Pro Archer has daughter carry bag '' . News and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . Associated Press . August 17 , 1980 . p. 8B . Jump up ^ `` King of caddies '' . Calhoun Times Plus . Calhoun , GA . June 6 , 1995 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Harukanaru Augusta ( Franchise ) - Giant Bomb '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ List of Harukanaru Augusta video games at GameFAQs Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods PGA TOUR 13 Blog '' . EA . March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pigna , Kris ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods Takes Backseat in New Game '' . 1up.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mean 18 : Hall Of Light -- The database of Amiga games '' . Hol.abime.net . November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Augusta.com coverage from the Augusta Chronicle Aerial view from Google Maps Augusta , Georgia , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Guide to Augusta National at BBC Guide to Augusta National at Golflink 3D Course Planner at ProVisualizer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusta_National_Golf_Club&oldid=837648156 '' Categories : Masters Tournament Golf clubs and courses in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Golf clubs and courses designed by Alister MacKenzie Sports venues in Augusta , Georgia Men 's organizations in the United States Sports organisations established in 1933 Sports venues completed in 1933 1933 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Wikipedia external links cleanup from May 2017 Wikipedia spam cleanup from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 03 : 39 . 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Sierra Nevada Brewing company - wikipedia Sierra Nevada Brewing company Jump to : navigation , search Sierra Nevada Brewing Co . Type Private Location Chico , California , United States Opened 1980 Annual production volume 1,250,000 US beer barrels ( 1,470,000 hl ) Owned by Ken Grossman Employees 1050 Website sierranevada.com Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. was established in 1979 by homebrewers Ken Grossman and Paul Camusi in Chico , California , United States . Sierra Nevada Brewing is one of the top breweries operating in the United States . As of 2016 , it is the seventh - largest brewing company in the United States . The brewery produced 786,000 US bbl ( 922,000 hl ) in 2010 . The brewery was named `` Green Business of the Year '' by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 2010 for its practices in sustainability . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Influence 3 Environmental record 4 Beers 4.1 Sierra Nevada Classics 4.2 Seasonals 4.3 Special release 4.4 Awards 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Headquarters in Chico , CA Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. was founded in 1979 , with founders Ken Grossman and Paul Camusi expanding their homebrewing hobby into a brewery in Chico , California . Along with the brewery 's location , Grossman claims the company 's name comes from his love of hiking in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada . With $50,000 in loans from friends and family , Grossman and Camusi rented a 3,000 sq ft ( 280 m ) warehouse and pieced together discarded dairy equipment and scrapyard metal to create their brewing equipment . They later were able to acquire second - hand copper brewing kettles from Germany before moving to their larger , current brewing facility in 1989 . The first batch brewed on premises was its Pale Ale , in November 1980 . The following year , the brewery introduced Celebration , an IPA , which it continues to release as a winter seasonal . The company sold 950 US beer barrels ( 1,110 hl ) of beer in its first year , and double that amount in the second . The company 's first employee was Steve Harrison , who was put in charge of marketing and sales . The head brewer is Steve Dresler , who has been with the brewery since 1983 , when its output was 25 to 30 barrels per week . The company distributed the beer itself in the early 1980s , struggling with financial and marketing problems . A 1982 article in the San Francisco Chronicle highlighting the brewery , as well as having its beer sold in prominent restaurants such as Berkeley 's Chez Panisse , helped establish a market for Sierra Nevada 's beer . By 1987 , the brewery was distributing to seven states and production had reached 12,000 US beer barrels ( 14,000 hl ) per year , causing the company to pursue building a new brewery . In 1988 , the brewery moved into a 100 - barrel brewhouse , with four open fermenters , and eleven 200 US bbl ( 230 hl ) secondary fermenters . A year later , Grossman and Camusi added the Sierra Nevada Taproom and Restaurant , which serves lunch and dinner and includes a giftshop . In 2000 , the brewery opened `` The Big Room '' , a live - music venue located inside the brewery 's facilities , featuring a variety of acts including country , bluegrass , folk , rock , blues , and other musical genres . Camusi retired in 1998 and sold his share in the company to Grossman . In 2010 , Sierra Nevada Brewing partnered with the Abbey of New Clairvaux , with the monastery beginning production of Trappist - style beers in 2011 . The Abbey has not yet been sanctioned by the International Trappist Association , and therefore the monastery will not be brewing official Trappist beer . The brewery employed about 450 people in 2011 . Entrance to Mills River brewery In January 2012 , Sierra Nevada announced it would build a second brewing facility with an attached restaurant in Mills River , North Carolina . The LEED - Platinum - certified building opened in early 2014 on a forested tract adjacent to Asheville Regional Airport , re-using the cut - down trees as lumber both in the building and for the rainwater cisterns that flush the toilets . In 2013 , the company opened the `` Torpedo Room '' in Berkeley , their first tasting room outside of Chico . In January 2017 , Sierra Nevada issued a voluntary recall of certain 12 - ounce bottles of different beers in 36 states due to a manufacturing defect that had possibly introduced chipped pieces of glass into the bottle . Influence ( edit ) Along with Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco and the now - defunct New Albion Brewing Company in Sonoma , whose owners offered Grossman and Camusi early guidance in their venture , Sierra Nevada is considered one of the earliest and most influential breweries which spawned the craft beer movement of the 1980s - 90s . Grossman has been dubbed a `` pioneer '' by fellow craft brewers in the United States . Whereas many of the newly spawned microbreweries of the 1980s went out of business , Sierra Nevada Brewing endured to become one of the largest independent brewers in the country , whose beers were noted for their `` character and complexity '' . Grossman believed many microbrewers of the early 1980s had put out an inferior product due to lack of preparation for the financial and mechanical realities of commercial brewing , which were a `` much different process '' from homebrewing . For its 30th anniversary in 2010 , the company released a series of collaborative beers with the assistance of those Grossman considered an early influence on his brewing : Charlie Papazian , Fred Eckhardt , Fritz Maytag ( Anchor ) and Jack McAuliffe ( New Albion ) . In November 2010 , Stansbury Publishing released Hops and Dreams : The Story of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co , written by California State University , Chico professor Rob Burton who researched the company for three years . The company has claimed to be neutral on political issues , and reiterated this stance in 2010 when it was erroneously linked by a beer industry group to opposing the California Proposition 19 of that year , which would have legalized marijuana in the state . Environmental record ( edit ) Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. won the US Environmental Protection Agency 's `` Green Business of the Year '' award for 2010 . The brewery is powered by solar energy , having 10,000 photovoltaic modules covering its rooftops and parking lot . In all , the brewery uses 2.6 megawatts of solar electricity on premises . It also has built a charging station for electric vehicles on its premises . The company uses a small - scale BioPro TM biodiesel processor to convert the used cooking oil from its restaurant for biodiesel use in its delivery trucks . In 2009 , it reached an agreement with a local ethanol company to produce high - grade ethanol fuel from its discarded yeast . Spent grain is sold to local cattle ranchers for livestock feed ; spent water is sent to the brewery 's own water treatment plant , where it is reused , mainly as drip irrigation for its fields . Over 99.5 % of the brewery plant 's solid waste is diverted from landfill . The company owns one mile of railway for use in intermodal freight transport , which aids in reducing the brewery 's carbon footprint . Each rail car can hold the equivalent of four semi-trailers of grain ; rail transport is more fuel efficient than road transport . Sierra Nevada is the largest buyer of organic hops in the United States . It also farms its own organic hops and barley for use in its annual Chico Estate Harvest Ale release . Beers ( edit ) Sierra Nevada classics ( edit ) Sierra Nevada Pale Ale Sierra Nevada Torpedo Ale label , from a bottle purchased in Chico , California . The brewery 's year - round offerings include its Pale Ale , Porter , Stout , Torpedo ' Extra ' IPA , Kellerweis Hefeweizen , Nooner Pilsner , and Hop Hunter IPA . Sierra 's flagship Pale Ale has been described as `` a balance between aggressive hops and hearty malt flavor '' , with its Cascade hops offering a grapefruit aroma and fruity palate . Like several other Sierra Nevada offerings , it is bottle - conditioned . It is the best - selling pale ale in the United States as of 2012 . Sierra Nevada 's Porter , along with its heavier Stout version , have been described by writer Michael Jackson as `` gently coffeish '' and `` beautifully roasty '' examples of their respective styles . The two offerings have been brewed since the company 's first year of operation . Torpedo is an American India Pale Ale and Kellerweis is a traditional Bavarian hefeweizen . Both were introduced as nationwide offerings in 2009 . Seasonals ( edit ) The brewery 's current lineup of seasonals include Beer Camp Hoppy Lager , Summerfest Lager , Oktoberfest , and Celebration Ale . Sierra Nevada 's Celebration Ale has been brewed as a winter seasonal since 1981 . While it has won medals under the IPA category , it has also been described as a hoppy , malty amber ale , as well as a `` bigger version '' of the company 's pale ale . Previous Autumn seasonal Tumbler Brown Ale has been described as a full - bodied , malt - heavy brown ale and is sold for the autumn months . Previous Spring seasonal Ruthless Rye IPA is an IPA brewed with rye and whole - cone hops for the spring , while Summerfest is a pilsner brewed in the Czech tradition . Special release ( edit ) Bigfoot , 2006 Edition Annual `` Special Release '' beers produced by Sierra Nevada include Bigfoot Barleywine Style Ale , Hemisphere Harvest Ales and Chico Harvest Estate Ale . Bigfoot is brewed with two types of malt and three differing hops , and tops out at 9.6 % ABV . It is a barleywine , but due to alcohol laws in the U.S. it must be marketed as a `` barleywine style ale '' . Only alcohols derived from fruits , not grains , can be marketed as wine . It first won medals at the Great American Beer Festival in 1987 . It is generally released January -- February of each year . The brewery releases both a Northern and Southern Hemisphere Harvest `` wet hop '' ale . Introduced in 1996 as Harvest Ale , Northern Hemisphere utilizes wet ( undried ) hops from eastern Washington for its `` fresh harvest '' ale . It was the first fresh - hop ale brewed in the United States . The brewery later introduced Southern Hemisphere which features wet hops from New Zealand . The Chico Estate Harvest Ale is brewed with organic wet hops and barley grown in land on the brewery 's premises . Old Chico Crystal Wheat , a wheat beer , is named in memory of the Chico Brewery which operated in the town during the 19th century . Old Chico brand beers are only distributed in the northern California area around Chico . Awards ( edit ) Name Style Awards Barrel - Aged Narwhal Wood - Aged Strong Stout 2013 Great American Beer Festival Silver Bigfoot Barley Wine 2012 World Beer Cup Silver , 2005 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1997 Great American Beer Festival Silver , 1995 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1992 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1988 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1987 Great American Beer Festival Gold Celebration India Pale Ale 1994 Great American Beer Festival Silver , 1990 Great American Beer Festival Bronze Estate Homegrown Ale Fresh Hop Ale 2012 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 2010 Great American Beer Festival Silver Imperial Stout Imperial Stout 2012 Great American Beer Festival Silver IPA India Pale Ale 2005 Great American Beer Festival Gold Kellerweis Hefeweizen 2012 World Beer Cup Silver Kolsch Kölsch 2009 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 2008 Great American Beer Festival Silver Ovila Dubbel Dubbel 2012 World Beer Cup Bronze Pilsner Pilsner 2010 World Beer Cup Gold Porter Porter 2009 U.S. Open Beer Championship Bronze , 2000 Great American Beer Festival Bronze , 1983 Great American Beer Festival Silver Ruthless Rye PA Rye Ale 2012 World Beer Cup Gold Sierra 30 Jack and Ken 's Ale Barley Wine 2010 Great American Beer Festival Gold Pale Ale Pale Ale 1995 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1993 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1992 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1990 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1989 Great American Beer Festival Gold , 1987 Great American Beer Festival Bronze , 1983 Great American Beer Festival Gold Stout Stout 2004 World Beer Cup Bronze , 1989 Great American Beer Festival Silver , 1988 Great American Beer Festival Silver , 1987 Great American Beer Festival Bronze Summerfest Lager 2004 Great American Beer Festival Bronze , 1991 Great American Beer Festival Silver Weizenbock Wheat Ale 2011 Great American Beer Festival Silver Wheat Wheat Ale 1998 Great American Beer Festival Bronze See also ( edit ) Beer portal California portal Drink portal California breweries Craft beer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ariel ( 27 Apr 2009 ) . `` Sierra Nevada Brewing Co . Gets Electric Vehicle Charging Stations '' . Fastcompany.com . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers Association Releases Top 50 Breweries of 2016 '' . Brewers Association . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Patrick ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Sierra Nevada Brewing is a true innovator '' . Idaho Statesman . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Brewing named EPA Green Business of the Year '' . Beer News . December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Irving , Alexandra ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Sierra Nevada founder talks beer with students '' . State Press ( Arizona ) . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ogle , Maureen ( 2006 ) . Ambitious Brew : the story of American beer . Orlando : Harcourt . pp. 300 -- 306 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 101012 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Michael ( 2000 ) . Michael Jackson 's great beer guide . New York : Dorling Kindersley . p. 428 . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 5156 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Michael ( 1993 ) . Michael Jackson 's Beer Companion . Philadelphia : Running Press . p. 88 . ISBN 1 - 56138 - 288 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kolesar , Bryan . ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Sierra Nevada turns 30 '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sierra Nevada Brewing Company '' . Reference for Business . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Calagione , Sam ( March -- April 2010 ) . `` Sierra Nevada Turns 30 : An Interview with Ken Grossman '' . Brewers Association . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Jay R. ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Sierra Nevada Partners With The Abbey of New Clairvaux '' . Ale Street News . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Brian ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` Growing Up With the Family Brewery '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada beer plans eastward expansion with N.C. brewery '' . San Jose Mercury News ( Associated Press ) . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada 's Torpedo Room opens in Berkeley '' . Inside Scoop. 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Brewery Issues 36 - State Recall of Select Beers '' . NBC News . 22 Jan 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Joe ( Fall 2010 ) . `` Chico 's Brew Turns 30 '' . Chico Statements . CSU Chico . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada 's Stance on Proposition 19 ( CA Marijuana Law ) '' . The Full Pint . September 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Arcuate , Francisco ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` EPA Turns 40 , Honors Environmental Heroes '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hops and Dreams : The Story of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co '' . Rocklin & Roseville Today . Rocklin , California . November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Demont - Heinrich , Christof ( March 6 , 2011 ) . `` Solar brews beer , charges EVs at Sierra Nevada '' . Solar Charged Driving . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.springboardbiodiesel.com/BioPro-Success-Stories Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada to turn beer yeast into fuel '' . The Full Pint . February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Underwood , Kristin ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Harvest Time at the Sierra Nevada Brewery '' . Treehugger . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Feder , Mandy ( 26 February 2009 ) . `` On the right track '' . 2016 CHICO COMMUNITY PUBLISHING , INC . Chico News & Review . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Foyston , John ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Sierra Nevada Chico Estate Harvest Ale on tap at the Basement Pub '' . The Oregonian . Oregon Live . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Harper , Timothy ; Oliver , Garrett ( 1997 ) . The Good Beer Book . New York : Berkley . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 15614 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Christine P. ( 1995 ) . The Encyclopedia of Beer . New York : Henry Holt & Co. p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 3799 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cizmar , Martin ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` President of Beers : # 18 Sierra Nevada Pale Ale '' . Willamette Week . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 craft beers '' . Gayot . FoxNews.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael ( 1993 ) . Michael Jackson 's Beer Companion . Philadelphia : Running Press . pp. 174 , 183 . ISBN 1 - 56138 - 288 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Introduces Kellerweis as Newest Year - Round Beer '' ( Press release ) . Sierra Nevada . 6 March 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Introduces Year - Round Extra IPA '' ( Press release ) . Sierra Nevada . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Celebration Ale '' . Sierra Nevada . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fabricant , Florence ( December 18 , 1991 ) . `` Brews From Near and Far '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Christopher ( January 16 , 2003 ) . `` Ales with extra kick for winter '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goble , Steve . ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` Brewologist : Sierra Nevada Tumbler brown ale '' . Mansfield News Journal . Mansfield , Ohio . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Summerfest '' . Beer Advocate . Jump up ^ `` Barleywine Style '' . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Nevada Bigfoot '' . Sierra Nevada . Jump up ^ Brooks , Jay R. ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Fresh hop brews now on tap '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . External links ( edit ) Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. official website Mutineer Magazine Issue # 4 Hops and Dreams : The Story of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co . Springboard Biodiesel , LLC . BioPro TM Biodiesel Processor Manufacture Coordinates : 39 ° 43 ′ 29.7 '' N 121 ° 48 ′ 46.9 '' W  /  39.724917 ° N 121.813028 ° W  / 39.724917 ; - 121.813028 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada_Brewing_Company&oldid=815320233 '' Categories : American beer brands Beer brewing companies based in California Beer in California Companies based in Chico , California American companies established in 1980 Food and drink companies established in 1980 1980 establishments in California Privately held companies in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 04 : 21 . About Wikipedia

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Carol Ann Susi - wikipedia Carol Ann Susi Jump to : navigation , search Carol Ann Susi ( 1952 - 02 - 02 ) February 2 , 1952 Brooklyn , New York , U.S. November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) ( aged 62 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Cancer Nationality American Occupation Actress Years active 1974 -- 2014 Carol Ann Susi ( February 2 , 1952 -- November 11 , 2014 ) was an American actress . She was known for providing the voice of recurring unseen character Mrs. Wolowitz , mother of Howard Wolowitz , on the television series The Big Bang Theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Susi made her first screen appearance in Kolchak : The Night Stalker . Other television and film credits included : McMillan & Wife , Coyote Ugly , Just Go with It , The Big Bang Theory , Becker , Grey 's Anatomy , That ' 70s Show , Out of Practice , Cats & Dogs , Just Shoot Me , Married ... with Children , Night Court , The King of Queens , Death Becomes Her , Seinfeld , The Secret of My Success , My Blue Heaven , and Sabrina , the Teenage Witch . She also had extensive experience in live theatre and voiced a character on the video game installment of CSI : NY . Personal life ( edit ) Carol Ann Susi was born in Brooklyn , of Italian descent . She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City before moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s . Susi died of cancer on November 11 , 2014 , in Los Angeles , California , at age 62 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Jason ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , ' Big Bang Theory 's ' Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead at 62 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Bang Theory actress dies at 62 '' . The Globe and Mail . November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , Joan ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's the Voice of ' Big Bang ' Mother ? '' . Contra Costa Times . p. 2A . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salem , Rob ( January 24 , 2009 ) . `` Nerd herd doing a bang - up job '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` TV Q&A with Rob Owen '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Johnny ( September 27 , 1974 ) . `` Radio and TV plus Video Versions '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . p. 21 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drake , Sylvie ( September 16 , 1988 ) . `` ' Ladies ' Room ' Lives Up to Expectations of Racy Domain '' . Los Angeles Times . p . C6 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 19 , 1995 ) . `` Ollstein 's ' Pot Roast ' Is Rich in Flavor '' . Los Angeles Times . p . F8 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , ' Big Bang Theory 's Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Carol Ann Susi , Voice Behind Big Bang Theory 's Mrs. Wolowitz , Dead at 62 '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Carol Ann Susi on IMDb VIAF : 311656933 GND : 1061791513 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_Ann_Susi&oldid=823767932 '' Categories : 1952 births 2014 deaths 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses from New York City Actresses of Italian descent American film actresses American people of Italian descent American television actresses American voice actresses Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin People from Brooklyn Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 08 : 02 . About Wikipedia

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List of best - selling Christmas singles in the United States - wikipedia List of best - selling Christmas singles in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This page shows the best - selling Christmas singles in the United States . It includes artists from around the world , but it only reflects sales in the United States of America . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , `` White Christmas '' by Bing Crosby is not only the best - selling Christmas / holiday single in the United States , but also the best - selling single of all time , with estimated sales in excess of 50 million copies worldwide . Prior to March 1 , 1991 , the only means of tracking sales figures for record albums and singles in the United States was via the certification system of the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , based specifically on shipments ( less potential returns ) on a long - term basis . From March 1 , 1991 through the present day , the Nielsen SoundScan tracking system has been more widely used to accurately track sales of record albums and singles at the point of sale ( POS ) based on inventory bar code scans , as well as digital music download sales starting in 2003 . As of November 25 , 2016 , the holiday single with the most digital downloads is Mariah Carey 's 1994 track `` All I Want for Christmas Is You , '' which SoundScan estimates as having sold 3,200,000 copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Best - selling Christmas / holiday singles since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began 1.1 Best - selling Christmas singles 2 Best - selling Christmas / holiday singles by RIAA certification 2.1 Digital singles 2.2 Cellular ringtones 2.3 Physical singles 3 See also 4 References Best - selling Christmas / holiday singles since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began ( edit ) This is a list of the top ten best - selling Christmas singles of the SoundScan era in the United States according to the Nielsen Company , as last updated on November 25 , 2016 . Nielsen SoundScan began tracking digital download sales data at the end of June 2003 . Best - selling Christmas singles ( edit ) Rank Title Artist Released Label ( s ) Digital Downloads `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Carey , Mariah Mariah Carey Columbia 3,200,000 `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' Bell , Kristen Kristen Bell , Agatha Lee Monn & Katie Lopez 2013 Walt Disney 1,600,000 `` Christmas Eve / Sarajevo 12 / 24 '' Trans - Siberian Orchestra Lava 1,300,000 `` Mistletoe '' Bieber , Justin Justin Bieber 2011 Island 1,100,000 `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee 1958 Decca 1,000,000 6 `` Christmas Canon '' Trans - Siberian Orchestra 1998 Lava 918,000 7 `` Where Are You Christmas ? '' Hill , Faith Faith Hill 2000 Interscope 897,000 8 `` Feliz Navidad '' Feliciano , José José Feliciano 1970 RCA 808,000 9 `` Jingle Bell Rock '' Helms , Bobby Bobby Helms 1957 Decca 780,000 10 `` Last Christmas '' Wham ! 1984 Columbia 751,000 Best - selling Christmas / holiday singles by RIAA certification ( edit ) This is an incomplete list of the best - selling Christmas / holiday singles in the United States based on certification by the RIAA . This list provides a more complete representation of the best - selling Christmas / holiday albums in history , as it includes those released well before the Nielsen / SoundScan era of music sales . Digital singles ( edit ) Year of Release Title Artist Label ( s ) Certification Award Certification Date 2013 `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' Bell , Kristen Kristen Bell , Agatha Lee Monn & Katie Lopez Walt Disney Platinum 2014 - 04 - 23 2011 `` Mistletoe '' Bieber , Justin Justin Bieber Island Platinum 2015 - 02 - 27 2007 `` This Christmas '' Brown , Chris Chris Brown RCA Gold 2017 - 11 - 22 2003 `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Carey , Mariah Mariah Carey Columbia Gold 2005 - 12 - 13 `` Chanukah Song '' Sandler , Adam Adam Sandler Warner Bros . Gold 2009 - 10 - 05 2003 `` Christmas Eve / Sarajevo 12 / 24 '' Trans - Siberian Orchestra Lava Gold 2009 - 12 - 14 Cellular ringtones ( edit ) Year of Release Title Artist Label ( s ) Certification Award Certification Date 2006 `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Carey , Mariah Mariah Carey Columbia 2x Multi-Platinum 2009 - 12 - 15 2003 `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' Elmo & Patsy Legacy / Epic Gold 2008 - 12 - 10 2003 `` Santa Baby '' Kitt , Eartha Eartha Kitt Legacy Gold 2008 - 12 - 09 Physical singles ( edit ) According to the most recent record album certifications , the holiday single title with the highest RIAA certification is Elvis Presley 's 1964 single `` Blue Christmas '' , which is certified Platinum by the RIAA ( though its date of certification came more than ten years after the RIAA reduced the threshold for Platinum level for singles from two million copies to one million copies ) . Year of Release Title ( A-side / B - side ) Artist ( s ) Label ( s ) Certification Award Certification Date 1964 `` Blue Christmas '' / `` Santa Claus Is Back in Town '' Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley RCA Victor Platinum 1999 - 12 - 15 `` This One 's for the Children '' / `` Funky , Funky Xmas '' New Kids on the Block Columbia Gold 1990 - 01 - 09 1984 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' / `` Feed the World '' Band Aid Columbia Gold 1984 - 12 - 19 1959 `` Alvin 's Harmonica '' / `` Mediocre '' ( David Seville ) The Chipmunks Liberty Gold 1958 `` The Chipmunk Song '' / `` Almost Good '' ( David Seville ) The Chipmunks with the Music of David Seville Liberty Gold 1958 `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' / `` Papa Noël '' Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee Decca Gold 1957 `` Jingle Bell Rock '' / `` Captain Santa Claus ( and His Reindeer Space Patrol ) '' Bobby Helms Decca Gold 1955 `` Nuttin ' for Christmas '' / `` Santa Claus Looks Just Like Daddy '' Mooney , Art Art Mooney and His Orchestra Vocal by Barry Gordon MGM Gold 1952 `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' / `` Thumbelina '' Boyd , Jimmy Jimmy Boyd Columbia Gold 1950 `` Frosty the Snow Man '' / `` When Santa Claus Gets Your Letter '' Autry , Gene Gene Autry and The Cass County Boys Columbia Gold 1949 `` I Yust Go Nuts at Christmas '' / `` Yingle Bells '' Yorgesson , Yogi Yogi Yorgesson Capitol Gold 1949 `` Rudolph , the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' / `` If It Does n't Snow on Christmas '' Autry , Gene Gene Autry & The Pinafores Columbia Gold 1969 - 11 - 10 1948 `` All I Want for Christmas ( Is My Two Front Teeth ) '' / `` Happy New Year '' Jones , Spike Spike Jones and his City Slickers RCA Victor Gold 1948 `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' / `` I 'm A-Tellin ' You , Sam '' Brown , Les Les Brown and his Orchestra Columbia Gold 1947 `` Here Comes Santa Claus ( Down Santa Claus Lane ) '' / `` An Old - Fashioned Christmas '' Autry , Gene Gene Autry Columbia Gold 1946 `` Christmas Island '' / `` Winter Wonderland '' Andrews Sisters and Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians Decca Gold 1946 `` The Christmas Song ( Merry Christmas to You ) '' / `` In the Cool of Evening '' The King Cole Trio Capitol Gold 1944 `` White Christmas '' / `` If You Are But a Dream '' Sinatra , Frank Frank Sinatra Columbia Gold 1943 `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas ( If Only in My Dreams ) '' / `` Danny Boy '' Crosby , Bing Bing Crosby Decca Gold 1943 `` Jingle Bells '' / `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' Crosby , Bing Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters Decca Gold 1942 `` White Christmas '' / `` Let 's Start the New Year Right '' Crosby , Bing Bing Crosby Decca Gold 1942 `` White Christmas '' / `` Abraham '' Martin , Freddy Freddy Martin and his Orchestra Victor Gold 1935 `` Silent Night '' / `` Adeste Fideles ( O Come , All Ye Faithful ) '' Crosby , Bing Bing Crosby Decca Gold See also ( edit ) Christmas portal Christmas music List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom List of Christmas hit singles in the United States Best - selling Christmas / holiday albums in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guinness Book of Records , 2007 Edition , page 187 Archived 2015 - 03 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of Records , 2008 Edition , page 181 Jump up ^ Guinness Book of Records , 2009 Edition , pages 14 , 15 & 169 Archived 2013 - 02 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roy J. Harris , Jr . ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Best - Selling Record of All . ' White Christmas ' and the reasons it endures '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . It was a peaceful song that became a wartime classic . Its unorthodox , melancholy melody -- and mere 54 words , expressing the simple yearning for a return to happier times -- sounded instantly familiar when sung by America 's favorite crooner . But 67 years after its introduction , some still are surprised to learn that Bing Crosby 's recording of the Irving Berlin ballad `` White Christmas '' became not only the runaway smash - hit for the World War II holidays , but the best - selling record of all time . ^ Jump up to : Billboard Staff ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` What Are the Top - Selling Holiday Songs ? '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States&oldid=818195643 '' Categories : Lists of best - selling albums Christmas albums Christmas music Christian music lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 04 : 35 . 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Question: what is the number one selling christmas song of all time


Climate of Antarctica - wikipedia Climate of Antarctica Jump to : navigation , search Surface temperature of Antarctica in winter and summer from the European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts Antarctica has the coldest climate on the Earth . Antarctica 's lowest air temperature record was set on 21 July 1983 , with − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) at Vostok Station . Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures , down to − 93.2 ° C ( − 135.8 ° F ) at the cloud free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010 . It is also extremely dry ( technically a desert ) , averaging 166 mm ( 6.5 in ) of precipitation per year . On most parts of the continent the snow rarely melts and is eventually compressed to become the glacier ice that makes up the ice sheet . Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent , because of the katabatic winds . Most of Antarctica has an ice cap climate ( Köppen EF ) with very cold , generally extremely dry weather . Contents ( hide ) 1 Temperature 2 Precipitation 2.1 Weather condition classification 3 Ice cover 3.1 Ice shelves 4 Global warming 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links 8.1 Climate 8.2 Climate change in Antarctica 8.3 Antarctic ice Temperature ( edit ) The Antarctic temperature changes during the last several glacial and interglacial cycles of the present ice age The lowest reliably measured temperature of a continuously occupied station on Earth of − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) was on 21 July 1983 at Vostok Station . For comparison , this is 10.7 ° C ( 19.3 ° F ) colder than subliming dry ice ( at sea level pressure ) . The altitude of the location is 3,900 meters ( 12,800 feet ) . The lowest recorded temperature of any location on Earth 's surface was − 93.2 ° C ( − 135.8 ° F ) at 81 ° 48 ′ S 63 ° 30 ′ E  /  81.8 ° S 63.5 ° E  / - 81.8 ; 63.5 , which is on an unnamed Antarctic plateau between Dome A and Dome F , on 10 August 2010 . The temperature was deduced from radiance measured by the Landsat 8 satellite , and discovered during a National Snow and Ice Data Center review of stored data in December , 2013 . This temperature is not directly comparable to the - 89.2 quoted above , since it is a skin temperature deduced from satellite - measured upwelling radiance , rather than a thermometer - measured temperature of the air 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) above the ground surface . On the coast Antarctic average temperatures are around - 10 ° C ( in the warmest parts of Antarctica ) and in the elevated inland they average about - 55 ° C in Vostok . The highest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica was 17.5 ° C ( 63.5 ° F ) at Esperanza Base , on the Antarctic Peninsula , on 24 March 2015 . The mean annual temperature of the interior is − 57 ° C ( − 70.6 ° F ) . The coast is warmer . Monthly means at McMurdo Station range from − 26 ° C ( − 14.8 ° F ) in August to − 3 ° C ( 26.6 ° F ) in January . At the South Pole , the highest temperature ever recorded was − 12.3 ° C ( 9.9 ° F ) on 25 December 2011 . Along the Antarctic Peninsula , temperatures as high as 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) have been recorded , though the summer temperature is below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) most of the time . Severe low temperatures vary with latitude , elevation , and distance from the ocean . East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation . The Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate . Higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing . Precipitation ( edit ) Map of average annual precipitation on Antarctica ( mm liquid equivalent ) The total precipitation on Antarctica , averaged over the entire continent , is about 166 millimetres ( 6.5 inches ) per year ( Vaughan et al. , J Climate , 1999 ) . The actual rates vary widely , from high values over the Peninsula ( 15 to 25 inches a year ) to very low values ( as little as 50 millimetres ( 2.0 inches ) in the high interior ( Bromwich , Reviews of Geophysics , 1988 ) . Areas that receive less than 250 millimetres ( 9.8 inches ) of precipitation per year are classified as deserts . Almost all Antarctic precipitation falls as snow . Rainfall is rare and mainly occurs during the summer in coastal areas and surrounding islands . Note that the quoted precipitation is a measure of its equivalence to water , rather than being the actual depth of snow . The air in Antarctica is also very dry . The low temperatures result in a very low absolute humidity , which means that dry skin and cracked lips are a continual problem for scientists and expeditioners working in the continent . Weather condition classification ( edit ) See also : Antarctica Weather Danger Classification The weather in Antarctica can be highly variable , and the weather conditions can often change dramatically in short periods of time . There are various classifications for describing weather conditions in Antarctica ; restrictions given to workers during the different conditions vary by station and nation . In Antarctic , there are different stations scattered everywhere in Antarctica , 16 total in Antarctica ( Amery , Burger Hills , Cape Poinsett , Casey , Davis , Dumont D'urville , Haupt Nunatak , Law Dome , Mawson , McMurdo , Mirnyj , Novolazarevskaja , Skiway South , Syowa , Whoop Whoop and Wilkins Runway ) and one in sub-Antarctica ( Macquarie Island ) . The three places that have the lowest temperature are Amery , Law Dome and Wilkins Runway ( temperature in order : - 24.1 , - 12.8 , - 10.2 ) . Ice cover ( edit ) Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by a sheet of ice that is , on average , a mile thick or more ( 1.6 km ) . Antarctica contains 90 % of the world 's ice and more than 70 % of its fresh water . If all the land - ice covering Antarctica were to melt -- around 30 million cubic kilometres ( 7.2 million cubic miles ) of ice -- the seas would rise by over 60 metres ( 200 feet ) . This is , however , very unlikely within the next few centuries . The Antarctic is so cold that even with increases of a few degrees , temperatures would generally remain below the melting point of ice . Higher temperatures are expected to lead to more snow , which would increase the amount of ice in Antarctica , offsetting approximately one third of the expected sea level rise from thermal expansion of the oceans . During a recent decade , East Antarctica thickened at an average rate of about 1.8 centimetres per year while West Antarctica showed an overall thinning of 0.9 centimetres per year . For the contribution of Antarctica to present and future sea level change , see sea level rise . Because ice flows , albeit slowly , the ice within the ice sheet is younger than the age of the sheet itself . Morphometric data for Antarctica ( from Drewry , 1983 ) Surface Area ( km2 ) Percent Mean ice thickness ( m ) Volume ( km3 ) Percent Inland ice sheet 11,965,700 85.97 2,450 29,324,700 97.00 Ice shelves 1,541,710 11.08 475 731,900 2.43 Ice rises 78,970 . 57 670 53,100 . 18 Glacier ice ( total ) 13,586,380 2,160 30,109,800 1 Rock outcrop 331,690 2.38 Antarctica ( total ) 13,918,070 100.00 2,160 30,109,800 1 100.00 1The total ice volume is different from the sum of the component parts because individual figures have been rounded . Regional ice data ( from Drewry and others , 1982 ; Drewry , 1983 ) Region Area ( km2 ) Mean ice thickness ( m ) Volume ( km3 ) East Antarctica Inland ice 9,855,570 2,630 25,920,100 Ice shelves 293,510 400 117,400 Ice rises 4,090 400 1,600 West Antarctica ( excluding Antarctic Peninsula ) Inland ice sheet 1,809,760 1,780 3,221,400 Ice shelves 104,860 375 39,300 Ice rises 3,550 375 1,300 Antarctic Peninsula Inland ice sheet 300,380 610 183,200 Ice shelves 144,750 300 43,400 Ice rises 1,570 300 500 Ross Ice Shelf Ice shelf 525,840 427 224,500 Ice rises 10,320 500 5,100 Filchner - Ronne Ice Shelf Ice shelf 472,760 650 307,300 Ice rises 59,440 750 44,600 Ice shelves ( edit ) This section needs attention from an expert in glaciers . The specific problem is : unintelligible English and lack of clarity . WikiProject Glaciers may be able to help recruit an expert . ( April 2017 ) Antarctic ice shelves , 1998 About 75 % of the coastline of Antarctica is ice shelves . The utmost parts consist of floating ice until the grounding line of land based glaciers is reached , which is determined through affords such as Operation IceBridge . Ice shelves lose mass through iceberg breakup ( calving ) , or basal melting ( at the foot of the glacier , when warm ocean water impacts ) , and this can affect ice sheet stability when the land based glaciers start to retreat ; melting or breakup of floating shelf ice does not directly affect global sea levels , however , when sea ice freezes , it preferentially expels salt , in the process becoming purer than the sea water it is floating in . Pure water is less dense than salty water , so when the ice melts it will overflow the ' hole in the water ' that the ice had occupied , and when it overflows , it raises the water level . Known changes in coastline ice : Around the Antarctic Peninsula : 1936 -- 1989 : Wordie Ice Shelf significantly reduced in size . 1995 : Ice in the Prince Gustav Channel disintegrated . Parts of the Larsen Ice Shelf broke up in recent decades . 1995 : The Larsen A ice shelf disintegrated in January 1995 . 2001 : 3,250 square kilometres ( 1,250 square miles ) of the Larsen B ice shelf disintegrated in February 2001 . It had been gradually retreating before the breakup event . 2015 : A study concluded that the remaining Larsen B ice - shelf will disintegrate by the end of the decade , based on observations of faster flow and rapid thinning of glaciers in the area . The George VI Ice Shelf , which may be on the brink of instability , has probably existed for approximately 8,000 years , after melting 1,500 years earlier . Warm ocean currents may have been the cause of the melting . Not only the ice sheets are losing mass , but they are losing mass at an accelerating rate . Global warming ( edit ) Main article : Global warming in Antarctica Antarctic Skin Temperature Trends between 1981 and 2007 , based on thermal infrared observations made by a series of NOAA satellite sensors . Skin temperature trends do not necessarily reflect air temperature trends . The continent - wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at > 0.05 ° C / decade since 1957 . The West Antarctic ice sheet has warmed by more than 0.1 ° C / decade in the last 50 years , and is strongest in winter and spring . Although this is partly offset by fall cooling in East Antarctica , this effect is restricted to the 1980s and 1990s . Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s , a finding consistent with the influence of man - made climate change : `` We ca n't pin it down , but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels '' , said NASA scientist Drew Shindell , another study co-author . Some of the effects also could be natural variability , he said . The British Antarctic Survey , which has undertaken the majority of Britain 's scientific research in the area , stated in 2009 : West Antarctic ice loss could contribute to 1.4 metres ( 4 feet 7 inches ) sea level rise Antarctica predicted to warm by around 3 ° C ( 5.4 ° F ) over this century 10 % increase in sea ice around the Antarctic Rapid ice loss in parts of the Antarctic Warming of the Southern Ocean will cause changes in Antarctic ecosystem Hole in ozone layer , which has shielded most of Antarctica from global warming 0 September 2007 NASA map showing previously un-melted snowmelt The area of strongest cooling appears at the South Pole , and the region of strongest warming lies along the Antarctic Peninsula . A possible explanation is that loss of UV - absorbing ozone may have cooled the stratosphere and strengthened the polar vortex , a pattern of spinning winds around the South Pole . The vortex acts like an atmospheric barrier , preventing warmer , coastal air from moving into the continent 's interior . A stronger polar vortex might explain the cooling trend in the interior of Antarctica . In their latest study ( 20 September 2007 ) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time , melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica 's largest ice shelf . There is also evidence for widespread glacier retreat around the Antarctic Peninsula . Researchers reported on 21 December 2012 in Nature Geoscience that from 1958 to 2010 , the average temperature at the mile - high Byrd Station rose by 2.4 ° C ( 4.3 ° F ) , with warming fastest in its winter and spring . The spot which is in the heart of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is one of the fastest - warming places on Earth . In 2015 , the temperature showed changes but in a stable manner and the only months that have drastic change in that year are August and September . It also did show that the temperature was very stable throughout the year . See also ( edit ) Antarctica cooling controversy Global warming in Antarctica Climate of the Arctic Effects of global warming Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Polar amplification References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The Coldest Place on Earth : - 90 ° C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors , Ted Scambos , Allen Pope , Garrett Campbell , and Terry Haran , American Geophysical Union fall meeting , 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite , Jonathan Amos , BBC News , 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Budretsky , A.B. ( 1984 ) . `` New absolute minimum of air temperature '' . Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition ( in Russian ) . Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat ( 105 ) . Jump up ^ `` World : Lowest Temperature - ASU World Meteorological Organization '' . asu.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Natasha Vizcarra ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Landsat 8 helps unveil the coldest place on Earth '' . National Snow and Ice Data Center . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite '' . BBC News Science & Environment . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic weather '' . www.antarctica.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Climate statistics for Australian locations '' . www.bom.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Region VII ( Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands ) : Highest Temperature '' . World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctica Climate data and graphs , South Pole , McMurdo and Vostok '' . coolantarctica.com . Jump up ^ Matthew A. Lazzara ( 2011 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Preliminary Report : Record Temperatures at South Pole ( and nearby AWS sites ... ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Antártida '' ( in Spanish ) . Dirección Nacional del Antártico . Archived from the original on 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Weather Observations for Antarctica '' . www.bom.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Weathering The Conditions '' ( PDF ) . The Antarctic Sun . 18 October 1997 . p. 8 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jim Scott . `` Weather and Travel '' ( PDF ) . Welcome to McMurdo Station . McMurdo Station . p. 6 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Field Manual '' ( PDF ) . Antarctica New Zealand . New Zealand Government . p. 37 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis '' . Grida.no . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis '' . Grida.no . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Davis ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Snowfall - Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea - Level Rise , '' . Science . 308 ( 5730 ) : 1898 -- 1901 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 308.1898 D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1110662 . PMID 15905362 . Jump up ^ `` Does Melting Sea Ice Raise Sea Levels ? - Peace Legacy '' . peacelegacy.org . Jump up ^ E. Rignot ; S. Jacobs ; J. Mouginot ; B. Scheuchl . `` Ice - Shelf Melting Around Antarctica '' . Science . 341 : 266 -- 270 . Bibcode : 2013Sci ... 341 ... 266R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1235798 . PMID 23765278 . Jump up ^ NASA ( 14 May 2015 ) . `` NASA Study Shows Antarctica 's Larsen B Ice Shelf Nearing Its Final Act '' . Jump up ^ Mike Bentley ; Dominic Hodgson . `` Millennial - scale variability of George VI Ice Shelf , Antarctic Peninsula '' . Natural Environment Research Council . Archived from the original on 12 September 2002 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley , M.J. ( 1 ) , Hjort , C. ( 2 ) Ingolfsson , O. ( 3 ) and Sugden , D.E. ( 4 ) . `` Holocene Instability of the George VI Ice Shelf , Antarctic Peninsula '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2004 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Press Release -- New Year ? s Honours for British Antarctic Survey Personnel '' . British Antarctic Survey . 2006 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - Is Antarctica Melting ? '' . www.nasa.gov . ^ Jump up to : Tenney Naumer . `` Climate Change : The Next Generation '' . climatechangepsychology.blogspot.com . ^ Jump up to : Retrieved = 2009 - 01 - 22 Archived December 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7228/full/nature07669.html Retrieved = 2009 - 01 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Global warming hitting all of Antarctica : scientists '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Antarctica study challenges warming skeptics , Jan 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/press/press_releases/press_release.php?id=1065 Jump up ^ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17257 Jump up ^ `` NASA - NASA Researchers Find Snowmelt in Antarctica Creeping Inland '' . nasa.gov . Jump up ^ IPCC 2007 , Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press , 2007 , page 376 . Jump up ^ Nicolas , Julien . `` Reconstructed Byrd temperature record '' . polarmet.osu.edu . Jump up ^ Witze , Alexandra ( 14 April 2014 ) . `` West Antarctica warming fast '' . Jump up ^ `` Map of Antarctica and annual spatial footprint of the Byrd temperature record . : Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth '' . Nature Geoscience. 6 : 139 -- 145 . Bibcode : 2013NatGe ... 6 ... 139B . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1671 . Jump up ^ Bromwich , D.H. ; Nicolas , J.P. ; Monaghan , A.J. ; Lazzara , M.A. ; Keller , L.M. ; Weidner , G.A. ; Wilson , A.B. ( 2012 ) . `` Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth '' . Nature Geoscience. 6 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 145 . Bibcode : 2013NatGe ... 6 ... 139B . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1671 . Sources D.G. Vaughan ; G.J. Marshall ; W.M. Connolley ; J.C. King ; R.M. Mulvaney ( 2001 ) . `` Devil in the detail '' . Science . 293 ( 5536 ) : 1777 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1065116 . PMID 11546858 . M.J. Bentley ; D.A. Hodgson ; D.E. Sugden ; S.J. Roberts ; J.A. Smith ; M.J. Leng ; C. Bryant ( 2005 ) . `` Early Holocene retreat of the George VI Ice Shelf , Antarctic Peninsula '' . Geology. 33 ( 3 ) : 173 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2005Geo ... 33 ... 173B . doi : 10.1130 / G21203. 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Warm Snap Turned Antarctica Green Around the Edges ; Thawed - out continent was lined with trees 15 million years ago , study says . June 20 , 2012 National Geographic Taking Antarctica 's temperature ; Frozen continent may not be immune to global warming July 27 , 2013 ; Vol. 184 # 2 Science News External links ( edit ) Climate ( edit ) Climate data from Antarctic surface stations with trends Temperature data from the READER project A pamphlet about the weather and climate of Antarctica Antarctica 's central ice cap grows while glaciers melt `` AWS and AMRC Real - Time Weather Observations and Data '' . University of Wisconsin - Madison 's Antarctic Weather Stations Project and Antarctic Meteorological Research Center . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Antarctica Climate and Weather Climate change in Antarctica ( edit ) Western Antarctica warming confirmed December 23 , 2012 USA Today NASA experts explain ice melt in Antarctica ( 2014 ) Antarctic ice ( edit ) `` Sea Ice Index -- Trends in extent -- Southern Hemisphere ( Antarctic ) '' . National Snow and Ice Data Center . Retrieved Jan 9 , 2009 . `` Coastal - Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica '' . USGS Fact Sheet 2005 -- 3055 . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . `` Coastal - Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica '' . USGS Fact Sheet 050 -- 98 . Retrieved February 28 , 2005 . `` Coastal - change and glaciological map of the Eights Coast area , Antarctica ; 1972 -- 2001 '' . U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map , I - 2600 - E. Retrieved February 28 , 2005 . `` Coastal - change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast area , Antarctica ; 1972 -- 2002 '' . U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map , I - 2600 - F. Retrieved February 28 , 2005 . `` Coastal - change and glaciological map of the Saunders Coast area , Antarctica ; 1972 -- 1997 '' . U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map , I - 2600 - G. Retrieved February 28 , 2005 . `` Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World -- Antarctica '' . U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386 - B. Retrieved February 28 , 2005 . ( hide ) Antarctica General Antarctic Treaty System Climate Colonization Demographics Economy Expeditions Field camps Flags Flora Geography Geology History Mammals Microorganisms Military activity Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Territorial claims Time Tourism Transport Volcanoes Wildlife Geographic regions Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Ecozone Extreme points Floristic Kingdom Islands Waterways Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Lake CECs Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton more ... 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