June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt - wikipedia June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W  /  37.82667 ° N 122.42333 ° W  / 37.82667 ; - 122.42333 June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt Alcatraz , with Angel Island ( the fugitives ' intended destination ) in background Date June 11 , 1962 ( 1962 - 06 - 11 ) Time Approximately 10 : 00 PM ( UTC - 7 ) Location Alcatraz Island San Francisco , California , United States The June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt is the only successful escape from Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in its history . Late on the night of June 11 or early morning of June 12 , inmates Clarence Anglin , John Anglin , and Frank Morris tucked heads made out of soap wax resembling their own likenesses into their beds , broke out of the main prison building via an unused utility corridor , and departed Alcatraz Island aboard an improvised inflatable raft to an uncertain fate . Hundreds of leads have been pursued by the FBI and local law enforcement officials in the ensuing years , but no conclusive evidence has ever surfaced favoring the success or failure of the attempt . Numerous theories of widely varying plausibility have been proposed by authorities , reporters , family members , and amateur enthusiasts . In 1979 the FBI officially concluded , on the basis of circumstantial evidence and a preponderance of expert opinion , that the men drowned in the frigid waters of San Francisco Bay before reaching the mainland . The U.S. Marshals Service case file remains open and active , however , and Morris and the Anglin brothers remain on its wanted list . Recent experimental and computer - simulated evidence has suggested that the ultimate outcome of the attempt may have depended on the exact time of the men 's departure aboard the raft . A 2015 documentary presented circumstantial evidence in support of a longstanding rumor that two of the men -- the Anglin brothers -- had survived and fled to Brazil ; but a government expert concluded that the one piece of physical evidence , a 1975 photograph , did not support that conclusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Previous attempts 2 Inmates 2.1 Frank Morris 2.2 John and Clarence Anglin 2.3 Allen West 3 Escape 4 Investigation 5 Aftermath 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography Previous attempts ( edit ) Main article : List of Alcatraz escape attempts Of the 36 inmates who staged 14 escape attempts over the 29 years that Alcatraz served as a federal penitentiary , 23 were recaptured , six were shot and killed , two drowned , and five ( including Morris and the Anglins ) are listed as missing and presumed drowned . One inmate , John Paul Scott , successfully swam from the island to Fort Point , at the southern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , on December 16 , 1962 . Kids who were on the beach at the time found him and called the police because they thought he was dead . When the police saw him he was immediately identified as the escapee that they had been looking for . He was recaptured the same day and sent back to the rock , exhausted and hypothermic . Today , multitudes of athletes swim the same Alcatraz -- Fort Point route as part of one of two annual triathlon events . Inmates ( edit ) Frank Morris ( edit ) Frank Morris Frank Lee Morris ( September 1 , 1926 -- disappeared June 11 , 1962 ) was born in Washington , D.C. . He was orphaned at age 11 , and spent most of his formative years in foster homes . He was convicted of his first crime at age 13 , and by his late teens had been arrested for crimes ranging from narcotics possession to armed robbery . Morris reportedly ranked in the top 2 % of the general population in intelligence , as measured by IQ testing . He served time in Florida and Georgia , then escaped from the Louisiana State Penitentiary while serving 10 years for bank robbery . He was recaptured a year later while committing a burglary , and sent to Alcatraz in 1960 as inmate number AZ1441 . John and Clarence Anglin ( edit ) John Anglin Clarence Anglin The Anglin brothers , John William ( May 2 , 1930 -- disappeared June 11 , 1962 ) and Clarence ( May 11 , 1931 -- disappeared June 11 , 1962 ) were born into a family of thirteen children in Donalsonville , Georgia . Their parents , George Robert Anglin and Rachael Van Miller Anglin , were seasonal farm workers ; in the early 1940s , they moved the family to Ruskin , Florida , 20 miles south of Tampa , where the truck farms and tomato fields provided a more reliable source of income . Each June they would migrate north as far as Michigan to pick cherries . Clarence and John were reportedly inseparable as youngsters ; they became skilled swimmers , and amazed their siblings by swimming in the frigid waters of Lake Michigan as ice still floated on its surface . They began robbing banks and other establishments as a team in the early 1950s , usually targets that were closed , to ensure that no one got injured . They claimed that they used a weapon only once , during a bank heist -- a toy gun . They were arrested in 1956 . Both received 15 - to 20 - year sentences , which they served at Florida State Prison , Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary , and then Atlanta Penitentiary . After repeated failed attempts to escape from the Atlanta facility , the brothers were transferred to Alcatraz . John arrived on October 21 , 1960 , as inmate AZ1476 , and Clarence on January 10 , 1961 , as inmate AZ1485 . Allen West ( edit ) Allen Clayton West ( March 25 , 1929 -- December 21 , 1978 ) was imprisoned for car theft in 1955 , first at Atlanta Penitentiary , then at Florida State Prison . After an unsuccessful escape attempt from the Florida facility , he was transferred to Alcatraz in 1957 and became inmate AZ1335 . West was the only conspirator who did not participate in the actual escape ; he was left behind when a stuck ventilator grill prevented him from leaving his cell . He cooperated fully with the escape investigation and was not charged for his role in the attempt . West was transferred to McNeil Island , Washington when Alcatraz was deactivated in 1963 , and later , back to Atlanta Penitentiary . After serving his sentence , followed by two additional sentences in Georgia and Florida , he was released in 1967 , only to be arrested again in Florida the following year on charges of grand larceny . At Florida State Prison he fatally stabbed another prisoner in October 1972 , in what may have been a racially motivated incident . He was serving multiple sentences , including life imprisonment on the murder conviction , when he died of acute peritonitis in 1978 . Escape ( edit ) Escapee 's prison cell , with widened vent opening beneath the sink The four inmates began formulating an escape strategy , under the leadership of Morris , the most intelligent of the four , after they were assigned adjacent cells in December 1961 . ( The men may have known one another previously , at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta as well . ) Working at night over the subsequent six months , they gradually widened ventilation duct openings in their cells ' walls , using saw blades they found discarded on the prison grounds , spoons stolen from the commissary , and a drill improvised from the motor of a broken vacuum cleaner . They concealed the holes with cardboard and paint , and their work noise with Morris 's accordion playing . The widened holes opened into an unguarded utility corridor behind the cell tier . From the corridor they climbed to the roof of their cell block , inside the building , where they set up a small workshop . There , they assembled a variety of stolen and donated materials , including more than 50 raincoats that they turned into makeshift life preservers and a 6 - by - 14 - foot ( 1.8 by 4.3 m ) rubber raft , the seams carefully stitched together and sealed with heat from nearby steam pipes . They stole a small accordion - like concertina from another inmate to serve as a bellows to inflate the raft , and built makeshift paddles from scrap wood . Finally , they climbed a ventilation shaft leading to a large fan and grille on the roof and cut away the rivets holding both in place . Dummy head found in Morris ' cell The men concealed their absences while working outside their cells -- and after the escape itself -- by sculpting dummy heads from a home - made papier - mâché - like mixture of soap and toilet paper , and giving them a realistic appearance with paint from the maintenance shop and hair from the barbershop floor . With towels and clothing piled under the blankets in their bunks and the dummy heads positioned on the pillows , they appeared to be sleeping peacefully . On the night of June 11 , 1962 , with all preparations completed , the men initiated their escape . West had used cement to shore up crumbling concrete around his vent opening , and it had hardened , narrowing the hole and fixing the grill in place . By the time he was able to remove the grill and re-widen the hole sufficiently , the others had left without him ; he returned to his cell and went to sleep . West later cooperated fully with investigators , giving them a detailed description of the escape plan , and as a result was not punished for his role in it . Unguarded utility corridor behind the escapees ' cells From the service corridor , Morris and the Anglins climbed the ventilation shaft to the roof . Guards heard a loud crash as they broke out of the shaft , but since nothing further was heard , the source of the noise was not investigated . Hauling their gear with them , they descended 50 feet ( 15 m ) to the ground by sliding down a kitchen vent pipe , then climbed two 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) barbed - wire perimeter fences . At the northeast shoreline , near the power plant -- a blind spot in the prison 's network of searchlights and gun towers -- they inflated their raft with the concertina . At some time after 10 o'clock , investigators estimated , they departed in the dense fog toward their objective , Angel Island , two miles to the north . Investigation ( edit ) FBI wanted poster of John Anglin The escape was not discovered until the morning of June 12 due to the successful dummy head ruse . An extensive air , sea , and land search involving multiple military and law enforcement agencies was conducted over the next 10 days . On June 14 , a Coast Guard cutter picked up a paddle floating about 200 yards off the southern shore of Angel Island . On the same day in the same general location , workers on another boat found a wallet wrapped in plastic containing names , addresses , and photos of the Anglins ' friends and relatives . On June 21 , shreds of raincoat material , believed to be remnants of the raft , were found on an Angel Island beach . The following day , a prison boat picked up a deflated life jacket made from the same material 50 yards off of Alcatraz Island . No human remains or any other physical evidence of the men 's fate were ever found . FBI investigators concluded that while it was theoretically possible for one or more of the inmates to have reached Angel Island , the frigid water temperature and strong currents within the bay made it unlikely . According to West , the men had planned to steal clothes and a car once they reached land , but according to the final FBI report , no auto or clothing thefts were reported in that area following the escape , despite the high - profile nature of the case . The FBI closed its file on December 31 , 1979 , after a 17 - year investigation . Their official finding was that the prisoners most likely drowned in the cold waters of the bay while attempting to reach Angel Island . The U.S. Marshals Service investigation remains open , however . As Deputy U.S. Marshal Michael Dyke told NPR in 2009 , `` There 's an active warrant , and the Marshals Service does n't give up looking for people . '' He said that he still received leads on a regular basis . Aftermath ( edit ) In 1993 a former Alcatraz inmate named Thomas Kent told the television program America 's Most Wanted that he had helped plan the escape , and claimed to have provided `` significant new leads '' to investigators . He said that Clarence Anglin 's girlfriend had agreed to meet the men on shore and drive them to Mexico . He declined to participate in the actual escape , he said , because he could not swim . Officials were skeptical of Kent 's account , because he had been paid $2,000 for the interview . A 2003 MythBusters episode on the Discovery Channel tested the feasibility of an escape from the island aboard a raft constructed with the same materials and tools available to the inmates , and determined that it was possible . A 2011 program on the National Geographic Channel asserted that footprints were found on the Angel Island beach where the raft wreckage was recovered , and that contrary to the official FBI report , a car had been stolen in the vicinity on the night of the escape . In 2011 , an 89 - year - old man named Bud Morris , who said he was a cousin of Frank Morris , claimed that on `` eight or nine '' occasions prior to the escape he delivered envelopes of money to Alcatraz guards , presumably as bribes . He further claimed to have met his cousin face to face in a San Diego park shortly after the escape . His daughter , who was `` eight or nine '' years old at the time , said she was present at the meeting with `` Dad 's friend , Frank '' , but `` had no idea ( about the escape ) '' . In 2012 , the 50th anniversary of the escape attempt , the Anglins ' two sisters and two of their nephews made public their belief that Clarence and John -- who would both be well into their eighties -- were still alive . Marie Anglin Winder claimed that shortly after the escape in 1962 , she received a phone call from San Francisco ; the caller said , `` This is John Anglin . '' The family also produced a Christmas card , purportedly received in the family mailbox in 1962 , saying , `` To Mother , from John . Merry Christmas . '' Michael Dyke , the Deputy U.S. Marshal , conceded that there is a `` possibility that they survived '' , but noted that a Norwegian freighter reported seeing a body floating in the ocean 15 miles from the Golden Gate Bridge , about one month after the escape . `` He had on prison clothes -- a navy pea coat and a light pair of trousers -- similar to what ( Alcatraz ) prisoners wore . There were no other missing people during that time period . '' In 2014 researchers at Delft University , using a computer model , concluded that if the men set off approximately at midnight , when the currents might have worked in their favor , they could have made landfall ; but if they left during the hours before or after , the currents would have been too strong to overcome and they very likely died . A 2015 History Channel documentary presented further circumstantial evidence gathered over the years by the Anglin family . Christmas cards containing the Anglins ' handwriting , and allegedly received by family members for three years after the escape , were displayed . While the handwriting was verified as the Anglins ' , none of the envelopes contained a postmarked stamp , so experts could not determine when they had been delivered . The family cited a story from family friend Fred Brizzi , who grew up with the brothers and claimed to have recognized them in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil in 1975 . They produced photographs taken , they said , by Brizzi ( who died in 1993 ) , including one showing two men resembling John and Clarence Anglin and the farm near Rio where they were purportedly living . Forensic experts hired by the History Channel confirmed that the photos were taken in 1975 , and asserted that the two men were `` more than likely '' the Anglins . Other evidence included the deathbed confession of another of the Anglins ' 11 siblings , Robert , who told family members in 2010 that he had been in contact with John and Clarence from 1963 until approximately 1987 . The film also presented an alternate escape theory , involving the use of an electrical cord -- which had been reported missing from the prison 's dock on the night of the escape -- as a tow line , attached to a passenger ferry that departed the island shortly after midnight . Art Roderick , a retired Deputy U.S. Marshal working with the Anglin family , called Brizzi 's photograph of the two men `` absolutely the best actionable lead we 've had , '' but added , `` it could still all be a nice story which is n't true '' ; or the photograph could be a misdirection , aimed at steering the investigation away from the Anglins ' actual whereabouts . Michael Dyke , the Deputy Marshal assigned to the case , said Brizzi was `` a drug smuggler and a conman '' , and was suspicious of his account . An expert working for the U.S. Marshals Service reported that measurements of the photo subjects ' physical features , compared to those of the Anglin brothers , indicated that they are not the men in the photo ; although the age and condition of the photo , and the fact that both men were wearing sunglasses , hindered efforts to make a definitive determination . Surviving family members , who said they have heard nothing since Robert lost contact with the brothers in 1987 , announced plans to travel to Brazil to conduct a personal search ; but Roderick cautioned that they could be arrested by Brazilian authorities , because the Alcatraz escape remains an open Interpol case . According to information obtained by a British newspaper , the FBI was aware of rumors that the Anglins were in Brazil as early as 1965 . Agents dispatched to Rio at that time reportedly found no credible evidence that the fugitives were there . In popular culture ( edit ) Main articles : Escape from Alcatraz ( book ) and Escape from Alcatraz ( film ) J. Campbell Bruce 's 1963 book Escape from Alcatraz documents the 1962 escape , along with other escape attempts over the 29 years that Alcatraz Island served as a prison . The 1979 film Escape from Alcatraz stars Clint Eastwood , Fred Ward , and Jack Thibeau as Morris , John Anglin , and Clarence Anglin respectively . West ( fictionalized as a character named Charley Butts ) was played by Larry Hankin . The film implied that the escape had been successful . See also ( edit ) John Paul Scott Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe List of missing people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ FBI Investigation File 76 - 26295 , pp. 32 Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz Escape '' . FBI Records : The Vault . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Byte out of History : Escape from Alcatraz '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . June 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Company , Ocean View Publishing . `` Alcatraz Prison Escapes - Page 1 '' . www.alcatrazhistory.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz Escape Attempts '' . Alcatrazhistory.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Escape From Alcatraz Triathlon , retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ San Francisco Triathlon at Alcatraz , retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://ghostsofdc.org/2012/09/10/frank-morris-alcatraz-escape/ Jump up ^ `` The Great Escape From Alcatraz '' . Alcatrazhistory.com . Ocean View Publishing Company . p. 1 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McFadden , Robert D. ( June 9 , 2012 ) , `` Tale of 3 Inmates Who Vanished From Alcatraz Maintains Intrigue 50 Years Later '' , The New York Times , New York , NY , retrieved June 9 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Kerr , J. ( October 17 , 1993 ) . Flight from Alcatraz . SunSentinel.com , retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz Escape -- June 11 , 1962 '' . Alcatraz History . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Babyak , J ( 2001 ) . Breaking the Rock : The Great Escape from Alcatraz . ISBN 0 - 9618752 - 3 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Alcatraz : Living Hell '' . video.nationalgeographic.co.in . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://The Archived 2013 - 07 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Great Escape from Alcatraz . ( www.alcatrazhistory.com/alcesc2.htm AlcatrazHistory.com ) . Jump up ^ `` Valued exposure : Escape '' . BBC News . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Full text of Alcatraz Escape FBI Files . Archive.org , retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marzilli , Alan ( 2003 ) . Famous Crimes of the 20th Century . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . pp. 73 -- 75 . ISBN 9780791067888 . Jump up ^ `` Escape From Alcatraz And A 47 - Year Manhunt '' . National Public Radio . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Higbee , A. ( November 13 , 1993 ) . American Topics : Alcatraz Escapees May Still Be Alive . New York Times archive , retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MythBusters , season 1 , episode 11 Jump up ^ `` Rome man claims he had role in escape from Alcatraz ( 2011 ) '' . WXIA - TV Atlanta . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Nolte , C. ( March 18 , 2013 ) . Alcatraz escapees ' family convinced brothers alive . sfgate.com . Jump up ^ Leithead , A. ( June 12 , 2012 ) . Alcatraz escape still surprises , 50 years on . BBC.com . Jump up ^ Morelle , R. ( December 15 , 2014 ) . Alcatraz 1962 escapees had small chance of success . BBC.com . ^ Jump up to : Notorious Alcatraz escapees may still be on the lam ( October 19 , 2015 ) . CBC.ca , retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-RbxjEmLN4 Jump up ^ Graff , A. ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` New claim : Alcatraz escapees might have survived . could still be alive '' . SF Gate . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 years later , new evidence suggests 3 Alcatraz escapees may still be alive '' . WPIX - 11 . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , L. ( October 15 , 2015 ) . Alcatraz escapees ' had wives and children in Brazil ' , their family claims - and they want their sentences commuted so they can ' come home ' after 53 years . The Daily Mail , retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` The picture that ' proves ' two inmates DID escape from Alcatraz : Notorious escapees did n't drown , body - surfed behind a passenger ferry to freedom and started a farm in Brazil , claims family '' . Detroit Newstime . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noyes , D. ( May 15 , 2016 ) . New leads in manhunt for Alcatraz escapees . ABCnews.com , retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Campbell J. ( 1963 ) . Escape from Alcatraz . ISBN 1 - 58008 - 678 - 0 . Jump up ^ McGilligan , Patrick ( 1999 ) . Clint : The Life and Legend. Harper Collins ( 2002 ) , p. 307 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 638354 - 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) `` FBI Investigation File 76 - 26295 ( dead link ) '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07 . Zimmerman , Keith ; Zimmerman , Kent ; Hyneman , Jamie ; Savage , Adam ; Rees , Peter ( 2005 ) . Mythbusters : The Explosive Truth Behind 30 of the Most Perplexing Urban Legends of All Time . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4169 - 0929 - 3 . ' Escape from Alcatraz ' in Fascinating Footnotes from History . by Giles Milton ( published as When Hitler Took Cocaine and Lenin Lost His Brain . in US ) ( hide ) Alcatraz Island General Fort Alcatraz General McPherson ( ship ) Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary Battle of Alcatraz June 1962 escape from Alcatraz ( book film ) Occupation of Alcatraz Alcatraz Island in popular culture Legends of Alcatraz Buildings Main Cellhouse Dining Hall Hospital Library Warden 's House Building 64 Former Military Chapel ( Bachelor Quarters ) Social Hall Morgue New Industries Building Model Industries Building Lighthouse Power House Water Tower Grounds Baker Beach Parade Grounds Little Alcatraz Recreation Yard Wharf Lists Features Inmates Escape attempts People Fort commanders James B. McPherson Joseph Stewart William A. Winder Wardens James A. Johnston ( 1934 -- 1948 ) Edwin B. Swope ( 1948 -- 1955 ) Paul J. Madigan ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Olin G. Blackwell ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Associate wardens Cecil J. Shuttleworth ( 1934 -- 1937 ) Edward J. Miller ( 1937 -- 1947 ) Paul J. Madigan ( 1947 -- 1955 ) Olin G. Blackwell ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Arthur M. Dollison ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Richard J. Willard ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Notable inmates Harvey Bailey ( `` The Dean of American Bank Robbers '' ) Basil Banghart ( `` The Owl '' ) Arthur Barker ( `` Doc '' ) Albert L. Bates Joseph Bowers ( `` Dutch '' ) James Bulger ( `` Whitey '' ) Al Capone ( `` Scarface '' ) Meyer Cohen ( `` Mickey '' ) Theodore Cole ( `` Ted '' ) Bernard Coy Joseph Cretzer Volney Davis ( `` Curley '' ) Herbert Farmer ( `` Deafy '' ) Rufus Franklin John Giles Ellsworth Raymond Johnson ( `` Bumpy '' ) Alvin Francis Karpavicz ( `` Creepy Karpis '' ) George Celino Barnes ( `` Machine Gun Kelly '' ) Thomas Limerick James Lucas ( `` Texas Bank Robber '' ) Rafael Cancel Miranda Rufus McCain Rufe Persful Ralph Roe Sam Shockley Robert Stroud ( `` Birdman of Alcatraz '' ) Henri Young Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_1962_Alcatraz_escape_attempt&oldid=818857415 '' Categories : 1960s missing person cases 1962 in California 1962 crimes in the United States Escapes and escape attempts from Alcatraz Missing people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 00 : 35 . 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Question: who was the person who escaped from alcatraz


The New Colossus - wikipedia The New Colossus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Emma Lazarus sonnet . For the 2017 video game , see Wolfenstein II : The New Colossus . The New Colossus Emma Lazarus 's manuscript Created 1883 Location Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , New York City , New York , U.S. Author ( s ) Emma Lazarus Purpose Sonnet was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the monument in 1903 `` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . In 1903 , the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the poem 2 Contents 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History of the poem ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty in New York City This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the `` Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty '' to raise money for the pedestal 's construction . Lazarus 's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts . Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor . `` The New Colossus '' was the first entry read at the exhibit 's opening on November 2 , 1883 , and remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885 , but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886 . It was , however , published in Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period . In 1901 , Lazarus 's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem , which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . The line `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' is missing a comma , and reads `` Keep ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' on the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty since its unveiling in 1903 . The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society . Contents ( edit ) The Colossus of Rhodes , as depicted in an artist 's impression of 1880 Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame , With conquering limbs astride from land to land ; Here at our sea - washed , sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch , whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning , and her name MOTHER OF EXILES . From her beacon - hand Glows world - wide welcome ; her mild eyes command The air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame . `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' cries she With silent lips . `` Give me your tired , your poor , Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free , The wretched refuse of your teeming shore . Send these , the homeless , tempest - tost to me , I lift my lamp beside the golden door ! '' The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet . The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes , which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , sometimes described as standing astride the harbor . The `` sea - washed , sunset gates '' are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers , to the west of Brooklyn . The `` imprisoned lightning '' refers to the electric light in the torch , then a novelty . The `` air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame '' refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn , which were consolidated into one unit in 1898 , 15 years after the poem was written . The `` huddled masses '' are the many immigrants coming to the United States ( many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York ) . Influence ( edit ) Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty Paul Auster wrote that `` Bartholdi 's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism , but ' The New Colossus ' reinvented the statue 's purpose , turning Liberty into a welcoming mother , a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world . '' John T. Cunningham wrote that `` The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration , but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face , heading toward Ellis Island . However , it was ( Lazarus 's poem ) that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants . '' The poem has entered the political realm . It was quoted in John F. Kennedy 's book A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform . On August 2nd , 2017 , the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty 's symbolism and thus the effect on American immigration policy , was debated in a White House briefing . Classical composer David Ludwig set the poem to music , which was performed at the worship service of President Obama 's 2013 inauguration ceremony . Author and scholar Julia Gordon - Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath 's poem , `` Lady Lazarus , '' is about the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus in her book , Fixed Stars Govern a Life : Decoding Sylvia Plath , volume one ( 2014 , Stephen F. Austin State University Press ) . Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture . The Broadway musical Miss Liberty , with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin , an immigrant himself , used the final stanza beginning `` Give me your tired , your poor '' as the basis for a song . It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock 's wartime film Saboteur . Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song `` Sapokanikan , '' in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley 's Ozymandias . The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode , `` New Colossus '' , in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . US : National Park Service . 2007 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Emma , The New Colossus , Liberty State Park Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A ( 2003 ) , The Statue of Liberty : The Museum of the City of New York , Barnes & Noble , p. 77 , ISBN 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 4 , auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed . ^ Jump up to : Young , Bette Roth ( 1997 ) , Emma Lazarus in Her World : Life and Letters , The Jewish Publication Society , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0618 - 4 , ... fell into obscurity . At the unveiling of the statue ( ... ) both Emma and her sonnet were absent ( ... ) Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem , inscribed on a bronze tablet , inside the pedestal ... . Jump up ^ Felder , Deborah G ; Rosen , Diana L ( 2003 ) , Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World , Citadel , p. 45 , ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2443 - X , ... William Maxwell Evert ( sic ; presumably a misspelling of `` William Maxwell Evarts ) asked ( ... ) Lazarus ( ... ) to compose original works ( ... ) who ( ... ) refused ( ... ) until ( ... ) Constance Cary Harrison ( ... ) suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York ... . Jump up ^ `` Image - Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue '' . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty - Engineering , Construction , and Crossing the Atlantic '' . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service - Statue of Liberty - Emma Lazarus '' . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Gary ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( 2011 ) , `` How a Sonnet Made a Statue the ' Mother of Exiles ' '' , New York Times , retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 Jump up ^ Auster , Paul ( 2005 ) , `` NYC = USA '' , Collected Prose : Autobiographical Writings , True Stories , Critical Essays , Prefaces , and Collaborations with Artists , Picador , p. 508 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X . Jump up ^ Cunningham , John T ( 2003 ) , Ellis Island : Immigration 's Shining Center , Arcadia Publishing , pp. 46 -- 48 , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2428 - X . ^ Jump up to : McGill , Meredith L. ( 2008 ) . The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Rutgers University Press . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty '' . The Oval . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Esther Schor , Emma Lazarus , Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008 , page 255 Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) . `` '' ' The text will not yield ' : Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom 's Sapokanikan `` '' . Medium . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The OA Recap : Yearning to Breathe Free '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The New Colossus Lazarus , Emma , `` The new Colossus '' , A Century of Immigration , 1820 -- 1924 ( handwritten ) ( sonnet ) , Library of Congress . The latter page says `` Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society , New York and Newton Centre , Massachusetts '' . The poem itself , having been published in 1883 or at the very latest 1903 is in the public domain -- -- -- , Schor , Esther , ed. , The New Colossus ( interactive ed . ) , Nextbook Press . Manuscript notebook from the Emma Lazarus collection at the American Jewish Historical Society . Includes an undated manuscript version of `` The New Colossus . '' Cavitch , Max ( 2008 ) . `` Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty . '' In The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Ed . Meredith L. McGill . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . 97 - 122 . Marom , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` Who is the ' Mother of Exiles ' ? An Inquiry into Jewish Aspects of Emma Lazarus 's ' The New Colossus ' '' . Prooftexts. 20 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 61 . doi : 10.1353 / ptx. 2000.0020 . ( hide ) Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Colossus&oldid=819482944 '' Categories : 1883 poems American poems Sonnets Statue of Liberty Jewish American literature Works about immigration to the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 16 : 35 . 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Question: where is the inscription on the statue of liberty


I 'm Coming Out - wikipedia I 'm Coming Out Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the Ugly Betty episode , see I 'm Coming Out ( Ugly Betty ) . `` I 'm Coming Out '' One of the cover arts for German vinyl singles Single by Diana Ross from the album Diana B - side `` Give Up '' `` Friend to Friend '' `` Never Say I Do n't Love You '' `` My Old Piano '' Released August 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 08 - 22 ) Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded December 1979 Genre Disco , funk , soul Length 5 : 24 ( album version ) 3 : 59 ( radio edit ) Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Bernard Edwards , Nile Rodgers Producer ( s ) Nile Rodgers , Bernard Edwards Diana Ross singles chronology `` Upside Down '' ( 1980 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 1980 ) `` My Old Piano '' ( 1980 ) `` Upside Down '' ( 1980 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 1980 ) `` My Old Piano '' ( 1980 ) Audio sample file help Alternative releases French 7 - inch vinyl single `` I 'm Coming Out '' is a song recorded by American singer Diana Ross . It was written and produced by Chic members Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers , and released in August 22 , 1980 as the second single from Ross ' self - titled tenth album Diana ( 1980 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart success and cultural impact 3 LGBT significance 4 Trombone solo 5 Music video 6 Track listings 7 Chart performance 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Samples and covers 9 Hella von Sinnen version : `` Mein Coming Out '' 10 Amerie version 10.1 Music video 10.2 Track listings 10.3 Charts 10.4 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) In 1979 , Ross commissioned Chic founders Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards to create material for a new album after taking her daughters to see the band in concert , following the success of Ross 's final Ashford & Simpson - composed and produced LP , The Boss . Rodgers got the idea for `` I 'm Coming Out '' after noticing three different drag queens dressed as Diana Ross at a New York club called the GG Barnum Room . The lyrics hold an additional meaning to Ross , as she was leaving Motown Records and `` coming out '' from under Berry Gordy 's thumb . Chart success and cultural impact ( edit ) The song was another hit from the album , peaking at number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks in November 1980 . It is also notable for being the first song usually performed at Ross ' performances and concerts since 1980 . LGBT significance ( edit ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' has been regarded as an anthem for the LGBT community . The phrase `` coming out '' to describe one 's self - disclosure of sexual orientation or gender identity had been present in the gay subculture in the early 20th century , analogous to a débutante 's coming - out party or celebration of her formal presentation to society . It has also been understood as `` coming out of the closet '' or coming out from hiding . The song is thus interpreted as a celebration of lesbian , gay , bisexual , or transgender , identity and the encouragement of self - disclosure . Trombone solo ( edit ) Rodgers convinced his neighbor , producer Meco Monardo , to contract the horns for the album in return for a commitment by Rodgers to co-produce Monardo 's then - upcoming album of music from The Empire Strikes Back . Monardo , a former first - call session player who had a string of hits in the late 1970s with disco versions of film music , also played trombone on the album and is featured in a solo towards the end of `` I 'm Coming Out '' : Nile recorded all the tracks and vocals and called me and my horn section for a 3 - hour date . We had a great time , as the songs were fabulous -- especially `` Upside Down '' and `` I 'm Coming Out '' . We sounded great -- Nile was pleased and as I was packing up , he asked me to stay and play a jazz trombone solo on one of the tracks . I said , `` Nile , there are a lot of hit records with jazz saxophone solos -- even some with jazz trumpet solos , but not one with a trombone '' ! ! He said . `` That 's exactly why I want you to do it '' ! ! I was a little bit rusty at first as I had n't had a call to play jazz in years , so we ended up with four separate tracks of solos , with the intention of picking the best parts to make one great solo when later he went to mix it . I reminded Nile of our agreement and he said he was looking forward to ' The Empire Strikes Back ' as he was a Star Wars fan himself . -- Trombone solos have been rare on Top 40 songs in the post-big band era and especially so since the 1960s . Notable exceptions include brief solos by James Pankow on a handful of early Chicago hits and Clifford Adams ' brief solo on Kool & the Gang 's 1983 hit `` Joanna '' . The pitch in Monardo 's solo is unusually indistinct for an instrumentalist of his stature , which he later explained was due to problems in the final mixing of the track : Weeks went by when I heard through the grapevine that Diana Ross was incredibly unhappy with the album . She thought Nile and Bernard made her sound like Chic . She took the master tapes from Power Station and went to Motown in Detroit to remix the record . When it came out , her early interviews were very unenthusiastic about it and Nile and Bernard , her producers . Well , as we all know , this turned out to be her biggest - selling solo album ever . `` Upside Down '' was a monster Number - One single and `` I 'm Coming Out '' was a top - ten single . It turned out that when the engineer at Motown saw the track listings of Meco 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 , he just assumed that Track 1 was THE track and never listened to the others , and so that 's what is on the record . So , I 'm extremely proud to say that my solo is the only jazz trombone solo of a top - ten pop hit in the last 50 years ! But -- it was n't my best -- that , unfortunately lies in the vaults at Motown . The dispute with Ross led to none of the musicians being credited on the album cover and also may have had a part in Rodgers backing out of his commitment to Monardo 's Meco Plays Music from The Empire Strikes Back album . However , Rodgers and Ross later mended their professional relationship and subsequent digital releases of the album credit Monardo and the other musicians . A 2003 two - disc release of the album included the Rodgers / Edwards mix originally rejected by Ross , as a bonus track . Music video ( edit ) Diana Ross performing in the music video to the song with some studio musicians live in concert . Track listings ( edit ) U.S. , UK , French , and German 7 '' and 12 '' single Side A : `` I 'm Coming Out '' Side B : `` Give Up '' Dutch 7 '' and 12 '' single Side A : `` I 'm Coming Out '' Side B : `` Never Say I Do n't Love You '' Swedish 7 '' single Side A : `` I 'm Coming Out '' Side B : `` My Old Piano '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 23 France ( SNEP ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Singles 6 U.S. Billboard Hot Disco Singles U.S. Cash Box Top 100 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Position U.S. Cash Box Top 100 28 Chart ( 1981 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 98 Samples and covers ( edit ) The distinctive sound of `` I 'm Coming Out '' and its resulting popularity has led to Ross 's song often being sampled , most notably by Stevie J , who sampled the song for rapper The Notorious B.I.G. 's 1997 song `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' . There 's also been a cover by Marcia Hines . It was featured as a cover for the video game Karaoke Revolution as well . In more recent times , the song was sampled in Keyshia Cole 's remake of `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea ) for the original soundtrack of the 2014 movie The Other Woman , starring Cameron Diaz , Kate Upton and Leslie Mann . The song is sampled in `` Break Your Heart Right Back '' from Ariana Grande 's sophomore album My Everything ( 2014 ) . This song was also covered for the soundtrack to the 2016 movie Trolls . Hella von Sinnen version : `` Mein Coming Out '' ( edit ) `` Mein Coming Out '' Single by Hella von Sinnen Released Recorded Genre Pop , comedy Length 5 : 26 Songwriter ( s ) Bernard Edwards , Nile Rodgers , Hella von Sinnen , Cornelia Scheel In 1997 , German comedian Hella von Sinnen sampled `` I 'm Coming Out '' for her single `` Mein Coming Out '' , using the term `` coming out '' in the context of coming out of the closet , or revealing one 's homosexuality . Amerie version ( edit ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' Single by Amerie from the album Maid in Manhattan : Music from the Motion Picture B - side `` Talkin ' to Me '' Released April 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 07 ) Format CD Recorded 2002 Length 3 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bernard Edwards Nile Rodgers Producer ( s ) Cory Rooney Loren Dawson Amerie singles chronology `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 2003 ) `` Paradise '' ( 2003 ) `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 2003 ) `` Paradise '' ( 2003 ) In 2003 , American singer Amerie covered `` I 'm Coming Out '' for the soundtrack to the film Maid in Manhattan . Her version was released as a single in select European countries and Australia . The final single version to be released was the Loren Dawson remix . The original single version ( which is similar to the original ) can be found on both CD singles and the original motion picture soundtrack to Maid in Manhattan . Ross ' version appears on the film 's soundtrack album as well . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced to promote the single . Track listings ( edit ) German CD single `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Loren Dawson Remix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 00 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( Trackmasters Remix ) ( featuring Foxy Brown ) -- 3 : 38 `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Mark Ronson Sunshine Remix ) ( no loop ) -- 3 : 09 `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( video ) French CD single `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Loren Dawson Remix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 00 Australian CD single `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Loren Dawson Remix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 00 `` Talkin ' to Me '' ( Trackmasters Remix ) ( featuring Foxy Brown ) -- 3 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 66 Australian Urban ( ARIA ) 23 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 69 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 100 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Germany April 7 , 2003 CD single Columbia France April 15 , 2003 Australia April 18 , 2003 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zeffer , Andy ( 2004 ) . `` Freak Out with Chic '' . Express Gay News . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/300875/diana-ross/chart Jump up ^ Chauncey , George ( 1994 ) . Gay New York : Gender , Urban Culture , and the Making of the Gay Male World , 1890 -- 1940 . New York : Basic Books , emphasis added . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` DIANA ROSS I m Coming Out - vidéo Dailymotion '' . Dailymotion . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived November 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I 'm Coming Out '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1980 / Top 100 Songs of 1980 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( in French ) . Amazon.fr . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( Australian CD single ) . Amerie . Columbia Records . 2003 . 673747 2 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles -- Week Commencing 28th April 2003 '' ARIA Top 100 Singles . National Library of Australia . Retrieved September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles -- Week Commencing 5th May 2003 '' ARIA Top 40 Urban Singles . National Library of Australia . Retrieved September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Amerie -- I 'm Coming Out '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 : Editia 23 , saptamina 16.06 -- 22.06 , 2003 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2004 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amerie -- I 'm Coming Out '' . Sony BMG Australia . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Diana Ross Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Diana Ross ( 1970 ) Everything Is Everything Surrender Touch Me in the Morning Diana & Marvin Last Time I Saw Him Diana Ross ( 1976 ) Baby It 's Me Ross ( 1978 ) The Boss Diana Why Do Fools Fall in Love Silk Electric Ross ( 1983 ) Swept Away Eaten Alive Red Hot Rhythm & Blues Workin ' Overtime The Force Behind the Power A Very Special Season Take Me Higher Every Day Is a New Day Blue I Love You Diana Ross Sings Songs From The Wiz Compilations Greatest Hits Diana Ross ' Greatest Hits 20 Golden Greats To Love Again All the Great Hits Forever Diana : Musical Memoirs One Woman : The Ultimate Collection Diana Extended : The Remixes Voice of Love Love & Life : The Very Best of Diana Ross The Definitive Collection The Greatest Upside Down : The Collection Live releases Live at Caesars Palace An Evening with Diana Ross Greatest Hits Live Stolen Moments : The Lady Sings ... Jazz and Blues Christmas in Vienna Soundtrack albums Diana ! Lady Sings the Blues Mahogany The Wiz Tours Return to Love Tour I Love You Tour More Today Than Yesterday : The Greatest Hits Tour In the Name of Love Tour The Essential Diana Ross : Some Memories Never Fade Related topics The Supremes Rhonda Ross Kendrick ( daughter ) Tracee Ellis Ross ( daughter ) Evan Ross ( son ) Arne Næss , Jr. ( second husband ) Arthur `` T - Boy '' Ross ( brother ) Berry Gordy Diana Ross Playground Book Category Template Diana Ross singles Discography 1970s songs `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Remember Me '' `` Reach Out ( I 'll Be There ) '' `` Surrender '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' `` Good Morning Heartache '' `` Touch Me in the Morning '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Last Time I Saw Him '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Love Hangover '' `` Gettin ' Ready for Love '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` The Boss '' `` It 's My House '' 1980s songs `` Upside Down '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` My Old Piano '' `` It 's My Turn '' `` Endless Love '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` Mirror , Mirror '' `` Muscles '' `` Pieces of Ice '' `` All of You '' `` Swept Away '' `` Missing You '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Chain Reaction '' 1990 -- 2000s songs `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( Remix ) `` Take Me Higher '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Not Over You Yet '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' Featured songs `` A Brand New Day '' `` We Are the World '' Book Category Template Amerie Discography Studio albums All I Have Touch Because I Love It In Love & War Compilation albums Best 15 Things Extended plays Drive Singles `` Why Do n't We Fall in Love '' `` Talkin ' to Me '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` 1 Thing '' `` Touch '' `` Take Control '' `` Gotta Work '' `` Why RU ? '' `` Heard ' Em All '' `` Out Loud '' Featured singles `` Rule '' `` Paradise '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` Fly Like Me '' Related articles First Daughter Awards and nominations Rich Harrison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Coming_Out&oldid=831018221 '' Categories : 1980 singles 1997 singles 2003 singles Amerie songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Diana Ross songs LGBT - related songs Songs written for films Songs written by Bernard Edwards Songs written by Nile Rodgers Song recordings produced by Nile Rodgers Song recordings produced by Bernard Edwards Songs with feminist themes 1980 songs Motown singles Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Australiapandora Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Australiaurban Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 07 : 26 . 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Question: when did i'm coming out come out


Charles bridge - Wikipedia Charles bridge Jump to : navigation , search This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Czech . ( July 2017 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Czech article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated cs Czecharticletitle ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Charles Bridge Coordinates 50 ° 5 ′ 11.21 '' N 14 ° 24 ′ 42.68 '' E  /  50.0864472 ° N 14.4118556 ° E  / 50.0864472 ; 14.4118556 Coordinates : 50 ° 5 ′ 11.21 '' N 14 ° 24 ′ 42.68 '' E  /  50.0864472 ° N 14.4118556 ° E  / 50.0864472 ; 14.4118556 Carries Pedestrian only Crosses Vltava River Locale Prague Official name Karlův most Other name ( s ) Stone Bridge ( Kamenný most ) , Prague Bridge ( Pražský most ) Characteristics Design Stone Material Bohemian sandstone Total length 515.8 metres ( 1,692 ft ) Width 9.5 metres ( 31 ft ) Longest span 13.4 metres ( 44 ft ) Clearance below 13 metres ( 43 ft ) History Designer Peter Parler Construction start 1357 Construction end 1402 Charles Bridge Location in Czech Republic Charles Bridge ( Czech : Karlův most ( ˈkarluːf ˈmost ) ( listen ) ) is a historic bridge that crosses the Vltava river in Prague , Czech Republic . Its construction started in 1357 under the auspices of King Charles IV , and finished in the beginning of the 15th century . The bridge replaced the old Judith Bridge built 1158 -- 1172 that had been badly damaged by a flood in 1342 . This new bridge was originally called Stone Bridge ( Kamenný most ) or Prague Bridge ( Pražský most ) but has been `` Charles Bridge '' since 1870 . As the only means of crossing the river Vltava ( Moldau ) until 1841 , Charles Bridge was the most important connection between Prague Castle and the city 's Old Town and adjacent areas . This `` solid - land '' connection made Prague important as a trade route between Eastern and Western Europe . The bridge is 621 metres ( 2,037 ft ) long and nearly 10 metres ( 33 ft ) wide , following the example of the Stone Bridge in Regensburg , it was built as a bow bridge with 16 arches shielded by ice guards . It is protected by three bridge towers , two of them on the Lesser Quarter side and the third one on the Old Town side . The Old Town Bridge Tower is often considered to be one of the most astonishing civil gothic - style buildings in the world . The bridge is decorated by a continuous alley of 30 statues and statuaries , most of them baroque - style , originally erected around 1700 but now all replaced by replicas . Repairs are scheduled to start in late 2019 , they should take around 20 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Through the 19th century 1.2 20th century to present 2 Statues on the bridge 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Through the 19th century ( edit ) Old Town Bridge Tower during 1848 revolution Charles Bridge during 1872 flood Charles Bridge as viewed from Petřínská rozhledna -- lookout tower Throughout its history , Charles Bridge has suffered several disasters and witnessed many historic events . Czech legend has it that construction began on Charles Bridge at 5 : 31am on 9 July 1357 with the first stone being laid by Charles IV himself . This exact time was very important to the Holy Roman Emperor because he was a strong believer of numerology and felt that this specific time , which formed a palindrome ( 1357 9 , 7 5 : 31 ) , was a numerical bridge , and would imbue Charles Bridge with additional strength . The bridge was completed 45 years later in 1402 . A flood in 1432 damaged three pillars . In 1496 the third arch ( counting from the Old Town side ) broke down after one of the pillars lowered , being undermined by the water ( repairs were finished in 1503 ) . A year after the Battle of White Mountain , when the 27 leaders of the anti-Habsburg revolt were executed on 21 June 1621 , the Old Town bridge tower served as a deterrent display of the severed heads of the victims to stop Czechs from further resistance . During the end of the Thirty Years ' War in 1648 , the Swedes occupied the west bank of the Vltava , and as they tried to advance into the Old Town the heaviest fighting took place right on the bridge . During the fighting , they severely damaged one side of the Old Town bridge tower ( the side facing the river ) and the remnants of almost all gothic decorations had to be removed from it afterward . During the late 17th century and early 18th century the bridge gained its typical appearance when an alley of baroque statues was installed on the pillars . During a great flood in 1784 , five pillars were severely damaged and although the arches did not break down , the traffic on the bridge had to be greatly restricted for some time . The original stairway to Kampa Island was replaced by a new one in 1844 . The next year , another great flood threatened the bridge , but the bridge escaped major damage . In 1848 , during the revolutionary days , the bridge escaped unharmed from the cannonade , but some of the statues were damaged . In 1866 , pseudo-gothic gas lights were erected on the balustrade ; they were later replaced with electric lighting . In the 1870s , the first regular public - transport ( omnibus ) line went over the bridge ( officially called `` Charles Bridge '' after 1870 ) later replaced by a horse tram . The bridge towers underwent a thorough reconstruction between 1874 and 1883 . On 2 -- 5 September 1890 , another disastrous flood struck Prague and severely damaged Charles Bridge . Thousands of rafts , logs and other floating materials that escaped from places upstream gradually formed a huge barrier leaning against the bridge . Three arches were torn down by the great pressure and two pillars collapsed from being undermined by the water , while others were partly damaged . With the fifth pillar , two statues -- St. Ignatius of Loyola and St. Xavier , both by Ferdinand Brokoff -- also fell into the river . The former statue was replaced by a statuary of Saints Cyril and Methodius by Karel Dvořák ; the latter was replaced by a replica of the original . Repair works lasted for two years ( the bridge was reopened on 19 November 1892 ) and cost 665,000 crowns . 20th century to present ( edit ) In the beginning of the 20th century , Charles Bridge saw a steep rise of heavy traffic . The last day of the horse line on the bridge was 15 May 1905 , when it was replaced with an electric tram and later , in 1908 , with buses . At the end of World War II , a barricade was built in the Old Town bridge tower gateway . A capital repair of the bridge took place between 1965 and 1978 , based on a collaboration among various scientific and cultural institutes . The stability of the pillars was reassured , all broken stone blocks were replaced , and the asphalt top was removed . All vehicular traffic has been excluded from Charles Bridge since then , making it accessible by pedestrians only . The repair cost 50 million crowns . During the 1990s , some people started criticizing the previous reconstruction of the bridge and proposing further work . As of the beginning of the new millennium , most of the experts appeared to agree that the previous reconstruction had not been flawless but disputed the need for further interference with the bridge . However , after the disastrous floods of 2002 ( which themselves caused only minor harm to the bridge ) , support for an overall bridge reconstruction grew . It was decided that repair and stabilization of the two pillars ( numbers 8 and 9 ) on the Malá Strana side of the bridge would be done . These are the only river pillars that were not repaired after the 1890 floods . The reconstruction was a gradual process that closed off parts of the bridge without closing the span entirely . Performed from 2008 to 2010 , the work included bolstering the pillars and building a new hydroisolation system protecting the bridge . It also encompassed a re-pavimentation of the bridge 's pavement and the replacement of many of the stones in the bridge walls , a matter which was controversial due to a heavy - handed approach adopted by the restoration team , which had no previous experience in restoration of cultural heritage monuments . The result has been criticised by conservation professionals all over Europe ( see photos on external links ) , as dozens of new replacement stones do not match the historical ones they are next to , the amount of replaced stones is considered excessive , some stones have been inappropriately positioned , original stones have been chipped and joining materials employed are considered not appropriate for the structure . In 2010 UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee adopted a decision stating that `` the restoration of Charles Bridge was carried out without adequate conservation advice on materials and techniques '' . Charles Bridge ( Karlův most ) , Vltava River , Prague , 2015 Statues on the bridge ( edit ) Main article : List of statues on Charles Bridge Charles Bridge and the Holy Crucifix , c. 1935 The avenue of 30 mostly baroque statues and statuaries situated on the balustrade forms a unique connection of artistic styles with the underlying gothic bridge . Most sculptures were erected between 1683 and 1714 . They depict various saints and patron saints venerated at that time . The most prominent Bohemian sculptors of the time took part in decorating the bridge , such as Matthias Braun , Jan Brokoff , and his sons Michael Joseph and Ferdinand Maxmilian . Among the most notable sculptures , one can find the statuaries of St. Luthgard , the Holy Crucifix and Calvary , and John of Nepomuk . Well known also is the statue of the knight Bruncvík , although it was erected some 200 years later and does not belong to the main avenue . Beginning in 1965 , all of the statues have been systematically replaced by replicas , and the originals have been exhibited in the Lapidarium of the National Museum . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Charles ' Bridge ( Karluv most ) '' . Prague Spot . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Dana Shanberg . `` Charles Bridge ( Karlův most ) '' . myCzechRepublic . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . ; `` Charles Bridge '' . A View On Cities . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Frucht , Richard ( 2005 ) . Eastern Europe : an introduction to the people , lands , and culture . 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 251 . ISBN 9781576078013 . Jump up ^ Brook , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Prague & the Czech Republic . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic . p. 98 . OCLC 833442607 . Jump up ^ Photogallery from the online petition by the Association for the Conservation and Development of the Cultural Heritage ( ASORKD ) Jump up ^ Czech Republic -- The Botched Restoration of Charles Bridge on YouTube Jump up ^ Decision 34COM7B. 82 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karlův most . Official Museum of Charles Bridge Charles Bridge at Structurae Bridges in Prague Radotín Bridge Braník Bridge Barrandov Bridge Charles Bridge Franz Joseph Bridge Jirásek Bridge Legion Bridge Libeň Bridge Mánes Bridge Nusle Bridge Palacký Bridge Svatopluk Čech Bridge Troja Bridge Vyšehrad railway bridge Charles Bridge Statues Calvary Adalbert of Prague Anthony of Padua Augustine of Hippo Bruncvík Francis Borgia Francis of Assisi Francis Xavier Ivo of Kermartin John of Matha , Felix of Valois and Saint Ivan John of Nepomuk John the Baptist Jude the Apostle Lutgardis Madonna and Saint Bernard Madonna , Saint Dominic and Tomas Aquinas Nicholas of Tolentino Philip Benizi de Damiani Pietà Saint Anne Saint Cajetan Saint Christopher Saint Joseph Saint Ludmila Saints Barbara , Margaret and Elizabeth Saints Cosmas and Damian Saints Cyril and Methodius Saints Norbert , Wenceslaus and Sigismund Saints Vincent Ferrer and Procopius Vitus Wenceslaus I Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bridge&oldid=824334180 '' Categories : Bridges completed in 1402 Bridges in Prague Bridges over the Vltava Charles IV , Holy Roman Emperor Gothic architecture in the Czech Republic National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic Pedestrian bridges in the Czech Republic Tourist attractions in Prague Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Czech Wikipedia Use dmy dates from September 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Czech - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Structurae ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 18 : 57 . 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Question: what type of bridge is the charles bridge


Autocracy - wikipedia Autocracy Jump to : navigation , search Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. Republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. Libertarian socio - economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Minarchism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. Local geo - cultural ideologies Commune City - state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portal An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power ( social and political ) is concentrated in the hands of one person , whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control ( except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection ) . Absolute monarchy ( such as Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , Oman , Brunei and Swaziland ) and dictatorships ( such as North Korea ) are the main modern day forms of autocracy . In earlier times , the term `` autocrat '' was coined as a favorable feature of the ruler , having some connection to the concept of `` lack of conflicts of interests '' as well as an indication of grandeur and power . The Russian Tsar for example was styled , `` Autocrat of all the Russias '' , as late as the early 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and etymology 2 Comparison with other forms of government 3 Origin and developments 4 Maintenance 5 Autocracy promotion 6 Historical examples 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and etymology ( edit ) In the Medieval Greek language , the term Autocrates was used for anyone holding the title emperor , regardless of the actual power of the monarch . Some historical Slavic monarchs , such as Russian tsars and emperors , included the title Autocrat as part of their official styles , distinguishing them from the constitutional monarchs elsewhere in Europe . Comparison with other forms of government ( edit ) Both totalitarianism and military dictatorship are often identified with , but need not be , an autocracy . Totalitarianism is a system where the state strives to control every aspect of life and civil society . It can be headed by a supreme dictator , making it autocratic , but it can also have a collective leadership such as a commune , junta , or single political party . In an analysis of militarized disputes between two states , if one of the states involved was an autocracy the chance of violence occurring doubled . Origin and developments ( edit ) Examples from early modern Europe suggests early statehood was favorable for democracy . But , according to Jacob Hariri , outside Europe , history shows that early statehood has led to autocracy . The reasons he gives are : continuation of the original autocratic rule and absence of `` institutional transplantation '' or European settlement . This may be because of the country 's capacity to fight colonization or the presence of state infrastructure that Europeans did not need to build new institutions to rule . In all the cases , representative institutions were unable to get introduced in these countries and they sustained their autocratic rule . European colonization was varied and conditional on many factors . Countries which were rich in natural resources had an extractive and indirect rule , whereas other colonies saw European settlement . Because of this settlement , these countries possibly experienced setting up of new institutions . Colonization also depended on factor endowments and settler mortality . Mancur Olson theorizes the development of autocracies as the first transition from anarchy to state . Anarchy for Olson is characterized by a number of `` roving bandits '' who travel around many different geographic areas extorting wealth from local populations leaving little incentive for populations to invest , and produce . As local populations lose the incentive to produce , there is little wealth for either the bandits to steal or the people to use . Olson theorizes autocrats as `` stationary bandits '' who solve this dilemma by establishing control over a small fiefdom and monopolize the extortion of wealth in the fiefdom in the form of taxes . Once an autocracy is developed , Olson theorizes that both the autocrat and the local population will be better off as the autocrat will have an `` encompassing interest '' in the maintenance and growth of wealth in the fiefdom . Because violence threatens the creation of rents , the `` stationary bandit '' has incentives to monopolize violence and to create a peaceful order . Douglass North , John Joseph Wallis and Barry R. Weingast describe autocracies as limited access orders that arise from this need to monopolize violence . In contrast to Olson , these scholars understand the early state not as a single ruler , but as an organization formed by many actors . They describe the process of autocratic state formation as a bargaining process among individuals with access to violence . For them , these individuals form a dominant coalition that grants each other privileges such as the access to resources . As violence reduces the rents , members of the dominant coalition have incentives to cooperate and to avoid fighting . A limited access to privileges is necessary to avoid competition among the members of the dominant coalition , who then will credibly commit to cooperate and will form the state . Maintenance ( edit ) Because autocrats need a power structure to rule , it can be difficult to draw a clear line between historical autocracies and oligarchies . Most historical autocrats depended on their nobles , the military , the priesthood or other elite groups . Some autocracies are rationalized by assertion of divine right . According to Douglass North , John Joseph Wallis and Barry R. Weingast , in limited access orders the state is ruled by a dominant coalition formed by a small elite group that relates to each other by personal relationships . In order to remain in power , this elite hinders people outside the dominant coalition to access organizations and resources . Autocracy , then , is maintained as long as the personal relationships of the elite continue to forge the dominant coalition . These scholars further suggest that once the dominant coalition starts to become broader and allow for impersonal relationships , limited access orders can give place to open access orders . For Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson and James Robinson , the allocation of political power explains the maintenance of autocracies , which they usually refer to as `` extractive states '' . For them , the de jure political power comes from political institutions , whereas the de facto political power is determined by the distribution of resources . Those holding the political power in the present will design the political and economic institutions in the future according to their interests . In autocracies , both de jure and de facto political powers are concentrated in one person or a small elite that will promote institutions for keeping the de jure political power as concentrated as the de facto political power , thereby maintaining autocratic regimes with extractive institutions . Autocracy promotion ( edit ) It has been argued that authoritarian regimes , such as China and Russia , have attempted to export their system of government to other countries through `` autocracy promotion '' . A number of scholars are skeptical that China and Russia have successfully exported authoritarianism abroad . Historical examples ( edit ) The Roman Empire : In 27 B.C. , Augustus founded the Roman Empire following the end of the Roman Republic . Augustus officially kept the Roman Senate while effectively consolidating all of the real power in himself . Rome was peaceful and prosperous until the dictatorial rule of Commodus starting in 161 A.D. The third century saw invasions from the barbarians as well as economic decline . Both Diocletian and Constantine ruled as totalitarian leaders , strengthening the control of the emperor . The empire grew extremely large , and was ruled by a tetrarchy , instituted by Diocletian . Eventually , it was split into two halves : the Western ( Roman ) and the Eastern ( Byzantine ) . The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 after civic unrest , further economic decline , and invasions led to the surrender of Romulus Augustus to Odoacer , a German king . Aztec Empire : In Mesoamerica , the Aztecs were a tremendous military powerhouse that earned a fearsome reputation of capturing prisoners during battle to be used for sacrificial rituals . The priesthood supported a pantheon that demanded human sacrifice , and the nobility consisted mainly of warriors who had captured many prisoners for these sacrificial rites . The Aztec Emperor hence functioned both as the sole ruler of the empire and its military forces , and as the religious figurehead behind the empire 's aggressive foreign policy . People 's Republic of China under Mao Zedong . Tsarist and Imperial Russia : Shortly after being crowned as ruler , Tsar Ivan immediately removed his political enemies by execution or exile and established dominance over an Empire , expanding the borders of his kingdom dramatically . To enforce his rule , Ivan the Terrible established the Streltzy as Russia 's standing army , and he developed two cavalry divisions that were fiercely loyal to the Tsar ; the Cossacks , and the Oprichniki . In his later years , Ivan made orders for his forces to sack the city of Novgorod in fear of being overthrown . The ideology Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality was introduced by Emperor Nicholas I of Russia . Soviet Union : During Joseph Stalin 's rule . Tokugawa Shogunate : Medieval Japan was caught in a vicious series of skirmishes between warring clans , states , and rulers , all of them vying for power in a mad scramble . While many of these lords struggled against each other openly , Ieyasu Tokugawa seized mastery of all of Japan through a mix of superior tactics and cunning diplomacy , until he became the dominant power of the land . By establishing his shogunate as the sole ruling power in Japan , Ieyasu Tokugawa controlled all aspects of life , closing the borders of Japan to all foreign nations and ruling with a policy of isolationism . Nazi Germany : After the failed Beer Hall Putsch , the National Socialist German Worker 's Party began a more subtle political strategy to take over the government . Following a tense social and political environment in the 1930s , the Nazis under Adolf Hitler took advantage of the civil unrest of the state to seize power through cunning propaganda and by the charismatic speeches of their party leader . By the time Hitler was appointed chancellor , the Nazi party began to restrict civil liberties on the public following the Reichstag Fire . With a combination of cooperation and intimidation , Hitler and his party systematically weakened all opposition to his rule , transforming the Weimar Republic into a fascist dictatorship where Hitler alone spoke and acted on behalf of Germany . Nazi Germany is an example of an autocracy run primarily by a single leader , but many decisions made by Hitler coincided with the interests and ideology of the Nazi Party in mind , also making an example of an autocracy ruled by a political party rather than solely one man . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Autocracy . Anocracy Authoritarianism Centralisation Führerprinzip Theocracy Tsarist autocracy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul M. Johnson . `` Autocracy : A Glossary of Political Economy Terms '' . Auburn.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pinker , Steven ( 2011 ) . The Better Angels Of Our Nature . Penguin . p. 341 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 03464 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Charles . `` Western - state Making and Theories of Political Transformation '' . ^ Jump up to : Hariri , Jacob . `` The Autocratic Legacy of Early Statehood '' . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon ; A. Robinson , James . `` Reversal of Fortune : Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution '' . Jump up ^ Olson , Mancur ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Dictatorship , Democracy , and Development '' . The American Political Science Review . 87 ( 3 ) : 567 -- 576 . doi : 10.2307 / 2938736 . ^ Jump up to : Douglass C. North ; John Joseph Wallis ; Barry R. Weingast ( 2008 ) . `` Violence and the Rise of Open - Access Orders '' . Journal of Democracy . 20 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 68 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 0.0060 . Jump up ^ Tullock , Gordon . `` Autocracy '' , Springer Science + Business , 1987 . ISBN 90 - 247 - 3398 - 7 Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon ; Robinson , James A. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 6 Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth '' . Handbook of Economic Growth . Elsevier . 1 , Part A : 385 -- 472 . Jump up ^ Kurlantzick , Joshua ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) . `` A New Axis of Autocracy '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Oisín ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) . `` The problem with autocracy promotion '' . Democratization. 23 ( 1 ) : 141 -- 163 . doi : 10.1080 / 13510347.2015. 1095736 . ISSN 1351 - 0347 . Jump up ^ Way , Lucan ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Weaknesses of Autocracy Promotion '' . Journal of Democracy . 27 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 75 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 2016.0009 . ISSN 1086 - 3214 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , Jason ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) . `` The limited reach of authoritarian powers '' . Democratization. 0 ( 0 ) : 1 -- 19 . doi : 10.1080 / 13510347.2017. 1287175 . ISSN 1351 - 0347 . Jump up ^ `` The limits of autocracy promotion : The case of Russia in the ' near abroad ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Password Logon Page '' . ic.galegroup.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Felix Bethke : Research on Autocratic Regimes : Divide et Impera , Katapult - Magazine ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) ( hide ) Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government Forms Absolute monarchy Benevolent dictatorship Enlightened absolutism Fascism Imperialism Military dictatorship Nazism Ochlocracy Self - coup Stalinism Theocracy Concepts Illiberal democracy Totalitarian democracy Inverted totalitarianism Authoritarian democracy Authoritarian socialism Autocracy Constitutional dictatorship Corporate republic Despotism Dictatorship Dominant - party state Tsarist autocracy Tyranny Oligarchy One - party state Police state Counterintelligence state Mafia state Right - wing authoritarianism Third Positionism Tyranny of the majority GND : 4206090 - 4 NDL : 00570749 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&oldid=818941771 '' Categories : Forms of government Authoritarianism Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Võro 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 14 : 08 . 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Question: who makes the important government decisions in an autocracy