Salt mining - wikipedia Salt mining Jump to : navigation , search This article is about mining for salt . For the secret CIA prison , see Salt Pit . Modern rock - salt mine near Mount Morris , New York A salt mine is a mine from which halite , commonly known as rock salt , is extracted from evaporite formations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mining regions around the world 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Diorama of an underground salt mine in Germany . Inside Salina Veche , in Slănic , Prahova , Romania . The railing ( lower middle ) gives the viewer an idea of scale . Before the advent of the modern internal combustion engine and earth moving equipment , mining salt was one of the most expensive and dangerous of operations , due to rapid dehydration caused by constant contact with the salt ( both in the mine passages and scattered in the air as salt dust ) , among other problems borne of accidental excessive sodium intake . While salt is now plentiful , until the Industrial Revolution it was difficult to come by , and salt mining was often done by slave or prison labor and life expectancy among those sentenced was low . In ancient Rome , salt on the table was a mark of a rich patron ; those who sat nearer the host were `` above the salt '' , and those less favored were `` below the salt '' . The Roman historian Pliny the Elder stated as an aside in his Natural History 's discussion of sea water , that `` ( I ) n Rome ... the soldier 's pay was originally salt and the word ' salary ' derives from it ... '' Ancient China was among the earliest civilizations in the world with cultivation and trade of salt mining . They first discovered natural gas when they excavated rock salt . The Chinese writer , poet , and politician Zhang Hua of the Jin Dynasty wrote in his book Bowuzhi how people in Zigong , Sichuan excavated natural gas and used it to boil a rock salt solution . The ancient Chinese gradually mastered and advanced the techniques of producing salt . Salt mining was an arduous task for the ancient Chinese , who faced geographical and technological constraints . Salt was mainly extracted from the sea , and salt works in the coastal areas in late imperial China equated to more than 80 percent of national production . In conjunction with this , the Chinese made use of natural crystallization of salt lakes and constructed some artificial evaporation basins close to shore . In 1041 , during the medieval Song dynasty , a well with a diameter about the size of a bowl and several dozen feet deep was drilled for salt production . In Southwestern China , natural salt deposits were mined with bores that could reach to a depth of more than 1000 meters but the yields of ground and salt were relatively low . As salt was a necessity of life for human civilization , salt mining played a pivotal role as one of the most important sources of Imperial Chinese government revenue and state development . Most modern salt mines are privately operated or operated by large multinational companies such K + S , AkzoNobel , Cargill , and Compass Minerals . Mining regions around the world ( edit ) The Crystal Valley region of the Khewra Salt Mines in Pakistan . With around 250,000 visitors a year , the site is a major tourist attraction . A small mosque made of salt bricks inside the Khewra Salt Mines complex Areas known for their salt mines include : Country Site / s Austria Hallstatt and Salzkammergut . Bosnia Tuzla Bulgaria Provadiya ; and Solnitsata , an ancient town believed by Bulgarian archaeologists to be the oldest in Europe and the site of a salt production facility approximately six millennia ago . Canada Sifto Salt Mine in Goderich , Ontario , which , at 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) wide and 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) long , is one of the largest salt mines in the world extending 7 km ( 2.7 sq mi ) . Colombia Zipaquirá England The `` - wich towns '' of Cheshire and Worcestershire . Ethiopia , Eritrea , Djibouti Danakil Desert , where manual labor is used . Germany Rheinberg , Berchtesgaden , Heilbronn Italy Racalmuto , Realmonte and Petralia Soprana within the production sites managed by Italkali . Morocco JMS salt mine in Khemisset . N. Ireland Kilroot , near Carrickfergus , more than a century old and containing passages whose combined length exceeds 25 km . Pakistan Khewra Salt Mines , the world 's second largest salt - mining operation , spanning over 300 km . Poland Wieliczka and Bochnia , both established in the mid-13th century and still operating , mostly as museums . Kłodawa Salt Mine . Romania Slănic ( with Salina Veche , Europe 's largest salt mine ) , Cacica , Ocnele Mari , Salina Turda , Târgu Ocna , Ocna Sibiului , Praid and Salina Ocna Dej . Russia Solikamsk United States Hutchinson , Kansas , Underground mining began at Hutchinson in 1923 . In 1990 the Hutchinson Salt Company was formed and purchased the mine . Avery Island , Louisiana ; Detroit , Michigan , 1,100 feet ( 340 m ) beneath which the Detroit Salt Company 's 1,500 - acre ( 10 km ) subterranean complex extends ; Saltville , Virginia , which served as the site of one of the Confederacy 's main saltworks . Western New York and Central New York , location of American Rock Salt , the largest operating salt mine in the United States with a capacity for producing up to 18,000 tons each day . Syracuse earned the nickname `` The Salt City '' for its salt mining , an activity that continues in the region to the present day . Houston , Texas , near Minute Maid Park is a newly discovered saltworks . Grand Saline in East Texas has a Morton Salt mine . It is one of the largest in the world . See also ( edit ) Salt mines Khewra Schacht Asse II Turda Wieliczka Windsor General Salt evaporation pond Salt lake Salt dome Miner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oilfield Glossary : Term ' evaporite ' '' . Glossary.oilfield.slb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Plinius Naturalis Historia XXXI . ' ' '' . Penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Peter ( 2017 ) . Studies in the History of Tax Law . 8 . Hart Publications ( published August 10 , 2017 ) . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 1509908370 . Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Höllmann , Thomas O. ( 2013 ) . The Land of the Five Flavors : A Cultural History of Chinese Cuisine . Columbia University Press ( published November 26 , 2013 ) . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0231161862 . Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Maugh II , Thomas H. ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Bulgarians find oldest European town , a salt production center '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Industries in Godrich '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV - Geologic Journey - Goderich , Ontario and Detroit Michigan '' . CBC 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Salt mine in the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia , 2015 '' . Independent Travellers . independent-travellers.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italkali Spa - Production Sites '' . Archived from the original ( online ) on 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Detroit Salt Company -- Explore the City under the City '' . Archived from the original ( online ) on 2009 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Spector , Joseph ( 13 Jan 2015 ) . `` American Rock Salt to expand in LIvingston '' . Democrat and Chronicle . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All 17 Cargill Salt Miners Trapped on Underground Elevator Freed '' . NBC News . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salt mining . JMS Salt - production site ( hide ) Salt History History of salt In the American Civil War International Salt Co. v. United States In Middlewich Old Salt Route In Chinese history Salt March Salt road Types Abraum Alaea Alberger Bittern Black lava Butter Celery Curing Cyclic Dairy Flake Fleur de sel Garlic Himalayan Iodised Kala namak Kosher ( Korean sea ) LoSalt Calcium chloride Pickling Potassium chloride Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Onion Rock Sea salt Seasoned Sel gris Smoked Truffle Food usage Brining Salting Brined cheese Salt - cured meat Salted fish Health effects Salt and cardiovascular disease Commerce and industry Salt Industry Commission Evaporation pond Production Salt mining Open - pan salt making List of countries by salt production By region In Cheshire In Ghana In Syracuse , New York Culture Salt in the Bible Salting the earth Miscellaneous Mineral lick Smelling salts Ximenes Redoubt GND : 4131710 - 5 Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_mining&oldid=833227765 '' Categories : Salt mines Ancient Roman technology Chinese inventions Mining Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using columns with the default column width Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 10 : 41 . 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Question: where is the largest salt mine in the us

Western New York and Central New York, location of American Rock Salt


Apollo 11 - Wikipedia Apollo 11 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1969 manned lunar mission . For other uses , see Apollo 11 ( disambiguation ) . Apollo 11 Buzz Aldrin salutes the deployed United States flag during the EVA on the lunar surface . Mission type Manned lunar landing Operator NASA COSPAR ID CSM : 1969 - 059A LM : 1969 - 059C SATCAT no . CSM : 4039 LM : 4041 Mission duration 8 days , 3 hours , 18 minutes , 35 seconds Spacecraft properties Spacecraft Apollo CSM - 107 Apollo LM - 5 Manufacturer CSM : North American Rockwell LM : Grumman Launch mass 100,756 pounds ( 45,702 kg ) Landing mass 10,873 pounds ( 4,932 kg ) Crew Crew size Members Neil A. Armstrong Michael Collins Edwin E. `` Buzz '' Aldrin , Jr . Callsign CSM : Columbia LM : Eagle On surface : Tranquility Base Start of mission Launch date July 16 , 1969 , 13 : 32 : 00 ( 1969 - 07 - 16UTC13 : 32Z ) UTC Rocket Saturn V SA - 506 Launch site Kennedy Space Center LC - 39A End of mission Recovered by USS Hornet Landing date July 24 , 1969 , 16 : 50 : 35 ( 1969 - 07 - 24UTC16 : 50 : 36Z ) UTC Landing site North Pacific Ocean 13 ° 19 ′ N 169 ° 9 ′ W  /  13.317 ° N 169.150 ° W  / 13.317 ; - 169.150  ( Apollo 11 splashdown ) Orbital parameters Reference system Selenocentric Periselene 100.9 kilometers ( 54.5 nmi ) Aposelene 122.4 kilometers ( 66.1 nmi ) Inclination 1.25 degrees Period 2 hours Epoch July 19 , 1969 , 21 : 44 UTC Lunar orbiter Spacecraft component Command / Service Module Orbital insertion July 19 , 1969 , 17 : 21 : 50 UTC Orbital departure July 22 , 1969 , 04 : 55 : 42 UTC Orbits 30 Lunar lander Spacecraft component Lunar Module Landing date July 20 , 1969 , 20 : 18 : 04 UTC Return launch July 21 , 1969 , 17 : 54 UTC Landing site Mare Tranquillitatis 0 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 23 ° 28 ′ 23 '' E  /  0.67408 ° N 23.47297 ° E  / 0.67408 ; 23.47297 Sample mass 21.55 kilograms ( 47.51 lb ) Surface EVAs EVA duration 2 hours , 31 minutes 40 seconds Docking with LM Docking date July 16 , 1969 , 16 : 56 : 03 UTC Undocking date July 20 , 1969 , 17 : 44 : 00 UTC Docking with LM ascent stage Docking date July 21 , 1969 , 21 : 35 : 00 UTC Undocking date July 21 , 1969 , 23 : 41 : 31 UTC Left to right : Neil Armstrong , Michael Collins , Buzz Aldrin Apollo program ← Apollo 10 Apollo 12 → Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon . Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin , both American , landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20 , 1969 , at 20 : 18 UTC . Armstrong became the first human to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02 : 56 : 15 UTC ; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later . They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft , and collected 47.5 pounds ( 21.5 kg ) of lunar material to bring back to Earth . Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon 's surface . Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit . Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island , Florida , on July 16 at 9 : 32 am EDT ( 13 : 32 UTC ) and was the fifth manned mission of NASA 's Apollo program . The Apollo spacecraft had three parts : a command module ( CM ) with a cabin for the three astronauts , and the only part that returned to Earth ; a service module ( SM ) , which supported the command module with propulsion , electrical power , oxygen , and water ; and a lunar module ( LM ) that had two stages -- a descent stage for landing on the Moon , and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit . After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V 's third stage , the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered into lunar orbit . Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the lunar module Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility . They stayed a total of about 21.5 hours on the lunar surface . The astronauts used Eagle 's upper stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module . They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that blasted them out of lunar orbit on a trajectory back to Earth . They returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 after more than eight days in space . The landing was broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience . Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as `` one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by U.S. President John F. Kennedy : `` before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Framework 1.1 Crew 1.2 Backup crew 1.3 Support crew 1.4 Flight directors 1.5 Call signs 1.6 Insignia 1.7 Mementos 2 Mission highlights 2.1 Launch and flight to lunar orbit 2.2 Lunar descent 2.3 Landing 2.4 Lunar surface operations 2.5 Lunar ascent and return 2.6 Splashdown and quarantine 2.7 Celebration 2.8 Moon race 3 Legacy 3.1 Spacecraft location 3.2 40th anniversary events 4 Gallery 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 8.1 For young readers 9 External links 9.1 NASA reports 9.2 Multimedia Framework Crew Position Astronaut Commander Neil A. Armstrong Second spaceflight Command Module Pilot Michael Collins Second spaceflight Lunar Module Pilot Edwin `` Buzz '' E. Aldrin , Jr . Second spaceflight The crew assignment of Neil Armstrong as Commander , Jim Lovell as Command Module Pilot ( CMP ) and Buzz Aldrin as Lunar Module Pilot ( LMP ) was officially announced on November 20 , 1967 . Apollo 11 was the second all - veteran multi-person crew on an American mission , the first being that of Apollo 10 ) . An all - veteran crew would not be flown again until STS - 26 in 1988 . Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of Gemini 12 . The crew was initially assigned as the backup for Apollo 9 . Due to design and manufacturing delays in the Lunar Module ( LM ) , Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews , and Armstrong 's crew became the backup for Apollo 8 . Based on the normal crew rotation scheme , Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11 . There would be one change . Mike Collins on the Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs . Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae , requiring surgery . Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew , and , when he recovered , Collins joined Armstrong 's crew as CMP . In the meantime , Fred Haise filled in as backup LMP , and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8 . Backup crew Position Astronaut Commander James A. Lovell , Jr . Command Module Pilot William A. Anders Lunar Module Pilot Fred W. Haise , Jr . The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander ) , William Anders as CMP , and Haise as LMP . Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8 . In early 1969 , he accepted a job with the National Space Council effective August 1969 and announced that he would retire as an astronaut on that date . At that point Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch , at which point Anders would be unavailable . Lovell , Haise , and Mattingly would ultimately be assigned as the prime crew of Apollo 13 . Support crew Charlie Duke , Capsule Communicator ( CAPCOM ) Ronald Evans ( CAPCOM ) Owen K. Garriott ( CAPCOM ) Don L. Lind ( CAPCOM ) Ken Mattingly ( CAPCOM ) Bruce McCandless II ( CAPCOM ) Harrison Schmitt ( CAPCOM ) Bill Pogue Jack Swigert William Carpentier ( SURGEON ) Flight directors Clifford E. Charlesworth ( Green Team ) , launch and EVA Gerald D. Griffin ( Gold Team ) Gene Kranz ( White Team ) , lunar landing Glynn Lunney ( Black Team ) , lunar ascent Call signs Apollo 11 Command / Service Module Columbia in lunar orbit , photographed from the Lunar Module Eagle After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy , assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to Manned Spacecraft Center director George M. Low to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft . During early mission planning , the names Snowcone and Haystack were used and put in the news release . The Command Module was named Columbia after the Columbiad , the giant cannon shell `` spacecraft '' fired by a giant cannon ( also from Florida ) in Jules Verne 's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon . It also referenced Columbia , a personification of the United States . The Lunar Module was named Eagle for the national bird of the United States , the bald eagle , which was featured prominently on the mission insignia . Insignia Apollo 11 space - flown silver Robbins medallion The Apollo 11 mission insignia was designed by Collins , who wanted a symbol for `` peaceful lunar landing by the United States '' . At Lovell 's suggestion , he chose an eagle as the symbol , put an olive branch in its beak , and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance . The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction ; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left . NASA officials felt that the talons of the eagle looked too `` warlike '' and after some discussion , the olive branch was moved to the claws . Armstrong was concerned that `` eleven '' would not be understood by non-English speakers , so they went with `` Apollo 11 '' ; they decided not to put their names on the patch , so it would `` be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing '' . All colors are natural , with blue and gold borders around the patch . When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971 , the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side . The design was also used for the smaller Susan B. Anthony dollar unveiled in 1979 , ten years after the Apollo 11 mission . Mementos Neil Armstrong 's personal preference kit carried a piece of wood from the Wright brothers ' 1903 airplane 's left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing , along with a diamond - studded astronaut pin originally given to Deke Slayton by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew . This pin had been intended to be flown on Apollo 1 and given to Slayton after the mission but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals , the widows gave the pin to Slayton and Armstrong took it on Apollo 11 . Mission highlights Launch and flight to lunar orbit Saturn V carrying Apollo 11 rises past the launch tower camera Earth seen from Apollo 11 just after leaving Earth orbit ( translunar injection ) Play media Taping at 500 fps of the engine ignition at launch In addition to many people crowding highways and beaches near the launch site , millions watched the event on television , with NASA Chief of Public Information Jack King providing commentary . President Richard M. Nixon viewed the proceedings from the Oval Office of the White House . A Saturn V launched Apollo 11 from Launch Pad 39A , part of the Launch Complex 39 site at the Kennedy Space Center on July 16 , 1969 , at 13 : 32 : 00 UTC ( 9 : 32 : 00 a.m. EDT local time ) . It entered Earth orbit , at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles ( 185.9 km ) by 98.9 nautical miles ( 183.2 km ) , twelve minutes later . After one and a half orbits , the S - IVB third - stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the trans - lunar injection ( TLI ) burn at 16 : 22 : 13 UTC . About 30 minutes later , the transposition , docking , and extraction maneuver was performed : this involved separating the Apollo Command / Service Module ( CSM ) from the spent rocket stage , turning around , and docking with the Lunar Module still attached to the stage . After the Lunar Module was extracted , the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon , while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon and into orbit around the Sun . On July 19 at 17 : 21 : 50 UTC , Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit . In the thirty orbits that followed , the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility ( Mare Tranquillitatis ) about 12 miles ( 19 km ) southwest of the crater Sabine D ( 0.67408 N , 23.47297 E ) . The landing site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers along with the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or extravehicular activity ( EVA ) challenges . Lunar descent The Eagle in lunar orbit after separating from Columbia CAPCOM Charles Duke , with backup pilots James Lovell and Fred Haise listening in during Apollo 11 's descent On July 20 , 1969 , the Lunar Module Eagle separated from the Command Module Columbia . Collins , alone aboard Columbia , inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged . As the descent began , Armstrong and Aldrin found that they were passing landmarks on the surface four seconds early and reported that they were `` long '' ; they would land miles west of their target point . Five minutes into the descent burn , and 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) above the surface of the Moon , the LM navigation and guidance computer distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected `` 1202 '' and `` 1201 '' program alarms . Inside Mission Control Center in Houston , Texas , computer engineer Jack Garman told guidance officer Steve Bales it was safe to continue the descent , and this was relayed to the crew . The program alarms indicated `` executive overflows '' , meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them . Due to an error in the checklist manual , the rendezvous radar switch was placed in the wrong position . This caused it to send erroneous signals to the computer . The result was that the computer was being asked to perform all of its normal functions for landing while receiving an extra load of spurious data which used up 15 % of its time . The computer ( or rather the software in it ) was smart enough to recognize that it was being asked to perform more tasks than it should be performing . It then sent out an alarm , which meant to the astronaut , I 'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing at this time and I 'm going to keep only the more important tasks ; i.e. , the ones needed for landing ... Actually , the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions . A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software . The software 's action , in this case , was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones ... If the computer had n't recognized this problem and taken recovery action , I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was . -- Letter from Margaret H. Hamilton , Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming MIT Draper Laboratory , Cambridge , Massachusetts , titled `` Computer Got Loaded '' , published in Datamation , March 1 , 1971 Landing Play media Landing on the Moon , July 20 , 1969 Landing site of Apollo 11 at Sea of Tranquility Play media The Apollo 11 landing site visualized in three dimensions using photography and a stereo digital elevation model from the LRO camera . When Armstrong again looked outside , he saw that the computer 's landing target was in a boulder - strewn area just north and east of a 300 - meter ( 980 ft ) diameter crater ( later determined to be West crater , named for its location in the western part of the originally planned landing ellipse ) . Armstrong took semi-automatic control and , with Aldrin calling out altitude and velocity data , landed at 20 : 17 : 40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left . Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than other missions , and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning . This was later found to be the result of greater propellant ' slosh ' than expected , uncovering a fuel sensor . On subsequent missions , extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this . Throughout the descent , Aldrin had called out navigation data to Armstrong , who was busy piloting the LM . A few moments before the landing , a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67 - inch ( 170 cm ) probes hanging from Eagle 's footpads had touched the surface , and he said : `` Contact light ! '' Three seconds later , Eagle landed and Armstrong said `` Shutdown . '' Aldrin immediately said `` Okay , engine stop . ACA -- out of detent . '' Armstrong acknowledged `` Out of detent . Auto '' and Aldrin continued `` Mode control -- both auto . Descent engine command override off . Engine arm -- off . 413 is in . '' Charles Duke , CAPCOM during the landing phase , acknowledged their landing by saying `` We copy you down , Eagle . '' Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin 's completion of the post landing checklist with `` Engine arm is off '' , before responding to Duke with the words , `` Houston , Tranquility Base here . The Eagle has landed . '' Armstrong 's unrehearsed change of call sign from `` Eagle '' to `` Tranquility Base '' emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful . Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control : `` Roger , Twan -- Tranquility , we copy you on the ground . You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue . We 're breathing again . Thanks a lot . '' Two and a half hours after landing , before preparations began for the EVA , Aldrin radioed to Earth : This is the LM pilot . I 'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in , whoever and wherever they may be , to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way . He then took communion privately . At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair ( who had objected to the Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis ) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space . As such , Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon . Aldrin was an elder at the Webster Presbyterian Church , and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church , the Rev. Dean Woodruff . Aldrin described communion on the Moon and the involvement of his church and pastor in the October 1970 edition of Guideposts magazine and in his book Return to Earth . Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20 . The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five - hour sleep period as they had been awake since early morning . However , they elected to forgo the sleep period and begin the preparations for the EVA early , thinking that they would be unable to sleep . Lunar surface operations See also : First Moon walk A mounted slowscan TV camera showing Armstrong as he climbs down the ladder to surface A photograph of Armstrong near the LM , taken by Aldrin on the lunar surface . This is one of the only photographs of Armstrong on the lunar surface ; most of the time he had the camera . The astronauts planned placement of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package ( EASEP ) and the U.S. flag by studying their landing site through Eagle 's twin triangular windows , which gave them a 60 ° field of view . Preparation required longer than the two hours scheduled . Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his Portable Life Support System ( PLSS ) . According to veteran Moon - walker John Young , a redesign of the LM to incorporate a smaller hatch had not been followed by a redesign of the PLSS backpack , so some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress . Several books indicate early mission timelines had Buzz Aldrin rather than Neil Armstrong as the first man on the Moon . At 02 : 39 UTC on Monday July 21 , 1969 , Armstrong opened the hatch , and at 02 : 51 UTC began his descent to the lunar surface . The Remote Control Unit controls on his chest kept him from seeing his feet . Climbing down the nine - rung ladder , Armstrong pulled a D - ring to deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly ( MESA ) folded against Eagle 's side and activate the TV camera , and at 02 : 56 : 15 UTC he set his left foot on the surface . The first landing used slow - scan television incompatible with commercial TV , so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor , significantly reducing the quality of the picture . The signal was received at Goldstone in the United States but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station in Australia . Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope in Australia . Despite some technical and weather difficulties , ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth . Although copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available , recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface were accidentally destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA . The plaque left on the ladder of Eagle While still on the ladder , Armstrong uncovered a plaque mounted on the LM descent stage bearing two drawings of Earth ( of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres ) , an inscription , and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon . The inscription read : Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon , July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind . After describing the surface dust as `` very fine - grained '' and `` almost like a powder , '' six and a half hours after landing , Armstrong stepped off Eagle 's footpad and declared , `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Armstrong intended to say `` That 's one small step for a man '' , but the word `` a '' is not audible in the transmission , and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast . When later asked about his quote , Armstrong said he believed he said `` for a man '' , and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the `` a '' in square brackets . One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words `` for a '' together ; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth , partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory . More recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the `` a '' may have been spoken but obscured by static . That 's one small step ... Problems playing this file ? See media help . About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon 's surface , Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick . He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh . This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM . Twelve minutes after the contingency sample was collected , Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface , and described the view with the simple phrase , `` Magnificent desolation . '' Buzz Aldrin poses on the Moon , allowing Neil Armstrong to photograph both of them using the visor 's reflection In addition to fulfilling President Kennedy 's mandate to land a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s , Apollo 11 was an engineering test of the Apollo system ; therefore , Armstrong snapped photos of the LM so engineers would be able to judge its post-landing condition . He removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep , then mounted it on a tripod 68 feet ( 21 m ) from the LM . The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA . Armstrong said that moving in the lunar gravity , one - sixth of Earth 's , was `` even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It 's absolutely no trouble to walk around . '' Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around , including two - footed kangaroo hops . The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward , but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance . Loping became the preferred method of movement . The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead . The fine soil was quite slippery . Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle 's shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit , though the helmet was warmer in sunlight , so he felt cooler in shadow . The astronauts planted a specially designed U.S. flag on the lunar surface , in clear view of the TV camera . Sometime later , President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone - radio transmission which Nixon called `` the most historic phone call ever made from the White House . '' Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call , but Frank Borman , who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11 , convinced Nixon to keep his words brief , to respect the lunar landing as Kennedy 's legacy . Armstrong thanked the President , and gave a brief reflection on the significance of the moment : President Nixon speaks to Armstrong and Aldrin on the Moon Nixon : Hello , Neil and Buzz . I 'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House . And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made . I just ca n't tell you how proud we all are of what you 've done . For every American , this has to be the proudest day of our lives . And for people all over the world , I am sure they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is . Because of what you have done , the heavens have become a part of man 's world . And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility , it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth . For one priceless moment in the whole history of man , all the people on this Earth are truly one : one in their pride in what you have done , and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth . Armstrong : Thank you , Mr. President . It 's a great honor and privilege for us to be here , representing not only the United States , but men of peace of all nations , and with interest and curiosity , and men with a vision for the future . It 's an honor for us to be able to participate here today . Aldrin bootprint ; part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar regolith The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow , slowing work somewhat . As they worked , the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits , the integrated thermal meteoroid garment . They deployed the EASEP , which included a passive seismograph and a Lunar Ranging Retroreflector ( LRRR ) . Then Armstrong walked 196 feet ( 60 m ) from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West Crater while Aldrin collected two core tubes . He used the geological hammer to pound in the tubes -- the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11 . The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles . Many of the surface activities took longer than expected , so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes . Map showing landing site and photos taken Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts : armalcolite , tranquillityite , and pyroxferroite . Armalcolite was named after Armstrong , Aldrin , and Collins . During this period , Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high and that he should slow down . He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out . However , as metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk , Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15 - minute extension . In a 2010 interview , Armstrong , who had walked a maximum of 196 feet ( 60 m ) from the LM , explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk 's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts ' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon . Lunar ascent and return Aldrin next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with Eagle in the background Aldrin entered Eagle first . With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms ( 47.5 lb ) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor . Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his suit pocket sleeve , and Aldrin tossed the bag down ; Armstrong then jumped to the ladder 's third rung and climbed into the LM . After transferring to LM life support , the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks , lunar overshoes , one Hasselblad camera , and other equipment . They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep . Wikisource has original text related to this article : In Event of Moon Disaster President Nixon 's speech writer William Safire had prepared In Event of Moon Disaster for the President to read on television in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon . The contingency plan originated in a memo from Safire to Nixon 's White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman , in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster . According to the plan , Mission Control would `` close down communications '' with the LM , and a clergyman would `` commend their souls to the deepest of the deep '' in a public ritual likened to burial at sea . The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to Rupert Brooke 's First World War poem , `` The Soldier '' . The plan included presidential telephone calls to the astronauts ' wives . While moving inside the cabin , Aldrin accidentally damaged the circuit breaker that would arm the main engine for lift off from the Moon . There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine , stranding them on the Moon . Fortunately , a felt - tip pen was sufficient to activate the switch . Had this not worked , the Lunar Module circuitry could have been reconfigured to allow firing the ascent engine . After about seven hours of rest , the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight . Two and a half hours later , at 17 : 54 UTC , they lifted off in Eagle 's ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit . After more than 211⁄2 total hours on the lunar surface , they had left behind scientific instruments that included a retroreflector array used for the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment and a Passive Seismic Experiment Package used to measure moonquakes . They also left an Apollo 1 mission patch , and a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace and a silicon message disk . The disk carries the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower , Kennedy , Johnson , and Nixon and messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world . The disc also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress , a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation , and the names of NASA 's past and present top management . ( In his 1989 book , Men from Earth , Aldrin says that the items included Soviet medals commemorating Cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin . ) Also , according to Deke Slayton 's book Moonshot , Armstrong carried with him a special diamond - studded astronaut pin from Slayton . Eagle 's ascent stage approaching Columbia Film taken from the LM Ascent Stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag , planted some 25 feet ( 8 m ) from the descent stage , whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine . Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple : `` The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers , and Neil was studying the attitude indicator , but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over . '' Subsequent Apollo missions usually planted the American flags at least 100 feet ( 30 m ) from the LM to prevent them being blown over by the ascent engine exhaust . After rendezvous with Columbia , Eagle 's ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit on July 21 , 1969 , at 23 : 41 UTC . Just before the Apollo 12 flight , it was noted that Eagle was still likely to be orbiting the Moon . Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle 's orbit had decayed , resulting in it impacting in an `` uncertain location '' on the lunar surface . The location is uncertain because the Eagle ascent stage was not tracked after it was jettisoned , and the lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft unpredictable after a short time . NASA estimated that the orbit had decayed within months and would have impacted on the Moon . On July 23 , the last night before splashdown , the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented : ... The Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery , every piece of which worked flawlessly ... We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly . All this is possible only through the blood , sweat , and tears of a number of a people ... All you see is the three of us , but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others , and to all of those , I would like to say , `` Thank you very much . '' Aldrin added : This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon ; more , still , than the efforts of a government and industry team ; more , even , than the efforts of one nation . We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ... Personally , in reflecting on the events of the past several days , a verse from Psalms comes to mind . `` When I consider the heavens , the work of Thy fingers , the Moon and the stars , which Thou hast ordained ; What is man that Thou art mindful of him ? '' Armstrong concluded : The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort ; next with the American people , who have , through their will , indicated their desire ; next with four administrations and their Congresses , for implementing that will ; and then , with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft , the Saturn , the Columbia , the Eagle , and the little EMU , the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface . We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft ; who did the construction , design , the tests , and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft . To those people tonight , we give a special thank you , and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight , God bless you . Good night from Apollo 11 . On the return to Earth , a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed , potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return . A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director , Charles Force , had his ten - year - old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease . Greg later was thanked by Armstrong . Splashdown and quarantine Columbia floats on the ocean as Navy divers assist in retrieving the astronauts The astronauts in their Biological Isolation Garments aboard the USS Hornet On July 24 , the astronauts returned home aboard the Command Module Columbia just before dawn local time ( 16 : 51 UTC ) at 13 ° 19 ′ N 169 ° 9 ′ W  /  13.317 ° N 169.150 ° W  / 13.317 ; - 169.150  ( Apollo 11 splashdown ) , in the Pacific Ocean 2,660 km ( 1,440 nmi ) east of Wake Island , 380 km ( 210 nmi ) south of Johnston Atoll , and 24 km ( 13 nmi ) from the recovery ship , USS Hornet . This is near the village of Vatia in American Samoa . The American Samoa - flag which was brought to the moon by Apollo 11 is on display at the Jean P. Haydon Museum in Pago Pago , the territorial capital of American Samoa . At 16 : 44 UTC the drogue parachutes had been deployed and seven minutes later the Command Module struck the water forcefully . During splashdown , the Command Module landed upside down but was righted within 10 minutes by flotation bags triggered by the astronauts . `` Everything 's okay . Our checklist is complete . Awaiting swimmers '' , was Armstrong 's last official transmission from Columbia . A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a sea anchor to the Command Module to prevent it from drifting . Additional divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and position rafts for astronaut extraction . Though the chance of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface was considered remote , it was considered a possibility and NASA took great precautions at the recovery site . Divers provided the astronauts with Biological Isolation Garments ( BIGs ) which were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board the Hornet . Additionally , astronauts were rubbed down with a sodium hypochlorite solution and the Command Module wiped with Betadine to remove any lunar dust that might be present . The raft containing decontamination materials was then intentionally sunk . A second Sea King helicopter - `` Helicopter 66 '' - hoisted the astronauts aboard one by one , where a NASA flight surgeon gave each a brief physical check during the 0.5 nautical miles ( 930 m ) trip back to the Hornet . The crew of Apollo 11 in quarantine after returning to Earth , visited by Richard Nixon After touchdown on the Hornet , the astronauts exited the helicopter , leaving the flight surgeon and three crewmen . The helicopter was then lowered into hangar bay # 2 where the astronauts walked the 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) to the Mobile Quarantine Facility ( MQF ) where they would begin the earth - based portion of their 21 days of quarantine . This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions , Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 , before the Moon was proven to be barren of life and the quarantine process dropped . President Richard Nixon was aboard Hornet to personally welcome the astronauts back to Earth . He told the astronauts , `` As a result of what you 've done , the world has never been closer together before . '' After Nixon departed , the Hornet was brought alongside the five - ton Command Module where it was placed aboard by the ship 's crane , placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF . The Hornet sailed for Pearl Harbor where Columbia and the MQF were airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center . In accordance with the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law , a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol , the astronauts continued in quarantine out of concern that the Moon might contain undiscovered pathogens and that the astronauts might have been exposed to them during their Moon walks . However , after three weeks in confinement ( first in the Apollo spacecraft , then in their trailer on the Hornet , and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center ) , the astronauts were given a clean bill of health . On August 10 , 1969 , the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts , on those who had joined them in quarantine ( NASA physician William Carpentier and MQF project engineer John Hirasaki ) , and on Columbia itself . Loose equipment from the spacecraft would remain in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study . Celebration Parade in New York City On August 13 , they rode in parades in their honor in New York , Chicago , and Los Angeles . On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official State Dinner to celebrate the flight , attended by members of Congress , 44 governors , the Chief Justice of the United States , and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel . President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom . This celebration was the beginning of a 45 - day `` Giant Leap '' tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and included visits with prominent leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom . Many nations honored the first manned Moon landing with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins . On September 16 , 1969 , the three astronauts spoke before a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill . They presented two US flags , one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate , that had been carried to the surface of the Moon with them . Moon Race Artist 's impression of Luna 15 The Soviet Union had been competing with the US in landing a man on the Moon but had been hampered by repeated failures in development of a launcher comparable to the Saturn V. Meanwhile , they tried to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of unmanned probes . On July 13 , three days before Apollo 11 's launch , they launched Luna 15 , which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11 . During descent , a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon 's surface to begin their voyage home . The Jodrell Bank Observatory radio telescope in England was later discovered to have recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent , and this was published in July 2009 on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11 . Legacy Spacecraft location Command Module Columbia at the National Air and Space Museum Lunar Module landing site photographed by the LRO in 2012 The Command Module Columbia was displayed at the National Air and Space Museum ( NASM ) , Washington , D.C. It was in the central Milestones of Flight exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance , sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the Wright Flyer , the Spirit of St. Louis , the Bell X-1 , the North American X-15 , Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7 , and Gemini 4 . Armstrong 's and Aldrin 's space suits are displayed in the museum 's Apollo to the Moon exhibit . The quarantine trailer , the flotation collar , and the righting spheres are displayed at the Smithsonian 's Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center annex near Washington Dulles International Airport in Chantilly , Virginia . In 2009 , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon , for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules , scientific instruments , and foot trails made by the astronauts . In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos located the F - 1 engines that launched Apollo 11 into space . The engines were found below the Atlantic Ocean 's surface through the use of advanced sonar scanning . His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface . In July 2013 , a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic , which NASA confirmed was from the Apollo 11 launch . Command Module Columbia at the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar Columbia was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center in Chantilly , VA , to be readied for a four - city tour titled Destination Moon : The Apollo 11 Mission . This will include Space Center Houston ( October 14 , 2017 to March 18 , 2018 ) , the Saint Louis Science Center ( April 14 to September 3 , 2018 ) , the Senator John Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh ( September 29 , 2018 to February 18 , 2019 ) , and the Seattle Museum of Flight ( March 16 to September 2 , 2019 ) . 40th anniversary events Mike Simons , director of the National Electronics Museum , assembles an Apollo TV camera for display at the Newseum On July 15 , 2009 , Life.com released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by Life photographer Ralph Morse prior to the Apollo 11 launch . From July 16 -- 24 , 2009 , NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred . In addition , it is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments . In July 2010 , air - to - ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronised and released for the first time . The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum set up a Flash website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon . On July 20 , 2009 , the crew of Armstrong , Aldrin , and Collins met with U.S. President Barack Obama at the White House . `` We expect that there is , as we speak , another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong , Collins , and Aldrin '' , Obama said . `` We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey . '' On August 7 , 2009 , an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a Congressional Gold Medal , the highest civilian award in the United States . The bill was sponsored by Florida Sen. Bill Nelson and Florida Rep. Alan Grayson . A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing : It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk - averse world of today ... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close ( to ) the excitement that was generated by those astronauts -- Armstrong , Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them . Gallery Roll - out of Saturn V AS - 505 from the Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch pad The Earth as seen from Apollo 11 on the third day out Play media Neil Armstrong describes the Moon 's surface before setting foot on it The Washington Post on Monday , July 21 , 1969 : `` ' The Eagle Has Landed ' -- Two Men Walk on the Moon '' Notes Jump up ^ During the mission , the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position , causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time , as stated in the letter . However , software engineer Don Eyles concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was actually due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first unmanned LM for Apollo 5 . Having the rendezvous radar on ( so that it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort ) should have been irrelevant to the computer , but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions , depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up . The extra spurious cycle stealing , as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter , caused the computer alarms . The Apollo onboard flight software for both the CM and LM was developed using an asynchronous executive so that higher priority jobs could interrupt lower priority jobs . The sequence that occurred in the Apollo 11 landing was successful because of its global error detection and recovery system . This included the restart capability to `` kill and start over again '' and recompute and the display interface routines ( `` priority displays '' ) providing the ability , in the case of an emergency , to interrupt nominal displays with higher priority alarm displays . Steps previously taken to create solutions that took advantage of this multiprogramming environment suggested solutions for multiprocessing . Although only one process is actively executing at a given time in a multiprogramming environment , other processes in the same system ― sleeping or waiting ― exist in parallel with the executing process . With this as a backdrop , the priority display mechanisms were created , essentially changing the man - machine interface between the astronauts and the onboard flight software from synchronous to asynchronous displays so that a mission could be reconfigured in real time should it become necessary to do so . Jump up ^ A NASA transcript explains that the `` a '' article was intended , whether or not it was said ; the intention was to contrast a man ( an individual 's action ) and mankind ( as a species ) . References ^ Jump up to : Apollo 11 Mission Report ( PDF ) . Manned Spacecraft Center , Mission Evaluation Team . Houston , Texas : NASA . November 1969 . OCLC 10970862 . MSC - 00171 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 11 Mission Summary '' . The Apollo Program . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Orloff 2000 , pp. 102 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Eric M. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` The First Lunar Landing '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( December 11 , 2003 ) . `` Apollo Landing Site Coordinates '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stenger , Richard ( May 25 , 2001 ) . `` Man on the Moon : Kennedy speech ignited the dream '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brooks et al. 2009 , p. 374 . ^ Jump up to : Orloff 2000 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Orloff 2000 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Collins 2001 , pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Cunningham 2010 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Slayton & Cassutt 1994 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Information Summary , Apollo - 11 ( AS - 506 ) Apollo Saturn V Space Vehicle '' ( PDF ) . George C. Marshall Space Flight Center . Huntsvill , AL : NASA . June 25 , 1969 . p. 8 . Document ID : 19700011707 ; Accession Number : 70N21012 ; Report Number : NASA - TM - X-62812 ; S&E - ASTR - S - 101 - 69 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins 2001 , pp. 334 -- 335 . Jump up ^ Collins 2001 , pp. 332 -- 334 . Jump up ^ Collins 2001 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 -- 78 Dollar Eisenhower '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc. 1994 . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan B. Anthony Dollar -- 1979 -- 1999 '' . United States Mint . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Slayton & Cassutt 1994 , pp. 191 -- 192 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo - 11 ( 27 ) '' . Historical Archive for Manned Missions . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Lunar Landing Mission '' ( PDF ) ( Press kit ) . Washington , D.C. : NASA . July 6 , 1969 . Release No : 69 - 83K . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Michael ; Aldrin , Edwin E. , Jr. ( 1975 ) . `` A Yellow Caution Light '' . In Cortright , Edgar M. Apollo Expeditions to the Moon . Washington , D.C. : NASA . OCLC 1623434 . NASA SP - 350 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Chapter 11.4 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Margaret H. ( March 1 , 1971 ) . `` Computer Got Loaded '' . Datamation ( Letter ) . Cahners Publishing Company . ISSN 0011 - 6963 . Jump up ^ Martin , Fred H. ( July 1994 ) . `` Apollo 11 : 25 Years Later '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eyles , Don ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer '' . 27th annual Guidance and Control Conference . Breckenridge , Colorado : American Astronautical Society . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Margaret H. ; Hackler , William R. ( December 2008 ) . `` Universal Systems Language : Lessons Learned from Apollo '' . Computer . 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New York : Penguin Group . pp. 204 , 623 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027201 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Experiment : Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package '' . NASA . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. ; Glover , Ken , eds. ( 1995 ) . `` First Steps '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Waligora , J.M. ; Horrigan , D.J. ( 1975 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Metabolism and Heat Dissipation During Apollo EVA Periods '' . In Johnston , Richard S. ; Dietlein , Lawrence F. ; Berry , Charles A. Biomedical Results of Apollo . Foreword by Christopher C. Kraft , Jr . Washington , D.C. : NASA . NASA SP - 368 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaikin , Andrew ( 1998 ) . A Man on the Moon . Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027201 - 1 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( August 25 , 2012 ) . `` Neil Armstrong , first man to step on the Moon , dies at 82 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Eric M. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` One Small Step '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Macey , Richard ( August 5 , 2006 ) . `` One giant blunder for mankind : how NASA lost Moon pictures '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sarkissian , John M. ( 2001 ) . `` On Eagle 's Wings : The Parkes Observatory 's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia . Collingwood , Victoria : CSIRO Publishing for the Astronomical Society of Australia . 18 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 310 . Bibcode : 2001PASA ... 18 ... 287S . doi : 10.1071 / AS01038 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . October 2000 website version , part 10 of 12 : `` The Television Broadcasts . '' Original version available from CSIRO Parkes Observatory ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Sarkissian , John M. ( 2001 ) . `` On Eagle 's Wings : The Parkes Observatory 's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia . Collingwood , Victoria : CSIRO Publishing for the Astronomical Society of Australia . 18 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 310 . Bibcode : 2001PASA ... 18 ... 287S . doi : 10.1071 / AS01038 . Retrieved September 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Canright , Shelley , ed . ( July 15 , 2004 ) ( updated December 9 , 2007 ) . `` Apollo Moon Landing -- 35th Anniversary '' . NASA Education . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Includes the `` a '' article as intended . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong ' got Moon quote right ' '' . BBC News . London . October 2 , 2006 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . News story on reanalysis which suggests the line was said correctly ( with the `` a '' article ) . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Armstrong 's ' poetic ' slip on Moon '' . BBC News . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . News story on later reanalysis which suggests the line was said incorrectly . Jump up ^ Carreau , Mark ( September 30 , 2006 ) . `` Hear what Neil Armstrong really said on the moon '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil . `` Did astronaut Neil Armstrong muff his historic `` one small step '' line ? `` . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara & David P. `` One Small Step '' at Snopes.com : Urban Legends Reference Pages . Jump up ^ Meyer , Charles ( 2009 ) . `` Lunar Sample Compendium : Contingency Soil ( 10010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Astromaterials Research & Exploration Science . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Events of 1969 : Apollo 11 '' . UPI.com . United Press International . 1969 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibit : Apollo 11 and Nixon '' . American Originals . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . March 1996 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ This was related by Frank Borman during the 2008 documentary When We Left Earth : The NASA Missions , part 2 . Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` EASEP Deployment and Closeout '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Armstrong Explains His Famous Apollo 11 Moonwalk '' . space.com . New York : TechMediaNetwork , Inc . December 10 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Eric M. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` Trying to Rest '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White House ' Lost In Space ' Scenarios '' . The Smoking Gun . New York . August 8 , 2005 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Scanned copy of the `` In Event of Moon Disaster '' memo . Jump up ^ Mann , Jim ( July 7 , 1999 ) . `` The Story of a Tragedy That Was Not to Be '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Safire , William ( July 12 , 1999 ) . `` Essay ; Disaster Never Came '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Washington , D.C. : NASA . July 13 , 1969 . Release No : 69 - 83F . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. `` Apollo Tables '' . National Space Science Data Center . NASA . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Rachel ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` The 10 - year - old who helped Apollo 11 , 40 years later '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vatia and Pola Tai '' . AFAR Media . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jean P. Haydon Museum '' . www.fodors.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fish , Bob ( 2009 ) . Hornet Plus Three : The Story of the Apollo 11 Recovery . Foreword by Richard Gordon ( 1st ed . ) . Reno , Nevada : Creative Minds Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9749610 - 7 - 1 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Sam . C. ( July 8 , 1969 ) . `` Apollo 11 Prelaunch Mission Operation Report , no . M - 932 - 69 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . NASA . p. 49 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . The crew will be quarantined for approximately 21 days after liftoff from the lunar surface . Jump up ^ `` After Splashdown '' . Apollo to the Moon . Washington , D.C. : National Air and Space Museum . July 1999 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Frank ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` 24 July 1969 : Home From The Moon '' . The New Nixon . Richard Nixon Foundation . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Extra-Terrestrial Exposure , 34 Fed . Reg. 11975 ( July 16 , 1969 ) , codified at 14 C.F.R. pt. 1200 Jump up ^ `` A Front Row Seat For History '' . NASAexplores . NASA . July 15 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2006 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Scott W. ( 2010 ) . Moon Men Return : USS Hornet and the Recovery of the Apollo 11 Astronauts . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . p. 118 . ISBN 9781591141105 . ^ Jump up to : Ertel , Ivan D. ; Newkirk , Roland W. ; Brooks , Courtney G. ( 1978 ) . `` The Apollo Spacecraft - A Chronology . Vol. IV . Part 3 ( 1969 3rd quarter ) '' . NASA History Program Office . NASA . p. 312 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Year Men Walked on the Moon '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Nixon : Remarks at a Dinner in Los Angeles Honoring the Apollo 11 Astronauts '' . The American Presidency Project . August 13 , 1969 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( July 23 , 1969 ) . `` Families Wait for Moon Men '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . Sydney . 37 ( 8 ) : 2 -- 4 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Missions : Apollo 11 '' . Lunar Hall of Fame . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Apollo 11 Crew Members Appear Before a Joint Meeting of Congress '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lindroos , Marcus . `` The Soviet Manned Lunar Program '' ( PDF ) . MIT OpenCourseWare . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Recording tracks Russia 's Moon gatecrash attempt '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon boss Jeff Bezos ' finds Apollo 11 Moon engines ' '' . BBC News . London . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kolawole , Emi ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` Bezos Expeditions retrieves and identifies Apollo 11 engine # 5 , NASA confirms identity '' . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bezos , Jeff ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` F - 1 Engine Recovery - Updates '' . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Moonship To Go On Tour '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIFE : Up Close With Apollo 11 '' . Life . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Onboard Audio '' . Apollo 40th Anniversary . NASA . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garner , Robert ( ed . ) . `` Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos ( Downloads ) '' . NASA . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley , Christopher ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sound restored to mission control film shot during Apollo 11 moon landing '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We Choose the Moon '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Crew Meets With President Obama '' . Image of the Day Gallery . NASA . July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Hails Apollo Crew From a Lens of Childhood '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Text of S. 951 as Engrossed in Senate : New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act -- U.S. Congress -- OpenCongress '' . OpenCongress.org . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of H.R. 2245 as Enrolled Bill : New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act -- U.S. Congress -- OpenCongress '' . OpenCongress.org . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Moon landings : British scientists salute space heroes '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . July 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Bibliography Brooks , Courtney G. ; Grimwood , James M. ; Swenson , Loyd S. , Jr. ( 1979 ) . Chariots for Apollo : A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , NASA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 46756 - 6 . LCCN 79001042 . OCLC 4664449 . NASA SP - 4205 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Carmichael , Scott W. ( 2010 ) . Moon Men Return : USS Hornet and the Recovery of the Apollo 11 Astronauts . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 110 - 5 . OCLC 562772897 . Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Triumphant Story Of The Apollo Space Program . New York : Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027201 - 1 . OCLC 890357362 . Collins , Michael ; Aldrin , Edwin E. , Jr. ( 1975 ) . `` A Yellow Caution Light '' . In Cortright , Edgar M. Apollo Expeditions to the Moon . Washington , D.C. : NASA . OCLC 1623434 . NASA SP - 350 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Collins , Michael ( 2001 ) ( 1974 ) . Carrying the Fire : An Astronaut 's Journeys . Foreword by Charles Lindberg . New York : Cooper Square Press . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1028 - X . LCCN 2001017080 . OCLC 45755963 . Cunningham , Walter ( 2010 ) ( 1977 ) . The All - American Boys . ipicturebooks . ISBN 978 - 1 - 87696 - 324 - 8 . OCLC 713908039 . Hansen , James R. ( 2005 ) . First Man : The Life of Neil A. Armstrong . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5631 - 5 . LCCN 2005049992 . OCLC 937302502 . Manned Spacecraft Center ( November 1969 ) . Apollo 11 Mission Report ( PDF ) . Manned Spacecraft Center , Mission Evaluation Team . Houston , Texas : NASA . OCLC 10970862 . MSC - 00171 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Mindell , David A. ( 2008 ) . Digital Apollo : Human and Machine in Spaceflight . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 13497 - 2 . LCCN 2007032255 . OCLC 751829782 . Orloff , Richard W. ( 2000 ) . Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : NASA History Division , Office of Policy and Plans . ISBN 0 - 16 - 050631 - X . LCCN 00061677 . OCLC 829406439 . NASA SP - 2000 - 4029 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Slayton , Donald K. `` Deke '' ; Cassutt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Deke ! U.S. Manned Space : From Mercury to the Shuttle . New York : Forge . ISBN 0 - 312 - 85503 - 6 . LCCN 94002463 . OCLC 29845663 . Waligora , J.M. ; Horrigan , D.J. ( 1975 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Metabolism and Heat Dissipation During Apollo EVA Periods '' . In Johnston , Richard S. ; Dietlein , Lawrence F. ; Berry , Charles A. Biomedical Results of Apollo . Foreword by Christopher C. Kraft , Jr . Washington , D.C. : NASA . NASA SP - 368 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Further reading Cappellari , J.O. Jr . ( May -- June 1972 ) . Where on the Moon ? An Apollo Systems Engineering Problem . Bell System Technical Journal . 51 . New York : American Telephone and Telegraph Company . pp. 955 -- 1127 . OCLC 17779623 . Barbour , John Andrews ( 1969 ) . Footprints on the Moon . Writers and editors of the Associated Press . Manuscript by John Barbour . New York . Associated Press . OCLC 26341 . French , Francis ; Burgess , Colin ( 2007 ) . In the Shadow of the Moon : A Challenging Journey to Tranquility , 1965 -- 1969 . Outward Odyssey : A People 's History of Spaceflight . Foreword by Walter Cunningham . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1128 - 5 . Mailer , Norman ( 1970 ) . Of a Fire on the Moon . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 54411 - 6 . OCLC 101602 . Rahman , Tahir ( 2008 ) . We Came in Peace for All Mankind : The Untold Story of the Apollo 11 Silicon Disc ( 1st ed . ) . Overland Park , Kansas : Leathers Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58597 - 441 - 2 . For Young Readers Aldrin , Buzz ( 2005 ) . Reaching for the Moon . Paintings by Wendell Minor ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperCollins. 40 pages . ISBN 0 - 06 - 055446 - 0 . Floca , Brian ( 2009 ) . Moonshot : The Flight of Apollo 11 . New York : Atheneum Books for Young Readers . 48 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4169 - 5046 - 2 . Thimmesh , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Team Moon : How 400,000 People Landed Apollo 11 on the Moon . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . 80 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 50757 - 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo 11 . `` Apollo 11 transcripts '' at Spacelog `` Magnificent Desolation : The Apollo 11 Moonwalk Pictures '' by Apollo Lunar Surface Journal contributor Joseph O'Dea . Complete gallery of Apollo 11 EVA pictures . `` Apollo 11 '' Detailed mission information by Dr. David R. Williams , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center `` Apollo 11 '' Photographer Blaise Thirard 's presentation of Apollo 11 photographs Sylvester , Rachel ; Coates , Sam . `` Men on the Moon '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Original reports from The Times ( London ) `` Apollo 40th Anniversary '' . NASA . July 2009 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . NASA website honoring the mission `` The untold story : how one small silicon disc delivered a giant message to the Moon '' at collectSPACE.com `` Apollo Anniversary : Moon Landing ' Inspired World ' '' National Geographic News , July 16 , 2004 -- 35th anniversary of Apollo 11 ; Steven Dick , NASA 's chief historian : `` ... a thousand years from now , that step may be considered the crowning achievement of the 20th century . '' `` Ten Things You Did n't Know About the Apollo 11 Moon Landing '' by Craig Nelson , Popular Mechanics , July 13 , 2009 `` Coverage of the Flight of Apollo 11 -- ( 1969 ) '' provided by Todd Kosovich for RadioTapes.com . Radio station recordings ( airchecks ) covering the flight of Apollo 11 . `` Space Missions '' at Buzz Aldrin 's official website NASA reports `` Apollo Program Summary Report '' . NASA History Program Office . NASA . April 1975 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- 200 + pages Ertel , Ivan ( 1969 -- 1978 ) . The Apollo Spacecraft : A Chronology . I -- IV . Morse , M.L. ; Bays , J.K. ; Brooks , C.G. ; Newkirk , R.W. Washington , D.C. : NASA . LCCN 69060008 . OCLC 23818 . NASA SP - 4009 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . `` Apollo 11 Mission Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 1971 . -- 230 pages `` EP - 72 Log of Apollo 11 '' . NASA History Program Office . NASA . Retrieved January 16 , 2006 . -- Timeline of the mission , from `` One Giant Leap for Mandkind , '' 2004 . Multimedia `` ' To the Moon and Back ' : LIFE Covers the Apollo 11 Mission '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . -- Life magazine Special Edition , August 11 , 1969 `` Apollo 11 : Scenes From the Moon '' . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . -- slideshow by Life magazine Garner , Robert ( ed . ) . `` Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos ( Downloads ) '' . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . -- Remastered videos of the original landing . Jones , Eric M. Jones , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- Transcripts and audio clips of important parts of the mission Jones , Eric M. ; Glover , Ken , eds. ( 1995 -- 2009 ) . `` Apollo 11 Image Library '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- Hundreds of high - resolution images of the mission , including assembled panoramas . `` Apollo Mission Traverse Maps '' . USGS . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- Several maps showing routes of moonwalks Google Moon -- with lunar landing sites tagged Apollo Lunar Surface VR Panoramas at moonpans.com Apollo Image Archive at Arizona State University Apollo launch and mission videos at ApolloTV.net Real - time audiovisual recreation of the lunar module landing with audio feeds from the crew of Apollo 11 and Ground Control The short film Moonwalk One is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film The Eagle Has Landed : The Flight of Apollo 11 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Apollo 11 Restored EVA Part 1 ( 1h of restored footage ) Missions and tests of the Apollo program Rocket tests SA - 1 SA - 2 SA - 3 SA - 4 SA - 5 AS - 203 Abort tests QTV Pad Abort Test - 1 A-001 A-002 A-003 Pad Abort Test - 2 A-004 Boilerplate tests AS - 101 AS - 102 AS - 103 AS - 104 AS - 105 Unmanned missions AS - 201 AS - 202 Apollo 4 Apollo 5 Apollo 6 Skylab 1 Low Earth orbit missions Apollo 7 Apollo 9 Skylab 2 Skylab 3 Skylab 4 Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project Lunar orbit missions Apollo 8 Apollo 10 Lunar landing missions Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17 Failed missions Apollo 1 ( AS - 204 ) Apollo 13 List of missions Mission types Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 Canceled missions Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail ICE Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2019 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2019 ) Luna 26 ( 2021 ) Luna 27 ( 2022 ) Luna 28 ( 2025 ) Luna 29 Others Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) TESS ( 2018 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2020 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna SELENE - R SpaceIL Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector Resource Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories Crewed missions in italics . The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Orbital elements Distance Perigee & apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface & features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Phases & names New Full Names Crescent Super & micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Psychology Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Category Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal ← 1968 Orbital launches in 1969 1970 → Venera 5 Venera 6 Kosmos 263 Soyuz 4 Soyuz 5 7K - L1 No. 13L OSO - 5 OPS 7585 Kosmos 264 US - A No. 5 Isis 1 Meteor - 1 No. 11 OPS 3890 OPS 2644 Intelsat III F - 3 Kosmos 265 OPS 0757 Luna E-8 No. 201 7K - L1S No. 3 Mariner 6 Kosmos 266 ESSA - 9 Kosmos 267 Apollo 9 OPS 4248 Kosmos 268 Kosmos 269 Kosmos 270 Kosmos 271 Kosmos 272 OV1 - 17 OV1 - 18 OV1 - 19 Orbiscal 2 OPS 3722 OPS 2285 Kosmos 273 Kosmos 274 Meteor - 1 No. 12 2M No. 521 Mariner 7 Kosmos 275 2M No. 522 Kosmos 276 Kosmos 277 Kosmos 278 Molniya - 1 No. 16 OPS 3148 Nimbus 3 SECOR 13 Kosmos 279 OPS 5310 Kosmos 280 OPS 1101 OPS 1721 Kosmos 281 Apollo 10 Kosmos 282 Intelsat III F - 4 OPS 6909 OPS 6911 ERS - 29 ERS - 26 OV5 - 9 Kosmos 283 Kosmos 284 Kosmos 285 OPS 1077 OGO - 6 Luna E-8 - 5 No. 402 Kosmos 286 Explorer 41 Kosmos 287 Kosmos 288 Biosatellite 3 STV - 2 7K - L1S No. 5 Kosmos 289 Luna 15 Apollo 11 Kosmos 290 Molniya - 1 No. 18 OPS 1127 DS - P1 - Yu No. 23 OPS 3654 Intelsat III F - 5 OPS 8285 Kosmos 291 Zond 7 OSO - 6 PAC - 1 ATS - 5 Kosmos 292 Kosmos 293 Kosmos 294 Kosmos 295 OPS 7807 Pioneer E ERS - 32 Kosmos 296 Kosmos 297 Kosmos 298 Kosmos 299 Unnamed OPS 3531 OPS 4710 Kosmos 300 Kosmos 301 OPS 7613 NRL PL - 161 NRL PL - 162 NRL PL - 163 NRL PL - 164 NRL PL - 176 Timation 2 Tempsat 2 SOICAL Cone SOICAL Cylinder ESRO - 1B Meteor - 1 No. 15 Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7 Soyuz 8 Interkosmos 1 Kosmos 302 Kosmos 303 Kosmos 304 Kosmos 305 Kosmos 306 Kosmos 307 OPS 8455 Kosmos 308 Azur Kosmos 309 Apollo 12 Kosmos 310 Skynet 1A Kosmos 311 Kosmos 312 7K - L1e No. 1 Kosmos 313 OPS 6617 Kosmos 314 Kosmos 315 Kosmos 316 Kosmos 317 Interkosmos 2 Unnamed Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . 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Question: who took the first steps on the moon in 1969