Speedometer - Wikipedia Speedometer Jump to : navigation , search An animation of an electronic Aston Martin speedometer 's self - test routine , showing how an analogue speedometer needle may indicate the vehicle 's speed . A Ford speedometer A modern Toyota Corolla Speedometer Dashboard_Speedometers of a jeep A speedometer or a speed meter is a gauge that measures and displays the instantaneous speed of a vehicle . Now universally fitted to motor vehicles , they started to be available as options in the 1900s , and as standard equipment from about 1910 onwards . Speedometers for other vehicles have specific names and use other means of sensing speed . For a boat , this is a pit log . For an aircraft , this is an airspeed indicator . Charles Babbage is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer , which were usually fitted to locomotives . The electric speedometer was invented by the Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888 , and was originally called a velocimeter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 1.1 Electronic 1.1. 1 Bicycle speedometers 2 Error 2.1 International agreements 2.2 Australia 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 United States 3 Regulation in the US 4 GPS 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Operation ( edit ) Originally patented by Otto Schultze on October 7 , 1902 , it uses a rotating flexible cable usually driven by gearing linked to the output of the vehicle 's transmission . The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles , however , use a cable driven from a front wheel . When the vehicle is in motion , a speedometer gear assembly turns a speedometer cable , which then turns the speedometer mechanism itself . A small permanent magnet affixed to the speedometer cable interacts with a small aluminum cup ( called a speedcup ) attached to the shaft of the pointer on the analogue speedometer instrument . As the magnet rotates near the cup , the changing magnetic field produces eddy currents in the cup , which themselves produce another magnetic field . The effect is that the magnet exerts a torque on the cup , `` dragging '' it , and thus the speedometer pointer , in the direction of its rotation with no mechanical connection between them . The pointer shaft is held toward zero by a fine torsion spring . The torque on the cup increases with the speed of rotation of the magnet . Thus an increase in the speed of the car will twist the cup and speedometer pointer against the spring . The cup and pointer will turn until the torque of the eddy currents on the cup is balanced by the opposing torque of the spring , and then stop . Given the torque on the cup is proportional to the car 's speed , and the spring 's deflection is proportional to the torque , the angle of the pointer is also proportional to the speed , so that equally spaced markers on the dial can be used for gaps in speed . At a given speed the pointer will remain motionless and pointing to the appropriate number on the speedometer 's dial . The return spring is calibrated such that a given revolution speed of the cable corresponds to a specific speed indication on the speedometer . This calibration must take into account several factors , including ratios of the tailshaft gears that drive the flexible cable , the final drive ratio in the differential , and the diameter of the driven tires . One of the key disadvantages of the eddy current speedometer is that it can not show the vehicle speed when running in reverse gear since the cup would turn in the opposite direction - in this scenario the needle would be driven against its mechanical stop pin on the zero position . Electronic ( edit ) See also : Vehicle speed sensor Many modern speedometers are electronic . In designs derived from earlier eddy - current models , a rotation sensor mounted in the transmission delivers a series of electronic pulses whose frequency corresponds to the ( average ) rotational speed of the driveshaft , and therefore the vehicle 's speed , assuming the wheels have full traction . The sensor is typically a set of one or more magnets mounted on the output shaft or ( in transaxles ) differential crownwheel , or a toothed metal disk positioned between a magnet and a magnetic field sensor . As the part in question turns , the magnets or teeth pass beneath the sensor , each time producing a pulse in the sensor as they affect the strength of the magnetic field it is measuring . Alternatively , in more recent designs , some manufactures rely on pulses coming from the ABS wheel sensors . Most modern electronic speedometers have the additional ability over the eddy current type to show the vehicle speed when moving in reverse gear . A computer converts the pulses to a speed and displays this speed on an electronically controlled , analog - style needle or a digital display . Pulse information is also used for a variety of other purposes by the ECU or full - vehicle control system , e.g. triggering ABS or traction control , calculating average trip speed , or to increment the odometer in place of it being turned directly by the speedometer cable . Another early form of electronic speedometer relies upon the interaction between a precision watch mechanism and a mechanical pulsator driven by the car 's wheel or transmission . The watch mechanism endeavors to push the speedometer pointer toward zero , while the vehicle - driven pulsator tries to push it toward infinity . The position of the speedometer pointer reflects the relative magnitudes of the outputs of the two mechanisms . Bicycle speedometers ( edit ) Main article : Cyclocomputer Typical bicycle speedometers measure the time between each wheel revolution , and give a readout on a small , handlebar - mounted digital display . The sensor is mounted on the bike at a fixed location , pulsing when the spoke - mounted magnet passes by . In this way , it is analogous to an electronic car speedometer using pulses from an ABS sensor , but with a much cruder time / distance resolution - typically one pulse / display update per revolution , or as seldom as once every 2 -- 3 seconds at low speed with a 26 - inch ( 2.07 m circumference , without tire ) wheel . However , this is rarely a critical problem , and the system provides frequent updates at higher road speeds where the information is of more importance . The low pulse frequency also has little impact on measurement accuracy , as these digital devices can be programmed by wheel size , or additionally by wheel or tire circumference in order to make distance measurements more accurate and precise than a typical motor vehicle gauge . However these devices carry some minor disadvantage in requiring power from batteries that must be replaced every so often in the receiver ( AND sensor , for wireless models ) , and , in wired models , the signal being carried by a thin cable that is much less robust than that used for brakes , gears , or cabled speedometers . Other , usually older bicycle speedometers are cable driven from one or other wheel , as in the motorcycle speedometers described above . These do not require battery power , but can be relatively bulky and heavy , and may be less accurate . The turning force at the wheel may be provided either from a gearing system at the hub ( making use of the presence of e.g. a hub brake , cylinder gear or dynamo ) as per a typical motorcycle , or with a friction wheel device that pushes against the outer edge of the rim ( same position as rim brakes , but on the opposite edge of the fork ) or the sidewall of the tyre itself . The former type are quite reliable and low maintenance but need a gauge and hub gearing properly matched to the rim and tyre size , whereas the latter require little or no calibration for a moderately accurate readout ( with standard tyres , the `` distance '' covered in each wheel rotation by a friction wheel set against the rim should scale fairly linearly with wheel size , almost as if it were rolling along the ground itself ) but are unsuitable for off - road use , and must be kept properly tensioned and clean of road dirt to avoid slipping or jamming . Error ( edit ) Most speedometers have tolerances of some ± 10 % , mainly due to variations in tire diameter . Sources of error due to tire diameter variations are wear , temperature , pressure , vehicle load , and nominal tire size . Vehicle manufacturers usually calibrate speedometers to read high by an amount equal to the average error , to ensure that their speedometers never indicate a lower speed than the actual speed of the vehicle , to ensure they are not liable for drivers violating speed limits . Excessive speedometer error after manufacture can come from several causes but most commonly is due to nonstandard tire diameter , in which case the error is Percentage error = 100 × ( 1 − new diameter / standard diameter ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( Percentage error ) ) = 100 \ times ( 1 - ( \ mbox ( new diameter ) ) / ( \ mbox ( standard diameter ) ) ) ) Nearly all tires now have their size shown as `` T / A_W '' on the side of the tire ( See : Tire code ) , and the tire 's Diameter in millimetres = 2 × T × A / 100 + W × 25.4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( Diameter in millimetres ) ) = 2 \ times T \ times A / 100 + W \ times 25.4 ) Diameter in inches = T × A / 1270 + W ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( Diameter in inches ) ) = T \ times A / 1270 + W ) For example , a standard tire is `` 185 / 70R14 '' with diameter = 2 * 185 * ( 70 / 100 ) + ( 14 * 25.4 ) = 614.6 mm ( 185x70 / 1270 + 14 = 24.20 in ) . Another is `` 195 / 50R15 '' with 2 * 195 * ( 50 / 100 ) + ( 15 * 25.4 ) = 576.0 mm ( 195x50 / 1270 + 15 = 22.68 in ) . Replacing the first tire ( and wheels ) with the second ( on 15 '' = 381 mm wheels ) , a speedometer reads 100 * ( 1 - ( 576 / 614.6 ) ) = 100 * ( 1 - 22.68 / 24.20 ) = 6.28 % higher than the actual speed . At an actual speed of 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) , the speedometer will indicate 100 x 1.0628 = 106.28 km / h ( 60 * 1.0628 = 63.77 mph ) , approximately . In the case of wear , a new `` 185 / 70R14 '' tyre of 620 mm ( 24.4 inch ) diameter will have ~ 8 mm tread depth , at legal limit this reduces to 1.6 mm , the difference being 12.8 mm in diameter or 0.5 inches which is 2 % in 620 mm ( 24.4 inches ) . International agreements ( edit ) In many countries the legislated error in speedometer readings is ultimately governed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ( UNECE ) Regulation 39 , which covers those aspects of vehicle type approval that relate to speedometers . The main purpose of the UNECE regulations is to facilitate trade in motor vehicles by agreeing uniform type approval standards rather than requiring a vehicle model to undergo different approval processes in each country where it is sold . European Union member states must also grant type approval to vehicles meeting similar EU standards . The ones covering speedometers are similar to the UNECE regulation in that they specify that : The indicated speed must never be less than the actual speed , i.e. it should not be possible to inadvertently speed because of an incorrect speedometer reading . The indicated speed must not be more than 110 percent of the true speed plus 4 km / h at specified test speeds . For example , at 80 km / h , the indicated speed must be no more than 92 km / h . The standards specify both the limits on accuracy and many of the details of how it should be measured during the approvals process , for example that the test measurements should be made ( for most vehicles ) at 40 , 80 and 120 km / h , and at a particular ambient temperature and road surface . There are slight differences between the different standards , for example in the minimum accuracy of the equipment measuring the true speed of the vehicle . The UNECE regulation relaxes the requirements for vehicles mass - produced following type approval . At Conformity of Production Audits the upper limit on indicated speed is increased to 110 percent plus 6 km / h for cars , buses , trucks and similar vehicles , and 110 percent plus 8 km / h for two - or three - wheeled vehicles that have a maximum speed above 50 km / h ( or a cylinder capacity , if powered by a heat engine , of more than 50 cm3 ) . European Union Directive 2000 / 7 / EC , which relates to two - and three - wheeled vehicles , provides similar slightly relaxed limits in production . Australia ( edit ) There were no Australian Design Rules in place for speedometers in Australia prior to July 1988 . They had to be introduced when speed cameras were first used . This means there are no legally accurate speedometers for these older vehicles . All vehicles manufactured on or after 1 July 2007 , and all models of vehicle introduced on or after 1 July 2006 , must conform to UNECE Regulation 39 . The speedometers in vehicles manufactured before these dates but after 1 July 1995 ( or 1 January 1995 for forward control passenger vehicles and off - road passenger vehicles ) must conform to the previous Australian design rule . This specifies that they need only display the speed to an accuracy of + / - 10 % at speeds above 40 km / h , and there is no specified accuracy at all for speeds below 40 km / h . All vehicles manufactured in Australia or imported for supply to the Australian market must comply with the Australian Design Rules . The state and territory governments may set policies for the tolerance of speed over the posted speed limits that may be lower than the 10 % in the earlier versions of the Australian Design Rules permitted , such as in Victoria . This has caused some controversy since it would be possible for a driver to be unaware that he is speeding should his vehicle be fitted with an under - reading speedometer . United kingdom ( edit ) A speedometer showing mph and km / h along with an odometer and a separate `` trip '' odometer ( both showing distance traveled in miles ) . The amended Road Vehicles ( Construction and Use ) Regulations 1986 permits the use of speedometers that meet either the requirements of EC Council Directive 75 / 443 ( as amended by Directive 97 / 39 ) or UNECE Regulation 39 . The Motor Vehicles ( Approval ) Regulations 2001 permits single vehicles to be approved . As with the UNECE regulation and the EC Directives , the speedometer must never show an indicated speed less than the actual speed . However it differs slightly from them in specifying that for all actual speeds between 25 mph and 70 mph ( or the vehicles ' maximum speed if it is lower than this ) , the indicated speed must not exceed 110 % of the actual speed , plus 6.25 mph . For example , if the vehicle is actually travelling at 50 mph , the speedometer must not show more than 61.25 mph or less than 50 mph . United states ( edit ) Federal standards in the United States allow a maximum 5 mph error at a speed of 50 mph on speedometer readings for commercial vehicles . Aftermarket modifications , such as different tire and wheel sizes or different differential gearing , can cause speedometer inaccuracy . This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) Regulation in the us ( edit ) On September 1 , 1979 the NHTSA required speedometers to have special emphasis on 55 mph and display no more than a maximum speed of 85 mph . On March 25 , 1982 the NHTSA revoked the rule because no `` significant safety benefits '' could come from maintaining the standard . GPS ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Speedometer . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Automotive navigation system GPS devices are positional speedometers , based on how far the receiver has moved since the last measurement . Its speed calculations are not subject to the same sources of error as the vehicle 's speedometer ( wheel size , transmission / drive ratios ) . Instead , the GPS 's positional accuracy , and therefore the accuracy of its calculated speed , is dependent on the satellite signal quality at the time . Speed calculations will be more accurate at higher speeds , when the ratio of positional error to positional change is lower . The GPS software may also use a moving average calculation to reduce error . Some GPS devices do not take into account the vertical position of the car so will under report the speed by the road 's gradient . As mentioned in the satnav article , GPS data has been used to overturn a speeding ticket ; the GPS logs showed the defendant traveling below the speed limit when they were ticketed . That the data came from a GPS device was likely less important than the fact that it was logged ; logs from the vehicle 's speedometer could likely have been used instead , had they existed . See also ( edit ) GM Instrument Cluster Settlement Hubometer List of vehicle instruments Taximeter References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Harris , William ( 10 July 2007 ) . `` How Speedometers Work '' . How stuff works . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Babbage and the Difference Engine - NewMyths.com '' . google.com . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Udini → Flow '' . proquest.com . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sobey , Ed ( 2009 ) . A Field Guide to Automotive Technology . Chicago Review Press . p. 78 . ISBN 9781556528125 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Speedometer '' . Siemens . 26 April 2005 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNECE Transport Division - Vehicle Regulations - Addenda to 1958 agreement - Regulations 21 - 40 '' . UN Economic Commission for Europe . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation No 39 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations ( UN / ECE ) -- Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the speedometer equipment including its installation '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Commission Directive 97 / 39 / EC of 24 June 1997 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 75 / 443 / EEC of 26 June 1975 relating to the reverse and speedometer equipment of motor vehicles '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 2000 / 7 / EC - speedometers for two - or three - wheel motor vehicles '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Design Rule 18 / 03 - Instrumentation '' ( PDF ) . Road Vehicle Certification System . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Design Rule 18 / 02 - Instrumentation '' . Commonwealth of Australia Law . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Leslie Felix ( 2004 ) . `` Vehicle Speed Measurement II '' . National Motorists Association Australia . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 3.6 Accuracy of speedometers '' . Victoria Road Safety Committee , Inquiry Into the Demerit Points Scheme . November 1994 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Speedometer Accuracy '' . Written Answers , Hansard ( UK Parliament proceedings ) Monday , 12th March 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Motor Vehicles ( Approval ) Regulations 2001 : Schedule 3 '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` eCFR -- Code of Federal Regulations '' . gpoaccess.gov . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr1705.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Speedometer ( category ) Look up speedometer in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Autoblog : Gauging changes Car interior Part of a series of articles on cars Interior equipment Instruments Automotive navigation system Global Positioning System Automotive night vision Backup camera Blind spot monitor Boost gauge Buzzer Carputer Check engine light Electronic instrument cluster Fuel gauge Head - up display Lidar detector Odometer Parking sensor Radar detector Speedometer Tachometer Telematics Idiot light Trip computer Controls Bowden cable Brake Cruise control Electronic throttle control Gear stick Manettino dial Parking brake Power steering Steering wheel Throttle Anti-theft Automatic vehicle location Car alarm Immobiliser Power door locks Remote keyless system Smart key VIN etching Safety Seating Airbag Armrest Automatic seat belts Bench seat Bucket seat Child safety lock Rear - view mirror Rumble seat Seat belt Other elements Air conditioning Automobile accessory power Center console Dashboard Glove compartment Sun visor Convenience Car phone Cigarette lighter receptacle Cup holder Vehicle audio Commons Portal Sensors Acoustic , sound , vibration Geophone Hydrophone Microphone Seismometer Automotive , transportation Air -- fuel ratio meter Blind spot monitor Crankshaft position sensor Curb feeler Defect detector Engine coolant temperature sensor Hall effect sensor MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Omniview technology Oxygen sensor Parking sensors Radar gun Speed sensor Speedometer Throttle position sensor Tire - pressure monitoring system Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor Turbine speed sensor Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor Water sensor Wheel speed sensor Chemical Breathalyzer Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon monoxide detector Catalytic bead sensor Chemical field - effect transistor Electrochemical gas sensor Electrolyte -- insulator -- semiconductor sensor Electronic nose Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen sulfide sensor Infrared point sensor Ion selective electrode Microwave chemistry sensor Nitrogen oxide sensor Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode Oxygen sensor Pellistor pH glass electrode Potentiometric sensor Redox electrode Smoke detector Zinc oxide nanorod sensor Electric , magnetic , radio Current sensor Electroscope Galvanometer Hall effect sensor Hall probe Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetometer MEMS magnetic field sensor Metal detector Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light Environment , weather , moisture Actinometer Bedwetting alarm Ceilometer Dew warning Electrochemical gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor Gas detector Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor Hygrometer Leaf sensor Psychrometer Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Rain gauge Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge Weather radar Flow , fluid velocity Air flow meter Anemometer Flow sensor Gas meter Mass flow sensor Water metering Ionising radiation , subatomic particles Bubble chamber Cloud chamber Geiger -- Müller tube Geiger counter Ionization chamber Neutron detection Particle detector Proportional counter Scintillation counter Semiconductor detector Scintillator Thermoluminescent dosimeter Wire chamber Navigation instruments Airspeed indicator Machmeter Altimeter Attitude indicator Depth gauge Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Turn coordinator Variometer Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw - rate sensor Position , angle , displacement Accelerometer Angular rate sensor Auxanometer Capacitive displacement sensor Capacitive sensing Gravimeter Inclinometer Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor Laser rangefinder Laser surface velocimeter Lidar Linear encoder Linear variable differential transformer Liquid capacitive inclinometers Odometer Photoelectric sensor Piezoelectric accelerometer Position sensor Rotary encoder Rotary variable differential transformer Selsyn Sudden Motion Sensor Tachometer Tilt sensor Ultrasonic thickness gauge Variable reluctance sensor Velocity receiver Optical , light , imaging Charge - coupled device Contact image sensor Electro - optical sensor Flame detector Infrared Kinetic inductance detector LED as light sensor Light - addressable potentiometric sensor Nichols radiometer Optical fiber Photodetector Photodiode Photoelectric sensor Photoionization detector Photomultiplier Photoresistor Photoswitch Phototransistor Phototube Position sensitive device Scintillometer Shack -- Hartmann wavefront sensor Single - photon avalanche diode Superconducting nanowire single - photon detector Transition edge sensor Tristimulus colorimeter Visible - light photon counter Wavefront sensor Pressure Barograph Barometer Boost gauge Bourdon gauge Hot - filament ionization gauge Ionization gauge McLeod gauge Oscillating U-tube Permanent Downhole Gauge Piezometer Pirani gauge Pressure gauge Pressure sensor Tactile sensor Time pressure gauge Force , density , level Bhangmeter Force gauge Hydrometer Level sensor Load cell Magnetic level gauge Nuclear density gauge Piezoelectric sensor Strain gauge Torque sensor Viscometer Thermal , heat , temperature Bimetallic strip Bolometer Calorimeter Exhaust gas temperature gauge Flame detection Gardon gauge Golay cell Heat flux sensor Infrared thermometer Microbolometer Microwave radiometer Net radiometer Quartz thermometer Resistance thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Special sensor microwave / imager Thermistor Thermocouple Thermometer Proximity , presence Alarm sensor Doppler radar Motion detector Occupancy sensor Passive infrared sensor Proximity sensor Reed switch Stud finder Touch switch Triangulation sensor Wired glove Sensor technology Active pixel sensor Back - illuminated sensor Biochip Biosensor Capacitance probe Carbon paste electrode Catadioptric sensor Digital sensors Displacement receiver Electromechanical film Electro - optical sensor Fabry -- Pérot interferometer Fisheries acoustics Image sensor Image sensor format Inductive sensor Intelligent sensor Lab - on - a-chip Leaf sensor Machine vision Microelectromechanical systems Photoelasticity Quantum sensor Radar Ground - penetrating radar Synthetic aperture radar Radar tracker Sensor array Sensor fusion Sensor grid Sensor node Soft sensor Sonar Staring array Transducer Ultrasonic sensor Video sensor technology Visual sensor network Wheatstone bridge Wireless sensor network Related List of sensors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speedometer&oldid=803371050 '' Categories : Measuring instruments Speed sensors Vehicle parts Vehicle technology German inventions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with obsolete information from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Accuracy disputes from September 2015 All accuracy disputes Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 03 : 07 . 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Question: what type of speed does a speedometer measure


Lacteal - wikipedia Lacteal Jump to : navigation , search Lacteal Transverse section of a villus , from the human intestine . X 350 . a . Basement membrane , here somewhat shrunken away from the epithelium . b . Lacteal . c . Columnar epithelium . d . Its striated border . e . Goblet cells . f . Leucocytes in epithelium . f ' . Leucocytes below epithelium . g . Bloodvessels . h . Muscle cells cut across . Villi of small intestine , showing bloodvessels and lymphatic vessels . Dorlands / Elsevier l_01 / 12474659 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine . Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase , resulting in a mixture of fatty acids , di - and monoglycerides . These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte , where they are re-esterified to form triacylglycerol . The triacylglycerol is then combined with phospholipids , cholesterol ester , and apolipoprotein B48 to form chylomicrons . These chylomicrons then pass into the lacteals , forming a milky substance known as chyle . The lacteals merge to form larger lymphatic vessels that transport the chyle to the thoracic duct where it is emptied into the bloodstream at the subclavian vein . At this point , the fats are in the bloodstream in the form of chylomicrons . Once in the blood , chylomicrons are subject to delipidation by lipoprotein lipase . Eventually , enough lipid has been lost and additional apolipoproteins gained , that the resulting particle ( now referred to as a chylomicron remnant ) can be taken up by the liver . From the liver , the fat released from chylomicron remnants can be re-exported to the blood as the triglyceride component of very low - density lipoproteins . Very low - density lipoproteins , also subject to delipidation by vascular lipoprotein lipase , delivers fats to tissues throughout the body and , in particular , the released fatty acids can be stored in adipose cells as triglycerides . As triglycerides are lost from very low - density lipoproteins , the lipoprotein particle becomes smaller and denser ( since protein is denser than lipid ) and ultimately becomes low - density lipoproteins . A great deal has been written about low - density lipoproteins because they are thought to be atherogenic . Note that in contrast to any other route of absorption from the small intestine , the lymphatic system avoids first pass metabolism . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Young , Barbara & Wheater , Paul , eds. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06850 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Newsholme , Eric & Leech , Anthony ( 2009 ) . Functional Biochemistry in Health and Disease . John Wiley & Sons . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 98820 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Montague , Susan E. et al , eds. ( 2005 ) . Physiology for nursing practice . Elsevier . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 2676 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Histology image : 11705loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University - `` 117 . Digestive System : Alimentary Canal jejunum , central lacteals '' Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacteal&oldid=791841316 '' Categories : Digestive system Lymphatic system Lymphatic tissue Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2017 , at 20 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: what is the name of the lymphatic vessels located in the small intestine


Mike Post - wikipedia Mike Post Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mike Post Birth name Leland Michael Postil ( 1944 - 09 - 29 ) September 29 , 1944 ( age 73 ) Berkeley , California , United States Origin Los Angeles , California , United States Genres Rock , pop , soul Occupation ( s ) Producer , songwriter , musician , composer , arranger Instruments Vocals , guitar , bass guitar , keyboard Years active 1970 -- present Associated acts The Murmaids , Mason Williams , the Outcasts , Kenny Rogers , the First Edition , Van Halen Mike Post ( born Leland Michael Postil , September 29 , 1944 ) is an American composer , best known for his TV theme songs for such series as Law & Order , Law & Order : SVU , The A-Team , NYPD Blue , Renegade , The Rockford Files , L.A. Law , Quantum Leap , Magnum , P.I. , and Hill Street Blues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early musical career 2 Television theme music 3 Inventions from the Blue Line 4 In popular culture 5 Discography 5.1 Albums 5.2 Hot 100 singles 6 References 7 External links Early musical career ( edit ) Post 's first credited work in music was cutting demos using two singing sisters , Terry and Carol Fischer . With Sally Gordon , they went on to become The Murmaids . Their first single , `` Popsicles and Icicles '' ( written by David Gates ) , was a # 3 hit song in January 1964 . Post also provided early guidance for the garage rock band the Outcasts while in basic training in San Antonio , Texas . He was the songwriter and producer for both songs on the band 's first single , released in 1965 , and also arranged a local concert where they served as the back - up band . He won his first Grammy at age 23 for Best Instrumental Arrangement on Mason Williams ' `` Classical Gas '' , a # 2 hit song in 1968 . He is also credited as the producer for Williams ' LP that included this song , The Mason Williams Phonograph Record . Billed as the Mike Post Coalition , their track `` Afternoon of the Rhino '' became a sought - after Northern soul track . The single peaked at # 47 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1975 . Post also worked with Kenny Rogers and produced the first three albums he recorded with his country / rock group the First Edition ( between 1967 and 1969 ) . Post also produced Dolly Parton 's hit album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs in 1981 . Much later , in 1997 , he produced Van Halen 's Van Halen III album . Television theme music ( edit ) One of his first jobs in television started when he was 24 , as the musical director on The Andy Williams Show . Another early job was writing the theme music for the short - lived detective series Toma in 1973 , but his big breakthrough ( together with co-composer Pete Carpenter ) came in the following year with his theme song for The Rockford Files , another series by producer Stephen J. Cannell . The theme also got cross-over Top 40 radio airplay and earned a second Grammy for Post . `` The Rockford Files '' theme became a Top 10 hit in both the U.S. ( # 10 ) and Canada ( # 8 ) . It ranks as the 85th biggest U.S. hit of 1975 , and the 84th biggest Canadian hit of 1975 . Post subsequently won Grammys for Best Instrumental Composition for the themes of the television shows Hill Street Blues in 1981 and L.A. Law in 1988 as well as another Grammy in 1981 for Best Instrumental Performance for the Hill Street Blues theme , which also reached number 10 in the U.S. The Law & Order `` dun , dun '' sound Problems playing this file ? See media help . Post won an Emmy for his Murder One theme music , and had previously been nominated for NYPD Blue , among others . He has won BMI Awards for the music for L.A. Law , Hunter , and the various Law & Order series . The theme for The Greatest American Hero ( co-written with Stephen Geyer ) is one of the few television themes to reach as high as # 2 as a single record on the Billboard Hot 100 . The iconic `` dun , dun '' sound effect he created for the Law & Order franchise has entered popular culture . At the peak of his career , Post was the go - to composer for all of the series created by Donald P. Bellisario , Steven Bochco , Stephen J. Cannell and Dick Wolf . Due to the considerable amount of music to be created , Post operated an office with multiple staff composers , among them Walter Murphy , Velton Ray Bunch , Frank Denson , Jerry Grant and Greg Edmonson , all composing side by side in cubicles . Each would write music cues to complement specific scenes from each show in Post 's signature style . Other TV music works include The A-Team , Baa Baa Black Sheep , Blossom , CHiPs , The Commish , Doogie Howser , M.D. , Greatest American Hero , Hardcastle and McCormick , Hooperman , Hunter , Magnum , P.I. , NewsRadio , Profit , Quantum Leap , Renegade , Riptide , Silk Stalkings , Stingray , Tales of the Gold Monkey , Tenspeed and Brown Shoe , The White Shadow , Wiseguy , the BBC series Roughnecks , Law & Order , and Philly . In 1994 , Post scored the Diagnosis : Murder episode `` How To Murder Your Lawyer , '' designed as a backdoor pilot for a lawyer series . In 2014 , Post composed the score for the fake TV plot Caged Heat in the Marvel One - Shot All Hail the King for Marvel Studios . Inventions from the Blue Line ( edit ) In 1994 , Post released a CD , called Inventions from the Blue Line . The CD contained several of his well - known themes , featuring NYPD Blue and also including Law & Order , Silk Stalkings and Renegade . In the liner notes , he discussed his late father , Sam Postil , and the admiration for law enforcement officers that Sam instilled in Mike . He also referred to police in the traditional nickname of `` blues '' , as in The Thin Blue Line ( referring to the police in general and to police camaraderie ) . One of the tracks is called `` The Blue Line '' , which Post calls `` the comradery theme '' . In popular culture ( edit ) The Pete Townshend song `` Mike Post Theme '' , which alludes to the ubiquity of Post 's work in television theme music , appears on The Who 's 2006 album , Endless Wire . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) 1969 : Fused ( as The Mike Post Coalition ) ; Warner Bros. - Seven Arts ( LP ) 1975 : Railhead Overture ; MGM ( LP ) 1982 : Television Theme Songs ; Elektra ( LP ) 1988 : Music from L.A. Law and Otherwise ; Polydor ( LP ) 1994 : Inventions from the Blue Line ; American Gramaphone ( CD ) Hot 100 Singles ( edit ) The following singles credited to Mike Post charted on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart : `` The Rockford Files '' ( # 10 , 1975 ) `` Manhattan Spiritual '' ( # 56 , 1975 ) `` Theme From Greatest American Hero ( Believe It or Not ) '' ( # 2 , 1981 ) `` The Theme from Hill Street Blues '' ( # 10 , 1981 ) `` Theme from Magnum P.I. '' ( # 25 , 1982 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Review from Fuzz , Acid and Flowers , partially reproduced on www.dennysguitars.com/outcasts1.html Jump up ^ Maconie , Stuart ( 2004 ) . Cider With Roadies ( 1st ed . ) . London : Random House . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 189115 - 9 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 432 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who is Mike Post , and what were his contributions to music ? - eNotes '' . eNotes . Jump up ^ https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4009a&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=9rcle2uno9iqd7fp29i24m0c30 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4057a&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=9rcle2uno9iqd7fp29i24m0c30 Jump up ^ Dan Gunderman ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Examining the legendary ' dun , dun ' sound from ' Law & Order ' on the anniversary of the pilot episode '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1991 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 1990 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 455 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1981-08-22 External links ( edit ) Book : Mike Post Mike Post on IMDb Biography at Museum TV website Biography On Enotes.com Mike Post Archive of American Television Interview Mike Post Interview - NAMM Oral History Library ( 2016 ) VIAF : 24794828 LCCN : n91086868 ISNI : 0000 0000 7364 7420 GND : 13448763X BNF : cb13971387j ( data ) MusicBrainz : 8a667f87 - 540c - 4635 - 87bb - a9151693935f SNAC : w6x0768x Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Post&oldid=837420185 '' Categories : 1944 births American composers American male composers American record producers American television composers Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people Male television composers Musicians from Berkeley , California Primetime Emmy Award winners Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2009 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 18 : 25 . 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Question: who wrote the theme song to law and order


Agriculture in New Zealand - Wikipedia Agriculture in New Zealand Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2017 ) A bullock wagon team taking wool from a farm station . The number of sheep in New Zealand peaked in the 1980s and is now reducing due to lower profits . In New Zealand , agriculture is the largest sector of the tradable economy , contributing about two - thirds of exported goods in 2006 - 7 . For the year ended March 2002 , agricultural exports were valued at over $14.8 billion . New Zealand is unique in being the only developed country to be totally exposed to the international markets since subsidies , tax concessions and price supports for the agricultural sector were removed in the 1980s . However , as of 2017 , the New Zealand Government still provides state investment in infrastructure which supports agriculture . Pastoral farming is the major land use but there are increases in land area devoted to horticulture . New Zealand is a member of the Cairns Group , which is seeking to have free trade in agricultural goods . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Sectors 2.1 Pastoral farming 2.2 Forestry 2.3 Horticulture 2.4 Aquaculture 2.5 Beekeeping 3 Organic farming 4 Environmental impacts 5 Agricultural pests 5.1 Animal pests 5.2 Plant pests 6 Biosecurity 7 Tenure review 8 Agricultural organisations 9 Future of New Zealand agriculture 10 Impact on New Zealand culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Early label from a tin of mutton from New Zealand The government offered a number of subsidies during the 1970s to assist farmers after the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community and by the early 1980s government support provided some farmers with 40 percent of their income . In 1984 the Labour government ended all farm subsidies under Rogernomics , and by 1990 the agricultural industry became the most deregulated sector in New Zealand . To stay competitive in the heavily subsidised European and US markets New Zealand farmers had to increase the efficiency of their operations . Animal farming is pasture based ; cows and sheep are rarely housed or fed large quantities of grain , with most farmers using grass based supplements such as hay and silage during feed shortages . Pigs are usually kept indoors , either in gestation crates , farrowing crates , fattening pens , or group housing . Sectors ( edit ) Pastoral farming ( edit ) Beef and dairy cattle are important components of New Zealand agriculture See also : Dairy farming in New Zealand In Northland , the major form of pastoral farming is beef cattle . In the Waikato and Taranaki areas , dairy cattle predominate . Through the rest of New Zealand , sheep farming is the major rural activity , with beef cattle farming in the hills and high country , and dairying increasing in Canterbury , Otago and Southland . New Zealand is the world 's eighth largest milk producer , with about 2.2 % of world production . Total production was 1.3 billion kg of milk solids , and NZD 8.38 billion of dairy products were exported in the year ending 30 September 2007 . There are approximately 4.2 million dairy milking cows in New Zealand , and 5.26 million dairy cattle in total at 30 June 2007 , an increase from 3 million in 1982 . In mid-2005 , there were 12,786 dairy farms , with a total area of 2.1 million hectares . Traditional dairy production areas are the wetter areas of the country : Waikato , Taranaki , Southland , Northland , Horowhenua , Manawatu and Westland . Fonterra is the major processor of milk in New Zealand . It processes 94.8 percent of all milk solids from dairy farms . Other large dairy companies are Tatua Co-operative Dairy Company , Westland Milk Products and Synlait . Rural landscape with sheep Livestock is predominantly grass - fed , but hay and silage is used in the winter months to make up for slower pasture growth . There were 38.5 million sheep and 4.39 million beef cattle in New Zealand in June 2007 . The number of sheep saw a substantial fall from the 70.3 million in 1982 , while beef cattle numbers declined by about ten percent over the same period . In June 2006 . 573,000 tonnes of sheep meat was produced in 2006 - 7 , and 164,000 tonnes of clean wool . NZD 2.08 billion of lamb , NZD 283 million of mutton , and NZD 938 million of raw wool and wool products was exported in the year ending 30 September 2007 . Production of beef and veal in 2006 - 7 was 623,000 tonnes , with NZD 1.64 billion in exports . There were 13,254 beef farms , 13,905 sheep farms and 1,614 mixed beef / sheep farms in 2005 , with areas of 1.5 million hectares , 8.1 million hectares , and 655,000 hectares respectively . Deer farming has increased dramatically from a herd of 150,000 in 1982 to 1.59 million in 2006 , with 1,617 deer farms occupying 218,000 hectares of land in 2005 . NZD 252 million of venison was exported in the year ending 30 September 2007 . New Zealand is the largest exporter of farmed venison in the world . In the 1970s and 80s there was a huge industry carrying out live deer recovery from forested areas of New Zealand . The deer are a pest animal that has a negative impact on the biodiversity of New Zealand . The deer - farm stock was bred from the recovered wild animals . In 2005 , there were 264 pig farms with a total area of 12,831 hectares . There were also 855 mixed livestock farms and 633 other livestock farms , with areas of 178 and 18,000 hectares , respectively . The 50,000 tonnes of pork produced in 2007 was supplemented by 40,000 tonnes of imported pork products to meet domestic demand . 14.7 million chickens were raised for meat in 2007 , with 145 tonnes of chicken meat produced . No other poultry is raised in significant numbers in New Zealand . Approximately 3.1 million laying hens are kept , producing 900 million eggs in 2006 . Goats are also farmed for meat , milk , and mohair , and to control weeds . Forestry ( edit ) Logging tracks in Marlborough Main article : Forestry in New Zealand Milling of New Zealand 's extensive native forests was one of the earliest industries in the settlement of the country . The long , straight hardwood from the kauri was ideal for ship masts and spars . As the new colony was established , timber was the most common building material , and vast areas of native forest were cleared . Rimu , tōtara , matai , and miro were the favoured timbers . The Monterrey Pine , Pinus radiata was introduced to New Zealand in the 1850s . It thrived in the conditions , reaching maturity in 28 years , much faster than in its native California . It was found to grow well in the infertile acidic soil of the volcanic plateau , where attempts at agriculture had failed . The Government initiated planting of exotic forests in 1899 at Whakarewarewa , near Rotorua . This was to address growing timber shortages as slow - growing native forests were exhausted . In the 1930s , vast areas of land were planted in Pinus radiata by relief workers . The largest tract was the 188,000 - hectare Kāingaroa forest , the largest plantation forest in the world . As the major forests matured , processing industries such as the Kinleith Mill at Tokoroa and the Tasman Mill at Kawerau were established . Plantation forests of various sizes can now be found in all regions of New Zealand except Central Otago and Fiordland . In 2006 their total area was 1.8 million hectares , with 89 % in Pinus radiata and 5 % in Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) Log harvesting in 2006 was 18.8 million m , down from 22.5 million m in 2003 . This is projected to rise as high as 30 million m as newer forests mature . The value of all forestry exports ( logs , chips , sawn timber , panels and paper products ) for the year ended 31 March 2006 was $ NZ 3.62 billion . This is projected to rise to $4.65 billion by 2011 . Australia accounts for just over 25 % of export value , mostly paper products , followed by Japan , South Korea , China and the United States . Within the New Zealand economy , forestry accounts for approximately 4 % of national GDP . On the global stage , the New Zealand forestry industry is a relatively small contributor in terms of production , accounting for 1 % of global wood supply for industrial purposes . Horticulture ( edit ) Vineyard in Marlborough There are about 400 growers of stone fruit who utilise 3000 hectares of land , mostly in the Hawke 's Bay and Otago regions . Three quarters of the fruit produced is consumed domestically . Peaches , nectarines and plums are produced for domestic consumption , and apricots and cherries , almost all from Otago , are exported . About 30 varieties of apples and pears are exported , with over 16 million tray carton equivalents ( 18 kg ) of apples and 300,000 tce 's of pears exported in 2007 . Most pipfruit is grown in the Hawke 's Bay and Tasman regions , with about 10,000 hectares planted . Kiwifruit is grown in many regions of the North Island and in the north of the South Island , but is most concentrated in the Bay of Plenty . There are 2,700 kiwifruit growers , with over 13,000 hectares planted . Over 80 million trays of kiwifruit were exported in 2006 , about one - quarter of the world 's production . Kiwifruit is New Zealand 's largest horticultural export by value . In 2007 there were over 29 , 0000 hectares planted in grapes ( mostly in Marlborough , Hawke 's Bay and Gisborne ) , 205,000 tonnes of grapes were produced , and there were 543 wineries . Citrus fruit is grown in Gisborne , Northland and Auckland . Blackcurrants and other berry fruits are grown in Tasman , Waikato , Canterbury and Auckland . Avocados and other subtropical fruits are grown in Northland and the Bay of Plenty . Total exports of fresh fruit were worth NZD 1,200 million in 2007 , and NZD 105 million of processed fruit was also exported . 76 million litres of wine , worth NZD 698 million , was exported . Hay bales in Otago Almost all hay and silage is consumed on the same farm as it is produced . Most supplementary feed crops are grown in the South Island , where the colder climate forces additional feeding of stock during winter . Wheat is mostly grown in the Canterbury region and is used for domestic consumption in bread and biscuits . By - products are bran and pollard , which are used for stock feed . Barley is used for stock feed and for malt . Some barley is exported , depending on international price fluctuations . Maize is grown in the Waikato and Manawatu - Wanganui regions as feed for chickens , pigs and cattle . Oats are grown in Canterbury and Southland for animal feed , and for rolled oats and oatmeal . Vegetable growing occupies more than 50,000 hectares of land and employs 25,000 people . More than 50 different vegetables are grown in New Zealand . Approximately 1,450 growers produce fresh vegetables with a value of over NZD 400 million in 2007 . NZD 260 million of fresh vegetables , mainly onions and squash , were exported in 2007 . 750 growers produce vegetables worth over NZD 100 million for processing , and NZD 297 million of processed and frozen vegetables , mostly potatoes , sweetcorn and peas , were exported in 2007 . NZD 63 million worth of seeds and bulbs , and NZD 43 million of cut flowers and foliage , were exported in 2007 . Aquaculture ( edit ) Mussel long line in Pelorus Sound Main article : Aquaculture in New Zealand Aquaculture started in New Zealand in the late 1960s and is dominated by mussels , oysters and salmon . In 2007 , aquaculture generated about NZ $360 million in sales on an area of 7,700 hectares with a total of $240 million earned in exports . In 2006 , the aquaculture industry in New Zealand developed a strategy aimed at achieving a sustainable annual billion NZ dollar business by 2025 . In 2007 , the government reacted by offering more support to the growing industry . Beekeeping ( edit ) Main article : Beekeeping in New Zealand New Zealand had 2,602 beekeepers at the end of 2007 , who owned 313,399 hives . Total honey production was 9700 tonnes . Pollen , beeswax , and propolis are also produced . Beekeepers provide pollination services to horticulturalists , which generates more income than the products of bee culture . Approximately 20 -- 25,000 queen bees , and 20 tonnes of packaged bees ( which include worker bees and a queen ) are exported live each year . Organic farming ( edit ) Main article : Organic farming in New Zealand Organic farming practices began on a commercial scale in the 1980s and is now an increasing segment of the market with some of the larger companies such as Wattie 's becoming involved . Environmental impacts ( edit ) See also : Environmental issues with agriculture , Environmental impact of meat production , and Water pollution in New Zealand Both the original Māori people and the European colonists made huge changes to New Zealand over a relatively short time . Māori burned forest to flush out game and to encourage the growth of bracken fern , which was used as a food source , and practised agriculture using plants they brought from tropical Polynesia . The Europeans logged and burned off a third of the forest cover to convert land to pastoral farming . In 1993 , the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research summarised available data on the quality of water in rivers . They concluded that `` lowland river reaches in agriculturally developed catchments are in poor condition '' reflecting `` agriculturally derived diffuse and point source waste inputs in isolation or in addition to urban or industrial waste inputs '' . The key contaminants identified in lowland rivers were dissolved inorganic nitrogen , dissolved reactive phosphorus and faecal contamination . Small streams in dairy farming areas were identified as being in very poor condition . New Zealand 's rivers and lakes are becoming increasingly nutrient enriched and degraded by nitrogen , animal faecal matter , and eroded sediment . Many waterways are now unsafe for swimming . Fish and Game New Zealand launched a `` dirty dairying '' campaign to highlight the effect of intensive agriculture on waterways . Fonterra , the largest dairy company in New Zealand , in conjunction with government agencies responded with the Dairying and Clean Streams Accord . In 2009 , the Crafar Farms group of dairy farms in the North Island became known as the ' poster boys for dirty dairying ' after a string of prosecutions in the Environment Court for unlawful discharges of dairy effluent . In 2004 the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment released a report on the environmental effects of farming in New Zealand . It noted that the trend was towards an increasing pressure on New Zealand 's natural capital . Between 1994 and 2002 the number of dairy cows increased by 34 % and the land area used grew by just 12 % resulting in a more intensive land use . In the same period synthetic fertiliser use across all sectors grew by 21 % and urea use grew by 160 % . Almost half of the greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand are due to the agricultural sector . A portion of this is due to methane from belching ruminants . An agricultural emissions research levy was proposed , quickly becoming known as the `` Fart Tax '' . The proposed levy encountered opposition from the farming sector and the National Party , resulting in plans for the levy being abandoned . The Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium was formed as an alternative to imposing the levy on farmers . Agricultural pests ( edit ) See also : Invasive species in New Zealand A number of plant and animal introductions into New Zealand has reduced the income from farming . Tight border controls to improve biosecurity have been put into place to ensure any new and unwanted pests and diseases do not enter the country . Monitoring is done around sea and airports to check for any incursions . Animal pests ( edit ) The Common Brushtail Possum was introduced from Australia to establish a fur trade . It soon became one of New Zealand 's most problematic invasive species because of the huge effect on the biodiversity of New Zealand as well affecting agricultural production since it is a vector for Bovine tuberculosis . The disease now endemic in possums across approximately 38 per cent of New Zealand ( known as ' vector risk areas ' ) . In these areas , nearly 70 per cent of new herd infections can be traced back to possums or ferrets . The Biosecurity Act 1993 , which established a National Pest Management Strategy , is the legislation behind control of the disease in New Zealand . The Animal Health Board ( AHB ) operates a nationwide programme of cattle testing and possum control with the goal of eradicating M. bovis from wild vector species across 2.5 million hectares -- or one quarter -- of New Zealand 's at - risk areas by 2026 and , eventually , eradicating the disease entirely . Possums are controlled through a combination of trapping , ground - baiting and , where other methods are impractical , aerial treament with 1080 poison . From 1979 -- 1984 , possum control was stopped due to lack of funding . In spite of regular and frequent TB testing of cattle herds , the number of infected herds snowballed and continued to increase until 1994 . The area of New Zealand where there were TB wild animals expanded from about 10 to 40 per cent . That possums are such effective transmitters of TB appears to be facilitated by their behaviour once they succumb to the disease . Terminally ill TB possums will show increasingly erratic behaviour , such as venturing out during the daytime to get enough food to eat , and seeking out buildings in which to keep warm . As a consequence they may wander onto paddocks , where they naturally attract the attention of inquisitive cattle and deer . This behaviour has been captured on video . The introduced Canada Geese became prolific and began to adversely affect pastures and crops . In 2011 restrictions on hunting them were dropped to allow them to be culled . Plant pests ( edit ) Gorse was introduced as a hedgerow plant but has become the most expensive agricultural plant pest costing millions of dollars in efforts to control its spread over farmland . Other serious pasture and crop land plant pest are nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans ) , Californian thistle ( Cirsium arvense ) , ragwort ( Senecio jacobaea ) , broom ( Cytisus scoparius ) , giant buttercup ( Ranunculus acris ) , fat - hen ( Chenopodium album ) , willow weed ( Polygonum persicaria ) , and hawkweed ( Hieracium species ) . Biosecurity ( edit ) Main article : Biosecurity in New Zealand Because of its geographical isolation New Zealand is free of some pest and diseases that are problematic for agricultural production in other countries . With a high level of international trade and large numbers of inbound tourists biosecurity is of great importance since new any pest or diseases brought into the country could potentially have a huge effect on the economy of New Zealand . There have been no outbreaks of foot - and - mouth disease in New Zealand . If an outbreak did occur there is potential for severe economic losses given that agricultural exports are a large segment of exports . New Zealand has strict biosecurity measures in place to prevent the introduction of unwanted pests and diseases . Tenure review ( edit ) Main article : Tenure review Many areas of the high country of the South Island were set up as large sheep and cattle stations in the late 19th century . Much of this land was leased from The Crown but after the passing of the Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998 the leases were reviewed . Environmentalists and academics raised concerns about the process saying that farmers were gaining an advantage and that conservation issues were not being resolved . Agricultural organisations ( edit ) A fixture in many rural towns is the annual Agricultural and Pastoral ( A&P ) shows where competitions are held for the best livestock and farm produce . Carnivals , sideshows , equestrian events and craft competitions are also held as part of the A&P shows . The Ministry for Primary Industries is the government agency responsible for the agricultural sector . It has both policy and operational arms . Federated Farmers is a large and influential lobby group that represents farmers interests . It has a voluntary membership which stands at over 26,000 . The Soil & Health Association of New Zealand , established in 1941 , promotes organic food and farming . The New Zealand Young Farmers is a national organisation formed in 1927 with regional clubs throughout the country . It runs the annual Young Farmer Contest . Irrigation New Zealand is the national body representing farmers who use irrigation and the irrigation industry . It opposes Water conservation orders . Future of New Zealand agriculture ( edit ) There are two main views on the immediate future of New Zealand agriculture . One is that , due to fast - rising consumer demand in India and China , the world is entering a golden age for commodities , and New Zealand is well placed to take advantage of this . The other view is that New Zealand will only gain limited rewards from this boom because of increasing production competition from developing countries . For New Zealand to remain competitive , farmers will either have to intensify production to remain commodity producers ( increasing stock and fertiliser per hectare ) or , instead , become producers of higher value , more customised products . AgResearch Ltd ( New Zealand 's largest Crown Research Institute ) believes that new technologies will allow New Zealand farmers to double their output by 2020 , while simultaneously reducing greenhouse - gas emissions and other detrimental environmental impacts associated with farming practices . Impact on New Zealand culture ( edit ) Rural New Zealand has affected the culture of New Zealand . Country Calendar is a factual television programme about farming methods and country life , and is watched by both rural and urban New Zealanders . The show first premièred on 6 March 1966 , and is the country 's longest - running locally - made television series . The gumboot , a waterproof boot commonly used by farmers and others , is a cultural icon with Taihape hosting an annual Gumboot Day . Fred Dagg , a comedy character created by John Clarke , was a stereotypical farmer wearing a black singlet , shorts and gumboots . Number 8 wire is used for fencing and has become part of the cultural lexicon . It is used for all manner of tasks and it describes the do it yourself mentality of New Zealanders . See also ( edit ) Animal welfare in New Zealand Fishing industry in New Zealand Flax in New Zealand Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand Genetic engineering in New Zealand Pesticides in New Zealand Hump and hollow , a pasture improvement technique National Animal Identification and Tracing Station ( New Zealand agriculture ) Crafar Farms Animal Health Board Regulation of animal research in New Zealand References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sarah Brazil , ed. ( 2008 ) . New Zealand Official Yearbook . Statistics New Zealand . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86953 - 717 - 3 . The export figure includes agriculture , horticulture and forestry . Jump up ^ Brendan Hutching , ed. ( 2006 ) . New Zealand Official Yearbook . Statistics New Zealand . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86953 - 638 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Background '' . Crown Irrigation Investments . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agricultural trade negotiations '' . New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Nightingale , Tony ( March 2009 ) . `` Government and agriculture -- Subsidies and changing markets , 1946 -- 1983 '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Pickford , John ( October 2004 ) . `` New Zealand 's hardy farm spirit '' . BBC news . Jump up ^ Edwards , Chris ; DeHaven , Tad ( March 2002 ) . `` Save the Farms -- End the Subsidies '' . Washington Post . Cato Institute . Jump up ^ Nightingale , Tony ( June 2010 ) . `` Government and agriculture -- Deregulation and environmental regulations , 1984 onwards '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Wayne ( August 2007 ) . `` Surviving Without Subsidies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ St Clair , Tony ( July 2002 ) . `` Farming without subsidies -- a better way : Why New Zealand agriculture is a world leader '' . European Voice . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Welfare '' . NZ Pork Board . June 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , p 359 Jump up ^ `` Situation and outlook for New Zealand agriculture and forestry ( August 2007 ) '' . Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . August 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , p 358 ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , pp 360 -- 61 Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , p 365 ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , pp 368 -- 9 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Official yearbook , 1990 Jump up ^ McKinnon , Malcolm ( 20 December 2010 ) . `` Volcanic Plateau region '' . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Situation and outlook for New Zealand agriculture and forestry '' . NZ Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . August 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Forestry Industry in New Zealand '' . Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . Archived from the original on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , pp 370 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , pp 372 -- 73 Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , p 374 Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook , 2008 , p 370 Jump up ^ Smith , CM ; Vant , WN ; Smith , DG ; Cooper , AB ; Wilcock , RL ( April 1993 ) . `` Freshwater quality in New Zealand and the influence of agriculture '' . Consultancy Report No . MAF056 . National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research . ^ Jump up to : Oram , R. ( 2007 ) . The RMA now and in the future , paper presented at the Beyond the RMA conference , Environmental Defence Society , Auckland , NZ , 30 -- 31 May Jump up ^ Leaman , Aaron ; Neems , Jeff ( 29 August 2009 ) . `` Acting ' too late ' costs farmers $90 k '' . Waikato Times . Fairfax Media Ltd . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Kissun , Sudesh ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` Things could have been done better : Crafar '' . Rural News . Rural News Group Limited . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . The Reporoa farmer , used by environmental groups as a poster boy for dirty dairying , is unhappy with some things happening on his farms Jump up ^ PCE ( October 2004 ) . Growing for good : Intensive farming , sustainability and New Zealand 's environment . Wellington : Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Images : Farmers Fart Tax Protest At Parliament '' . scoop.co.nz. 4 September 2003 . Retrieved 1 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TBfree New Zealand programme '' . Jump up ^ `` The use of 1080 for pest control -- 3.1 Possums as reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis '' . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Future freedom from bovine TB , Graham Nugent ( Landcare Research ) '' . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Paul Livingstone letter to the editor '' . Gisborne Herald . 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Rowan ( 1997 ) . Ian Smith , ed . The State of New Zealand 's Environment 1997 . Wellington : Ministry for the Environment . ISBN 0 - 478 - 09000 - 5 . Jump up ^ Biosecurity New Zealand Foot and mouth disease Jump up ^ http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/enter Jump up ^ Royal Agricultural Society Jump up ^ `` Water Conservation Orders Have No Role In Sustainable Future '' ( Press release ) . Irrigation NZ. 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) A lasting Legacy -- A 125 year history of New Zealand Farming since the first Frozen Meat Shipment , Ed . Colin Williscroft PMP , NZ Rural Press Limited , Auckland , 2007 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in New Zealand . 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Question: most of new zealands land supports which economic activity


List of largest houses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area - wikipedia List of largest houses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area Jump to : navigation , search This List of largest houses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area includes 12 single - family residences that are known to equal or exceed 30,000 square feet of livable space within the main house . The official square footage of the largest houses in Los Angeles excludes ancillary buildings such as guest quarters and pool houses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Proximity 2 Largest houses by floor space 3 See also 4 References Proximity ( edit ) Eleven of the 12 homes lie within what is known as the Platinum Triangle including three in Holmby Hills and four in Beverly Hills . Another four of these houses are situated in Bel Air within a 1000 - foot radius . Largest houses by floor space ( edit ) Rank Square footage Name Acreage Address Neighborhood Private Owner ( birthplace ) Year completed Bedrooms Bathrooms Est . Last Sale Price Est . Price / sqft . References 55,005 The Manor at Holmby Hills 4.7 acres 594 South Mapleton Drive Holmby Hills Petra Stunt ( England ) 7 29 $85,000,000 ( 2011 ) $1,545 51,000 Hacienda De La Paz 7.27 acres 1 Buggy Whip Drive Rolling Hills John Z . Blazevich ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2008 9 25 $2,050,000 ( 1993 ) ( lot only ) - 49,300 The Pritzker Estate 3.11 acres 1261 Angelo Drive Beverly Hills Anthony Pritzker ( United States ) 2012 unknown unknown $14,700,147 ( 2005 ) ( previous home on lot ) - 45,891 457 Bel Air Road 4.01 acres 457 Bel Air Road Bel Air Beny Alagem ( Israel ) 2006 6 10 $870,008 ( 2002 ) ( lot only ) - 5 44,925 Le Palais 0.98 acres 904 North Crescent Drive Beverly Hills Lola Karimova - Tillyaeva ( Soviet Union ) 2012 7 11 $5,000,000 ( 2013 ) $111 6 42,877 Fleur de Lys 4.19 acres 350 North Carolwood Drive Holmby Hills none 2002 12 18 $88,300,000 ( 2011 ) $2,059 7 42,831 Château des Fleurs 1.94 acres 620 Stone Canyon Road Bel Air James A. Kaplan ( United States ) 2014 5 6 $2,992,000 ( 1998 ) ( previous home on lot ) - 8 38,000 Billionaire 1.08 acres 924 Bel Air Road Bel Air Bruce Makowsky ( United States ) 2017 12 21 - - 9 35,796 1156 Shadow Hill Way 2.32 acres 1156 Shadow Hill Way Beverly Hills Daniel Mani ( Egypt ) 1991 8 11 $5,000,000 ( 2006 ) $140 10 35,378 Le Belvédère 2.2 acres 630 Nimes Road Bel Air Mohamed Hadid ( Israel ) 2007 10 14 $50,000,000 ( 2010 ) $1413 11 31,335 49 Beverly Park Circle 2.19 acres 49 Beverly Park Circle Beverly Hills Alec Gores ( Israel ) 2007 11 21 - - 12 30,000 301 North Carolwood Drive 2.17 acres 301 North Carolwood Drive Holmby Hills Tom Gores ( Israel ) 2016 10 20 $13,250,000 ( 2014 ) ( previous home on lot ) - 12 30,000 454 Cuesta Way 1.88 acres 454 Cuesta Way Bel Air Jay - Z and Beyoncé ( United States ) 2017 8 11 $88,000,000 ( 2017 ) $2,933 See also ( edit ) List of largest houses in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kudler , Adrian Glick ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Here Are the 10 Biggest Single Family Houses in Los Angeles '' . LA.Curbed.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 5 Largest Mansions in Los Angeles '' . LAInsideTours.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cavatore , Alison ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Ten Largest Single - Family Homes in Greater Los Angeles '' . HauteLiving.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 594 S Mapleton Dr , Los Angeles , CA 90024 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1 Buggy Whip Dr , Rolling Hills , CA 90274 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1261 Angelo Dr , Beverly Hills , CA 90210 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cummins , Mary ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Anthony Pritzker 1261 Angelo , Super mansion in Bel Air built quietly 80,000 sf '' . MaryCumminsRealEstateMaryCummins.blogspot.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 457 Bel Air Rd , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 904 N Crescent Dr , Los Angeles , CA 90210 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More Pictures Of The $58 Million Le Palais Mega Mansion In Beverly Hills , CA '' . HomesOfTheRich.net . September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 904 North Crescent Drive , Beverly Hills , CA 90210 '' . Estately.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 350 N Carolwood Dr , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 620 Stone Canyon Rd , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schellenbaum , Amy ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` L.A. 's 60K - Square - Foot Chateau Des Fleurs Will Eat Us All '' . Curbed.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Groves , Martha ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` New Bel - Air mansion reflects resurgence of behemoth L.A. homes '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 924 Bel Air Road , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , Peter ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Most Expensive Home : $250 M Los Angeles Mansion Hits the Market '' . HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leitereg , Neal J. ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` The U.S. ' priciest house for sale is a Bel - Air mansion that includes 7 staffers and a helicopter '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Grab Your Checkbook ! The Most Expensive Home in America Hits the Market for $250 Million '' . People.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1156 Shadow Hill Way , Los Angeles , CA 90210 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Kevin ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` These are the most expensive homes in Southern California you 'll likely never be able to afford '' . DailyNews.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Jose ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Developer Gives $1 Million for WeHo Library '' . BeverlyPress.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 630 Nimes Rd , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 49 Beverly Park , Beverly Hills , CA 90210 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Which Beverly Park Mega Mansion Would YOU Want To Live In ? '' . HomesOfTheRich.net . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 301 N Carolwood Dr , Los Angeles , CA 90210 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holmby Hills Spec Home with Celebrity Ties Hits Market for $150 Million '' . Forbes.com. April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barragan , Bianca ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ridiculous Holmby Hills spec house now belongs to Detroit Pistons owner Tom Gores '' . LA.Curbed.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Mackenzie ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` All About Beyonce and Jay - Z 's New $88 Million Bel Air Mansion '' . People.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Subrina ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` If $90 M deal goes through , Beyoncé and Jay - Z will finally experience the joys of homeownership in LA '' . TheRealDeal.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 454 Cuesta Way , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_houses_in_the_Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area&oldid=821630804 '' Categories : Lists of largest buildings and structures Houses in the United States Lists of buildings and structures in the United States Buildings and structures in Los Angeles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 17 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Question: who owns the biggest house in beverly hills