Brent Barry - wikipedia Brent Barry Jump to : navigation , search Brent Barry Barry in December 2005 ( 1971 - 12 - 31 ) December 31 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Hempstead , New York Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Listed weight 209 lb ( 95 kg ) Career information High school De La Salle ( Concord , California ) College Oregon State ( 1990 -- 1995 ) NBA draft 1995 / Round : 1 / Pick : 15th overall Selected by the Denver Nuggets Playing career 1995 -- 2009 Position Shooting guard Number 31 , 17 Career history 1995 -- 1998 Los Angeles Clippers 1998 Miami Heat 1999 Chicago Bulls 1999 -- 2004 Seattle SuperSonics 2004 -- 2008 San Antonio Spurs 2008 -- 2009 Houston Rockets Career highlights and awards 2 × NBA champion ( 2005 , 2007 ) NBA All - Rookie Second Team ( 1996 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1996 ) First - team All - Pac - 10 ( 1995 ) Career statistics Points 8,488 ( 9.3 ppg ) Rebounds 2,780 ( 3.0 rpg ) Assists 2,892 ( 3.2 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Brent Robert Barry ( born December 31 , 1971 ) is an American retired professional basketball player . He is the son of former NBA player Rick Barry . The 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) , 210 lb ( 95 kg ; 15 st ) shooting guard played professionally in the National Basketball Association , winning two championships with the San Antonio Spurs . He also won the 1996 NBA Slam Dunk Contest . Barry now works as a sports commentator for NBA on TNT and is a studio host for the NBA TV show NBA Gametime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 NBA career 2.1 Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 2.2 Miami Heat ( 1998 ) 2.3 Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) 2.4 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2.5 San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 2.6 Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 3 Post-playing career 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Personal life ( edit ) Barry , born in Hempstead , New York , is the son of Hall of Famer Rick Barry , and was arguably the best player of the five basketball - playing Barry sons , the others being Scooter , Jon , Drew , and Canyon . His stepmother , Lynn Barry , also was an accomplished basketball player in college . Brent , the second youngest , played his high school basketball at athletic powerhouse De La Salle High School in Concord , California , and graduated in 1990 . Barry played four years on the Beavers basketball team of Oregon State University after redshirting his freshman season . Barry graduated from Oregon State with a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology in 1995 . Brent and Erin Barry were married in 1998 , after being together from the time they were both in high school . They have two sons . In 2010 , it was reported that Brent Barry had filed for divorce , citing `` irreconcilable differences '' . In December 2010 Erin Barry issued a statement denying the reports about an extra-marital affair being the cause of their separation . The divorce became final on January 5 , 2011 , in Texas ; they have joint custody of the children . NBA career ( edit ) Brent Barry was selected by the Denver Nuggets in the first round ( 15th pick ) of the 1995 NBA draft , but was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers on draft night in a 4 - player trade with Rodney Rogers for the No. 2 overall pick in the draft ( Antonio McDyess ) and Randy Woods . Barry was generally considered a good passer and had three seasons where he averaged more than 5 assists per game . Barry was also a strong three - point shooter ; he currently ranks 13th all - time in career three - point field goals made and shot 40 % from behind the arc for his career . These two strengths , combined with Barry 's 6'7 '' frame , allowed him to play a variety of positions , including point guard , shooting guard , and small forward ; because he was taller than most traditional point guards , he was often considered a point forward when he was running the offense . He was on the San Antonio Spurs championship teams in 2005 and 2007 . He won the Slam Dunk Contest in the NBA All - Star Weekend in 1996 with a Julius Erving - inspired slam dunk in which he took off from the free throw line to sail in and dunk one - handed . He was the first caucasian player to win the competition . Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) After being drafted by the Denver Nuggets , Barry was traded immediately to the Los Angeles Clippers . In his rookie season , Brent made 123 3 - pointers , which broke the current rookie record . There Brent would average 10.4 ppg and 38 % 3 - pt field goal in 179 games . In his second season , he and the Clippers attempted a playoff run where Brent would average 11.7 ppg , his highest in the postseason . The Clippers only played in 3 games ( one series ; 1996 - 1997 ) during the postseason while Barry was there . Miami Heat ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Barry was traded to the Miami Heat the day before the February 20th trade deadline from Los Angeles for Isaac Austin . In Miami , Barry would only play 17 games , not starting any of the games , averaging only 4.1 ppg . Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Barry signed with the Bulls on January 25 , 1999 and signed a 6 - year $27 million contract . After sustaining an injury , he played only 37 of the 50 games played that season , starting 30 of those games , averaging 11.1 ppg . Failing to fill the void of a Jordan-less Bulls , the team traded Brent for Hersey Hawkins and James Cotton from Seattle on August 12 , 1999 . Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Brent spent 4 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics . Brent would begin his Seattle career as a back - up for fellow Oregon State alumnus Gary Payton . He would eventually move to play the point position as a starter , and filled in when needed as a small forward . There he would average 11.2 ppg , make 669 3 - point shots , and start the majority of his NBA career ( 296 out of 328 games ) , and total 4,107 points . In Seattle he would play 10 postseason games , starting 8 of those , the most in his career thus far . San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) In the summer of 2004 , Barry was signed as a free agent by the San Antonio Spurs , where he spent most of the season as a backup . After losing their first playoff game to the Denver Nuggets in the 2005 NBA Playoffs , San Antonio inserted Barry into the starting lineup . The Spurs ' new lineup helped them beat the Nuggets in the series four games to one . Later in those same playoffs , Barry earned his first championship ring when the Spurs defeated the Detroit Pistons in the 2005 NBA Finals . Brent and his father , Rick Barry , are the second father - son duo to each win an NBA Championship as a player ; the first was Matt Guokas , Sr. and his son Matt Guokas , Jr ... The only other father - son duos are Bill Walton and his son Luke Walton , and Mychal Thompson and his son Klay Thompson . In June 2007 , he won his second NBA championship ring when the Spurs swept the Cleveland Cavaliers 4 -- 0 . In January 2008 , Barry tore his right calf muscle . On February 20 , 2008 , ( not too long after his injury ) Barry , along with Francisco Elson and a 2009 first round draft pick , were traded by the San Antonio Spurs back to the Seattle SuperSonics in exchange for forward / center Kurt Thomas . Barry was waived the following day by the Sonics . After a mandatory 30 - day waiting period , he re-signed with San Antonio on March 24 , 2008 for 1 year with the possibility for the 2009 -- 2010 season at Veteran Minimum . Coming off of injury Barry did not see very much playing time in the first 2 rounds of the 2008 NBA Playoffs . Barry would shine against the Lakers in the Western Conference finals , however , getting 23 points in Game 4 , with a controversial no - call foul with 2 seconds on the clock . The Spurs would lose the series in 5 games , however . San Antonio provided Barry with the most playoff experience ( 71 games ) of his career . He totaled 356 3 - point shots made and 1,888 points . Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Barry opted out of his contract and became a free agent on July 1 , 2008 . On July 10 , Barry signed a 2 - year contract with the Houston Rockets , becoming the third member of the family to join the franchise . His father , Rick , ended his career playing two seasons with the Rockets ( 1978 -- 80 ) and his older brother , Jon , also finished his career with the Rockets , playing from 2004 -- 06 . Financial terms were not released . On October 23 , 2009 , Brent Barry 's career ended when he was cut by the Rockets at the end of training camp , leading Barry to later remark that `` all the Barrys were buried in Houston '' . Post-playing career ( edit ) In 2013 , Barry began making regular appearances on NBA TV 's The Starters in his own segment : The Bone Zone . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Barry won an NBA championship Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1995 -- 96 L.A. Clippers 79 44 24.0 . 474 . 416 . 810 2.1 2.9 1.2 . 3 10.1 1996 -- 97 L.A. Clippers 59 0 18.5 . 409 . 324 . 817 1.9 2.6 . 9 . 3 7.5 1997 -- 98 L.A. Clippers 41 36 32.7 . 428 . 400 . 844 3.5 3.2 1.2 . 6 13.7 1997 -- 98 Miami 17 0 15.2 . 371 . 353 1.000 1.6 1.2 . 8 . 2 4.1 1998 -- 99 Chicago 37 30 31.9 . 396 . 302 . 772 3.9 3.1 1.1 . 3 11.1 1999 -- 00 Seattle 80 74 34.1 . 463 . 411 . 809 4.7 3.6 1.3 . 4 11.8 2000 -- 01 Seattle 67 20 26.5 . 494 . 476 . 816 3.1 3.4 1.2 . 2 8.8 2001 -- 02 Seattle 81 81 37.5 . 508 . 424 . 846 5.4 5.3 1.8 . 5 14.4 2002 -- 03 Seattle 75 68 33.1 . 458 . 403 . 795 4.0 5.1 1.5 . 2 10.3 2003 -- 04 Seattle 59 53 30.6 . 504 . 452 . 827 3.5 5.8 1.4 . 3 10.8 2004 -- 05 † San Antonio 81 8 21.5 . 423 . 357 . 837 2.3 2.2 . 5 . 2 7.4 2005 -- 06 San Antonio 74 5 17.0 . 452 . 396 . 661 2.1 1.7 . 5 . 4 5.8 2006 -- 07 † San Antonio 75 28 21.7 . 475 . 446 . 880 2.1 1.8 . 7 . 2 8.5 2007 -- 08 San Antonio 31 17.9 . 481 . 429 . 950 1.8 1.7 . 5 . 1 7.1 2008 -- 09 Houston 56 15.3 . 407 . 374 . 950 1.7 1.4 . 4 . 1 3.7 Career 912 449 25.9 . 460 . 405 . 823 3.0 3.2 1.0 . 3 9.3 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1997 L.A. Clippers 0 28.0 . 407 . 455 . 889 2.3 3.3 1.3 . 0 11.7 2000 Seattle 5 31.0 . 364 . 400 . 714 2.6 3.0 . 6 . 6 8.4 2002 Seattle 5 5 29.8 . 412 . 438 1.000 4.6 2.8 . 6 . 8 7.8 2005 † San Antonio 23 8 24.1 . 457 . 424 . 810 2.4 1.9 . 7 . 2 6.1 2006 San Antonio 13 23.2 . 557 . 500 . 762 2.5 1.7 . 7 . 2 7.8 2007 † San Antonio 19 0 11.8 . 350 . 306 1.000 1.3 1.1 . 2 . 1 3.1 2008 San Antonio 16 0 14.2 . 491 . 463 . 800 1.1 1.1 . 4 . 1 5.2 2009 Houston 0 8.8 . 500 . 375 . 000 1.0 . 8 . 5 . 0 3.3 Career 88 18 19.7 . 446 . 416 . 802 2.0 1.7 . 5 . 2 5.8 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Houston Rockets waive G Brent Barry Jump up ^ `` Brent Barry joins NBA TV 's studio analyst crew '' Archived 2010 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . NBA.com , 2 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` Brent Barry bio '' . NBA . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Erin Barry stands up for kids , a comfy home court , true love ( and basketball ) '' San Antonio Woman , July -- August 2006 Jump up ^ `` Two married Spurs couples are calling it quits '' Archived December 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . KENS5.com San Antonio , 17 November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Erin Barry : ' I Did Not Have an Affair With Tony Parker ' '' Archived December 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . OK magazine , 3 December 2010 Jump up ^ `` Eva Longoria 's First Words on Her Divorce '' Extra TV , 17 November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Tony Parker 's Mistress Erin Barry '' Archived December 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . USA News Buzz , 19 November 2010 Jump up ^ Chris Baker ( October 3 , 1995 ) . `` Rookie Guard Brent Barry Signs Three - Year Deal With Clippers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Solomon : Rockets ' Budinger proves he belongs in dunking event Jump up ^ `` Brent Barry : A White Man That Can Jump '' `` Bleacher Report '' , 11 June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Brent Barry Signs with Clippers ^ Jump up to : Brent Barry Traded to Heat Jump up ^ Brent Barry Signs with Bulls ^ Jump up to : Brent Barry Signs with Sonics Jump up ^ Spurs re-sign veteran guard Barry just over a month after trading him to Seattle Jump up ^ Barry signs with Houston , is third family member to play for Rockets ^ Jump up to : Brent Barry Signs with Rockets External links ( edit ) Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Links to related articles 1995 NBA draft First round Joe Smith Antonio McDyess Jerry Stackhouse Rasheed Wallace Kevin Garnett Bryant Reeves Damon Stoudamire Shawn Respert Ed O'Bannon Kurt Thomas Gary Trent Cherokee Parks Corliss Williamson Eric Williams Brent Barry Alan Henderson Bob Sura Theo Ratliff Randolph Childress Jason Caffey Michael Finley George Zidek Travis Best Loren Meyer David Vaughn Sherell Ford Mario Bennett Greg Ostertag Cory Alexander Second round Lou Roe Dragan Tarlać Terrence Rencher Junior Burrough Andrew DeClercq Jimmy King Lawrence Moten Frankie King Rashard Griffith Donny Marshall Dwayne Whitfield Erik Meek Donnie Boyce Eric Snow Anthony Pelle Troy Brown George Banks Tyus Edney Mark Davis Jerome Allen Martin Lewis Dejan Bodiroga Fred Hoiberg Constantin Popa Eurelijus Žukauskas Michael McDonald Chris Carr Cuonzo Martin Don Reid San Antonio Spurs 2004 -- 05 NBA champions 2 Mohammed 3 Robinson 4 Marks 5 Horry 8 Nesterović 9 Parker 11 Wilks 12 Bowen 14 Udrih 17 Barry 20 Ginóbili 21 Duncan ( Finals MVP ) 23 Brown 34 Massenburg 43 Johnson Head coach Popovich Assistant coaches Carlesimo Budenholzer Newman Regular season Playoffs San Antonio Spurs 2006 -- 07 NBA champions 2 Ely 4 Finley 5 Horry 7 Oberto 9 Parker ( Finals MVP ) 11 Vaughn 12 Bowen 14 Udrih 15 Bonner 16 Elson 17 Barry 20 Ginóbili 21 Duncan 33 White 45 Butler Head coach Popovich Assistant coaches Carlesimo Budenholzer Engelland Brown Newman Regular season Playoffs Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell NBA on TNT Related programs Inside the NBA Shaqtin ' a Fool NBA on TBS NBA All - Star Weekend NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship commentators NBA Awards Related articles Ratings NBA TV NBA 07 Commentators Play - by - play Marv Albert Brian Anderson Gary Bender Tim Brando Mike Breen Kevin Calabro Skip Caray Matt Devlin Jim Durham Kevin Harlan Jim Huber Verne Lundquist Bob Neal Mel Proctor Dick Stockton Pete Van Wieren Color commentators Danny Ainge Brent Barry Rick Barry Hubie Brown P.J. 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Scrum ( rugby union ) - wikipedia Scrum ( rugby union ) Jump to : navigation , search For a scrum in rugby league , see Scrum ( rugby ) . A scrum in an England versus Scotland international In rugby union a scrum is a means of restarting play after a minor infringement . It involves up to eight players from each team , known as the pack or forward pack , binding together in three rows and interlocking with the free opposing teams forwards . At this point the ball is fed into the gap between the two forward packs and they both compete for the ball to win possession . Teams can be penalised for intentionally causing the scrum to collapse , and for not putting the ball into the scrum correctly . A scrum is most commonly awarded when the ball is knocked forward , or passed forward , or when a ball becomes trapped in a ruck or maul . Because of the physical nature of scrums , injuries can occur , especially in the front row . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Infringements 3 Players 4 Awarding 5 Safety 6 History 6.1 The scrum in the professional era 6.2 More recent scrum law changes 7 See also 8 Bibliography 9 Notes and references Overview ( edit ) Diagram showing the relative body positions of the players in a Rugby union scrum . To prepare for a scrum , each team 's eight forwards ( referred to as the pack or forward pack ) bind together in three rows -- the front row , second row and back row . The front row is composed of the two props and the hooker . To the left is the loosehead prop with the hooker in the middle , and the tighthead prop on the right ( jersey numbers one , two and three ) . The `` tighthead '' prop , number three , earns that name as his head and shoulders sits between the hooker and the loosehead prop of the opposing side , meaning he sits in a `` tighter '' scrum position . The loosehead prop , by contrast , has one shoulder open to the outside of the scrum , and so is in a `` looser '' scrum position . The three bind together tightly and there is no gap between the hooker and either prop . According to the laws of the game ; `` When a player binds on a team - mate that player must use the whole arm from hand to shoulder to grasp the team - mate 's body at or below the level of the armpit . '' Failing to bind properly results in a penalty , and the opposition team being awarded a free kick . The two second row forwards ( jersey numbers four and five ) bind together and directly behind the front row with each putting their heads between the props and the hooker . They are more commonly referred to as locks as they `` lock '' the scrum . Lastly the back row is made up of the two flankers and the number eight . The flankers bind on each side of the scrum -- next to a lock and behind a prop . Generally the number seven flanker is referred to as the openside flanker , and with the number six flanker as the blindside flanker . `` Openside '' and `` blindside '' refer to the wide and narrow side of the pitch respectively , as scrums usually occur closer to one of the touchlines than the other . The openside flanker 's job is to get to the next ruck or maul as quickly as possible , so they will usually bind on that side . The number 8 binds behind the two locks , with his / her head between them . To form a scrum the two forward packs approach to within an arms length of each other . The referee gives the command crouch and the opposing front rows then crouch so that their backs are parallel to the ground and their head and shoulders are no lower than their hips . Then the referee calls bind and `` using their outside arm each prop binds onto the point of the opposing prop 's outside shoulder . '' This command is to ensure that the two front rows are not too far apart . Finally the referee then says set ( this is not a command , but rather permission to the front rows to engage ) and the two front rows come together . When this happens both front rows thrust forward with the tighthead props heads going between the opposing hooker and loosehead prop . The props then bind by gripping the back or side of the opposing prop 's jersey . The scrum - half from the team that has possession ( referred to as having the feed or put in ) then throws the ball in the gap formed between the two front rows , from the side where the hooker of his team is closest . This gap is called the tunnel . With the ball in the tunnel the two hookers ( and sometimes the props ) compete for possession by trying to hook the ball backwards with their feet , while the entire pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards . The side that wins possession usually transfers the ball to the back of the scrum -- which is done with their feet . Once at the back it is picked up either by the number 8 , or by the scrum - half . From here the ball is in play and the player with possession will either run , pass or kick the ball . On other occasions the forwards will hold the ball in the scrum and try to push the opposition backwards . Infringements ( edit ) There are a large number of rules regarding the specifics of what can and can not be done during a scrum . This is mainly for safety reasons , because if a scrum is not conducted properly there is a greater chance of injury . Much of the rules regard behaviour of the front row . Front rowers must engage square on , rather than bore in on an angle . The tight - head prop doing this limits the movement of the opposing hooker . As well , a loose - head prop pushing into the opposition tight - head prop 's chest causing their body to pop out of the scrum . Both infringements are punished with penalties . Front - rowers are also banned from twisting their bodies , pulling opponents , or doing anything that might collapse the scrum . They must not push an opponent in the air . Finally , the back row must remain bound until the ball has left the scrum . For flankers , this means keeping one arm , up to the shoulder , in contact with the scrum . The no . 8 must have both hands touching the scrum until the scrum has ended . Other rules regard the scrum - halves and how they throw in the ball . The scrum must be stable , stationary and parallel to the goal - lines when they feed the ball ; otherwise a free kick is awarded to the non-offending team . If the scrum is acceptable then the scrum - half must feed the ball into the scrum without delay . The referee will often warn a team and if the warning is not heeded the opposition is awarded a free kick . The ball must be fed into the middle of the tunnel with its major axis parallel to the ground and touchline . The ball must be thrown in quickly and in a single movement -- this means that a feed can not be faked . Once the ball has left the hands of the scrum - half the scrum has begun . Players ( edit ) The front row are usually the stockiest members of the scrum . Hookers are normally smaller than props so they may manoeuvre their lower bodies within the tight confines of the front row and tunnel . Props and locks both need to be strong , but the positions differ in their main criteria for selection . Since props are more directly involved in wrestling for position and channelling the drive forward , strength and weight are of prime importance for them . Strength is also important for locks , since they also push ; however , height is more important for them than it is for front - row players . Locks are virtually always the tallest players on the team ; they are used as the primary contestants for possession in another phase of the game , the line - out . Flankers and the number 8 do less of the pushing in the scrum , and need more speed , because their task is to quickly tackle or cover the opposing half - backs if the opposition wins the scrum . Approximately 40 % of the power of the scrum is produced in the front row itself . In most professional teams the forward pack weighs at least 800 kg ( 1764 lbs ) . Awarding ( edit ) A scrum is awarded in a number of situations . The most common is if the ball has been knocked on ( knocked forward ) or passed forward . The two other major times when a scrum is called for is when someone is accidentally offside ; or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of it being retrieved . The scrum feed goes to the team that did not offend , except in the case of the ball being trapped in a ruck or maul . In this situation the feed is awarded to the team that was `` going forward '' -- that is , the team that had the forward momentum at the ruck . If the ball is held up at a maul , the scrum is awarded to the team not in possession when the maul started . If a penalty is awarded for a more serious offence , the team to which it is awarded may elect to have a scrum rather than take a penalty kick or free kick . This is usually happens when the attacking team is close to the opposition 's goal - line , and wants to occupy all the opposition 's forwards in one area to give the backs more space . They may also think they can force the scrum over the goal - line and score a `` pushover '' try . A pushover try can occur the instant the ball touches the goal line . This is because a scrum is defined in the Laws of the Game to only exist within the field of play and not within the in - goal . Hence as soon as the ball reaches the line , the scrum ceases to exist and any player can ground the ball without risking a penalty for `` handling in the scrum '' . Pushover tries are rare , however , because scrums are awarded a minimum of five metres ( 16.4 ft ) from either goal - line , and either touchline . This means for a pushover try to occur , the scrum must be forced several metres in one direction without collapsing . Safety ( edit ) Scrums are one of the most dangerous phases in rugby , since a collapse or improper engage can lead to a front row player damaging or even breaking his neck . For this reason , only trained players may play in the front row to help avoid injuries . If a team is without sufficient specialist front row players , for example because of injury or sin - binning , all scrums may be `` uncontested scrums '' . In this situation , the packs engage , but do not push , and the team that still puts the ball into the scrum must win it without effort . Teams use a Scrum machine to train players . Recently , a leading consultant surgeon in the UK has called for the ban of contested scrums , asserting they are too dangerous . There is very significant support for contested scrums however -- former England hooker Brian Moore argued that `` You would change the whole nature of the game and it would no longer be a game for all shapes and sizes as it is , uniquely , today . '' History ( edit ) A scrum in rugby sevens Like many aspects of rugby union , the scrum has evolved since the sport 's invention . Many of the rules regarding the scrum have been changed . These changes have not always had the desired long - term effect , as many have been changed quite frequently . Originally there was no distinction between an awarded or scrum and a loose scrum ( today known as a ruck ) . The side awarded the scrum had one player put the ball on the ground and let go of it ; there was no requirement of a tunnel . The onside line was dictated by the ball ; so players were required to remain behind it . A scrum would most commonly be awarded when a stalemate occurred between the player with the ball , who would declare `` held '' , and opposition holding him , who would call `` Have it down '' . The early rules did not draw a clear distinction between players in or out of a scrum , and did not require players in the scrum to bind . The early rules of rugby , even after re-codification as `` Laws of the Rugby Union '' , said the object of players in the scrum was to kick the ball towards their opponents ' goal line . This provision remained in the laws for approximately 20 years after practice had changed in the late 19th century . For a long time players did not have specific positions within a scrum . They adopted the `` first up , first down '' down method , with the first players to a scrum packing down in the front row and the rest of the forwards filling the remaining positions . Although the 1905 All Blacks are often credited with introducing specialised scrum positions , the 1888 - 1889 New Zealand Native football team had in fact practised this . As well , Thomas Ellison , one of the Natives , invented the 2 - 3 - 2 scrum formation . This seven man scrum was very popular in New Zealand until being outlawed in 1932 . The extra man available because he was not in the scrum was called a wing forward and his job was to feed the ball into the scrum . Wing forwards were frequently accused of obstructing the opposing scrum - half , and this contributed to the International Rugby Football Board , later known as the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) and now as World Rugby ( WR ) , outlawing a two - man front row . Until the second half of the 20th century there were many configurations of scrum ; including 3 - 2 - 3 , 3 - 4 - 1 and 3 - 3 - 2 . The 1906 Springboks became `` the first national team to utilize the 3 - 4 - 1 formation '' . South Africans credit Springbok Fairy Heatlie for developing the 3 - 4 - 1 formation in 1901 at the Villagers Rugby Club in Cape Town , fellow Villager Paddy Carolin for applying it on the 1906 South African tour of Britain , and Stellenbosch coach `` Oubaas Mark '' Markötter for perfecting it afterwards . Under Markötter 's instigation , and that of his protegé Danie Craven , South Africa had by 1949 perfected the 3 - 4 - 1 scrum formation . The hooker bound very loosely , and could swing his body so that he could get his feet to the ball as soon as it was fed into the scrum . The two locks would not push on the hooker , but their props , to make this easier . This made it very difficult for the opposition to get anywhere near the ball before it was hooked to the back of the scrum . It was at this time the terms loosehead and tighthead entered rugby terminology . Ever since the team feeding the ball has had a significant advantage , and won their own ball much more frequently . In the 1960s rule changes were introduced to try and limit the effect the loose forwards were having on back play . There was no obligation to bind to a scrum for flankers at this time . The offside line was dictated by the position of the ball even when it was in the scrum , and so when it emerged at the back of the scrum the scrum - half would often find the opposition flankers and scrum - half arriving with it . The new offside line became the hindmost foot of the scrum . Only the opposition scrum - half could move forward of that point , and all flankers had to stay bound unless they remained behind the hindmost foot of the scrum . Another rule change introduced allowed the number 8 or the rear-most bound forward to detach from a scrum with the ball , previously it could only be retrieved by the scrum - half . The scrum in the professional era ( edit ) Around 1996 , the All Blacks came up with a strategy where their pack would push at the same time the hooker would strike for the ball . This not only meant they got the hooked ball , but also the opposition had to retreat to stay onside . Eventually , other teams found out what the All Blacks were doing and copied them . Referees stopped enforcing the straight feed into the scrum , and as a result scrum - halves started feeding the ball further on their side of the scrum . Opposing hookers gave up trying to hook for the ball and instead focused on adding power to the pack 's drive . This turned the scrum from a hooking and pushing contest into one of power pushing , which led to a rise in collapsed scrums . In 2007 the scrum law was amended to a four - step , `` crouch '' , `` touch '' , `` pause '' , `` engage '' process in an attempt to control scrum engagement . Prior to this , there was no obligation for each prop to touch the opposing props shoulder , and the distance between the two front rows was often larger . The new rule fixed the distance between the front rows and as a result cut the force of impact from the engagement . The reason for the rule change was to reduce the number of serious neck injuries to front rowers . The IRB made further changes to the laws in 2009 in an attempt to eliminate uncontested scrums . Beginning in the 2007 -- 08 season , the IRB sanctioned a trial of the following new rules in France : Matchday squads would be increased from the standard 22 to 23 , with two props and one hooker required among the substitutes . If a team lost all of their available front - row substitutes , uncontested scrums would take place , but with that team having to play with 14 players instead of 15 , eliminating any possible advantage of uncontested scrums . In the last season before the trial ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 145 matches in the country 's three top divisions ( Top 14 , Pro D2 , and Fédérale 1 ) ended with uncontested scrums . In 2007 -- 08 , only two matches out of 994 in the same divisions finished with uncontested scrums . In July 2009 , the IRB authorised all of its member unions to adopt these changes in competitions that they completely control , and also allowed these changes in transnational club and provincial competitions ( such as the Magners League and Super 14 ) with the permission of all unions involved . More recent scrum law changes ( edit ) In March 2013 , former England hooker Brian Moore wrote a scathing article on the BBC website about the state of scrums , in which he outlined his concerns that the rule changes had made things worse instead of better . Starting with the 2012 -- 13 rugby season , the IRB issued trial law amendments , one of which affected the call sequence . The referee continued to start with `` crouch '' and `` touch , '' but then issued the command `` set , '' which replaced `` engage '' as the indication that the packs may push forward . `` Pause '' was removed in order to speed up the scrum and to minimize resets due to collapsed scrums . As of the 2013 -- 14 rugby season , the calls were changed to crouch , bind and set . This change required the props to bind before the pack is allowed to push , reducing the impact between the two packs when they engage . The IRB stated that this change was expected to reduce the impact `` by up to 25 per cent in elite competition . '' In addition to changes in how the scrum is set , the IRB asked referees to renew their focus on the existing law , particularly preventing pushes before the ball is in and ensuring that the ball is fed in straight . More recently , World Rugby announced that starting in 2017 -- 18 , it would conduct a worldwide trial of changes to the scrum law as part of a larger trial of law changes . These changes will be used for at least a year before WR decides on whether to make them permanent . The scrum - half must still throw the ball in straight , but is allowed to align his or her shoulder on the middle line of the scrum . This will allow the scrum - half to stand on his or her own side of the middle line . Once the ball touches the ground , any front - row player -- not just the hookers -- may contest possession . The number 8 may pick the ball up once it reaches the feet of the second - row players . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scrum ( rugby ) . Line - out Playing rugby union Rugby union positions Bibliography ( edit ) Verdon , Paul ( 2000 ) . Born to Lead : The Untold Story of the All Black Test Captains . Auckland , New Zealand : Celebrity Books . ISBN 1 - 877252 - 05 - 0 . Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Forming a scrum '' . bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Law 20 - Scrum '' . planetrugby.com. 22 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ This is not universally true , some teams operate a left and right flanker rather than openside and blindside . Jump up ^ `` Scrum Law changes '' . irb.com. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Rees , Paul ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` Props say urgent scrum reform is needed before the game is ruined '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Feeding the scrum '' . bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hooking the ball '' . bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The laws of scrummaging '' . bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ this is when a player who is offside can not prevent themselves being touched by a team mate or the ball -- for example when retreating onside following another phase of play , Jump up ^ Haylen , Paul ( 2004 ) . `` Spinal injuries in rugby union , 1970 -- 2003 : lessons and responsibilities '' . The Medical Journal of Australia . 181 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 50 . PMID 15233614 . Jump up ^ `` England seeks scrum rule change '' . bbc.co.uk. 2006 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rees , Paul ( 2006 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Hampson injury prompts move towards uncontested scrums '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( 2006 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Is this the final collapse for the rugby scrum ? '' . London : telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg 262 . Jump up ^ Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg 263 . ^ Jump up to : Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg 266 . Jump up ^ Nauright , John ( 1997 ) . Sport , cultures and identities in South Africa ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . London ( u.a. ) : Leicester Univ . Press . p. 42 . ISBN 9780718500498 . Jump up ^ Carolin , Harold William ( 1990 ) . Lappe Laubscher ; Gideon Nieman , eds . The Carolin papers : a diary of the 1906 / 07 Springbok tour . Pretoria : Rugbyana . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 9780620145015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Tim ( 2009 ) . Players : 250 Men , Women and Animals Who Created Modern Sport . Random House . ISBN 9780224082778 . Jump up ^ Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg 267 . Jump up ^ Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg 269 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Brian ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` What 's gone wrong with the scrum ? '' . Jump up ^ `` IRB to introduce new scrum law '' . tvnz.co.nz. 2006 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` IRB happy with new scrummage laws '' . taipeitimes.com. 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRB act on uncontested scrums '' . Scrum.com. 2009 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.irblaws.com/2012/index.php?amendment=21 Jump up ^ `` Crouch - Bind - Set Training '' . irblaws.com . International Rugby Board . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New scrum laws : Fewer collapses this season , says Wayne Barnes '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Six law amendments added to global trial as northern hemisphere programme gets underway '' ( Press release ) . World Rugby. 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scrum_(rugby_union)&oldid=833694066 '' Categories : Rugby union terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 00 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Question: what is the point in a rugby scrum


Captive killer whales - wikipedia Captive killer whales Jump to : navigation , search An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://theorcaproject.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/keltie-byrne-coroner-inquest-5pg.pdf Triggered by \ bfiles \. wordpress \. com \ b on the global blacklist Orca show at Sea World San Diego Killer whales were first captured live and displayed in exhibitions in the 1960s , soon becoming popular attractions at public aquariums and aquatic theme parks due to their intelligence , trainability , striking appearance , playfulness in captivity and sheer size . As of September , 2016 , there are 56 orcas in captivity worldwide , 33 of which are captive - born . The practice of keeping killer whales in captivity has become controversial . Contents ( hide ) 1 Orcas 2 Capture and breeding 2.1 North Eastern Pacific captures 2.2 Icelandic captures 2.3 North Western Pacific captures 2.4 Killer whales born in captivity 3 Captivity locations 3.1 SeaWorld 3.2 Miami Seaquarium 3.3 Marineland Canada 3.4 Marineland ( Antibes ) 3.5 Loro Parque 3.6 Mundo Marino 3.7 Other marine exhibitions 4 Captivity conditions 4.1 Tank size and water conditions 4.2 Nutrition and medical care 4.3 Training 5 Issues with captivity 5.1 Disease and lifespan 5.2 Dorsal fin collapse 5.3 Attacks on humans 5.4 Aggression between captive orcas 5.5 Early pregnancy and related issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Orcas ( edit ) Main article : Killer whale Transient orcas near Unimak Island , eastern Aleutian Islands , Alaska The killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) is the largest species of the Dolphin family . The species is found in all the world 's oceans , from the frigid Arctic and Antarctic regions to warm , tropical seas . Killer whales are intelligent , versatile and opportunistic predators . Some populations feed mostly on fish , and other populations hunt marine mammals , including sea lions , seals , walruses , large whales and some species of shark . They are considered an apex predator , having no natural predators in their environment . There are up to five distinct killer whale types , some of which may be separate races , subspecies or even species . Killer whales are highly social ; some populations are composed of matrilineal family groups , which are the most stable of any animal species . The sophisticated social behavior , hunting techniques , and vocal behavior of killer whales have been described as manifestations of culture . Although killer whales are not an endangered species , some local populations are considered threatened or endangered due to pollution by PCBs , depletion of prey species , captures for marine mammal parks , conflicts with fishing activities , acoustic pollution , shipping vessels , stress from whale - watching boats , and habitat loss . Capture and breeding ( edit ) Killer whales are large , active and intelligent . Males range from 6 to 9.7 m ( 20 to 32 ft ) and weigh over 8 tonnes ( 8.8 tons ) , while females range from 5 to 7 m ( 16 to 23 ft ) and weigh 3 to 5 tonnes ( 3.3 to 5.5 tons ) . It is extremely difficult to capture killer whales and to provide a healthy environment for the captives . Early attempts in the 1960s caused many injuries and deaths . However , with experience the teams who specialized in the business became more adept and post-capture survival rates improved . Live captures peaked in the early 1970s , but have become increasingly rare as the marine parks have learned how to maintain theme park populations through captive breeding and artificial insemination . North Eastern Pacific captures ( edit ) The dorsal fin and saddle patch of a killer whale known as Sonora or sometimes Holly ( A42 ) of the Northern Resident Orcas The first captured North Eastern Pacific killer whale ( Wanda ) was caught in November 1961 by a collecting crew from Marineland of the Pacific in Los Angeles . The 5.2 m ( 17 ft ) orca was placed in a tank at the aquarium , where she repeatedly crashed into the walls . She died the following day . The next killer whale captured , Moby Doll , had been harpooned and shot in 1964 and survived for three months when brought back for display to Vancouver , British Columbia . The third capture for display occurred in June 1965 when William Lechkobit found a 22 - foot ( 6.7 m ) male orca in his floating salmon net that had drifted close to shore near Namu , British Columbia . The killer whale was sold for $8,000 to Ted Griffin , a Seattle public aquarium owner . Named after his place of capture , Namu was the subject of a film that changed some people 's attitudes toward orcas . During the 1960s and early 1970s , nearly 70 killer whales were taken from Pacific waters for exhibition . The Southern Resident community of the Northeast Pacific lost 48 of its members to captivity . By 1976 , only 80 killer whales were left in the community , which remains endangered . With subsequent captures , the theme parks learned more about avoiding injury during capture and subsequent care of killer whales , and discovered that they could be trained to perform tricks , making them a great attraction to visitors . As commercial demand increased , growing numbers of Pacific orcas were captured , peaking in 1970 . A turning point came with a mass capture of orcas from the L - 25 pod in August 1970 at Penn Cove , Puget Sound off the coast of Washington . The Penn Cove capture became controversial due to the large number of wild killer whales that were taken ( seven ) and the number of deaths that resulted : four juveniles died , as well as one adult female who drowned when she became tangled in a net while attempting to reach her calf . In his interview for the CNN documentary Blackfish , former diver John Crowe told how all five of the whales had their abdomen slit open and filled with rocks , their tails weighted down with anchors and chains , in an attempt to conceal the deaths . The facts surrounding their deaths were discovered three months later after three of the dead whales washed ashore on Whidbey Island . Public concern about the welfare of the animals and the impact of captures on the wild pods led to the Marine Mammal Protection Act being passed in 1972 by the US Congress , protecting orcas from being harassed or killed , and requiring special permits for capture . Since then , few wild orcas have been captured in Northeastern Pacific waters . Lolita , originally known as Tokitae , was a survivor of the Penn Cove captures . She was about six years old at time of capture and is now the oldest captive killer whale . Lolita is the subject of the documentary Lolita : Slave to Entertainment , released in 2008 . Various groups still argue that Lolita should be released into the wild . Icelandic captures ( edit ) Keiko is weighed as he is loaded into his specially made transport tank at the Oregon State Aquarium , on September 9 , 1998 . When the US Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 effectively stopped the capture of Pacific orcas , exhibitors found an area more tolerant of killer whale captures in Iceland . Icelandic herring fishermen had traditionally seen killer whales as competitors for their catch , and sale of live killer whales promised a large new source of income . 48 live killer whales captured in Icelandic waters were exported to marine parks between 1976 and 1988 . The capture process was based on luring the orcas by dumping leftovers from herring fishing in front of the pod , capturing the killer whales in a purse seine net , selecting desirable animals and hauling them on board in a specially designed frame , then placing them in foam - lined boxes full of seawater . However , restrictions on US killer whale import permits and advances in captive breeding programs meant that the market never became as large as expected . Growing concern from conservationists and animal rights activists has caused the Icelandic government to limit the number of orcas that may be captured each year . Perhaps the best known of the Icelandic captives is Keiko , caught in 1979 and sold to the Icelandic aquarium in Hafnarfjörður . Three years later , he was sold to Marineland Canada , where he first started performing for the public and developed skin lesions indicative of poor health . He was then sold to Reino Aventura ( now named Six Flags Mexico ) , an amusement park in Mexico City , in 1985 . He was the star of the 1993 movie Free Willy , the publicity from which led to an effort by Warner Brothers Studio to find him a better home . Using donations from the studio , Craig McCaw the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport , Oregon spent over $7 million to construct facilities to return him to health with the hope of returning him to the wild . He was airlifted to his new home in January 1996 , where he soon regained weight . In September 1998 , he was flown to Klettsvik Bay in Vestmannaeyjar in Iceland , and gradually reintroduced to the wild , returning to the open sea in July 11 , 2002 . Keiko died from pneumonia in December 12 , 2003 at the age of 27 years . He had become lethargic and had a loss of appetite . North western Pacific captures ( edit ) 1,477 killer whales were hunted in Japanese waters between 1948 and 1972 , 545 of them around Hokkaido . Killer whale encounters in Japanese waters are now rare . In 1997 a group of ten killer whales was corralled by Japanese fisherman banging on iron rods and using water bombs to disorient the animals and force them into a bay near Taiji , Wakayama . They were held in the bay for two days before being auctioned to Japanese marine parks . Five animals were released , and the other five transported via road or sea to the aquariums . All five are dead . The first live killer whale captured in Russia was an 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) - long female estimated to be about six years old , captured off the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka district on September 26 , 2003 . She was transferred over 7,000 miles ( 11,000 km ) to a facility owned by the Utrish Dolphinarium on the Black Sea , where she died in October 2003 after less than a month in captivity . Killer whales born in captivity ( edit ) The majority of today 's theme - park killer whales were born in captivity : 33 out of 56 . Kalina , a female orca born in September 1985 at SeaWorld Orlando , was the first captive orca calf to survive more than two months . Kalina 's mother is an Icelandic female named Katina , and her father , Winston ( also known as Ramu III ) , was a Pacific Southern Resident , making Kalina an Atlantic / Pacific hybrid -- a unique situation that would not have occurred in the wild . The first killer whale conceived through artificial insemination was Nakai who was born to Kasatka at the SeaWorld park in San Diego in September 2001 . A female killer whale named Kohana , the second killer whale conceived in this manner , was born at the same park eight months later . Artificial insemination lets park owners maintain a healthier genetic mix in the small groups of killer whales at each park while avoiding the stress of moving killer whales for breeding purposes . The practice of exhibiting killer whales born in captivity is less controversial than of retaining free - born orcas , since the captive - born orcas have known no other world and may not be able to adapt to life in the wild . Captive breeding also promises to reduce incentives to capture wild orcas . However , in January 2002 the Miami Seaquarium stated that captive orcas are dying faster than they are being born , and as it is virtually impossible to obtain orcas captured from the wild , the business of exhibiting captive orcas may eventually disappear . Captivity locations ( edit ) Corky II , a female orca performing at SeaWorld , San Diego , California As of September 29 , 2016 , orcas in 13 facilities in North and South America , Europe and Asia provide entertainment for theme park visitors . Building the physical infrastructure of the parks requires major capital expenditure , but as the star attractions the orcas are arguably the most valuable and irreplaceable assets . SeaWorld ( edit ) Main article : SeaWorld SeaWorld is a chain of marine mammal parks in the United States and is the largest owner of captive killer whales in the world . The parks feature killer whale , sea lion , and dolphin shows and zoological displays featuring various other marine animals . The parks ' icon is Shamu , the orca . Parks include : SeaWorld San Diego , San Diego , California ; home of Corky II , Orkid , Ulises , Nakai , Kalia , Ikaika , Keet , Shouka , Makani , and Amaya SeaWorld Orlando , Orlando , Florida ; home of Katina , Trua , Nalani , Kayla , Malia , and Makaio SeaWorld San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas ; home of Kyuquot , Tuar , Takara , Sakari , and Kamea There was also a fourth park named SeaWorld Ohio , but the park closed in 2001 . The killer whale show at the Miami Seaquarium starring Lolita . Miami Seaquarium ( edit ) Main article : Miami Seaquarium The Miami Seaquarium is an aquarium located on Virginia Key in Biscayne Bay near downtown Miami , Florida . A subsidiary of the privately held Wometco Enterprises , the Seaquarium was the first major marine park attraction in South Florida , opening in 1955 . In addition to marine mammals , the Miami Seaquarium houses fish , sharks , sea turtles , birds and reptiles . It is home to Lolita ( aka Tokitae ) , the oldest killer whale in captivity . Marineland Canada ( edit ) Main article : Marineland ( Ontario ) Marineland is a privately held themed amusement and animal exhibition park in the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , Canada . Owing to its proximity to the falls and other natural park areas and its blend of animal attractions and rides , it is one of the main tourist destinations in Niagara Falls , in Ontario , Canada . It currently only holds Kiska . Marineland ( Antibes ) ( edit ) Main article : Marineland ( Antibes ) Marineland is an animal exhibition park in Antibes , France , founded in 1970 . It receives more than 1,200,000 visitors per year , and is the only French sea park featuring two cetacean species : killer whales and dolphins . The park is a subsidiary of Parques Reunidos , a Spanish group with properties in Europe , Argentina and the US . It currently holds Inouk ( M ) , Wikie ( F ) , Moana ( M ) , and Keijo ( M ) and owns Shouka ( F ) , who is at SeaWorld San Diego . Loro Parque ( edit ) Main article : Loro Parque Loro Parque ( Spanish for `` parrot park '' ) is a zoo located on the outskirts of Puerto de la Cruz on Tenerife . The park has the world 's largest indoor penguin exhibition , the longest shark tunnel in Europe , and is one of only two parks in Europe to house killer whales . In February 2006 , Loro Parque received four young killer whales ; two males , Keto ( born in 1995 ) and Tekoa ( born in 2000 ) , and two females , Kohana ( 2002 ) and Skyla ( 2004 ) on loan from SeaWorld . Sea World has sent its own professionals , including trainers , curators & veterinarians , to supplement the staff at Loro Parque . In 2004 and 2005 , before the killer whales were brought to Loro Parque , eight animal trainers from the park were sent to Sea World parks in Texas and Florida for training . However , only half of these trainers are currently employed in Orca Ocean , Loro Parque 's facility for the killer whales . None of the subsequent employees hired have been sent to Sea World parks for training . On December 24 , 2009 , orca trainer Alexis Martinez , age 29 , was killed during a Christmas show rehearsal when he was attacked by one of the killer whales , presumably Keto , resulting in his drowning . He had worked at Loro Parque since 2004 . From this date the trainers no longer enter the water with the orcas during live shows . In December of 2017 , SeaWorld announced that the orcas they loaned to Loro Parque now belonged to the Spanish amusement park . Mundo Marino ( edit ) Main article : Mundo Marino Mundo Marino , located south of Buenos Aires in the coastal town of San Clemente del Tuyú , Argentina , is the largest aquarium in South America . Mundo Marino is home to one male killer whale , Kshamenk , that was stranded , or force - stranded , in 1992 . Kshamenk is estimated to have been around 4 1 / 2 years old when captured . Other marine exhibitions ( edit ) Kamogawa SeaWorld , Kamogawa , Chiba , Japan ; home of Lovey , Lara , Earth , and Luna Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan ; home of Ran II , Stella , and Lynn Moskvarium , Moscow , Russia ; home of Narnia , Nord , and Juliet TINRO Center , Vladivostok , Russia ; home of three - four unnamed orcas , one male and two females Chimelong Ocean Kingdom , Henqin , Zhuhai , China ; home of four unnamed orcas , two of which are male , the other two are unknown genders It is unknown where TIN - OO - C1306 currently resides , he / she may be with Chimelong Ocean Kingdom , the TINRO Center , or at another park . Captivity conditions ( edit ) Tank size and water conditions ( edit ) Legal requirements for tank size vary greatly from country to country . In the US , the minimum enclosure size is set by the Code of Federal Regulations , 9 C.F.R. 3.104 , under the Specifications for the Humane Handling , Care , Treatment , and Transportation of Marine Mammals . In 9 CFR 3.104 , Table III classifies killer whales as Group I cetaceans with an average length of 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) . Based on length , Table I states up to two killer whales may be held in a pool with a minimum horizontal dimension ( the diameter of a circular pool of water ) of twice that length or 48 feet ( 15 m ) and a minimum depth of 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) , giving a minimum volume of 21,700 cubic feet ( 615 m ) for two killer whales . Each additional killer whale requires a pool with an additional 10,900 cubic feet ( 308 m ) of volume . 9 CFR 3.104 also requires a minimum of 680 square feet ( 63 m ) surface area per killer whale in Table IV ( the example with a cylindrical tank 48 feet ( 15 m ) in diameter for two whales provides 905 square feet ( 84.1 m ) of surface area per killer whale ) . Swiss regulations require a larger minimum volume : 400 square metres ( 4,300 sq ft ) × 4 metres ( 13 ft ) deep for two killer whales , or 1,600 cubic metres ( 57,000 cu ft ) . The Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums ( AMMPA ) goes further , and recommends 1,918 cubic metres ( 67,700 cu ft ) for two killer whales . The US exhibitors of captive killer whales belong to the AMMPA , but exhibitors in other countries do not . The tanks in most marine parks are considerably larger than the minimum sizes required by regulations . However , the Miami Seaquarium has been criticized for the small size of the tank holding their sole killer whale , Lolita , which is less than two of her body lengths wide at any point . Building a new tank would be costly and there is little prospect of replacing the aging Lolita . Nutrition and medical care ( edit ) On average , an adult killer whale in the wild may eat about three to four percent of their body weight daily , or as much as 227 kg ( 500 lb ) of food for a six - ton male . Their diet in the wild depends on what is available , and may include fish , walruses , seals , sea lions , penguins , squid , sea turtles , sharks and whales . According to SeaWorld , each of their adult orcas receives 140 to 240 pounds of food per day , primarily herring , capelin , salmon and mackerel . To maintain their alertness , the killer whales are fed at sporadic intervals throughout the day ( as would happen in the wild ) and feeding is often combined with training and shows . Each batch of fish is carefully tested to determine its nutritive composition , and each killer whale 's weight , activity and health is carefully monitored to determine any special dietary requirements . Killer whales have been the subject of extensive medical research since their first capture , and much is known about prevention and treatment of the common viral and bacterial infections , including vaccination and use of antibiotics and other medicines . Allometric principles and therapeutic drug monitoring are used to accurately determine the doses and avoid toxicity . Training ( edit ) Whales are trained using a system of reward ( called `` positive reinforcement '' by trainers ) by giving the killer whale food or other reinforcement when they are successful , and withholding it when they are not . Secondary reinforcement -- things not essential to life , such as play time , tactile rewards and fun games -- can also be used as rewards . Issues with captivity ( edit ) The practice of keeping killer whales in captivity is controversial , and organizations such as World Animal Protection and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society campaign against the captivity of killer whales . Orcas in captivity may develop physical pathologies , such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 80 -- 90 % of captive males . The captive environment bears little resemblance to their wild habitat , and the social groups that the killer whales are put into are foreign to those found in the wild . Critics claim that captive life is stressful due to small tanks , false social groupings and chemically altered water . Captive killer whales have been observed acting aggressively toward themselves , other killer whales , or humans , which critics say is a result of stress . Disease and lifespan ( edit ) The lifespan of killer whales in captivity versus wild killer whales is disputed . Several studies published in scientific journals show that the average mortality rate for captive killer whales is approximately three times higher than in the wild . A 2015 study in the Journal of Mammalogy , authored by SeaWorld 's vice-president of theriogenology , Todd Robeck , concluded that the life expectancy for killer whales born at SeaWorld is the same as those in the wild . In the wild , female killer whales have a typical lifespan of 60 -- 80 years , and a maximum recorded lifespan of 103 years . The average lifespan for males in the wild is 30 years , but some live up to 50 -- 60 years . The 2015 study has been criticised by Trevor Willis , senior lecture in marine biology at the University of Portsmouth , who stated that the study is misleading , `` clearly wrong '' and indicative of `` poor practice '' . He stated that it is misleading in two ways : `` First , it compares two completely different circumstances : the controlled environment of a swimming pool , with highly trained vets on hand ; and the wild ocean . `` There are no predators in a swimming pool . Second , and in the absence of any other information , it appears they 've looked at the survival rate of calves in the first two years of life and extrapolated it out 50 years into the future . '' He also stated that no captive orca has lived for 55.8 years , the recorded average life expectancy of adult orcas at SeaWorld . SeaWorld San Antonio 's 14 - year - old Taku , born in captivity , died suddenly on October 17 , 2007 . Trainers were notified that Taku had been acting differently a week before his death . The necropsy determined that Taku had died from a sudden case of pneumonia , a common illness among captive orcas . It was also discovered that Taku was infected by the West nile virus , transmitted by mosquitos . The shallowness of orca tanks forces orcas to spend a lot of time at the surface . So much time at the surface leads to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet ( UV ) rays . Prolonged exposure to the surface and UV rays is attributed to sunburns and the development of cataracts in orcas in captivity . Orcas in the wild would live at higher latitudes , meaning less intense sun , and spend more time in deeper , darker waters . While it is uncertain the effects of prolonged UV exposure to orcas ' skin , since captive orca necropsies are extremely secretive , it seems logical that prolonged exposure to UV rays on unprotected skin would have the same negative effects such as melanoma ( skin cancer ) on orcas as it does on humans . The original Namu developed a bacterial infection which damaged his nervous system , causing him to become nonresponsive to people . During his illness he charged full - speed into the wire mesh of his pen , thrashed violently for a few minutes and then died . Dorsal fin collapse ( edit ) This male ( Tilikum ) , at SeaWorld Orlando , had a collapsed dorsal fin . Most captive male killer whales , and some females , have a dorsal fin that is partially or completely collapsed to one side . Several hypotheses exist as to why this happens . A dorsal fin is held erect by collagen , which normally hardens in late adolescence . Scientists from the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) have reported that `` the collapsed dorsal fins commonly seen in captive killer whales do not result from a pathogenic condition , but are instead thought to most likely originate from an irreversible structural change in the fin 's collagen over time . Possible explanations for this include : ( 1 ) alterations in water balance caused by the stresses of captivity dietary changes , ( 2 ) lowered blood pressure due to reduced activity patterns , or ( 3 ) overheating of the collagen brought on by greater exposure of the fin to the ambient air . '' According to SeaWorld 's website , another reason for the fin to bend may be the greater amount of time that captive whales spend at the surface , where the fin is not supported by water pressure . The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society says that dorsal fin collapse is largely explained by captive killer whales swimming in small circles due to the inadequate space in which they have to swim . SeaWorld , however , claims that `` Neither the shape nor the droop of a whale 's dorsal fin are indicators of a killer whale 's health or well - being . '' Collapsed or collapsing dorsal fins are rare in most wild populations and usually result from a serious injury to the fin , such as from being shot or colliding with a vessel . After the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill , the dorsal fins of two male resident killer whales who had been exposed to the oil collapsed , and the animals subsequently died . In 2002 , the dorsal fin of a stranded killer whale showed signs of collapse after three days but regained its natural upright appearance as soon as the orca resumed strong normal swimming upon release . It has been reported that seven out of the 30 ( 23 % ) wild adult male killer whales from New Zealand waters have bent dorsal fins , though this figure includes a variety of dorsal fin abnormalities , including rippled or twisted fins , in addition to simple one - sided collapse . The New Zealand study noted that , in addition to the high prevalence of dorsal fin deformities , two of the 30 adult males in this population also had prolific body scarring that was consistent with bite marks from other killer whales . The prevalence of dorsal fin deformities is 4.7 % among adult male orcas in British Columbia and 0.57 % in Norway . Amongst the well - studied wild killer whales off the coast of British Columbia , the total rate of dorsal fin collapse is around 1 % . Attacks on humans ( edit ) Main article : Orca attacks on humans Two recorded instances include a boy charged while swimming in Helm Bay ( in southeast Alaska ) and orcas trying to tip ice floes on which a dog team and photographer of the Terra Nova Expedition were standing . In the case of the boy in Alaska , the boy was splashing in a region frequented by harbor seals , leading to speculation that the killer whales misidentified him as prey and aborted their attack . In the case of the Terra Nova expedition , there is speculation that the seal - like barking of the sled dogs may have triggered the killer whales ' hunting curiosity . Killer whales in the wild , however , are much less likely to attack people than are their captive counterparts , who have been known to attack either their handlers or intruders . Following one such attack on a trainer in 2006 , ABC News reported that captive killer whales have attacked nearly two dozen people since the 1970s . Studies of killer whales in the wild have identified at least two categories , based on their territorial range . Those living in a limited area , such as Puget Sound or the Strait of Juan de Fuca , are termed `` resident '' whales , while `` transient '' whales roam the oceans at will . These `` transient '' types have to be more aggressive , in order to assert themselves in a wide range of territories and to prey on a variety of different species . This increased aggressiveness does not disappear in captivity . Furthermore , captivity itself has been asserted to aggravate aggressive behavior , resulting in a `` cetacean equivalent of anxiety disorder . '' Captive killer whale attacks on humans seem to fall mostly into the categories of : biting during feeding , ramming in the water , and holding under water . Killer whales biting trainers during feeding or shows is generally the mildest form of attack seen , but can escalate to an animal dragging the trainer underwater and holding them there until they lose consciousness or drown . Trainers who have had killer whales ram into them in the water tend to suffer from a range of injuries including internal bleeding , broken bones , ruptured organs , and heart attack . Tilikum , a male killer whale , has been involved in the death of three individuals since his capture near Iceland in November 1983 . In 1991 , Tilikum and two other killer whales grabbed 20 - year - old trainer Keltie Byrne in their mouths and tossed her to each other , drowning Byrne . On July 5 , 1999 , Daniel P. Dukes visited SeaWorld and stayed after the park closed , evading security so as to enter a killer whale tank . He was found dead the next day , floating in Tilikum 's pool . He died due to a combination of hypothermia , trauma , and drowning but Dukes was covered in bruises , abrasions and bite marks , and his scrotum had been ripped open , indicating that Tilikum had toyed with the victim . It is unclear whether Tilikum actually caused the man 's death . On February 24 , 2010 , after a noontime performance at Sea World , Orlando , Florida , Tilikum killed trainer Dawn Brancheau during a training session with the whale . This latest incident with Tilikum reawakened a heated discussion about the effect of captivity on the killer whale 's behavior . In May 2012 , Occupational Safety and Health Administration administrative law judge Ken Welsch faulted SeaWorld for the death of Dawn Brancheau and introduced regulations requiring a physical barrier between trainers and killer whales . Kasatka , a female killer whale who was captured off the coast of Iceland in October 1978 at the age of one year , has shown aggression toward humans . Kasatka tried to bite a trainer during a show in 1993 , and again in 1999 . On November 30 , 2006 , Kasatka grabbed a trainer and dragged him underwater during their show . The trainer suffered puncture wounds to both feet and a torn metatarsal ligament in his left foot . On Christmas Eve of 2009 , 29 - year - old Alexis Martínez of Loro Parque , Tenerife , Spain was killed by a whale named Keto . After spending two and a half minutes at the bottom of the 12 - meter - deep main pool , his body was retrieved but he could not be revived . The park initially characterized the death as an `` accident '' and claimed that the body showed no signs of violence , but the subsequent autopsy report stated that Martinez died due to grave injuries sustained by an orca attack , including multiple compression fractures , tears to vital organs , and the bite marks of the animal on his body . During the investigation into the death of Alexis Martinez , it came to light that the park had also mischaracterized to the public a 2007 incident with Tekoa , the other male , and claimed it was also an accident rather than an attack . Aggression between captive orcas ( edit ) One infamous incident of killer whale aggression took place in August 1989 , when the dominant female Icelandic killer whale at SeaWorld San Diego , Kandu V , attempted to `` rake '' a female newcomer named Corky . Raking is a way orcas show dominance by forcefully scratching at another with their teeth . Kandu charged at Corky , attempting to rake her , missed and continued swimming into the back pool , where she ended up ramming the wall , rupturing an artery in her jaw . The crowd was quickly ushered out of the stadium . Forty - five minutes later Kandu V sank to the bottom of the pool and died . Kanduke , a male captured from T pod in British Columbia , Canada in August 1975 , often fought with a younger Icelandic male named Kotar . The aggression became increasingly serious , leading to an incident in which Kotar bit a part of Kanduke 's genitals and caused an infection . It is not known if such serious aggression and injury would occur in the open seas . Early pregnancy and Related issues ( edit ) Captive killer whales often give birth at a much younger age than in the wild , sometimes as young as age seven . The young mothers may have difficulty raising their offspring . The calves have a relatively low survival rate , though some have lived into adulthood . Corky ( II ) , a female from the A5 Pod in British Columbia , Canada became the first killer whale to become pregnant in captivity , giving birth on February 28 , 1977 . The calf died after 18 days . Corky went on to give birth six more times , but the longest surviving calf , Kiva , lived only 47 days . SeaWorld has attracted criticism over its continued captivity of Corky II from the Born Free Foundation , which wants her returned to the wild . A killer whale named Katina , captured near Iceland at about three years of age in October 1978 , became pregnant in early spring of 1984 at SeaWorld San Diego and gave birth in September 1985 to a female named Kalina . Although ten years was an extremely young age for a killer whale to become a mother , Kalina was the first killer whale calf to be successfully born and raised in captivity . In turn , Kalina gave birth at only seven and a half years of age to her first calf , a male named Keet . Gudrun was an Icelandic female caught in the 1970s . In 1993 , she gave birth to Nyar , a female who was both mentally and physically ill , and who Gudrun tried to drown during several shows . Nyar died from an illness a few months later . Gudrun died in 1996 from stillbirth complications . Taima is a transient / Icelandic hybrid female killer whale born in captivity to Gudrun in 1989 . Trainers believe that Gudrun 's behavior towards Nyar may have confused Taima , as she may have learned by example that this was how to raise a calf . In May 1998 , Taima gave birth to a male calf named Sumar . They were separated when he was about eight months old because of the aggression between them . On one occasion while performing , Taima started biting Sumar and throwing him out of the pool onto the trainer 's platform . She then slid out herself , and continued to bite him . In November 2000 , Taima gave birth to a male named Tekoa . The two were separated after only nine months due to aggression between them . On March 12 , 2007 , Taima gave birth to her third calf , Malia . Taima seemed to be a better mother this time , and no notable occurrences of aggression were reported ; this may be in part due to the fact that Kalina acted as `` aunt '' to Malia and helped Taima to look after her . Kalina was a very experienced mother and would often be kept with Malia , while Taima was given time with her mate , Tilikum . Taima died in 2010 during the birthing process of her fourth calf . The calf , fathered by Tilikum , was stillborn . Kayla , a killer whale born in captivity , gave birth to her first calf on October 9 , 2005 , a female named Halyn . Kayla rejected her calf , perhaps because she had never been exposed to a young calf before and did not know how to deal with it . Halyn was moved to a special animal care facility to be hand raised . Halyn died unexpectedly on June 15 , 2008 . On October 13 , 2010 , Kohana , an eight - year - old female killer whale , gave birth to a male calf at Loro Parque 's `` Orca Ocean '' exhibit after a four - hour labor . The calf weighed about 150 kilograms ( 330 lb ) , and was two meters ( 6 ft 7 in ) long . Kohana has yet to establish a `` maternal bond '' with her calf , forcing trainers to take the first steps in hand rearing him . The outcome of this pregnancy was not considered surprising , since Kohana was separated from her own mother , Takara , at three years of age , and was never able to learn about maternal care , compounded by the fact that she spent the formative years of her life surrounded by the three other juvenile killer whales at Loro Parque . See also ( edit ) List of captive orcas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Fate of Captive Orcas in 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Orcas in captivity '' . Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fisheries , NOAA . `` Killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) : : NOAA Fisheries '' . www.nmfs.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Balcomb , C. Kenneth ( 2000 ) . Killer whales : the natural history and genealogy of Orcinus orca in British Columbia and Washington State . Vancouver : UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0800 - 4 . Jump up ^ Glen Martin ( December 1 , 1993 ) . `` Killer Culture '' . DISCOVER Magazine . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Officials Say Orcas Threatened '' . Articles.latimes.com . March 2 , 2004 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captive killer whales '' . Jump up ^ Canada Dot Com . `` Killer whales threatened by salmon shortage '' . Article.wn.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baird , Robin W ( 2002 ) . Killer whales of the world : natural history and conservation . Stillwater , Minnesota : Voyageur Press . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 512 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Killer Whale Netted in Newport Harbor '' . Independent - Press - Telegram Newspaper of Long Beach , California / Bob Geivet . November 19 , 1961 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Newport Specimen ' November , 1961 / Behavioral , Antatomical and Pathological Data on the ' Newport Specimen ' '' . Marineland of the Pacific Historical Society . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A listing of dolphin / whale captures ... '' at pbs.org Jump up ^ WGBH Frontline : `` Edward ' Ted ' Griffin , The Life and Adventures of a Man Who Caught Killer Whales '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ Heimlich , Sara and Boran , James . Killer Whales ( 2001 ) Voyageur Press , Stillwater , Minnesota . Jump up ^ Aguilar , Rose . `` Blackfish : Highlighting the plight of captive orcas '' . Aljazeera . Aljazeera Satellite Network . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Capture of Orcas '' In Kokomo . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Archived April 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Since first orca capture , views have changed '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lolita 's Life Today '' Archived February 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Orca Network . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Orca survival trumps profits , ' ownership ' '' San Juan Journal . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Free Lolita ! Bid to bring orca ' home ' heats up '' Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Icelandic live - capture fishery for killer whales 1976 -- 1988 Orca Home . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Whale of a Business '' PBS , Reproduced from `` The Performing Orca , Why the Show Must Stop '' by Erich Hoyt . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Keiko 's Story : The Timeline '' . Keiko.com . December 12 , 2003 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Free Willy Keiko Foundation '' . Keiko.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Estes , J.A. ( 2007 ) . Whales , whaling , and ocean ecosystems . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24884 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` More Orcas Under Threat As A Cruel Capture Is Commemorated '' Archived September 8 , 2012 , at Archive.is Orca Zone . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kamchatka Orca First Victim of Russia 's Captive Orca Business '' Archived December 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Humane Society International . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kalina '' Orca Spirit . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artificially inseminated killer whale gives birth '' BBC . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Surprisingly , Kasatka is Kohana 's grandmother. `` Kohana '' Friend of the Orcas . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artificial Insemination Produces Killer Whales '' Smithsonian National Zoological Park . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Archived February 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Davis , Susan G. ( 1996 ) . Spectacular nature : corporate culture and the Sea World experience ( p72ff ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20981 - 7 . Jump up ^ Free Lolita Update # 52 -- ACT NOW to help Lolita Archived March 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Orca Network . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.orcahome.de/orcatank.htm http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160310-why-killer-whales-should-not-be-kept-in-captivity Jump up ^ SeaWorld Press Release Kit Archived March 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Miami Seaquarium '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lolita 's Life Today Archived February 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marineland Canada website '' Marineland Canada . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Loro Parque Website '' Loro Parque . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Archived February 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ M. Á. Montero / Puerto De La Cruz ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Los adiestradores del Loro Parque no tienen titulación oficial '' . ABC.es . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Humane Society . `` Held Captive : Orcas '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Title 9 CFR Part 3 , Subpart E Retrieved March 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ Killer whale World Association of Zoos and Aquariums . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Our Members Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seaquarium Activists Push to Free Lolita the Whale Village Voice Media . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Orca diet and location Oracle ThinkQuest . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hughes , Catherine D. `` National Geographic creature feature '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ask Shamu SeaWorld . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dierauf , Edited by Leslie A Gulland D Frances M ( 2001 ) . CRC handbook of marine mammal medicine . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0839 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Comparison Of Amikacin Pharmacokintetics In A Killer Whale ( Orcinus Orca ) And A Beluga Whale ( Delphinapterus Leucas ) American Association of Zoo Veterinarians . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Debate -- Dangers To Trainers A Whale Of A Business FRONTLINE '' . PBS . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Jane ( 1994 ) . All about training Shamu . Bridgeport , Conn. : Third Story Books . ISBN 1 - 884506 - 11 - 9 . Jump up ^ Parsons , ECM ( 2013 ) . An Introduction to Marine Mammal Biology and Conservation . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 8344 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Robeck , Todd R. ; Willis , Kevin ; Scarpuzzi , Michael R. ; O'Brien , Justine K. ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Comparisons of life - history parameters between free - ranging and captive killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) populations for application toward species management '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 96 : gyv113 . doi : 10.1093 / jmammal / gyv113 . ISSN 0022 - 2372 . PMC 4668992 . PMID 26937049 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Story Behind SeaWorld 's ' Clearly Wrong ' Statement On Its Dying Orca '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Green , Amy . `` Study Concludes Life Expectancy of SeaWorld Orcas Same As In The Wild '' . WMFE . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest orca spotted near Vancouver Island '' . Jump up ^ `` Killer Whale ( Orcinus Orca ) '' . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sea World Killer Whale Dies '' . WOAI - TV . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Killer whale at SeaWorld San Antonio dies '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Second Captive Orca , Taku , Dies from Virus Transmitted By Mosquito Vector '' . Scribd.com . October 15 , 2011 . doi : 10.1578 / AM. 35.2. 2009.163 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keto and Tilikum Express the Stress of Orca Captivity '' . 2011 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Killer Controversy : Why Orcas Should No Longer Be Kept in Captivity '' ( PDF ) . 2011 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The First Captive Killer Whales -- A Changing Attitude '' . Rockisland.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Regional Office ( August 2005 ) . `` Proposed Conservation Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales ( Orcinus orca ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ask Shamu : Frequently Asked Questions '' . SeaWorld / Busch Gardens . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Vanessa ( April 30 , 2001 ) . `` Captive Orcas ' Dying to Entertain You ' '' ( PDF ) . Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A recent survey of killer whales off the coast of New Zealand documented that 23 % of males had bent dorsal fins . '' `` Animal Bytes : Killer Whale '' . SeaWorld / Busch Gardens . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ingrid N. Visser . `` Prolific body scars and collapsing dorsal fins on killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) in New Zealand waters '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hoyt , Erich ; et al. `` Observations of Disparity between Educational Material Related to Killer Whales ( Orcinus Orca ) Disseminated by Public Display Institutions and the Scientific Literature '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Captive Orcas dying to entertain you Archived February 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cherry - Garrard , Apsley ( 1922 ) . The Worst Journey in the World . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : Killer Whale Attacks SeaWorld Trainer '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Kluger , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Killer - Whale Tragedy : What Made Tilikum Snap ? '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the mind of a ' killer whale ' '' . Cosmic Log ( website ) . MSNBC . February 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Whales Wild : Trainer Incidents '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tilikum '' Orca Spirit . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://theorcaproject.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/keltie-byrne-coroner-inquest-5pg.pdf Jump up ^ https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE6DA1E3CF932A1575AC0A96F958260 New York Times September 21 , 1999 . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dukes Medical Examiners Report '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Postmortem abrasions , laceration and avulsion of the scrotum with testes . Avulsion of the skin of the pubic area including the scrotal sac and testis , with the left testis separate . Jump up ^ OSHA Investigates Trainer 's Death , Separate Incident -- Orlando News Story -- WKMG Orlando Archived October 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` SeaWorld trainer killed by killer whale - CNN.com '' . CNN . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . See also : Tilikum Jump up ^ `` What 's best for `` Tilikum '' now , and what have we learned ? `` . Orcanetwork.org . February 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of Labor , Complainant v. SeaWorld of Florida -- Decision and Order '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Repard , Pauline ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Killer whale bites trainer , takes him to tank bottom '' . SignOnSanDiego.com . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Near Death At SeaWorld : Worldwide Exclusive Video '' Huffington Post July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Killer whale attacks Sea World trainer '' CNN November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Kasatka '' Archived May 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Beyond the Blue . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ M. Á. Montero / Santa Cruz De Tenerife . `` La orca `` Keto '' sí atacó y causó la muerte de Alexis , el adiestrador del Loro Parque `` . ABC.es . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moisés Á. Montero / Puerto De La Cruz . `` Uno de los responsables de las orcas reconoce la `` agresión '' de `` Tekoa '' en 2007 `` . ABC.es . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Corky 's Story '' Archived September 10 , 2012 , at Archive.is The Orca Zone . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kandu 5 Page '' GeoCities . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kanduke '' Orca Spirit . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Corky 's saddest day '' Orca Lab . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ UK . `` Behind the bars -- Orca in captivity '' . Bornfree.org.uk . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captive Orcas ' Dying to Entertain You ' '' Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gudrun '' GeoCities . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Website Dolfinarium , Downloaded on November 5 , 2008 , from http://www.dolfinarium.nl/index.php?do=content&id=210 Archived February 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ SeaWorld Welcomes Newest `` Pea '' to Pod , press release , SeaWorld Orlando , March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2007 . Archived May 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Blue : Taima '' Free Webs . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Archived March 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sumar '' Beyond the Blue . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Archived October 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Killer whale at SeaWorld San Antonio dies '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) When Animals Resist their Exploitation by Jason Hribal Keep Whales Wild Simpson , L.C. 2010 . Further reading Selected bibliography on Orcas from NOAA . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive_killer_whales&oldid=819521450 '' Categories : Killer whales Oceanaria Animal rights Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Use mdy dates from June 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 20 : 49 . 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Question: when was the first orca put in captivity