Myofascial trigger point - wikipedia Myofascial trigger point Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the `` tender points '' , used for fibromyalgia diagnosis . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Trigger point Classification and external resources Specialty Rheumatology ICD - 10 M62. 8 ( edit on Wikidata ) Myofascial trigger points , also known as trigger points , are described as hyperirritable spots in the fascia surrounding skeletal muscle . They are associated with palpable nodules in taut bands of muscle fibers . They are a topic of ongoing controversy , as there is limited data to inform a scientific understanding of the phenomenon . Accordingly , a formal acceptance of myofascial `` knots '' as an identifiable source of pain is more common among bodyworkers , physical therapists , chiropractors , and osteopathic practitioners . Nonetheless , the concept of trigger points provides a framework which may be used to help address certain musculoskeletal pain . The trigger point model states that unexplained pain frequently radiates from these points of local tenderness to broader areas , sometimes distant from the trigger point itself . Practitioners claim to have identified reliable referred pain patterns which associate pain in one location with trigger points elsewhere . There is variation in the methodology for diagnosis of trigger points and a dearth of theory to explain how they arise and why they produce specific patterns of referred pain . Compression of a trigger point may elicit local tenderness , referred pain , or local twitch response . The local twitch response is not the same as a muscle spasm . This is because a muscle spasm refers to the entire muscle contracting whereas the local twitch response also refers to the entire muscle but only involves a small twitch , no contraction . Among physicians , various specialists might use trigger point therapy . These include physiatrists ( physicians specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation ) , family medicine , and orthopedics . Osteopathic as well as chiropractic schools also include trigger points in their training . Other health professionals , such as athletic trainers , occupational therapists , physiotherapists , acupuncturists , massage therapists and structural integrators are also aware of these ideas and many of them make use of trigger points in their clinical work as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Diagnosis 2.1 Imaging 2.2 Myofascial pain syndrome 2.3 Misdiagnosis of pain 3 Pathophysiology 4 Treatment 4.1 Physical muscle treatment 4.2 Trigger - point - injection 4.3 Risks 4.4 Efficacy 5 Overlap with acupuncture 6 See also 7 References Definition ( edit ) The term `` trigger point '' was coined in 1942 by Dr. Janet Travell to describe a clinical finding with the following characteristics : Pain related to a discrete , irritable point in skeletal muscle or fascia , not caused by acute local trauma , inflammation , degeneration , neoplasm or infection . The painful point can be felt as a nodule or band in the muscle , and a twitch response can be elicited on stimulation of the trigger point . Palpation of the trigger point reproduces the patient 's complaint of pain , and the pain radiates in a distribution typical of the specific muscle harboring the trigger point . The pain can not be explained by findings on neurological examination . Diagnosis ( edit ) Practitioners do not agree on what constitutes a trigger point , but the assessment typically considers symptoms , pain patterns and manual palpation . Usually there is a taut band in muscles containing trigger points , and a hard nodule can be felt . Often a twitch response can be felt in the muscle by running your finger perpendicular to the muscle 's direction ; this twitch response often activates the `` all or nothing '' response in a muscle that causes it to contract . Pressing on an affected muscle can often refer pain . Clusters of trigger points are not uncommon in some of the larger muscles , such as the gluteus group ( gluteus maximus , gluteus medius , and gluteus minimus ) . Often there is a heat differential in the local area of a trigger point . A 2007 review of diagnostic criteria used in studies of trigger points concluded that there is as yet limited consensus on case definition in respect of MTrP pain syndrome . Further research is needed to test the reliability and validity of diagnostic criteria . Until reliable diagnostic criteria have been established , there is a need for greater transparency in research papers on how a case of MTrP pain syndrome is defined , and claims for effective interventions in treating the condition should be viewed with caution . A 2009 review of nine studies examining the reliability of trigger point diagnosis found that physical examination could not be recommended as reliable for the diagnosis of trigger points . Imaging ( edit ) A 2008 review in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of two recent studies concludes they present findings that can reduce some of the controversy surrounding the cause and identification of myofascial trigger points ( MTPs ) . The study by Chen on the use of magnetic resonance elastography ( MRE ) imaging of the taut band of an MTP in an upper trapezius muscle may present a convincing demonstration of the cause of MTP symptoms . MRE is a modification of existing magnetic resonance imaging equipment to image stress produced by adjacent tissues with different degrees of tension . This report presents an MRE image of the taut band that shows the V - shaped signature of the increased tension compared with surrounding tissues . Results were all consistent with the concept that taut bands are detectable and quantifiable with MRE imaging . The findings in the subjects suggest that the stiffness of the taut bands in patients with myofascial pain may be 50 % greater than that of the surrounding muscle tissue . The findings suggest that MRE can quantitate asymmetries in muscle tone that could previously only be identified subjectively by examination . In the study by Shah and associates , they have shown the feasibility of continuous , in vivo recovery of small molecules from soft tissue without harmful effects . With this technique , they have been able to investigate the biochemistry of muscle in subjects with myofascial trigger points and to contrast this with that of the noninvolved muscle . Myofascial pain syndrome ( edit ) The main innovation of Travell 's work was the introduction of the myofascial pain syndrome concept ( myofascial referring to the fascia that surrounds and permeates muscle ) . This is described as a focal hyperirritability in muscle that can strongly modulate central nervous system functions . Travell and followers distinguish this from fibromyalgia , which is characterized by widespread pain and tenderness and is described as a central augmentation of nociception giving rise to deep tissue tenderness that includes muscles . Studies estimate that in 75 -- 95 percent of cases , myofascial pain is a primary cause of regional pain . Myofascial pain is associated with muscle tenderness that arises from trigger points , focal points of tenderness , a few millimeters in diameter , found at multiple sites in a muscle and the fascia of muscle tissue . Biopsy tests found that trigger points were hyperirritable and electrically active muscle spindles in general muscle tissue . Misdiagnosis of pain ( edit ) The misdiagnosis of pain is the most important issue taken up by Travell and Simons . Referred pain from trigger points mimics the symptoms of a very long list of common maladies , but physicians , in weighing all the possible causes for a given condition , rarely consider a myofascial source . The study of trigger points has not historically been part of medical education . Travell and Simons hold that most of the common everyday pain is caused by myofascial trigger points and that ignorance of that basic concept could inevitably lead to false diagnoses and the ultimate failure to deal effectively with pain . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Activation of trigger points may be caused by a number of factors , including acute or chronic muscle overload , activation by other trigger points ( key / satellite , primary / secondary ) , disease , psychological distress ( via systemic inflammation ) , homeostatic imbalances , direct trauma to the region , collision trauma ( such as a car crash which stresses many muscles and causes instant trigger points ) radiculopathy , infections and health issues such as smoking . Trigger points form only in muscles . They form as a local contraction in a small number of muscle fibers in a larger muscle or muscle bundle . These in turn can pull on tendons and ligaments associated with the muscle and can cause pain deep within a joint where there are no muscles . The integrated hypothesis theory states that trigger points form from excessive release of acetylcholine which produces sustained depolarization of muscle fibers . Indeed , the trigger point has an abnormal biochemical composition with elevated concentrations of acetylcholine , noradrenaline and serotonin and a lower pH . These sustained contractions of muscle sarcomeres compresses local blood supply restricting the energy needs of the local region . This crisis of energy produces sensitizing substances that interact with some nociceptive ( pain ) nerves traversing in the local region which in turn can produce localized pain within the muscle at the neuromuscular junction ( Travell and Simons 1999 ) . When trigger points are present in muscles there is often pain and weakness in the associated structures . These pain patterns in muscles follow specific nerve pathways and have been readily mapped to allow for identification of the causative pain factor . Many trigger points have pain patterns that overlap , and some create reciprocal cyclic relationships that need to be treated extensively to remove them . Treatment ( edit ) Physical muscle treatment ( edit ) Therapists may use myotherapy ( deep pressure as in Bonnie Prudden 's approach , massage or tapotement as in Dr. Griner 's approach ) , mechanical vibration , pulsed ultrasound , electrostimulation , ischemic compression , trigger - point - injection ( see below ) , dry - needling , `` spray - and - stretch '' using a cooling ( vapocoolant ) spray , Low Level Laser Therapy and stretching techniques that invoke reciprocal inhibition within the musculoskeletal system . Practitioners may use elbows , feet or various tools to direct pressure directly upon the trigger point , to avoid overuse of their hands . A successful treatment protocol relies on identifying trigger points , resolving them and , if all trigger points have been deactivated , elongating the structures affected along their natural range of motion and length . In the case of muscles , which is where most treatment occurs , this involves stretching the muscle using combinations of passive , active , active isolated ( AIS ) , muscle energy techniques ( MET ) , and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation ( PNF ) stretching to be effective . Fascia surrounding muscles should also be treated to elongate and resolve strain patterns , otherwise muscles will simply be returned to positions where trigger points are likely to re-develop . The results of manual therapy are related to the skill level of the therapist . If trigger points are pressed too short a time , they may activate or remain active ; if pressed too long or hard , they may be irritated or the muscle may be bruised , resulting in pain in the area treated . This bruising may last for a 1 -- 3 days after treatment , and may feel like , but is not similar to , delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) , the pain felt days after overexerting muscles . Pain is also common after a massage if the practitioner uses pressure on unnoticed latent or active trigger points , or is not skilled in myofascial trigger point therapy . Researchers of evidence - based medicine concluded as of 2001 that evidence for the usefulness of trigger points in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia is thin . More recently , an association has been made between fibromyalgia tender points and active trigger points . Trigger - point - injection ( edit ) Injections without anesthetics , or dry needling , and injections including saline , local anesthetics such as procaine hydrochloride ( Novocain ) or articaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine , steroids , and botulinum toxin provide more immediate relief and can be effective when other methods fail . In regards to injections with anesthetics , a low concentration , short acting local anesthetic such as procaine 0.5 % without steroids or adrenalin is recommended . High concentrations or long acting local anesthetics as well as epinephrine can cause muscle necrosis , while use of steroids can cause tissue damage . Despite the concerns about long acting agents , a mixture of lidocaine and marcaine is often used . A mixture of 1 part 2 % lidocaine with 3 parts 0.5 % bupivacaine ( trade name : Marcaine ) provides 0.5 % lidocaine and 0.375 % bupivacaine . This has the advantages of immediate anesthesia with lidocaine during injection to minimize injection pain while providing a longer duration of action with a lowered concentration of bupivacaine . In 1979 , a study by Czech physician Karl Lewit reported that dry needling had the same success rate as anesthetic injections for the treatment of trigger points . He dubbed this the ' needle effect ' . In the 1950s and 1960s , studies relevant to trigger points were done by J.H. Kellgren at University College Hospital , London , in the 1930s and , independently , by Michael Gutstein in Berlin and Michael Kelly in Australia . Health insurance companies in the US such as Blue Cross , Medica , and HealthPartners began covering trigger point injections in 2005 . Risks ( edit ) Treatment , whether by self or by a professional , has some inherent dangers . It may lead to damage of soft tissue and other organs . The trigger points in the upper quadratus lumborum , for instance , are very close to the kidneys and poorly administered treatment ( particularly injections ) may lead to kidney damage . Likewise , treating the masseter muscle may damage the salivary glands superficial to this muscle . Furthermore , some experts believe trigger points may develop as a protective measure against unstable joints . Efficacy ( edit ) Studies to date on the efficacy of dry needling for MTrPs and pain have been too small to be conclusive . Overlap with acupuncture ( edit ) In a June 2000 review , Chang - Zern Hong correlates the MTrP `` tender points '' to acupunctural `` ah shi '' ( `` Oh Yes ! '' ) points , and the `` local twitch response '' to acupuncture 's `` de qi '' ( `` needle sensation '' ) , based on a 1977 paper by Melzack et al. Peter Dorsher comments on a strong correlation between the locations of trigger points and classical acupuncture points , finding that 92 % of the 255 trigger points correspond to acupuncture points , including 79.5 % with similar pain indications . See also ( edit ) Pressure point Myofascial pain syndrome Myofascial release Neuromuscular therapy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Travell , Janet ; Simons David ; Simons Lois ( 1999 ) . Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction : The Trigger Point Manual ( 2 vol . set , 2nd Ed . ) . USA : Lippincott Williams & Williams . ISBN 9780683083637 . ^ Jump up to : Tough EA , White AR , Richards S , Campbell J ( March -- April 2007 ) . `` Variability of criteria used to diagnose myofascial trigger point pain syndrome -- evidence from a review of the literature '' . Clin J Pain . 23 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 86 . PMID 17314589 . doi : 10.1097 / AJP. 0b013e31802fda7c . Jump up ^ McPartland JM ( June 2004 ) . `` Travell trigger points -- molecular and osteopathic perspectives '' . Journal of the American Osteopathic Association . 104 ( 6 ) : 244 -- 49 . PMID 15233331 . Jump up ^ Alvarez DJ , Rockwell PG ( February 2002 ) . `` Trigger points : diagnosis and management '' . Am Fam Physician. 65 ( 4 ) : 653 -- 60 . PMID 11871683 . Jump up ^ Lucas N , Macaskill P , Irwig L , Moran R , Bogduk N ( January 2009 ) . `` Reliability of physical examination for diagnosis of myofascial trigger points : a systematic review of the literature '' . Clin J Pain . 25 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 9 . PMID 19158550 . doi : 10.1097 / AJP. 0b013e31817e13b6 . Jump up ^ Myburgh , C ; Larsen AH ; Hartvigsen J. ( 2008 ) . `` A systematic , critical review of manual palpation for identifying myofascial trigger points : evidence and clinical significance '' . Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 89 ( 6 ) : 1169 -- 76 . PMID 18503816 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apmr. 2007.12. 033 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Simons DG ( 2008 ) . `` New views of myofascial trigger points : etiology and diagnosis '' . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation . 89 ( 1 ) : 157 -- 9 . PMID 18164347 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apmr. 2007.11. 016 . Jump up ^ Chen Q , Bensamoun S , Basford JR , Thompson JM , An KN ( December 2007 ) . `` Identification and quantification of myofascial taut bands with magnetic resonance elastography '' ( PDF ) . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation . 88 ( 12 ) : 1658 -- 61 . PMID 18047882 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apmr. 2007.07. 020 . Jump up ^ Shah JP , Danoff JV , Desai MJ , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Biochemicals associated with pain and inflammation are elevated in sites near to and remote from active myofascial trigger points '' . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation . 89 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 . PMID 18164325 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apmr. 2007.10. 018 . Jump up ^ Jantos M ( June 2007 ) . `` Understanding chronic pelvic pain '' . Pelviperineology. 26 ( 2 ) . ISSN 1973 - 4913 . OCLC 263367710 . Full open - access article Jump up ^ Davies Clair ; Davies Amber ( 2004 ) . The trigger point therapy workbook : your self - treatment guide for pain relief ( 2nd ed . ) . Oakland , California : New Harbinger Publications . p. 323 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57224 - 375 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shah JP , Gilliams EA ( 2008 ) . `` Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis : an application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome . '' . J Bodyw Mov Ther. 12 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 84 . PMID 19083696 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jbmt. 2008.06. 006 . Jump up ^ Hsueh TC , Cheng PT , Kuan TS , Hong CZ ( November -- December 1997 ) . `` The immediate effectiveness of electrical nerve stimulation and electrical muscle stimulation on myofascial trigger points '' . American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation . 76 ( 6 ) : 471 -- 6 . PMID 9431265 . doi : 10.1097 / 00002060 - 199711000 - 00007 . Jump up ^ `` Fibromyalgia : diagnosis and treatment '' . Bandolier ( 90 ) . August 2001 . ISSN 1353 - 9906 . Jump up ^ Ge HY , Nie H , Madeleine P , Danneskiold - Samsøe B , Graven - Nielsen T , Arendt - Nielsen L ( 2009 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Contribution of the local and referred pain from active myofascial trigger points in fibromyalgia syndrome '' . Pain . 147 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 233 -- 40 . PMID 19819074 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pain. 2009.09. 019 . Jump up ^ Brezinschek HP ( December 2008 ) . `` Mechanismen des Muskelschmerzes '' ( Mechanisms of muscle pain : significance of trigger points and tender points ) . Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie ( in German ) . 67 ( 8 ) : 653 -- 4 , 656 -- 7 . PMID 19015861 . doi : 10.1007 / s00393 - 008 - 0353 - y . Jump up ^ Raab D: Craniomandibular disorders simulating odontalgia and Eustachian tube - disorders -- a case report . ( Durch craniomandibuläre Dysfunktionen vorgetäuschte Zahnschmerzen und Tubenfunktionsstörungen -- ein Fallbericht . ) Wehrmedizinische Monatsschrift 2015 : 59 ( 12 ) ; 396 - 401 . http://www.wehrmed.de/article/2738-durch-craniomandibulaere-dysfunktionen-vorgetaeuschte-zahnschmerzen-tubenfunktionsstoerungen-ein-fallbericht.html Jump up ^ `` Trigger point injection '' . Non-Surgical Orthopaedic & Spine Center . October 2006 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lewit K ( 1979 ) . `` The needle effect in the relief of myofascial pain '' . Pain . 6 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 90 . PMID 424236 . doi : 10.1016 / 0304 - 3959 ( 79 ) 90142 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wilson VP ( 2003 ) . `` Janet G. Travell , MD : A Daughter 's Recollection '' . Tex Heart Inst J. 30 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 12 . PMC 152828 . PMID 12638664 . Jump up ^ Tough EA , White AR , Cummings TM , Richards SH , Campbell JL ( January 2009 ) . `` Acupuncture and dry needling in the management of myofascial trigger point pain : a systematic review and meta - analysis of randomised controlled trials '' . European Journal of Pain . 13 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 10 . PMID 18395479 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejpain. 2008.02. 006 . Jump up ^ Hong CZ ( June 2000 ) . `` Myofascial trigger points : pathophysiology and correlation with acupuncture points '' . Acupunct Med. 18 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 47 . doi : 10.1136 / aim. 18.1. 41 . Jump up ^ Melzack R , Stillwell DM , Fox EJ ( February 1977 ) . `` Trigger points and acupuncture points for pain : correlations and implications '' ( PDF ) . Pain . 3 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 23 . PMID 69288 . doi : 10.1016 / 0304 - 3959 ( 77 ) 90032 - X . Jump up ^ Dorsher PT ( May 2006 ) . `` Trigger points and acupuncture points : anatomic and clinical correlations '' . Medical Acupuncture. 17 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Dorsher PT ( July 2009 ) . `` Myofascial referred - pain data provide physiologic evidence of acupuncture meridians '' . J Pain . 10 ( 7 ) : 723 -- 31 . PMID 19409857 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpain. 2008.12. 010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myofascial_trigger_point&oldid=803485788 '' Categories : Injuries Massage therapy Pain management Soft tissue disorders Words coined in the 1940s Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing cleanup from August 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from August 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 20 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Question: where are trigger points located in the body


Ambulatory care - wikipedia Ambulatory care Jump to : navigation , search Ambulatory care or outpatient care is medical care provided on an outpatient basis , including diagnosis , observation , consultation , treatment , intervention , and rehabilitation services . This care can include advanced medical technology and procedures even when provided outside of hospitals . Public ambulatory care facility in Maracay , Venezuela , providing primary care for ambulatory care sensitive conditions . Ambulatory care sensitive conditions ( ACSC ) are health conditions where appropriate ambulatory care prevents or reduces the need for hospital admission ( or inpatient care ) , such as diabetes or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Many Medical Investigations and treatments for acute and chronic illnesses and preventive health care can be performed on an ambulatory basis , including minor surgical and medical procedures , most types of dental services , dermatology services , and many types of diagnostic procedures ( e.g. blood tests , X-rays , endoscopy and biopsy procedures of superficial organs ) . Other types of ambulatory care services include emergency visits , rehabilitation visits , and in some cases telephone consultations . Ambulatory care services represent the most significant contributor to increasing hospital expenditures and to the performance of the health care system in most countries , including most developing countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Settings 2 Conditions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Settings ( edit ) Health care organizations use different ways to define the nature of care provided as `` ambulatory '' versus inpatient or other types of care . Sites where ambulatory care can be delivered include : An examination room in a doctor 's office . Doctor 's surgeries ( known as doctor 's offices in American English ) : This is the most common site for the delivery of ambulatory care in many countries , and usually consists of a physician 's visit . Physicians of many specialties deliver ambulatory care . These physicians include specialists in family medicine , internal medicine , obstetrics , gynaecology , cardiology , gastroenterology , endocrinology , ophthalmology , and dermatology . Clinics : Including ambulatory care clinics , polyclinics , ambulatory surgery centers , and urgent care centers . In the United States , the Urgent Care Association of America ( UCAOA ) estimates that over 15,000 urgent care centers deliver urgent care services . These centers are designed to evaluate and treat conditions that are not severe enough to require treatment in a hospital emergency department but still require treatment beyond normal physician office hours or before a physician appointment is available . In Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union , Feldsher health stations are the main site for ambulatory care in rural areas . Hospitals : Including emergency departments and other hospital - based services such as same day surgery services and mental health services . Hospital emergency departments : Some visits to emergency departments result in hospital admission , so these would be considered emergency medicine visits rather than ambulatory care . Most visits to hospital emergency departments , however , do not require hospital admission . Non-medical institution - based settings : Including school and prison health ; vision , dental and pharmaceutical care . Non-institution settings : For example , mass childhood immunization campaigns using community health workers . Conditions ( edit ) Ambulatory care sensitive conditions ( ACSC ) are illnesses or health conditions where appropriate ambulatory care prevents or reduces the need for hospital admission . Appropriate care for an ACSC can include one or more planned revisits to settings of ambulatory care for follow - up , such as when a patient is continuously monitored or otherwise advised to return when ( or if ) symptoms appear or reappear . Relatively common ACSC include : asthma angina diabetes ( complications ) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pelvic inflammatory disease hypertension Chronic pain , Pain management gastroenteritis gangrene ear - nose - throat ( ENT ) infections congestive heart failure epilepsy influenza , pneumonia and other vaccine - preventable diseases tuberculosis iron deficiency anemia urinary tract infections cellulitis dental conditions . Hospitalization for an ACSC is considered to be a measure of access to appropriate primary health care , including preventive and disease management services . While not all admissions for these conditions are avoidable , appropriate ambulatory care could help prevent their onset , control an acute episode , or manage a chronic disease or condition. : For Medicaid - covered and uninsured U.S. hospital stays in 2012 , six of the top ten diagnoses were ambulatory care sensitive conditions . See also ( edit ) Primary care Reason for encounter Health care provider Ambulatory care nursing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-ambulatory-care.htm Jump up ^ http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=2218 Jump up ^ William Osler Health System . What is `` Ambulatory Care '' ? Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Saskatoon Health Region . Programs & Services : Ambulatory Care . Archived 2011 - 09 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ The Free Dictionary . Ambulatory care . Accessed 25 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Canadian Institute for Health Information , Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions . Accessed 14 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Canadian Institute for Health Information , Comprehensive Ambulatory Care Classification System . Accessed 25 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Karpiel MS . `` Using patient classification systems to identify ambulatory care costs . '' CBS Business Network . Accessed 25 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Berman P. `` Organization of ambulatory care provision : a critical determinant of health system performance in developing countries . '' Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 2000 , 78 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Verran JA . `` Testing a classification instrument for the ambulatory care setting . '' Research in Nursing & Health , 9 ( 4 ) : 279 -- 87 , December 1986 - doi : 10.1002 / nur. 4770090404 Jump up ^ Alberta Health and Wellness . Alberta Ambulatory Care Reporting Manual . Edmonton , April 2009 . Jump up ^ Shabarova Z . Primary Health Care in the NIS : Soviet Primary Health Care system review . Archived 2012 - 04 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 25 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Manitoba Centre for Health Policy and Evaluation ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) . Concept : Ambulatory Care Sensitive ( ACS ) Conditions . Published September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 14 from http://mchp-appserv.cpe.umanitoba.ca/viewConcept.php?conceptID=1023 . ^ Jump up to : Commonwealth Fund ( date unknown ) . Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care -- Sensitive Conditions . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 14 from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Performance-Snapshots/Overuse-of-Health-Care-Services/Hospitalizations-for-Ambulatory-Care--8211-Sensitive-Conditions.aspx . Jump up ^ Lui CK , Wallace SP , A common denominator : calculating hospitalization rates for ambulatory care -- sensitive conditions in California . Prev Chronic Dis 2011 ; 8 ( 5 ) : A102 . Accessed April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zahid Ansari1 et al. , Patient characteristics associated with hospitalisations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in Victoria , Australia . BMC Health Services Research 2012 , 12 : 475 doi : 10.1186 / 1472 - 6963 - 12 - 475 . Jump up ^ Lopez - Gonzalez L , Pickens GT , Washington R , Weiss AJ ( October 2014 ) . `` Characteristics of Medicaid and Uninsured Hospitalizations , 2012 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 183 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambulatory care . Urgent Care Association of America Journal of Ambulatory Pediatrics Diagnosing and treating the ailments of outpatient facilities High use of ambulatory care as indication of problems obtaining access to appropriate primary care ( hide ) Medicine Outline History Specialties and subspecialties Surgery Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Colorectal surgery Eye surgery General surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ( ENT ) Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Thoracic surgery Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery Internal medicine Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious disease Nephrology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology Obstetrics and gynaecology Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal -- fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology Diagnostic Radiology Interventional radiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical pathology Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Clinical immunology Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine Other specialties Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Anesthesiology Dermatology Disaster medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Mass - gathering medicine Family medicine General practice Hospital medicine Intensive - care medicine Medical genetics Neurology Clinical neurophysiology Occupational medicine Ophthalmology Oral medicine Pain management Palliative care Pediatrics Neonatology Physical medicine and rehabilitation ( PM&R ) Preventive medicine Psychiatry Public health Radiation oncology Reproductive medicine Sexual medicine Sleep medicine Sports medicine Transplantation medicine Tropical medicine Travel medicine Venereology Medical education Medical school Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medical Sciences Master of Medicine Master of Surgery Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine MD -- PhD Related topics Allied health Dentistry Podiatry Physiotherapy Nanomedicine Molecular oncology Personalized medicine Veterinary medicine Physician Chief physician History of medicine Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambulatory_care&oldid=811282488 '' Categories : Types of healthcare facilities Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Eesti Français עברית Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 17 : 19 . 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Question: ambulatory is a term used in health care to describe

medical care provided on an outpatient basis, including diagnosis, observation, consultation, treatment, intervention, and rehabilitation services


Egypt eyalet - wikipedia Egypt eyalet Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eyalet of Egypt إيالة مصر ( in Arabic ) Eyalet - i Mısr ( in Ottoman Turkish ) Mısır Eyaleti ( in Turkish ) Eyalet 1517 -- 1867 Flag Coat of arms The Eyalet of Egypt in 1833 . Capital Cairo Languages Arabic , Turkish Religion Sunni Islam ( official ) Government Eyalet Governor - General 1517 Yunus Pasha ( first ) 1863 -- 1867 Isma'il Pasha ( last ) Grand Vizier 1857 -- 1858 Zulfiqar Pasha ( first ) 1866 -- 1867 Muhammad Pasha ( last ) Historical era Early modern period Battle of Ridaniya 22 January 1517 French Campaign 1798 -- 1801 Rise of Muhammad Ali 1801 -- 1805 Conquest of Sudan 1820 -- 1822 Egyptian -- Ottoman War 1831 -- 1833 Khedivate proclaimed 8 June 1867 Population 1700 est . 2,335,000 1867 est . 6,076,000 Currency Piastre ( until 1834 ) Pound ( 1834 -- 1867 ) Preceded by Succeeded by Mamluk Sultanate ( Cairo ) Sennar ( sultanate ) Emirate of Diriyah Khedivate of Egypt Emirate of Nejd Hejaz Vilayet Today part of List ( show ) Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Djibouti Israel Palestine Jordan Lebanon Libya Saudi Arabia South Sudan Sudan Syria Somalia Turkey Yemen Greece Uganda Central African Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Chad Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ^ a . Arabic became the sole official language in 1863 . ^ b . Figures are taken from the Populstat.info website . The Eyalet of Egypt was the result of the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 , following the Ottoman -- Mamluk War ( 1516 -- 1517 ) and the absorption of Syria into the Empire in 1516 . Egypt was administered as an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish : ایالت مصر   Eyālet - i Mıṣr ) from 1517 until 1867 , with an interruption during the French occupation of 1798 to 1801 . Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control , due in part to the continuing power and influence of the Mamluks , the Egyptian military caste who had ruled the country for centuries . As such , Egypt remained semi-autonomous under the Mamluks until it was invaded by the French forces of Napoleon I in 1798 . After the French were expelled , power was seized in 1805 by Muhammad Ali Pasha , an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt . Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty remained nominally an Ottoman province . It was granted the status of an autonomous vassal state or Khedivate in 1867 . Isma'il Pasha and Tewfik Pasha governed Egypt as a quasi-independent state under Ottoman suzerainty until the British occupation of 1882 . Nevertheless , the Khedivate of Egypt ( 1867 -- 1914 ) remained a de jure Ottoman province until 5 November 1914 , when it was declared a British protectorate in reaction to the decision of the Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire to join the First World War on the side of the Central Powers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early Ottoman period 1.1. 1 1527 to 1610 1.1. 2 1623 to 1656 1.2 Later Ottoman period 1.2. 1 1707 to 1755 1.2. 2 1766 to 1798 1.3 French occupation 1.3. 1 Object of invasion 1.3. 2 Battle of the Nile 1.3. 3 Defeat of the Turkish army 1.3. 4 Assassination 1.4 Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1.4. 1 Muhammad Ali 's seizure of power 1.4. 2 Campaign against the Saudis ( 1811 -- 1818 ) 1.4. 3 Reforms ( 1808 -- 1823 ) 1.4. 4 Economy 1.4. 5 Invasion of Libya and Sudan ( 1820 ) 1.4. 6 Expansion into Somalia ( 1821 ) 1.4. 7 Ahmad Revolt ( 1824 ) 1.4. 8 Greek campaign ( 1824 -- 1828 ) 1.4. 9 War with the Sultan ( 1831 -- 1841 ) 1.4. 10 End of Muhammad Ali 's rule 1.5 Muhammad Ali 's successors 2 Administrative divisions 3 List of rulers 3.1 List of Ottoman governors of Egypt ( 1517 -- 1805 ) 3.2 List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty ( 1805 -- 1914 ) 3.3 List of Grand Viziers of Egypt ( 1857 -- 1878 ) 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) Early Ottoman period ( edit ) The Eyalet in 1609 Part of a series on the History of Egypt Prehistoric Egypt pre -- 3150 BC Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period 3150 -- 2686 BC Old Kingdom 2686 -- 2181 BC 1st Intermediate Period 2181 -- 2055 BC Middle Kingdom 2055 -- 1650 BC 2nd Intermediate Period 1650 -- 1550 BC New Kingdom 1550 -- 1069 BC 3rd Intermediate Period 1069 -- 744 BC Kushite Egypt 744 -- 656 BC Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt 664 -- 525 BC Classical antiquity Achaemenid Egypt 525 -- 404 BC Twenty - eighth Dynasty of Egypt 404 -- 398 BC Twenty - ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398 -- 380 BC Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380 -- 343 BC Achaemenid Egypt 343 -- 332 BC Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332 -- 30 BC Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC -- 641 AD Sasanian Egypt 619 -- 629 Middle Ages Rashidun Egypt 641 -- 661 Umayyad Egypt 661 -- 750 Abbasid Egypt 750 -- 935 Tulunid Egypt 868 -- 905 Ikhshidid Egypt 935 -- 969 Fatimid Egypt 969 -- 1171 Ayyubid Egypt 1171 -- 1250 Mamluk Egypt 1250 -- 1517 Early modern Ottoman Egypt 1517 -- 1867 French occupation 1798 -- 1801 Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805 -- 1882 Khedivate of Egypt 1867 -- 1914 Modern Egypt British occupation 1882 -- 1922 Sultanate of Egypt 1914 -- 1922 Kingdom of Egypt 1922 -- 1953 Republic 1953 -- present Egypt portal After the conquest of Egypt in 1517 , the Ottoman Sultan Selim I left the country . Grand Vizier Yunus Pasha was awarded the governorship of Egypt . However , the sultan soon discovered that Yunus Pasha had created an extortion and bribery syndicate , and gave the office to Hayır Bey , the former Mamluk governor of Aleppo , who had contributed to the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Marj Dabiq . The history of early Ottoman Egypt is a competition for power between the Mamluks and the representatives of the Ottoman Sultan . The register by which a great portion of the land was a fief of the Mamluks was left unchanged , allowing the Mamluks to quickly return to positions of great influence . The Mamluk emirs were to be retained in office as heads of 12 sanjaks , into which Egypt was divided ; and under the next sultan , Suleiman I , two chambers were created , called the Greater Divan and Lesser Divan , in which both the army and the ecclesiastical authorities were represented , to aid the pasha by their deliberations . Six regiments were constituted by the conqueror Selim for the protection of Egypt ; to those Suleiman added a seventh , of Circassians . It was the practice of the Sublime Porte to change the governor of Egypt at very short intervals , after a year or less . The fourth governor , Hain Ahmed Pasha , hearing that orders for his execution had come from Constantinople , endeavoured to make himself an independent ruler and had coins struck in his own name . His schemes were frustrated by two of the emirs whom he had imprisoned and who , escaping from their confinement , attacked him in his bath and attempted to kill him ; although Ahmed Pasha escaped wounded , he was soon captured and executed by the Ottoman sultan 's forces . 1527 to 1610 ( edit ) In 1527 , the first survey of Egypt under the Ottomans was made , the official copy of the former registers having perished by fire ; this new survey did not come into use until 1605 . Egyptian lands were divided into four classes : the sultan 's domain , fiefs , land for the maintenance of the army , and lands settled on religious foundations . The constant changes in the government seem to have caused the army to get out of control at an early period of the Ottoman occupation , and at the beginning of the 17th century mutinies became common ; in 1604 , governor Maktul Hacı Ibrahim Pasha ( then known just as Ibrahim Pasha ) was murdered by the soldiers , and his head set on the Bab Zuweila , earning him the epithet Maktul , `` the Slain '' . The reason for these mutinies was the attempt made by successive pashas to put a stop to the extortion called the tulbah , a forced payment exacted by the troops from the inhabitants of the country by the fiction of debts requiring to be discharged , which led to grievous ill - usage . In 1609 , something like civil war broke out between the army and the pasha , who had loyal regiments on his side and the Bedouins . The soldiers went so far as to choose a sultan , and to provisionally divide the regions of Cairo between them . They were defeated by the governor Kara Mehmed Pasha , who , on 5 February 1610 , entered Cairo in triumph , executed the ringleaders , and banished others to Yemen , earning him the nickname Kul Kıran ( `` Slavebreaker '' ) . Historians speak of this event as a second conquest of Egypt for the Ottomans . A great financial reform was then effected by Kara Mehmed Pasha , who readjusted the burdens imposed on the different communities of Egypt in accordance with their means . 1623 to 1656 ( edit ) With the troubles that beset the metropolis of the Ottoman Empire , the governors appointed thence came to be treated by the Egyptians with continually decreasing respect . In July 1623 , an order came from the Porte dismissing Kara Mustafa Pasha , and appointing Çeşteci Ali Pasha governor in his place . The officers met the deputy of the newly appointed governor and demanded from him the customary gratuity ; when the deputy refused , they sent letters to the Porte declaring that they wished to have Kara Mustafa Pasha , and not Çeşteci Ali Pasha , as governor . Meanwhile , Çeşteci Ali Pasha had arrived at Alexandria and was met by a deputation from Cairo telling him that he was not wanted . He returned a mild answer ; when a rejoinder came in the same style as the first message , he had the leader of the deputation arrested and imprisoned . The garrison of Alexandria then attacked the castle and rescued the prisoner , whereupon Çeşteci Ali Pasha was compelled to reembark on his ship and escape . Shortly thereafter , a rescript arrived from Constantinople confirming Kara Mustafa Pasha in the governorship . Mustafa was succeeded by Bayram Pasha in 1626 . Officers in the Ottoman Egyptian army were appointed locally from the various militias , and had strong ties to the Egyptian aristocracy . Thus Ridwan Bey , a Mamluk emir , was able to exercise de facto authority over Egypt from 1631 to 1656 . In 1630 , Koca Musa Pasha was the newly appointed governor , when the army took it upon themselves to depose him , in indignation at his execution of Kits Bey , an officer who was to have commanded an Egyptian force required for service in Persia . Koca Musa Pasha was given the choice of handing over the executioners to vengeance , or to resigning his place ; as he refused to do the former , he was compelled to do the latter . In 1631 , a rescript came from Constantinople , approving the conduct of the army and appointing Halil Pasha as Koca Musa Pasha 's successor . Not only was the governor unsupported by the sultan against the troops , but each new governor regularly inflicted a fine upon his outgoing predecessor , under the name of money due to the treasury ; the outgoing governor would not be allowed to leave Egypt until he had paid it . Besides the extortions to which this practice gave occasion , the country suffered greatly in these centuries from famine and pestilence . In the spring of 1619 , pestilence is said to have killed 635,000 persons and , in 1643 , completely desolated 230 villages . Later Ottoman period ( edit ) 1707 to 1755 ( edit ) By the 18th century , the importance of the pasha was superseded by that of the Mameluk beys ; two offices , those of Shaykh al - Balad and Amir al - hajj -- which were held by Mameluks -- represented the real headship of the community . The process by which this came about is obscure , owing to the want of good chronicles for the Turkish period of Egyptian history . In 1707 , the shaykh al - balad , Qasim Iywaz , was the head of one of two Mameluke factions , the Qasimites and the Fiqarites , between whom the seeds of enmity were sown by the pasha of the time , with the result that a fight took place between the factions outside Cairo , lasting eighty days . At the end of that time , Qasim Iywaz was killed and the office which he had held was given to his son Ismail . Ismail held this office for 16 years , while the pashas were constantly being changed , and succeeded in reconciling the two factions of Mamelukes . In 1711 , an event known to chroniclers as the `` Great Sedition '' and the `` revolution '' occurred , when a religious fanatic preacher began to publicly denounce the practice of praying at the graves of Sufi saints , sparking a religious movement that was n't crushed for three years until 1714 . In 1724 , Ismail was assassinated through the machinations of the pasha , and Shirkas Bey -- of the opposing faction -- was elevated to the office of Sheikh al - Balad in his place . He was soon driven from his post by one of his own faction called Dhu - ' l - Fiqar , and fled to Upper Egypt . After a short time , he returned at the head of an army , and in the last of the ensuing battles Shirkas Bey met his end by drowning . Dhu - ' l - Fiqar was himself assassinated in 1730 . His place was filled by Othman Bey , who had served as his general in this war . In 1743 , Othman Bey was forced to fly from Egypt by the intrigues of two adventurers , Ibrahim and Ridwan Bey , who -- when their scheme had succeeded -- began a massacre of beys and others thought to be opposed to them . They proceeded to govern Egypt jointly , holding the offices of Sheikh al - Balad and Amir al - Hajj in alternate years . An attempt by one of the pashas to remove these two by a coup d'état failed , owing to the loyalty of the beys ' armed supporters , who released Ibrahim and Ridwan from prison and compelled the pasha to flee to Constantinople . An attempt by a subsequent pasha , in accordance with secret orders from Constantinople , was so successful that some of the beys were killed . Ibrahim and Rilwan escaped and compelled the pasha to resign his governorship and return to Constantinople . Ibrahim was assassinated shortly afterwards by someone who had aspired to occupy one of the vacant beyships , which had instead been conferred upon Ali -- who , as Ali Bey al - Kabir , was destined to play an important part in the history of Egypt . The murder of Ibrahim Bey took place in 1755 , and his colleague Ridwan perished in the subsequent disputes . Ali Bey , who had first distinguished himself by defending a caravan in Arabia against bandits , set himself the task of avenging the death of his former master Ibraihim . He spent eight years in purchasing Mamelukes and winning other adherents , exciting the suspicions of the Sheikh al - Balad Khalil Bey , who organised an attack upon him in the streets of Cairo -- in consequence of which he fled to Upper Egypt . Here he met one Salib Bey , who had injuries to avenge upon Khalil Bey , and the two organised a force with which they returned to Cairo and defeated Khalil . Kalil was forced to flee to Iaifla , where for a time he concealed himself ; eventually he was discovered , sent to Alexandria , and finally strangled . After Ali Bey 's victory in 1760 , he was made Sheikh al - Balad . He executed the murderer of his former master Ibrahim ; but the resentment which this act aroused among the beys caused him to leave his post and flee to Syria , where he won the friendship of the governor of Acre , Zahir al - Umar , who obtained for him the goodwill of the Porte and reinstatement in his post as Sheikh al - Balad . 1766 to 1798 ( edit ) In 1766 , after the death of his supporter , the grand vizier Raghib Pasha , he was again compelled to flee from Egypt to Yemen , but in the following year he was told that his party at Cairo was strong enough to permit his return . Resuming his office , he raised 18 of his friends to the rank of bey -- among them Ibrahim and Murad , who were afterwards at the head of affairs -- as well as Muhammad Abu - ' l - Dhahab , who was closely connected with the rest of Ali Bey 's career . Ali Bey used very severe measures to repress the brigandage of the Bedouins of Lower Egypt . He endeavoured to disband all forces except those which were exclusively under his own control . In 1769 , a demand came to Ali Bey for a force of 12,000 men , to be employed by the Porte in the Russo - Turkish War of 1768 -- 1774 . It was suggested at Constantinople , however , that Ali would employ this force when he collected it for securing his own independence , and a messenger was sent by the Porte to the pasha with orders for Ali 's execution . Ali , being apprised of the despatch of this messenger by his agents in Constantinople , ordered that the messenger be waylaid and killed . The despatches were seized and read by Ali before an assembly of the beys , who were assured that the order for execution applied to all alike , and he urged them to fight for their lives . His proposals were received with enthusiasm by the beys whom he had created . Egypt was declared independent , and the pasha given 48 hours to quit the country . Zahir al - Umar , Pasha of Acre , to whom official information of the step taken by Ali Bey was sent , promised his aid and kept his word by compelling an army sent by the pasha of Damascus against Egypt to retreat . The Porte was not able to take active measures at the time for the suppression of Ali Bey , who endeavoured to consolidate his dominions by sending expeditions against marauding tribes in both north and south Egypt , reforming the finance , and improving the administration of justice . His son - in - law , Abu - ' l - Dhahab , was sent to subject the Hawwarah , who had occupied the land between Aswan and Asyut , and a force of 20,000 men was sent to conquer Yemen . An officer named Ismail Bey was sent with 8,000 men to acquire the eastern shore of the Red Sea , and Ilasan Bey was sent to occupy Jidda . In six months , the greater part of the Arabian peninsula was subject to Ali Bey , and he appointed a cousin of his own as Sharif of Mecca -- who bestowed on Ali by an official proclamation the titles Sultan of Egypt and Khan of the Two Seas . In 1771 , in virtue of this authorisation , he then struck coins in his own name and ordered his name to be mentioned in public worship . Abu - ' l - Dhahab was sent with a force of 30,000 men in the same year to conquer Syria , and agents were sent to negotiate alliances with Venice and Russia . Reinforced by Ali Bey 's ally Zahir al - Umar , Abu - ' l - Dahab easily took the chief cities of Palestine and Syria , ending with Damascus , but at this point he appears to have entered into secret negotiations with the Porte , by which he undertook to restore Egypt to Ottoman suzerainty . He proceeded to evacuate Syria , and marched with all the forces he could collect to Upper Egypt , occupying Assiut in April 1772 . Having collected additional troops from the Bedouins , he marched on Cairo . Ismail Bey was sent by Ali Bey with a force of 3,000 to check his advance , but Bastin Ismil and his troops joined Abu - ' l - Dhahab . Ali Bey intended at first to defend himself as long as possible in the citadel at Cairo , but receiving information that his friend Zahir al - Umar was still willing to give him refuge , he left Cairo for Syria on 8 April 1772 , one day before the entrance of Abu - ' l - Dhahab . Murad Bey by Dutertre in Description de l'Egypte , 1809 . At Acre , Ali 's fortune seemed to be restored . A Russian vessel anchored outside the port and , in accordance with the agreement which he had made with the Russian empire , he was supplied with stores , ammunition , and a force of 3,000 Albanians . He sent one of his officers , Ali Bey al - Tantawi , to recover the Syrian towns evacuated by Abu - ' l - Dhahab now in the possession of the Porte . He himself took Jaffa and Gaza , the former of which he gave to his friend Zahir al - Umar . On 1 February 1773 , he received information from Cairo that Abu - ' l - Dhahab had made himself Sheikh al - Balad , and in that capacity was practising unheard - of extortions , which were making Egyptians call for the return of Ali Bey . He accordingly started for Egypt at the head of an army of 8,000 men , and on 19 April met the army of Abu - ' l - Dhahab at Salihiyya . Ali 's forces were successful at the first engagement , but when the battle was renewed two days later , he was deserted by some of his officers and prevented by illness and wounds from himself taking the conduct of affairs . The result was a complete defeat for his army , after which he declined to leave his tent ; he was captured after a brave resistance and taken to Cairo , where he died seven days later . After Ali Bey 's death , Egypt became once more a dependency of the Porte , governed by Abu - ' l - Dhahab as Sheikh al - Balad with the title pasha . He shortly afterwards received permission from the Porte to invade Syria , with the view of punishing Ali Bey 's supporter Zahir al - Umar , and left Ismail Bey and Ibrahim Bey as his deputies in Cairo -- who , by deserting Ali at the battle of Salihiyya , had brought about his downfall . After taking many cities in Palestine , Abu - ' l - Dhahab died , the cause being unknown ; Murad Bey , another of the deserters at Salihiyya , brought his forces back to Egypt on 26 May 1775 . Flag of Egypt ( 1793 -- 1844 ) Ismail Bey now became Sheikh al - Balad , but was soon involved in a dispute with Ibrahim and Murad -- who , after a time , succeeded in driving Ismail out of Egypt and establishing a joint rule similar to that which had been tried previously ( as Sheikh al - Balad and Amir al - Hajj , respectively ) . The two were soon involved in quarrels , which at one time threatened to break out into open war , but this catastrophe was averted and the joint rule was maintained until 1786 , when an expedition was sent by the Porte to restore Ottoman supremacy in Egypt . Murad Bey attempted to resist , but was easily defeated . He , with Ibrahim , decided to flee to Upper Egypt and await the trend of events . On 1 August , the Turkish commander Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha entered Cairo , and after violent measures , had been taken for the restoration of order ; Ismail Bey was again made Sheikh al - Balad and a new pasha installed as governor . In January 1791 , a terrible plague raged in Cairo and elsewhere in Egypt , to which Ismail Bey and most of his family fell victims . Owing to the need for competent rulers , Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey were sent for , and resumed their dual government . They were still in office in 1798 when Napoleon Bonaparte entered Egypt . French occupation ( edit ) Further information : French campaign in Egypt and Syria Object of invasion ( edit ) The ostensible object of the French expedition to Egypt was to reinstate the authority of the Sublime Porte and suppress the Mamluks ; in the proclamation , printed with the Arabic types brought from the Propaganda press and issued shortly after the taking of Alexandria , Bonaparte declared that he revered God , the prophet Muhammad , and the Qur'an far more than the Mamluks revered them , and argued that all men were equal except so far as they were distinguished by their intellectual and moral excellences -- of which the Mamluks had no great share . In the future , all posts in Egypt were to be open to all classes of the inhabitants ; the conduct of affairs was to be committed to the men of talent , virtue , and learning ; and to prove that the French were sincere Muslims , the overthrow of the papal authority in Rome was suggested . Battle of the Pyramids , Francois - Louis - Joseph Watteau , 1798 -- 1799 That there might be no doubt of the friendly feeling of the French to the Porte , villages and towns which capitulated to the invaders were required to hoist the flags of both the Porte and the French republic , and in the thanksgiving prescribed to the Egyptians for their deliverance from the Mamluks , prayer was to be offered for both the sultan and the French army . It does not appear that the proclamation convinced many Egyptians of the truth of these professions . After the Battle of Embabeh ( also commonly known as the Battle of the Pyramids ) , at which the forces of both Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey were dispersed , the populace readily plundered the houses of the beys . A deputation was sent from al - Azhar to Bonaparte to ascertain his intentions ; these proved to be a repetition of the terms of his proclamation , and -- though the combination of loyalty to the French with loyalty to the sultan was unintelligible -- a good understanding was at first established between the invaders and the Egyptians . A municipal council was established in Cairo , consisting of persons taken from the ranks of the sheiks , the Mamluks , and the French . Soon after , delegates from Alexandria and other important towns were added . This council did little more than register the decrees of the French commander , who continued to exercise dictatorial power . Battle of the Nile ( edit ) The destruction of the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile , and the failure of the French forces sent to Upper Egypt ( where they reached the first cataract ) to obtain possession of the person of Murad Bey , shook the faith of the Egyptians in their invincibility . In consequence of a series of unwelcome innovations , the relations between conquerors and conquered grew more strained daily , until at last -- on the occasion of the introduction of a house tax on 22 October 1798 -- an insurrection broke out in Cairo . The headquarters of the insurrection were in the University of Azhar . On this occasion , the French general Dupuy , lieutenant - governor of Cairo , was killed . The prompt measures of Bonaparte , aided by the arrival from Alexandria of General Jean Baptiste Kléber , quickly suppressed this rising ; but the stabling of French cavalry in the mosque of Azhar gave great and permanent offence . In consequence of this affair , the deliberative council was suppressed , but on 25 December a fresh proclamation was issued reconstituting the two divans which had been created by the Turks ; the special divan was to consist of 14 persons chosen by lot out of 60 government nominees , and was to meet daily . The general divan was to consist of functionaries , and to meet on emergencies . In consequence of dispatches that reached Bonaparte on 3 January 1799 , announcing the intention of the Porte to invade the country with the object of recovering it by force , Bonaparte resolved on his Syrian expedition , and appointed governors for Cairo , Alexandria , and Upper Egypt , to govern during his absence . Defeat of the Turkish army ( edit ) Bonaparte returned from that ill - fated expedition at the beginning of June . Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey had taken advantage of this opportunity to collect their forces and attempt a joint attack on Cairo , but Bonaparte arrived in time to defeat it . In the last week of July , he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Turkish army that had landed at Aboukir , aided by the British fleet commanded by Sir Sidney Smith . Shortly after his victory , Bonaparte left Egypt , having appointed Kléber to govern in his absence -- which he informed the sheiks of Cairo was not to last more than three months . Kléber regarded the condition of the French invaders as extremely perilous , and wrote to inform the French republic of the facts . A double expedition was sent by the Porte shortly after Bonaparte 's departure for the recovery of Egypt : one force being dispatched by sea to Damietta , while another under Yousuf Pasha took the land route from Damascus by al - Arish . The first force had some success , in consequence of which the Turks agreed to a convention on 24 January 1800 , by virtue of which the French were to quit Egypt . The Turkish troops advanced to Bilbeis , where they were received by the sheiks from Cairo ; the Mamluks also returned to Cairo from their hiding - places . Before the preparations for the departure of the French were completed , orders came to Smith from the British government forbidding the carrying - out of the convention unless the French army were treated as prisoners of war . When these orders were communicated to Kléber , he cancelled the orders previously given to the troops and proceeded to put the country in a state of defence . His departure , with most of the army , to attack the Turks at Mataria led to riots in Cairo . The national party was unable to gain possession of the citadel , and Kléber , having defeated the Turks , was soon able to return to the capital . On 14 April he bombarded Bulaq , and proceeded to bombard Cairo itself , which was taken the following night . Order was soon restored , and a fine of 12 million francs was imposed upon the rioters . Murad Bey sought an interview with Kléber , and succeeded in obtaining the government of Upper Egypt from him . Murad Bey died shortly afterwards and was succeeded by Osman Bey al - Bardisi . Assassination ( edit ) On 14 June , Kléber was assassinated by Suleiman of Aleppo , and was said to have been incited to the deed by a Janissary refugee at Jerusalem , who had brought letters to the sheikhs of the Azhar . Although they gave him no support , three of the sheikhs were executed by the French as accessories - before - the - fact . The assassin himself was tortured and impaled , despite the promise of a pardon if he named his associates . The command of the army then devolved on General J.F. ( Baron de ) Menou , a man who had professed Islam , and who endeavoured to conciliate the Muslim population by various measures -- such as excluding all Christians ( with the exception of one Frenchman ) from the divan , replacing Copts who were in government service with Muslims , and subjecting French residents to taxes . Whatever popularity might have been gained by these measures was counteracted by his declaration of a French protectorate over Egypt , which was to count as a French colony . In the first weeks of March 1801 , the English under Sir Ralph Abercromby effected a landing at Abu Qir , and proceeded to invest Alexandria , where they were attacked by Menou ; the French were repulsed , but the English commander was mortally wounded in the action . On the 25th , fresh Turkish reinforcements arrived with the fleet of the Kapudan Pasha Hüseyin . A combined English and Turkish force was sent to take Rashid . On 30 May , General A.D. Belliard , the French commander in Cairo , was assailed on two sides by British forces under General John Hely Hutchinson and Turks under Yusuf Pasha ; after negotiations , Belliard agreed to evacuate Cairo and to sail with his 13,734 troops to France . On 30 August , Menou was compelled to accept similar conditions , and his force of 10,000 left Alexandria for Europe in September . This was the termination of the French occupation of Egypt . The chief permanent monument of the occupation was the Description de l'Egypte , compiled by the French savants who accompanied the expedition . Egypt under Muhammad Ali ( edit ) Main article : Egypt under Muhammad Ali Further information : Khedivate of Egypt Muhammad Ali 's seizure of power ( edit ) Main article : Muhammad Ali 's seizure of power The Revolt of Cairo , 21 October 1798 , painting by Anne - Louis Girodet ( 1810 ) . Soon after the French evacuated Egypt , the country became the scene of more severe troubles , a consequence of the Ottomans ' attempts to destroy the power of the Mamluks . In defiance of promises to the British Government , orders were transmitted from Constantinople to Hüseyin Pasha to ensnare and put to death the principal beys . According to the Egyptian contemporary historian al - Jabarti , they were invited to an entertainment on board the Turkish flagship and then attacked ; however , Sir Robert Wilson and M.F. Mengin stated that they were fired upon in open boats in Abu Qir Bay . They offered resistance , but were overpowered , and some killed ; others were made prisoners . Among the prisoners was Osman Bey al - Bardisi , who was severely wounded . The British General Hutchinson , informed of this treachery , immediately took threatening measures against the Turks , causing them to surrender the killed , wounded , and imprisoned Egyptians to him . At the same time , Yusuf Pasha arrested all the beys in Cairo , but soon the British compelled him to release them . Husrev Pasha was the first Ottoman governor of Egypt after the expulsion of the French . The form of government , however , was not the same as that before the French invasion , for the Mamluks were not reinstated . The pasha , and through him the Sultan , repeatedly tried to either ensnare them or to beguile them into submission . These efforts failing , Husrev took the field and a Turkish detachment 7,000 strong was dispatched against the Mamluks to Damanhur -- whence they had descended from Upper Egypt -- and was defeated by a small force under either al - Alfi or his lieutenant al - Bardisi . Their ammunition and guns fell into the hands of the Mamluks . This led to a long civil war between the Albanians , Mamluks , and Ottomans . Campaign against the Saudis ( 1811 -- 1818 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman -- Saudi War Acknowledging the sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultan and at his command , Muhammad Ali dispatched an army of 20,000 men ( including 2,000 horses ) under the command of his son Tusun , a youth of sixteen , against the Saudis in the Ottoman -- Saudi War . By the end of 1811 , Tusun had received reinforcements and captured Medina after a prolonged siege . He next took Jeddah and Mecca , defeating the Saudi beyond the latter and capturing their general . After the death of the Saudi leader Saud , Muhammad Ali concluded a treaty with Saud 's son and successor , Abdullah I in 1815 . Tusun returned to Egypt on hearing of the military revolt at Cairo , but died in 1816 at the early age of twenty . Muhammad Ali , dissatisfied with the treaty concluded with the Saudis , and with the non-fulfillment of certain of its clauses , determined to send another army to Arabia . This expedition , under his eldest son Ibrahim Pasha , left in the autumn of 1816 and captured the Saudi capital of Diriyah in 1818 . Reforms ( 1808 -- 1823 ) ( edit ) During Muhammad Ali 's absence in Arabia his representative at Cairo had completed the confiscation , begun in 1808 , of almost all the lands belonging to private individuals , who were forced to accept instead inadequate pensions . By this revolutionary method of land nationalization Muhammad Ali became proprietor of nearly all the soil of Egypt . The pasha also attempted to reorganize his troops on European lines , but this led to a formidable mutiny in Cairo . The revolt was reduced by presents to the chiefs of the insurgents , and Muhammad Ali ordered that the sufferers by the disturbances should receive compensation from the treasury . The project of the Nizam Gedid ( New System ) was , in consequence of this mutiny , abandoned for a time . While Ibrahim was engaged in the second Arabian campaign the pasha turned his attention to strengthening the Egyptian economy . He created state monopolies over the chief products of the country . He set up a number of factories and began digging in 1819 a new canal to Alexandria , called the Mahmudiya ( after the reigning sultan of Turkey ) . The old canal had long fallen into decay , and the necessity of a safe channel between Alexandria and the Nile was much felt . The conclusion in 1838 of a commercial treaty with Turkey , negotiated by Sir Henry Bulwer ( Lord Darling ) , struck a deathblow to the system of monopolies , though the application of the treaty to Egypt was delayed for some years . Another notable fact in the economic progress of the country was the development of the cultivation of cotton in the Delta in 1822 and onwards . The cotton grown previously had been brought from the Sudan by Maho Bey . By organizing the new industry , within a few years Muhammad Ali was able to extract considerable revenues . Efforts were made to promote education and the study of medicine . To European merchants , on whom he was dependent for the sale of his exports , Muhammad Ali showed much favor , and under his influence the port of Alexandria again rose into importance . It was also under Muhammad Ali 's encouragement that the overland transit of goods from Europe to India via Egypt was resumed . Sultan Mahmud II was also planning reforms borrowed from the West , and Muhammad Ali , who had had plenty of opportunity of observing the superiority of European methods of warfare , was determined to anticipate the sultan in the creation of a fleet and an army on European lines . Before the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821 , he had already expended much time and energy in organizing a fleet and in training , under the supervision of French instructors , native officers and artificers . By 1823 , he had succeeded in carrying out the reorganization of his army on European lines , the turbulent Turkish and Albanian elements being replaced by Sudanese and fellahin . The effectiveness of the new force was demonstrated in the suppression of an 1823 revolt of the Albanians in Cairo by six disciplined Sudanese regiments ; after which Mehemet Ali was no more troubled with military mutinies . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of the Ottoman Empire Egypt under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century had the fifth most productive cotton industry in the world , in terms of the number of spindles per capita . The industry was initially driven by machinery that relied on traditional energy sources , such as animal power , water wheels , and windmills , which were also the principle energy sources in Western Europe up until around 1870 . While steam power had been experimented with in Ottoman Egypt by engineer Taqi ad - Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in 1551 , when he invented a steam jack driven by a rudimentary steam turbine , it was under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century that steam engines were introduced to Egyptian industrial manufacturing . While there was a lack of coal deposits in Egypt , prospectors searched for coal deposits there , and manufactured boilers which were installed in Egyptian industries such as ironworks , textile manufacturing , paper mills and hulling mills . Coal was also imported from overseas , at similar prices to what imported coal cost in France , until the 1830s , when Egypt gained access to coal sources in Lebanon , which had a yearly coal output of 4,000 tons . Compared to Western Europe , Egypt also had superior agriculture and an efficient transport network through the Nile . Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions for rapid industrialization existed in Egypt during the 1820s -- 1830s , as well as for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century . Invasion of Libya and Sudan ( 1820 ) ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1820 -- 1824 In 1820 Muhammad Ali gave orders to commence the conquest of eastern Libya . Ali 's intentions for Sudan was to extend his rule southward , to capture the valuable caravan trade bound for the Red Sea , disperse Mamluks who have fled south , and to secure the rich gold mines which he believed to exist in Sennar . He also saw in the campaign a means of getting rid of his disaffected troops , and of obtaining a sufficient number of captives to form the nucleus of the new army . The forces destined for this service were led by Ismail Kamil Pasha , the youngest son of Muhammad Ali . They consisted of between 4,000 and 5,000 men , being Turks and Arabs . They left Cairo in July 1820 . Nubia did not put up much of a fight , the Shaigiya tribe immediately beyond the province of Dongola were defeated , the remnant of the Mamluks dispersed , and Sennar was destroyed . Expansion into somalia ( 1821 ) ( edit ) Flag of Ottoman Zeila ( 1559 -- 1866 ) Although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire since 1554 , between 1821 and 1841 , Muhammad Ali , Pasha of Egypt , came to control Yemen and the sahil , with Zeila included . After the Egyptians withdrew from the Yemeni seaboard in 1841 , Haj Ali Shermerki , a successful and ambitious Somali merchant , purchased from them executive rights over Zeila . Shermerki 's governorship had an instant effect on the city , as he maneuvered to monopolize as much of the regional trade as possible , with his sights set as far as Harar and the Ogaden ( modern day Somali region of Ethiopia ) . In 1845 , Shermerki deployed a few matchlock men to wrest control of neighboring Berbera from that town 's then feuding Somali authorities . This alarmed the Emir of Harar , who , having already been at loggerheads with Shermerki over fiscal matters , was concerned about the ramifications that these movements might ultimately have on his own city 's commerce . The Emir consequently urged Berbera 's leaders to reconcile and mount a resistance against Shermerki 's troops . Shermerki was later succeeded as Governor of Zeila by Abu Bakr Pasha , a local Afar statesman . In 1874 -- 75 , the Egyptians obtained a firman from the Ottomans by which they secured claims over the city . At the same time , the Egyptians received British recognition of their nominal jurisdiction as far east as Cape Guardafui . In actuality , however , Egypt had little authority over the interior and their period of rule on the coast was brief , lasting only a few years ( 1870 -- 84 ) . When the Egyptian garrison in Harar was evacuated in 1885 , Zeila became caught up in the competition between the Tadjoura - based French and the British for control of the strategic Gulf of Aden littoral . I.M. Lewis mentions that `` by the end of 1885 Britain was preparing to resist an expected French landing at Zeila . '' However , the two powers decided instead to turn to negotiations . Ahmad revolt ( 1824 ) ( edit ) In 1824 a native rebellion broke out in Upper Egypt headed by Ahmed , an inhabitant of al - Salimiyyah , a village situated a few miles above Thebes . He proclaimed himself a prophet , and was soon followed by between 20,000 and 30,000 insurgents , mostly peasants , but some of them deserters from the Nizam Gedid , for that force was yet in a half - organized state . The insurrection was crushed by Muhammad Ali , and about one fourth of Ahmad 's followers perished , but he himself escaped . The subsequent years saw an imposition of order across Egypt and Ali 's new highly trained and disciplined forces spread across the nation . Greek campaign ( 1824 -- 1828 ) ( edit ) Main article : Greek War of Independence Ali 's foresight in reforming his military forces was rewarded by the invitation of the sultan to help him in the task of subduing the Greek insurgents , offering as reward the pashaliks of the Morea and of Syria . In the autumn of 1824 a fleet of 60 Egyptian warships carrying a large force of 17,000 disciplined troops concentrated in Suda Bay , and , in the following March , with Ibrahin as commander - in - chief landed in the Morea . His naval superiority wrested from the Greeks the command of a great deal of the sea , on which the fate of the insurrection ultimately depended , while on land the Greek irregular bands , having largely soundly beaten the Porte 's troops , had finally met a worthy foe in Ibrahim 's disciplined troops . The history of the events that led up to the battle of Navarino . The withdrawal of the Egyptians from the Morea was ultimately due to the action of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington , who early in August 1828 appeared before Alexandria and induced the pash to sign a convention undertaking to recall Ibrahim and his army . War with the sultan ( 1831 -- 1841 ) ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian -- Ottoman War ( 1831 -- 33 ) Muhammad Ali , Viceroy of Egypt , painting by Auguste Couder ( 1841 , Palace of Versailles ) . Ali went to war against the sultan on pretext of chastising the ex-mamluk Abdullah Pasha of Acre , for refusing to send back Egyptian fugitives from the effects of Muhammad Ali 's reforms . The true reason was the refusal of Sultan Mahmud to hand over Syria according to agreement . For ten years from this date the relations of sultan and pasha remained in the forefront of the questions which agitated the diplomatic world . It was not only the very existence of the Ottoman Empire that seemed to be at stake , but Egypt itself had become more than ever an object of attention , to British statesmen especially , and in the issue of the struggle were involved the interests of the British Empire in the two routes to India by the Isthmus of Suez and the valley of the Euphrates . Ibrahim , who once more commanded in his father 's name , launched another brilliant campaign beginning with the storming of Acre on 27 May 1832 , and culminating in the rout and capture of Reshid Pasha at Konya on 21 December . Soon after he was blocked by the intervention of Russia , however . As the result of endless discussions between the representatives of the powers , the Porte and the pasha , the Convention of Kütahya was signed on 14 May 1833 , by which the sultan agreed to bestow on Muhammad Ali the pashaliks of Syria , Damascus , Aleppo and Itcheli , together with the district of Adana . Muhammad Ali now ruled over a virtually independent empire , subject only to a moderate tribute , stretching from the Sudan to the Taurus Mountains . However the unsound foundations of his authority were not long in revealing themselves . Scarcely a year from the signing of the Convention of Kutaya the application by Ibrahim of Egyptian methods of government , notably of the monopolies and conscription , had driven Syrian Druze and Sunni Arabs , who had welcomed him as a deliverer , into revolt . The unrest was suppressed by Muhammad Ali in person , and the Syrians were terrorized , but their discontent encouraged the Sultan Mahmud to hope for revenge , and a renewal of the conflict was only staved off by the anxious efforts of the European powers . In the spring of 1839 the sultan ordered his army , concentrated under Reshid in the border district of Bir on the Euphrates , to advance over the Syrian frontier . Ibrahim , seeing his flank menaced , attacked it at Nezib on 24 June . Once more , however , the Ottomans were utterly routed . Six days later , before the news reached Constantinople , Mahmud died . Now , with the defeat of the Ottomans and the conquest of Syria , Muhammad Ali had reached the height of his power , controlling Egypt , the Sudan , and Syria . He saw the Ottoman armies collapse or fall into disorganization after their defeat in Syria , and it looked like the Middle East and Anatolia were his for the taking . With the Ottoman Empire at the feet of Muhammad Ali , the European powers were greatly alarmed and now put into action a plan that had been prepared to meet a contingency which had been long foreseen . Their intervention during the Oriental Crisis of 1840 was prompt , and they made short work of Muhammad Ali 's armed forces . But the Western Powers , the West had no intention of removing Ali and the block he placed on Ottoman Power . Thus , though the peace treaty was harsh , it left the Muhammad Ali dynasty in power . End of Muhammad Ali 's rule ( edit ) The government of the pashalik of Egypt was made hereditary in the family of Muhammad Ali in 1841 . Various restrictions were laid upon Muhammad Ali , emphasizing his position as vassal . He was forbidden to maintain a fleet and his army was not to exceed 18,000 men . The pasha was no longer a figure in European politics , but he continued to occupy himself with his improvements in Egypt . The long wars combined with a murrain of cattle in 1842 and a destructive Nile flood . In 1843 there was a plague of locusts where whole villages were depopulated . In 1844 -- 45 there was some improvement in the condition of the country as a result of financial reforms the pasha executed . Muhammad Ali , who had been granted the honorary rank of grand vizier in 1842 , paid a visit to Istanbul in 1846 , where he became reconciled to his old enemy Khosrev Pasha , whom he had not seen since he spared his life at Cairo in 1803 . In 1847 Muhammad Ali laid the foundation stone of the great bridge across the Nile at the beginning of the Delta . Towards the end of 1847 , the aged pasha 's previously sharp mind began to give way , and by the following June he was no longer capable of administering the government . In September 1848 Ibrahim was acknowledged by the Porte as ruler of the pashalik , but he died in November . Muhammad Ali 's successors ( edit ) On Ibrahim 's death in November 1848 the government of Egypt fell to his nephew Abbas I , the son of Tusun Abbasad . Abbas put an end to the system of commercial monopolies , and during his reign the railway from Alexandria to Cairo was begun at the instigation of the British government . Opposed to European ways , Abbas lived in great seclusion . After a reign of less than six years he was murdered in July 1854 by two of his slaves . He was succeeded by his uncle Said Pasha , the favorite son of Muhammad Ali , who lacked the strength of mind or physical health needed to execute the beneficent projects which he conceived . He had a genuine regard for the welfare of the fellahin , and a land law of 1858 secured for them an acknowledgment of freehold as against the crown . The pasha was much under French influence , and in 1854 was induced to grant to the French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps a concession for the construction of the Suez Canal . In January 1863 Said Pasha died and was succeeded by his nephew Ismail , a son of Ibrahim Pasha . The reign of Ismail , from 1863 to 1879 , was for a while hailed as a new era into modern Egypt . He attempted vast schemes of reform , but these coupled with his personal extravagance led to bankruptcy , and the later part of his reign is historically important simply for its leading to European intervention in , and occupation of , Egypt . In 1866 Ismail was granted by the sultan a firman obtained on condition of the increase of the tribute from £ 376,000 to £ 720,000 . In the next year another firman bestowed upon him the title of khedive in lieu of that of wali , marking the end of Egypt as an Ottoman province . Ismail ruled the Khedivate of Egypt until his deposition in 1879 . His rule is closely connected to the building of the Suez Canal . On his accession , he refused to ratify the concessions to the Canal company made by Said , and the question was referred in 1864 to the arbitration of Napoleon III , who awarded £ 3,800,000 to the company as compensation for their losses . When the canal finally opened , Ismail held a festival of unprecedented scope , inviting dignitaries from around the world . These developments , together with the costly war against Yohannes IV of Ethiopia , left Egypt in deep debt to the European powers . A national debt of over one hundred million pounds sterling ( as opposed to three millions when he became viceroy ) had been incurred by the khedive , whose fundamental idea of liquidating his borrowings was to borrow at increased interest . When he could raise no more loans , he sold his Suez Canal shares ( in 1875 ) to the British Government for only £ 3,976,582 ; this was immediately followed by the beginning of foreign intervention . In December 1875 , Stephen Cave was sent out by the British government to inquire into the finances of Egypt , and in April 1876 his report was published , advising that in view of the waste and extravagance it was necessary for foreign Powers to interfere in order to restore credit . The result was the establishment of the Caisse de la Dette . This control of the country was unacceptable to many Egyptians , who united behind a disaffected Colonel Ahmed Urabi . The Urabi Revolt consumed Egypt . With the country largely in the hands of Urabi , the British and French governments pressured the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II to depose Ismail Pasha , and this was done on 26 June 1879 . The more pliable Tewfik Pasha , Ismail 's son , was made his successor . A large military demonstration in September 1881 forced the Khedive Tewfiq to dismiss his Prime Minister . In April 1882 France and Great Britain sent warships to Alexandria to bolster the Khedive amidst a turbulent climate . Tawfiq moved to Alexandria for fear of his own safety as army officers led by Ahmed Urabi began to take control of the government . By June Egypt was in the hands of nationalists opposed to European domination of the country . A British naval bombardment of Alexandria had little effect on the opposition which led to the landing of a British expeditionary force at both ends of the Suez Canal in August 1882 . The British succeeded in defeating the Egyptian Army at Tel El Kebir in September and took control of the country putting Tawfiq back in control . The Khedivate of Egypt remained under British military occupation until the establishment of the British protectorate of Egypt in 1914 . Administrative divisions ( edit ) After conquering Egypt , the Ottomans retained the divisions created by the Mamluks , which were structured into 13 sub-provinces comprising 24 qirats . Unlike the situation in other Ottoman provinces , the term sanjak did not carry territorial connotations , as the timar system was not applied there . The rank of sanjak - bey , which was standard in the Empire , was not used in Egypt . The thirteen sub-provinces were : Minufiyya Qalyub Gharbiyya Mansura Sharqiyya Beheira Giza Fayyum Atfih Ushmunayn Manfalut al - Bahnasa Jirja Additionally , there was a short - lived sub-province named Hatt - ı Üstuva meaning Equador in Ottoman Turkish , which was established as a vilayet and existed from 1872 to 1882 covering the areas of today 's southern South Sudan and Northern Uganda , including cities like Lado and Wadelai . List of rulers ( edit ) List of Ottoman governors of Egypt ( 1517 -- 1805 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Ottoman governors of Egypt List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty ( 1805 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty List of Grand Viziers of Egypt ( 1857 -- 1878 ) ( edit ) Zulfiqar Pasha ( 1857 -- 1858 ) ( 1st term ) Mustafa Naili ( 1858 -- 1861 ) Zulfiqar Pasha ( 1861 -- 1864 ) ( 2nd term ) Raghib Pasha ( 1864 -- 1866 ) ( 1st term ) Muhammad Sharif Pasha ( 1866 -- 1867 ) ( 1st term ) Raghib Pasha ( 1867 -- 1868 ) ( 2nd term ) Muhammad Sharif Pasha ( 1868 -- 1872 ) ( 2nd term ) Nubar Pasha ( 1872 ) Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha ( 1872 -- 1878 ) See also ( edit ) List of Ottoman governors of Egypt History of modern Egypt References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holes , Clive ( 2004 ) . Modern Arabic : Structures , Functions , and Varieties . Georgetown Classics in Arabic Language and Linguistics ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Georgetown University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58901 - 022 - 2 . OCLC 54677538 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Saraiya ( 2008 ) . The Ottoman Empire : A Short History . Shelley Frisch , translator . Princeton , New Jersey : Markus Wiener Publishers . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 449 - 1 . OCLC 180880761 . Jump up ^ `` Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire '' . Geonames.de . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) : Article 17 of the treaty refers to Egypt and Sudan . Jump up ^ D.E. Pitcher ( 1972 ) . An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire : From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century . Brill Archive . p. 105 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond , André ( 2000 ) Cairo ( translated from French by Willard Wood ) Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , page 196 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 00316 - 0 Jump up ^ Holt , P.M. ; Gray , Richard ( 1975 ) . Fage , J.D. ; Oliver , Roland , eds . `` Egypt , the Funj and Darfur '' . The Cambridge History of Africa . London , New York , Melbourne : Cambridge University Press . IV : 14 -- 57 . doi : 10.1017 / CHOL9780521204132. 003 . Jump up ^ Hans Ferdinand Helmolt ( 1903 ) . The World 's History : Western Asia . Africa . W. Heinemann . p. 712 . Jump up ^ Jean Batou ( 1991 ) . Between Development and Underdevelopment : The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery , 1800 - 1870 . Librairie Droz . p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Jean Batou ( 1991 ) . Between Development and Underdevelopment : The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery , 1800 - 1870 . Librairie Droz . pp. 193 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Ahmad Y Hassan ( 1976 ) , Taqi al - Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering , p. 34 -- 35 , Institute for the History of Arabic Science , University of Aleppo ^ Jump up to : E.H.M. Clifford , `` The British Somaliland - Ethiopia Boundary '' , Geographical Journal , 87 ( 1936 ) , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Abir , Mordechai ( 1968 ) . Ethiopia : the era of the princes : the challenge of Islam and re-unification of the Christian Empire , 1769 - 1855 . Praeger . p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : I.M. Lewis , A Modern History of the Somali , fourth edition ( Oxford : James Currey , 2002 ) , p. 43 & 49 . ^ Jump up to : Jane Hathaway ( 2002 - 04 - 04 ) . The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt : The Rise of the Qazdaglis . Cambridge University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89294 - 0 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ M.W. Daly ; Carl Forbes Petry ( 1998 - 12 - 10 ) . The Cambridge History of Egypt . Cambridge University Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47211 - 1 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael Winter ( 1992 ) . Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule : 1517 - 1798 . Routledge . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 02403 - 7 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ P'Ojok , Akena ( 15 January 2011 ) . `` A Chronicle of The New African State of South Sudan '' . Gurtong.net . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore - Harell , Alice ( April 1998 ) . `` Slave Trade in the Sudan in the Nineteenth Century and Its Suppression in the Years 1877 - 80 '' . Middle Eastern Studies . 34 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 128 . doi : 10.2307 / 4283940 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Güzel , Hasan Celal ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Batı Sömürgeciliğinden Türk Dostluğuna : Afrika '' ( in Turkish ) . Sabah . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Lane , Edward William ( 1837 ) . An account of the manners and customs of the modern Egyptians : written in Egypt during the years 1833 , - 34 , and - 35 , partly from notes made during a former visit to that country in the years 1825 , - 26 , - 27 , and - 28 . 1 . C. Knight and Co . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 06 . ( hide ) Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire c. 1365 -- 1867 ( eyalets ) Africa Algiers Egypt Muhammad Ali dynasty ( 1805 - 67 Habesh Tripolitania Tunis Anatolia Adana Aidin Anatolia Ankara Childir Diyarbekir Dulkadir Erzurum Hüdavendigâr Karaman Kars Kastamonu Rum Trebizond Van Europe Adrianople Archipelago Bosnia Budin Crete Egir Herzegovina Kanije Kefe Morea Niš Podolia Rumelia Salonica Silistra Temeşvar Uyvar Varat Widdin Yanina Middle East Aleppo Baghdad Basra Cyprus Damascus Lahsa Mosul Rakka Shahrizor Sidon Tripoli Yemen 1867 -- 1922 ( vilayets and mutasarrıfates ) Africa Tripolitania Anatolia Adana Aidin Ankara Archipelago Bitlis Diyarbekir Erzurum Hüdavendigâr Kastamonu Konya Mamuret - ul - Aziz Sivas Trebizond Van Europe Adrianople Bosnia Constantinople Crete Danube Janina Kosovo Manastir Salonica Scutari Middle East Aleppo Baghdad Basra Beirut Hejaz Jerusalem Mosul Mount Lebanon Syria Yemen Vassals and autonomies Vassals Cossack Hetmanate Ottoman Ukraine Crimean Khanate Khanate of Kazan Principality of Moldavia Sharifate of Mecca Republic of Ragusa Serbian Despotate Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1672 -- 1676 ) Duchy of Syrmia Principality of Transylvania Principality of Wallachia Principality of Romania Principality of Serbia Principality of Bulgaria Kingdom of Imereti Septinsular Republic Autonomies Cretan State Khedivate of Egypt Eastern Rumelia Principality of Samos See also the list of short - lived Ottoman provinces History of modern states under the Ottoman Empire Africa Algeria Egypt Egypt Eyalet Khedivate of Egypt Tripolitania Tunisia Asia Arabia Cyprus Iraq Israel Lebanon Syria Southern Syria Europe Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Greece Hungary Kosovo Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Ukraine Coordinates : 30 ° 03 ′ N 31 ° 13 ′ E  /  30.050 ° N 31.217 ° E  / 30.050 ; 31.217 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt_Eyalet&oldid=826946749 '' Categories : Former countries in the Middle East States and territories established in 1517 States and territories disestablished in 1867 Ottoman period in Egypt Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Africa 1517 establishments in the Ottoman Empire 1867 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire Hidden categories : CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with Arabic - language external links Articles containing Ottoman Turkish - language text Articles with Ottoman Turkish - language external links Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles with Turkish - language external links Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 22 : 00 . 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Question: who was the ottoman governor who led egypt in the years following the napoleonic wars