The Best Years of Our Lives - wikipedia The Best Years of Our Lives Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Best Years of Our Lives ( disambiguation ) . The Best Years of Our Lives Theatrical release poster Directed by William Wyler Produced by Samuel Goldwyn Screenplay by Robert E. Sherwood Based on Glory for Me 1945 novella by MacKinlay Kantor Starring Myrna Loy Fredric March Dana Andrews Teresa Wright Virginia Mayo Harold Russell Music by Hugo Friedhofer Emil Newman Cinematography Gregg Toland Edited by Daniel Mandell Production company Samuel Goldwyn Productions Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures Release date November 21 , 1946 ( 1946 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 172 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.1 million or $3 million Box office $23.7 million Standing , L-R : Fredric March , Myrna Loy , Dana Andrews , Teresa Wright ; seated at piano : Hoagy Carmichael The Best Years of Our Lives ( aka Glory for Me and Home Again ) is a 1946 American drama film directed by William Wyler and starring Myrna Loy , Fredric March , Dana Andrews , Teresa Wright , Virginia Mayo , and Harold Russell . The film is about three United States servicemen readjusting to civilian life after coming home from World War II . Samuel Goldwyn was inspired to produce a film about veterans after reading an August 7 , 1944 , article in Time about the difficulties experienced by men returning to civilian life . Goldwyn hired former war correspondent MacKinlay Kantor to write a screenplay . His work was first published as a novella , Glory for Me , which Kantor wrote in blank verse . Robert E. Sherwood then adapted the novella as a screenplay . The Best Years of Our Lives won seven Academy Awards in 1946 , including Best Picture , Best Director ( William Wyler ) , Best Actor ( Fredric March ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Harold Russell ) , Best Film Editing ( Daniel Mandell ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( Robert E. Sherwood ) , and Best Original Score ( Hugo Friedhofer ) . In addition to its critical success , the film quickly became a great commercial success upon release . It became the highest - grossing film and most attended film in both the United States and UK since the release of Gone with the Wind , selling approximately 55 million tickets in the United States which equaled a gross of $23,650,000 . It remains the sixth most - attended film of all time in the UK , with over 20 million tickets sold . The film had one of the highest viewing figures of all time , with ticket sales exceeding $20.4 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Popular response 4.3 Awards and honors 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Citations 5.3 Bibliography 6 External links Plot ( edit ) After World War II , Fred Derry ( Dana Andrews ) , Homer Parrish ( Harold Russell ) , and Al Stephenson ( Fredric March ) meet while flying home to Boone City ( a fictional city patterned after Cincinnati , Ohio ) . Fred was a decorated Army Air Forces captain and bombardier in Europe . Homer lost both hands from burns suffered when his aircraft carrier was sunk , and now uses mechanical hook prostheses . Al served as an infantry platoon sergeant in the Pacific . All three have trouble adjusting to civilian life . Al has a comfortable home and a loving family : wife Milly ( Myrna Loy ) , adult daughter Peggy ( Teresa Wright , who was only thirteen years Loy 's junior ) , and college freshman son Rob ( Michael Hall , who is absent after the first one - third of the film ) . He returns to his old job as a bank loan officer . The bank president views his military experience as valuable in dealing with other returning servicemen . When Al approves a loan ( without collateral ) to a young Navy veteran , however , the president advises him against making a habit of it . Later , at a banquet held in his honor , a slightly inebriated Al expounds his belief that the bank ( and America ) must stand with the vets who risked everything to defend the country and give them every chance to rebuild their lives . Before the war , Fred had been an unskilled drugstore soda jerk . He wants something better , but the tight postwar job market forces him to return to his old job . Fred had met Marie ( Virginia Mayo ) while in flight training and married her shortly afterward , before shipping out less than a month later . She became a nightclub waitress while Fred was overseas . Marie makes it clear she does not enjoy being married to a lowly soda jerk . Homer was a football quarterback and became engaged to his next door neighbor , Wilma ( Cathy O'Donnell ) , before joining the Navy . Both Homer and his parents now have trouble dealing with his disability . He does not want to burden Wilma with his handicap so he eventually pushes her away , although she still wants to marry him . Peggy meets Fred while bringing her father home from a bar where the three men meet once again . They are attracted to each other . Peggy dislikes Marie , and informs her parents she intends to end Fred and Marie 's marriage , but they tell her that their own marriage overcame similar problems . Concerned , Al demands that Fred stop seeing his daughter . Fred agrees , but the friendship between the two men is strained . At the drugstore , an obnoxious customer , who claims that the war was fought against the wrong enemies , gets into a fight with Homer . Fred intervenes and knocks the man into a glass counter , costing him his job . Later , Fred encourages Homer to put his misgivings behind him and marry Wilma , offering to be his best man . One evening , Wilma visits Homer and tells him that her parents want her to leave Boone City for an extended period to try to forget him . Homer bluntly demonstrates to her how hard life with him would be . When Wilma is undaunted , Homer reconsiders . On arriving home , Fred discovers his wife with another veteran ( Steve Cochran ) . After complaining to Fred that she has `` given up the best years of my life , '' Marie tells him that she is getting a divorce . Fred decides to leave town , and gives his father his medals and citations . His father is unable to persuade Fred to stay . After Fred leaves , his father reads the citation for his Distinguished Flying Cross as composed by General Doolittle . At the airport , Fred books space on the first outbound aircraft , without regard for the destination . While waiting , he wanders into a vast aircraft boneyard . Inside the nose of a B - 17 , he relives the intense memories of combat . The boss of a work crew rouses him from his flashback . When the man says the aluminum from the aircraft is being salvaged to build housing , Fred persuades the boss to hire him . At the bride 's home , people have gathered for the wedding of Homer and Wilma . Fred , now divorced , is Homer 's best man . While the vows are exchanged Fred and Peggy glance across at one another . At the conclusion everyone gathers around the newlyweds . Still gazing over at Peggy , Fred walks across the room , takes her in his arms and kisses her . He asks if she understands how things will be for them , that it will be a hard struggle at first , and that it could take years before they can get a life established . All the while Peggy smiles fondly at Fred , and then kisses him again . Cast ( edit ) Myrna Loy as Milly Stephenson Fredric March as Platoon Sergeant Al Stephenson Dana Andrews as Captain Fred Derry Teresa Wright as Peggy Stephenson Virginia Mayo as Marie Derry Cathy O'Donnell as Wilma Cameron Hoagy Carmichael as Uncle Butch Engle Harold Russell as Petty Officer 2nd Class Homer Parrish Gladys George as Hortense Derry Roman Bohnen as Pat Derry Ray Collins as Mr. Milton Minna Gombell as Mrs. Parrish Walter Baldwin as Mr. Parrish Steve Cochran as Cliff Dorothy Adams as Mrs. Cameron Don Beddoe as Mr. Cameron Marlene Aames as Luella Parrish Charles Halton as Prew Ray Teal as Mr. Mollett Howland Chamberlain as Thorpe Dean White as Novak Erskine Sanford as Bullard Michael Hall as Rob Stephenson Victor Cutler as Woody Merrill Robert Karnes as Technical Sergeant Casting brought together established stars as well as character actors and relative unknowns . Famed drummer Gene Krupa was seen in archival footage , while Tennessee Ernie Ford , later a famous television star , appeared as an uncredited `` hillbilly singer '' ( in the first of his only three film appearances ) . Blake Edwards , later notable as a film producer and director , appeared fleetingly as an uncredited `` Corporal '' . Actress Judy Wyler was cast in her first role in her father 's production . Sean Penn 's father , Leo , played the uncredited part of the soldier working as the scheduling clerk at the beginning of the film . Production ( edit ) Director Wyler had flown combat missions over Europe in filming Memphis Belle ( 1944 ) and worked hard to get accurate depictions of the combat veterans he had encountered . Wyler changed the original casting that had featured a veteran suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder and sought out Harold Russell , a non-actor to take on the exacting role of Homer Parrish . For The Best Years of Our Lives , he asked the principal actors to purchase their own clothes , in order to connect with daily life and produce an authentic feeling . Other Wyler touches included constructing life - size sets , which went against the standard larger sets that were more suited to camera positions . The impact for the audience was immediate , as each scene played out in a realistic , natural way . The Best Years of Our Lives began filming on April 15 , 1946 at a variety of locations , including the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden , Ontario International Airport , Ontario , California , Raleigh Studios , Hollywood , and the Samuel Goldwyn / Warner Hollywood Studios . The Best Years of Our Lives is notable for cinematographer Gregg Toland 's use of deep focus photography , in which objects both close to and distant from the camera are in sharp focus . For the passage of Fred Derry 's reliving a combat mission while sitting in the remains of a former bomber , Wyler used `` zoom '' effects to simulate Derry 's subjective state . The `` Jackson High '' football stadium seen early in aerial footage of the bomber flying over the fictional Boone City , is Corcoran Stadium located at Xavier University in Cincinnati . A few seconds later Walnut Hills High School with its distinctive dome and football field can be seen along with the downtown Cincinnati skyline ( Carew Tower and PNC Tower ) in the background . After the war , the combat aircraft featured in the film were being destroyed and disassembled for reuse as scrap material . The scene of Derry 's walking among aircraft ruins was filmed at the Ontario Army Air Field in Ontario , California . The former training facility had been converted into a scrap yard , housing nearly 2,000 former combat aircraft in various states of disassembly and reclamation . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , The Best Years of Our Lives received extremely positive reviews from critics . Shortly after its premiere at the Astor Theater , New York , Bosley Crowther , film critic for The New York Times , hailed the film as a masterpiece . He wrote , It is seldom that there comes a motion picture which can be wholly and enthusiastically endorsed not only as superlative entertainment but as food for quiet and humanizing thought ... In working out their solutions Mr. Sherwood and Mr. Wyler have achieved some of the most beautiful and inspiring demonstrations of human fortitude that we have had in films . '' He also said the ensemble casting gave the `` ' best ' performance in this best film this year from Hollywood . '' Several decades later , film critic David Thomson offered tempered praise : `` I would concede that Best Years is decent and humane ... acutely observed , despite being so meticulous a package . It would have taken uncommon genius and daring at that time to sneak a view of an untidy or unresolved America past Goldwyn or the public . '' The Best Years of Our Lives has a 98 % `` Fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 37 reviews . Chicago Sun Times film critic Roger Ebert put the film on his `` Great Movies '' list in 2007 , calling it `` ... modern , lean , and honest . '' Popular response ( edit ) The Best Years of Our Lives was a massive commercial success , earning an estimated $11.5 million at the North American box office during its initial theatrical run . When box office prices are adjusted for inflation , it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history . Among films released before 1950 , only Gone With the Wind , The Bells of St. Mary 's , The Big Parade and four Disney titles have done more total business , in part due to later re-releases . ( Reliable box office figures for certain early films such as Birth of a Nation and Charlie Chaplin 's comedies are unavailable . ) However , because of the distribution arrangement RKO had with Goldwyn , RKO recorded a loss of $660,000 on the film . Awards and honors ( edit ) 1947 Academy Awards The Best Years of Our Lives received nine Academy Awards . Fredric March won his second Best Actor award ( also having won in 1932 for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ) . Despite his Oscar - nominated performance , Harold Russell was not a professional actor . As the Academy Board of Governors considered him a long shot to win , they gave him an honorary award `` for bringing hope and courage to his fellow veterans through his appearance . '' When Russell in fact won Best Supporting Actor , there was an enthusiastic response . He is the only actor to have received two Academy Awards for the same performance . He later sold his Best Supporting Actor award at auction for $60,500 , to pay his wife 's medical bills . Award Result Winner Best Motion Picture Won Samuel Goldwyn Productions ( Samuel Goldwyn , Producer ) Best Director Won William Wyler Best Actor Won Fredric March Best Writing ( Screenplay ) Won Robert E. Sherwood Best Supporting Actor Won Harold Russell Best Film Editing Won Daniel Mandell Best Music ( Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture ) Won Hugo Friedhofer Best Sound Recording Nominated Gordon E. Sawyer Winner was John P. Livadary -- The Jolson Story Honorary Award Won To Harold Russell Memorial Award Won Samuel Goldwyn Some posters say the film won nine Academy Awards due to the honorary award won by Harold Russell , and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award won by Samuel Goldwyn , in addition to its seven awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Screenplay , Best Supporting Actor , Best Editing , and Best Music Score . 1947 Golden Globe Awards Won : Best Dramatic Motion Picture Won : Special Award for Best Non-Professional Acting -- Harold Russell 1947 Brussels World Film Festival Won : Best Actress Of The Year -- Myrna Loy 1948 BAFTA Awards Won : BAFTA Award for Best Film from any Source Other wins National Board of Review : NBR Award Best Director , William Wyler ; 1946 . New York Film Critics Circle Awards : NYFCC Award Best Director , William Wyler ; Best Film ; 1946 . Bodil Awards : Bodil ; Best American Film , William Wyler ; 1948 . Cinema Writers Circle Awards , Spain : CEC Award ; Best Foreign Film , USA ; 1948 . In 1989 , the National Film Registry selected it for preservation in the United States Library of Congress as `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' American Film Institute included the film as # 37 in its 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , as # 11 in its 2006 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers , and as # 37 in its 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the time the film was shot , Ford was unknown as a singer . He worked in San Bernardino as a radio announcer - disc jockey . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomson 1993 , pp 490 -- 491 . Jump up ^ vhttps://archive.org/stream/variety165-1947-01#page/n85/mode/1up Jump up ^ `` ' Best Years of Our Lives ' ( 1946 ) . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kantor , MacKinlay ( 1945 ) . Glory for Me . Coward - McCann . OCLC 773996 . Jump up ^ Easton , Carol ( 2014 ) . `` The Best Years '' . The Search for Sam Goldwyn . Carl Rollyson ( contributor ) . Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62674 - 132 - 4 . Andrews looked at the onionskin pages and asked , ' Mac , why did you write this in blank verse ? ' ' Dana ' , said Kantor with a wry smile , ' I ca n't afford to write in blank verse , because nobody buys anything written in blank verse . But when Sam asked me to write this story , he did n't tell me not to write it in blank verse ! ' ^ Jump up to : Orriss 1984 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` Oscar History : Best Picture -- Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) '' ( review ) . Emanuel Levy : Cinema 24 / 7 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Academy Awards ( 1947 ) Nominees and Winners . '' oscars.org . Retrieved : November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Total : Estimated tickets : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box office : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BFI 'S Ultimate Film Chart . '' BFi.org.uk . Retrieved : July 27 , 2010 . Archived March 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 films . '' Channel 4 . Retrieved : October 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Orriss 1984 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' The Chicago Reader . Retrieved : April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orriss 1984 , pp. 121 -- 122 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia : ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved : February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley . The Best Years of our Lives . The New York Times , November 22 , 1946 . Retrieved : April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomson , 2002 , p. 949 . 4th Edition ; the first edition was published in 1975 . See Thomson , David ( 1975 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of the Cinema . London : Secker & Warburg . OCLC 1959828 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Best Years of Our Lives ' . '' Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved : July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) . '' Chicago Sun Times , December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved : November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Champs '' . Variety , January 6 , 1960 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of 1947 '' , Variety , 7 January 1948 p 63 Jump up ^ `` All - time Films ( adjusted ) . '' Box Office Mojo . Retrieved : September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Jewell , Slow Fade to Black : The Decline of RKO Radio Pictures , Uni of California , 2016 Jump up ^ Bergan , Ronald . `` Obituary : Harold Russell ; Brave actor whose artificial hands helped him win two Oscars . '' The Guardian , February 6 , 2002 . Retrieved : June 12 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Dolan , Edward F. Jr . Hollywood Goes to War . London : Bison Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 86124 - 229 - 7 . Flood , Richard . `` Reel crank -- critic Manny Farber . '' Artforum , Volume 37 , Issue 1 , September 1998 . ISSN 0004 - 3532 . Hardwick , Jack and Ed Schnepf . `` A Viewer 's Guide to Aviation Movies '' , in The Making of the Great Aviation Films . General Aviation Series , Volume 2 , 1989 . Kinn , Gail and Jim Piazza . The Academy Awards : The Complete Unofficial History . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 772 - 5 . Orriss , Bruce . When Hollywood Ruled the Skies : The Aviation Film Classics of World War II . Hawthorn , California : Aero Associates Inc. , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 9613088 - 0 - X ; OCLC 11709474 Thomson , David . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . London : Abacus , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 2339 - 8791 - 0 . Thomson , David . `` Wyler , William '' . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film . 4th Edition . London : Little , Brown , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 85905 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Best Years of Our Lives Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Best Years of Our Lives . The Best Years of Our Lives on IMDb The Best Years of Our Lives at the TCM Movie Database The Best Years of Our Lives at the American Film Institute Catalog The Best Years of Our Lives at AllMovie The Best Years of Our Lives at Rotten Tomatoes The Best Years of Our Lives detailed synopsis / analysis at Film Site by Tim Dirks The Best Years of Our Lives film article at Reel Classics . Includes MP3s The Best years of Our Lives Film in Focus Series The Best Years of Our Lives at the Golden Years web site Streaming audio The Best Years of Our Lives on Screen Guild Theater : November 24 , 1947 The Best Years of Our Lives on Screen Directors Playhouse : April 17 , 1949 Films directed by William Wyler Films Straight Shootin ' ( 1927 ) Anybody Here Seen Kelly ? ( 1928 ) The Shakedown ( 1929 ) Hell 's Heroes ( 1930 ) The Storm ( 1930 ) A House Divided ( 1931 ) Tom Brown of Culver ( 1932 ) Her First Mate ( 1933 ) Counsellor at Law ( 1933 ) Glamour ( 1934 ) The Good Fairy ( 1935 ) The Gay Deception ( 1935 ) These Three ( 1936 ) Dodsworth ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Dead End ( 1937 ) Jezebel ( 1938 ) Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) The Westerner ( 1940 ) The Letter ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Memphis Belle : A Story of a Flying Fortress ( 1944 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Thunderbolt ( 1947 ) The Heiress ( 1949 ) Detective Story ( 1951 ) Carrie ( 1952 ) Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) Friendly Persuasion ( 1956 ) The Big Country ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Children 's Hour ( 1961 ) The Collector ( 1965 ) How to Steal a Million ( 1966 ) Funny Girl ( 1968 ) The Liberation of L.B. Jones ( 1970 ) Related Five Came Back ( 2017 documentary ) The films of Samuel Goldwyn 1920s Slave of Desire ( 1923 ) Potash and Perlmutter ( 1923 ) The Eternal City ( 1923 ) Cytherea ( 1924 ) In Hollywood with Potash and Perlmutter ( 1924 ) A Thief in Paradise ( 1925 ) His Supreme Moment ( 1925 ) The Dark Angel ( 1925 ) Stella Dallas ( 1925 ) The Winning of Barbara Worth ( 1926 ) Partners Again ( 1926 ) The Night of Love ( 1927 ) The Magic Flame ( 1927 ) The Devil Dancer ( 1927 ) Two Lovers ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Condemned ( 1929 ) The Rescue ( 1929 ) This Is Heaven ( 1929 ) Bulldog Drummond ( 1929 ) 1930s Raffles ( 1930 ) Whoopee ! ( 1930 ) The Devil to Pay ! ( 1930 ) One Heavenly Night ( 1931 ) Street Scene ( 1931 ) Palmy Days ( 1931 ) The Unholy Garden ( 1931 ) Arrowsmith ( 1931 ) Tonight or Never ( 1931 ) The Greeks Had a Word for Them ( 1932 ) The Kid From Spain ( 1932 ) Cynara ( 1932 ) The Masquerader ( 1933 ) Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) We Live Again ( 1934 ) Nana ( 1934 ) Kid Millions ( 1934 ) The Dark Angel ( 1935 ) The Wedding Night ( 1935 ) Barbary Coast ( 1935 ) Splendor ( 1935 ) These Three ( 1936 ) Dodsworth ( 1936 ) Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Strike Me Pink ( 1936 ) Beloved Enemy ( 1936 ) Woman Chases Man ( 1937 ) Stella Dallas ( 1937 ) Dead End ( 1937 ) The Hurricane ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Marco Polo ( 1938 ) The Cowboy and the Lady ( 1938 ) The Goldwyn Follies ( 1938 ) They Shall Have Music ( 1939 ) Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) The Real Glory ( 1939 ) 1940s The Westerner ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Ball of Fire ( 1941 ) The Pride of the Yankees ( 1942 ) They Got Me Covered ( 1943 ) The North Star ( 1943 ) Up in Arms ( 1944 ) The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) Wonder Man ( 1945 ) The Kid From Brooklyn ( 1946 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) The Bishop 's Wife ( 1947 ) The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 ) A Song Is Born ( 1948 ) Enchantment ( 1948 ) Roseanna McCoy ( 1949 ) My Foolish Heart ( 1949 ) 1950s Our Very Own ( 1950 ) Edge of Doom ( 1950 ) I Want You ( 1951 ) Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1959 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947 -- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) Best Film 1968 -- present The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) VIAF : 316751789 GND : 7843149 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Best_Years_of_Our_Lives&oldid=820717892 '' Categories : 1946 films English - language films American films 1940s drama films 1940s war films American black - and - white films American drama films American war films American aviation films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about amputees Films based on American novels Films based on military novels Films directed by William Wyler Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award United States National Film Registry films World War II films RKO Pictures films Samuel Goldwyn Productions films Films based on works by MacKinlay Kantor Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 06 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who directed the best years of our lives


Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - wikipedia Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Jump to : navigation , search Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Part of the Constitution Act , 1982 . Preamble Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms Fundamental Freedoms Democratic Rights 3 , 4 , 5 Mobility Rights 6 Legal Rights 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 Equality Rights 15 Official Languages of Canada 16 , 16.1 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 Minority Language Education Rights 23 Enforcement 24 General 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 Application of Charter 32 , 33 Citation 34 Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada . It is commonly known as the notwithstanding clause ( or la clause dérogatoire in French ) , or as the override power , and it allows Parliament or provincial legislatures to override certain portions of the Charter . It was , and continues to be , perhaps the most controversial provision of the Charter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Function 3 History 4 Use by provinces and territories 4.1 Alberta 4.2 Quebec 4.3 Saskatchewan 4.4 Yukon 5 Comparison with other human rights instruments 6 References 7 External links Text ( edit ) The section states : Section 33 . ( 1 ) Parliament or the legislature of a province may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of the legislature , as the case may be , that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 . ( 2 ) An Act or a provision of an Act in respect of which a declaration made under this section is in effect shall have such operation as it would have but for the provision of this Charter referred to in the declaration . ( 3 ) A declaration made under subsection ( 1 ) shall cease to have effect five years after it comes into force or on such earlier date as may be specified in the declaration . ( 4 ) Parliament or the legislature of a province may re-enact a declaration made under subsection ( 1 ) . ( 5 ) Subsection ( 3 ) applies in respect of a re-enactment made under subsection ( 4 ) . Function ( edit ) The Parliament of Canada , a provincial legislature or a territorial legislature may declare that one of its laws or part of a law applies temporarily ( `` notwithstanding '' ) countermanding sections of the Charter , thereby nullifying any judicial review by overriding the Charter protections for a limited period of time . This is done by including a section in the law clearly specifying which rights have been overridden . A simple majority vote in any of Canada 's 14 jurisdictions may suspend the core rights of the Charter . However , the rights to be overridden must be either a `` fundamental right '' guaranteed by Section 2 ( such as freedom of expression , religion , and association ) , a `` legal right '' guaranteed by Sections 7 - 14 ( such as rights to liberty and freedom from search and seizures and cruel and unusual punishment ) or a Section 15 `` equality right '' . Other rights such as section 6 mobility rights , democratic rights , and language rights are inviolable . Such a declaration lapses after five years or a lesser time specified in the clause , although the legislature may re-enact the clause indefinitely . The rationale behind having a five - year expiry date is that it is also the maximum amount of time the Parliament or legislature may sit before an election must be called . Therefore , if the people wish for the law to be repealed , they have the `` right '' to elect representatives that will carry out the wish of the electorate . ( The provisions of the Charter that deal with elections and democratic representation are not among those that can be overridden with the notwithstanding clause . ) The notwithstanding clause reflects the hybrid character of Canadian political institutions . In effect it protects the British tradition of parliamentary supremacy under the American - style system of written constitutional rights and strong courts introduced in 1982 . Former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien also described it as a tool that could guard against a Supreme Court ruling legalizing hate speech and child pornography as freedom of expression . History ( edit ) The idea for the clause was proposed by Peter Lougheed as suggested by Merv Leitch . The clause was a compromise reached during the debate over the new constitution in the early 1980s . Among the provinces ' major complaints with the Charter was its effect of shifting power from elected officials to the judiciary , giving the courts the final word . Section 33 , in conjunction with the limitations clause in section 1 , was intended to give provincial legislators more leverage to pass law . Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau at first strongly objected to the clause , but eventually consented to its inclusion under pressure from the provincial premiers . Justice Minister Jean Chrétien agreed to the notwithstanding clause in the Kitchen Accord . The clause was included as part of what is known as `` The Kitchen Accord '' . At the end of a conference on the constitution that was poised to end in deadlock , Jean Chrétien , the federal justice minister , as well as Roy McMurtry and Roy Romanow , both provincial ministers , met in a kitchen in the National Conference Centre in Ottawa and sowed the seeds for a deal . This compromise ultimately caused two major changes to the constitution package : the first was that the Charter would include the `` notwithstanding clause '' , and the second was an agreed - upon amending formula . They then worked through the night with consultations from different premiers , and agreement from almost everybody . However , they notably excluded René Lévesque , the premier of Quebec , in the negotiations . At any rate , he refused to agree to the deal , and ultimately the Quebec government declined to endorse the constitutional amendment . Chrétien would later say on the notwithstanding clause , `` Canada probably would n't have had any Charter without it . '' According to Chrétien , in 1992 , Trudeau blamed him for the notwithstanding clause , saying `` you gave them that '' . Chrétien replied , `` Sorry , Pierre . I recommended it . You gave it . '' During the January 9 , 2006 , party leaders ' debate for the 2006 federal election , Prime Minister Paul Martin unexpectedly pledged that his Liberal government , if returned , would support a constitutional amendment to prevent the federal government from invoking section 33 , and challenged Conservative leader Stephen Harper to agree . This sparked a debate as to how the notwithstanding clause can be amended . Some argued that the amending formula required the federal government to gain the approval of at least seven provinces with at least half the national population ( the standard procedure ) . Others argued that since the proposal would only limit the federal Parliament 's powers , Parliament could make the change alone . Use by provinces and territories ( edit ) To date , only two provinces and one territory have used the power of override . The other provinces and territories , and the federal government , have not used it . Moreover , the way the Quebec legislature deployed the clause in the late 1980s has significantly diminished public respect in the rest of the country for section 33 . Due to the mass opposition that its use , or even threatened use , as in the case of Alberta ( listed below ) , brings to life , some observers have speculated that the act of invoking the notwithstanding clause would be politically costly . The history of the use ( or consideration of use ) of the override clause by provincial and territorial legislatures is given below . Alberta ( edit ) Alberta has never successfully invoked the notwithstanding clause , but in March 2000 , the Legislature of Alberta passed Bill 202 , which amended the province 's Marriage Act to include an opposite - sex - only definition of marriage as well as the notwithstanding clause in order to insulate the definition from Charter challenges . However , a legislature may only use the `` notwithstanding clause '' on legislation it would otherwise have the authority to enact , and the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Reference re Same - Sex Marriage that the definition of marriage is within the exclusive domain of the Parliament of Canada , thus finding the legislation ultra vires , or beyond the constitutional powers of the Alberta Legislature . Alberta once abandoned an attempt to use the notwithstanding clause to limit lawsuits against the government for past forced sterilizations approved by the Alberta Eugenics Board before the Sexual Sterilization Act was repealed . Quebec ( edit ) After the Charter came into force in 1982 , Quebec inserted wording pursuant to section 33 into every law passed by the National Assembly . This stopped in 1987 , when the newly elected Quebec Liberals discontinued the practice . On December 21 , 1988 , after the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Ford v Quebec ( AG ) , the National Assembly of Quebec employed section 33 and the equivalent section 52 of the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms in their Bill 178 . This allowed Quebec to continue to restrict the posting of certain commercial signs in languages other than French . In 1993 , after the law was criticized by the United Nations Human Rights Committee , the Bourassa government had the National Assembly rewrite the law to conform to the Charter and the notwithstanding clause was removed . Saskatchewan ( edit ) In 1986 , the Legislature of Saskatchewan enacted a law , the SGEU Dispute Settlement Act , in which workers were ordered back to work . The Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan had previously held that a similar back - to - work law was unconstitutional because it infringed workers ' freedom of association . The government appealed that decision to the Supreme Court of Canada . Since the Court of Appeal decision was still the statement of law at the time of the SGEU Dispute Settlement Act , a clause was written into the act , invoking the section 33 override . The earlier law was later found by the Supreme Court to be consistent with the Charter , meaning the use of the clause had been unnecessary . Following a Supreme Court of Canada decision of January 30 , 2015 , which struck down Saskatchewan essential service legislation , Premier Brad Wall considered enacting the notwithstanding clause to protect the province 's ability to force essential service employees back to work . In May 2017 , the Wall government announced it would invoke the notwithstanding clause to overrule a Court of Queen 's Bench for Saskatchewan ruling which stated the government could not provide funding for non-Catholic students to attend Catholic separate schools . Yukon ( edit ) In 1982 , the legislature of Yukon made use of the notwithstanding clause in the Land Planning and Development Act . This was the first use , by any Canadian legislature , of the section 33 override . However , as constitutional scholar Peter Hogg notes , the `` statute ... was never brought into force and so scarcely counts as an example '' . Comparison with other Human Rights instruments ( edit ) Constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has remarked that the notwithstanding clause `` seems to be a uniquely Canadian invention '' . The United States Constitution gives no such powers to the states ( see : Nullification ) , but Article III , sect. 2 does authorize the Congress to remove jurisdiction from the Federal Courts . Not since World War II has Congress mustered the requisite majority . However , the concept of the notwithstanding clause was not created with the Charter . The presence of the clause makes the Charter similar to the Canadian Bill of Rights ( 1960 ) , which , under section 2 , states that `` an Act of the Parliament '' may declare that a law `` shall operate notwithstanding the Canadian Bill of Rights '' . A primary difference is that the Bill of Rights ' notwithstanding clause could be used to invalidate `` any '' right , not just specified clauses as with the Charter . The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code ( 1979 ) , the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms ( 1977 ) and the Alberta Bill of Rights ( 1972 ) also contain devices like the notwithstanding clause . Outside Canada , Israel added a device similar to the notwithstanding clause to one of its Basic Laws in 1992 . However , this power could be used only in respect of the right to work . In Victoria , Australia , section 31 of the Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities fulfils a similar purpose . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Library of Parliament , Parliamentary Information and Research Service , The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter , prepared by David Johansen , 1989 , as revised May 2005 . Retrieved August 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Chrétien , Jean . My Years as Prime Minister . Vintage Canada Edition , 2008 . Pg. 392 . Jump up ^ Peter McKnight , `` Notwithstanding what ? '' The Vancouver Sun , January 21 , 2006 , pg. C. 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Honourable E. Peter Lougheed - Why a Notwithstanding Clause ? '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Same - sex Marriage and the Notwithstanding Clause '' ( PDF ) . Institute for Research on Public Policy . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Martin says he would ban notwithstanding clause '' . CBC News . January 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2006 . Retrieved 10 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Corbella , Licia . `` Martin shocks drafter of Charter of Rights '' Calgary Sun , 11 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Heather Scoffield , `` Ottawa rules out invoking notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships , '' Canadian Press , September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Chrétien , My Years as Prime Minister , pp. 392 - 393 . Jump up ^ Yakabuski , Konrad ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Quebec election is a clash of two charters '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Marriage Act , R.S.A. 2000 , c . M - 5 . Accessed URL on March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sterilizing Klein 's legislation , '' Maclean 's , Toronto : Mar 23 , 1998 . Vol. 111 , Iss. 12 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ The SGEU Dispute Settlement Act , S.S. 1984 - 85 - 86 , c. 111 , s . 9 . ^ Jump up to : Peter W. Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada , 4th ed . ( Scarborough : Carswell , 1997 ) , s . 36.2 . Jump up ^ Joel Bakan et al. , Canadian Constitutional Law , 3d ed . ( Toronto : Emond Montgomery , 2003 ) , p. 780 . Jump up ^ RWDSU v. Saskatchewan , ( 1987 ) 1 S.C.R. 460 . Jump up ^ Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan , 2015 SCC 4 , online at : http://canlii.ca/t/gg40r Jump up ^ CBC News ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Brad Wall open to using ' notwithstanding clause ' over labour ruling '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ Charlton , Jonathan ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Wall floats notwithstanding clause in response to SCOC labour ruling '' . The StarPhoenix . Jump up ^ Langenegger , Stefani ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sask. to use notwithstanding clause to override Catholic school ruling '' . CBC News . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Hogg , Constitutional Law of Canada . Student Edition 2007 , section 39.2 ( p. 842 ) . Jump up ^ The Norris - LaGuardia Act of 1932 `` provided , with certain exceptions , that no Federal court should have jurisdiction to issue an injunction in a case involving or growing out of a labor dispute . '' In 1942 , the Emergency Price Control Act `` contained a provision withholding from Federal district courts authority to enjoin the enforcement of the act . '' ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada . 2003 Student Ed . Scarborough , Ontario : Thomson Canada Limited , 2003 , p. 835 . Jump up ^ Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 ( s . 31 ) , Jump up ^ ABC AM radio program , 21 December 2005 , according to transcript External links ( edit ) Look up notwithstanding clause in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Centre for Constitutional Studies : Notwithstanding Clause Keyword Canadian Parliamentary Library paper on the Charter Maple Leaf Web : Section 33 : The Notwithstanding Clause Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms&oldid=834481893 '' Categories : Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: what is the function of the notwithstanding clause in the canadian constitution


Forgotten man - wikipedia Forgotten man Jump to : navigation , search Forgotten man is a phrase with several meanings , some of which are polar opposites . It was first used by William Graham Sumner in an 1883 lecture in Brooklyn entitled The Forgotten Man ( published posthumously in 1918 ) to refer to the person compelled to pay for reformist programs ; however , since Franklin Roosevelt appropriated the phrase in a 1932 speech , it has more often been used to refer to those at the bottom of the economic government whom the state ( in Roosevelt 's view and in the general social humanitarian approach ) needed to help . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sumner 's forgotten man 2 Roosevelt 's forgotten man 3 McNaughton 's forgotten man 4 Works titled `` The Forgotten Man '' 5 References Sumner 's forgotten man ( edit ) Yale University professor William Graham Sumner appears to be the first to use the phrase `` the forgotten man '' in his 1876 essay . His algebraic definition of the forgotten man was `` C '' , who is coerced into helping the man at the economic bottom `` X '' , by `` A '' and `` B '' who demand charity for `` X '' . As soon as A observes something which seems to him wrong , from which X is suffering , A talks it over with B , and A and B then propose to get a law passed to remedy the evil and help X . Their law always proposes to determine what C shall do for X , or , in better case , what A , B , and C shall do for X ... What I want to do is to look up C. I want to show you what manner of man he is . I call him the Forgotten Man . perhaps the appellation is not strictly correct. he is the man who never is thought of ... I call him the forgotten man ... He works , he votes , generally he prays -- but he always pays ... '' Roosevelt 's forgotten man ( edit ) Roosevelt redefined the phrase in a radio address he gave on April 7 , 1932 . Roosevelt used the phrase to describe the poor men who needed money and were not getting it , promoting his New Deal . Roosevelt said , These unhappy times call for the building of plans that rest upon the forgotten , the unorganized but the indispensable units of economic power , for plans like those of 1917 that build from the bottom up and not from the top down , that put their faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid . The term quickly appeared within popular culture , and fittingly Sumner 's forgotten man , C , was forgotten . Joan Blondell and Etta Moten Barnett sing the song `` Remember My Forgotten Man '' in the climactic sequence of the film Gold Diggers of 1933 , with scenes of mass unemployment . In the film My Man Godfrey ( 1936 ) a Boston Brahmin is mistaken for a tramp when frivolous socialites are looking for a `` forgotten man '' in a scavenger hunt . McNaughton 's forgotten man ( edit ) Artist Jon McNaughton made a series of paintings that depict the `` Forgotten Man '' as being forgotten by Democratic presidents , although supported by Republicans . Works titled `` the forgotten man '' ( edit ) The Forgotten Man is also the name of several works . The Forgotten Man , a 1941 Robert Benchley short The Forgotten Man , a 1971 TV film The Forgotten Man , a 2005 Elvis Cole novel by Robert Crais The Forgotten Man : A New History of the Great Depression , a 2007 book by Amity Shlaes The Forgotten Man , a 2010 painting by Jon McNaughton References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Lecture by Professor William G. Sumner , Of Yale . On ' The Forgotten Man , ' Will be given ... January 30 , ( 1883 ) '' , Brooklyn Daily Eagle , Jan. 29 , 1883 , p. 1 Jump up ^ William Graham Sumner , The Forgotten Man and Other Essays . Edited by Albert Galloway Keller ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1918 ) , pp. 465 - 495 . Jump up ^ Remembering ' The Forgotten Man ' reason.com Jump up ^ The Forgotten Man and Other Essays at the Online Library of Liberty Jump up ^ Remembering ' The Forgotten Man ' reason.com/news Jump up ^ Roosevelt 's speech , April 7 , 1932 Jump up ^ TCM : Gold Diggers of 1933 ( 1933 ) Jump up ^ `` The Forgotten Man : a fitting oil painting for Trump 's America '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forgotten_man&oldid=838210491 '' Categories : Economic inequality in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who is the forgotten man according to sumner


Coton in the Elms - wikipedia Coton in the Elms Jump to : navigation , search Coton in the Elms St Mary Church , Coton in the Elms ( Built 1844 - 1847 ) . Coton in the Elms Coton in the Elms shown within Derbyshire Population 896 ( 2011 ) OS grid reference SK253144 District South Derbyshire Shire county Derbyshire Region East Midlands Country England Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town SWADLINCOTE Postcode district DE12 Dialling code 01283 Police Derbyshire Fire Derbyshire Ambulance East Midlands EU Parliament East Midlands List of places UK England Derbyshire 52 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 1 ° 37 ′ 34 '' W  /  52.727104 ° N 1.62608 ° W  / 52.727104 ; - 1.62608 Coordinates : 52 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 1 ° 37 ′ 34 '' W  /  52.727104 ° N 1.62608 ° W  / 52.727104 ; - 1.62608 Coton in the Elms is a village and parish in the English county of Derbyshire . At 70 miles ( 113 km ) from the coast , it is the furthest place in the United Kingdom from coastal waters . The population of the civil parish as of the 2011 census was 896 . It is located 5 miles southwest of Swadlincote and 6 miles south of Burton upon Trent . Less than a mile southeast of the village is Church Flatts Farm , which is defined by the Ordnance Survey as the furthest point from the sea in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Distance from sea 2.1 Distance from coast 2.2 Distance from highest tidal water 3 Notable residents 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The `` Shoulder of Mutton '' pub Coton is mentioned over a thousand years ago when land was transferred to Wulfrige the Black in AD942 . It is also on the salt route known as Walton Way , which starts in nearby Walton - on - Trent . Coton in the Elms is mentioned in the Domesday book where it is then spelt Cotes . The book says under the title of `` The lands of the Abbey of Burton '' . `` In Coton in the Elms Ælfgar had two carucates of land to the geld . There is land for three ploughs . Now the abbot has it of the king . There are now one plough in demesne and six villans and three bordars having two ploughs . TRE worth 40 shillings now 30 shillings . '' Coton is situated on the Walton Way and is first mentioned in 942 in a charter giving land in the area to Wulfrige the Black . This formed part of a much larger estate covering many of the villages in the area . Coton would seem to have been roughly in the centre of this estate . It would appear that it was a crossroads as there is an old lane which runs all the way from Tamworth through Coton and on northwards towards Burton on Trent . At the time of Domesday Burton Abbey held land at Coton - however this had been initially seized by King William - no doubt in part due to the rebellion led by Earl Morcar . However , by the time of Domesday this land had been restored to Burton . The village itself forms a diamond of roads around a small village green . The original route of the Walton Way may have been the south west corner of this diamond as this runs past the Church and Church Farm . To the north east of the village coal mining became important and this is reflected in the lane name Coalpit Lane . The present church of St Mary was built in 1844 - 7 by Henry Isaac Stevens but not on the site of the original church , which was behind the Shoulder of Mutton pub . It has a narrow west tower with a recessed spire . It is generally believed that when the original church fell into disrepair , the bells were taken to the neighbouring Lullington village , so the inhabitants of Coton can still hear the old bells when the wind is in the right direction . There is a Methodist chapel , built in 1922 to replace a smaller building in Chapel Street . The old building became known as the band room , where for many years a good band was run by a Mr Coates , who was also the village post master . It has also been used as a village hall . The main occupations of the village inhabitants in the past has been mining and farming , though the pits are now all closed . For many of today 's population ( 782 in 1991 ) it is a commuter base for the larger towns such as Burton - on - Trent , Swadlincote and Tamworth . Coton in the Elms has 2 pubs . The Black Horse was refurbished in 2009 . The Queen 's Head Inn dates back to the 17th century , part of the premises was once a shop . Another pub , the Shoulder of Mutton , closed in 2010 and is currently being converted to a house . Distance from sea ( edit ) Distance from coast ( edit ) Southeast of the village -- at grid reference SK253144 -- is Church Flatts Farm , which is calculated by the Ordnance Survey to be the farthest point from the sea ( at the mean low water line ) in Great Britain . The location is Latitude : 52 ° 43.6 ' N Longitude : 1 ° 37.2 ' W . This place in Coton was chosen as equidistant from Fosdyke Wash in Lincolnshire ; White Sands between Neston in Cheshire and Flint , Flintshire in Wales ; and Westbury - on - Severn in Gloucestershire -- all of which are 113 kilometres ( 70 mi ) away . Distance from highest tidal water ( edit ) The nearest high tide point is on the River Trent at Cromwell Lock , north of Newark - on - Trent , in Nottinghamshire , 72 kilometres ( 45 mi ) away . Notable residents ( edit ) Nigel Sims , goalkeeper for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Aston Villa and ' England B ' . See also ( edit ) Centre points of the United Kingdom Coastline of the United Kingdom Fenny Drayton - Centre of England , 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) south . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Abbey of Burton held a considerable number of manors including several in Derbyshire given to it by the King . These included Coton in the Elms , Stapenhill , Caldwell , Mickleover and Appleby Magna . Jump up ^ TRE is a Latinate acronym for Tempore Regis Edwardi , meaning ' in the time of King Edward ' ( before the Battle of Hastings ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Parish population 2011 '' . Neighbourhood Statistics . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BBC report centre of England ^ Jump up to : Ordnance Survey - MapZone Jump up ^ Derbyshire UK Jump up ^ Salt Ways Jump up ^ Domesday Book : A Complete Translation . London : Penguin , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 143994 - 7 p. 744 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coton in the Elms . Illustrated details GENUKI page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coton_in_the_Elms&oldid=832747106 '' Categories : Villages in Derbyshire Civil parishes in Derbyshire South Derbyshire Hidden categories : Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Cymraeg فارسی Nederlands Polski Ślůnski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 19 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: which british city is farthest from the sea


Meninges - wikipedia Meninges Jump to : navigation , search `` Meninx '' redirects here . For the Tunisian island formerly known as `` Meninx '' , see Djerba . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meninges The meninges : dura mater , arachnoid mater and pia mater Details Artery middle meningeal artery , meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery , accessory meningeal artery , branch of anterior ethmoidal artery , meningeal branches of vertebral artery Nerve middle meningeal nerve , nervus spinosus Identifiers Latin Meninges MeSH A08. 186.566 Dorlands / Elsevier 12523818 TA A14. 1.01. 001 FMA 231572 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The meninges ( / məˈnɪndʒiːz / , singular : meninx ( / ˈmiːnɪŋks / or / ˈmɛnɪŋks / ) , from Ancient Greek : μῆνιγξ , translit . mēninx , lit . ' membrane ' , adjectival : meningeal / məˈnɪndʒəl / ) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord . In mammals , the meninges are the dura mater , the arachnoid mater , and the pia mater . Cerebrospinal fluid is located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater . The primary function of the meninges is to protect the central nervous system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Dura mater 1.2 Arachnoid mater 1.3 Pia mater 1.4 Leptomeninges 1.5 Spaces 2 Clinical significance 3 Other animals 4 Additional images 5 References Structure ( edit ) Dura mater ( edit ) Main article : Dura mater The dura mater ( Latin : tough mother ) ( also rarely called meninx fibrosa or pachymeninx ) is a thick , durable membrane , closest to the skull and vertebrae . The dura mater , the outermost part , is a loosely arranged , fibroelastic layer of cells , characterized by multiple interdigitating cell processes , no extracellular collagen , and significant extracellular spaces . The middle region is a mostly fibrous portion . It consists of two layers : the endosteal layer , which lies closest to the calvaria ( skullcap ) , and the inner meningeal layer , which lies closer to the brain . It contains larger blood vessels that split into the capillaries in the pia mater . It is composed of dense fibrous tissue , and its inner surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid mater . The dura mater is a sac that envelops the arachnoid mater and surrounds and supports the large dural sinuses carrying blood from the brain toward the heart . The dura has four areas of infolding : Falx cerebri , the largest , sickle - shaped ; separates the cerebral hemispheres . Starts from the frontal crest of frontal bone and the crista galli running to the internal occipital protuberance . Tentorium cerebelli , the second largest , crescent - shaped ; separates the occipital lobes from cerebellum . The falx cerebri attaches to it giving a tentlike appearance . Falx cerebelli , vertical infolding ; lies inferior to the tentorium cerebelli , separating the cerebellar hemispheres . Diaphragma sellae , smallest infolding ; covers the pituitary gland and sella turcica . Arachnoid mater ( edit ) Main article : Arachnoid mater The middle element of the meninges is the arachnoid mater , so named because of its spider web - like appearance . It cushions the central nervous system . This thin , transparent membrane is composed of fibrous tissue and , like the pia mater , is covered by flat cells also thought to be impermeable to fluid . The shape of the arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the brain and so looks like a loosely fitting sac . In particular , in the region of the brain a large number of fine filaments called arachnoid trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to blend with the tissue of the pia mater . The arachnoid is composed of an outermost portion ( arachnoid barrier cell layer ) with tightly packed cells and no extracellular collagen ; that is why it is considered to represent an effective morphological and physiological meningeal barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and subarachnoid space and the blood circulation in the dura . The arachnoid barrier layer is characterized by a distinct continuous basal lamina on its inner surface toward the innermost collagenous portion of the arachnoid reticular layer . Pia mater ( edit ) Main article : Pia mater The pia mater ( Latin : tender mother ) is a very delicate membrane . It is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord , following all of the brain 's contours ( the gyri and sulci ) . It is a very thin membrane composed of fibrous tissue covered on its outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought to be impermeable to fluid . The pia mater is pierced by blood vessels to the brain and spinal cord , and its capillaries nourish the brain . Leptomeninges ( edit ) The arachnoid and pia mater together are sometimes called the leptomeninges , literally `` thin meninges '' ( Greek : λεπτός leptos - thin ) . Acute meningococcal meningitis can lead to an exudate within the leptomeninges along the surface of the brain . Because the arachnoid is connected to the pia by cob - web like strands , it is structurally continuous with the pia , hence the name pia - arachnoid or leptomeninges . They are responsible for the production of beta - trace protein ( prostaglandin D synthase ) a major cerebrospinal fluid protein . Spaces ( edit ) Main article : Subarachnoid space The subarachnoid space is the space that normally exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater , which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid . The dura mater is attached to the skull , whereas in the spinal cord , the dura mater is separated from the bone ( vertebrae ) by a space called the epidural space , which contain fat and blood vessels . The arachnoid is attached to the dura mater , while the pia mater is attached to the central nervous system tissue . When the dura mater and the arachnoid separate through injury or illness , the space between them is the subdural space . There is a subpial space underneath the pia mater that separates it from the glia limitans . Clinical significance ( edit ) There are three types of hemorrhage involving the meninges : A subarachnoid hemorrhage is acute bleeding under the arachnoid ; it may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma . A subdural hematoma is a hematoma ( collection of blood ) located in a separation of the arachnoid from the dura mater . The small veins that connect the dura mater and the arachnoid are torn , usually during an accident , and blood leaks into this area . An epidural hematoma may arise after an accident or spontaneously . Other medical conditions that affect the meninges include meningitis ( usually from fungal , bacterial , or viral infection ) and meningiomas that arise from the meninges , or from meningeal carcinomatoses ( tumors ) that form elsewhere in the body and metastasize to the meninges . Other animals ( edit ) In fish , there is a single membrane known as the primitive meninx . In other vertebrates -- amphibians , reptiles and birds , the meninges include a thick outer dura mater and a thick inner secondary meninx . In the early 1900s , Giuseppe Sterzi an Italian anatomist carried out comparative studies on the meninges from the lancelet to man . Contrary to previous reports the spinal meninges were seen to be very simple , both in the adult lower vertebrates and in the early developmental stages of the more advanced vertebrates . From the mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube only a single leaflet forms the primitive meninx . In the following phylogenetic and ontogenetic stages , the latter divides into an internal leaflet : the secondary meninx , and into an external one : the dura mater . Finally , in higher vertebrates , even the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and the pia . In the same animals , Sterzi demonstrated that , while in the spinal medulla the dura keeps its identity , in the skull it fuses with the periosteum . He also demonstrated the continuity of all meninges with the envelopes of nerves and with the filum terminale . Mammals ( as higher vertebrates ) retain the dura mater , and the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and pia mater . Additional images ( edit ) Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the skull Diagrammatic section of scalp . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition , 1989 . Jump up ^ Entry `` meninges '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Entry `` meninx '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ μῆνιγξ . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Entry `` pia mater '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` leptomeninges - definition of leptomeninges in English Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries English . Jump up ^ Kumar , Vinay ( 2015 ) . Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . p. 1273 . In acute meningitis , an exudate is evident within the leptomeninges over the surface of the brain ( Fig. 28 - 21 ) . Jump up ^ Yamashima , Tetsumori ; Sakuda , Kazushige ; Tohma , Yasuo ; Yamashita , Junkoh ; Oda , Hiroshi ; Irikura , Daisuke ; Eguchi , Naomi ; Beuckmann , Carsten T. ; Kanaoka , Yoshihide ; Urade , Yoshihiro ; Hayaishi , Osamu ( 1 April 1997 ) . `` Prostaglandin D Synthase ( β - Trace ) in Human Arachnoid and Meningioma Cells : Roles as a Cell Marker or in Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption , Tumorigenesis , and Calcification Process '' . Journal of Neuroscience . pp. 2376 -- 2382 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ attribution , no . `` Prostaglandin D2 synthase '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries '' ( PDF ) . Orlando Regional Healthcare , Education and Development . 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ van Gijn J , Kerr RS , Rinkel GJ ( 2007 ) . `` Subarachnoid haemorrhage '' . Lancet . 369 ( 9558 ) : 306 -- 18 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 07 ) 60153 - 6 . PMID 17258671 . Jump up ^ Kardong , Kenneth V. ( 1995 ) . Vertebrates : Comparative Anatomy , Funuction , Evolution . Dubuque , Iowa : Wm. C. Brown Publishers . p. 539 . ISBN 0 - 697 - 21991 - 7 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meninges . Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Meninges of the brain and spinal cord Layers Dura mater Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Trigeminal cave Arachnoid mater Arachnoid granulation Arachnoid trabeculae Subarachnoid cisterns : Cisterna magna Pontine cistern Interpeduncular cistern Chiasmatic Of lateral cerebral fossa Of great cerebral vein Of lamina terminalis Pia mater Denticulate ligaments Tela choroidea Choroid plexus Perivascular space Combined Filum terminale Leptomeninges Spaces Epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space Cerebrospinal fluid The spinal cord General features Cervical enlargement Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Filum terminale Cauda equina Meninges Grey matter Posterior grey column Marginal nucleus Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando Nucleus proprius Spinal lamina V Spinal lamina VI Lateral grey column Intermediolateral nucleus Posterior thoracic nucleus Anterior grey column Interneuron Alpha motor neuron Onuf 's nucleus Gamma motor neuron Other Rexed laminae Central gelatinous substance Gray commissure Central canal Terminal ventricle White matter Sensory Posterior Posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway : Gracile Cuneate Lateral : Spinocerebellar dorsal ventral Spinothalamic lateral anterior Posterolateral Spinotectal Spinoreticular tract Spino - olivary tract Motor Lateral Corticospinal Lateral Extrapyramidal Rubrospinal Olivospinal Raphespinal Anterior Corticospinal Anterior Extrapyramidal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Both Anterior white commissure External features Ventral Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Dorsal Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meninges&oldid=804731340 '' Categories : Back anatomy Human head and neck Meninges Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 20 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: which layer of the meninges is connected to the brain


Governor - General of India - Wikipedia Governor - General of India Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the position of Governor - General of India . For individual Governor - Generals , see List of governors - general of India . Viceroy and Governor - General of India Standard of the Governor - General Louis Mountbatten , the last Viceroy of India & the first Governor - General during the dominion period Style His Excellency Residence Viceroy 's House Appointer East India Company ( to 1858 ) Monarch of India ( from 1858 ) Formation 20 October 1774 First holder Warren Hastings Final holder Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari Abolished 26 January 1950 The Governor - General of India ( or , from 1858 to 1947 , officially the Viceroy and Governor - General of India , commonly shortened to Viceroy of India ) was originally the head of the British administration in India and , later , after Indian independence in 1947 , the representative of the Indian head of state . The office was created in 1773 , with the title of Governor - General of the Presidency of Fort William . The officer had direct control only over Fort William , but supervised other British East India Company officials in India . Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833 , and the official came to be known as the `` Governor - General of India '' . In 1858 , the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government ; see British Raj . The governor - general ( now also the viceroy ) headed the central government of India , which administered the provinces of British India , including the Punjab , Bengal , Bombay , Madras , the United Provinces , and others . However , much of India was not ruled directly by the British government ; outside the provinces of British India , there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or `` native states '' , whose relationship was not with the British government , but directly with the monarch . To reflect the governor - general 's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states , from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor - General of India ( known in short as the Viceroy of India ) was applied to him . The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India split into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan , but the office of governor - general continued to exist in each country separately -- until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 , respectively . Until 1858 , the governor - general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company , to whom he was responsible . Thereafter , he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government ; the Secretary of State for India , a member of the UK Cabinet , was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers . After 1947 , the sovereign continued to appoint the governor - general , but did so on the advice of the Indian government . Governors - General served at the pleasure of the sovereign , though the practice was to have them serve five - year terms . Governors - General could have their commission rescinded ; and if one was removed , or left , a provisional governor - general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen . The first Governor - General of British India was Warren Hastings , and the first Governor - General of independent India was Louis Mountbatten . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Functions 3 Council 4 Style and title 5 Flag 6 Residence 7 Insignia 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading History ( edit ) Warren Hastings , the first Governor - General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785 . Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company , which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor . In 1773 , motivated by corruption in the Company , the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773 . A Governor - General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The first Governor - General and Council were named in the Act . The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor - General and Council of Fort William with the Governor - General and Council of India . The power to elect the Governor - General was retained by the Court of Directors , but the choice became subject to the Sovereign 's approval . After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the East India Company 's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign . The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor - General in the Sovereign . The Governor - General , in turn , had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India , subject to the Sovereign 's approval . India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947 , but Governors - General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written . Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor - General of India for some time after independence , but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors - General . India became a secular republic in 1950 ; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956 . Functions ( edit ) Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India , a post he held from 1899 to 1905 . Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s The Governor - General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The Regulating Act , however , granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence . The other Presidencies of the East India Company ( Madras , Bombay and Bencoolen ) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor - General and Council of Fort William . The powers of the Governor - General , in respect of foreign affairs , were increased by the India Act 1784 . The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war , make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor - General or by the Company 's Court of Directors . While the Governor - General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India , he was not the explicit head of British India . That status came only with the Charter Act 1833 , which granted him `` superintendence , direction and control of the whole civil and military Government '' of all of British India . The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor - General and Council . After 1858 , the Governor - General ( now usually known as the Viceroy ) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign 's representative . India was divided into numerous provinces , each under the head of a Governor , Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator . Governors were appointed by the British Government , to whom they were directly responsible ; Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners , and Administrators , however , were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy . The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers : the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maharaja of Mysore , the Maharaja ( Scindia ) of Gwalior , the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad ( Gaekwar ) Maharaja of Baroda . The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency , which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy , or by provincial authorities . The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of King - Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government . The chamber usually met only once a year , with the Viceroy presiding , but it appointed a Standing Committee , which met more often . Upon independence in August 1947 , the title of Viceroy was abolished . The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor - General . C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor - General . However , once India acquired independence , the Governor - General 's role became almost entirely ceremonial , with power being exercised on a day - to - day basis by the Indian cabinet . After the nation became a republic in 1950 , the President of India continued to perform the same functions . Council ( edit ) Main articles : Council of India and Viceroy 's Executive Council The Viceregal Lodge in Simla , built in 1888 , was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India Viceregal Lodge , Delhi , where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed ( 1912 -- 31 ) , now the main building of the University of Delhi The Governor - General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers . The Governor - General , while exercising many functions , was referred to as the `` Governor - General in Council . '' The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company 's Court of Directors . The Governor - General had a vote along with the counsellors , but he also had an additional vote to break ties . The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor - General . In 1784 , the Council was reduced to three members ; the Governor - General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote . In 1786 , the power of the Governor - General was increased even further , as Council decisions ceased to be binding . The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council . The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor - General . As provided under the Act , there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors . The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions , but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated . In 1858 , the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council . Instead , the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign , and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India . The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council 's composition . Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India , and two by the Sovereign . ( The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869 ) . The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members ( changed to ten to sixteen in 1892 , and to sixty in 1909 ) . The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments , while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation . In 1919 , an Indian legislature , consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly , took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy 's Council . The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation . He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature 's consent for `` ecclesiastical , political ( and ) defense '' purposes , and for any purpose during `` emergencies . '' He was permitted to veto , or even stop debate on , any bill . If he recommended the passage of a bill , but only one chamber cooperated , he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber . The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence . The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy ; the Legislative Assembly elected its President , but the election required the Viceroy 's approval . Style and title ( edit ) Until 1833 , the title of the position was `` Governor - General of Bengal '' . The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into `` Governor - General of India . '' The title `` Viceroy and Governor - General '' was first used in the queen 's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858 . It was never conferred by an act of parliament , but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders . In usage , `` viceroy '' is employed where the governor - general 's position as the monarch 's representative is in view . The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India . It was meant to indicate new responsibilities , especially ritualistic ones , but it conferred no new statutory authority . The governor - general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council , but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor - General - in - Council ( or the Government of India ) . The Governor - General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India . He was referred to as ' His Excellency ' and addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . From 1858 to 1947 , the Governor - General was known as the Viceroy of India ( from the French roi , meaning ' king ' ) , and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines ( from the French reine , meaning ' queen ' ) . The Vicereine was referred to as ' Her Excellency ' and was also addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India . However , the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V , who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911 . When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861 , the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio . The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877 . Most Governors - General and Viceroys were peers . Frequently , a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank , as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman - Thomas . Of those Viceroys who were not peers , Sir John Shore was a baronet , and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title ' Lord ' because he was the son of a Duke . Only the first and last Governors - General -- Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari -- as well as some provisional Governors - General , had no honorific titles at all . Flag ( edit ) Flag of the Governor General of India ( 1947 -- 50 ) From around 1885 , the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the ' Star of India ' surmounted by a Crown . This flag was not the Viceroy 's personal flag ; it was also used by Governors , Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India . When at sea , only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast , while other officials flew it from the foremast . From 1947 to 1950 , the Governor - General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest ( a lion standing on the Crown ) , beneath which was the word ' India ' in gold majuscules . The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors - General . This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor - General only . Residence ( edit ) Government House served as the Governor - General 's residence during most of the nineteenth century . The Governor - General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House , Calcutta , until the early nineteenth century , when Government House was constructed . In 1854 , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there . Now , the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India . Lord Wellesley , who is reputed to have said that ' India should be governed from a palace , not from a country house ' , constructed a grand mansion , known as Government House , between 1799 and 1803 . The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912 . Thereafter , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal , who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House , was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House . Now , it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal , and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan . After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi , the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy 's House , designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens . Though construction began in 1912 , it did not conclude until 1929 ; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931 . The final cost exceeded £ 877,000 ( over £ 35,000,000 in modern terms ) -- more than twice the figure originally allocated . Today the residence , now known by the Hindi name of ' Rashtrapati Bhavan ' , is used by the President of India . Throughout the British administration , Governors - General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge ( Rashtrapati Niwas ) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat , and the government of India moved with them . The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study . Insignia ( edit ) See also : Star of India ( flag ) Badge of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Standard of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Standard of the Governor - General ( 1947 -- 50 ) See also ( edit ) India portal Pakistan portal United Kingdom portal Politics portal List of governors - general of India Commander - in - Chief , India British Empire Emperor of India Indian independence movement Council of India British Raj Secretary of State for India India Office Indian Civil Service Partition of India History of Bangladesh History of India History of Pakistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire , which included both the provinces and the Native States . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Impressions '' . Hindustan Times . 20 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria 's Proclamation Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett , `` The Indian Governments , 1858 -- 1918 '' , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , Volume V : The Indian Empire , 1858 -- 1918 ( Cambridge University Press , 1932 ) , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky , The India Office , 1880 -- 1910 ( Greenwood Press , 1986 ) , p. 126 . Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers ( 1999 ) `` Government Buildings -- India '' Forrest , G.W. , CIE , ( editor ) ( 1910 ) Selections from the State Papers of the Governors - General of India ; Warren Hastings ( 2 vols ) , Oxford : Blackwell 's Encyclopædia Britannica ( `` British Empire '' and `` Viceroy '' ) , London : Cambridge University Press , 1911 , 11th edition , James , Lawrence ( 1997 ) Raj : the Making and Unmaking of British India London : Little , Brown & Company ISBN 0 - 316 - 64072 - 7 Keith , A.B. ( editor ) ( 1922 ) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy , 1750 -- 1921 , London : Oxford University Press Oldenburg , P. ( 2004 ) . `` India . '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) mountbattenofburma.com -- Tribute & Memorial website to Louis , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma Further Reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors - General of India . Arnold , Sir Edwin ( 1865 ) . The Marquis of Dalhousie 's Administration of British India : Annexation of Pegu , Nagpor , and Oudh , and a general review of Lord Dalhousie 's rule in India . Dodwell H.H. , ed . The Cambridge History of India . Volume 6 : The Indian Empire 1858 - 1918 . With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818 - 1858 ( 1932 ) 660pp online edition ; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire Moon , Penderel . The British Conquest and Dominion of India ( 2 vol. 1989 ) 1235pp ; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top - down perspective ; Rudhra , A.B. ( 1940 ) The Viceroy and Governor - General of India . London : H. Milford , Oxford University Press Spear , Percival ( 1990 ) ( First published 1965 ) , A History of India , Volume 2 , New Delhi and London : Penguin Books . Pp. 298 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013836 - 8 . Governors - General of India Governors of the Presidency of Fort William ( 1774 -- 1833 ) Hastings Macpherson Cornwallis Shore Clarke Mornington Cornwallis Barlow Minto Moira Adam Amherst Bayley Bentinck ... Governors - General of India ( 1833 -- 1858 ) Bentinck Metcalfe Auckland Ellenborough Bird Hardinge Dalhousie Canning Governors - General and Viceroys of India ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Canning Elgin Napier Denison Lawrence Mayo Strachey Napier Northbrook Lytton Ripon Dufferin Lansdowne Elgin Curzon Minto Penshurst Chelmsford Reading Irwin Willingdon Wavell Mountbatten Governors - General of the Union of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Mountbatten Rajagopalachari Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Administrator Northern Territory Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue , New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor-General_of_India&oldid=833230854 '' Categories : Governors - General of India India and the Commonwealth of Nations Westminster system Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული मैथिली മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 11 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who was first governor general of british india