Great plague of London - wikipedia Great plague of London Jump to : navigation , search Collecting the dead for burial during the Great Plague The Great Plague , lasting from 1665 to 1666 , was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in England . It happened within the centuries - long time period of the Second Pandemic , an extended period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe in 1347 , the first year of the Black Death , an outbreak which included other forms such as pneumonic plague , and lasted until 1750 . The Great Plague killed an estimated 100,000 people -- almost a quarter of London 's population -- in 18 months . The plague was caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium , which is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected rat flea . The 1665 -- 66 epidemic was on a far smaller scale than the earlier Black Death pandemic ; it was remembered afterwards as the `` great '' plague mainly because it was the last widespread outbreak of bubonic plague in England during the 400 - year timespan of the Second Pandemic . Contents ( hide ) 1 London in 1665 2 The recording of deaths 3 Preventative measures 4 Outbreak 4.1 Early days 4.2 Exodus from the city 4.3 Height of the epidemic 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links London in 1665 ( edit ) Map of London by Wenceslas Hollar , c. 1665 As in other European cities of the period , the plague was endemic in 17th century London . The disease periodically erupted into massive epidemics . There were 30,000 deaths due to the plague in 1603 , 35,000 in 1625 , and 10,000 in 1636 , as well as smaller numbers in other years . During the winter of 1664 , a bright comet was to be seen in the sky and the people of London were fearful , wondering what evil event it portended . London at that time consisted of a city of about 448 acres surrounded by a city wall , which had originally been built to keep out raiding bands . There were gates at Ludgate , Newgate , Aldersgate , Cripplegate , Moorgate and Bishopsgate and to the south lay the River Thames and London Bridge . In the poorer parts of the city , hygiene was impossible to maintain in the overcrowded tenements and garrets . There was no sanitation , and open drains flowed along the centre of winding streets . The cobbles were slippery with animal dung , rubbish and the slops thrown out of the houses , muddy and buzzing with flies in summer and awash with sewage in winter . The City Corporation employed `` rakers '' to remove the worst of the filth and it was transported to mounds outside the walls where it accumulated and continued to decompose . The stench was overwhelming and people walked around with handkerchiefs or nosegays pressed against their nostrils . Some of the city 's necessities such as coal arrived by barge , but most came by road . Carts , carriages , horses and pedestrians were crowded together and the gateways in the wall formed bottlenecks through which it was difficult to progress . The nineteen - arch London Bridge was even more congested . The better - off used hackney carriages and sedan chairs to get to their destinations without getting filthy . The poor walked , and might be splashed by the wheeled vehicles and drenched by slops being thrown out and water falling from the overhanging roofs . Another hazard was the choking black smoke belching forth from factories which made soap , from breweries and iron smelters and from about 15,000 houses burning coal . Outside the city walls , suburbs had sprung up providing homes for the craftsmen and tradespeople who flocked to the already overcrowded city . These were shanty towns with wooden shacks and no sanitation . The government had tried to control this development but had failed and over a quarter of a million people lived here . Other immigrants had taken over fine town houses , vacated by Royalists who had fled the country during the Commonwealth , converting them into tenements with different families in every room . These properties were soon vandalised and became rat - infested slums . Administration of the City of London was organised by the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and common councillors , but not all of the inhabited area generally comprising London was legally part of the City . Both inside the City and outside its boundaries there were also Liberties , which were areas of varying sizes which historically had been granted rights to self - government . Many had been associated with religious institutions , and when these were abolished in the Dissolution of the Monasteries , their historic rights were transferred along with their property to new owners . The walled City was surrounded by a ring of Liberties which had come under its authority , contemporarily called ' the City and Liberties ' , but these were surrounded by further suburbs with varying administrations . Westminster was an independent town with its own liberties , although it was joined to London by urban development . The Tower of London was an independent liberty , as were others . Areas north of the river not part of one of these administrations came under the authority of the county of Middlesex , and south of the river under Surrey . The `` Woodcut '' map of London , dating from the 1560s At that time , bubonic plague was a much feared disease but its cause was not understood . The credulous blamed emanations from the earth , `` pestilential effluviums '' , unusual weather , sickness in livestock , abnormal behaviour of animals or an increase in the numbers of moles , frogs , mice or flies . It was not until 1894 that the identification by Alexandre Yersin of its causal agent Yersinia pestis was made and the transmission of the bacterium by rat fleas became known . Although the Great Plague in London had long been believed to be bubonic plague caused by Yersinia pestis , this was only definitively confirmed by DNA analysis in 2016 . The recording of deaths ( edit ) In order to judge the severity of an epidemic , it is first necessary to know how big the population was in which it occurred . There was no official census of the population to provide this figure , and the best contemporary count comes from the work of John Graunt ( 1620 -- 1674 ) , who was one of the earliest Fellows of the Royal Society and one of the first demographers , bringing a scientific approach to the collection of statistics . In 1662 , he estimated that 384,000 people lived in the City of London , the Liberties , Westminster and the out - parishes , based on figures in the bills of mortality published each week in the capital . These different districts with different administrations constituted the officially recognised extent of London as a whole . In 1665 , he revised his estimate to ' not above 460,000 ' . Other contemporaries put the figure higher , ( the French Ambassador , for example , suggested 600,000 ) but with no mathematical basis to support their estimates . The next largest city in the kingdom was Norwich , with a population of 30,000 . Infected Oriental rat flea . Yersinia pestis bacteria appear as a dark mass in the gut . The bacteria block the flea 's digestive system , leaving it hungry but unable to eat . Instead , when it tries to feed , it regurgitates Yersinia into the wound . There was no duty to report a death to anyone in authority . Instead , each parish appointed two or more ' searchers of the dead ' , whose duty was to inspect a corpse and determine the cause of death . A searcher was entitled to charge a small fee from relatives for each death they reported , and so habitually the parish would appoint someone to the post who would otherwise be destitute and would be receiving support from the parish poor rate . Typically , this meant searchers would be old women who were illiterate , might know little about identifying diseases and who would be open to dishonesty . Searchers would typically learn about a death either from the local sexton who had been asked to dig a grave , or from the tolling of a church bell . Anyone who did not report a death to their local church , such as Quakers , Anabaptists , other non-Anglican Christians or Jews , frequently did not get included in the official records . Searchers during times of plague were required to live apart from the community and stay indoors except when performing their duties , for fear of spreading the diseases . Outside they should avoid other people and always carry a white stick to warn of their occupation . Searchers reported to the Parish Clerk , who made a return each week to the Company of Parish Clerks in Brode Lane . Figures were then passed to the Lord Mayor and then to the Minister of State once plague became a matter of national concern . The reported figures were used to compile the Bills of Mortality , which listed total deaths in each parish and whether by plague . The system of Searchers to report the cause of death continued until 1836 . Graunt recorded the incompetence of the Searchers at identifying true causes of death , remarking on the frequent recording of ' consumption ' rather than other diseases which were recognised then by physicians . He suggested a cup of ale and a doubling of their fee to two groats rather than one was sufficient for Searchers to change the cause of death to one more convenient for the householders . No one wished to be known as having had a death by plague in their household , and Parish Clerks , too , connived in covering up cases of plague in their official returns . Analysis of the Bills of Mortality during the months plague took hold shows a rise in deaths other than by plague well above the average death rate , which has been attributed to misrepresentation of the true cause of death . As plague spread , a system of quarantine was introduced , whereby any house where someone had died from plague would be locked up and no one allowed to enter or leave for 40 days . This frequently led to the deaths of the other inhabitants , by neglect if not from plague , and provided ample incentive not to report the disease . The official returns record 68,596 cases of plague , but a reasonable estimate suggests this figure is 30,000 short of the true total . A plague house was marked with a red cross on the door with the words `` Lord have mercy upon us '' , and a watchman stood guard outside . Preventative measures ( edit ) Reports of plague around Europe began to reach England in the 1660s , causing the Privy Council to consider what steps might be taken to prevent it crossing to England . Quarantining of ships had been used during previous outbreaks and was again introduced for ships coming to London in November 1663 , following outbreaks in Amsterdam and Hamburg . Two naval ships were assigned to intercept any vessels entering the Thames estuary . Ships from infected ports were required to moor at Hole Haven on Canvey Island for a period of 30 days before being allowed to travel upriver . Ships from ports free of plague or completing their quarantine were given a certificate of health and allowed to travel on . A second inspection line was established between the forts on opposite banks of the Thames at Tilbury and Gravesend with instructions only to pass ships with a certificate . The duration of quarantine was increased to forty days in May 1664 as the continental plague worsened , and the areas subject to quarantine changed with the news of the spread of plague to include all of Holland , Zeeland and Friesland ( all regions of the Dutch Republic ) , although restrictions on Hamburg were removed in November . Quarantine measures against ships coming from the Dutch Republic were put in place in 29 other ports from May , commencing with Great Yarmouth . The Dutch ambassador objected at the constraint of trade with his country , but England responded that it had been one of the last countries introducing such restrictions . Regulations were enforced quite strictly , so that people or houses where voyagers had come ashore without serving their quarantine were also subjected to 40 days quarantine . Outbreak ( edit ) Plague was one of the hazards of life in Britain from its dramatic appearance in 1347 with the Black Death . The Bills of Mortality began to be published regularly in 1603 , in which year 33,347 deaths were recorded from plague . Between then and 1665 , only four years had no recorded cases . In 1563 , a thousand people were reportedly dying in London each week . In 1593 , there were 15,003 deaths , 1625 saw 41,313 dead , between 1640 and 1646 came 11,000 deaths , culminating in 3,597 for 1647 . The 1625 outbreak was recorded at the time as the ' Great Plague ' , until 1665 surpassed it . These official figures are likely to under - report actual numbers . Early days ( edit ) Rattus rattus , the Black Rat . Smaller than the Norwegian rat , which later supplanted it , it is also keener to live near to humankind . Timber houses and overcrowded slums provided great homes . The link between the rat as reservoir of infection and host to fleas which could transfer to man was not understood . Efforts were made to eliminate cats and dogs but not rats . If anything , this encouraged the rats . Although plague was known , it was still sufficiently uncommon that medical practitioners might have had no personal experience of seeing the disease ; medical training varied from those who had attended the college of physicians , to apothecaries who also acted as modern doctors , to simple charlatans . Other diseases abounded , such as an outbreak of smallpox the year before , and these uncertainties all added to difficulties identifying the true start of the epidemic . Contemporary accounts suggest cases of plague occurred through the winter of 1664 / 5 , some of which were fatal but a number of which did not display the virulence of the later epidemic . The winter was cold , the ground frozen from December to March , river traffic on the Thames twice blocked by ice , and it may be that the cold weather held back its spread . This outbreak of bubonic plague in England is thought to have spread from the Netherlands , where the disease had been occurring intermittently since 1599 . It is unclear exactly where the disease first struck but the initial contagion may have arrived with Dutch trading ships carrying bales of cotton from Amsterdam , which was ravaged by the disease in 1663 -- 1664 , with a mortality given of 50,000 . The first areas to be struck are believed to be the dock areas just outside London , and the parish of St Giles in the Fields . In both of these localities , poor workers were crowded into ill - kept structures . Two suspicious deaths were recorded in St. Giles parish in December 1664 and another in February 1665 . These did not appear as plague deaths on the Bills of Mortality , so no control measures were taken by the authorities , but the total number of people dying in London during the first four months of 1665 showed a marked increase . By the end of April , only four plague deaths had been recorded , two in the parish of St. Giles , but total deaths per week had risen from around 290 to 398 . Although there had been only three official cases in April , which level of plague in earlier years had not induced any official response , the Privy Council now acted to introduce household quarantine . Justices of the Peace in Middlesex were instructed to investigate any suspected cases and to shut up the house if it was confirmed . Shortly after , a similar order was issued by the King 's Bench to the City and Liberties . A riot broke out in St. Giles when the first house was sealed up ; the crowd broke down the door and released the inhabitants . Rioters caught were punished severely . Instructions were given to build pest - houses , which were essentially isolation hospitals built away from other people where the sick could be cared for ( or stay until they died ) . This official activity suggests that despite the few recorded cases , the government was already aware that this was a serious outbreak of plague . With the arrival of warmer weather , the disease began to take a firmer hold . In the week 2 -- 9 May , there were three recorded deaths in the parish of St Giles , four in neighbouring St Clement Danes and one each in St Andrew , Holborn and St Mary Woolchurch Haw . Only the last was actually inside the city walls . A Privy Council committee was formed to investigate methods to best prevent the spread of plague , and measures were introduced to close some of the ale houses in affected areas and limit the number of lodgers allowed in a household . In the city , the Lord Mayor issued a proclamation that all householders must diligently clean the streets outside their property , which was a householder 's responsibility , not a state one ( the city employed scavengers and rakers to remove the worst of the mess ) . Matters just became worse , and Aldermen were instructed to find and punish those failing their duty . As cases in St. Giles began to rise , an attempt was made to quarantine the area and constables were instructed to inspect everyone wishing to travel and contain inside vagrants or suspect persons . People began to be alarmed . Samuel Pepys , who had an important position at the Admiralty , stayed in London and provided a contemporary account of the plague through his diary . On 30 April he wrote : `` Great fears of the sickness here in the City it being said that two or three houses are already shut up . God preserve us all ! '' Another source of information on the time is a fictional account , A Journal of the Plague Year , which was written by Daniel Defoe and published in 1722 . He had been only six when the plague struck but made use of his family 's recollections ( his uncle was a saddler in East London and his father a butcher in Cripplegate ) , interviews with survivors and sight of such official records as were available . Exodus from the city ( edit ) By July 1665 , plague was rampant in the City of London . King Charles II of England , his family and his court left the city for Salisbury , moving on to Oxford in September when some cases of plague occurred in Salisbury . The aldermen and most of the other city authorities opted to stay at their posts . The Lord Mayor of London , Sir John Lawrence , also decided to stay in the city . Businesses were closed when merchants and professionals fled . Defoe wrote `` Nothing was to be seen but wagons and carts , with goods , women , servants , children , coaches filled with people of the better sort , and horsemen attending them , and all hurrying away '' . As the plague raged throughout the summer , only a small number of clergymen , physicians and apothecaries remained to cope with an increasingly large number of victims . Edward Cotes , author of London 's Dreadful Visitation , expressed the hope that `` Neither the Physicians of our Souls or Bodies may hereafter in such great numbers forsake us '' . The poorer people were also alarmed by the contagion and some left the city , but it was not easy for them to abandon their accommodation and livelihoods for an uncertain future elsewhere . Before exiting through the city gates , they were required to possess a certificate of good health signed by the Lord Mayor and these became increasingly difficult to obtain . As time went by and the numbers of plague victims rose , people living in the villages outside London began to resent this exodus and were no longer prepared to accept townsfolk from London , with or without a certificate . The refugees were turned back , were not allowed to pass through towns and had to travel across country , and were forced to live rough on what they could steal or scavenge from the fields . Many died in wretched circumstances of starvation and thirst in the hot summer that was to follow . Height of the epidemic ( edit ) A bill of mortality for the plague in 1665 In the last week of July , the London Bill of Mortality showed 3,014 deaths , of which 2,020 had died from the plague . The number of deaths as a result of plague may have been underestimated , as deaths in other years in the same period were much lower , at around 300 . As the number of victims affected mounted up , burial grounds became overfull , and pits were dug to accommodate the dead . Drivers of dead - carts travelled the streets calling `` Bring out your dead '' and carted away piles of bodies . The authorities became concerned that the number of deaths might cause public alarm and ordered that body removal and interment should take place only at night . As time went on , there were too many victims , and too few drivers , to remove the bodies which began to be stacked up against the walls of houses . Daytime collection was resumed and the plague pits became mounds of decomposing corpses . In the parish of Aldgate , a great hole was dug near the churchyard , fifty feet long and twenty feet wide . Digging was continued by labourers at one end while the dead - carts tipped in corpses at the other . When there was no room for further extension it was dug deeper until ground water was reached at twenty feet . When finally covered with earth it housed 1,114 corpses . Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims , although many of them had no formal medical training . Several public health efforts were attempted . Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized , but panic spread through the city and , out of the fear of contagion , people were hastily buried in overcrowded pits . The means of transmission of the disease were not known but thinking they might be linked to the animals , the City Corporation ordered a cull of dogs and cats . This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals could have helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease . Thinking bad air was involved in transmission , the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day , in hopes that the air would be cleansed . Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic . Trade and business had completely dried up , and the streets were empty of people except for the dead - carts and the desperate dying victims , as witnessed and recorded by Samuel Pepys in his diary : `` Lord ! How empty the streets are and how melancholy , so many poor sick people in the streets full of sores ... in Westminster , there is never a physician and but one apothecary left , all being dead . '' That people did not starve was down to the foresight of Sir John Lawrence and the Corporation of London who arranged for a commission of one farthing to be paid above the normal price for every quarter of corn landed in the Port of London . Another food source was the villages around London which , denied of their usual sales in the capital , left vegetables in specified market areas , negotiated their sale by shouting , and collected their payment after the money had been left submerged in a bucket of water to `` disinfect '' the coins . Records state that plague deaths in London and the suburbs crept up over the summer from 2,000 people per week to over 7,000 per week in September . These figures are likely to be a considerable underestimate . Many of the sextons and parish clerks who kept the records themselves died . Quakers refused to co-operate and many of the poor were just dumped into mass graves unrecorded . It is not clear how many people caught the disease and made a recovery because only deaths were recorded and many records were destroyed in the Great Fire of London the following year . In the few districts where intact records remain , plague deaths varied between 30 % and over 50 % of the total population . Though concentrated in London , the outbreak affected other areas of the country as well . Perhaps the most famous example was the village of Eyam in Derbyshire . The plague allegedly arrived with a merchant carrying a parcel of cloth sent from London , although this is a disputed point . The villagers imposed a quarantine on themselves to stop the further spread of the disease . This prevented the disease from moving into surrounding areas but the cost to the village was the death of around 80 % of its inhabitants over a period of fourteen months . Aftermath ( edit ) See also : Great Fire of London By late autumn , the death toll in London and the suburbs began to slow until , in February 1666 , it was considered safe enough for the King and his entourage to come back to the city . With the return of the monarch , others began to return : The gentry returned in their carriages accompanied by carts piled high with their belongings . The judges moved back from Windsor to sit in Westminster Hall , although Parliament , which had been prorogued in April 1665 , did not reconvene until September 1666 . Trade recommenced and businesses and workshops opened up . London was the goal of a new wave of people who flocked to the city in expectation of making their fortunes . Writing at the end of March 1666 , Lord Clarendon , the Lord Chancellor , stated `` ... the streets were as full , the Exchange as much crowded , the people in all places as numerous as they had ever been seen ... '' . Plague cases continued to occur sporadically at a modest rate until the summer of 1666 . On the second and third of September that year , the Great Fire of London destroyed much of the City of London , and some people believed that the fire put an end to the epidemic . However , it is now thought that the plague had largely subsided before the fire took place . In fact , most of the later cases of plague were found in the suburbs , and it was the City of London itself that was destroyed by the Fire . According to the Bills of Mortality , there were in total 68,596 deaths in London from the plague in 1665 . Lord Clarendon estimated that the true number of mortalities was probably twice that figure . The next year , 1666 , saw further deaths in other cities but on a lesser scale . Dr Thomas Gumble , chaplain to the Duke of Albermarle , both of whom had stayed in London for the whole of the epidemic , estimated that the total death count for the country from plague during 1665 and 1666 was about 200,000 . The Great Plague of 1665 / 1666 was the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in Great Britain . The last recorded death from plague came in 1679 , and it was removed as a specific category in the Bills of Mortality after 1703 . It spread to other towns in East Anglia and the southeast of England but fewer than ten percent of parishes outside London had a higher than average death rate during those years . Urban areas were more affected than rural ones ; Norwich , Ipswich , Colchester , Southampton and Winchester were badly affected , while the West of England and areas of the Midlands escaped altogether . The population of England in 1650 was approximately 5.25 million , which declined to about 4.9 million by 1680 , recovering to just over 5 million by 1700 . Other diseases , such as smallpox , took a high toll on the population even without the contribution by plague . The higher death rate in cities , both generally and specifically from the plague , was made up by continuous immigration , from small towns to larger ones and from the countryside to the town . There were no contemporary censuses of London 's population , but available records suggest that the population returned to its previous level within a couple of years . Burials in 1667 had returned to 1663 levels , Hearth Tax returns had recovered , John Graunt contemporarily analysed baptism records and concluded they represented a recovered population . Part of this could be accounted for by the return of wealthy households , merchants and manufacturing industries , all of which needed to replace losses amongst their staff and took steps to bring in necessary people . Colchester had suffered more severe depopulation , but manufacturing records for cloth suggested that production had recovered or even increased by 1669 , and the total population had nearly returned to pre-plague levels by 1674 . Other towns did less well : Ipswich was affected less than Colchester , but in 1674 , its population had dropped by 18 % , more than could be accounted for by the plague deaths alone . As a proportion of the population who died , the London death toll was less severe than in a number of other towns . The total of deaths in London was greater than in any previous outbreak for 100 years , though as a proportion of the population , the epidemics in 1563 , 1603 and 1625 were comparable or greater . Perhaps around 2.5 % of the English population died . Impact ( edit ) The plague in London largely affected the poor , as the rich were able to leave the city by either retiring to their country estates or residing with kin in other parts of the country . The subsequent Great Fire of London , however , ruined many city merchants and property owners . As a result of these events , London was largely rebuilt and Parliament enacted the Rebuilding of London Act 1666 . Although the street plan of the capital remained relatively unchanged , some improvements were made : streets were widened , pavements were created , open sewers abolished , wooden buildings and overhanging gables forbidden , and the design and construction of buildings controlled . The use of brick or stone was mandatory and many gracious buildings were constructed . Not only was the capital rejuvenated , but it became a healthier environment in which to live . Londoners had a greater sense of community after they had overcome the great adversities of 1665 and 1666 . Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by Robert Hooke as Surveyor of London . The architect Sir Christopher Wren was involved in the rebuilding of St Paul 's Cathedral and more than fifty London churches . King Charles ll did much to foster the rebuilding work . He was a patron of the arts and sciences and founded the Royal Observatory and supported the Royal Society , a scientific group whose early members included Robert Hooke , Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton . In fact , out of the fire and pestilence flowed a renaissance in the arts and sciences in England . Plague pits have been archaeologically excavated during underground construction work . Between 2011 and 2015 , some 3,500 burials from the ' New Churchyard ' or ' Bethlam burial ground ' were discovered during the construction of the Crossrail railway at Liverpool Street . Yersinia pestis DNA was found in the teeth of individuals found buried in pits at the site , confirming they had died of bubonic plague . See also ( edit ) Loimologia , a first - hand account of the 1665 plague by Dr. Nathaniel Hodges Plague doctor costume Black Death in England Derby plague of 1665 Great Plague of Vienna of 1679 Plague doctor contract Old St. Paul 's , A Tale of the Plague and the Fire , novel by Harrison Ainsworth Plague ! The Musical , a musical loosely based on the 1665 plague Ring a Ring o ' Roses , a nursery rhyme , commonly believed to have arisen at this time Year of Wonders , novel by Geraldine Brooks based on the 1665 plague References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haensch , Stephanie ; et al. ( 2010 ) , `` Distinct Clones of Yersinia pestis Caused the Black Death '' , PLoS Pathogens , 6 ( 10 ) : e1001134 , doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1001134 , PMC 2951374 , PMID 20949072 Jump up ^ `` The Great Plague of London , 1665 '' . Contagion , Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics . Harvard University . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` DNA in London Grave May Help Solve Mysteries of the Great Plague '' . 2016 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` DNA confirms cause of 1665 London 's Great Plague '' . BBC News . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Backgrounder : Plague '' . AVMA : Public Health . American Veterinary Medical Association . 2006 - 11 - 27 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Spread of the Plague '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2002 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ibeji , Mike ( 2011 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Black Death '' . BBC . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Moote ( 2004 ) pp. 60 - 61 Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( 2001 ) . `` 17th Century : Plague '' . Gresham College . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Moote ( 2004 ) pp. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1665 ) . `` March 1st '' . Diary of Samuel Pepys . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22167 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 18 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ Bockemühl J ( 1994 ) . `` 100 years after the discovery of the plague - causing agent -- importance and veneration of Alexandre Yersin in Vietnam today '' . Immun Infekt. 22 ( 2 ) : 72 -- 5 . PMID 7959865 . ^ Jump up to : Stanbridge , Nicola ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) . `` DNA confirms cause of 1665 London 's Great Plague '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. p. 7 Jump up ^ Bell Folio ed. , p. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Bell folio ed. , p. 10 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : Bell , Folio ed. , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Bell , Folio ed. p. 13 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 117 -- 119 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. p. 10 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , pp. 7 , 8 Jump up ^ Appleby , Andrew B. ( 1980 ) . `` The Disappearance of Plague : A Continuing Puzzle '' . The Economic History Review . 33 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 173 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1980. tb01821. x . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 46 -- 50 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 14 , 15 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 16 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 60 -- 62 Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1665 ) . `` April 30th '' . Diary of Samuel Pepys . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22167 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 47 , 62 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) p. 103 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 66 -- 69 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 141 -- 145 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Moote , Lloyd and Dorothy : The Great Plague : the Story of London 's most Deadly Year , Baltimore , 2004 . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 166 -- 169 Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( 2009 ) . The Great Plague . Amberley Publishing . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84868 - 087 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1996 ) . The Concise Pepys . Wordsworth Editions Ltd . pp. 363 , 16 September 1665 . ISBN 978 - 1853264788 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 99 -- 101 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ Coleman , Michel P. ( 1986 ) . `` A Plague Epidemic in Voluntary Quarantine '' . International Journal of Epidemiology. 15 ( 3 ) : 379 -- 385 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / 15.3. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 193 -- 196 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 148 -- 150 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ `` An Act for rebuilding the City of London '' . Statutes of the Realm : volume 5 - 1628 - 80 , pp. 603 -- 612 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 269 -- 271 Jump up ^ The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire . Thomas Fiddian. 1940 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hart , Vaughan ( 2002 ) . Nicholas Hawksmoor : Rebuilding Ancient Wonders . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09699 - 6 . Bibliography ( edit ) Arnold , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Necropolis : London and its dead . London : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 0248 - 7 . Bell , Walter George ( 1924 ) . The Great Plague in London in 1665 . Michigan : AMS Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85891 - 218 - 9 . Bell , Walter George ( 1951 ) . Belinda Hollyer , ed . The great Plague in London ( folio society ed . ) . Folio society by arrangement with Random House . Leasor , James ( 1962 ) . The Plague and the Fire . London : George Allen and Unwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7551 - 0040 - 8 . Moote , A. Lloyd ( 2008 ) . The Great Plague : The Story of London 's Most Deadly Year . London : JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9230 - 1 . Porter , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Great Plague of London . Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0773 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Death . History of the Plague in London by Daniel Defoe History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Plague_of_London&oldid=819516144 '' Categories : Second plague pandemic Health disasters in the United Kingdom Disasters in London 17th - century deaths from plague ( disease ) 17th - century health disasters 17th century in London 1665 in England 1666 in England 1666 natural disasters Death in London Epidemics Health in London Social history of London Hidden categories : Good articles Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 20 : 12 . 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Question: when did the great plague of london start and end


List of indian cities on rivers - wikipedia List of indian cities on rivers Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of the cities in India through which major rivers flow . City River State Gangakhed Godavari Maharashtra Agra Yamuna Uttar Pradesh Ahmedabad Sabarmati Gujarat Allahabad At the confluence of Ganga , Yamuna and Saraswati Uttar Pradesh Ayodhya Saryu Uttar Pradesh Badrinath Alaknanda Uttarakhand Banki Mahanadi Odisha Brahmapur Rushikulya Odisha Chhatrapur Rushikulya Odisha Bhagalpur Ganges Bihar Kolkata Hooghly West Bengal Cuttack Mahanadi Odisha New Delhi Yamuna Delhi Dibrugarh Brahmaputra Assam Ferozpur Sutlej Punjab Guwahati Brahmaputra Assam Haridwar Ganges Uttarakhand Hyderabad Musi Telangana Jabalpur Narmada Madhya Pradesh Kanpur Ganges Uttar Pradesh Kota Chambal Rajasthan Kottayam Meenachil Kerala Jaunpur Gomti Uttar Pradesh Patna Ganges Bihar Rajahmundry Godavari Andhra Pradesh Srinagar Jhelum Jammu & Kashmir Surat Tapi Gujarat Varanasi Ganges Uttar Pradesh Vijayawada Krishna Andhra Pradesh Vadodara Vishwamitri , Mahi , Narmada Gujarat Mathura Yamuna Uttar Pradesh Mirzapur Ganga Uttar Pradesh Auraiya Yamuna Uttar Pradesh Etawah Yamuna Uttar Pradesh Bangalore Vrishabhavathi Karnataka Farrukhabad Ganges Uttar Pradesh Rangpo Teesta Sikkim Gaya Falgu ( Neeranjana ) Bihar Fatehgarh Ganges Uttar Pradesh Kannauj Ganges Uttar Pradesh Mangalore Netravati , Gurupura Karnataka Shimoga Tunga River Karnataka Bhadravathi Bhadra Karnataka Hospet Tungabhadra Karnataka Karwar Kali Karnataka Bagalkot Ghataprabha Karnataka Honnavar Sharavathi Karnataka Gwalior Chambal Madhya Pradesh Gorakhpur Rapti Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Gomti Uttar Pradesh Kanpur Cantonment Ganges Uttar Pradesh Shuklaganj Ganges Uttar Pradesh Chakeri Ganges Uttar Pradesh Malegaon Girna River Maharashtra Sambalpur Mahanadi Odisha Rourkela Brahmani Odisha Pune Mula , Mutha Maharashtra Daman Daman Ganga River Daman Madurai Vaigai Tamil Nadu Thiruchirapalli Kaveri Tamil Nadu Chennai Cooum , Adyar Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Noyyal Tamil Nadu Erode Kaveri Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Thamirabarani Tamil Nadu Bharuch Narmada Gujarat Karjat Ulhas Maharashtra Nashik Godavari Maharashtra Mahad Savitri Maharashtra Nanded Godavari Maharashtra Kolhapur Panchaganga Maharashtra Nellore Pennar Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Tungabhadra Andhra Pradesh Nizamabad Godavari Telangana Sangli Krishna Maharashtra Karad Krishna , Koyna Maharashtra Hajipur Ganges Bihar Ujjain Shipra Madhya Pradesh Ashta Parwati Madhya Pradesh Kanchipuram Vegavathi , Palar Tamil Nadu Thanjavur Vennaaru , Vadavaaru Tamil Nadu Murshidabad Hooghly West Bengal Munger Ganges Bihar Jamalpur Ganges Bihar Purnia Koshi Bihar Golegaon Godavari Maharashtra Budaun Sot Uttar Pradesh Amaravati Krishna Andhra Pradesh bhopal morhar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shipra River Jump up ^ Shipra River Jump up ^ turkaul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_cities_on_rivers&oldid=837215866 '' Categories : Lists of cities in India Lists of rivers of India Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 12 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: delhi is on the banks of which river


Pride and Prejudice - wikipedia Pride and Prejudice Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Pride and Prejudice ( disambiguation ) . Pride and Prejudice Author Jane Austen Country United Kingdom Language English Publisher T. Egerton , Whitehall Publication date 28 January 1813 Media type Print ( Hardback , 3 volumes ) OCLC 38659585 Dewey Decimal 823.7 Preceded by Sense and Sensibility Followed by Mansfield Park Pride and Prejudice is a romantic novel by Jane Austen , first published in 1813 . The story charts the emotional development of the protagonist , Elizabeth Bennet , who learns the error of making hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between the superficial and the essential . The comedy of the writing lies in the depiction of manners , education , marriage , and money during the British Regency period . Mr. Bennet of the Longbourn estate has five daughters , but his property is entailed , meaning that none of the girls can inherit it . His wife has no fortune , so it is imperative that at least one of the girls marry well in order to support the others on his death . Jane Austen 's opening line , `` It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife '' is a sentence filled with irony and playfulness . The novel revolves around the importance of marrying for love , not simply for money , despite the social pressures to make a good ( i.e. wealthy ) match . Pride and Prejudice retains the fascination of modern readers , consistently appearing near the top of lists of `` most - loved books '' among both literary scholars and the general public . It has become one of the most popular novels in English literature , with over 20 million copies sold , and paved the way for many archetypes that abound in modern literature . Continuing interest in the book has resulted in a number of dramatic adaptations and an abundance of novels and stories imitating Austen 's memorable characters or themes . The 2005 film , Pride and Prejudice , starring Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen is the most recent Hollywood adaption of the book . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Main characters 3 Major themes 3.1 Marriage 3.2 Wealth 3.3 Class 3.4 Self knowledge 3.5 Style 4 Development of the novel 5 Publication history 6 Reception 6.1 At first publication 6.2 Late 19th to 21st centuries 7 Adaptations 7.1 Film , television and theatre 7.2 Literature 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The novel opens with Mrs. Bennet trying to persuade Mr. Bennet to visit Mr. Bingley , an eligible bachelor who has arrived in the neighborhood . After some verbal sparring with Mr. Bennet baiting his wife , it transpires that this visit has already taken place at Netherfield , Mr. Bingley 's rented house . The visit is followed by an invitation to a ball at the local assembly rooms that the whole neighbourhood will attend . At the ball , Mr. Bingley is open and cheerful , popular with all the guests , and appears to be very attracted to the beautiful Miss Jane Bennet . His friend , Mr. Darcy , is reputed to be twice as wealthy ; however , he is haughty and aloof . He declines to dance with Elizabeth , suggesting that she is not pretty enough to tempt him . She finds this amusing and jokes about the statement with her friends . Mr. Bingley 's sister , Caroline , later invites Jane to visit . When Jane visits Miss Bingley , she is caught in a rain shower on the way and comes down with a serious cold . Elizabeth visits the ill Jane at Netherfield . There Darcy begins to be attracted to Elizabeth , while Miss Bingley becomes jealous , since she has designs on Darcy herself . Illustration by Hugh Thomson representing Mr. Collins , protesting that he never reads novels Mr. Collins , a cousin of Mr. Bennet and heir to the Longbourn estate , visits the Bennet family . He is a pompous and obsequious clergyman , who expects each of the Bennet girls to wish to marry him due to his inheritance . He quickly decides to propose to Elizabeth when he is led to believe Jane is taken . Elizabeth and her family meet the dashing and charming George Wickham , who singles out Elizabeth and tells her a story of the hardship that Mr. Darcy has caused him by depriving him of a living ( position as clergyman in a prosperous parish with good revenue that , once granted , is for life ) promised to him by Mr. Darcy 's late father . Elizabeth 's dislike of Mr. Darcy is confirmed . At a ball at Netherfield , Elizabeth reluctantly dances with Mr. Darcy . Other than Jane and Elizabeth , several members of the Bennet family show a distinct lack of decorum . Mrs. Bennet hints loudly that she fully expects Jane and Bingley to become engaged and the younger Bennet sisters otherwise expose the family to ridicule . Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth , who rejects him , to the fury of her mother and the relief of her father . Shortly thereafter , they receive news that the Bingleys are suddenly leaving for London , with no intention to return . After his humiliating rejection by Elizabeth , Mr. Collins proposes to Charlotte Lucas , a sensible young woman and Elizabeth 's friend . Charlotte is slightly older and is grateful to receive a proposal that will guarantee her a comfortable home . Elizabeth is aghast at such pragmatism in matters of love . Heartbroken , Jane goes to visit her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner at an unfashionable address in London . Miss Bingley clearly does not want to continue the friendship and Jane is upset though very composed . In the spring , Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr. Collins in Kent . Elizabeth and her hosts are invited to Rosings Park , the imposing home of Lady Catherine de Bourgh , patroness of Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy 's extremely wealthy aunt . She expects Mr. Darcy to marry her daughter . Mr. Darcy and his cousin , Colonel Fitzwilliam , are also visiting at Rosings Park . Colonel Fitzwilliam tells Elizabeth how Mr. Darcy managed to save a friend from a bad match . Elizabeth realizes the story must refer to Jane and is horrified that Darcy has interfered and caused her sister so much pain . Mr. Darcy , meanwhile , has fallen in love with Elizabeth and proposes to her . She rejects him angrily , stating that she could not love a man who has caused her sister such unhappiness and further accuses him of treating Mr. Wickham unjustly . The latter accusation seems to anger Mr. Darcy , and he accuses her family of wanting propriety and suggests he has been kinder to Bingley than himself . They part , barely speaking . Later , Mr. Darcy gives Elizabeth a letter , explaining that Mr. Wickham had refused the living he claimed he was deprived of , and was given money for it instead . Wickham proceeded to waste the money and , then impoverished , demanded the living again . After being refused , he tried to elope with Darcy 's 15 - year - old sister , Georgiana , for her great dowry . Darcy also writes that he believed Jane , because of her reserved behavior , did not love Mr. Bingley . Darcy apologizes for hurting Jane and Elizabeth begins to change her opinion of Mr. Darcy . Elizabeth tells her father that Darcy was responsible for uniting Lydia and Wickham , one of the two earliest illustrations of Pride and Prejudice . The clothing styles reflect the time the illustration was engraved ( the 1830s ) , not the time in which the novel was written or set . Some months later , Elizabeth and her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner visit Darcy 's estate in Derbyshire , Pemberley . On a tour there , Elizabeth hears the housekeeper describe him as being kind and generous . When Mr. Darcy returns unexpectedly , he is overwhelmingly kind and later invites Elizabeth and the Gardiners to meet his sister and go fishing . Elizabeth is surprised and delighted by the kindness to herself and her aunt and uncle . She then suddenly receives news from Longbourn that her sister Lydia had eloped with Mr. Wickham . She tells Mr. Darcy immediately and departs in haste , believing she will never see him again , since Lydia 's disgrace has ruined the family 's good name . After an agonizing wait , Mr. Wickham is somehow persuaded to marry Lydia . With some degree of decency restored , Lydia visits her family and tells Elizabeth that Mr. Darcy was at her wedding . Mrs. Gardiner informs Elizabeth that it is Mr. Darcy who has made the match at great expense , and hints that he may have `` another motive '' for doing so . At this point , Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy return to Netherfield . Shortly thereafter , Bingley proposes to Jane and is accepted . Lady Catherine , having heard rumors that Elizabeth intends to marry Darcy , visits Elizabeth and demands that she promise not to accept his proposal . Elizabeth makes no such promise and Lady Catherine leaves , outraged by Elizabeth 's perceived insolence . Darcy , heartened by Elizabeth 's refusal to promise that she would n't accept such a proposal , again proposes to Elizabeth and is accepted . He visits Longbourn to ask Mr. Bennet for his permission . Elizabeth wants her father to understand that she is not marrying for money , and it is only after she speaks about Mr. Darcy 's true worth that he is happy about the wedding . Main characters ( edit ) Scenes from `` Pride and Prejudice '' , by C.E. Brock ( show ) Character genealogy Mr. Hurst Mrs. Louisa Hurst Mr. Philips Caroline Bingley Mrs. Philips Mr. Charles Bingley Mrs. Gardiner Jane Bennet Mr. Edward Gardiner Elizabeth Bennet Mrs. Bennet Mary Bennet Mr. Bennet Catherine `` Kitty '' Bennet Mr. William Collins Lydia Bennet Charlotte Lucas Mr. George Wickham ( Old ) Mr. Darcy Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy Lady Anne Darcy Georgiana Darcy Lady Catherine de Bourgh Anne de Bourgh Earl of Matlock Colonel Fitzwilliam Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy by Hugh Thomson , 1894 Elizabeth Bennet -- the second of the Bennet daughters , she is twenty years old and intelligent , lively , playful , attractive , and witty -- but with a tendency to judge on first impressions . As the story progresses , so does her relationship with Mr. Darcy . The course of Elizabeth and Darcy 's relationship is ultimately decided when Darcy overcomes his pride , and Elizabeth overcomes her prejudice , leading them both to surrender to their love for each other . Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy -- the wealthy friend of Mr. Bingley . A newcomer to the village , he is ultimately Elizabeth Bennet 's love interest . Mr. Darcy is the wealthy , twenty - eight year old owner of the renowned family estate of Pemberley in Derbyshire , and is rumoured to be worth at least £ 10,000 a year . While being handsome , tall , and intelligent , Darcy lacks ease and social graces , and so others frequently mistake his aloof decorum and rectitude as further proof of excessive pride ( which , in part , it is ) . Mr. Bennet -- A late - middle - aged landed gentleman of a modest income of £ 2000 per annum , and the dryly sarcastic patriarch of the now - dwindling Bennet family ( a family of Hertfordshire landed gentry ) , with five unmarried daughters . His estate , Longbourn , is entailed to the male line . Mrs. Bennet -- the middle - aged wife of her social superior , Mr. Bennet , and the mother of their five daughters . Mrs. Bennet is a hypochondriac who imagines herself susceptible to attacks of tremors and palpitations ( `` ( her ) poor nerves '' ) , whenever things are not going her way . Her main ambition in life is to marry her daughters off to wealthy men . Whether or not any such matches will give her daughters happiness is of little concern to her . In a letter to Cassandra dated May 1813 , Jane Austen describes a picture she saw at a gallery which was a good likeness of `` Mrs. Bingley '' -- Jane Bennet . Deirdre Le Faye in The World of Her Novels suggests that `` Portrait of Mrs. Q - '' is the picture Austen was referring to . ( pp. 201 -- 203 ) Jane Bennet -- the eldest Bennet sister . Twenty - two years old when the novel begins , she is considered the most beautiful young lady in the neighbourhood and is inclined to see only the good in others . She falls in love with Charles Bingley , a rich young gentleman recently moved to Hertfordshire and a close friend of Mr. Darcy . Mary Bennet -- the middle Bennet sister , and the plainest of her siblings . Mary has a serious disposition and mostly reads and plays music , although she is often impatient to display her accomplishments and is rather vain about them . She frequently moralises to her family . According to James Edward Austen - Leigh 's A Memoir of Jane Austen , Mary ended up marrying one of her Uncle Philips ' law clerks and moving into Meryton with him . Catherine `` Kitty '' Bennet -- the fourth Bennet daughter at 17 years old . Though older than Lydia , she is her shadow and follows her in her pursuit of the officers of the militia . She is often portrayed as envious of Lydia and is described a `` silly '' young woman . However , it is said that she improved when removed from Lydia 's influence . According to James Edward Austen - Leigh 's A Memoir of Jane Austen , Kitty later married a clergyman who lived near Pemberley . Lydia Bennet -- the youngest Bennet sister , aged 15 when the novel begins . She is frivolous and headstrong . Her main activity in life is socializing , especially flirting with the officers of the militia . This leads to her running off with George Wickham , although he has no intention of marrying her . Lydia shows no regard for the moral code of her society ; as Ashley Tauchert says , she `` feels without reasoning . '' Charles Bingley -- a handsome , amiable , wealthy young gentleman who leases Netherfield Park , an estate three miles from Longbourn , with the hopes of purchasing it . He is contrasted with Mr. Darcy for having more generally pleasing manners , although he is reliant on his more experienced friend for advice . An example of this is the prevention of Bingley and Jane 's romance because of Bingley 's undeniable dependence on Darcy 's opinion . He lacks resolve and is easily influenced by others ; his two sisters , Miss Caroline Bingley and Mrs. Louisa Hurst , both disapprove of Bingley 's growing affection for Miss Jane Bennet . Caroline Bingley -- the vainglorious , snobbish sister of Charles Bingley , with a dowry of £ 20,000 . Miss Bingley harbours designs upon Mr. Darcy , and therefore is jealous of his growing attachment to Elizabeth . She attempts to dissuade Mr. Darcy from liking Elizabeth by ridiculing the Bennet family and criticising Elizabeth 's comportment . Miss Bingley also disapproves of her brother 's esteem for Jane Bennet , and is disdainful of society in Meryton . Her wealth and her expensive education seem to be the two greatest sources of Caroline Bingley 's vanity and conceit . The dynamic between Caroline Bingley and her sister , Louisa Hurst , seems to echo that of Lydia and Kitty Bennet 's ; that one is a no more than a follower of the other , with Caroline Bingley in the same position as Lydia , and Louisa Hurst in Kitty 's . George Wickham -- Wickham has been acquainted with Mr. Darcy since infancy , being the son of Mr. Darcy 's father 's steward . An officer in the militia , he is superficially charming and rapidly forms an attachment with Elizabeth Bennet . He later runs off with Lydia with no intention of marriage , which would have resulted in her complete disgrace , but for Darcy 's intervention to bribe Wickham to marry her by paying off his immediate debts . Mr. William Collins -- Mr. Collins , aged 25 years old as the novel begins , is Mr. Bennet 's distant second cousin , a clergyman , and the current heir presumptive to his estate of Longbourn House . He is an obsequious and pompous man who is excessively devoted to his patroness , Lady Catherine de Bourgh . Lady Catherine de Bourgh -- the overbearing aunt of Mr. Darcy . Lady Catherine is the wealthy owner of Rosings Park , where she resides with her daughter Anne and is fawned upon by her rector , Mr. Collins . She is haughty , pompous , domineering , and condescending , and has long planned to marry off her sickly daughter to Darcy , to ' unite their two great estates ' , claiming it to be the dearest wish of both her AND her late sister , Lady Anne Darcy ( née Fitzwilliam ) . Mr. Edward and Mrs. M Gardiner -- Edward Gardiner is Mrs. Bennet 's brother and a successful tradesman of sensible and gentlemanly character . Aunt Gardiner is genteel and elegant , and is close to her nieces Jane and Elizabeth . The Gardiners are instrumental in bringing about the marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth . Georgiana Darcy -- Georgiana is Mr. Darcy 's quiet , amiable ( and shy ) younger sister , with a dowry of £ 30,000 , and is aged barely 16 - years - old when the story begins . When still 15 , Miss Darcy almost eloped with Mr. Wickham , but was saved by her brother , whom she idolises . Thanks to years of tutorage under masters , she is accomplished at the piano , singing , playing the harp , and drawing , and modern languages , and is therefore described as Caroline Bingley 's idea of an `` accomplished woman '' . Charlotte Lucas -- Charlotte is Elizabeth 's friend who , at 27 years old ( and thus past prime marriage age ) , fears becoming a burden to her family and therefore agrees to marry Mr. Collins to gain financial security . Though the novel stresses the importance of love and understanding in marriage , Austen never seems to condemn Charlotte 's decision to marry for money . She uses Charlotte to convey how women of her time would adhere to society 's expectation for women to marry even if it is not out of love , but convenience . Charlotte is the daughter of Sir William Lucas and Lady Lucas , friends of Mrs. Bennet . A comprehensive web showing the relationships between the main characters in Pride and Prejudice Major themes ( edit ) Many critics take the novel 's title as a starting point when analysing the major themes of Pride and Prejudice ; however , Robert Fox cautions against reading too much into the title because commercial factors may have played a role in its selection . `` After the success of Sense and Sensibility , nothing would have seemed more natural than to bring out another novel of the same author using again the formula of antithesis and alliteration for the title . It should be pointed out that the qualities of the title are not exclusively assigned to one or the other of the protagonists ; both Elizabeth and Darcy display pride and prejudice . '' The title is very likely taken from a passage in Fanny Burney 's popular 1782 novel Cecilia , a novel Austen is known to have admired : The whole of this unfortunate business , '' said Dr Lyster , `` has been the result of PRIDE and PREJUDICE ... Yet this , however , remember : if to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you owe your miseries , so wonderfully is good and evil balanced , that to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you will also owe their termination ... ( capitalisation as in the original . ) A major theme in much of Austen 's work is the importance of environment and upbringing in developing young people 's character and morality . Social standing and wealth are not necessarily advantages in her world , and a further theme common to Austen 's work is ineffectual parents . In Pride and Prejudice , the failure of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet as parents is blamed for Lydia 's lack of moral judgment ; Darcy , on the other hand , has been taught to be principled and scrupulously honourable , but he is also proud and overbearing . Kitty , rescued from Lydia 's bad influence and spending more time with her older sisters after they marry , is said to improve greatly in their superior society . American novelist Anna Quindlen observed , in an introduction to an edition of Austen 's novel in 1995 : Pride and Prejudice is also about that thing that all great novels consider , the search for self . And it is the first great novel that teaches us this search is as surely undertaken in the drawing room making small talk as in the pursuit of a great white whale or the public punishment of adultery . Marriage ( edit ) The opening line of the novel famously announces : `` It is a truth universally acknowledged , that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife . '' This sets marriage as a central subject -- and really , a central problem -- for the novel generally . Readers are poised to question whether or not these single men are , in fact , in want of a wife , or if such desires are dictated by the `` neighbourhood '' families and their daughters who require a `` good fortune '' . Marriage is a complex social activity that takes political economy , and economy more generally , into account . In the case of Charlotte Lucas , for example , the seeming success of her marriage lies in the comfortable economy of their household , while the relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet serves to illustrate bad marriages based on an initial attraction and surface over substance ( economic and psychological ) . The Bennets ' marriage is one such example that the youngest Bennet , Lydia , will come to re-enact with Wickham , and the results are far from felicitous . Though the central characters , Elizabeth and Darcy , begin the novel as hostile acquaintances and unlikely friends , they eventually work to understand each other and themselves so that they can marry each other on compatible terms personally , even if their `` equal '' social status remains fraught . When Elizabeth rejects Darcy 's first proposal , the argument of only marrying when one is in love is introduced . Elizabeth only accepts Darcy 's proposal when she is certain she loves him and her feelings are reciprocated . Austen 's complex sketching of different marriages ultimately allows readers to question what forms of alliance are desirable , especially when it comes to privileging economic , sexual , companionate attraction . Wealth ( edit ) Money plays a key role in the marriage market , not only for the young ladies seeking a well - off husband , but also for men who wish to marry a woman of means . Two examples are George Wickham , who tried to elope with Georgiana Darcy , and Colonel Fitzwilliam . Marrying a woman of a rich family also ensured a linkage to a high family , as is visible in the desires of Bingley 's sisters to have their brother married to Georgiana Darcy . Mrs. Bennet is frequently seen encouraging her daughters to marry a wealthy man of high social class . In chapter 1 , when Mr. Bingley arrives , she declares `` I am thinking of his marrying one of them . '' Inheritance was by descent , but could be further restricted by entailment , which would restrict inheritance to male heirs only . In the case of the Bennet family , Mr. Collins was to inherit the family estate upon Mr. Bennet 's death and his proposal to Elizabeth would have ensured her future security . Nevertheless , she refuses his offer . Inheritance laws benefited males because most women did not have independent legal rights until the second half of the 19th century . As a consequence , women 's financial security at that time depended on men . For the upper - middle and aristocratic classes , marriage to a man with a reliable income was almost the only route to security for the woman and her future children . The irony of the novel 's opening line , therefore , is that generally within this society it would be a woman who would be looking for a wealthy husband in order to have prosperous life . Class ( edit ) Lady Catherine and Elizabeth by C.E. Brock , 1895 Lady Catherine confronts Elizabeth about Darcy , on the title page of the first illustrated edition . This is the other of the first two illustrations of the novel . Austen might be known now for her `` romances , '' but the marriages that take place in her novels engage with economics and class distinction . Pride and Prejudice is hardly the exception . When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth , he cites their economic and social differences as an obstacle his excessive love has had to overcome , though he still anxiously harps on the problems it poses for him within his social circle . His aunt , Lady Catherine , later characterises these differences in particularly harsh terms when she conveys what Elizabeth 's marriage to Darcy will become : `` Will the shades of Pemberley be thus polluted ? '' Though Elizabeth responds to Lady Catherine 's accusations that hers is a potentially contaminating economic and social position ( Elizabeth even insists she and Darcy are `` equals '' ) , Lady Catherine refuses to accept Darcy 's actual marriage to Elizabeth even as the novel closes . Meanwhile , the Bingleys present a particular problem for navigating social class . Though Caroline Bingley and Mrs. Hurst behave and speak of others as if they have always belonged in the upper echelons of society , Austen makes a point to explain that the Bingleys acquired their wealth by trade rather than through the gentry 's and aristocracy 's methods of inheritance and making money off their tenants as landlords . The fact that Bingley rents Netherfield Hall -- it is , after all , `` to let '' -- distinguishes him significantly from Darcy , whose estate belonged to his father 's family , and who , through his mother , is the grandson and nephew of an Earl . Bingley , unlike Darcy , does not own his property , but has portable and growing wealth that makes him a good catch on the marriage market for poorer daughters of the gentility , like Jane Bennet , ambitious cits ( merchant class ) , etc . Class plays a central role in the evolution of the characters , and Jane Austen 's radical approach to class is seen as the plot unfolds . In addition , there is an undercurrent of the old Anglo - Norman upper class hinted at in the story , as suggested by the names of Fitzwilliam Darcy and his aunt , Lady Catherine de Bourgh ; Fitzwilliam , D'Arcy , and de Bourgh ( Burke ) are all traditional Norman surnames . Self knowledge ( edit ) Through their interactions and their critiques of each other , Darcy and Elizabeth come to recognise their own faults and work to correct them . Elizabeth meditates on her own mistakes thoroughly in chapter 36 : `` How despicably have I acted ! '' she cried ; `` I , who have prided myself on my discernment ! I , who have valued myself on my abilities ! who have often disdained the generous candour of my sister , and gratified my vanity in useless or blameable distrust . How humiliating is this discovery ! yet , how just a humiliation ! Had I been in love , I could not have been more wretchedly blind . But vanity , not love , has been my folly . Pleased with the preference of one , and offended by the neglect of the other , on the very beginning of our acquaintance , I have courted prepossession and ignorance , and driven reason away , where either were concerned . Till this moment I never knew myself . '' Other characters rarely exhibit this depth of self - reflection -- or at least are not given the space within the novel for this sort of development . Tanner notes that Mrs. Bennet in particular , `` has a very limited view of the requirements of that performance ; lacking any introspective tendencies she is incapable of appreciating the feelings of others and is only aware of material objects . '' Mrs. Bennet 's behaviour reflects the society in which she lives , as she knows that her daughters will not succeed if they do n't get married : `` The business of her life was to get her daughters married : its solace was visiting and news . '' This proves that Mrs. Bennet is only aware of `` material objects '' and not of her own feelings and emotions . Style ( edit ) Pride and Prejudice , like most of Austen 's other works , employs the narrative technique of free indirect speech , which has been defined as `` the free representation of a character 's speech , by which one means , not words actually spoken by a character , but the words that typify the character 's thoughts , or the way the character would think or speak , if she thought or spoke '' . Austen creates her characters with fully developed personalities and unique voices . Though Darcy and Elizabeth are very alike , they are also considerably different . By using narrative that adopts the tone and vocabulary of a particular character ( in this case , Elizabeth ) , Austen invites the reader to follow events from Elizabeth 's viewpoint , sharing her prejudices and misapprehensions . `` The learning curve , while undergone by both protagonists , is disclosed to us solely through Elizabeth 's point of view and her free indirect speech is essential ... for it is through it that we remain caught , if not stuck , within Elizabeth 's misprisions . '' The few times the reader is allowed to gain further knowledge of another character 's feelings , is through the letters exchanged in this novel . Darcy 's first letter to Elizabeth is an example of this as through his letter , the reader and Elizabeth are both given knowledge of Wickham 's true character . Austen is known to use irony throughout the novel especially from viewpoint of the character of Elizabeth Bennet . She conveys the `` oppressive rules of femininity that actually dominate her life and work , and are covered by her beautifully carved trojan horse of ironic distance . '' . Beginning with a historical investigation of the development of a particular literary form and then transitioning into empirical verifications , it reveals Free Indirect Discourse as a tool that emerged over time as practical means for addressing the physical distinctness of minds . Seen in this way , Free Indirect Discourse is a distinctly literary response to an environmental concern , providing a scientific justification that does not reduce literature to a mechanical extension of biology , but takes its value to be its own original form . Development of the novel ( edit ) Page 2 of a letter from Jane Austen to her sister Cassandra ( 11 June 1799 ) in which she first mentions Pride and Prejudice , using its working title First Impressions . ( NLA ) Austen began writing the novel after staying at Goodnestone Park in Kent with her brother Edward and his wife in 1796 . It was originally titled First Impressions , and was written between October 1796 and August 1797 . On 1 November 1797 Austen 's father sent a letter to London bookseller Thomas Cadell to ask if he had any interest in seeing the manuscript , but the offer was declined by return post . The militia were mobilised after the French declaration of war on Britain in February 1793 , and there was initially a lack of barracks for all the militia regiments , requiring the militia to set up huge camps in the countryside , which the novel refers to several times . The Brighton camp for which the militia regiment leaves for in May after spending the winter in Meryton was opened in August 1793 , and the barracks for all the regiments of the militia were completed by 1796 , placing the events of the novel between 1793 and 1795 . Austen made significant revisions to the manuscript for First Impressions between 1811 and 1812 . As nothing remains of the original manuscript , we are reduced to conjecture . From the large number of letters in the final novel , it is assumed that First Impressions was an epistolary novel . She later renamed the story Pride and Prejudice around about 1811 / 1812 , which she sold the rights to publish the manuscript to Thomas Egerton for £ 110 ( equivalent to £ 6,724 in 2016 ) . In renaming the novel , Austen probably had in mind the `` sufferings and oppositions '' summarised in the final chapter of Fanny Burney 's Cecilia , called `` Pride and Prejudice '' , where the phrase appears three times in block capitals . It is possible that the novel 's original title was altered to avoid confusion with other works . In the years between the completion of First Impressions and its revision into Pride and Prejudice , two other works had been published under that name : a novel by Margaret Holford and a comedy by Horace Smith . Publication History ( edit ) Title page of a 1907 edition illustrated by C.E. Brock Austen sold the copyright for the novel to Thomas Egerton from the Military Library , Whitehall in exchange for £ 110 ( Austen had asked for £ 150 ) . This proved a costly decision . Austen had published Sense and Sensibility on a commission basis , whereby she indemnified the publisher against any losses and received any profits , less costs and the publisher 's commission . Unaware that Sense and Sensibility would sell out its edition , making her £ 140 , she passed the copyright to Egerton for a one - off payment , meaning that all the risk ( and all the profits ) would be his . Jan Fergus has calculated that Egerton subsequently made around £ 450 from just the first two editions of the book . Egerton published the first edition of Pride and Prejudice in three hardcover volumes on 27 January 1813 . It was advertised in The Morning Chronicle , priced at 18s . Favourable reviews saw this edition sold out , with a second edition published in November that year . A third edition was published in 1817 . Foreign language translations first appeared in 1813 in French ; subsequent translations were published in German , Danish , and Swedish . Pride and Prejudice was first published in the United States in August 1832 as Elizabeth Bennet or , Pride and Prejudice . The novel was also included in Richard Bentley 's Standard Novel series in 1833 . RW Chapman 's scholarly edition of Pride and Prejudice , first published in 1923 , has become the standard edition on which many modern published versions of the novel are based . The novel was originally published without Austen 's name . It was instead written `` By the Author of Sense and Sensibility '' . This carried responsibility for Austen , unlike when Sense and Sensibility was released as being written `` By A Lady '' . Reception ( edit ) Main article : Reception history of Jane Austen At first publication ( edit ) The novel was well received , with three favourable reviews in the first months following publication . Anne Isabella Milbanke , later to be the wife of Lord Byron , called it `` the fashionable novel '' . Noted critic and reviewer George Henry Lewes declared that he `` would rather have written Pride and Prejudice , or Tom Jones , than any of the Waverley Novels '' . Charlotte Brontë , however , in a letter to Lewes , wrote that Pride and Prejudice was a disappointment , `` a carefully fenced , highly cultivated garden , with neat borders and delicate flowers ; but ... no open country , no fresh air , no blue hill , no bonny beck '' . Late 19th to 21st centuries ( edit ) You could not shock her more than she shocks me , Beside her Joyce seems innocent as grass . It makes me most uncomfortable to see An English spinster of the middle class Describe the amorous effects of ' brass ' , Reveal so frankly and with such sobriety The economic basis of society . W.H. Auden ( 1937 ) on Austen In 2003 the BBC conducted a poll for the `` UK 's Best - Loved Book '' in which Pride and Prejudice came second , behind The Lord of the Rings . In a 2008 survey of more than 15,000 Australian readers , Pride and Prejudice came first in a list of the 101 best books ever written . The 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice on 28 January 2013 was celebrated around the globe by media networks such as the Huffington Post , The New York Times , and The Daily Telegraph , among others . Adaptations ( edit ) Film , television and Theatre ( edit ) See also : Jane Austen in popular culture -- Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice has engendered numerous adaptations . Some of the notable film versions include that of 1940 , starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier ( based in part on Helen Jerome 's 1936 stage adaptation ) and that of 2005 , starring Keira Knightley ( an Oscar - nominated performance ) and Matthew Macfadyen . Notable television versions include two by the BBC : a 1980 version starring Elizabeth Garvie and David Rintoul and the popular 1995 version , starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth . A 1936 stage version was created by Helen Jerome played at the St James 's Theatre in London , starring Celia Johnson and Hugh Williams . First Impressions was a 1959 Broadway musical version starring Polly Bergen , Farley Granger , and Hermione Gingold . In 1995 , a musical concept album was written by Bernard J. Taylor , with Claire Moore in the role of Elizabeth Bennet and Peter Karrie in the role of Mr. Darcy . A new stage production , Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice , The New Musical , was presented in concert on 21 October 2008 in Rochester , New York , with Colin Donnell as Darcy . The Swedish composer Daniel Nelson based his 2011 opera Stolthet och fördom on Pride and Prejudice . Literature ( edit ) Main article : List of literary adaptations of Pride and Prejudice The novel has inspired a number of other works that are not direct adaptations . Books inspired by Pride and Prejudice include the following : Mr. Darcy 's Daughters and The Exploits and Adventures of Miss Alethea Darcy by Elizabeth Aston ; Darcy 's Story ( a best seller ) and Dialogue with Darcy by Janet Aylmer ; Pemberley : Or Pride and Prejudice Continued and An Unequal Marriage : Or Pride and Prejudice Twenty Years Later by Emma Tennant ; The Book of Ruth by Helen Baker ( author ) ; Jane Austen Ruined My Life and Mr. Darcy Broke My Heart by Beth Pattillo ; Precipitation -- A Continuation of Miss Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice by Helen Baker ( author ) ; Searching for Pemberley by Mary Simonsen and Mr. Darcy Takes a Wife and its sequel Darcy & Elizabeth : Nights and Days at Pemberly by Linda Berdoll . In Gwyn Cready 's comedic romance novel , Seducing Mr. Darcy , the heroine lands in Pride and Prejudice by way of magic massage , has a fling with Darcy and unknowingly changes the rest of the story . Abigail Reynolds is the author of seven Regency - set variations on Pride and Prejudice . Her Pemberley Variations series includes Mr. Darcy 's Obsession , To Conquer Mr. Darcy , What Would Mr. Darcy Do and Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy : The Last Man in the World . Her modern adaptation , The Man Who Loved Pride and Prejudice , is set on Cape Cod . Helen Fielding 's 1996 novel Bridget Jones 's Diary is also based on Pride and Prejudice and spawned a feature film of the same name , released in 2001 . In March 2009 , Quirk Books released Pride and Prejudice and Zombies , which takes Austen 's actual , original work and mashes it up with zombie hordes , cannibalism , ninja and ultraviolent mayhem . In March 2010 , Quirk Books published a prequel that deals with Elizabeth Bennet 's early days as a zombie hunter , Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls . In 2016 , a movie of the aforementioned contemporary literature adaptation was released starring Lily James and Matt Smith . In 2011 , author Mitzi Szereto expanded on the novel in Pride and Prejudice : Hidden Lusts , a historical sex parody that parallels the original plot and writing style of Jane Austen . Marvel has also published their take on this classic by releasing a short comic series of five issues that stays true to the original storyline . The first issue was published on 1 April 2009 and was written by Nancy Hajeski . It was published as a graphic novel in 2010 with artwork by Hugo Petrus . Pamela Aidan is the author of a trilogy of books telling the story of Pride and Prejudice from Mr. Darcy 's point of view : Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman . The books are An Assembly Such as This , Duty and Desire and These Three Remain . Detective novel author P.D. James has written a book titled Death Comes to Pemberley , which is a murder mystery set six years after Elizabeth and Darcy 's marriage . Sandra Lerner 's sequel to Pride and Prejudice , Second Impressions , develops the story and imagined what might have happened to the original novel 's characters . It is written in the style of Austen after extensive research into the period and language and published in 2011 under the pen name of Ava Farmer . Jo Baker 's 2013 novel Longbourn imagines the lives of the servants of Pride and Prejudice . In the novel Eligible , Curtis Sittenfeld sets the characters of Pride and Prejudice in modern - day Cincinnati , where the Bennet parents , erstwhile Cincinnati social climbers , have fallen on hard times . Elizabeth , a successful and independent New York journalist , and her single older sister Jane must intervene to salvage the family 's financial situation and get their unemployed adult sisters to move out of the house and onward in life . In the process they encounter Chip Bingley , a young doctor and reluctant reality TV celebrity , and his medical school classmate , Fitzwilliam Darcy , a cynical neurosurgeon . Pride and Prejudice has also inspired works of scientific writing . In 2010 , scientists named a pheromone identified in male mouse urine darcin , after Mr. Darcy , because it strongly attracted females . In 2016 , a scientific paper published in the Journal of Inherited Metabolic Diseases speculated that Mrs. Bennet may have been a carrier of a rare genetic disease , explaining why the Bennets did n't have any sons , and why some of the Bennet sisters are so silly . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monstersandcritics.com '' . Monstersandcritics.com. 7 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Austen , Jane ( 1993 ) . Pride and Prejudice . Hertfordshire : Wordsworth Editions Limited . ISBN 9781853260001 . Jump up ^ Janet M. Todd ( 2005 ) , Books.Google.com , Jane Austen in Context , Cambridge University Press p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Tauchert , Ashley ( 2003 ) . `` Mary Wollstonecraft and Jane Austen : ' Rape ' and ' Love ' as ( Feminist ) Social Realism and Romance '' . Women . Oxford , England . 14 ( 2 ) : 144 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ No love for Lydia : The fate of desire in Pride and Prejudice Allen DW 1985 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Feminist Heroine : Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice '' by Hui - Chun Chang , International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature , vol. 3 , no . 3 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Fox , Robert C. ( September 1962 ) . `` Elizabeth Bennet : Prejudice or Vanity ? '' . Nineteenth - Century Fiction . University of California Press . 17 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 187 . doi : 10.2307 / 2932520 . JSTOR 2932520 . ^ Jump up to : Dexter , Gary ( 10 August 2008 ) . `` How Pride And Prejudice got its name '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Burney , Fanny ( 1782 ) . Cecilia : Or , Memoirs of an Heiress . T. Payne and son and T. Cadell . pp. 379 -- 380 . ^ Jump up to : Pinion , FB ( 1973 ) . A Jane Austen . Companion . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 12489 - 8 . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane . Pride and Prejudice , Ch 61 . Jump up ^ Quindlen , Anna ( 1995 ) . `` Introduction '' . Pride and Prejudice . New York : Modern Library . p. vii . ISBN 0 - 679 - 60168 - 6 . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane . Pride and Prejudice , Ch 1 . Jump up ^ Gao , Haiyan ( February 2013 ) . `` Jane Austen 's Ideal Man in Pride and Prejudice '' . Theory and Practice in Language Studies : 384 -- 388 -- via ProQuest Literature Online . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane ( 1813 ) . Pride and Prejudice . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Chung , Ching - Yi ( July 2013 ) . `` Gender and class oppression in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice '' . IRWLE. 9 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Michie , Elsie B. `` Social Distinction in Jane Austen , Pride and Prejudice , 1813 , edited by Donald Gray and Mary A. Favret , fourth Norton critical edition ( 2016 ) . pp. 370 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Tony ( 1986 ) . Knowledge and Opinion : Pride and Prejudice . Macmillan Education Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 0333323173 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane ( 2016 ) . Pride and Prejudice . W.W. Norton & Company Inc. p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 26488 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Tony ( 1986 ) . Knowledge and Opinion : Pride and Prejudice . Macmillan Education Ltd. p. 124 . ISBN 0333323173 -- via JSTOR . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Robert ( 2003 ) . Jane Austen . Writers and Their Work . Tavistock : Northcote House in association with the British Council . ISBN 0 - 7463 - 0876 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baker , Amy . `` Caught In The Act Of Greatness : Jane Austen 's Characterization Of Elizabeth And Darcy By Sentence Structure In Pride and Prejudice . '' Explicator 72.3 ( 2014 ) : 169 -- 178 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 16 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Angus ( 2013 ) . `` A Scientific Justification for Literature : Jane Austen 's Free Indirect Style as Ethical Tool '' . Journal of Narrative Theory : JNT. 43 : 13 -- via Literature Online . Jump up ^ `` History of Goodnestone '' . Goodnestone Park Gardens . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Le Faye , Deidre ( 2002 ) . Jane Austen : The World of Her Novels . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3285 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Pat , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Jane Austen : Pride and Prejudice . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82514 - 6 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 page 57 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ This theory is defended in `` Character and Caricature in Jane Austen '' by DW Harding in Critical Essays on Jane Austen ( BC Southam Edition , London 1968 ) and Brian Southam in Southam , B.C. ( 2001 ) . Jane Austen 's literary manuscripts : a study of the novelist 's development through the surviving papers ( New ed . ) . London : the Athlone press / Continuum . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 9780826490704 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Robert Jane Austen , London : Routledge , 2005 page 56 . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , Fiona ( 2004 ) . `` Notes on the Text '' . Pride and Prejudice . Oxford World 's Classics ( ed . James Kinley ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280238 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Fergus , Jan ( 1997 ) . `` The professional woman writer '' . In Copeland , E. ; McMaster , J. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 49867 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Anniversaries of 2013 '' . Daily Telegraph . 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Cossy , Valérie ; Saglia , Diego ( 2005 ) . Todd , Janet , ed . Translations . Jane Austen in Context . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82644 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tandon , Bharat ( 2003 ) . Jane Austen and the Morality of Conversation . Anthem Press . p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Southam , B.C. ( ed ) ( 1995 ) . Jane Austen : The Critical Heritage . 1 . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 13456 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read -- Top 100 Books '' . May 2003 . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie readers vote Pride and Prejudice best book '' . thewest.com.au . Jump up ^ `` 200th Anniversary of Pride And Prejudice : A HuffPost Books Austenganza '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Austen Fans to Celebrate 200 Years of Pride and Prejudice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Jane Austen celebrated on 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice publication '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` ' Pride and Prejudice ' 200th Anniversary '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Queensbridge Publishing : Pride and Prejudice 200th Anniversary Edition by Jane Austen '' . queensbridgepublishing.com . Jump up ^ `` TED Talks to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice '' . TED Blog . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily . `` Happy 200th Birthday , Pride & Prejudice ... and Happy Sundance , Too : The writer / director of the Sundance hit ' Austenland ' talks to TIME about why we still love Mr. Darcy centuries years later '' . Time . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Pride and Prejudice ( 2005 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` ' ' First Impressions ' ' the Broadway Musical '' . Janeaustensworld.wordpress.com. 6 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Pride and Prejudice ' ' ( 1995 ) '' . Bernardjtaylor.com . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PRIDE AND PREJUDICE , the Musical '' . prideandprejudicemusical.com . Jump up ^ Stolthet och fördom / Pride and Prejudice ( 2011 ) , work details Jump up ^ `` Abigail Reynolds Author Page '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( April 2009 ) . `` Pride and Prejudice , Now with Zombies '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Quirkclassics.com '' . Quirkclassics.com . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel.com '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Aidan , Pamela . An Assembly Such as This . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9134 - 7 . Jump up ^ Aidan , Pamela . Duty and Desire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9728529 - 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Aidan , Pamela . These Three Remain . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9137 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hislop , Victoria . `` Death Comes to Pemberley : Amazon.co.uk : Baroness P.D. James : 9780571283576 : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Ava ( 2011 ) . Second Impressions . Chawton , Hampshire , England : Chawton House Press . ISBN 1613647506 . Jump up ^ Baker , Jo ( 8 October 2013 ) . Longbourn . Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0385351232 . Jump up ^ Sittenfeld , Curtis ( 19 April 2016 ) . Eligible . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1400068326 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sarah A. ; Simpson , Deborah M. ; Armstrong , Stuart D. ; Davidson , Amanda J. ; Robertson , Duncan H. ; McLean , Lynn ; Beynon , Robert J. ; Hurst , Jane L. ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Darcin : a male pheromone that stimulates female memory and sexual attraction to an individual male 's odour '' . BMC biology . 8 : 75 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7007 - 8 - 75 . ISSN 1741 - 7007 . PMC 2890510 . PMID 20525243 . Jump up ^ Stern , William ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Pride and protein '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 39 ( 2 ) : 321 -- 324 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 015 - 9908 - 7 . ISSN 1573 - 2665 . PMID 26743057 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pride and Prejudice . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Pride and Prejudice Download as ePub from Wikisource Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pride and Prejudice Digital resources relating to Jane Austen from the British Library 's Discovering Literature website Pride and Prejudice ( Chapman edition ) at Project Gutenberg Annotated HTML hypertext of Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice public domain audiobook at LibriVox Jane Austen portal Literature portal Novels portal Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice Characters Bennet family Elizabeth Bennet Fitzwilliam Darcy William Collins Lady Catherine de Bourgh Mr. Wickham Films Pride and Prejudice ( 1940 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Pride & Prejudice : A Latter - Day Comedy ( 2003 ) Bride and Prejudice ( 2004 film ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Television Pride and Prejudice ( 1958 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1967 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) Trishna ( 1985 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1995 ) Lost in Austen ( 2008 ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2013 ) Novels Darcy 's Story ( 1995 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Mr. Darcy 's Daughters ( 2003 ) Fitzwilliam Darcy , Gentleman An Assembly Such as This ( 2003 ) Duty and Desire ( 2004 ) These Three Remain ( 2005 ) Austenland ( 2007 ) Love , Lies and Lizzie ( 2009 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2009 parody ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls ( 2010 parody ) Death Comes to Pemberley ( 2011 ) Other First Impressions ( 1959 musical ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1993 musical ) `` Beyond a Joke '' ( 1997 ) Stolthet och fördom ( 2011 opera ) The Lizzie Bennet Diaries ( 2012 web series ) Austenland ( 2013 film ) See also Pride & Prejudice ( soundtrack ) Pemberley List of literary adaptations Jane Austen Timeline Works Major Sense and Sensibility ( 1811 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) Mansfield Park ( 1814 ) Emma ( 1815 ) Northanger Abbey ( 1817 ) Persuasion ( 1817 ) Minor Lady Susan Sanditon ( unfinished ) The Watsons ( unfinished ) Plan of a Novel Juvenilia Love and Freindship The Beautifull Cassandra The History of England Catherine , or The Bower Places Jane Austen Centre Jane Austen 's House Museum Chawton House Chawton House Library People Cassandra Austen Charles Austen Francis Austen Henry Thomas Austen Edward Austen Knight Edward Knight George Thomas Knight Henry Knight Eliza Hancock Catherine Hubback Thomas Langlois Lefroy Martha Lloyd Analysis Janeite Jane Austen in popular culture Styles and themes of Jane Austen Georgian society in Jane Austen 's novels Reception history of Jane Austen A Memoir of Jane Austen Book Portal BNF : cb11960594n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_and_Prejudice&oldid=821966401 '' Categories : 1813 British novels British novels adapted into films Love stories Novels by Jane Austen Novels set in Hertfordshire Pride and Prejudice British novels adapted into plays Novels about nobility Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from January 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 17 : 24 . 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Question: when was the book pride and prejudice written