When the Boat Comes in - wikipedia When the Boat Comes in Jump to : navigation , search For the folk song , see When the Boat Comes In ( song ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the Boat Comes In Created by James Mitchell Starring James Bolam Susan Jameson James Garbutt Jean Heywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of series No. of episodes 51 ( List of Episodes ) Production Running time 50 mins Release Original network BBC1 Picture format PAL ( 576i ) Audio format Mono Original release 8 January 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 08 ) -- 21 April 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 21 ) When the Boat Comes In is a British television period drama produced by the BBC between 1976 and 1981 . The series stars James Bolam as Jack Ford , a First World War veteran who returns to his poverty - stricken ( fictional ) town of Gallowshield in the North East of England . The series dramatises the political struggles of the 1920s and 1930s and explores the impact of national and international politics upon Ford and the people around him . The memorable traditional tune `` When The Boat Comes In '' was adapted by David Fanshawe and sung by Alex Glasgow for the title theme of the series . Fanshawe also composed the incidental music . The BBC revived the series in 1981 , with the fourth series telling the story of Jack Ford as he returns to Britain penniless , after six years spent bootlegging in the United States , and follows him as he sets up in London . The series ' creator James Mitchell also wrote three tie - in books to the T.V. show : When the Boat Comes In , When the Boat Comes In : The Hungry Years and When the Boat Comes In : Upwards and Onwards . The final book brings the reader up to date with the end of the second series of the TV show . The majority of episodes were written by creator Mitchell , but in Series 1 north - eastern writers Tom Hadaway , Sid Chaplin and Alex Glasgow contributed episodes , and in Series 3 Jeremy Burnham and Colin Morris shared writing duties with Mitchell . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series breakdown 2 Regular cast 3 Semi-regular cast 4 Series One ( 1976 ) 5 Series Two ( 1976 -- 77 ) 6 Series Three ( 1977 ) 7 Series Four ( 1981 ) 8 DVD releases 9 Further reading 10 See also 11 External links Series breakdown ( edit ) Series 1 : 8 January to 1 April 1976 ( 13 50 min episodes ) Series 2 : 29 October 1976 to 4 February 1977 ( 13 50 min episodes ) Series 3 : 8 September to 15 December 1977 ( 15 50 min episodes ) Series 4 : 17 February to 21 April 1981 ( 10 50 min episodes ) Regular cast ( edit ) James Bolam as Jack Ford ( 1976 -- 77 , 81 / Series 1 - 4 / 48 episodes ) James Garbutt as Bill Seaton ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 1 - 3 / 39 episodes ) Jean Heywood as Bella Seaton ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 1 - 3 / 39 episodes ) John Nightingale as Tom Seaton ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 1 - 3 / 39 episodes ) Edward Wilson as Billy Seaton ( 1976 -- 77 , 81 / Series 1 - 4 / 35 episodes ) Malcolm Terris as Matt Headley ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 1 - 3 / 34 episodes ) Susan Jameson as Jessie Ashton née Seaton ( 1976 -- 77 , 81 / Series 1 - 4 / 30 episodes ) Madelaine Newton as Dolly ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 1 - 3 / 30 episodes ) Basil Henson as Sir Horatio Manners ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 1 - 3 / 25 episodes ) Geoffrey Rose as Arthur Ashton ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 1 - 3 / 18 episodes ) Rosalind Bailey as Sarah Headley née Lytton ( 1977 , 81 / Series 2 - 4 / 23 episodes ) William Fox as the Duke of Bedlington ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 - 3 / 13 episodes ) Lois Baxter as Lady Caroline # 2 ( 1977 , 81 / Series 3 - 4 / 15 episodes ) Semi-regular cast ( edit ) Michelle Newell as Mary Seaton née Routledge ( 1976 / Series 1 / 6 episodes ) Noel O'Connell as Young Tommy ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 - 3 / 6 episodes ) Catherine Terris as Miss Laidlaw ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 - 3 / 7 episodes ) Vernon Drake as Hotel Porter ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 - 3 / 7 episodes ) Isla Blair as Lady Caroline # 1 ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 / 5 episodes ) Roger Avon as Stan Liddell ( 1977 , 81 / Series 2 - 4 / 5 episodes ) Ian Cullen as Geordie Watson ( 1977 , 81 / Series 2 - 4 / 4 episodes ) Bobby Pattinson as Eddy Morton ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 - 3 / 4 episodes ) John Gabriel as Dr. Stoker ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 - 3 / 3 episodes ) Ralph Michael as Father Courtnay ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 - 3 / 3 episodes ) Sheri Shepstone as Nellie ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 - 3 / 3 episodes ) John Malcolm as Poskett ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 - 3 / 3 episodes ) Martin Duncan as Roddy ( 1977 / Series 2 - 3 / 3 episodes ) David Lawton as Tovey # 1 ( 1976 -- 77 / Series 2 / 3 episodes ) John Kidd as Tovey # 2 ( 1977 / Series 3 / 5 episodes ) Christopher Benjamin as Channing ( 1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes ) Colin Douglas as John Ryder ( 1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes ) Murray Hayne as Norman Hodges ( 1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes ) Peter McGowan as Len Laidlaw ( 1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes ) Christine Anderson as Rosie Mason ( 1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes ) W. Morgan Sheppard as Robert Joseph Dixon ( 1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes ) Mary Larkin as Isobel Murcheson ( 1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes ) Joby Blanshard as Milburn ( 1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes ) Judy Loe as Tania Corley ( 1981 / Series 4 / 3 episodes ) Series one ( 1976 ) ( edit ) Title Airdate Overview # 1 : A Land Fit for Heroes and Idiots 8 January 1976 In 1919 Sergeant Jack Ford returns to Gallowshield on discharge leave from the army . He meets Jessie Seaton , a schoolteacher , her brother Tom and his fiancée Mary . Later , Jack meets Jessie 's brother , Billy a medical student and her parents -- Bill , a miner , and Bella . Will Scrimgour , a shell - shocked ex-soldier , beats a child who was tormenting him . He is arrested and committed for trial despite Jack 's evidence about his condition . The magistrate , Major Pinner , who is standing for election as a Liberal , is bitter that he never won a medal . Pinner wins the election , but Jack humiliates him by arranging for local veterans to throw their own medals at him . Written by James Mitchell : featuring James Bate as Will Scrimgour , Roger Hammond as Pinner . # 2 : Say Hello ... Say Tirra 15 January 1976 Bella takes in Harry , a young boy whose mother has died . Harry steals 10 shillings from a fruit seller . Father Keenley , a local priest , arranges for the boy to be sent on an emigration scheme to Australia ; Bella reluctantly agrees . Written by Tom Hadaway : featuring Tony Doyle as Father Keenley , Jeremy Watkin as Harry . # 3 : Fish in Woolly Jumpers 22 January 1976 Times are hard as the miners strike . Jack , who is now engaged to Jessie , still has money . Tom is desperate for money because Mary is suffering from tuberculosis . He borrows from Jack . Jack sleeps with Dolly , the widowed sister of his war comrade , Matt Headley . Tom threatens to expose him unless he can join Jack 's sheep - rustling gang . Jack agrees . Tom is almost caught , but Jack knocks out the policeman . Against Jack 's expectations , Jessie condones his activities . Written by James Mitchell . # 4 : Swords and Pick Handles 29 January 1976 Jack visits Sir Horatio Manners , father of his late commanding officer and gives him a present of a sword . Manners offers him a job . Tom is scabbing to get money for Mary . Jack saves him from a beating . Tom then turns to theft . Written by James Mitchell . # 5 : Coal Comfort 5 February 1976 As the strike continues , Bill works out that an abandoned coal seam runs under his house and digs for coal in the front room . Tom pursues two children who have stolen leeks from his allotment , but takes pity on them when he discovers that their mother is a war widow with no pension . Written by Alex Glasgow . # 6 : Empire Day on the Slag Heap 12 February 1976 The strike ends with no concessions won by the miners . Jessie 's headmaster , Arthur Ashton , proposes to her . Matt tells Jack that Dolly is pregnant and he agrees to marry her . Bill is crippled in an accident at the pit . Jack prevents the mine owner from defrauding him of proper compensation . Jack tells Jessie that he has to marry Dolly . After he leaves , she breaks down in tears . Written by James Mitchell . # 7 : A First Time for Everything 19 February 1976 Bella turns the front of the house into a shop using Bill 's compensation . Bill , confined to a wheelchair , is initially hostile to the plan . Jessie is impressed by the talent and intelligence of fourteen - year - old pupil , Ronnie Fairburn , and tries to dissuade him from working in the mines . But his widowed mother needs the money and Ronnie wants to become a man . Ronnie is killed on his first day in the pit . Jessie gets engaged to Arthur and Jack marries Dolly at the Register Office . Written by Alex Glasgow : featuring Tony Nelson as Ronnie . # 8 : Paddy Boyle 's Discharge 26 February 1976 Mary has died . Jack meets an old comrade , Sid Hepburn , who is still in the army . Hepburn is with the Black and Tans in Ireland on very good pay . Hepburn and his colleague , Harry Bartram take Jack to see Captain Leslie who tries to recruit him . Paddy Boyle , an Irish member of Jack 's sheep - stealing gang , is a member of Sinn Féin . Hepburn and Bartram are shot by Paddy and his Sinn Féin boss , Michael Lynch . Despite a warning cry from Jack , Paddy and Lynch are shot by Captain Leslie . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Ralph Watson as Paddy Boyle , George Irving as Sid Hepburn , Terrence Hardiman as Captain Leslie , Patrick Durkin as Bartram , Eamonn Boyce as Lynch . # 9 : Angel on Horseback 4 March 1976 Tom falls for a nurse , Rosie Trotter . Just before he dies , Mick Murphy , Bella 's uncle , places a bet in Bella 's name with his nephew , Ralph , a bookie 's runner . Mick 's funeral is well - attended , but the winning bet was never placed because Ralph was arrested . Written by Sid Chaplin : featuring J.G. Devlin as Mick Murphy , Judy Lamb as Rosie Trotter , John White as Ralph Murphy , Patrick Newell as the Undertaker . # 10 : King for a Day 11 March 1976 Jack agreed to help Manners buy a house from Lord Calderbeck by acting as front man . At Calderbeck 's house , he meets his nephew Freddy who wants to marry Jane Cromer , a wealthy young widow . Jane sleeps with Jack , but eventually decides to marry Freddy . Billy , who is working on a nearby farm , helps Jack obtain inside information , and Jack negotiates a good deal with Freddy and a large commission from Manners . He learns that Dolly has had a miscarriage . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Lesley - Anne Down as Jane Cromer . # 11 : Happy New Year , Some Say 18 March 1976 Jack is looking after Glaswegian socialist lecturer , Sandy Lewis , who is speaking at the Co-Op Hall . There is also a Tory meeting at the George Hotel , and Tom avoids capture having stolen from the cloakroom . Billy takes Bill to a New Year 's party at Jessie 's against his will . Jack turns up with Sandy who needs somewhere to stay the night . Bill is summonsed for keeping the shop open too late . He suspects a rival shopkeeper of reporting him , and Sandy throws a brick through his window . Written by Alex Glasgow : featuring Bill Simpson as Sandy Lewis . # 12 : Heads You Win , Tails I Lose 25 March 1976 Tom is threatened by two local ruffians from whom he has won money . Jessie tries to persuade widow , Lizzie Armstrong , to let her son , Robert , take up a grammar school scholarship , but Lizzie needs him to leave school to earn money . Matt proposes to Lizzie who refuses him . Jack helps Tom take on the ruffians , who are then humiliated by a ' tin - panning ' by local women arranged by Lizzie . Written by Sid Chaplin : featuring Val McLane as Lizzie Armstrong . # 13 : Kind Hearted Rat with a Lifebelt 1 April 1976 Les Mallow , the local branch chairman , asks Jack to help him become district secretary of the fitters union . Jack refuses . He then persuades the branch to vote against a strike and to provide financial help to Mrs Downey , the widow of union member . Tom is awaiting trial for theft . Widow Downey - who informed on Tom - is evicted . Jack helps her recover her furniture by breaking into her flat . He then lets himself be arrested . Both he and Tom are sent to Durham jail . A month later , Jack is released to a hero 's welcome . As planned , he is now favourite to beat Mallow in the election for district secretary , a post with a salary of £ 400 a year . Written by James Mitchell : featuring John Woodvine as Les Mallow , Pamela Ruddock as Mrs Downey . Series two ( 1976 -- 77 ) ( edit ) Title Airdate Overview # 1 : Ask for Twopence , Take a Penny 29 October 1976 Jack is now the district secretary of the fitters union , and he appoints Matt as his deputy . Les Mallow still wants Jack 's job and reveals that his predecessor had agreed to ask for a two - pence an hour pay increase . Jack discovers that the plan was to settle for a penny . Mallow says that Jack must deliver this to keep his job beyond the probationary period . Jack persuades Sir Horatio Manners , now chairman of the large Lewis Bishop shipyard , to concede the extra penny to keep him rather than Mallow as union secretary . But Jack is now in Manners ' debt . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Alan Browning as Les Mallow . # 2 : Tram Ride to the Bluebell 5 November 1976 Jack , Dolly and Matt move to their posh new house in Lavender Avenue . Dolly wants to adopt a child , and is distraught to find that Jack 's prison record will prevent this . Tom , now helping in the shop , is threatened by Big Mac , whom he and Jack had exposed as a tobacco baron when they were in prison . Jack and Matt beat up Mac and his friends . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Roddy McMillan as Big Mac . # 3 : A Pillowful of Buttercups 12 November 1976 Jack is approached by Ted Chater , a Sergeant who knew him in Murmansk . Chater has got his girlfriend pregnant , unaware that she was a minor . Jack hides Chater while he looks for the girl . He traces her father , Stobart , and learns that she killed herself after he told her that the regimental adjutant , Captain Barford , would put Chater in prison . Manners invites Barford and Jack to a shooting - party . Manners wants Jack to demolish a country house , Mandrake Place , to make room for a housing project . Jack stops Chater from shooting Barford , but then leaves him to shoot himself . Written by James Mitchell : featuring David Daker as Ted Chater , Paul Darrow as Barford , Colin Douglas as Stobart . # 4 : Roubles for the Promised Land 19 November 1976 Billy is unable to get medical work due to his socialist principles . Tom , living in a hostel , befriends Kaganovich , a Russian Jew hoping to travel to Palestine and looking for Jack . Kaganovich accuses Jack of stealing money from his late father during the Russian revolution . Jack claims he was given the money for helping the old man escape . In any case it is worthless ' Kerensky money ' . Jack persuades Tom to return home . Written by James Mitchell : featuring David Graham as Kaganovich . # 5 : Some Bulbs to Keep the Garden Bright 26 November 1976 Les Mallow wants Jack to expose seed merchant Sanderson , whose brother is on the housing committee and sells plants to council tenants at extortionate prices . If Jack refuses , Les threatens to reveal what Jack had done in Murmansk . He had learned about this from a drunken Matt . Jessie asks Jack to employ Billy as the union 's doctor for compensation cases . She lets slip that Mallow has a shameful secret in his family . Jack discovers that Mallow is living off his sister 's immoral earnings , and threatens to reveal this unless he backs off . Tom starts work as a jobbing gardener . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Alan Browning as Les Mallow . # 6 : God & Love & Wellesley Street 3 December 1976 Billy gets a job at the Wellesley Street free clinic run by Dr. Stoker . His family disapprove because he has turned down Jack 's job offer and will not be able to repay what he owes Bill and Tom . Charlotte Courtnay , a novelist from London , comes looking for her father , a priest who is also working with Stoker . She becomes friendly with Tom , but Jack thinks she is toying with him and persuades her to return to London before he gets hurt . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Ginette Clarke as Charlotte Courtnay . # 7 : Whatever Made You Think the War Was Over ? 10 December 1976 To repay his debt to Manners , Jack has to close down production for a week at Buell - Hodge , a firm that pays its workers well over the minimum . Jack calls a strike over conditions at the factory . Using Matt 's name , he also discovers that Buell 's American machines are dangerous . This enables him to close down Manners ' factory as well , so Manners can not fulfil Buell 's big contract and put him out of business . Bella gets drunk and flirts with Jack . Written by James Mitchell . # 8 : Ladies , Women , Sweethearts & Wives 17 December 1976 Bill opens a second shop . Jessie has a baby boy . Jack and Dolly go to a dinner party at the Duke of Bedlington 's , where Jack is to negotiate terms for his members to work a new trading estate being built on some of the Duke 's land . Manners warns Jack not to take Dolly . As he predicted , bitchy society ladies pick on Dolly , but Lady Caroline , the Duke 's daughter , is kind to her . Later , Jack sees Tom offer her a shoulder to cry on . Written by James Mitchell . # 9 : After the Bonfire 7 January 1977 Dolly leaves Jack to be with Tom . Jack gets them both jobs on the duke 's staff . He becomes increasingly friendly with Lady Caroline and buys land from her to spite Manners . Billy finally accepts Jack 's job offer , saying that the money he earns will be split between repaying his family and Stoker 's clinic . Written by James Mitchell . # 10 : A Wreath with Our Names On 14 January 1977 Billy is shocked that Stan Mather , a cousin of Dolly 's late husband , is still working at Lewis Bishop despite having pleurisy . When he is fatally injured in an accident , Jack forces Billy to keep quiet about Stan 's being unfit to work to ensure his widow gets compensation . Lady Caroline offers to give Dolly and Tom the money for a cottage , but they get it from Bill instead . Jack makes his peace with Dolly and they send Stan 's widow a wreath . Written by James Mitchell . # 11 : The Way It Was in Murmansk 21 January 1977 Stan Liddell , local Labour party secretary , asks Jack to speak on behalf of their candidate at the forthcoming election , Geordie Watson . Jack agrees on condition that Matt is made a councillor and gives a rousing speech , also bribing voters to ensure Watson 's victory . The elections cause an argument between Jessie and Arthur . Matt 's new girlfriend , Sarah Lytton , becomes housekeeper for him and Jack . Written by James Mitchell . # 12 : In the Front Line You Get Shot At 28 January 1977 A factory owner called Colfax refuses on principle to recognise union labour . Manners tells Jack that head office want to try to force the union on Colfax , and says that as a bet Colfax will give him a thousand pounds if the attempt fails . Using Eddy Morton to win the men 's support , Jack threatens strike action . But he has to call the strike off when Colfax calls in the police . He suspects that Boothroyd from head office has tipped off Colfax . Jack tears up Manners ' cheque for £ 1000 recognising it as a trick to implicate him in corruption . Bella is rushed to hospital with appendicitis . Written by James Mitchell : featuring John Savident as Colfax . # 13 : The Simple Pleasures of the Rich 4 February 1977 Dolly is pregnant by Tom . Jack announces that he is resigning as Union secretary and handing over to Matt . He will also move out of the house to allow Matt and Sarah privacy when they marry . When Jack demands a high price , Manners refuses to buy the land that Jack obtained from Lady Caroline . Nevertheless , Jack decides to go ahead with the demolition of Mandrake Place . Tom helps in return for Jack 's agreeing to let Dolly divorce him . In the event , Jack insists that he rather than Tom fires the shot . Written by James Mitchell . Series three ( 1977 ) ( edit ) Title Airdate Overview # 1 : A House Divided 8 September 1977 Matt and Tom rescue the injured Jack from the ruins of Mandrake Place . Arthur is appalled by the destruction and contacts the Association for the Preservation of Great Houses . Its Chairman , James Channing , threatens to prosecute . Jessie warns Jack and offers him an alibi . Jack learns from Caroline that her brother - in - law , Roddy , and Channing have been lovers . To Caroline 's disgust he says he will use this to blackmail Roddy into persuading Channing drop the prosecution . Written by James Mitchell . # 2 : A Tiger , a Lamb & a Basket ... of Fruit 15 September 1977 Jessie calls a family meeting to ensure that Matt and Tom are not arrested for their part in the demolition of Mandrake Place . Bill offers Dolly a job managing his new shop in Garibaldi Street . Jack is beaten up by two thugs employed by Roddy . He gets his own back on one of them and then tells Roddy he will get him sent to prison unless all charges are dropped . Written by James Mitchell . # 3 : My Bonnie Lass , Goodbye 22 September 1977 Jack forces Channing to support his story that the destruction of Mandrake Place was an accident . Manners , claiming to believe this story , then refuses to pay him . Jessie is dismayed when Arthur tells her that they are moving to Kent where he has a better paid job . Jack , after a farewell kiss , arranges an introduction with the Kent Fabian Society so she can carry on with her political activities . He then leaves for Scarborough to provide Dolly 's grounds for divorce . Written by James Mitchell . # 4 : A Ticket to Care for the Wounded 29 September 1977 Matt 's position as union district secretary is threatened by Eddy Morton . In an attempt to show Matt up , Eddy tells Matt that Manners has done a deal with Friedrich von Peltzer , the duke 's German nephew . As this could mean his members lose jobs to Germany , Matt threatens strike action unless the deal is cancelled . Matt wins the vote to confirm him in his job , but then makes Eddy his deputy , aware from Billy that he is terminally ill . Dolly persuades Tom to leave the duke 's estate so she can run Bill 's new shop . Written by Jeremy Burnham . # 5 : Travel Light , Travel Far 6 October 1977 Riddled with cancer , Dr. Stoker takes an overdose and dies , leaving Billy to run the free clinic with only Father Courtnay to help . Jack supplies Dolly with a solicitor , who tells her that she and Tom must live apart to appear blameless . Manners pays Jack to front Pioneer Enterprises , a ' nominee company ' to act as go - between with Peltzer . Matt finds out and fights Jack . He later discovers that Jack 's contract with Manners guarantees 20 more fitters jobs . Written by Jeremy Burnham . # 6 : Requiem for a Loser 13 October 1977 Jack learns that the witness to his infidelity has died . Dolly , told by her solicitor that her own adultery jeopardises her case , accuses Jack of deliberately stalling . Billy collapses from exhaustion . At Sarah 's insistence , Matt asks Jack rather than Eddy Morton to be his best man . Eddy is drunk and abusive at the wedding and then drops dead . Father Courtnay , who is leaving the parish , discovers that Jack is trying to buy the Wellesley Street clinic . Written by Jeremy Burnham . # 7 : Debts Owed , Debts Paid 20 October 1977 Jack threatens to reveal that he bought votes for Geordie Watson unless he ensures Matt is made a councillor as promised . Geordie must also get Stan Liddell to ensure that the Council sells Wellesley Street to Jack . Billy asks a fellow doctor if a new operation could allow Bill to walk again . To annoy Manners , Caroline asks Jack to a ball as her father 's guest . Written by James Mitchell . # 8 : The Empire Builders 27 October 1977 Billy reveals that Bill might walk again if he has an operation , but Bella is against it . Having bought Wellesley Street cheaply , Jack demands £ 5000 to sell it to Colfax , who needs to expand there . He persuades Bill to introduce loyalty savings stamps in his shops , the two of them splitting the profits . Written by James Mitchell . # 9 : Look Up & See the Sky 3 November 1977 Colfax visits Jack to haggle over the sale of Wellesley Street . Jack knows that Colfax has already invested in expensive new plant and holds out for the full amount and acceptance of union labour . Colfax eventually agrees when Jack threatens to sell to Manners , who would then be able to bankrupt Colfax and take over his factory . Bella tells Jack about the possibility of an operation for Bill , and Jack reveals this to Tom . Written by James Mitchell : featuring David King as Colfax . # 10 : Letters from Afar 10 November 1977 Left - winger Regan threatens a strike at Lewis Bishop unless a sacked worker is reinstated . Matt resorts to trickery to get information for Jack about Ryders , a local engineering firm run by an old - fashioned patriarch . Joe Prestwick , a former loyal employee , persuades Mr. Ryder to give Billy an old warehouse to use as a new clinic . With Ryders ' undervalued shares continuing to rise , Manners tries to buy the Duke 's shares . Written by Colin Morris : featuring Nat Jackley as Joe Prestwick . # 11 : The Father of Lies 17 November 1977 Jack is using a nominee company to buy up Ryders shares for Manners . The Duke warns him off involving Caroline in the scheme . As the share price keeps rising , Manners has to offer Lewis Bishop shares in exchange . Jack persuades Bill to have the operation . Dolly gives birth a month early . Written by Colin Morris . # 12 : Diamond Cut Diamond 24 November 1977 Dolly 's divorce comes through and baby Matthew William is christened . Bill goes into hospital . Regan calls an unofficial strike at Lewis Bishop and disrupts Manners ' press conference about the Ryders take - over . To assume total control of Ryders , Manners needs the duke 's block vote . Jack says he can deliver it , but tells the Duke to vote for Ryder . He persuades Matt to make the strike official and ensures that the news breaks at the meeting . The take - over fails , costing Manners a lot of money and finally giving Jack his revenge for Mandrake Place . Jack and Lady Caroline do well , having sold their shares to Manners when the price was high . Written by Colin Morris . # 13 : A Marriage & a Massacre 1 December 1977 After his operation , Bill is able to walk with a stick . Tom is frustrated working in the shop . Billy and his assistant , medical student Isobel Murcheson , alert Matt to the case of Mr. Dixon , mentally unsound after an accident at Lewis Bishop for which Manners paid his hospital bill . Jack visits the duke who asks him to find out who is sending him threatening letters and killing animals on his estate . Caroline tells Jack she is engaged . Written by James Mitchell . # 14 : High Life & Hunger 8 December 1977 Isobel 's reactionary father tries to ban her from working at the clinic . He is Bill 's wholesaler and threatens to cut off his credit . Billy and Bill argue and Bill suffers a fall . Jack visits Dixon who sends him away . Jack employs a group of homeless unemployed , including upper class con man High Life DeVere , to help him catch the person threatening the duke . He discovers it is Dixon . Written by James Mitchell : featuring James Woolley as High Life De Vere . # 15 : Please Say Goodbye Before You Go 15 December 1977 Jack flirts with Isobel at a charity ball and meets Lady Caroline 's fiancé , Mostyn . Jack and High Life catch Dixon breaking into the duke 's house to destroy a picture of one of the duke 's ancestors who resembles his son , Christopher . Dixon wants revenge because Christopher had seduced his daughter . Manners agrees to look after Dixon . Jack lends Tom money for his own market garden , then tells Matt he is leaving for America . Matt asks why he is going to a land where you ca n't get whisky . `` To sell them some '' , Jack replies . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Timothy Carlton as Mostyn , James Woolley . Series four ( 1981 ) ( edit ) Title Airdate Overview # 1 : Back to Dear Old Blighty 17 February 1981 Jack has made a fortune from bootlegging and lost it in the Wall Street Crash . An alcoholic and in debt to gangsters , he flees New York as a stowaway . In Liverpool he meets Canon Penfold , who gets him a room in a hostel . He has to share with Charlie Rowse , an embittered ex-teacher who forces him to drink and beats him up . Jack hits back at him and quits the hostel . Morty Black , an old business friend from New York , offers him money . Written by James Mitchell : featuring David Graham as Morty Black , Bernard Horsfall as Charlie Rowse , Jeremy Child as Canon Penfold . # 2 : A Gift from Heaven 24 February 1981 Jack returns to Gallowshield and lodges with Sarah , who tells him that Matt drowned in a boating accident . Jack learns from the boat 's owner , Doughty , that Matt killed himself having stolen union funds to support his mistress , Thelma Clark . She is now dating Sarah 's brother , Harry . Harry has photographs of Doughty 's smuggling activities with which to blackmail him . Jack steals them and sells them to Doughty . They have Harry beaten up and run him out of town . Jack burns Matt 's love letters to Thelma to convince Sarah that he was not unfaithful . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Bryan Pringle as Doughty . # 3 : A Medal for the Argentine 3 March 1981 Jack meets Margaret Carter - Brown , the niece of Lewis Bishop 's managing director John Hartley . She is a Socialist researching the plight of the unemployed on Tyneside . He takes her to see Danny Lockhart , who is unemployed and has sold his war medal . Hartley learns that the Argentine navy want a warship and asks Jack to use his contacts to win the contract for Lewis Bishop . The deal fails , but Jack is able to win another order for an American millionaire and uses his fee to buy back Danny 's medal . Written by James Mitchell : featuring William Squire as Hartley . # 4 : Flies & Spiders 10 March 1981 Doughty introduces Jack to Captain Bauer , who offers Jack work guarding an air - strip in South America against local tribes . Learning that Bauer wants the locals killed for the oil on their land , Jack refuses . He buys fire damaged goods from Bauer and he and Sarah sell them in Gallowshield market . Margaret becomes engaged . Written by James Mitchell : featuring William Squire , Bryan Pringle . # 5 : Oh , My Charming Billy Boy 17 March 1981 Schoolteacher , Sid Meek , tells Jack about Matt 's nephew , Bill Pierce . He is a law student at Oxford but wants to drop out to get married . Sid is secretly in love with Bill and supporting him financially . In Oxford , Jack meets Bill , his patron , Labour philanthropist Violet Laurence , and her niece , Imogen Lorrimer . Jack loans Bill money to pay off his debts . Written by James Mitchell : featuring David Daker as Sid Meek , Paul Antony - Barber as Bill Pierce , Sabina Franklyn as Imogen Lorrimer , Louie Ramsay as Violet Laurence . # 6 : Friends , Romans , Countrymen 24 March 1981 Jack has been living in London for three years with Imogen . She leaves him to avoid scandal as her aunt is standing to be Labour MP for Gallowshield . Tipped off about oil by Geordie Watson , Jack buys cheap land in Gallowshields to sell to the interested company . At a toga party given by Mrs. Laurence for the Tyneside hunger marchers , Jack meets Jessie . Although still married to Arthur , she is seeing upper class socialist Robin Cunningham . She opposes the land deal , but Jack buys her silence by threatening to tell Arthur about Robin . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Sabina Franklyn , Louie Ramsay , Christopher Neame as Robin Cunningham . # 7 : The Bright Young Things 31 March 1981 Having made money from his deal with the oil company , Jack is mixing in London high society . His land agent , Frank , asks Jack to broker the sale of an expensive emerald necklace to Morty Black . The necklace is owned by Philip Martin whose sister , Jane , is unbalanced and would kill to get the necklace for herself . The sale goes ahead . When Jack learns that Morty paid off the mobsters who were after him , he waives his share of the price . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Simon Cadell as Philip Martin , Mel Martin as Jane Martin , David Graham . # 8 : Action ! 7 April 1981 Lady Caroline invites Jack to visit her in Northumberland . Sarah is seeing Stan Lidell . Jack helps shopkeeper Manny Goldstein who is being persecuted by Blackshirt thugs . At a function given by Caroline 's husband , Edward Mostyn , Jack argues with the local Fascist leader , Hector Smith - Jameson , which attracts him to socialist guest , Tania Corley . Jack buys a share in Manny 's shop and when the thugs attack it again , he forces Smith - Jameson to pay compensation or face prosecution , and then exposes him for having paid money to a Jew . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Timothy Carlton as Mostyn , John Rowe as Smith - Jameson , Ray Mort as Manny . # 9 : Comrades in Arms 14 April 1981 Tania 's mother , Lady Leamington , gives a party to raise funds for the victims of Franco in the Spanish civil war . Billy treats Bob Randall , son of Jack 's old sergeant - major Fred , wounded fighting for the Spanish Republicans . Jack considers himself in debt to Fred who once saved his life . Jessie and Billy get Fred to persuade Jack to smuggle guns to the Republicans . Using a pleasure cruise as cover , Jack sails for Spain with Tania , Jessie , Billy and communist Nigel Scott - Palliser . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Clive Merrison as Scott - Palliser , Phyllida Law as Lady Leamington , David Wood as Ceddie Corley , Colin Douglas as Fred Randall . # 10 : Roll of Honour 21 April 1981 Jack learns from Ceddie Corley that Scott - Palliser is planning to have him arrested for gunrunning . He sends Tania home , warns the ship 's captain and goes ashore with the ship 's steward , Raoul Savory . Jessie is shocked to discover that Scott - Palliser plans to give the guns to the Communists and not the Socialists . Raoul diverts the Communist convoy . Jack , Jessie , Billy and Raoul set off to deliver the guns to the socialists . They fight off Franco 's Moorish cavalry , but Scott - Palliser is lying in wait and shoots Jack . Written by James Mitchell : featuring Michael Melia as Raoul Savory , Clive Merrison , David Wood . DVD releases ( edit ) All four series are available on DVD in the UK . Further reading ( edit ) McNally , Karen ( 2007 ) . `` The Geordie and the American Hero : Revisiting Classic Hollywood Masculinity in When the Boat Comes In '' . Journal of British Cinema and Television . Edinburgh University Press . 4 ( 1 ) : 102 . doi : 10.3366 / JBCTV. 2007.4. 1.102 . See also ( edit ) Sam External links ( edit ) When the Boat Comes In on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_the_Boat_Comes_In&oldid=803900663 '' Categories : 1976 British television programme debuts 1981 British television programme endings 1970s British drama television series 1980s British drama television series BBC television dramas Television shows set in Tyne and Wear Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne Television series set in the 1920s Television series set in the 1930s Poverty in England English - language television programs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Question: who played sarah hedley in when the boat comes in


Potter 's wheel - wikipedia Potter 's wheel Jump to : navigation , search For the magazine named The Potter 's Wheel , see The Potters ( artists group ) . Classic potter 's kick - wheel in Erfurt , Germany In pottery , a potter 's wheel is a machine used in the shaping ( known as throwing ) of round ceramic ware . The wheel may also be used during the process of trimming the excess body from dried ware , and for applying incised decoration or rings of colour . Use of the potter 's wheel became widespread throughout the Old World but was unknown in the Pre-Columbian New World , where pottery was handmade by methods that included coiling and beating . A potter 's wheel may occasionally be referred to as a `` potter 's lathe '' . However , that term is better used for another kind of machine that is used for a different shaping process , turning , similar to that used for shaping of metal and wooden articles . The techniques of jiggering and jolleying can be seen as extensions of the potter 's wheel : in jiggering , a shaped tool is slowly brought down onto the plastic clay body that has been placed on top of the rotating plaster mould . The jigger tool shapes one face , the mould the other . The term is specific to the shaping of flat ware , such as plates , whilst a similar technique , jolleying , refers to the production of hollow ware , such as cups . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Techniques of throwing 3 The potter 's wheel in myth and legend 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) A graphic representation of a primitive rotating pottery wheel made of clay and positioned on the ground , based on archaeological finds in Romania A graphic depiction of an ancient potter 's wheel proposed by archaeologist Ștefan Cucoș , based on the findings in Valeni ( ro ) , Feliceni and Ghelăiești in Romania Much early ceramic ware was hand - built using a simple coiling technique in which clay was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and beaten together to form the body of a vessel . In the coiling method of construction , all the energy required to form the main part of a piece is supplied indirectly by the hands of the potter . Early ceramics built by coiling were often placed on mats or large leaves to allow them to be worked more conveniently . The evidence of this lies in mat or leaf impressions left in the clay of the base of the pot . This arrangement allowed the potter to rotate the vessel during construction , rather than walk around it to add coils of clay . The earliest forms of the potter 's wheel ( called tourneys or slow wheels ) were probably developed as an extension to this procedure . Tournettes , in use around 4500 BC in the Near East , were turned slowly by hand or by foot while coiling a pot . Only a small range of vessels were fashioned on the tournette , suggesting that it was used by a limited number of potters . The introduction of the slow wheel increased the efficiency of hand - powered pottery production . In the mid to late 3rd millennium BCE the fast wheel was developed , which operated on the flywheel principle . It utilised energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself to speed the process . This wheel was wound up and charged with energy by kicking , or pushing it around with a stick , providing a centrifugal force . The fast wheel enabled a new process of pottery - making to develop , called throwing , in which a lump of clay was placed centrally on the wheel and then squeezed , lifted and shaped as the wheel turned . The process tends to leave rings on the inside of the pot and can be used to create thinner - walled pieces and a wider variety of shapes , including stemmed vessels , so wheel - thrown pottery can be distinguished from handmade . Potters could now produce many more pots per hour , a first step towards industrialization . Potter in Guatil , Costa Rica , using a hand - powered wheel , 2003 Many modern scholars suggest that the first potter 's wheel was first developed by the ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia . A stone potter 's wheel found at the Sumerian city of Ur in modern - day Iraq has been dated to about 3129 BC , but fragments of wheel - thrown pottery of an even earlier date have been recovered in the same area . However , southeastern Europe and China have also been claimed as possible places of origin . Furthermore , the wheel was also in popular use by potters starting around 3500 BC in major cities of the Indus Valley civilization in South Asia , namely Harappa and Mohenjo - daro ( Kenoyer , 2005 ) . Others consider Egypt as `` being the place of origin of the potter 's wheel . It was here that the turntable shaft was lengthened about 3000 BC and a flywheel added . The flywheel was kicked and later was moved by pulling the edge with the left hand while forming the clay with the right . This led to the counterclockwise motion for the potter 's wheel which is almost universal . '' Hence the exact origin of the wheel is not wholly clear yet . A potter shapes pottery with his hands while operating a mechanical potter 's wheel with his foot , 1902 In the Iron Age , the potter 's wheel in common use had a turning platform about one metre ( 3 feet ) above the floor , connected by a long axle to a heavy flywheel at ground level . This arrangement allowed the potter to keep the turning wheel rotating by kicking the flywheel with the foot , leaving both hands free for manipulating the vessel under construction . However , from an ergonomic standpoint , sweeping the foot from side to side against the spinning hub is rather awkward . At some point , an alternative solution was invented that involved a crankshaft with a lever that converted up - and - down motion into rotary motion . The use of the motor - driven wheel has become common in modern times , particularly with craft potters and educational institutions , although human - powered ones are still in use and are preferred by some studio potters . Techniques of throwing ( edit ) Hand positions used during wheel - throwing There are many techniques in use for throwing ceramic containers , although this is a typical procedure : A round , moist lumpy clump of clay body is thrown at a wheelhead or a bat attached to it . ( The term `` bat '' refers to a secondary disc or square , made of wood -- or more recently plastic -- to which the lump of clay is attached instead of the wheel head , thereby permitting the finished piece to be more easily lifted from the wheel . ) The lump or clump is made even and forced to the centre of the wheel by applying pressure with the hands . The thrower finds the centre of the clay by moving a thumb across the lump until no more friction is felt . The thumb is pressed into the centre of the lump , stopping about 5 mm ( ⁄ inch ) from the wheel head . The hole made is widened . The sides thus defined are pulled up and made thinner by pressure between the hands . The vessel is shaped , and the mouth is smoothed . The vessel is cut from the wheelhead or bat with a cheese wire and left to stiffen . Sometimes the stiffened vessel is inverted on the wheel and trimmed with a sharp tool . The process of throwing a round pot The clay is centred on the spinning wheel . A depression is made in the centre , forming walls . The walls are drawn up with the hands ... ... and shaped into the desired form . The finished pot . 1836 pottery wheel demonstration at Conner Prairie living historical museum A skilled potter can quickly throw a vessel from up to 15 kg ( 30 lb ) of clay . Alternatively , by throwing and adding coils of clay then throwing again , pots up to four feet high may be made , the heat of a blowlamp being used to firm each thrown section before adding the next coil . In Chinese manufacture , very large pots are made by two throwers working simultaneously . The potter 's wheel in myth and legend ( edit ) In Ancient Egyptian mythology , the deity Khnum was said to have formed the first humans on a potter 's wheel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roux , Valentine ; Miroschedji , Pierre ( 2009 ) . `` Revisiting the History of the Potter 's Wheel in the Southern Levant '' . Levant. 41 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1963 ) . The Sumerians : Their History , Culture , and Character . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 45238 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Moorey , Peter Roger Stuart ( 1999 ) ( 1994 ) . Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries : The Archaeological Evidence . Winona Lake , Indiana : Eisenbrauns . p. 146 . ISBN 9781575060422 . Jump up ^ Cucoș , Ștefan ( 1999 ) . `` Faza Cucuteni B în zona subcarpatică a Moldovei '' ( Cucuteni B period in the lower Carpathian region of Moldova ) . Bibliotheca Memoriae antiquitatis ( BMA ) ( Memorial Library antiquities ) ( in Romanian ) . Piatra Neamț , Romania : Muzeul de Istorie Piatra Neamț ( Historical Museum Piatra Neamț ) . 6 . OCLC 223302267 . Jump up ^ `` 萧山 日报 - 数字 报纸 '' . Jump up ^ Hamer , Frank ; Hamer , Janet ( 2004 ) . The Potter 's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques . p. 383 . Jump up ^ `` Isaac Button -- Country Potter ( 1965 ) '' . Film & TV Database . BFI . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potter 's wheel . Pottery ( video on Internet Archive ) Earliest Depiction of a Kick - Wheel in Egypt Isaac Button , Soil Hill Pottery near Halifax , England ; Lakeside Pottery The last Iranian woman potter using the ancient technique . Location : Pirtaj village in Chang - almas region in western Iran ; Lakeside Pottery ( hide ) Pottery and claywork Glossary of pottery terms Base minerals , and glazes Alquifou Clay Feldspar Frit Kaolin Petuntse Slip Glaze materials : Ash glaze Lead - glazed Tin - glazed Salt glazed Lusterware Main types , by body Earthenware Terracotta Stoneware Porcelain Fritware Egyptian faience Ironstone Jasperware Forming techniques Pinching Coiling Moulding Wheel throwing RAM pressing Slipcasting Processes and decoration Burnishing Glazing Kiln Firing Bisque firing Saggar Pit firing Slipware China painting Blue and white Celadon Black - figure Red - figure Kakiemon History of pottery China Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Pre-conquest Americas Maya Japan Korea Islamic Persia Delftware Faience Tilework Studio pottery Individual works List of studio potters Potters by nation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potter%27s_wheel&oldid=820679063 '' Categories : Pottery Hidden categories : CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Use British English from March 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 00 : 13 . 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Question: where did the potter's wheel first develop


Shea butter - wikipedia Shea butter Jump to : navigation , search Seeds of a shea tree -- raw materials for oil production Shea butter ( / ʃiː / , / ˈʃiːə / , or / ʃeɪ / ) is a fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree ( Vitellaria paradoxa ) . It is usually yellow in color when raw , with Unrefined , Refined , and Ultra-Refined Shea butter being ivory or white in color . Shea butter is a triglyceride ( fat ) derived mainly from stearic acid and oleic acid . It is widely used in cosmetics as a moisturizer , salve or lotion . Shea butter is edible and is used in food preparation in some African countries . Occasionally , the chocolate industry uses shea butter mixed with other oils as a substitute for cocoa butter , although the taste is noticeably different . The English word `` shea '' comes from s'í , the tree 's name in the Bambara language of Mali . It is known by many local names , e.g. , Kpakahili in Dagbani , kaɗe or kaɗanya in Hausa language , karité in the Wolof language of Senegal , ori in some parts of West Africa , and many others . Shea butter is a triglyceride ( fat ) derived mainly from stearic acid and oleic acid . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Composition and properties 3 Uses 3.1 Medicinal 3.2 Classification 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) The common name is shíyiri or shísu ( lit . `` shea tree '' ) in the Bambara language of Mali . This is the origin of the English word , whose primary pronunciation is / ʃiː / ( rhyming with `` tea '' ) , although the pronunciation / ʃeɪ / ( rhyming with `` day '' ) is common and is listed second in major dictionaries . The tree is called ghariti in the Wolof language of Senegal , which is the origin of the French name of the tree and the butter , karité . The shea tree grows naturally in the wild in the dry savannah belt of West Africa from Senegal in the west to Sudan in the east , and onto the foothills of the Ethiopian highlands . It occurs in 21 countries across the African continent , namely Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Ghana , Guinea Bissau , Ivory Coast , Mali , Niger , Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone , South Sudan , Sudan , Togo , Uganda , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya and Guinea . A testa found at the site of the medieval village of Saouga is evidence of shea butter production by the 14th century . Children transporting crushed shea nuts in Jisonaayili , Ghana Wala women making shea butter in Ghana Traditional preparation of shea butter in Mali Composition and properties ( edit ) Shea butter extract is a complex fat that in addition to many nonsaponifiable components ( substances that can not be fully converted into soap by treatment with alkali ) contains the following fatty acids : oleic acid ( 40 -- 60 % ) , stearic acid ( 20 -- 50 % ) , linoleic acid ( 3 -- 11 % ) , palmitic acid ( 2 -- 9 % ) , linolenic acid ( < 1 % ) and arachidic acid ( < 1 % ) . Shea butter melts at body temperature . Proponents of its use for skin care maintain that it absorbs rapidly into the skin , acts as a `` refatting '' agent , and has good water - binding properties . USES ( edit ) Shea butter soap . Shea butter is mainly used in the cosmetics industry for skin - and hair - related products ( lip gloss , skin moisturizer creams and emulsions , and hair conditioners for dry and brittle hair ) . It is also used by soap makers , typically in small amounts ( 5 -- 7 % of the oils in the recipe ) , because it has plenty of unsaponifiables , and higher amounts result in softer soaps that have less cleaning abilities . Some artisan soap makers use shea butter in amounts to 25 % -- with the European Union regulating the maximum use around 28 % , but it is rarely the case in commercially produced soap due to its high cost compared to oils like palm oil or pomace ( olive oil ) . It is an excellent emollient for dry skin . No evidence shows it is a cure , but it alleviates the pain associated with tightness and itching . In some African countries such as Benin , shea butter is used for cooking oil , as a waterproofing wax , for hairdressing , for candle - making , and as an ingredient in medicinal ointments . It is used by makers of traditional African percussion instruments to increase the durability of wood ( such as carved djembe shells ) , dried calabash gourds , and leather tuning straps . Shea butter can be an ingredient of organic broth . In the UK and other countries , it is incorporated into assorted tissue products , such as toilet paper . Medicinal ( edit ) Shea butter is sometimes used as a base for medicinal ointments . Some of the isolated chemical constituents are reported to have anti-inflammatory , emollient , and humectant properties . Shea butter has been used as a sunblocking lotion and some of its components `` have limited capacity to absorb ultraviolet radiation '' . In Ghana , shear butter locally known as Kpakahili ( Eng . trans . raw cream ) in Dagbani , nkuto ( Akan ) or nku ( Ga ) , is either used as a food product or applied as lotion to protect the skin during the dry Harmattan season . The shear nut tree itself is called tááŋà ( pl . táánsì ) and the fruit is called táánì ( pl . támá ) . The current northern regional capital Tamale , derives it names from a combination of the words `` tama '' and `` yili '' , meaning `` the town of shear fruits '' . In Nigeria , shea butter is used for the management of sinusitis and relief of nasal congestion . It is massaged into joints and other parts of the body where pain occurs . CLASSIFICATION ( edit ) The United States Agency for International Development and other companies have suggested a classification system for shea butter separating it into five grades : A ( raw or unrefined , extracted using water ) B ( refined ) C ( highly refined and extracted with solvents such as hexane ) D ( lowest uncontaminated grade ) E ( with contaminants ) . Commercial grades are A , B , and C. The color of raw ( grade A ) butter ranges from cream ( like whipped butter ) to grayish yellow . It has a nutty aroma which is removed in the other grades . Grade C is pure white . While the level of vitamin content can be affected by refining , up to 95 % of vitamin content can be removed from refined grades ( i.e. , grade C ) of shea butter while reducing contamination levels to undetectable levels . See also ( edit ) Shea nut and butter production in Burkina Faso Shea Yeleen , a social enterprise that trains women - owned shea butter cooperatives . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shea butter . Jump up ^ Alfred Thomas ( 2002 ) . `` Fats and Fatty Oils '' . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a10_173 . Jump up ^ National Research Council . Lost Crops of Africa : Volume II : Vegetables ( 2006 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 10333 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : E.T. Masters , J.A. Yidana and P.N. Lovett ( 2004 ) . `` Reinforcing sound management through trade : shea tree products in Africa '' . Jump up ^ Fold , N. 2000 . `` A matter of good taste ? Quality and the construction of standards for chocolate in the European Union . Cahiers d'Economie et Sociologie Rurales , 55 / 56 : 92 -- 110 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Reference.com Dictionary Entry '' . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Goreja , W.G. ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 2 '' . Shea Butter : The Nourishing Properties of Africa 's Best - Kept Natural Beauty Secret . TNC International . p. 5 . ISBN 9780974296258 . Jump up ^ `` Shea Butter '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ori Shea Butter '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ * Neumann , K. , et al. 1998 . Remains of woody plants from Saouga , a medieval west African village . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany , 7 : 57 - 77 . Jump up ^ Davrieux , F. , Allal , F. , Piombo , G. , Kelly , B. , Okulo , J.B. , Thiam , M. , Diallo , O.B. & Bouvet , J. - M. ( 2010 ) . `` Near Infrared Spectroscopy for High - Throughput Characterization of Shea Tree ( Vitellaria paradoxa ) Nut Fat Profiles . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 58 , 7811 - 7819 '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hemat , R.A.S. ( 2003 ) . Principles of Orthomolecularism . Urotext . p. 160 . ISBN 9781903737057 . Jump up ^ `` African Shea Butter Benefits '' . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Natur Kompagnie Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Akihisa , T. ; Kojima , N. ; Kikuchi , T. ; Yasukawa , K. ; Tokuda , H. ; Masters , E.T. ; Manosroi , A. ; Manosroi , J. ( 2010 ) . `` Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of triterpene cinnamates and acetates from shea fat '' . Journal of Oleo Science . 59 ( 6 ) : 273 -- 80 . doi : 10.5650 / jos. 59.273 . PMID 20484832 . Jump up ^ Tella , A , Br ( 1979 ) . `` Preliminary studies on nasal decongestant activity from the seed of the shea butter tree , Butyrospermum parkii '' . J Clin Pharmacol. 7 ( 5 ) : 495 -- 497 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2125.1979. tb00992. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ United States Agency For International Development , October 2006 . `` Buying and Selling Shea Butter : A Marketing Manual for West Africa '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` CLASSIFICATION AND USES OF SHEA BUTTER Belvyna Global Nigeria Limited '' . www.belvynaglobal.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` CLASSIFICATION AND USES OF SHEA BUTTER Belvyna Global Nigeria Limited '' . www.belvynaglobal.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Look up shea butter in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Edible fats and oils Fats Pork fats Bacon fat Fatback Lardo Salo Salt pork Szalonna Lard Lardon Pork belly Pancetta Tocino Speck Beef / mutton fats Dripping Suet Tallow Tail fat Dairy fats Butter Clarified butter Ghee Niter kibbeh Smen Poultry fats Chicken fat Duck fat Schmaltz Other animal fats Blubber Muktuk Vegetable fats Cocoa butter Margarine Shea butter Vegetable shortening Oils Fish oils Cod liver oil Shark liver oil Vegetable oils Major oils Coconut oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Olive oil Palm oil palm kernel oil Peanut oil Rapeseed oil Canola oil and Colza oil ( toxic oil syndrome ) Safflower oil Soybean oil Sunflower oil Nut oils Almond oil Argan oil Cashew oil Hazelnut oil Macadamia oil Marula oil Mongongo nut oil Pecan oil Pine nut oil Pistachio oil Walnut oil Fruit and seed oils Ambadi seed oil Avocado oil Castor oil Grape seed oil Hemp oil Linseed oil ( flaxseed oil ) Mustard oil Olive oil Perilla oil Poppyseed oil Pumpkin seed oil Rice bran oil Sesame oil Tea seed oil Watermelon seed oil See also List of vegetable oils Cooking oil Essential oil Non-timber forest products Animal products Furs Honey Pine honey Wild game Berries Tree fruit Blackberry Blueberry Bilberry Breadfruit Cocoa bean Coconut Durian Gambooge Huckleberry Jackfruit Juniper berry Lingonberry Raspberry Tamarind Woodland strawberry Edible plants / roots Betel Fiddlehead ferns Mahuwa flowers Sago palm queen Sassafras filé powder root beer Saw palmetto Wild ginseng Mushrooms Bare - toothed russula Bay bolete Birch bolete Cep Chanterelle Honey mushroom Lingzhi Matsutake Meadow mushroom Morel Oyster mushroom Parasol mushroom Red cap Saffron milk cap Slippery jack Truffle Yellow knight Nuts Spices Allspice Areca nut Bay leaf Black pepper Brazil nut Cinnamon Clove Hazelnut Malva nut Nutmeg Pine nut Vanilla Oil Waxes Carnauba Chaulmoogra ( Hydnocarpus wightiana ) Cocoa butter Eucalyptol Eucalyptus Japan wax Kokum Kusum Mahuwa Nagkesar Palm ( kernel ) Pongamia Phulwara Pilu Sal - seed ( Shorea robusta ) Sandalwood Shea butter Tea - seed Tea - tree Vateria indica Resins Benzoin Birch tar Camphor Creosote Frankincense Gamboge Kauri Lacquer Mastic Myrrh Pine tar Pitch Rosin Turpentine Varnish Sap / Gum / etc . Birch syrup Chicle chewing gum Coconut sugar Date sugar Fruit syrup Gum arabic Gutta - percha Kino Latex Maple sugar Maple syrup Palm sugar Palm wine akpeteshie ogogoro Rubber Spruce gum Other Bamboo edible musical instruments textiles Birch bark Birch beer Cork Ferns Forage Gambier Moss Natural dyes henna Peat Quinine Rattan Shellac Tanbark tannin Thatching Tendu leaves Vegetable ivory Willow bark Related Dehesa ( Iberian agroforestry ) Forest farming / gardening Honey hunting Indian forest produce Mushroom hunting Naval stores Permaforestry Resin extraction Rubber tapping Wildcrafting Forestry portal Trees portal Commons WikiProject Forestry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shea_butter&oldid=837373523 '' Categories : Anti-inflammatory agents Crops originating from Africa Shea butter production Skin care Vegetable oils Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 12 : 37 . 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Question: where is shea butter gotten from in nigeria


Army -- Navy game - wikipedia Army -- Navy game Jump to : navigation , search `` Army Navy '' redirects here . For the band , see Army Navy ( band ) . For the annual match in British rugby , see Army Navy Match . For the M * A * S * H episode , see The Army - Navy Game ( M * A * S * H ) . For the college soccer rivalry between the same programs , see Army -- Navy Cup . Army -- Navy Game Army Black Knights Navy Midshipmen Sport College football First meeting November 29 , 1890 Latest meeting December 9 , 2017 Next meeting December 8 , 2018 Statistics Meetings total 118 All - time record Navy leads 60 -- 51 -- 7 Longest win streak Navy , 14 ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Current win streak Army , 2 ( 2016 -- present ) The Army -- Navy Game is an American college rivalry game in college football between the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy ( USMA ) at West Point , New York , and the Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) at Annapolis , Maryland . The Black Knights ( alternatively , the `` Cadets '' ) and Midshipmen each represent their service 's oldest officer commissioning sources . As such , the game has come to embody the spirit of the interservice rivalry of the United States Armed Forces . The game marks the end of the college football regular season and the third and final game of the season 's Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy series , which also includes the Air Force Falcons of the United States Air Force Academy ( USAFA ) near Colorado Springs , Colorado . The Army -- Navy game is one of the most traditional and enduring rivalries in college football . It has been frequently attended by sitting U.S. presidents . The game has been nationally televised each year since 1945 on either ABC , CBS or NBC . CBS has televised the game since 1996 and has the rights to the broadcast through 2028 . Instant replay made its American debut in the 1963 Army -- Navy game . Since 2009 , the game has been held the Saturday following FBS conference championship weekend . The game has been held in multiple locations , but outside the 1926 game in Chicago and 1983 game in Pasadena , California , it has been played in the Northeast megalopolis , most frequently in Philadelphia , followed by the New York City area and the Baltimore -- Washington area . The series has been marked by several periods of domination by one team or the other , with Navy 's 14 - game winning streak from 2002 through 2015 being the longest for either side . Through the 2017 meeting , Navy leads the series 60 -- 51 -- 7 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series history 2 Venues 2.1 Future venues 2.2 Total games by venue and geography 3 Game results 4 Notable games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Series history ( edit ) Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29 , 1890 . They played 30 times between that date and November 26 , 1927 . The series has been renewed annually since 1930 . The game has been held at several locations throughout its history , including Baltimore and New York City , but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia , roughly equidistant from the two academies . Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving ( a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons ) , the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular - season game played in Division I FBS football . With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006 , several conference championship games joined the Army -- Navy Game on its then - current date of the first weekend of December . In 2009 , the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday ; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football . 1908 Army -- Navy college football game at Franklin Field This game has inter-service `` bragging rights '' at stake . For much of the first half of the 20th century , both Army and Navy were often national powers , and the game occasionally had national championship implications . However , as the level of play in college football improved nationally , and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League ( NFL ) , the high academic entrance requirements , height and weight limits , and the five - year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies . Since 1963 , only the 1996 , 2010 , 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records . Nonetheless , the game is considered a college football institution . It has aired nationally on radio since 1930 , and has been nationally televised every year since 1945 . The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day . A game ball from the 1974 Army -- Navy Game , with the game 's final score ( Navy 19 , Army 0 ) adhered on with a label . Arguably , one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game . Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and , by the time this ends , many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again . Nevertheless , some participants in the Army -- Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers . Quarterback Roger Staubach ( Navy , 1965 ) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI . Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey ( Navy , 1979 ) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI . Running back Napoleon McCallum ( Navy , 1985 ) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then - Los Angeles Raiders in 1986 . After satisfying his Navy commitment , he joined the Raiders full - time . 2002 Army -- Navy Game at Giants Stadium . Navy is in dark and Army is in white . The game is especially emotional for the seniors , called `` first classmen '' by both academies , since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play ( though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game ) . During wartime the game is even more emotional , as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate . Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day . At the end of the game , both teams ' almae matres are played and sung . The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy 's students ; then the losing team accompanies the winning team , facing their students . This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity . Since the winning team 's alma mater is always played last , the phrase `` to sing second '' has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game . The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point , while friendly , is intense . The cadets live and breathe the phrase `` Beat Navy ! '' while for midshipmen the opposite phrase , `` Beat Army ! '' is ingrained . They have become a symbol of competitiveness , not just in the Army -- Navy Game , but in the service of their country , and are often used at the close of ( informal ) letters by graduates of both academies . A long - standing tradition at the Army - Navy football game is to conduct a formal `` prisoner exchange '' as part of the pre-game activities . The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy . After the exchange , students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades . In 2011 , the 112th Army -- Navy Game saw Navy 's 10th consecutive win . The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy series , awarded to each season 's winner of the triangular series between Army , Navy , and Air Force since 1972 . In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army -- Navy Game ( 1972 , 1977 , 1978 , 1996 , 2005 , 2012 and 2017 ) the Army - Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy . In years when Air Force has split its two games , the Army - Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game . The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army -- Navy rivalry , primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA , established in 1954 , and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools . The Army -- Air Force and Navy -- Air Force games are usually played at the academies ' regular home fields , although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field . Navy won 14 Army - Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015 , the longest winning streak in the history of the series . On December 10 , 2016 , Army snapped its 14 - game losing streak against Navy with a 21 -- 17 victory . Venues ( edit ) Though the game has been played 118 times , only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy . Neither team has ever played at an on - campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game , as well as the media and dignitaries . Army 's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people , while Navy 's Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000 . The game 's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899 , it was played at a neutral site , the Franklin Field in Philadelphia . Except for the 1942 and 1943 games , which were played on - campus due to World War II travel restrictions , it has been played at a neutral site every year since . Pennsylvania Railroad trains lined up at a temporary station outside the Municipal Stadium after the 1955 game . Traditionally , the game is played in Philadelphia , due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis . Additionally , Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds . Philadelphia 's John F. Kennedy Stadium ( JFK ) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 ( except for three years in World War II ) -- more than any other venue in the history of the series . It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium , which finally became the game 's host in 1980 . The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game - day service to all Army -- Navy games ( except several during World War II ) at John F. Kennedy Stadium , using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad 's nearby Greenwich freight yard . The service , with 40 - odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees , was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country . Franklin Field , on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania , hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK . New York 's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia . The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well , even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis . 1926 game at Chicago 's Soldier Field The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army -- Navy game ; it did so in 1983 . The city of Pasadena , California , paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies -- 9,437 in all . A substitute , however , for Bill XXII -- the Navy mascot -- and four rented Army mules were brought in . The attendance was 81,000 . The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women , along with many retired military personnel , on the West Coast . The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue , at Chicago 's Soldier Field , which played host to the 1926 game . In October 1984 , the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a `` Golden Fleece Award '' from United States Senator William Proxmire , a Democrat from Wisconsin . Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia , the home of the Philadelphia Eagles . Since the 1980s , the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia . In addition to the Rose Bowl , these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey ( replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium , which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021 ) , M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover , Maryland . These are still considered neutral - site games , but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other . Future venues ( edit ) All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey will host the 2021 game . The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022 . Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded . Total games by venue and geography ( edit ) Venue Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game John F. Kennedy Stadium ( Philadelphia ) 41 16 22 1936 1979 Franklin Field 18 11 7 0 1899 1935 Veterans Stadium 17 11 5 1980 2001 Lincoln Financial Field 11 10 0 2003 2017 Polo Grounds 9 5 1913 1927 Giants Stadium 0 1989 2002 M&T Bank Stadium 0 2000 2016 The Plain 0 0 1890 1892 Worden Field 0 1891 1893 Municipal Stadium ( Baltimore ) 0 0 1924 1944 Yankee Stadium 0 0 1930 1931 Osborne Field 0 0 1905 1905 Soldier Field 0 0 1926 1926 Thompson Stadium 0 0 1942 1942 Michie Stadium 0 0 1943 1943 Rose Bowl 0 0 FedExField 0 0 2011 2011 City Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Philadelphia 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York City 11 7 1913 1931 Baltimore 6 0 1924 2016 East Rutherford , New Jersey 0 1989 2002 West Point , New York 0 0 1890 1943 Annapolis , Maryland 0 1891 1942 Princeton , New Jersey 0 0 1905 1905 Chicago 0 0 1926 1926 Pasadena , California 0 0 Landover , Maryland 0 0 2011 2011 State Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Pennsylvania 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York 14 7 6 1890 1943 Maryland 10 6 0 1891 2016 New Jersey 5 1905 2002 Illinois 0 0 1926 1926 California 0 0 CSA Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Philadelphia -- Reading -- Camden , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York -- Newark , NY -- NJ -- CT -- PA 19 8 9 1890 2002 Washington -- Baltimore -- Arlington , DC -- MD -- VA -- WV -- PA 10 6 0 1891 2016 Chicago -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI 0 0 1926 1926 Los Angeles -- Long Beach , CA 0 0 Game results ( edit ) Army victories Navy victories Ties Year Winner Score Location City Series 1890 Navy 24 -- 0 `` The Plain '' USMA West Point , New York Navy 1 -- 0 1891 Army 32 -- 16 Worden Field USNA Annapolis , Maryland Tied 1 -- 1 1892 Navy 12 -- 4 `` The Plain '' West Point , New York Navy 2 -- 1 1893 Navy 6 -- 4 Worden Field Annapolis , Maryland Navy 3 -- 1 1899 Army 17 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 3 -- 2 1900 Navy 11 -- 7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4 -- 2 1901 Army 11 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4 -- 3 1902 Army 22 -- 8 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 4 -- 4 1903 Army 40 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 5 -- 4 1904 Army 11 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6 -- 4 1905 Tie 6 -- 6 Osborne Field Princeton , New Jersey Army 6 -- 4 -- 1 1906 Navy 10 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6 -- 5 -- 1 1907 Navy 6 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 6 -- 6 -- 1 1908 Army 6 -- 4 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 7 -- 6 -- 1 1910 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 7 -- 7 -- 1 1911 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 8 -- 7 -- 1 1912 Navy 6 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 9 -- 7 -- 1 1913 Army 22 -- 9 Polo Grounds New York Navy 9 -- 8 -- 1 1914 Army 20 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 9 -- 9 -- 1 1915 Army 14 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Army 10 -- 9 -- 1 1916 Army 15 -- 7 Polo Grounds New York Army 11 -- 9 -- 1 1919 Navy 6 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Army 11 -- 10 -- 1 1920 Navy 7 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 11 -- 11 -- 1 1921 Navy 7 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Navy 12 -- 11 -- 1 1922 Army 17 -- 14 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 12 -- 12 -- 1 1923 Tie 0 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 12 -- 12 -- 2 1924 Army 12 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 13 -- 12 -- 2 1925 Army 10 -- 3 Polo Grounds New York Army 14 -- 12 -- 2 1926 Tie 21 -- 21 Soldier Field Chicago Army 14 -- 12 -- 3 1927 Army 14 -- 9 Polo Grounds New York Army 15 -- 12 -- 3 1930 Army 6 -- 0 Yankee Stadium Bronx , New York Army 16 -- 12 -- 3 1931 Army 17 -- 7 Yankee Stadium Bronx , New York Army 17 -- 12 -- 3 1932 Army 20 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 18 -- 12 -- 3 1933 Army 12 -- 7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19 -- 12 -- 3 1934 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19 -- 13 -- 3 1935 Army 28 -- 6 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 20 -- 13 -- 3 1936 Navy 7 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 20 -- 14 -- 3 1937 Army 6 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 21 -- 14 -- 3 1938 Army 14 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 14 -- 3 1939 Navy 10 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 15 -- 3 1940 Navy 14 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 16 -- 3 1941 # 11 Navy 14 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 17 -- 3 1942 Navy 14 -- 0 Thompson Stadium Annapolis , Maryland Army 22 -- 18 -- 3 1943 # 6 Navy 13 -- 0 Michie Stadium West Point , New York Army 22 -- 19 -- 3 1944 # 1 Army 23 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 23 -- 19 -- 3 1945 # 1 Army 32 -- 13 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 24 -- 19 -- 3 1946 # 1 Army 21 -- 18 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 25 -- 19 -- 3 1947 # 12 Army 21 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26 -- 19 -- 3 1948 Tie 21 -- 21 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26 -- 19 -- 4 1949 # 4 Army 38 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 19 -- 4 1950 Navy 14 -- 2 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 20 -- 4 1951 Navy 42 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 21 -- 4 1952 Navy 7 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 22 -- 4 1953 # 18 Army 20 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28 -- 22 -- 4 1954 # 6 Navy 27 -- 20 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28 -- 23 -- 4 1955 Army 14 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 23 -- 4 1956 Tie 7 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 23 -- 5 1957 # 8 Navy 14 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 24 -- 5 1958 # 5 Army 22 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 24 -- 5 1959 Navy 43 -- 12 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 25 -- 5 1960 # 7 Navy 17 -- 12 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 26 -- 5 1961 Navy 13 -- 7 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 27 -- 5 1962 Navy 34 -- 14 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 28 -- 5 1963 # 2 Navy 21 -- 15 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 29 -- 5 1964 Army 11 -- 8 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 31 -- 29 -- 5 1965 Tie 7 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 31 -- 29 -- 6 1966 Army 20 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32 -- 29 -- 6 1967 Navy 19 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32 -- 30 -- 6 1968 Army 21 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 33 -- 30 -- 6 1969 Army 27 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34 -- 30 -- 6 1970 Navy 11 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34 -- 31 -- 6 1971 Army 24 -- 23 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 35 -- 31 -- 6 1972 Army 23 -- 15 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 31 -- 6 1973 Navy 51 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 32 -- 6 Navy 19 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 33 -- 6 Navy 30 -- 6 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 34 -- 6 1976 Navy 38 -- 10 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 35 -- 6 1977 Army 17 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37 -- 35 -- 6 1978 Navy 28 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37 -- 36 -- 6 1979 Navy 31 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Tied 37 -- 37 -- 6 1980 Navy 33 -- 6 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38 -- 37 -- 6 1981 Tie 3 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38 -- 37 -- 7 1982 Navy 24 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 39 -- 37 -- 7 Navy 42 -- 13 Rose Bowl Pasadena , California Navy 40 -- 37 -- 7 1984 Army 28 -- 11 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 40 -- 38 -- 7 1985 Navy 17 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 38 -- 7 1986 Army 27 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 39 -- 7 Army 17 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 40 -- 7 1988 Army 20 -- 15 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 41 -- 41 -- 7 1989 Navy 19 -- 17 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Navy 42 -- 41 -- 7 1990 Army 30 -- 20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 42 -- 42 -- 7 1991 Navy 24 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 43 -- 42 -- 7 1992 Army 25 -- 24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 43 -- 43 -- 7 1993 Army 16 -- 14 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Army 44 -- 43 -- 7 1994 Army 22 -- 20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 45 -- 43 -- 7 1995 Army 14 -- 13 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 46 -- 43 -- 7 # 23 Army 28 -- 24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 47 -- 43 -- 7 1997 Navy 39 -- 7 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Army 47 -- 44 -- 7 1998 Army 34 -- 30 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48 -- 44 -- 7 1999 Navy 19 -- 9 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48 -- 45 -- 7 2000 Navy 30 -- 28 PSINet Stadium Baltimore Army 48 -- 46 -- 7 2001 Army 26 -- 17 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 49 -- 46 -- 7 2002 Navy 58 -- 12 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Army 49 -- 47 -- 7 2003 Navy 34 -- 6 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Army 49 -- 48 -- 7 Navy 42 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Tied 49 -- 49 -- 7 2005 Navy 42 -- 23 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 50 -- 49 -- 7 2006 Navy 26 -- 14 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 51 -- 49 -- 7 2007 Navy 38 -- 3 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 52 -- 49 -- 7 2008 Navy 34 -- 0 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 53 -- 49 -- 7 2009 Navy 17 -- 3 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 54 -- 49 -- 7 Navy 31 -- 17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 55 -- 49 -- 7 2011 Navy 27 -- 21 FedExField Landover , Maryland Navy 56 -- 49 -- 7 2012 Navy 17 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 57 -- 49 -- 7 2013 Navy 34 -- 7 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 58 -- 49 -- 7 2014 Navy 17 -- 10 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 59 -- 49 -- 7 2015 # 21 Navy 21 -- 17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60 -- 49 -- 7 2016 Army 21 -- 17 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 60 -- 50 -- 7 2017 Army 14 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60 -- 51 -- 7 2018 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2019 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2020 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2021 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 2022 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Notable games ( edit ) Navy Midshipman ( and later Admiral ) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army -- Navy Game . He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death , so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather . On November 27 , 1926 , the Army -- Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated , while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame , so the game would decide the National Championship . Played before a crowd of over 100,000 , the teams fought to a 21 -- 21 tie , but Navy was awarded the national championship . In both the 1944 and 1945 contests , Army and Navy entered the game ranked # 1 and # 2 respectively . The 1945 game was labeled the `` game of the century '' before it was played . Army defeated a 7 -- 0 -- 1 Navy team 32 -- 13 . Navy 's lone tie was against Notre Dame . In 1963 , shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation . Originally scheduled for November 30 , 1963 , the game was played on December 7 , 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day . In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia 's Municipal Stadium , later named John F. Kennedy Stadium , junior ( second class Midshipman ) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1 , 1964 . Army was led by junior ( second class Cadet ) quarterback Rollie Stichweh . Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television . Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion , Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line . On 4th down and no timeouts , crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21 -- 15 final score . Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination . Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh 's Army would defeat Staubach 's Navy . Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys . Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade . Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012 . On December 10 , 2016 , Army beat Navy 21 -- 17 , snapping Navy 's 14 - year winning streak . This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson , a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11 , 2016 . Army players wore Jackson 's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate . See also ( edit ) Army Mules Bill the Goat Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy List of Army -- Navy Game broadcasters Most - played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS Other neutral site rivalries : Florida -- Georgia football rivalry Red River Showdown , Texas / Oklahoma References ( edit ) Bibliography Feinstein , John ( 1996 ) . A Civil War : Army Vs. Navy -- A Year Inside College Football 's Purest Rivalry . Diane Books Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 5777 - 6 Notes Jump up ^ Staff writer ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` President Bush Will Attend Army - Navy Game for First Time since 2004 '' `` . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` CBS SPORTS TO REMAIN HOME OF ANNUAL ARMY - NAVY FOOTBALL CLASSIC THROUGH 2028 '' . Navy Sports Webpage . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Army -- Navy , Instant Replay , Tony Verna , 45 Years Later ... '' Los Angeles Daily News . Associated Press . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Army , Navy have no plans to move game for College Football Playoff schedule '' . USA Today . May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Army -- Navy Will Move to Second Saturday in December '' . Associated Press ( via ESPN ) . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blansett , Sarah ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tradition and History Wrapped into 115th Army -- Navy Game '' . Military.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , Kathy . `` West Point , Naval exchange students gear up for big game '' . United States Military Academy . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Army Looks To Sink Navy 's Winning Streak `` CBS New York '' . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Cupper , Dan ( 1992 ) . Crossroads of Commerce : The Pennsylvania Railroad Calendar Art of Grif Teller . Stackpole Books . p. 138 . ISBN 9780811729031 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Froio , Michael ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` To The Game : A Pennsylvania Railroad Tradition '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , N. Brooks ( December 5 , 1983 ) . `` The Week '' Archived October 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sports Illustrated . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( undated ) . `` No. 1 Rivalry -- Army -- Navy '' . Athlon Sports . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- Score : Navy 42 -- Army 13 Game played at the Rose Bowl '' . United States Naval Academy exhibits . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Fleece Awards , 1975 - 1987 '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( August 22 , 2017 ) `` MetLife Stadium to Host 2021 Army - Navy Game '' . `` armynavygame.com '' Accessed August 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` History of the Football Helmet '' from Past Time Sports . Accessed Jan 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Nimitz Library U.S. Naval Academy Archival Images : Army Navy Football : 1926 . Accessed Dec 31 , 2009 Archived January 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Unknown writer ( undated ) . `` Games Where # 1 Faced # 2 '' Archived 2008 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . kiko13.com ( fansite ) . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Middies All Hepped Up to Knock Over Cadets '' . Los Angeles Times , November 27 , 1945 . `` Navy , far from conceding next Saturday 's football ' game of the century ' to Army , will field a spirited , offense - minded team determined to win and ' not merely hold down the score , ' Public Relations Chief Lt. William Sullivan said today . '' Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt . `` Film on ' 63 Army - Navy game shows impact of rivalry , JFK tragedy '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Roland Stichweh HOF profile '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Army Sports Hall of Fame Members -- By Induction Class '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Rittenberg , Adam ( Sep 12 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Jackson killed in single - car crash '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interdonato , Sal ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` Army - Navy Game : Army comes up big for the late Brandon Jackson '' . Times Herald - Record . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army -- Navy Game . Official website Army Black Knights football Venues The Plain ( 1890 -- 1923 ) Michie Stadium ( 1924 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Air Force ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Navy : Army -- Navy Game ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ; Thompson Cup ) Notre Dame Culture & lore Army Mule Black Death Award `` On , Brave Old Army Team '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' 1946 `` Game of the Century '' People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Navy Midshipmen football Venues Worden Field ( 1890 -- 1923 ) Thompson Stadium ( 1924 -- 1958 ) Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( 1959 -- present ) Memorial Stadium ( alternate ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Army : Army -- Navy Game ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Air Force ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Johns Hopkins Maryland : Crab Bowl Classic Notre Dame ( Rip Miller Trophy ) SMU ( Gansz Trophy ) Culture & lore Bill the Goat `` Anchors Aweigh '' Marching band `` Navy ends the drought '' 2007 North Texas game People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold American Athletic Conference football rivalries Conference Civil Conflict ( Connecticut -- UCF ) East Carolina -- UCF Houston -- SMU Houston -- Tulsa Gansz Trophy ( SMU -- Navy ) War on I - 4 ( USF - UCF ) Non-conference Victory Bell ( Cincinnati -- Miami ) The Keg of Nails ( Cincinnati -- Louisville ) River City Rivalry ( Cincinnati -- Pittsburgh ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Ramnapping Trophy ( Connecticut -- Rhode Island ) East Carolina -- Marshall East Carolina -- NC State Bayou Bucket Classic ( Houston -- Rice ) Louisville -- Memphis Paint Bucket Bowl ( Memphis -- Arkansas State ) Memphis -- Ole Miss Black and Blue Bowl ( Memphis -- Southern Miss ) Army -- Navy Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Navy -- Air Force -- Army ) Navy -- Johns Hopkins Crab Bowl Classic ( Navy -- Maryland ) Navy -- Notre Dame Rice -- SMU Safeway Bowl ( SMU -- North Texas ) SMU -- TCU Mayor 's Cup ( Temple -- Villanova ) Tulane -- Auburn Georgia Tech -- Tulane Ole Miss -- Tulane Battle for the Bell ( Tulane -- Southern Miss ) Battle for the Rag ( Tulane -- LSU ) Oklahoma State -- Tulsa NCAA Division I FBS independents football rivalries Army -- Navy Game ( Army -- Navy ) Army -- Notre Dame Beehive Boot ( BYU -- Utah -- Utah State ) Boston College -- Massachusetts BYU -- Utah State Colonial Clash ( Massachusetts -- New Hampshire ) Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Air Force -- Army -- Navy ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Holy War ( Boston College -- Notre Dame ) Holy War ( BYU -- Utah ) Michigan -- Notre Dame Michigan State -- Notre Dame Navy -- Notre Dame Northwestern -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Purdue Notre Dame -- Stanford Notre Dame -- USC College Football on CBS Related articles College football on television Southeastern Conference CBS Sports Network Current commentators Brad Nessler Gary Danielson Allie LaForce Adam Zucker Brian Jones Rick Neuheisel Carter Blackburn Aaron Taylor Jenny Dell Past commentators Gus Johnson Lindsey Nelson Jim Nantz Sean McDonough Brent Musburger Todd Blackledge Tim Brant Brad Nessler Ed Cunningham Terry Donahue Pat Haden Craig James Mike Mayock Jill Arrington John Dockery Greg Gumbel Andrea Joyce Pat O'Brien Ara Parseghian Lou Holtz Dean Blevins Don Criqui Dan Fouts Steve Beuerlein Sam Ryan Tracy Wolfson Tim Brando Spencer Tillman Archie Manning Craig Bolerjack Verne Lundquist Lore televised by CBS Tight - roping the sidelines in Happy Valley ( 1982 ) Hail Flutie ( 1984 ) Catholics vs. Convicts ( 1988 ) Georgia Tech vs. Virginia ( 1990 ) Tebow 's 4th Quarter comeback ( 2008 ) Game of the Century ( 2011 ) Hello , Johnny Football ( 2012 ) Prayer at Jordan -- Hare ( 2013 ) Kick Six ( 2013 ) Games televised annually Army -- Navy Game SEC Championship Game Sun Bowl VIAF : 157501295 LCCN : no2008181194 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army -- Navy_Game&oldid = 818506662 '' Categories : Army -- Navy Game Annual sporting events in the United States Military competitions in American football Recurring sporting events established in 1890 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 23 : 34 . 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Question: when's the last time army won the army navy game