Roman numerals - wikipedia Roman numerals Jump to : navigation , search `` Latin numerals '' redirects here . For counting in Latin , see Latin § Numbers . Roman numerals on stern of a British clipper ship showing draft in feet . The numbers range from 13 to 22 , from bottom to top . Numeral systems Hindu -- Arabic numeral system Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Gujarati Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai East Asian Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods Alphabetic Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman Former Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Chuvash Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric Positional systems by base 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60 Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration ( 1 ) Signed - digit representation ( Balanced ternary ) factorial negative Complex - base system ( 2i ) Non-integer representation ( φ ) mixed Asymmetric numeral systems List of numeral systems The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages . Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet . Roman numerals , as used today , are based on seven symbols : Symbol V X Value 5 10 50 100 500 1,000 The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire . From the 14th century on , Roman numerals began to be replaced in most contexts by the more convenient Hindu - Arabic numerals ; however , this process was gradual , and the use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Roman numeric system 1.1 Basic decimal pattern 1.2 Alternative forms 2 History 2.1 Pre-Roman times and ancient Rome 2.1. 1 Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals 2.1. 1.1 Tally marks 2.1. 1.2 Hand signals 2.1. 1.3 Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols 2.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance 2.3 Modern use 2.3. 1 Specific disciplines 2.3. 2 Modern use in continental Europe 3 Special values 3.1 Zero 3.2 Fractions 3.3 Large numbers 3.3. 1 Apostrophus 3.3. 2 Vinculum 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Roman numeric system Basic decimal pattern The original pattern for Roman numerals used the symbols I , V. and X ( 1 , 5 , and 10 ) as simple tally marks . Each marker for 1 ( I ) added a unit value up to 5 ( V ) , and was then added to ( V ) to make the numbers from 6 to 9 : I , II , III , IIII , V , VI , VII , VIII , VIIII , X . The numerals for 4 ( IIII ) and 9 ( VIIII ) proved problematic ( among other things , they are easily confused with III and VIII ) , and are generally replaced with IV ( one less than 5 ) and IX ( one less than 10 ) . This feature of Roman numerals is called subtractive notation . The numbers from 1 to 10 ( including subtractive notation for 4 and 9 ) are expressed in Roman numerals as follows : I , II , III , IV , V , VI , VII , VIII , IX , X . The system being basically decimal , tens and hundreds follow the same pattern : Thus 10 to 100 ( counting in tens , with X taking the place of I , L taking the place of V and C taking the place of X ) : X , XX , XXX , XL , L , LX , LXX , LXXX , XC , C . Note that 40 ( XL ) and 90 ( XC ) follow the same subtractive pattern as 4 and 9 . Similarly , 100 to 1000 ( counting in hundreds ) : C , CC , CCC , CD , D , DC , DCC , DCCC , CM , M . Many numbers include hundreds , units and tens . The Roman numeral system being basically decimal , each `` place '' is added separately , in descending sequence from left to right , as with `` arabic '' numbers . For example , the number 39 is XXXIX , ( three tens and a ten less one ) , 246 is CCXLVI ( two hundreds , a fifty less ten , a five and a one . As each place has its own notation there is no need for place keeping zeros , so `` missing places '' can be simply omitted : thus 207 , for instance , is written CCVII ( two hundreds , a five and two ones ) and 1066 becomes MLXVI ( a thousand , a fifty and a ten , a five and a one ) Roman numerals for large numbers are nowadays seen mainly in the form of year numbers ( other uses are detailed later in this article ) , as in these examples : 1776 as MDCCLXXVI , the date written on the book held by the Statue of Liberty . 1954 as MCMLIV , as in the trailer for the movie The Last Time I Saw Paris 1990 as MCMXC , used as the title of musical project Enigma 's debut album MCMXC a.D. , named after the year of its release . 2014 as MMXIV , the year of the games of the XXII ( 22nd ) Olympic Winter Games ( in Sochi ) Alternative forms A typical clock face with Roman numerals in Bad Salzdetfurth , Germany The `` standard '' forms described above reflect typical modern usage rather than a universally accepted convention . Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and remained inconsistent in medieval and modern times . Inscriptions dating from the Roman period not infrequently use `` additive '' forms such as IIII and VIIII for `` 4 '' and `` 9 '' instead of IV and IX . There are even instances of both forms appearing within the same document . While in standard usage subtractive notation is limited to use of `` adjacent '' numerals , so that 99 ( for example ) is written XCIX , forms such as IC are not unknown . XIIX or IIXX are sometimes used for `` 18 '' instead of XVIII . The Latin word for `` eighteen '' is often rendered as the equivalent of `` twenty less two '' , which may be the source of this usage . Sometimes V and L are not used , with instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX . An inscription on Admiralty Arch , London . The number is 1910 , for which MCMX would be more usual . Clock faces that use Roman numerals normally show IIII for four o'clock but IX for nine o'clock , a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century . However , this is far from universal : for example , the clock on the Palace of Westminster in London ( aka `` Big Ben '' ) uses a `` normal '' IV . At the beginning of the 20th century , different representations of 900 ( conventionally CM ) appeared in several inscribed dates . For instance , 1910 is shown on Admiralty Arch , London , as MDCCCCX rather than MCMX , while on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum , 1903 is inscribed as MDCDIII rather than MCMIII . History Pre-roman times and ancient Rome Although Roman numerals came to be written with letters of the Roman alphabet , they were originally independent symbols . The Etruscans , for example , used 𐌠 , 𐌡 , 𐌢 , ⋔ , 𐌚 , and ⊕ for I , V , X , L , C , and M , of which only I and X happened to be letters in their alphabet . Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals Tally marks One hypothesis is that the Etrusco - Roman numerals actually derive from notches on tally sticks , which continued to be used by Italian and Dalmatian shepherds into the 19th century . Thus , ⟨ I ⟩ descends not from the letter ⟨ I ⟩ but from a notch scored across the stick . Every fifth notch was double cut i.e. ⋀ , ⋁ , ⋋ , ⋌ , etc . ) , and every tenth was cross cut ( X ) , IIIIΛIIIIXIIIIΛIIIIXII ... ) , much like European tally marks today . This produced a positional system : Eight on a counting stick was eight tallies , IIIIΛIII , or the eighth of a longer series of tallies ; either way , it could be abbreviated ΛIII ( or VIII ) , as the existence of a Λ implies four prior notches . By extension , eighteen was the eighth tally after the first ten , which could be abbreviated X , and so was XΛIII . Likewise , number four on the stick was the I - notch that could be felt just before the cut of the Λ ( V ) , so it could be written as either IIII or IΛ ( IV ) . Thus the system was neither additive nor subtractive in its conception , but ordinal . When the tallies were transferred to writing , the marks were easily identified with the existing Roman letters I , V and X . The tenth V or X along the stick received an extra stroke . Thus 50 was written variously as N , И , K , Ψ , ⋔ , etc. , but perhaps most often as a chicken - track shape like a superimposed V and I : ↆ . This had flattened to ⊥ ( an inverted T ) by the time of Augustus , and soon thereafter became identified with the graphically similar letter L. Likewise , 100 was variously Ж , ⋉ , ⋈ , H , or as any of the symbols for 50 above plus an extra stroke . The form Ж ( that is , a superimposed X and I like : 𐊌 ) came to predominate . It was written variously as > I < or ƆIC , was then abbreviated to Ɔ or C , with C variant finally winning out because , as a letter , it stood for centum , Latin for `` hundred '' . The hundredth V or X was marked with a box or circle . Thus 500 was like a Ɔ superimposed on a ⋌ or ⊢ , becoming D or Ð by the time of Augustus , under the graphic influence of the letter ⟨ D ⟩ . It was later identified as the letter D ; an alternative symbol for `` thousand '' was ( I ) ( or CIƆ or CꟾƆ ) , and half of a thousand or `` five hundred '' is the right half of the symbol , I ) ( or IƆ or ꟾƆ ) , and this may have been converted into ⟨ D ⟩ . This at least was the etymology given to it later on . Meanwhile , 1000 was a circled or boxed X : X , ⊗ , ⊕ , and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi . Over time , the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ . The latter symbol further evolved into ∞ , then ⋈ , and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille `` thousand '' . Hand signals Alfred Hooper has an alternative hypothesis for the origin of the Roman numeral system , for small numbers . Hooper contends that the digits are related to hand gestures for counting . For example , the numbers I , II , III , IIII correspond to the number of fingers held up for another to see . V , then represents that hand upright with fingers together and thumb apart . Numbers 6 -- 10 , are represented with two hands as follows ( left hand , right hand ) 6 = ( V , I ) , 7 = ( V , II ) , 8 = ( V , III ) , 9 = ( V , IIII ) , 10 = ( V , V ) and X results from either crossing of the thumbs , or holding both hands up in a cross . Another possibility is that each I represents a finger and V represents the thumb of one hand . This way the numbers between 1 -- 10 can be counted on one hand using the order : I = P , II = PR , III = PRM , IV = IT , V = T , VI = TP , VII = TPR , VIII = TPRM , IX = IN , X = N ( P = Pinky , R = Ring , M = Middle , I = Index , T = Thumb N = No Fingers / Other Hand ) . This pattern can also be continued using the other hand with the fingers representing X and the thumb L . Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols A third hypothesis about the origins states that the basic ciphers were I , X , C and Φ ( or ⊕ ) and that the intermediary ones were derived from taking half of those ( half an X is V , half a C is L and half a Φ / ⊕ is D ) . The Φ was later replaced with M , the initial of Mille ( the Latin word for `` thousand '' ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance Minuscule ( lower - case ) letters were developed in the Middle Ages , well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire , and since that time lower - case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used : i , ii , iii , iv , and so on . Since the Middle Ages , a `` j '' has sometimes been substituted for the final `` i '' of a `` lower - case '' Roman numeral , such as `` iij '' for 3 or `` vij '' for 7 . This `` j '' can be considered a swash variant of `` i '' ( see example ( 1 ) ) . The use of a final `` j '' is still used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it is written . Numerals in documents and inscriptions from the Middle Ages sometimes include additional symbols , which today are called `` medieval Roman numerals '' . Some simply substitute another letter for the standard one ( such as `` A '' for `` V '' , or `` Q '' for `` D '' ) , while others serve as abbreviations for compound numerals ( `` O '' for `` XI '' , or `` F '' for `` XL '' ) . Although they are still listed today in some dictionaries , they are long out of use . Number Medieval abbreviation Notes and etymology 5 Resembles an upside - down V. Also said to equal 500 . 6 Ϛ Either from a ligature of VI , or the Greek numeral 6 : stigma ( Ϛ ) . 7 S , Z Presumed abbreviation of septem , Latin for 7 . 11 O Presumed abbreviation of onze , French for 11 . 40 Presumed abbreviation of English forty . 70 Also could stand for 7 , with the same derivation . 80 90 Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta , Latin for 90 . ( N.B. N is also used for `` nothing '' ( nullus ) ) . 150 Y Possibly derived from the lowercase y 's shape . 151 Unusual , origin unknown ; also said to stand for 250 . 160 Possibly derived from Greek tetra , as 4 × 40 = 160 . 200 Could also stand for 2 ( see also 𐆙 , the symbol for the dupondius ) . From a barring of two I 's . 250 300 400 P , G 500 Q Redundant with D , abbreviates quingenti , Latin for 500 . 2000 Z Chronograms , messages with dates encoded into them , were popular during the Renaissance era . The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I , V , X , L , C , D , and M. By putting these letters together , the reader would obtain a number , usually indicating a particular year . Modern use By the 11th century , Hindu -- Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al - Andalus , by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises . Roman numerals , however , proved very persistent , remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries , even in accounting and other business records ( where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus ) . Replacement by their more convenient `` Arabic '' equivalents was quite gradual , and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts . A few examples of their current use are : Spanish Real using `` IIII '' instead of `` IV '' as regnal number of Charles IV of Spain Names of monarchs and popes , e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom , Pope Benedict XVI . These are referred to as regnal numbers ; e.g. II is pronounced `` the second '' . This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages , gaining widespread use in England only during the reign of Henry VIII . Previously , the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor . Some monarchs ( e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France ) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage ( see illustration ) . Generational suffixes , particularly in the US , for people sharing the same name across generations , for example William Howard Taft IV . In the French Republican Calendar , initiated during the French Revolution , years were numbered by Roman numerals -- from the year I ( 1792 ) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV ( 1805 ) when it was abandoned . The year of production of films , television shows and other works of art within the work itself . It has been suggested -- by BBC News , perhaps facetiously -- that this was originally done `` in an attempt to disguise the age of films or television programmes . '' Outside reference to the work will use regular Hindu -- Arabic numerals . Hour marks on timepieces . In this context , 4 is usually written IIII . The year of construction on building faces and cornerstones . Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books , and sometimes of annexes , too . Book volume and chapter numbers , as well as the several acts within a play ( e.g. Act iii , Scene 2 ) . Sequels of some movies , video games , and other works ( as in Rocky II ) . Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships . Occurrences of a recurring grand event , for instance : The Summer and Winter Olympic Games ( e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games ; the Games of the XXX Olympiad ) The Super Bowl , the annual championship game of the National Football League ( e.g. Super Bowl XXXVII ; Super Bowl 50 is a one - time exception ) WrestleMania , the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE ( e.g. WrestleMania XXX ) . This usage has also been inconsistent . Specific disciplines Entrance to section LII ( 52 ) of the Colosseum , with numerals still visible In astronomy , the natural satellites or `` moons '' of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet 's name . For example , Titan 's designation is Saturn VI . In chemistry , Roman numerals are often used to denote the groups of the periodic table . They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry , for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges . They are also used for naming phases of polymorphic crystals , such as ice . In computing , Roman numerals may be used in identifiers which are limited to alphabetic characters by syntactic constraints of the programming language . In LaTeX , for instance , \ labelitemiii refers to the label of an item in the third level iii of a nested list environment . In military unit designation , Roman numerals are often used to distinguish between units at different levels . This reduces possible confusion , especially when viewing operational or strategic level maps . In particular , army corps are often numbered using Roman numerals ( for example the American XVIII Airborne Corps or the WW2 - era German III Panzerkorps ) with Hindu - Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies . In music , Roman numerals are used in several contexts : Movements are often numbered using Roman numerals . In music theory , the diatonic functions are identified using Roman numerals . ( See : Roman numeral analysis ) Individual strings of stringed instruments , such as the violin , are often denoted by Roman numerals , with higher numbers denoting lower strings . In pharmacy , Roman numerals are used in some contexts , including S to denote `` one half '' and N to mean `` nothing '' . ( See the sections below on `` zero '' and `` fractions '' . ) In photography , Roman numerals ( with zero ) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System . In seismology , Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes . In tarot , Roman numerals ( with zero ) are used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana . In theology and biblical scholarship , the Septuagint is often referred to as LXX , as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators ( septuaginta being Latin for `` seventy '' ) . In entomology , the broods of the thirteen and seventeen year periodical cicadas are identified by Roman numerals . In advanced mathematics ( including trigonometry , statistics , and calculus ) , when a graph includes negative numbers , its quadrants are named using I , II , III , and IV . These quadrant names signify positive numbers on both axes , negative numbers on the X axis , negative numbers on both axes , and negative numbers on the Y axis , respectively . The use of Roman numerals to designate quadrants avoids confusion , since Hindu - Arabic numerals are used for the actual data represented in the graph . Modern use in continental Europe Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries are relatively common in continental Europe . For instance : Capital or small capital Roman numerals are widely used in Romance languages to denote centuries , e.g. the French xviii siècle and the Spanish siglo XVIII mean `` 18th century '' . Slavic languages in and adjacent to Russia similarly favour Roman numerals ( XVIII век ) . On the other hand , in Slavic languages in Central Europe , like most Germanic languages , one writes `` 18 . '' ( with a period ) before the local word for `` century '' . Boris Yeltsin 's signature , dated 10 November 1988 . The month is specified by `` XI '' rather than `` 11 '' . Mixed Roman and Hindu - Arabic numerals are sometimes used in numeric representations of dates ( especially in formal letters and official documents , but also on tombstones ) . The month is written in Roman numerals , while the day is in Hindu - Arabic numerals : `` 14. VI. 1789 '' and `` VI. 14.1789 '' both refer unambiguously to 14 June 1789 . Timetable on a shop window in Vilnius Roman numerals are sometimes used to represent the days of the week in hours - of - operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses , and also sometimes in railway and bus timetables . Monday , taken as the first day of the week , is represented by I. Sunday is represented by VII . The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time . In the example case ( left ) , the business opens from 10 AM to 7 PM on weekdays , 10 AM to 5 PM on Saturdays and is closed on Sundays . Note that the listing uses 24 - hour time . Sign at 17.9 km on route SS4 Salaria , north of Rome Roman numerals may also be used for floor numbering . For instance , apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138 - III , with both a Hindu - Arabic numeral ( number of the block or house ) and a Roman numeral ( floor number ) . The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as ' 138 - huis ' . In Italy , where roads outside built - up areas have kilometre signs , major roads and motorways also mark 100 - metre subdivisionals , using Roman numerals from I to IX for the smaller intervals . The sign `` IX 17 '' thus marks kilometre 17.9 . A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece , where Greek numerals ( based on the Greek alphabet ) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere . Special values Zero The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral , but the word nulla ( the Latin word meaning `` none '' ) was used by medieval scholars in lieu of 0 . Dionysius Exiguus was known to use nulla alongside Roman numerals in 525 . About 725 , Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N , the initial of nulla or of nihil ( the Latin word for `` nothing '' ) , in a table of epacts , all written in Roman numerals . Fractions A triens coin ( 1 / 3 or 4 / 12 of an as ) . Note the four dots indicating its value . A semis coin ( 1 / 2 or 6 / 12 of an as ) . Note the S indicating its value . Though the Romans used a decimal system for whole numbers , reflecting how they counted in Latin , they used a duodecimal system for fractions , because the divisibility of twelve ( 12 = 2 × 3 ) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1 / 3 and 1 / 4 than does a system based on ten ( 10 = 2 × 5 ) . On coins , many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as , they used a tally - like notational system based on twelfths and halves . A dot ( ) indicated an uncia `` twelfth '' , the source of the English words inch and ounce ; dots were repeated for fractions up to five twelfths . Six twelfths ( one half ) was abbreviated as the letter S for semis `` half '' . Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths , just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine . Each fraction from 1 / 12 to 12 / 12 had a name in Roman times ; these corresponded to the names of the related coins : Fraction Roman numeral Name ( nominative and genitive ) Meaning 1 / 12 Uncia , unciae `` Ounce '' 2 / 12 = 1 / 6 or : Sextans , sextantis `` Sixth '' 3 / 12 = 1 / 4 or ∴ Quadrans , quadrantis `` Quarter '' 4 / 12 = 1 / 3 or : : Triens , trientis `` Third '' 5 / 12 or : : Quincunx , quincuncis `` Five - ounce '' ( quinque unciae → quincunx ) 6 / 12 = 1 / 2 Semis , semissis `` Half '' 7 / 12 S Septunx , septuncis `` Seven - ounce '' ( septem unciae → septunx ) 8 / 12 = 2 / 3 S or S : Bes , bessis `` Twice '' ( as in `` twice a third '' ) 9 / 12 = 3 / 4 S or S : Dodrans , dodrantis or nonuncium , nonuncii `` Less a quarter '' ( de-quadrans → dodrans ) or `` ninth ounce '' ( nona uncia → nonuncium ) 10 / 12 = 5 / 6 S or S : : Dextans or decunx , decuncis `` Less a sixth '' ( de-sextans → dextans ) or `` ten ounces '' ( decem unciae → decunx ) 11 / 12 S or S : : Deunx `` Less an ounce '' ( de-uncia → deunx ) 12 / 12 = 1 As , assis `` Unit '' The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear . Five dots arranged like ( ⁙ ) ( as on the face of a die ) are known as a quincunx , from the name of the Roman fraction / coin . The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant . Other Roman fractional notations included the following : 1 / 8 sescuncia , sescunciae ( from sesqui - + uncia , i.e. 11⁄2 uncias ) , represented by a sequence of the symbols for the semuncia and the uncia . 1 / 24 semuncia , semunciae ( from semi - + uncia , i.e. 1⁄2 uncia ) , represented by several variant glyphs deriving from the shape of the Greek letter sigma ( Σ ) , one variant resembling the pound sign ( £ ) without the horizontal line ( s ) and another resembling the Cyrillic letter Є . 1 / 36 binae sextulae , binarum sextularum ( `` two sextulas '' ) or duella , duellae , represented by a sequence of two reversed Ss ( ƧƧ ) . 1 / 48 sicilicus , sicilici , represented by a reversed C ( Ɔ ) . 1 / 72 sextula , sextulae ( 1 / 6 of an uncia ) , represented by a reversed S ( Ƨ ) . 1 / 144 = 12 dimidia sextula , dimidiae sextulae ( `` half a sextula '' ) , represented by a reversed S crossed by a horizontal line ( 𐆔 ) . 1 / 288 scripulum , scripuli ( a scruple ) , represented by the symbol ℈ . 1 / 1728 = 12 siliqua , siliquae , represented by a symbol resembling closing guillemets ( 𐆕 ) . Large numbers A number of systems were developed for the expression of larger numbers that can not be conveniently expressed using the normal seven letter symbols of conventional Roman numerals . `` 1630 '' on the Westerkerk in Amsterdam , with the date expressed in `` apostrophus '' notation . Apostrophus One of these was the apostrophus , in which 500 ( usually written as `` D '' ) was written as Ɔ , while 1,000 was written as C Ɔ instead of `` M '' . This is a system of encasing numbers to denote thousands ( the Cs and Ɔs functioned in this case as the Roman equivalent of parentheses ) , and has its origins in Etruscan numeral usage . The D and M used to represent 500 and 1,000 in conventional Roman numerals were probably derived from Ɔ and C Ɔ , respectively . In this system , an extra Ɔ denoted 500 , ƆƆ 5,000 and ƆƆƆ 50,000 . For example : Base number C Ɔ = 1,000 CC ƆƆ = 10,000 CCC ƆƆƆ = 100,000 with Ɔ Ɔ = 500 C Ɔ Ɔ = 1,500 CC ƆƆ Ɔ = 10,500 CCC ƆƆƆ Ɔ = 100,500 with ƆƆ ƆƆ = 5,000 CC ƆƆ ƆƆ = 15,000 CCC ƆƆƆ ƆƆ = 105,000 with ƆƆƆ ƆƆƆ = 50,000 CCC ƆƆƆ ƆƆƆ = 150,000 Sometimes C Ɔ was reduced to ↀ for 1,000 . John Wallis is often credited for introducing the symbol for infinity ( modern ∞ ) , and one conjecture is that he based it on this usage , since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers . Similarly , ƆƆ for 5,000 was reduced to ↁ ; CC ƆƆ for 10,000 to ↂ ; ƆƆƆ for 50,000 to ↇ ; and CCC ƆƆƆ for 100,000 to ↈ . Page from a 16th - century manual , showing a mixture of apostrophus and vinculum numbers ( see in particular the ways of writing 10,000 ) . Vinculum Another system is the vinculum , where a conventional Roman numeral is multiplied by 1,000 by adding an overline . Although mathematical historian David Eugene Smith disputes that this was part of ancient Roman usage , the notation was certainly in use in the Middle Ages , and is at least a convenient and `` conventional '' way to express numbers greater than 3,999 in Roman numerals . For instance : IV for 4,000 XXV for 25,000 Adding vertical lines ( or brackets ) before and after the numeral seems to have been used ( at least by late medieval times ) to multiply a Roman numeral by 10 : thus M for 10,000 rather than X ( perhaps under the influence of Arabic / Hindu numerals , which were by this time coming into use ) . In combination with the overline the bracketed forms might be used to raise the multiplier to ( say ) ten ( or one hundred ) thousand , thus : VIII for 80,000 ( or 800,000 ) XX for 200,000 ( or 2,000,000 ) This needs to be distinguished from the custom of adding both underline and overline to a Roman numeral , simply to make it clear that it is a number , e.g. MCMLXVII . See also Egyptian numerals Etruscan numerals Kharosthi numerals Roman abacus Proto - writing Roman numerals in Unicode Pentimal system References Jump up ^ Gordon , Arthur E. ( 1982 ) . Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0520050797 . Alphabetic symbols for larger numbers , such as Q for 500,000 , have also been used to various degrees of standardization . Jump up ^ Reddy , Indra K. ; Khan , Mansoor A. ( 2003 ) . Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians . CRC Press . ISBN 9780203495346 . Jump up ^ Dela Cruz , M.L.P. ; Torres , H.D. ( 2009 ) . Number Smart Quest for Mastery : Teacher 's Edition . Rex Bookstore , Inc . ISBN 9789712352164 . Jump up ^ Martelli , Alex ; Ascher , David ( 2002 ) . Python Cookbook . O'Reilly Media Inc . ISBN 9780596001674 . Jump up ^ `` What book is the Statue of Liberty holding ? What is its significance ? '' . Quora . Jump up ^ Hayes , David P. `` Guide to Roman Numerals '' . Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( February 23 , 1990 ) . `` What is the proper way to style Roman numerals for the 1990s ? '' . The Straight Dope . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Joyce Maire ; Spawforth , Anthony J.S. ( 1996 ) . `` numbers , Roman '' . In Hornblower , Simon ; Spawforth , Anthony . Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866172 - X . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Benjamin Hall ( 1923 ) . The Revised Latin Primer . London : Longmans , Green & Co . Jump up ^ Milham , W.I. ( 1947 ) . Time & Timekeepers . New York : Macmillan . p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Pickover , Clifford A. ( 2003 ) , Wonders of Numbers : Adventures in Mathematics , Mind , and Meaning , Oxford University Press , p. 282 , ISBN 9780195348002 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ; Zotti , Ed ( 1988 ) . More of the straight dope . Ballantine Books . p. 154 . ISBN 9780345351456 ... Jump up ^ `` Gallery : Museum 's North Entrance ( 1910 ) '' . Saint Louis Art Museum . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . The inscription over the North Entrance to the Museum reads : `` Dedicated to Art and Free to All MDCDIII '' . These Roman numerals translate to 1903 , indicating that the engraving was part of the original building designed for the 1904 World 's Fair . ^ Jump up to : Ifrah , Georges ( 2000 ) . The Universal History of Numbers : From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer . Translated by David Bellos , E.F. Harding , Sophie Wood , Ian Monk . John Wiley & Sons . ^ Jump up to : Asimov , Isaac ( 1977 ) ( 1966 ) . Asimov On Numbers . Pocket Books , a division of Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 9 . Jump up ^ Alfred Hooper . The River Mathematics ( New York , H. Holt , 1945 ) . Jump up ^ Keyser , Paul ( 1988 ) . `` The Origin of the Latin Numerals 1 to 1000 '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 92 : 529 -- 546 . JSTOR 505248 . Jump up ^ Sturmer , Julius W. Course in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Arithmetic , 3rd ed . ( LaFayette , IN : Burt - Terry - Wilson , 1906 ) . p25 Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bastedo , Walter A. Materia Medica : Pharmacology , Therapeutics and Prescription Writing for Students and Practitioners , 2nd ed . ( Philadelphia , PA : W.B. Saunders , 1919 ) p582 Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Capelli , A. Dictionary of Latin Abbreviations. 1912 . Jump up ^ Perry , David J. Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS . Jump up ^ Bang , Jørgen . Fremmedordbog , Berlingske Ordbøger , 1962 ( Danish ) Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) . `` TV Q&A : ABC News , ' Storage Wars ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ NFL wo n't use Roman numerals for Super Bowl 50 , nfl.com , Retrieved November 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bachenheimer , Bonnie S. ( 2010 ) . Manual for Pharmacy Technicians . ISBN 158528307X . Jump up ^ Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'imprimerie nationale ( in French ) ( 6th ed . ) . Paris : Imprimerie nationale . March 2011 . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7433 - 0482 - 9 . On composera en chiffres romains petites capitales les nombres concernant : ↲ 1 . Les siècles . Jump up ^ Beginners latin , Nationalarchives.gov.uk , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roman Arithmetic , Southwestern Adventist University , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roman Numerals History , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Faith Wallis , trans . Bede : The Reckoning of Time ( 725 ) , Liverpool : Liverpool Univ . Pr. , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 693 - 3 . Jump up ^ Byrhtferth 's Enchiridion ( 1016 ) . Edited by Peter S. Baker and Michael Lapidge . Early English Text Society 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 722416 - 8 . Jump up ^ C.W. Jones , ed. , Opera Didascalica , vol . 123C in Corpus Christianorum , Series Latina . Jump up ^ Maher , David W. ; Makowski , John F. , `` Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions '' , Classical Philology 96 ( 2011 ) : 376 -- 399 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Unabridged Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ Smith , David Eugene ( 1958 ) ( 1925 ) , History of Mathematics , II , p. 60 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 20430 - 8 Sources Menninger , Karl ( 1992 ) . Number Words and Number Symbols : A Cultural History of Numbers . Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 27096 - 8 . External links Look up Appendix : Roman numerals or roman numeral in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman numerals . FAQ : Why do clocks with Roman numerals use `` IIII '' instead of `` IV '' ? Roman Numerals Chart ( hide ) Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Alphabets ( list ) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters ( list ) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Multigraphs Digraphs ch cz dž dz gh ij ll ly nh ny sh sz th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Pentagraphs tzsch Keyboard layouts ( list ) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Standards ISO / IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets Lists precomposed Latin characters in Unicode letters used in mathematics Diacritics Palaeography Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts ( hide ) Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - Hebrew Proto - Sinaitic Psalter Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic Abugidas Brahmic Northern Asamiya ( Ôxômiya ) Bānglā Bhaikshuki Bhujinmol Brāhmī Devanāgarī Dogri Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhī Kaithi Kalinga Khojki Khotanese Khudawadi Laṇḍā Lepcha Limbu Mahajani Meitei Mayek Modi Multani Nāgarī Nandinagari Odia ' Phags - pa Newar Ranjana Sharada Saurashtra Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagari Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tirhuta Tocharian Zanabazar Square Zhang - Zhung Drusha Marchen Marchung Pungs - chen Pungs - chung Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buhid Burmese Chakma Cham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunó'o Javanese Kadamba Kannada Karen Kawi Khmer Kulitan Lanna Lao Leke Lontara Malayalam Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Thaana Mon Old Makassarese Old Sundanese Pallava Pyu Rejang Rencong Sinhala Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Telugu Thai Tigalari Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Visayan Others Boyd 's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Fox I Ge'ez Gunjala Gondi Japanese Braille Jenticha Kayah Li Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego Sorang Sompeng Pahawh Hmong Thomas Natural Shorthand Alphabets Linear Abkhaz Adlam Armenian Avestan Avoiuli Bassa Vah Borama Carian Caucasian Albanian Coorgi -- Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook writing Early Cyrillic Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Etruscan Evenki Fox II Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Garay Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek Greco - Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi IPA Kaddare Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Mandaic Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Neo-Tifinagh New Tai Lue N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Runic Anglo - Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Sidetic Shavian Somali Tifinagh Vagindra Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Morse code New York Point Semaphore line Flag semaphore Moon type Ideograms / Pictograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbol Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji IConji Isotype Kaidā Míkmaq Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec Logograms Chinese family of scripts Chinese Characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze Script Seal Script large small bird - worm Hanja Idu Kanji Chữ nôm Zhuang Chinese - influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logo - syllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto - Elamite Yi ( Classical ) Logo - consonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu - Arabic Abjad Attic ( Greek ) Muisca Roman Semi-syllabaries Full Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom Redundant Espanca Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Zhuyin fuhao Somacheirograms ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe Notation Syllabaries Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Cherokee Cypriot Cypro - Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics Iban Japanese Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sogana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian Cuneiform Vai Woleai Yi ( Modern ) Yugtun Braille ⠃ ⠗ ⠁ ⠊ ⠇ ⠇ ⠑ Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scripts French - ordered scripts ( see for more ) Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Bharati Devanagari ( Hindi / Marathi / Nepali ) Bengali Punjabi Sinhalese Tamil Urdu etc . Bulgarian Burmese Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese ( Mandarin , mainland ) Czech Dutch Dzongkha ( Bhutanese ) English ( Unified English ) Esperanto Estonian Faroese French Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guarani Hawaiian Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Inuktitut ( reassigned vowels ) Iñupiaq IPA Irish Italian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Mongolian Māori Navajo Nigerian Northern Sami Persian Philippine Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Samoan Scandinavian Slovak South African Spanish Tatar Taiwanese Mandarin ( largely reassigned ) Thai & Lao ( Japanese vowels ) Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav Reordered scripts Algerian Braille ( obsolete ) Frequency - based scripts American Braille ( obsolete ) Independent scripts Japanese Korean Two - Cell Chinese Eight - dot scripts Luxembourgish Kanji Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 ) Symbols in braille Braille music Canadian currency marks Computer Braille Code Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 / GS6 ) International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) Nemeth braille code Braille technology Braille e-book Braille embosser Braille translator Braille watch Mountbatten Brailler Optical braille recognition Perforation Perkins Brailler Refreshable braille display Slate and stylus Braigo Persons Louis Braille Charles Barbier Valentin Haüy Thakur Vishva Narain Singh Sabriye Tenberken William Bell Wait Organisations Braille Institute of America Braille Without Borders Japan Braille Library National Braille Association Blindness organizations Schools for the blind American Printing House for the Blind Other tactile alphabets Decapoint Moon type New York Point Night writing Vibratese Related topics Accessible publishing Braille literacy RoboBraille Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_numerals&oldid=821541836 '' Categories : Numerals Numeral systems Roman mathematics Latin alphabet Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Use mdy dates from May 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 03 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: when do you use the roman numerals in chemistry


70th Academy Awards - wikipedia 70th Academy Awards Jump to : navigation , search 70th Academy Awards Official poster Date March 23 , 1998 Site Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles , California , U.S. Hosted by Billy Crystal Produced by Gil Cates Directed by Louis J. Horvitz Highlights Best Picture Titanic Most awards Titanic ( 11 ) Most nominations Titanic ( 14 ) TV in the United States Network ABC Duration 3 hours , 47 minutes Ratings 57.25 million 35.32 % ( Nielsen ratings ) ← 69th Academy Awards 71st → The 70th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 23 , 1998 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6 : 00 p.m. PST / 9 : 00 p.m. EST . During the show , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1997 . The ceremony , which was televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the sixth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 , and he had hosted the previous year 's gala . Nearly a month earlier in an event held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on February 28 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Ashley Judd . Titanic won a record - tying eleven awards including Best Director for James Cameron and Best Picture . Other winners included As Good as It Gets , Good Will Hunting and L.A. Confidential with two awards , and The Full Monty , Geri 's Game , Karakter , The Long Way Home , Visas and Virtue , Men in Black and A Story of Healing with one . The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars broadcast in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners and nominees 1.1 Awards 1.2 Academy Honorary Award 1.3 Multiple nominations and awards 2 Presenters and performers 2.1 Presenters 2.2 Performers 3 Ceremony information 3.1 Box office performance of nominees 3.2 Critical response 3.3 Ratings and reception 4 In Memoriam 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Winners and nominees ( edit ) The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10 , 1998 , at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills , California , by Robert Rehme , president of the Academy , and actress Geena Davis . Titanic received the most nominations with a record - tying fourteen ( 1950 's All About Eve , and later 2016 's La La Land , also achieved this distinction ) ; Good Will Hunting and L.A. Confidential came in second with nine apiece . The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23 , 1998 . With eleven awards , Titanic tied with Ben - Hur for the most academy awards in Oscar history . It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenplay nomination since 1965 's The Sound of Music . Best Actress winner Helen Hunt was the first performer to win an Oscar while concurrently starring in a television series ; Jack Nicholson became the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars . Both won for their roles in As Good as it Gets , making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards . Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic , Best Actress nominee Kate Winslet and Best Supporting Actress nominee Gloria Stuart became the first pair of actress nominated for portraying the same character in the same film . At age 87 , Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar . Awards ( edit ) James Cameron , Best Director and Best Film Editor co-winner Jack Nicholson , Best Actor winner Helen Hunt , Best Actress winner Robin Williams , Best Supporting Actor winner Kim Basinger , Best Supporting Actress winner Matt Damon , Best Original Screenplay co-winner Ben Affleck , Best Original Screenplay co-winner Curtis Hanson , Best Adapted Screenplay co-winner James Horner , Best Original Song co-winner Jan Pinkava , Best Animated Short Film winner Winners are listed first , highlighted in boldface , and indicated with a double dagger ( ) . Best Picture Titanic -- James Cameron and Jon Landau , producers As Good as It Gets -- James L. Brooks , Bridgit Johnson and Kristi Zea , producers The Full Monty -- Uberto Pasolini , producer Good Will Hunting -- Lawrence Bender , producer L.A. Confidential -- Arnon Milchan , Curtis Hanson and Michael Nathanson , producers Best Director James Cameron -- Titanic Peter Cattaneo -- The Full Monty Gus Van Sant -- Good Will Hunting Curtis Hanson -- L.A. Confidential Atom Egoyan -- The Sweet Hereafter Best Actor Jack Nicholson -- As Good as It Gets as Melvin Udall Matt Damon -- Good Will Hunting as Will Hunting Robert Duvall -- The Apostle as Euliss `` Sonny '' Dewey , a.k.a. `` The Apostle E.F. '' Peter Fonda -- Ulee 's Gold as Ulysses `` Ulee '' Jackson Dustin Hoffman -- Wag the Dog as Stanley Motss Best Actress Helen Hunt -- As Good as It Gets as Carol Connelly Helena Bonham Carter -- The Wings of the Dove as Kate Croy Julie Christie -- Afterglow as Phyllis Mann Judi Dench -- Mrs Brown as Queen Victoria Kate Winslet -- Titanic as Rose DeWitt Bukater Best Supporting Actor Robin Williams -- Good Will Hunting as Dr. Sean Maguire Robert Forster -- Jackie Brown as Max Cherry Anthony Hopkins -- Amistad as John Quincy Adams Greg Kinnear -- As Good as It Gets as Simon Bishop Burt Reynolds -- Boogie Nights as Jack Horner Best Supporting Actress Kim Basinger -- L.A. Confidential as Lynn Bracken Joan Cusack -- In & Out as Emily Montgomery Minnie Driver -- Good Will Hunting as Skylar Julianne Moore -- Boogie Nights as Amber Waves / Maggie Gloria Stuart -- Titanic as Rose Dawson Calvert Best Original Screenplay / Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen Good Will Hunting -- Matt Damon and Ben Affleck As Good as It Gets -- Mark Andrus and James L. Brooks Boogie Nights -- Paul Thomas Anderson Deconstructing Harry -- Woody Allen The Full Monty -- Simon Beaufoy Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published L.A. Confidential -- Brian Helgeland and Curtis Hanson from the novel by James Ellroy Donnie Brasco -- Paul Attanasio based on the book Donnie Brasco : My Undercover Life in the Mafia by Joseph D. Pistone with Richard Woodley The Sweet Hereafter -- Atom Egoyan adapted from the novel by Russell Banks Wag the Dog -- David Mamet and Hilary Henkin from the novel American Hero by Larry Beinhart The Wings of the Dove -- Hossein Amini adapted from the novel by Henry James Best Foreign Language Film Karakter ( Netherlands ) in Dutch -- Mike van Diem Beyond Silence ( Germany ) in German -- Caroline Link Four Days in September ( Brazil ) in Portuguese -- Bruno Barreto Secrets of the Heart ( Spain ) in Spanish -- Montxo Armendáriz The Thief ( Russia ) in Russian -- Pavel Chukhray Best Documentary Feature The Long Way Home -- Rabbi Marvin Hier and Richard Trank 4 Little Girls -- Spike Lee and Sam Pollard Ayn Rand : A Sense of Life -- Michael Paxton Colors Straight Up -- Michèle Ohayon and Julia Schachter Waco : The Rules of Engagement -- Dan Gifford and William Gazecki Best Documentary Short Subject A Story of Healing -- Donna Dewey and Carol Pasternak Alaska : Spirit of the Wild -- George Casey and Paul Novros Amazon -- Kieth Merrill and Jonathan Stern Family Video Diaries : Daughter of the Bride -- Terri Randall Still Kicking : The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies -- Mel Damski and Andrea Blaugrund Best Live Action Short Film Visas and Virtue -- Chris Tashima and Chris Donahue Dance Lexie Dance -- Tim Loane It 's Good to Talk -- Roger Goldby and Barney Reisz . Sweethearts ? -- Birger Larsen and Thomas Lydholm Wolfgang -- Anders Thomas Jensen and Kim Magnusson Best Animated Short Film Geri 's Game -- Jan Pinkava Famous Fred -- Joanna Quinn The Old Lady and the Pigeons -- Sylvain Chomet Redux Riding Hood -- Steve Moore and Dan O'Shannon Rusalka -- Alexander Petrov Best Original Dramatic Score Titanic -- James Horner Amistad -- John Williams Good Will Hunting -- Danny Elfman Kundun -- Philip Glass L.A. Confidential -- Jerry Goldsmith Best Original Musical or Comedy Score The Full Monty -- Anne Dudley Anastasia -- Music by Stephen Flaherty ; Lyrics by Lynn Ahrens ; Orchestral score by David Newman As Good as It Gets -- Hans Zimmer Men in Black -- Danny Elfman My Best Friend 's Wedding -- James Newton Howard Best Original Song `` My Heart Will Go On '' from Titanic -- Music by James Horner ; Lyrics by Will Jennings `` Go the Distance '' from Hercules -- Music by Alan Menken ; Lyrics by David Zippel `` Journey to the Past '' from Anastasia -- Music by Stephen Flaherty ; Lyrics by Lynn Ahrens `` How Do I Live '' from Con Air -- Music and Lyrics by Diane Warren `` Miss Misery '' from Good Will Hunting -- Music and Lyrics by Elliott Smith Best Sound Titanic -- Gary Rydstrom , Tom Johnson , Gary Summers and Mark Ulano Air Force One -- Paul Massey , Rick Kline , Doug Hemphill and Keith A. Wester Con Air -- Kevin O'Connell , Greg P. Russell and Art Rochester Contact -- Randy Thom , Tom Johnson , Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan L.A. Confidential -- Andy Nelson , Anna Behlmer and Kirk Francis Best Sound Effects Editing Titanic -- Tom Bellfort and Christopher Boyes Face / Off -- Mark Stoeckinger and Per Hallberg The Fifth Element -- Mark Mangini Best Art Direction Titanic -- Art Direction : Peter Lamont ; Set Decoration : Michael D. Ford Gattaca -- Art Direction : Jan Roelfs ; Set Decoration : Nancy Nye Kundun -- Art Direction : Dante Ferretti ; Set Decoration : Francesca Lo Schiavo L.A. Confidential -- Art Direction : Jeannine Oppewall ; Set Decoration : Jay Hart Men in Black -- Art Direction : Bo Welch ; Set Decoration : Cheryl Carasik Best Makeup Men in Black -- Rick Baker and David LeRoy Anderson Mrs Brown -- Lisa Westcott , Veronica Brebner and Beverley Binda Titanic -- Tina Earnshaw , Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson Best Costume Design Titanic -- Deborah Lynn Scott Amistad -- Ruth E. Carter Kundun -- Dante Ferretti Oscar and Lucinda -- Janet Patterson The Wings of the Dove -- Sandy Powell Best Cinematography Titanic -- Russell Carpenter Amistad -- Janusz Kamiński Kundun -- Roger Deakins L.A. Confidential -- Dante Spinotti The Wings of the Dove -- Eduardo Serra Best Film Editing Titanic -- Conrad Buff , James Cameron and Richard A. Harris Air Force One -- Richard Francis - Bruce As Good as It Gets -- Richard Marks Good Will Hunting -- Pietro Scalia L.A. Confidential -- Peter Honess Best Visual Effects Titanic -- Robert Legato , Mark A. Lasoff , Thomas L. Fisher and Michael Kanfer The Lost World : Jurassic Park -- Dennis Muren , Stan Winston , Randal M. Dutra and Michael Lantieri Starship Troopers -- Phil Tippett , Scott E. Anderson , Alec Gillis and John Richardson Academy Honorary Award ( edit ) Stanley Donen Multiple nominations and awards ( edit ) The following 16 films received multiple nominations : Nominations Film 14 Titanic 9 Good Will Hunting L.A. Confidential 7 As Good as It Gets Amistad The Full Monty Kundun The Wings of the Dove Boogie Nights Men in Black Air Force One Anastasia Con Air Mrs Brown The Sweet Hereafter Wag the Dog The following four films received multiple awards : Awards Film 11 Titanic As Good as It Gets Good Will Hunting L.A. Confidential Presenters and performers ( edit ) The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers . Presenters ( edit ) Name ( s ) Role Rose , Norman Norman Rose Announcer for the 70th annual Academy Awards Rehme , Robert Robert Rehme ( AMPAS President ) Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony Gooding , Jr. , Cuba Cuba Gooding , Jr . Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress Shue , Elisabeth Elisabeth Shue Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design Hoffman , Dustin Dustin Hoffman Presenter of the 70 years of Best Picture winners montage Campbell , Neve Neve Campbell Presenter of the performances of Best Song nominees `` Journey to the Past '' and `` Go the Distance '' Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger Presenter of the film Titanic on the Best Picture segment Sorvino , Mira Mira Sorvino Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor Diaz , Cameron Cameron Diaz Presenter of the award for Best Sound Myers , Mike Mike Myers Presenter of the award for Sound Effects Editing Weaver , Sigourney Sigourney Weaver Presenter of the film As Good as It Gets on the Best Picture segment Hunt , Helen Helen Hunt Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects Wray , Fay Fay Wray Introducer of presenters Ben Affleck and Matt Damon Affleck , Ben Ben Affleck and Matt Damon Presenters of the awards for Best Live Action Short Film and Best Animated Short Film Rush , Geoffrey Geoffrey Rush Presenter of the award for Best Actress Banderas , Antonio Antonio Banderas Presenter of the award for Best Original Dramatic Score Lopez , Jennifer Jennifer Lopez Introducer of the special dance number to the tune of the nominees for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and presenter of the award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score Barrymore , Drew Drew Barrymore Presenter of the award for Best Makeup Baldwin , Alec Alec Baldwin Presenter of the film L.A. Confidential on the Best Picture segment Jackson , Samuel L. Samuel L. Jackson Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing Judd , Ashley Ashley Judd Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award Scorsese , Martin Martin Scorsese Presenter of the Honorary Academy Award to Stanley Donen Dillon , Matt Matt Dillon Presenter of the film Good Will Hunting on the Best Picture segment Madonna Madonna Introducer of the performances of Best Song nominees `` How Do I Live '' , `` Miss Misery '' and `` My Heart Will Go On '' and presenter of the award for Best Original Song Hounsou , Djimon Djimon Hounsou Presenter of the Best Documentary Short De Niro , Robert Robert De Niro Presenter of the Best Documentary Feature Goldberg , Whoopi Whoopi Goldberg Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute Ryan , Meg Meg Ryan Presenter of the award for Best Art Direction Williams , Robin Robin Williams Presenter of the 70 Years of Oscars montage McDormand , Frances Frances McDormand Presenter of the award for Best Actor Stone , Sharon Sharon Stone Presenter of the award for Best Foreign Language Film Lemmon , Jack Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau Presenters of the awards for Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published and Best Original Screenplay / Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen Washington , Denzel Denzel Washington Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography Sarandon , Susan Susan Sarandon Presenter of the Oscar Family Album segment Davis , Geena Geena Davis Presenter of the film The Full Monty on the Best Picture segment Beatty , Warren Warren Beatty Presenter of the award for Best Director Connery , Sean Sean Connery Presenter of the award for Best Picture Performers ( edit ) Name ( s ) Role Performed Jerry Goldsmith Composer `` Fanfare for Oscar '' Bill Conti Musical Arranger Orchestral Billy Crystal Host Opening number : Titanic ( to the tune of `` The Ballad of Gilligan 's Isle '' from Gilligan 's Island ) , As Good As It Gets ( to the tune of `` Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off '' from Shall We Dance ) , Good Will Hunting ( to the tune of `` Night and Day '' from The Gay Divorcee ) , L.A. Confidential ( to the tune of `` Fascinating Rhythm '' by George Gershwin ) and The Full Monty ( to the tune `` Hello , Dolly ! '' from Hello , Dolly ! ) Michael Bolton Performer `` Go the Distance '' from Hercules Aaliyah Performer `` Journey to the Past '' from Anastasia Trisha Yearwood Performer `` How Do I Live '' from Con Air Elliott Smith Performer `` Miss Misery '' from Good Will Hunting Celine Dion Performer `` My Heart Will Go On '' from Titanic Ceremony information ( edit ) Billy Crystal hosted the 70th Academy Awards . In December 1997 , the Academy hired veteran Oscar telecast producer Gil Cates to oversee the 1998 ceremony . `` Gil has become the consummate Oscar show producer , consistently garnering top television ratings for the telecast , '' said AMPAS president Robert Rehme in a press release announcing the selection . `` His shows are full of wit , charm and surprise . '' A few days later , actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast . Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying , `` Billy 's performance last year was spectacular . There is nobody like him . '' In an article published in USA Today he initially requested to Cates and AMPAS five months after the previous year 's ceremony that he would like to take a break from hosting duties . However , pressure from the Academy , Cates , and several friends and family members made him reconsider his decision . His sixth stint would make him second only to Bob Hope in number of ceremonies hosted . To commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the Academy Awards , 70 actors who have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar 's Family Album . Each former winner was acknowledged by announcer Norman Rose with the films he or she won for . At the end of the segment newly minted winners Kim Bassinger , Helen Hunt , and Robin Williams joined them . This marked the largest gathering of former winners since the 50th ceremony held in 1978 . Several others participated in the production of the ceremony . Bill Conti served as musical director for the telecast . Dancer Daniel Ezralow choreographed a dance number showcasing the nominees for Best Original Comedy or Musical Score . Bart the Bear made a surprise appearance during the presentation of the Best Sound Effects Editing award with Mike Myers . Box office performance of nominees ( edit ) At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10 , the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film . Titanic was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts . The film was followed by As Good as It Gets ( $92.6 million ) , Good Will Hunting ( $68.9 million ) , L.A. Confidential ( $39.7 million ) , and finally The Full Monty ( $38.7 million ) . Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year , 40 nominations went to 15 films on the list . Only Titanic ( 1st ) , As Good as It Gets ( 16th ) , Good Will Hunting ( 20th ) , and In & Out ( 24th ) were nominated for directing , acting , screenwriting , or Best Picture . The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Men in Black ( 2nd ) , The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 3rd ) , Air Force One ( 5th ) , My Best Friends Wedding ( 7th ) , Face / Off ( 9th ) , Con Air ( 12th ) , Contact ( 13th ) , Hercules ( 14th ) , The Fifth Element ( 25th ) , Anastasia ( 30th ) , and Starship Troopers ( 34th ) . Critical response ( edit ) The show received a positive reception from most media publications . Television critic Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times lauded Crystal 's performance writing that he `` would earn top billing as that unusual comedian as artful at doing musical comedy as jokes . '' San Francisco Chronicle columnist John Carman raved , `` It was the best Oscar show in two decades . '' He also gave high marks for the host , commenting , `` But last night , Crystal was back in razor form . '' The Seattle Times television editor Kay McFadden praised Crystal commenting that `` he possesses nearly impeccable timing and judgment . '' In addition , she noted that while the ceremony dragged on , `` Last night was one of television 's smartest live ceremonies in recent memory . '' Some media outlets were more critical of the show . Ray Richmond of Variety complained that the ceremony proved to be a `` Yawner of an Oscarcast . '' He added that Crystal 's `` off - the - cuff one - liners sank faster than the great ship herself . '' Boston Globe television critic Matthew Gilbert bemoaned , `` There was hardly a spontaneous moment during last night 's Oscarcast . '' Film critic Carrie Rickey from The Philadelphia Inquirer lamented that the inevitable Titanic sweep `` sank a telecast loaded with montages of previous years ' Oscar highlights . '' Ratings and reception ( edit ) The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 57.25 million people over its length , which was a 29 % increase from the previous year 's ceremony . An estimated 87.50 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards . The show also earned higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 35.32 % of households watching over a 55.77 share . In addition , it garnered a higher 18 -- 49 demo rating with a 24.90 rating over a 44.30 share among viewers in that demographic . It was , and remains to date , the highest viewership for an Academy Award telecast since figures were compiled beginning with the 46th ceremony in 1974 . In July 1998 , the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the 50th Primetime Emmys . Two months later , the ceremony won five of those nominations for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ( Billy Crystal ) , Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program ( Louis J Horvitz ) , Outstanding Lighting Direction ( Electronic ) for a Drama Series , Variety Series , Miniseries , or Movie ( Bob Barnhart , Robert Dickinson , Matt Ford , Andy O'Reilly ) , Outstanding Music Direction ( Bill Conti ) , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special ( Patrick Baltzell , Robert Douglass , Edward J. Greene , Tommy Vicari ) . In Memoriam ( edit ) The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actress Whoopi Goldberg . The montage featured an excerpt of `` Appassionata '' from The Passage composed by Michael J. Lewis . Lloyd Bridges Richard Jaeckel Saul Chaplin Stanley Cortez William Hickey Paul Jarrico Dorothy Kingsley Sydney Guilaroff William H. Reynolds Billie Dove Jacques Cousteau Stubby Kaye Red Skelton Dawn Steel Toshiro Mifune Brian Keith Chris Farley Leo Jaffe Samuel Fuller Burgess Meredith J.T. Walsh Robert Mitchum James Stewart See also ( edit ) Academy Award portal Film portal Los Angeles portal 4th Screen Actors Guild Awards 18th Golden Raspberry Awards 40th Grammy Awards 50th Primetime Emmy Awards 51st British Academy Film Awards 52nd Tony Awards 55th Golden Globe Awards List of submissions to the 70th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , p. 337 Jump up ^ Snow , Shauna ( December 12 , 1997 ) . `` Arts and entertainment reports from The Times , national and international news services and the nation 's press . '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Horvitz to helm Academy broadcast '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . January 8 , 1998 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal set for sixth Oscar stint '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . December 21 , 1997 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( December 20 , 1997 ) . `` Arts and entertainment reports from The Times , national and international news services and the nation 's press . '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judd named presenter at 70th Oscars '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . February 20 , 1998 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harden , Mark ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Epic film sails away with Oscar boatload '' . The Denver Post . MediaNews Group . p . A-01 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Ties Record With 11 Oscars , Including Best Picture '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanton , Julian ( January 27 , 2010 ) . `` Could Avatar Boost Oscar Ratings to Record Heights ? '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Titanic ' cruises into Oscars lead '' . CNN . Time Warner . February 10 , 1998 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 10 , 1998 ) . `` Oscar hopefuls '' Titanic ' ties a record ; DiCaprio misses boat `` . The Denver Post . MediaNews Group . p. F - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ` Titanic ' lands 14 Oscar nominations ; ties 1950 record '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Tribune Publishing . February 11 , 1998 . p . A-3 . Jump up ^ Goldsten , Patrick ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Snags 11 , Ties for Record '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guthmann , Edward ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Rides an Oscar Tidal Wave / But Hunt and Nicholson take the top acting awards '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` 1997 Academy Awards Winners and History '' . Filmsite . AMC Networks . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Glaister , Dan ( March 25 , 1998 ) . `` Titanic sinks British Oscar hopes '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Symons 2004 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , p. 396 Jump up ^ Germain , David ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Gloria Stuart , ' Titanic ' co-star , dies at 100 '' . The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times Company . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 397 Jump up ^ `` The 70th Academy Awards ( 1998 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . AMPAS . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( March 25 , 1998 ) . `` Stanley Donen : Just Dancin ' and Singin ' of His Reign '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of Presenters '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . March 20 , 1998 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 168 ^ Jump up to : Hindes , Andrew ( December 11 , 1997 ) . `` And Cates makes eight '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` News Lite Veteran DJ Will End Storied Career '' . Los Angeles Daily News . MediaNews Group . December 20 , 1997 . p . N2 . Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Pond 2005 , pp. 185 -- 186 Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , p. 177 Jump up ^ `` Conti named musical director of 70th Academy Awards '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . January 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond 2005 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Pond 2005 , p. 168 ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Crystal Persuasion '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carman , John ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Oscar Polishes Up His Image / Crystal clearly a winner for best show in decades '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Kay ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Ceremony Shapes Up As A Night To Remember '' . The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times Company . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( March 23 , 1998 ) . `` Review : ' The 70th Annual Academy Awards ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` Telecast Sinks Under TIred Bits , Little Spark '' . Boston Globe . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carey ( March 24 , 1998 ) . `` ` Titanic ' Ties Record With 11 Oscars ; ` Good As It Gets ' Takes Acting Honors '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia Media Network . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Strikes Gold With the Oscars '' . Adweek . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pond 2005 , p. 187 ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards ratings '' ( PDF ) . Television Bureau of Advertising . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` Academy Awards Averages 41.3 Million Viewers ; Most Since 2005 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Award database '' . Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . ATAS . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Emmy Winners Announced on Saturday '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . August 31 , 1998 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Emmy Winners '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . September 15 , 1998 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bona 2002 , pp. 173 -- 174 Bibliography ( edit ) Bona , Damien ( 2002 ) , Inside Oscar 2 , New York , United States : Ballantine Books , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44970 - 3 Osborne , Robert ( 2008 ) . 80 Years of the Oscar : The Complete History of the Academy Awards . New York , United States : Abbeville Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0992 - 6 . Pond , Steve ( 2005 ) , The Big Show : High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards , New York , United States : Faber and Faber , ISBN 0 - 571 - 21193 - 3 Symons , Mitchell ( 2004 ) , That Book ... of Perfectly Useless Information , New York , United States : HarperCollins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 073254 - 7 External links ( edit ) Official websites Academy Awards Official website The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website Oscar 's Channel at YouTube ( run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ) Analysis 1997 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite Academy Awards , USA : 1998 Internet Movie Database Other resources The 70th Annual Academy Awards on IMDb ( hide ) Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Original Musical Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject , Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Special Achievement Academy Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=70th_Academy_Awards&oldid=803903306 '' Categories : 1997 film awards 1998 in American cinema Academy Awards ceremonies 1998 in Los Angeles March 1998 events Hidden categories : Featured lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 12 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who won the oscar for best actor when titanic was nominated


Five - spice powder - wikipedia Five - spice powder Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about Chinese five - spice mixture . For Bengali five - spice mixture , see Panch phoron . Five - spice powder Chinese 五香 粉 Literal meaning `` five - spice powder '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin wǔ xiāng fěn IPA ( ù ɕjáŋ fə̀n ) Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization ńgh hēung fán Jyutping ng5 hoeng1 fan2 Southern Min Hokkien POJ ngó͘ - hiong - hún Five - spice powder Five - spice powder is a spice mixture of five or more spices used primarily in Chinese cuisine but also used in other Asian and Arabic cookery . Five - spice powder is used for cocktails as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recipe 2 Use 3 See also 4 References Recipe ( edit ) While there are many variants , a common mix is : Star anise ( bajiao 八角 ) Cloves ( dingxiang 丁香 ) Chinese cinnamon ( rougui 肉桂 ) Sichuan pepper ( huajiao 花椒 ) Fennel seeds ( xiao huixiang 小 茴香 ) Other recipes may contain anise seed , ginger root , nutmeg , turmeric , Amomum villosum pods ( 砂 仁 ) , Amomum cardamomum pods ( 白 豆蔻 ) , licorice , Mandarin orange peel or galangal . In Southern China , Cinnamomum loureiroi and Mandarin orange peel are commonly used as substitutes for Cinnamomum cassia and cloves respectively , producing a slightly different flavour profile for southern five - spice powders . Use ( edit ) Five spice may be used with fatty meats such as pork , duck or goose . It is used as a spice rub for chicken , duck , pork and seafood , in red cooking recipes , or added to the breading for fried foods . Five spice is used in recipes for Cantonese roasted duck , as well as beef stew . It is used as a marinade for Vietnamese broiled chicken . The five - spice powder mixture has followed the Chinese diaspora and has been incorporated into other national cuisines throughout Asia . Although this mixture is used in restaurant cooking , few Chinese households use it in day - to - day cooking . In Hawaii , some restaurants place a shaker of the spice on each patron 's table . A seasoned salt can be easily made by dry - roasting common salt with five - spice powder under low heat in a dry pan until the spice and salt are well mixed . See also ( edit ) Food portal China portal List of culinary herbs and spices Ngo gai Ngo hiang Panch phoron References ( edit ) Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Five Spice Powder Jump up ^ `` High Five : Chinese Five Spice Powder '' . Foodreference.com. 2009 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Chinese Five Spice at The Epicentre Culinary herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil holy Thai Bay leaf Indian bay leaf ( tejpat ) Boldo Borage Chervil Chives garlic / Chinese Cicely Coriander leaf / Cilantro Bolivian Vietnamese ( rau răm ) Culantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Epazote Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata ( giấp cá ) Hyssop Jimbu Kinh gioi ( Vietnamese balm ) Kkaennip Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon myrtle Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica ( rice - paddy herb ) Lovage Marjoram Mint Mugwort Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sanshō leaf Shiso Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Woodruff Spices Aonori ( ground seaweed ) Ajwain Allspice Amchoor ( mango powder ) Anise star Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom black Cassia Celery powder Celery seed Charoli Chenpi Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Nigella sativa Bunium persicum Deulkkae Dill / Dill seed Fennel Fenugreek blue Fingerroot ( krachai ) Galangal greater lesser Garlic Ginger Aromatic ginger ( kencur ) Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Kokum Korarima Dried lime Liquorice Litsea cubeba Mace Mango - ginger Mastic Mahleb Mustard black brown white Nigella ( kalonji ) Njangsa Nutmeg Pomegranate seed ( anardana ) Poppy seed Radhuni Rose Saffron Salt Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Shiso seeds / berries Sumac Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Uzazi Vanilla Voatsiperifery Wasabi Yuzu zest Zedoary Zereshk Zest Peppers Alligator Brazilian Chili Cayenne Paprika Long Peruvian Sichuan ( huājiāo ) Japanese pricklyash Tasmanian Peppercorn ( black / green / white ) Mixtures Adjika Advieh Baharat Beau monde seasoning Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Cinnamon sugar Crab boil Curry powder Doubanjiang Douchi Duqqa Fines herbes Five - spice powder Garam masala Garlic powder Garlic salt Gochujang Harissa Hawaij Herbes de Provence Idli podi Jamaican jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Mitmita Mixed spice Montreal steak seasoning Mulling spices Old Bay Seasoning Onion powder Panch phoron Persillade Powder - douce Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Vadouvan Yuzukoshō Za'atar Lists and related topics Lists of herbs and spices Culinary Australian Bangladeshi Indian Pakistani Related topics Chinese herbology Herbal tea Marination Spice rub Cantonese cuisine Main dishes Bao yu Bird 's nest soup Buddha 's delight Cantonese seafood soup Chinese steamed eggs Congee Crispy fried chicken Dragon tiger phoenix Egg foo young Hot pot Lemon chicken Pork Knuckles and Ginger Stew Seafood birdsnest Shark fin soup Snake bite chicken Soy sauce chicken Steam minced pork Subgum Suckling pig Sweet and sour pork White boiled shrimp White cut chicken Wonton noodles Yangzhou fried rice Dim sum and yum cha Annin tofu Beef tripe Cha siu bao Chicken feet Coconut bar Har gow Jian dui Jiaozi Lo mai gai Nian gao Ox - tongue pastry Rice noodle roll Shumai Spring roll Steamed meatball Swiss wing Taro cake Taro dumpling Tendon Tofu skin roll Turnip cake Water chestnut cake Yau gok Youtiao Zhaliang Siu laap Char siu Chinese sausage Lou mei Orange cuttlefish Roast goose Siu mei Siu yuk White cut chicken Desserts and pastry Almond biscuit Biscuit roll Deuk Deuk Tong Douhua Ginger milk curd Lo mai chi Mooncake Red bean cake Red bean soup Sausage bun Tong sui White sugar sponge cake Condiments and spices Fermented bean curd Five - spice powder XO sauce Ingredients Beef ball Black bean paste Chenpi Conpoy Fermented black beans Fish ball Fish slice Frog legs Garland chrysanthemum Kai - lan Mantis shrimp Ong choy Pig blood curd Pig 's ear Prawn ball Rapeseed Saang mein Sea cucumber Shahe fen Shrimp roe noodles Spare ribs Suan cai Tofu skin Wonton Yi mein Youmian Zha cai Others Chinese herb tea Dried shredded squid Cantonese restaurant Beijing cuisine Shanghai cuisine Hong Kong cuisine Macanese cuisine Chinese cuisine History of Chinese cuisine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five-spice_powder&oldid=813162983 '' Categories : Cantonese cuisine Hawaiian cuisine Herb and spice mixtures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Chinese - language text Pages using div col with small parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 04 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: what are the spices in chinese 5 spice powder