Butler - wikipedia Butler Jump to : navigation , search `` Butlers '' redirects here . For other uses , see Butler ( disambiguation ) . A butler in the White House Butler 's Pantry . A butler is a domestic worker in a large household . In great houses , the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room , wine cellar , and pantry . Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor , and housekeepers caring for the entire house and its appearance . A butler is usually male , and in charge of male servants , while a housekeeper is usually a woman , and in charge of female servants . Traditionally , male servants ( such as footmen ) were rarer and therefore better paid and of higher status than female servants . The butler , as the senior male servant , has the highest servant status . He can also be sometimes used as a chauffeur . In older houses where the butler is the most senior worker , titles such as majordomo , butler administrator , house manager , manservant , staff manager , chief of staff , staff captain , estate manager and head of household staff are sometimes given . The precise duties of the employee will vary to some extent in line with the title given , but perhaps , more importantly in line with the requirements of the individual employer . In the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence , there is sometimes an estate manager of higher rank than the butler . The butler also served drinks or post to the people of the house . The butler can also be served by a head footman or footboy called the under - butler . The butler was also the senior steward in a lascar ship 's crew . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Origin and history 2.1 Ancient through medieval eras 2.2 Elizabethan through Victorian eras 2.3 Butlers in early United States 2.4 The modern butler 3 Training 4 Gender and butlering 5 Historically important butlers 6 In visual art 7 In fiction 7.1 Examples 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) The word `` butler '' comes from Anglo - Norman buteler , variant form of Old Norman * butelier , corresponding to Old French botellier `` officer in charge of the king 's wine bottles '' , derived of boteille `` bottle '' , Modern French bouteille , itself from Gallo - Romance BUTICULA `` bottle '' . The role of the butler , for centuries , has been that of the chief steward of a household , the attendant entrusted with the care and serving of wine and other bottled beverages which in ancient times might have represented a considerable portion of the household 's assets . In Britain , the butler was originally a middle - ranking member of the staff of a grand household . In the 17th and 18th centuries , the butler gradually became the senior , usually male , member of a household 's staff in the very grandest households . However , there was sometimes a steward who ran the outside estate and financial affairs , rather than just the household , and who was senior to the butler in social status into the 19th century . Butlers used always to be attired in a special uniform , distinct from the livery of junior servants , but today a butler is more likely to wear a business suit or business casual clothing and appear in uniform only on special occasions . A silverman or silver butler has expertise and professional knowledge of the management , secure storage , use and cleaning of all silverware , associated tableware and other paraphernalia for use at military and other special functions . Origin and History ( edit ) A slave in charge of wine in ancient Rome . The modern role of the butler has evolved from earlier roles that were generally concerned with the care and serving of alcoholic beverages . Ancient through Medieval eras ( edit ) From ancient through medieval times , alcoholic beverages were chiefly stored first in earthenware vessels , then later in wooden barrels , rather than in glass bottles ; these containers would have been an important part of a household 's possessions . The care of these assets was therefore generally reserved for trusted slaves , although the job could also go to free persons because of heredity - based class lines or the inheritance of trades . The biblical book of Genesis contains a reference to a role precursive to modern butlers . The early Hebrew Joseph interpreted a dream of Pharaoh 's שקה ( shaqah ) ( literally `` to give to drink '' ) , which is most often translated into English as `` chief butler '' or `` chief cup - bearer '' . In ancient Greece and Rome , it was nearly always slaves who were charged with the care and service of wine , while during the Medieval Era the pincerna filled the role within the noble court . The English word `` butler '' itself comes from the Middle English word bo ( u ) teler ( and several other forms ) , from Anglo - Norman buteler , itself from Old Norman butelier , corresponding to Old French botellier ( `` bottle bearer '' ) , Modern French bouteiller , and before that from Medieval Latin butticula . The modern English `` butler '' thus relates both to bottles and casks . A pincerna depicted in service to a noble court during the Medieval Era . Eventually the European butler emerged as a middle - ranking member of the servants of a great house , in charge of the buttery ( originally a storeroom for `` butts '' of liquor , although the term later came to mean a general storeroom or pantry ) . While this is so for household butlers , those with the same title but in service to the Crown enjoyed a position of administrative power and were only minimally involved with various stores . In a large house , the butler ( centre - left ) is traditionally head over a full array of household servants . This is the servant staff at the Stonehouse Hill of Massachusetts , the estate of Frederick Lothrop Ames , 1914 . Elizabethan through Victorian eras ( edit ) The Steward of the Elizabethan era was more akin to the butler that later emerged . Gradually , throughout the 19th century and particularly the Victorian era , as the number of butlers and other domestic servants greatly increased in various countries , the butler became a senior male servant of a household 's staff . By this time he was in charge of the more modern wine cellar , the `` buttery '' or pantry ( from French pan from Latin panis , bread ) as it came to be called , which supplied bread , butter , cheese , and other basic provisions , and the ewery , which contained napkins and basins for washing and shaving . In the very grandest households there was sometimes an Estate Steward or other senior steward who oversaw the butler and his duties . Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management , a manual published in Britain in 1861 , reported : The number of the male domestics in a family varies according to the wealth and position of the master , from the owner of the ducal mansion , with a retinue of attendants , at the head of which is the chamberlain and house - steward , to the occupier of the humbler house , where a single footman , or even the odd man - of - all - work , is the only male retainer . The majority of gentlemen 's establishments probably comprise a servant out of livery , or butler , a footman , and coachman , or coachman and groom , where the horses exceed two or three . Glanusk Park in Powys , U.K. , in 1891 . The residence had 17 servants in residence . The largest stately houses could have 40 or more . Butlers were head of a strict service hierarchy and therein held a position of power and respect . They were more managerial than `` hands on '' -- more so than serving , they officiated in service . For example , although the butler was at the door to greet and announce the arrival of a formal guest , the door was actually opened by a footman , who would receive the guest 's hat and coat . Even though the butler helped his employer into his coat , this had been handed to him by a footman . However , even the highest - ranking butler would `` pitch in '' when necessary , such as during a staff shortage , to ensure that the household ran smoothly , although some evidence suggests this was so even during normal times . The household itself was generally divided into areas of responsibility . The butler was in charge of the dining room , the wine cellar , pantry , and sometimes the entire main floor . Directly under the butler was the first footman ( or head footman ) , although there could also be a deputy butler or under - butler who would fill in as butler during the butler 's illness or absence . The footman -- there were frequently numerous young men in the role within a household -- performed a range of duties including serving meals , attending doors , carrying or moving heavy items , and they often doubled as valets . Valets themselves performed a variety of personal duties for their employer . Butlers engaged and directed all these junior staff and each reported directly to him . The housekeeper was in charge of the house as a whole and its appearance . In a household without an official head housekeeper , female servants and kitchen staff were also directly under the butler 's management , while in smaller households , the butler usually doubled as valet . Employers and their children and guests addressed the butler ( and under - butler , if there was one ) by last name alone ; fellow servants , retainers , and tradespersons as `` Mr. ( Surname ) '' . Butlers were typically hired by the master of the house but usually reported to its lady . Beeton in her manual suggested a GBP 25 -- 50 ( USD 2,675 -- 5,350 ) per - year salary for butlers ; room and board and livery clothing were additional benefits , and tipping known as vails , were common . The few butlers who were married had to make separate housing arrangements for their families , as did all other servants within the hierarchy . Butlers in early United states ( edit ) Robert Roberts 's The House Servant 's Directory , 1827 . From the beginning of slavery in the United States , in the early 17th century , African Americans were put to task as domestic servants . Some eventually became butlers . Gary Puckrein , a social historian , argues that those used in particularly affluent homes authentically internalised the sorts of `` refined '' norms and personal attributes that would reflect highly upon the social stature of their masters or mistresses . One of the first books written and published through a commercial U.S. publisher by an African American was by a butler named Robert Roberts . The book , The House Servant 's Directory , first published in 1827 , is essentially a manual for butlers and waiters , and is called by Puckrein `` the most remarkable book by an African American in antebellum United States '' . The book generated such interest that a second edition was published in 1828 , and a third in 1843 . European indentured servants formed a corps of domestic workers from which butlers were eventually drawn . Although not the victims of institutionalised slavery , many of them had not volunteered for domestic service , but were forced into it by indebtedness or coercion . As with African American slaves , they could rise in domestic service , and their happiness or misery depended greatly on the disposition of their masters . The modern butler ( edit ) Beginning around the early 1920s ( following World War I ) , employment in domestic service occupations began a sharp overall decline in western European countries , and even more markedly in the United States . Even so , there were still around 30,000 butlers employed in Britain by World War II . As few as one hundred were estimated to remain by the mid-1980s . Social historian Barry Higman argues that a high number of domestic workers within a society correlates with a high level of socio - economic inequality . Conversely , as a society undergoes levelling among its social classes , the number employed in domestic service declines . Following varied shifts and changes accompanying accelerated globalisation beginning in the late 1980s , overall global demand for butlers since the turn of the millennium has risen dramatically . According to Charles MacPherson , President of Charles MacPherson Associates and owner of The Charles MacPherson Academy for Butlers and Household Managers , the proximate cause is that the number of millionaires and billionaires has increased in recent years , and such people are finding that they desire assistance in managing their households . MacPherson emphasises that the number of wealthy people in China has increased particularly , creating in that country a high demand for professional butlers who have been trained in the European butlering tradition . There is also increasing demand for such butlers in other Asian countries , India , and the petroleum - rich Middle East . Higman additionally argues that the inequality / equality levels of societies are a major determinant of the nature of the domestic servant / employer relationship . As the 21st century approached , many butlers began carrying out an increasing number of duties formerly reserved for more junior household servants . Butlers today may be called upon to do whatever household and personal duties their employers deem fitting , in the goal of freeing their employers to carry out their own personal and professional affairs . Professional butler and author Steven M. Ferry states that the image of tray - wielding butlers who specialise in serving tables and decanting wine is now anachronistic , and that employers may well be more interested in a butler who is capable of managing a full array of household affairs -- from providing the traditional dinner service , to acting as valet , to managing high - tech systems and multiple homes with complexes of staff . While in truly grand houses the modern butler may still function exclusively as a top - ranked household affairs manager , in lesser homes , such as those of dual - income middle - class professionals , they perform a full array of household and personal assistant duties , including mundane housekeeping . Butlers today may also be situated within corporate settings , embassies , cruise ships , yachts , or within their own small `` Rent - a-Butler '' business or similar agency . Along with these changes of scope and context , butlering attire has changed . Whereas butlers have traditionally worn a special uniform that separated them from junior servants , and although this is still often the case , butlers today may wear more casual clothing geared for climate , while exchanging it for formal business attire only upon special service occasions . There are cultural distinctions , as well . In the United States , butlers may frequently don a polo shirt and slacks , while in Bali they typically wear sarongs . In 2007 , the number of butlers in Britain had risen to an estimated 5,000 . The period drama , Downton Abbey , has been credited as the reason for a sudden upsurge in the demand for ' properly trained butlers ' . Training ( edit ) Butlers traditionally learned their position while progressing their way up the service ladder . For example , in the documentary The Authenticity of Gosford Park , retired butler Arthur Inch ( born 1915 ) describes starting as a hall boy . While this is still often the case , numerous private butlering schools exist today , such as The British Butler Institute . Additionally , major up - market hotels such as the Ritz - Carlton offer traditional butler training , while some hotels have trained a sort of pseudo-butler for service in defined areas such as `` technology butlers '' , who fix guests ' computers and other electronic devices , and `` bath butlers '' who draw custom baths . Gender and butlering ( edit ) Butlers have traditionally been male , and this remains the norm . Probably the first mention of a female butler is in the 1892 book Interludes being Two Essays , a Story , and Some Verses by Horace Smith . In it Smith quotes a certain Sydney Smith who had apparently run into lean times : A man servant was too expensive , so I caught up a little garden girl , made like a milestone , christened her Bunch , put a napkin in her hand , and made her my butler . The girls taught her to read , Mrs. Sydney to wait , and I undertook her morals . Bunch became the best butler in the country . Today , female butlers are sometimes preferred , especially for work within Middle and Far Eastern families where it may be religiously problematic for men to work closely with women in a household . Western female celebrities may also prefer a female butler , as may households where the wife is driving the decision to hire a butler . In 2004 , Buckingham Palace announced it was actively recruiting women for the position . Despite these trends , the Ivor Spencer School asserts that female butlers are not easily placed , on the whole . The Charles MacPherson Academy for Butlers and Household Managers reports that 40 % of the students admitted into its program are women . The school goes on to report that the labour market still has a preference for male butlers , however , the market is becoming more progressive and increasing numbers of female butlers are being hired . In ancient times , the roles precursive to butlering were reserved for chattel or those confined within heredity - based class structures . With the advent of the medieval era , butlering became an opportunity for social advancement -- even more so during Victorian times . Although still based upon various antecedent roles as manifested during different eras , butlering today has frequently taken over many of the roles formerly reserved for lower - ranking domestic servants . At the same time it has become a potentially lucrative career option . Historically important butlers ( edit ) Eugene Allen , White House butler who served under eight U.S. presidents Grant Harrold butler to Charles , Prince of Wales and etiquette expert , founder of Nicholas Veitch Limited Paul Burrell , butler to Diana , Princess of Wales Ivor Spencer , toastmaster and etiquette specialist , head of the Ivor Spencer International School for Butler Administrators / Personal Assistants and Estate Managers Leslie Bartlett , butler , toastmaster and founder of The London School of British Butlers Alonzo Fields , White House chief butler from 1932 -- 1953 In visual art ( edit ) Heads of Six of Hogarth 's Servants Butlers have been occasionally depicted in visual art . A famous painting , Heads of Six of Hogarth 's Servants ( c. 1758 ) , is unique among such works . In it , the 18th - century English artist William Hogarth depicted his household servants , all surrounding the butler . In showing the group in a close - knit assemblage rather than in the performance of their routine household duties , Hogarth sought to humanise and dignify them in a manner akin to wealthy - class members , who were the normal subjects of such portraits . While this was a subversive act that certainly raised many eyebrows in his day -- Hogarth conspicuously displayed the work in his estate home in full view of guests -- at the same time he had painted his servants ' facial expressions to convey the sincerity and deference expected of servant - class members . In contemporary art , `` The Butler 's in Love '' series by U.S. artist Mark Stock is especially poignant . In the series , Stock portrays the butler as sick with love , but the possibility of fulfillment is hopeless : the love is a forbidden love , perhaps felt for the lady of the house , and so it must be suffered alone in silent concealment . In addition to the ongoing mannerisms and facial expressions of the butler , a seated lady once appearing in a curtained room and a recurring lipstick - stained absinthe glass over which the butler obsesses provide the interpretive clues . In selecting a butler as his subject , Stock sought to provide a `` universal character '' , a pathos - laden figure that could be widely related to and that could depict the universality of loneliness felt by someone who can only look in from the outside . Stock began the series in 1985 to express his difficult feelings during a personal experience of unrequited love . One of the paintings was inspiration for a 3 - D short film , `` The Butler 's in Love '' by actor / director David Arquette , shot in 2008 at San Francisco 's historic Westerfield Mansion . In fiction ( edit ) The real - life modern butler attempts to be discreet and unobtrusive , friendly but not familiar , keenly anticipative of the needs of his or her employer , and graceful and precise in execution of duty . The butler of fiction , by contrast , often tends to be larger than life and has become a plot device in literature and a traditional role in the performing arts . Butlers may provide comic relief with wry comments , clues as to the perpetrators of various crimes , and are represented as at least as intelligent and moral as their `` betters , '' or even more so . They are often portrayed as being serious and expressionless and in the case that the wealthy hero is an orphan -- such as Batman , Chrono Crusade 's Satella Harvenheit , or Tomb Raider 's Lara Croft -- may be a father figure to said hero . Regardless of the genre in which they are cast , butlers in fiction almost invariably follow the `` British butler '' model and are given an appropriate - sounding surname . The fictional butler tends to be given a typical Anglo - Celtic surname and have an English accent . The Asian , African American , or Caribbean houseboy is a variant , but even these major - domos are based on the British icon . Today , butlers are usually portrayed as being refined and well - spoken . However , in 19th century fiction such as Dracula , butlers generally spoke with a strong Cockney or other regional accent . `` The butler '' is integral to the plot of countless potboilers and melodramas , whether or not the character has been given a name . Butlers figure so prominently in period pieces and whodunits that they can be considered stock characters in film and theatre , where a catchphrase is `` The butler did it ! '' The best - known fictional manservant , and the prototype of the quintessential British butler , is himself not a butler at all . Reginald Jeeves , the iconic creation of author P.G. Wodehouse is a `` gentleman 's gentleman '' and general factotum . Probably the best - known fictional butlers are Alfred from the Batman comic and films ; Hudson of Upstairs , Downstairs television fame ; Mr Carson from the Downton Abbey television series ; and Crichton from J.M. Barrie 's The Admirable Crichton . Lesser - knowns include Mr. Belvedere from the novel Belvedere , which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a television series ; Lurch , from the television series The Addams Family , based on Charles Addams ' The New Yorker cartoons ; Beach , from the Wodehouse series about Blandings Castle ; Niles , the butler at the Sheffield house in American sitcom The Nanny , Geoffrey from The Fresh Prince of Bel Air , and Benson from the two series Soap and Benson . Not all fictional butlers portray the `` butler stereotype '' , however . Alan Bates , who played the butler Jennings in the film Gosford Park , was coached in brooding detail by Arthur Inch , a longtime real - life butler . Mr. Stevens , the butler played by Anthony Hopkins in the film Remains of the Day , was also acted with remarkable realism . A female butler , Sarah Stevens , is the principal character in Linda Howard 's 2002 Dying to Please , a murder / romance novel . Howard gives detailed and generally accurate descriptions of butlering in the work . Examples ( edit ) See also : List of fictional butlers Alfred Pennyworth , Bruce Wayne 's butler from Batman Austin from the game Gardenscapes Edwin Jarvis , Tony Stark 's butler from Iron Man Ronove , the demon butler and highest - ranking furniture of the Golden Witch ; Beatrice and the Endless Sorcerer , Battler from Umineko no Naku Koro ni Angus Hudson , from the television show Upstairs , Downstairs Benson DuBois , the Tate butler in the hit 1970 's sitcom , Soap Edmund Blackadder , butler to Prince George the Prince Regent , in the TV Series Blackadder the Third Nestor , the butler of Marlinspike Hall in The Adventures of Tintin Niles the butler in the TV Series The Nanny Sebastian Michaelis , a demon disguised as a man bound by contract to his master in the Black Butler manga and anime series Sebastian Beach , from the Blandings Castle stories by P.G. Wodehouse , frequently conspires with the clever Gally Threepwood Smithers , Veronica Lodge 's fictional butler Hugh Edgar , butler , The Edwardian Country House , 2002 British historical recreation TV series Charles Carson , butler to the Crawley family in Downton Abbey John Lawless , a central character in the 1967 Sherman Brothers ' musical movie The Happiest Millionaire played by 60 teen idol Tommy Steele . Wadsworth , the protagonist in the movie Clue Mr. Stevens , the protagonist of Kazuo Ishiguro 's Booker Prize - winning novel , The Remains of the Day and movie of the same name Spencer , butler in Power Rangers Operation Overdrive Cadbury , butler to Richie Rich Higgins , from the sitcom Our Man Higgins and the radio comedy on which it was based , It 's Higgins , Sir Underling , the butler in the 2006 Broadway Musical The Drowsy Chaperone The titular protagonist of Hayate the Combat Butler ; Hayate Ayasaki Butler , the butler for Prince Salde Canarl Shellbrick III off of the puzzle game Puyo Puyo Fever 2 Giles , the butler for ABC 's Whodunnit ? TV series Subaru Konoe , the female butler of Kanade Suzutsuki who is disguised as a male in the Mayo Chiki ! anime , manga and light novel Domovoi Butler , butler / bodyguard to Artemis Fowl in Eoin Colfer 's Artemis Fowl book series . Willikins , butler to Samuel Vimes in the Discworld series by Terry Pratchett . Charley Raunce , who succeeds to the position from footman when Eldon the Butler dies , in the novel Loving by Henry Green . See also ( edit ) Footman Chauffeur Maid Housekeeper Valet Domestic worker Household References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Post , Emily ( 2007 ) . Emily Post 's Etiquette . Echo Library . ISBN 1 - 4068 - 1215 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Butlersguild . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.literary-liaisons.com/article046.htm Jump up ^ Genesis 39 - 40 . Jump up ^ This was most likely from a loss of the original Latin meaning and the mistaken belief that buttery related to `` butter '' . Jump up ^ Lord Montague 's Book of Rules and Orders , 1595 . Jump up ^ Nancy Scanlon ( 2006 ) . `` The Development of the Kitchen in the English Country House 1315 -- 1864 '' . Journal of Culinary Science and Technology . 4 ( 2 / 3 ) : 79 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Beeton , Isabella ( 2000 ) ( 1861 ) . Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management . Oxford University Press . p. 393 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283345 - 6 . Jump up ^ Carrolyn Steedman , `` The servant 's labour : the business of life , England , 1760 -- 1820 '' , Social History , Vol. 29 No. 1 , ( February 2004 ) . Jump up ^ D. Marshall , `` The Domestic Servants of the Eighteenth Century '' , Economica , No. 25 , ( Apr. 1929 ) , pp. 15 -- 40 . Available online with subscription . Jump up ^ Robert Roberts . `` The House Servant 's Directory '' . Digital.lib.msu.edu . Munroe and Francis ; New York : Charles S. Francis , 1827 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Puckrein ( Oct - Nov 98 ) . `` The Science of Service '' . American Visions. 13 ( 5 ) . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ J. Lee ( 1988 ) . `` Steady , Jeeves -- you 've got company ! '' . U.S. News & World Report . 104 ( 17 ) . Jump up ^ Higman , Barry ( 2002 ) . Domestic Service in Australia . Melbourne University Publishing . ISBN 0 - 522 - 85011 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scott Simon ( 10 February 2007 ) . `` By Jeeves , We 're Having a Butler Shortage -- Interview with Charles MacPherson '' ( Streaming Audio ) . Weekend Edition Saturday . NPR News . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Also see Sheelah Kolhatka , `` Inside the Billionaire Service Industry '' . The Atlantic , Sept 2006 , 97 - 101 . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ See for example Chadha , Monica . `` Royal tips for Indian butlers '' , BBC News , 17 February 2003 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . ^ Jump up to : `` Butlers : A Jeeves of my very own '' , The Daily Telegraph , 15 November 2007 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ Higman ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Ferry , Steven M. Butlers & Household Managers : 21st Century Professionals . BookSurge Publishing . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 59109 - 306 - 6 . Jump up ^ William Loeffler ( 15 April 2007 ) . `` The butler does it '' . The Pittsburgh Tribune - Review , Lifestyle . Jump up ^ James Woodford ( 5 October 2002 ) . `` Move over , Jeeves , a new breed of butler is working her way up '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Elizabeth Camille , a butler in Sydney , states , `` I still make beds , clean toilets and peg out washing ... It 's not all as glamorous as people perceive it to be . '' Additionally see `` Desperately seeking Jeeves '' , The Globe and Mail ( Canada ) , 20 July 2007 . Lynda Reeves , president of the Toronto - based House & Home Media , says that the term `` butler '' today is just `` a pretentious name for a housekeeper '' . Jump up ^ Jones , Harvey . `` More money than time ? Rent a butler '' . The Independent ( UK ) , 15 December 2001 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Also see http://www.rentabutler.de and http://www.rentabutler.nl/ . Jump up ^ Patrao , Michael . `` The alter ago of Jeeves '' . The Deccan Herald , 27 July 2007 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ Sapstead , David . `` Shortage of Butlers Has World 's Wealthy Facing a Crisis '' , New York Sun , 30 May 2007 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ Galvin , Libby ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Demand for British butlers DOUBLES in one year from world 's wealthiest families ' influenced by Downton Abbey ' '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The Authenticity of Gosford Park , Documentary featurette in Gosford Park Collector 's Edition DVD , Universal Studios , 2002 . Jump up ^ Simon ( 10 Feb 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Witchel ( 2000 ) . `` At Hotels , the Butlers Are Doing It '' . New York Times . 149 ( 51486 ) : 2 . Jump up ^ Smith , Horace ; Joel Lehtonen ( translator ) ( 1892 ) . Interludes being Two Essays , a Story , and Some Verses . MacMillan & Co . ISBN 1 - 4069 - 1965 - 9 . Available online Archived December 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( full text ) . Jump up ^ James Woodford ( 5 October 2002 ) . `` Move over , Jeeves , a new breed of butler is working her way up '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ See `` Unique Rosewood Ladies Floor could start trend in Saudi , Middle East Hotels '' , 12 October 2007 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Also , for interesting background see Elizabeth Warnock Fernea , Guests of the Sheik : An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village . Anchor , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 01485 - 6 . Jump up ^ See The International Guild of Professional Butlers , accessed 31 December 2007 . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ Milne , Meg . `` The Royal butlerettes '' , The Financial Mail , 31 October 2004 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Jump up ^ Charles MacPherson ( 9 , April 2014 ) Jump up ^ In Loeffler ( 15 April 2007 ) , Nathalie Laitmon of The Calendar Group in Stamford , Connecticut , states that skilled butlers within the grandest households can make USD 200,000 ( GBP 101,500 ) . She states , `` The bigger the lifestyle of the family , the more they can earn '' . Jump up ^ Waterfield G. , A. French and M. Craske , eds. ( 2003 ) . Below stairs , 400 years of servants ' portraits . London : National Portrait Gallery . ISBN 1 - 85514 - 512 - X . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Croft , Karen . `` Butlers in Love '' , Salon , 24 May 2001 . Available online : Page 1 , Page 2 Archived 2008 - 05 - 30 at WebCite , Archive 1 , Archive 2 . Jump up ^ Stock , Mark . Correspondence with Stephen Ewen , stephenewen.org . Also see http://www.theworldofmarkstock.com . Jump up ^ Garchik , Leah . San Francisco Chronicle , 14 May 2008 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Also see http://www.wayfaring.com/waypts/show/32050 for a brief history of the mansion . Jump up ^ `` The man who got it right for Gosford Park and told Richard E Grant what was wrong '' , Mid Sussex Times , 2002 . Available online . Archived by WebCite . Also see The Authenticity of Gosford Park . Jump up ^ For a synopsis of Howard 's book , see `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 ... Notes ( edit ) This article is based on material from `` A Brief History of Butlers and Butlering '' by Stephen Ewen , which is licensed under the Creative Common Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 Unported License . This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article `` Butler '' , which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL . The article there is a mirror copy of `` A Brief History of Butlers and Butlering '' by Stephen Ewen . Further reading ( edit ) Cyrus Redding Every Man His Own Butler . London : Whittaker & Co. , 1839 OCLC 25057151 Charles MacPherson The Butler Speaks : A Return to Proper Etiquette , Stylish Entertaining , and the Art of Good Housekeeping Toronto : Random House , 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Butlers . Nicholas Veitch : The Royal School of British Etiquette and The Royal School of Butlers Butler School The Butler 's Guild Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butler&oldid=833769923 '' Categories : Domestic work Gendered occupations Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Simple English Svenska 粵語 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 10 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Question: what is the name of the under butler in downton abbey


Director 's cut - wikipedia Director 's cut Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Director 's cut ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( January 2012 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A director 's cut is an edited version of a film ( or television episode , music video , commercial , or video game ) that is supposed to represent the director 's own approved edit . ' Cut ' explicitly refers to the process of film editing ; in preparing a film for release , the director 's cut is preceded by the assembly and rough editor 's cut and usually followed by the final cut meant for the public film release . Director 's cuts of film are not generally released to the public , because on most films the director does not have a final cut privilege . The production company , distributors , and / or studio ( anybody with money invested in the film ) can impose changes that they think will make the film profit more at the box office . This sometimes means a happier ending or less ambiguity , or excluding scenes that would earn a more audience - restricting rating , but more often means that the film is simply shortened to provide more screenings per day . With the rise of home video , the phrase became more generically used as a marketing term ( including things such as comic books and music albums , neither of which actually have directors ) , and the most commonly seen form of director 's cut is a cut where extra scenes and characters are added in , often making the director 's cut considerably longer than the final cut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the phrase 2 Inception 3 Criticism 4 Extended cuts and special editions 5 Music video director 's cut 6 Expanded usage in pop culture 6.1 Video games 6.2 Music `` director 's cuts '' 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Origin of the phrase ( edit ) Traditionally , the `` director 's cut '' is not , by definition , the director 's ideal or preferred cut . The editing process of a film is broken into stages : First is the assembly / rough cut , where all selected takes are put together in the order in which they should appear in the film . Next , the editor 's cut is reduced from the rough cut ; the editor may be guided by his own tastes or following notes from the director or producers . Eventually is the final cut , which actually gets released or broadcast . In between the editor 's cut and the final cut can come any number of fine cuts , including the director 's cut . The director 's cut may include unsatisfactory takes , a preliminary soundtrack , a lack of desired pick - up shots etc. , which the director would not like to be shown but uses as a placeholder until satisfactory replacements can be inserted . This is still how the term is used within the film industry , as well as commercials , television , and music videos . Inception ( edit ) The trend of releasing alternate cuts of films for artistic reasons became prominent in the 1970s ; in 1974 , the `` director 's cut '' of The Wild Bunch was shown theatrically in Los Angeles to sold - out audiences . The theatrical release of the film had cut ten minutes to get an R - rating , but this cut was hailed as superior and has now become the definitive one . Other early examples include George Lucas 's first two films being re-released following the success of Star Wars , in cuts which more closely resembled his vision , or Peter Bogdanovich re-cutting The Last Picture Show several times . Charlie Chaplin also re-released all of his films in the 1970s , several of which were re-cut ( Chaplin 's re-release of The Gold Rush in the 1940s is almost certainly the earliest prominent example of a director 's re-cut film being released to the public ) . A theatrical re-release of Close Encounters of the Third Kind used the phrase `` Special Edition '' to describe a cut which was closer to Spielberg 's intent but had a compromised ending demanded by the studio . As the home video industry rose in the early 1980s , video releases of director 's cuts were sometimes created for the small but dedicated cult fan market . Los Angeles cable station Z Channel is also cited as significant in the popularization of alternate cuts . Early examples of films released in this manner include Michael Cimino 's Heaven 's Gate , where a longer cut was recalled from theaters but subsequently shown on cable and eventually released to home video ; James Cameron 's Aliens , where a video release restored 20 minutes the studio had insisted on cutting ; James Cameron 's The Abyss , where Cameron voluntarily made cuts to the theatrical version for pacing but restored them for a video release ; Shim Hyung - rae 's Yonggary , where Shim made cuts to the theatrical version for how close to the American Godzilla it was and added in aliens and another monster , Cyker . That version was released stateside as Reptilian and , most famously , Ridley Scott 's Blade Runner , where an alternate workprint version was released to fan acclaim , ultimately resulting in the 1992 recut , the first film to use the term `` Director 's Cut '' as a marketing description ( and the first time it was used to describe a cut that the director was not involved in preparing ) . Criticism ( edit ) Once distributors discovered that consumers would buy alternate versions of films , it became common for films to receive multiple releases . There is no standardization for labelling , leading to so - called `` director 's cuts '' of films despite where the director prefers the theatrically released version , or when the director had actual final cut privilege . These were often assembled by simply restoring deleted scenes , sometimes adding as much as a half - hour to the length of the film without regard to pacing and storytelling . As a result , the `` director 's cut '' is often considered a mixed bag , with an equal share of supporters and detractors . Roger Ebert approved of the use of the label in unsuccessful films that had been tampered with by studio executives , such as Sergio Leone 's original cut of Once Upon a Time in America , and the moderately successful theatrical version of Daredevil , which were altered by studio interference for their theatrical release . Other well - received director 's cuts include Ridley Scott 's Kingdom of Heaven ( with Empire magazine stating : `` The added 45 minutes in the Director 's Cut are like pieces missing from a beautiful but incomplete puzzle '' ) , or Sam Peckinpah 's Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid , where the restored 115 minute cut is closer to the director 's intent than the theatrical 105 minute cut ( the actual director 's cut was 122 minutes ; it was never completed to Peckinpah 's satisfaction , but was used as a guide for the restoration that was done after his death ) . However , Ebert considers adding such material to a successful film a waste . Even Ridley Scott stated on the director 's commentary track of Alien that the original theatrical release was his director 's cut , and that the new version was released as a marketing ploy . Director Peter Bogdanovich , no stranger to director 's cuts himself , cites Red River as an example where `` MGM have a version of Howard Hawks 's Red River that they 're calling the Director 's Cut and it is absolutely not the director 's cut . It 's a cut the director did n't want , an earlier cut that was junked . They assume because it was longer that it 's a director 's cut . Capra cut two reels off Lost Horizon because it did n't work and then someone tried to put it back . There are certainly mistakes and stupidities in reconstructing pictures . '' In rare instances , such as Peter Weir 's Picnic at Hanging Rock , John Cassavetes 's The Killing of a Chinese Bookie , and Blake Edwards 's Darling Lili , changes made to a director 's cut result in a shorter , more compact cut . This generally happens when a distributor insists that a film be completed in order to meet a release date , but sometimes it is the result of removing scenes that the distributor insisted on inserting , as opposed to restoring scenes they insisted on cutting . Another way that released director 's cuts can be compromised is when directors were never allowed to even shoot their vision , and thus when the film is re-cut , they must make do with the footage that exists . Examples of this include Terry Zwigoff 's Bad Santa , Brian Helgeland 's Payback , and most notably the Richard Donner re-cut of Superman II . Donner completed about 75 % of the shooting of the sequel during the shooting of the first one but was fired from the project . His director 's cut of the film includes , among other things , screen test footage of stars Christopher Reeve and Margot Kidder , footage used in the first film , and entire scenes that were shot by replacement director Richard Lester which Donner dislikes but were required for story purposes . Extended cuts and special editions ( edit ) Some directors explicitly dislike the phrase `` director 's cut '' because it implies that they disapprove of the theatrically released cut . James Cameron and Peter Jackson are two directors who publicly reject the label , preferring `` extended edition '' or `` special edition '' . While Jackson considers the theatrical releases of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies to be a final `` director 's cut '' within the constraints of theatrical exhibition , the extended cuts were produced so that fans of the material could see nearly all of the scenes shot for the script to develop more of J.R.R. Tolkien 's world , but which were originally cut for running time , or other reasons . New music and special effects were also added to the cuts . Cameron specified `` what I put into theaters is the Director 's cut . Nothing was cut that I did n't want cut . All the extra scenes we 've added back in are just a bonus for the fans . '' ( Though referring specifically to Avatar , he has expressed similar feelings on all of his films besides Piranha II : The Spawning . ) Special editions such as George Lucas 's Star Wars films , and Steven Spielberg 's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , in which special effects are redone in addition to a new edit , have also caused controversy . ( See List of changes in Star Wars re-releases and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial : The 20th Anniversary ) . Extended or special editions can also apply to films that have been extended for television to fill time slots , against the explicit wishes of the director , such as the TV versions of Dune ( 1984 ) , The Warriors ( 1979 ) and the Harry Potter films . The film Caligula exists in at least 10 different officially released versions , ranging from a sub-90 minute television edit version of TV - 14 ( later TVMA ) for cable television to an unrated full pornographic version exceeding 3.5 hours . This is believed to be the most distinct versions of a single film . Among major studio films , the record is believed to be held by Blade Runner ; the magazine Video Watchdog counted no less than seven distinct versions in a 1993 issue , before director Ridley Scott later released a `` Final Cut '' in 2007 , bringing the supposed grand total to eight differing versions . Music video director 's cut ( edit ) The music video for the 2006 Academy Award - nominated song `` Listen '' , performed by Beyoncé , received a director 's cut by Diane Martel . This version of the video was later included on Knowles ' B'Day Anthology Video Album ( 2007 ) . Linkin Park has a director 's cut version for their music video `` Faint '' ( directed by Mark Romanek ) in which one of the band members spray paints the words `` En Proceso '' on a wall , as well as Hoobastank also having one for 2004 's `` The Reason '' which omits the woman getting hit by the car . Britney Spears ' music video for 2007 's `` Gimme More '' was first released as a director 's cut on iTunes , with the official video released 3 days later . Many other director 's cut music videos contain sexual content that ca n't be shown on TV thus creating alternative scenes , such as Thirty Seconds to Mars 's `` Hurricane '' , and in some cases , alternative videos , such as in the case of Spears ' 2008 video for `` Womanizer '' . Expanded usage in pop culture ( edit ) As the trend became more widely recognized , the term `` director 's cut '' became increasingly used as a colloquialism to refer to an expanded version of other things , including video games , music , and comic books . This confusing usage only served to further reduce the artistic value of a `` director 's cut '' , and it is currently rarely used in those ways . Video games ( edit ) For video games , these expanded versions , also referred as `` complete editions '' , will have additions to the gameplay or additional game modes and features outside the main portion of the game . As is the case with certain high - profile Japanese - produced games , the game designers may take the liberty to revise their product for the overseas market with additional features during the localization process . These features are later added back to the native market in a re-release of a game in what is often referred as the international version of the game . This was the case with the overseas versions of Final Fantasy VII , Metal Gear Solid and Rogue Galaxy , which contained additional features ( such as new difficulty settings for Metal Gear Solid ) , resulting in re-released versions of those respective games in Japan ( Final Fantasy VII International , Metal Gear Solid : Integral and Rogue Galaxy : Director 's Cut ) . In the case of Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty and Metal Gear Solid 3 : Snake Eater , the American versions were released first , followed by the Japanese versions and then the European versions , with each regional release offering new content not found in the previous one . All of the added content from the Japanese and European versions of those games were included in the expanded editions titled Metal Gear Solid 2 : Substance and Metal Gear Solid 3 : Subsistence . They also , similar to movies , will occasionally include extra , uncensored or alternate versions of cutscenes , as was the case with Resident Evil : Code Veronica X . In markets with strict censorship , a later relaxing of those laws occasional will result in the game being rereleased with the `` Special / Uncut Edition '' tag added to differentiate between the originally released censored version and the current uncensored edition . Several of the Pokémon games have also received director 's cuts and have used the term `` extension , '' though `` remake '' and `` third version '' are also often used by many fans . These include Pocket Monsters : Blue ( Japan only ) , Pokémon Yellow ( for Pokémon Red and Green / Blue ) , Pokémon Crystal ( for Pokémon Gold and Silver ) , Pokémon Emerald ( for Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire ) , and Pokémon Platinum ( for Pokémon Diamond and Pearl ) . Music `` director 's cuts '' ( edit ) `` Director 's cuts '' in music are rarely released . A few exceptions include Guided by Voices ' 1994 album Bee Thousand , which was re-released as a three disc vinyl LP Director 's cut in 2004 , and Fall Out Boy 's 2003 album Take This to Your Grave , which was re-released as a Director 's cut in 2005 with two extra tracks . In 2011 British singer Kate Bush released the album titled Director 's Cut . It is made up of songs from her earlier albums The Sensual World and The Red Shoes which have been remixed and restructured , three of which were re-recorded completely . See also ( edit ) Film modification Final cut privilege References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ellen . `` Is a ' director 's cut ' ever a good idea ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1 January 1984 ) . `` Once Upon a Time in America '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Archived from the original on 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Directors Cuts , the Good , the Bad , and the Unnecessary '' . Empire . 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambie , Ryan . `` The changing face of the director 's cut '' . Jump up ^ Jones , Ellen . `` Is a ' director 's cut ' ever a good idea ? '' . External links ( edit ) `` Director 's Cuts : Do They Make the Cut ? '' Article from Frontier magazine . Movie-Censorship.com More than 1000 comparisons of different versions of films . `` Do Filmgoers Dream of Director 's Cuts ? '' SciFi.com article detailing the cuts of Blade Runner . If Movie Seems Too Long , Blame It On The Director Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Director%27s_cut&oldid=832213669 '' Categories : Film and video terminology Film production Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from February 2008 All articles that may contain original research Articles with too many examples Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 14 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Question: what is the director's cut of a movie

an edited version of a film (or television episode, music video, commercial, or video game) that is supposed to represent the director's own approved edit


National Recovery Administration - wikipedia National Recovery Administration Jump to : navigation , search Recovery Administration NRA Blue Eagle poster . This would be displayed in store windows , on packages , and in ads . Agency overview Formed 1933 , by the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) Dissolved May 27 , 1935 , by court case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States The National Recovery Administration was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt ( FDR ) in 1933 . The goal was to eliminate `` cut - throat competition '' by bringing industry , labor , and government together to create codes of `` fair practices '' and set prices . The NRA was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) and allowed industries to get together and write `` codes of fair competition . '' The codes were intended to reduce `` destructive competition '' and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours , as well as minimum prices at which products could be sold . The NRA also had a two - year renewal charter and was set to expire in June 1935 if not renewed . In 1935 , the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously declared that the NRA law was unconstitutional , ruling that it infringed the separation of powers under the United States Constitution . The NRA quickly stopped operations , but many of its labor provisions reappeared in the National Labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act ) , passed later the same year . The long - term result was a surge in the growth and power of unions , which became a core of the New Deal Coalition that dominated national politics for the next three decades . The NRA , symbolized by the Blue Eagle , was popular with workers . Businesses that supported the NRA put the symbol in their shop windows and on their packages , though they did not always go along with the regulations entailed . Though membership to the NRA was voluntary , businesses that did not display the eagle were very often boycotted , making it seem mandatory for survival to many . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Inception 2.1 Goal 2.2 Price controls 3 Critics 4 The NRA in practice 4.1 Specific industries 4.2 Enforcement 5 Judicial review 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Background ( edit ) As part of the `` First New Deal , '' the NRA was based on the premise that the Great Depression was caused by market instability and that government intervention was necessary to balance the interests of farmers , business and labor . The NIRA , which created the NRA , declared that codes of fair competition should be developed through public hearings , and gave the Administration the power to develop voluntary agreements with industries regarding work hours , pay rates , and price fixing . The NRA was put into operation by an executive order , signed the same day as the passage of the NIRA . New Dealers who were part of the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt saw the close analogy with the earlier crisis handling the economics of World War I. They brought ideas and experience from the government controls and spending of 1917 -- 18 . In his June 13 , 1933 `` Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act , '' President Roosevelt described the spirit of the NRA : `` On this idea , the first part of the NIRA proposes to our industry a great spontaneous cooperation to put millions of men back in their regular jobs this summer . '' He further stated , `` But if all employers in each trade now band themselves faithfully in these modern guilds -- without exception -- and agree to act together and at once , none will be hurt and millions of workers , so long deprived of the right to earn their bread in the sweat of their labor , can raise their heads again . The challenge of this law is whether we can sink selfish interest and present a solid front against a common peril . '' Inception ( edit ) Director Hugh S. Johnson on the cover of Time Magazine in 1933 . The film industry supported the NRA The first director of the NRA was Hugh S. Johnson , a retired United States Army general and a successful businessman . He was named Time magazine 's `` Man of the Year '' in 1933 . Johnson saw the NRA as a national crusade designed to restore employment and regenerate industry . Johnson called on every business establishment in the nation to accept a stopgap `` blanket code '' : a minimum wage of between 20 and 45 cents per hour , a maximum workweek of 35 to 45 hours , and the abolition of child labor . Johnson and Roosevelt contended that the `` blanket code '' would raise consumer purchasing power and increase employment . To mobilize political support for the NRA , Johnson launched the `` NRA Blue Eagle '' publicity campaign to boost his bargaining strength to negotiate the codes with business and labor . Historian Clarence B. Carson noted : At this moment in time from the early days of the New Deal , it is difficult to recapture , even in imagination , the heady enthusiasm among a goodly number of intellectuals for a government planned economy . So far as can now be told , they believed that a bright new day was dawning , that national planning would result in an organically integrated economy in which everyone would joyfully work for the common good , and that American society would be freed at last from those antagonisms arising , as General Hugh Johnson put it , from `` the murderous doctrine of savage and wolfish individualism , looking to dog - eat - dog and devil take the hindmost . '' NRA tapestry displayed at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in Hyde Park , New York Goal ( edit ) The negotiations of a code for the bituminous coal industry came against the background of a rapidly swelling union , the United Mine Workers headed by John L. Lewis and an unstable truce in the Pennsylvania coal fields . The NRA tried to get the principals to compromise with a national code for a decentralized industry in which many companies were anti-union , sought to keep wage differentials , and tried to escape the collective bargaining provisions of section 7A . Agreement among the parties was finally reached only after the NRA threatened that it would impose a code . The code did not establish price stabilization , nor did it resolve questions of industrial self - government versus governmental supervision or of centralization versus local autonomy , but it made dramatic changes in abolishing child labor , eliminating the compulsory scrip wages and company store , and establishing fair trade practices . It paved the way for an important wage settlement . Price controls ( edit ) In early 1935 the new chairman , Samuel Williams , announced that the NRA would stop setting prices , but businessmen complained . Chairman Williams told them plainly that , unless they could prove it would damage business , NRA was going to put an end to price control . Williams said , `` Greater productivity and employment would result if greater price flexibility were attained . '' Of the 2,000 businessmen on hand probably 90 % opposed Mr. Williams ' aim , reported Time magazine : `` To them a guaranteed price for their products looks like a royal road to profits . A fixed price above cost has proved a lifesaver to more than one inefficient producer . '' However , it was also argued NRA 's price control method promoted monopolies . The business position was summarized by George A. Sloan , head of the Cotton Textile Code Authority : `` Maximum hours and minimum wage provisions , useful and necessary as they are in themselves , do not prevent price demoralization . While putting the units of an industry on a fair competitive level insofar as labor costs are concerned , they do not prevent destructive price cutting in the sale of commodities produced , any more than a fixed price of material or other element of cost would prevent it . Destructive competition at the expense of employees is lessened , but it is left in full swing against the employer himself and the economic soundness of his enterprise ... But if the partnership of industry with Government which was invoked by the President were terminated ( as we believe it will not be ) , then the spirit of cooperation , which is one of the best fruits of the NRA equipment , could not survive . Critics ( edit ) Most businesses adopted the NRA without complaint , but Henry Ford was reluctant to join . The National Recovery Review Board , headed by noted criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow , a prominent liberal , was set up by President Roosevelt in March 1934 and abolished by him that same June . The board issued three reports highly critical of the NRA from the perspective of small business , charging the NRA with fostering cartels . The Darrow board , influenced by Justice Louis D. Brandeis , wanted instead to promote competitive capitalism . Representing big business , the American Liberty League , 1934 -- 40 , was run by leading industrialists who opposed the liberalism of the New Deal . Regarding the controversial NRA , the League was ambivalent . Jouett Shouse , the League president , commented that `` the NRA has indulged in unwarranted excesses of attempted regulation '' ; on the other , he added that `` in many regards ( the NRA ) has served a useful purpose . '' Shouse said that he had `` deep sympathy '' with the goals of the NRA , explaining , `` While I feel very strongly that the prohibition of child labor , the maintenance of a minimum wage and the limitation of the hours of work belong under our form of government in the realm of the affairs of the different states , yet I am entirely willing to agree that in the case of an overwhelming national emergency the Federal Government for a limited period should be permitted to assume jurisdiction of them . '' British journalist Alistair Cooke described Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's presidency of the United States of America in the two years from his inauguration to the Supreme Court 's declaration that the National Recovery Administration was unconstitutional , as a benevolent dictatorship . The NRA in practice ( edit ) Chart 3 : Manufacturing employment in the United States from 1920 to 1940 The NRA negotiated specific sets of codes with leaders of the nation 's major industries ; the most important provisions were anti-deflationary floors below which no company would lower prices or wages , and agreements on maintaining employment and production . In a remarkably short time , the NRA won agreements from almost every major industry in the nation . According to some conservative economists , the NRA increased the cost of doing business by forty percent . Donald Richberg , who soon replaced Johnson as the head of the NRA said : There is no choice presented to American business between intelligently planned and uncontrolled industrial operations and a return to the gold - plated anarchy that masqueraded as `` rugged individualism . '' ... Unless industry is sufficiently socialized by its private owners and managers so that great essential industries are operated under public obligation appropriate to the public interest in them , the advance of political control over private industry is inevitable . By the time it ended in May 1935 , industrial production was 22 % higher than in May 1933 . Specific industries ( edit ) Pennock ( 1997 ) shows that the rubber tire industry faced debilitating challenges , mostly brought about by changes in the industry 's retail structure and exacerbated by the Depression . Segments of the industry attempted to use the NRA codes to solve these new problems and stabilize the tire market , but the tire manufacturing and tire retailing codes were patent failures . Instead of leading to cartelization and higher prices , which is what most scholars assume the NRA codes did , the tire industry codes led to even more fragmentation and price cutting . Alexander ( 1997 ) examines the macaroni industry and concludes that cost heterogeneity was a major source of the `` compliance crisis '' affecting a number of NRA `` codes of fair competition '' that were negotiated by industries and submitted for government approval under the National Industry Recovery Act of 1933 . The argument boils down to assumptions that progressives at the NRA allowed majority coalitions of small , high - cost firms to impose codes in heterogeneous industries , and that these codes were designed by the high - cost firms under an ultimately erroneous belief that they would be enforced by the NRA . Storrs ( 2000 ) says the National Consumers ' League ( NCL ) had been instrumental in the passage and legal defense of labor legislation in many states since 1899 . Women activists used the New Deal opportunity to gain a national forum . General Secretary Lucy Randolph Mason and her league relentlessly lobbied the NRA to make its regulatory codes just and fair for all workers and to eliminate explicit and de facto discrimination in pay , working conditions , and opportunities for reasons of sex , race , or union status . Even after the demise of the NRA , the league continued campaigning for collective bargaining rights and fair labor standards at both federal and state levels . Enforcement ( edit ) Commemorative stamp issued by the U.S. Post Office on August 15 , 1933 About 23 million people were employed under the NRA codes . However , violations of codes became common and attempts were made to use the courts to enforce the NRA . The NRA included a multitude of regulations imposing the pricing and production standards for all sorts of goods and services . Individuals were arrested for not complying with these codes . For example , one small businessman was fined for violating the `` Tailor 's Code '' by pressing a suit for 35 rather than NRA required 40 cents . Roosevelt critic John T. Flynn , in The Roosevelt Myth ( 1944 ) , wrote : `` The NRA was discovering it could not enforce its rules . Black markets grew up . Only the most violent police methods could procure enforcement . In Sidney Hillman 's garment industry the code authority employed enforcement police . They roamed through the garment district like storm troopers . They could enter a man 's factory , send him out , line up his employees , subject them to minute interrogation , take over his books on the instant . Night work was forbidden . Flying squadrons of these private coat - and - suit police went through the district at night , battering down doors with axes looking for men who were committing the crime of sewing together a pair of pants at night . But without these harsh methods many code authorities said there could be no compliance because the public was not back of it . '' The NRA was famous for its bureaucracy . Journalist Raymond Clapper reported that between 4,000 and 5,000 business practices were prohibited by NRA orders that carried the force of law , which were contained in some 3,000 administrative orders running to over 10 million pages , and supplemented by what Clapper said were `` innumerable opinions and directions from national , regional and code boards interpreting and enforcing provisions of the act . '' There were also `` the rules of the code authorities , themselves , each having the force of law and affecting the lives and conduct of millions of persons . '' Clapper concluded : `` It requires no imagination to appreciate the difficulty the business man has in keeping informed of these codes , supplemental codes , code amendments , executive orders , administrative orders , office orders , interpretations , rules , regulations and obiter dicta . '' Judicial Review ( edit ) On 27 May 1935 , in the court case of Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , the Supreme Court held the mandatory codes section of NIRA unconstitutional , because it attempted to regulate commerce that was not interstate in character , and that the codes represented an unacceptable delegation of power from the legislature to the executive . Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote for a unanimous Court in invalidating the industrial `` codes of fair competition '' which the NIRA enabled the President to issue . The Court held that the codes violated the United States Constitution 's separation of powers as an impermissible delegation of legislative power to the executive branch . The Court also held that the NIRA provisions were in excess of congressional power under the Commerce Clause . The Court distinguished between direct effects on interstate commerce , which Congress could lawfully regulate , and indirect , which were purely matters of state law . Though the raising and sale of poultry was an interstate industry , the Court found that the `` stream of interstate commerce '' had stopped in this case : Schechter 's slaughterhouses bought chickens only from intrastate wholesalers and sold to intrastate buyers . Any interstate effect of Schechter was indirect , and therefore beyond federal reach . Specifically , the Court invalidated regulations of the poultry industry promulgated under the authority of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 , including price and wage fixing , as well as requirements regarding a whole shipment of chickens , including unhealthy ones , which has led to the case becoming known as `` the sick chicken case . '' The ruling was one of a series which overturned some New Deal legislation between January 1935 and January 1936 , and which ultimately caused Roosevelt to attempt to pack the Court with judges that were in favor of the New Deal . Subsequent to the decision , the remainder of Title I was extended until April 1 , 1936 , by joint resolution of Congress ( 49 Stat. 375 ) , June 14 , 1935 , and NRA was reorganized by E.O. 7075 , June 15 , 1935 , to facilitate its new role as a promoter of industrial cooperation and to enable it to produce a series of economic studies , which the National Recovery Review Board was already doing . Many of the labor provisions reappeared in the Wagner Act of 1935 . Legacy ( edit ) In Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in 1933 , DeBenneville `` Bert '' Bell formed a new National Football League franchise to replace the defunct Frankford Yellow Jackets , naming this team the Eagles in recognition of the NRA ( a name the team retains to the present ) . In 1934 , at the request of the Interior Secretary Ickes , who wished to use the statute criminalizing making false statements to enforce Section 9 ( c ) of the NIRA against producers of `` hot oil '' , oil produced in violation of production restrictions established pursuant to the NIRA , Congress passed Pub. L. 73 -- 394 , 48 Stat. 996 , enacted June 18 , 1934 , which amended the False Claims Act of 1863 to read : ... or whoever , for the purpose of obtaining or aiding to obtain the payment or approval of such claim , or for the purpose and with the intent of cheating and swindling or defrauding the Government of the United States , or any department thereof , or any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder , shall knowingly and willfully falsify or conceal or cover up by any trick , scheme , or device a material fact , or make or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statements or representations , or make or use or cause to be made or used any false bill , receipt , voucher , account , roll , claim , certificate , affidavit , or deposition , knowing the same to contain any fraudulent or fictitious statement or entry , in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States or of any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder ... This form of the statute , in slightly modified form , still exists today at 18 U.S.C. § 1001 . See also ( edit ) Job creation program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ National Recovery Administration . The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition . 2001 - 07 ^ Jump up to : Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum -- Our Documents ^ Jump up to : Franklin D. Roosevelt Statement on N.I.R.A. Jump up ^ Carson , Clarence B . The Relics of Intervention part 4 . New Deal Collective Planning Jump up ^ James P. Johnson , `` Drafting the NRA Code of Fair Competition for the Bituminous Coal Industry , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 53 , No. 3 ( Dec. , 1966 ) , pp. 521 -- 41 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : `` Dollar Men & Prices '' . Time . Jan 21 , 1935 . Jump up ^ The National Recovery Administration Economic History Services Jump up ^ Dan Cooper and Brian Grinder , `` We Do Our Part : Henry Ford and the NRA , '' Financial History , Spring 2009 , Issue 94 , pp. 10 -- 35 Jump up ^ Sniegoski , Stephen J. `` The Darrow Board and the Downfall of the NRA '' . Continuity. 1990 ( 14 ) : 63 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Ronen Shamir , Managing Legal Uncertainty : Elite Lawyers in the New Deal ( 1995 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ Shamir , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Cooke , Alistair ( 1999 ) . Memories of the Great & the Good . New York : Arcade Publishing . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 479 - 3 . Jump up ^ Reed , Lawrence W. Great Myths of the Great Depression Mackinac Center for Public Policy . Jump up ^ Arthur Meier Schlesinger , Jr . The Coming of the New Deal , Houghton Mifflin Books ( 2003 ) , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Pamela Pennock , `` The National Recovery Administration and the Rubber Tire Industry , 1933 -- 1935 . '' Business History Review , '' 1997 71 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Alexander , Barbara J. ( 1997 ) . `` Failed Cooperation in Heterogeneous Industries under the National Recovery Administration '' . Journal of Economic History . 57 ( 2 ) : 322 -- 44 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700018465 . JSTOR 2951040 . Jump up ^ Landon R. Storrs , Civilizing Capitalism : The National Consumers ' League , Women 's Activism , and Labor Standards in the New Deal Era , ( U of North Carolina Press , 2000 ) online edition Jump up ^ Clapper in Washington Post , Dec. 4 , 1934 , quoted in Best , 79 -- 80 ( 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : National Recovery Administration , Authority Record ( Corporate Body ) USA , Committee on Descriptive Standards , International Council on Archives . Accessed 11 November 2010 Jump up ^ Tim McNeese and Richard Jensen , The Great Depression 1929 -- 1938 ( 2010 ) p. 90 Jump up ^ Steven Emanuel and Lazar Emanuel , Constitutional Law ( 2008 ) p. 31 Jump up ^ Executive Order 6632 Creating The National Recovery Review Board . March 7 , 1934 Jump up ^ Bardhan - Quallen , Sudipta. Franklin Delano Roosevelt : A National Hero . New York : Sterling Publishing Company , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3545 - 6 Jump up ^ Watkins , T.H. The Hungry Years : A Narrative History of the Great Depression in America . New York : Macmillan , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6506 - 7 Jump up ^ United States v. Gilliland , 312 US 86 , 93 - 94 ( 1941 ) ( `` Legislation had been sought by the Secretary of the Interior to aid the enforcement of laws relating to the functions of the Department of the Interior and , in particular , to the enforcement of regulations under Sec. 9 ( c ) of the ( NIRA ) . '' ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Alexander , Barbara ( 1994 ) . `` The Impact of the National Industrial Recovery Act on Cartel Formation and Maintenance Costs '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 76 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 54 . doi : 10.2307 / 2109879 . JSTOR 2109879 . Best ; Gary Dean . Pride , Prejudice , and Politics : Roosevelt Versus Recovery , 1933 -- 1938 . ( 1991 ) online edition ISBN 0 - 275 - 93524 - 8 Brand , Donald R. ( 1983 ) . `` Corporatism , the NRA , and the Oil Industry '' . Political Science Quarterly . 98 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 118 . doi : 10.2307 / 2150207 . JSTOR 2150207 . Uses corporatism model to explore the struggle between independent oil producers and major oil producers over production and price controls . Burns , Arthur Robert ( 1934 ) . `` The First Phase of the National Industrial Recovery Act , 1933 '' . Political Science Quarterly . 49 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 94 . doi : 10.2307 / 2142881 . JSTOR 2142881 . Dearing , Charles L. et al . The ABC of the NRA , ( 1934 ) 200 pgs . online edition Hawley , Ellis W. ( 1968 ) . The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly . Princeton UP . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1609 - 8 . The classic scholarly history Hawley , Ellis W. ( 1975 ) . `` The New Deal and Business '' . In Bremner , Robert H. ; Brody , David . The New Deal : The National Level . Ohio State University Press . pp. 50 -- 82 . Johnson ; Hugh S . The Blue Eagle , from Egg to Earth 1935 , memoir by NRA director online edition Lyon , Leverett S. , Paul T. Homan , Lewis L. Lorwin , George Terborgh , Charles L. Dearing , Leon C. Marshall ; The National Recovery Administration : An Analysis and Appraisal The Brookings Institution , 1935 . in - depth analysis by economists , online edition Ohl , John Kennedy ( 1985 ) . Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 110 - 2 . Academic biography Schlesinger , Arthur Meier ( 1958 ) . The Coming of the New Deal . pp. 87 -- 176 . Sniegoski , Stephen J. ( 1990 ) . `` The Darrow Board and the Downfall of the NRA '' . Continuity. 1990 ( 14 ) : 63 -- 83 . ISSN 0277 - 1446 . Taylor , Jason E. ( 2007 ) . `` Cartel Code Attributes and Cartel Performance : An Industry ‐ Level Analysis of the National Industrial Recovery Act '' . Journal of Law and Economics . 50 ( 3 ) : 597 -- 624 . doi : 10.1086 / 519808 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Recovery Administration . 1933 Promotional Video for National Recovery Administration Article on the NRA from EH. NET 's Encyclopedia Archive of The Bird Did Its Part by T.H. Watkins When the Supreme Court Stopped Economic Fascism in America by Richard Ebeling Jimmy Durante singing a promotion for the NRA ( hide ) New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Recovery_Administration&oldid=835870519 '' Categories : National Recovery Administration New Deal agencies 1933 establishments in the United States Government agencies established in 1933 1935 disestablishments in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 08 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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Question: who was appointed to manage the national recovery administration