Red River of the south - wikipedia Red River of the south Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Red River . It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Red River ( Mississippi River ) . Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page . Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed . Red River Red River looking east , north of Bonham , Texas : Texas is to the right , Oklahoma is on the left , and the border between the two states runs along the south ( right ) bank of the river . Map of the Red River watershed Native name Bah'hatteno Other name ( s ) Rivière Rouge ( former French name ) Country United States States Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas and Louisiana Physical characteristics Main source Harmon County , Oklahoma 1,535 ft ( 468 m ) 34 ° 34 ′ 35 '' N 99 ° 57 ′ 54 '' W  /  34.57639 ° N 99.96500 ° W  / 34.57639 ; - 99.96500 River mouth Atchafalaya River 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W  / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Coordinates : 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W  / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Length 1,360 mi ( 2,190 km ) Discharge Location : mouth ; max and min at Alexandria , LA Minimum rate : 1,472 cu ft / s ( 41.7 m / s ) Average rate : 57,000 cu ft / s ( 1,600 m / s ) Maximum rate : 233,000 cu ft / s ( 6,600 m / s ) Basin features Basin size 65,595 sq mi ( 169,890 km ) The Red River , or sometimes the Red River of the South , is a major river in the southern United States of America . The river was named for the red - bed country of its watershed . It is one of several rivers with that name . Although it was once a tributary of the Mississippi River , the Red River is now a tributary of the Atchafalaya River , a distributary of the Mississippi that flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico . It is connected to the Mississippi River by the Old River Control Structure . The south bank of the Red River formed part of the US -- Mexico border from the Adams -- Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . The Red River is the second - largest river basin in the southern Great Plains . It rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows east , where it acts as the border between the states of Texas and Oklahoma . It forms a short border between Texas and Arkansas before entering Arkansas , turning south near Fulton , Arkansas , and flowing into Louisiana , where it flows into the Atchafalaya River . The total length of the river is 1,360 miles ( 2,190 km ) , with a mean flow of over 57,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,600 m / s ) at the mouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Course 1.2 Tributaries 2 Watershed 3 History 3.1 Native Americans 3.2 European - American exploration and settlement 3.3 Great Raft 3.4 Greer County debate 3.5 2015 Louisiana flood 4 Recreation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Course ( edit ) The Red River rises near the edge of the northwestern dip slope of the Llano Estacado mesa in two forks in northern Texas and southwestern Oklahoma . The North Fork Red River meets the southern and largest fork near the Texas -- Oklahoma border . The southern fork , which is about 120 miles ( 190 km ) long , is generally called the Prairie Dog Town Fork . It is formed in Randall County , Texas , near the county seat of Canyon , by the confluence of intermittent Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek . State Highway No. 78 Bridge at the Red River between Oklahoma and Texas , photographed on the Oklahoma side Crossing the Red River at the Texas -- Oklahoma border from I - 35 The Red River took a new channel near Natchitoches , Louisiana , and left behind Cane River Lake . The Red River turns and flows southeast through Palo Duro Canyon in Palo Duro Canyon State Park at an elevation of 3,440 feet ( 1,050 m ) , then past Newlin , Texas , to meet the Oklahoma state line . Past that point , it is generally considered the main stem of the Red River . Near Elmer , Oklahoma , the North Fork finally joins , and the river proceeds to follow a winding course east through one of the most arid parts of the Great Plains , receiving the Wichita River as it passes the city of Wichita Falls . Near Denison , the river exits the eastern end of Lake Texoma , a reservoir formed by the Denison Dam . The lake is also fed by the Washita River from the north . Point bars , abandoned meander loops , oxbow lakes in Lafayette and Miller counties , Arkansas After the river flows out of the southeastern end of the lake , it runs generally east towards Arkansas and receives Muddy Boggy Creek before turning southward near Texarkana . Soon after , the river crosses south into Louisiana . The sister cities of Shreveport and Bossier City were developed on either bank of the river , as were the downriver cities of Alexandria and Pineville . Where it is joined by the Ouachita River , its largest tributary , the river later broadens into a complex network of marshlands surrounding the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers . Its waters eventually discharge into the Atchafalaya River and flow eastward or southward into the Gulf of Mexico . In 1946 , the Red River flood spilled over into Pineville because of insufficient levee height and strength . However , the taller and stronger levee held in Alexandria . Willie E. Kees Jr. , the newly elected mayor of Pineville , worked to gain support for the Corps of Engineers to increase the height of the levee on the eastern side of the river to equal that in Alexandria . Tributaries ( edit ) Tributaries include the Little Red River , Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River , Salt Fork Red River , North Fork Red River , Pease River , Washita River , Kiamichi River , Little Wichita River , Little River , Sulphur River , Loggy Bayou ( through Lake Bistineau and Dorcheat Bayou ) as well as the Ouachita River ( also known as the Black River at that point ) not far ( at Acme , Louisiana ) from the mouth . Watershed ( edit ) The Red River 's watershed covers 65,590 square miles ( 169,900 km ) and is the southernmost major river system in the Great Plains . Its drainage basin is mostly in the states of Texas and Oklahoma , but also covers parts of Arkansas and Louisiana . Its basin is characterized by flat , fertile agricultural land , with only a few major cities . The drainage basin of the Red River is very arid and receives little precipitation . As a result , much of the river above the Texas -- Oklahoma border is intermittent , and until the river is past its great bend south in Arkansas , the flow varies widely . Most of the agriculture in the basin is sustained by groundwater , which is recharged with rainfall and riverflow . The lower course of the river flows through a series of marshes and swamps , where its flow is dramatically moderated . History ( edit ) Native Americans ( edit ) Native American cultures along the river were diverse , developing specialized adaptations to the many different environments . By the time of European contact , the eastern Piney Woods were dominated by the numerous historic tribes of the Caddoan Confederacy . They found plentiful game and fish , and also had good land for cultivating staple crops . The middle part of the Red River was dominated by Wichita and Tonkawa . This area was prairie , where Native Americans constructed portable and temporary tepees for housing . They practiced limited farming and followed game in seasonal , nomadic hunting cycles . The Plains division of the Lipan Apache dominated the western Red River area until the 18th century , when they were displaced by invading Comanche from the north . European - American Exploration and settlement ( edit ) Crossing the Red River near Granite , Oklahoma , 1921 . In 1806 , President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Red River Expedition to explore parts of the new lands of the Louisiana Purchase by traveling up the Red River . He said it was `` in truth , next to the Missouri , the most interesting water of the Mississippi '' , in a letter to William Dunbar . Having threaded the maze of bayous at the river 's confluence , and the `` Great Raft '' of lodged driftwood , the expedition , was stopped by the Spanish near what is now New Boston , Texas . In 1806 , Lieutenant Zebulon Pike , under orders to ascertain the source of the Red River , ascended the Arkansas River , made his way downstream on what turned out to be the Rio Grande , and was sent home by the Spanish authorities . A more successful exploration of the river 's upper reaches to both its sources was the 1852 expedition under Capt . Randolph Barnes Marcy , assisted by Brevet Capt . George B. McClellan . The latter was important as a general in the American Civil War . In April 1815 , Captain Henry Miller Shreve was the first person to bring a steamboat , the Enterprise , up the Red River . Fulton and Livingston , who claimed the exclusive right to navigate Louisiana waters by steamboat , sued Shreve in the District Court of New Orleans . The judge ruled that the monopoly claimed by the plaintiffs was illegal . That decision , along with a similar outcome in Gibbons v. Ogden freed navigation on every river , lake or harbor in the United States from interference by monopolies . When John Quincy Adams became Secretary of State in 1817 , one of his highest priorities was to negotiate the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase with Spain . He negotiated with the Spanish Minister to the United States , Luis de Onis , and finally concluded Adams -- Onis Treaty , also known as the Treaty of 1819 . The treaty defined the south bank of the river as the boundary between the United States and Spain . That boundary continued to be recognized when Mexico gained its independence from Spain , then again when Texas became independent from Mexico . It remained so until the United States Congress consented to the Red River Boundary Compact adopted by the states of Oklahoma and Texas , which set the jurisdictional boundary between Texas and Oklahoma at the vegetation line on the south bank , but left title of adjacent property owners at the south bank . In Louisiana , the area of present - day Natchitoches Parish was settled by French Creole and mixed - race Louisiana Creole people , starting before 1800 . The Cane River National Heritage Area marks this area of influence , with plantations and churches founded by Louisiana Creoles . Some of the sites are designated as destinations on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail , designed in the 21st century . For nearly 100 years after the American Civil War , some of the plantations were the center of a large African American and Creole community life , whose people lived and worked in this area for generations . The area along the lower Red River of Grant Parish , Louisiana , and neighboring parishes were a mixture of hill country and cotton plantations , with white planters and subsistence farmers , and numerous African American slaves working the plantations in the ante bellum years . It was an area of heated social tensions and insurgency during and after the Reconstruction era . Grant was a new parish created by the Reconstruction legislature , which was trying to increase Republican Party representation . In 1873 , Grant Parish was the site of the Colfax massacre , caused by the political tension and violence arising from the disputed 1872 gubernatorial election and efforts by local whites to keep white supremacy . White militias , organized from nearby parishes , killed more than 100 freedmen , some of whom had surrendered as prisoners . In 1874 , such militias organized as the White League in Grant Parish , and other chapters were soon founded across the state . The Coushatta Massacre was attributed to the White League , which attacked Republican officeholders to run them out of office . The paramilitary groups intimidated and terrorized freedmen to keep them from the polls , and by the late 1870s , conservative Democrats had retaken political control of the state . Great Raft ( edit ) Main article : Great Raft Red River , Texas In the early 19th century , settlers found that much of the river 's length in Louisiana was unnavigable because of a collection of fallen trees that formed a `` Great Raft '' over 160 miles ( 260 km ) long . Captain Henry Miller Shreve began clearing the log jam in 1839 . The log jam was not completely cleared until the 1870s , when dynamite became available . The river was thereafter navigable , but north of Natchitoches it was restricted to small craft . Removal of the raft further connected the Red and Atchafalaya rivers , accelerating the development of the Atchafalaya River channel . In the 20th century , the interest group known as the Red River Valley Association was formed to lobby the United States Congress to make the river fully navigable between Alexandria and Shreveport , Louisiana . Leading supporters of the longstanding project were Louisiana Democratic senators Allen J. Ellender , J. Bennett Johnston and Russell B. Long , the Fourth District Congressman Joe Waggonner , and the late Shreveport Mayor Calhoun Allen . With the completion of the project , a lock system constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers allowed navigation of barge traffic as far north as Shreveport . Greer County debate ( edit ) Specialists debate whether the North Fork or the Prairie Dog Town Fork is the true stem . Because of a cartographic error , the land between the north and south forks was claimed by both the state of Texas and the United States federal government . Randolph B. Marcy 's expedition followed the Prairie Dog Town Fork in 1852 . Originally called Greer County , Texas , the US Supreme Court ruled that it belonged to the United States , which at the time oversaw the Oklahoma Territory . That territory was later incorporated into the state of Oklahoma , whose southern border now follows the south fork . Today , the southern Prairie Dog Town Fork is considered the main fork , though the North Fork is as long and normally has a greater water flow . 2015 Louisiana flood ( edit ) In June 2015 , the Red River flooded parts of northeast Texas , southwest Arkansas , and Louisiana , from New Boston , Texas , to just south of Alexandria , Louisiana . Recreation ( edit ) Red River LA 2 Bridge , not the Jimmie Davis Bridge , atop the Red River between Bossier and Caddo parishes near Shreveport Popular pedestrian walkway along the Red River in Alexandria , Louisiana In 1943 , Denison Dam was built on the Red River to form Lake Texoma , a large reservoir of 89,000 acres ( 360 km ) , some 70 miles ( 110 km ) north of Dallas . Other reservoirs on the river 's tributaries serve as flood control . See also ( edit ) List of Arkansas rivers List of longest main - stem rivers in the United States List of Louisiana rivers List of Oklahoma rivers List of Texas rivers Great Raft North Fork Red River Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River Red River Bridge War Red River Campaign , 1864 , during the American Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 Adams -- Onís Treaty Red River Shootout , the annual college football game between the University of Texas Longhorns and the University of Oklahoma Sooners . Little Red River ( Texas ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caddo name . Meredith , Howard . `` Caddo ( Kadohadacho ) . '' Archived 2010 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Oklahoma Historical Society 's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved 9 Sept 2012 ) Jump up ^ Tyson , Carl N. The Red River in Southwestern History . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1659 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Benke , Arthur ; Colbert Cushing ( 2005 ) . River of North America . Academic Press . p. 1144 . ISBN 9780120882533 . Jump up ^ John Miller Morris , El Llano Estacado : Exploration and Imagination on the High Plains , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Piazza , Bryan P ( 2014 ) . The Atchafalaya River Basin : History and Ecology of an American Wetland . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 039 - 3 . Jump up ^ Frederick Marcel Spletstoser ( 2005 ) . Talk of the Town : The Rise of Alexandria , Louisiana , and the Daily Town Talk . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . pp. 125 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2934 - 8 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jefferson to Dunbar , 25 May 1805 , quoted in T. Lindsay Baker , ed. , The Texas Red River country : the official surveys of the headwaters , 1876 , 1998 : `` Foreword '' , v , and in D.L. Flores , `` The Ecology of the Red River in 1806 : Peter Custis and Early '' The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 88 ,. 1 , ( July 1984 ) . Jump up ^ R.B. Marcy , Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana : in the year 1852 ... with Reports on the Natural History of the Country , Washington , 1853 . ^ Jump up to : Harbour , Emma Estill . `` A Brief History of the Red River County since 1803 . Chronicles of Oklahoma . Vol. 16 . No. 1 . March 1938 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/with-homes-underwater-in-louisiana-recovery-teams-head-out/ar-BBkYtRO?ocid=mailsignout Jump up ^ `` Bridgehunter.com Red River of the South '' . bridgehunter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Red River of the South . Randolph Marcy , Exploration of the Red River , 1852 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History Red River from the Handbook of Texas Online U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Red River Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Red River Compact Commission . `` U.S. Supreme Court Ruling Leaves Texas High And Dry . '' Geology Red River Valley - Engineering Geology Mapping Program PDF files of publications about and maps of the geology of the Red River Valley Autin , W.J. , and C.E. Pearson , 1993 , Quaternary Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Lower Red River Valley : Friends of the Pleistocene South Central Cell 11 th Annual Field Conference Alexandria , Louisiana March 26 - 28 , 1993 . Friends of the Pleistocene South Central Cell and Louisiana Geological Survey , Baton Rouge , Louisiana . 183 p . VIAF : 247749245 GND : 4267240 - 5 BNF : cb12011209j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_River_of_the_South&oldid=819216992 '' Categories : Red River of the South Tributaries of the Mississippi River Rivers of Arkansas Rivers of Louisiana Rivers of Oklahoma Rivers of Texas Borders of Texas Borders of Oklahoma Borders of Arkansas Rivers of Desha County , Arkansas Rivers of Arkansas County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Lincoln County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Jefferson County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Pulaski County , Arkansas Rivers of Perry County , Arkansas Rivers of Faulkner County , Arkansas Rivers of Conway County , Arkansas Rivers of Yell County , Arkansas Rivers of Logan County , Arkansas Rivers of Pope County , Arkansas Rivers of Johnson County , Arkansas Rivers of Franklin County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Sebastian County , Arkansas Rivers of Crawford County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Randall County , Texas Bodies of water of Wichita County , Texas Bodies of water of Red River County , Texas Bodies of water of Avoyelles Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Bossier Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Caddo Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Concordia Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Grant Parish , Louisiana Rivers of Natchitoches Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Rapides Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Red River Parish , Louisiana Cane River National Heritage Area Natchitoches , Louisiana Shreveport , Louisiana Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 03 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: where does the red river start and end in louisiana


Identity documents in the United States - wikipedia Identity documents in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Identity documents in the United States are typically the regional state - issued drivers license or identity card , while also the Social Security card ( or just the Social Security number ) and the United States Passport Card may serve as national identification . The United States passport itself also may serve as identification . However there is no official `` national identity card '' in the United States , in the sense that there is no federal agency with nationwide jurisdiction that directly issues an identity document to all US citizens for mandatory regular use . There have been proposals to nationalize ID cards , as currently citizens are identified by a patchwork of documents issued by both the federal government as well as individual state and local governments . It is both a political issue and a practical one , and the idea of federalism is cited as supporting federated ( regional ) identification . All legislative attempts to create a national identity card have failed due to tenacious opposition from liberal and conservative politicians alike , who regard the national identity card as the mark of a totalitarian society . At present , the only national photo identity documents are the passport and passport card , which are issued by the U.S. Department of State to U.S. nationals only upon voluntary application . Issuance of these documents is discretionary - that is , for various reasons , the State Department can refuse an application for a passport or passport card . The driver 's license , which is issued by each individual state , operates as the de facto national identity card due to the ubiquity of driving in the United States . Each state also issues a non-driver state identity card which fulfills the same identification functions as the driver 's license , but does not permit the operation of a motor vehicle . Social Security cards have federal jurisdiction but can not verify identity . They verify only the match between a given name and a Social Security Number ( SSN ) and were intended only for use in complying with Social Security payroll tax laws . They now are used in a wider scope of activities , such as for obtaining credit and other regulated financial services in banking and investments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Birth certificate 2 Social Security card 3 State - issued driver 's license / ID card 4 Passport & Passport Card 4.1 Passport card 5 Department of Defense Identification Card 6 Other identity documents 7 References Birth certificate ( edit ) The birth certificate is the initial identification document issued to parents shortly after the birth of their child . The birth certificate is typically issued by local governments , usually the city or county where a child is born . It is an important record , often called a `` feeder document , '' because it establishes U.S. citizenship through birthright citizenship , which is then used to obtain , or is the basis for , all other identity documents . By itself , the birth certificate is usually only considered proof of citizenship but not proof of identity , since it is issued without a photograph at birth , containing no identifying features . A birth certificate is normally produced along with proof of identity , such as a driver 's license or the testimony of a third party ( such as a parent ) , to establish identity or entitlement to a service . A child born abroad to two U.S. citizen parents , or one citizen parent and one non-citizen , also typically has citizenship from birth . Such births are registered with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate . If the embassy or consulate determines the child acquired citizenship at birth , it issues a Consular Report of Birth Abroad , also known as Form FS - 240 . A birth certificate will also be issued locally in the country where the child was born . The consular report is proof of U.S. citizenship and may be used to obtain a passport for the child and register the child for school , among other purposes . Social Security card ( edit ) SSN Card with Not For Identification Purposes tagline The social security card is a card issued by the Social Security Administration containing a person 's Social Security number ( SSN ) . Although it is not mandatory , in modern practice parents almost universally file for a Social Security number shortly after the birth of a child . In the absence of a national identity card ( and concordant national identity number ) , the Social Security number has become the de facto national identifier for a large variety of purposes , both governmental and non-governmental . The SSN was originally intended to ensure accurate reporting of a worker 's taxes towards the Social Security program . Prior to 1986 , it was common to apply for a SSN when a person was in their teens . Since 1986 , a series of decisions undertaken by the IRS have led to parents applying for their child 's SSN at birth for tax purposes . Because their original purpose was so limited , Social Security cards were not designed with the rigorous security measures normally expected of identity documents . They do not have a photograph or physical description of the bearer , nor are they required to be renewed . Therefore , the social security card is not usually considered proof of identity , only proof that the person named on the card holds the number indicated on the card . It is normally used in conjunction with other documents , most notably a photo ID , to prove that the person holding the card is legally present in the US and has the right to work in the US ( unless the card is marked with a restriction ) . Many organizations , universities , and corporations historically used SSNs to uniquely identify their customer or student populations , but have since yielded to public demand that the SSN be reserved for government and credit purposes . Instead , they assign their own unique numbers to persons at first contact and request SSNs only when absolutely necessary . Also , several states have passed laws that require such institutions to assign their own identifier numbers to individuals , and prohibit them from using the SSN as a primary key . State - issued driver 's license / ID card ( edit ) A driver 's license is issued by each state 's DMV , which is required to drive . Each state 's DMV also issues a nearly - identical `` non-driver identification card '' to identify persons who are unable or do not want to drive , which is typically treated like a driver 's license for all purposes , except for proving that a person has the right to drive . Driver 's licenses are not just used to verify driving privileges , such as in the purchase of automobile insurance or during a police traffic stop , but also serve as the primary form of identity for American adults . They are widely used by both government entities and private businesses to verify identity or age , such as in entering secure government facilities , boarding a commercial airliner , business transactions , or in the purchase of age - restricted items such as alcoholic beverages or cigarettes . Their prevalence is such that a request for identification is commonly phrased as a request to see one 's driver 's license . Driver 's licenses issued in any state are recognized as valid identity documents in all other states under a variety of legal principles like comity and the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution . However , if a person permanently moves to another state as a resident , state laws usually give a period of time , such as 60 days , in which a person must surrender his out - of - state license for the license of his new home state . Although most American adults carry their driver 's license at all times when they are outside their homes , there is typically no legal requirement that they must be carrying their license when not operating a vehicle . However , the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that states are permitted to require people to truthfully state their name when a police officer asks them ; about half of the states have enacted some variant of stop and identify statutes requiring compliance with such police inquiries . Furthermore , in some states , like California , failure to produce an identification document upon citation for any traffic infraction ( such as riding a bicycle on the wrong side of a street ) is sufficient justification for full custodial arrest . Previous to 2005 , each state designed their own driver 's license according to their own standards . In 2005 , the U.S. Congress passed a controversial bill known as the REAL ID Act which established uniform standards for the design and content of state driver 's licenses and delegated authority to the Department of Homeland Security to implement and regulate compliance with the Act . One of the more - controversial aspects of the Act was that it requires all the underlying state databases be linked into a single national database . Passport & passport card ( edit ) Main articles : United States passport and Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative United States passports are issued by the U.S. Department of State . Applications for passports are most often filed at United States Postal Service offices or local county or municipal clerk 's offices . For many years , passports were not required for U.S. citizens to re-enter from countries near the United States ( including Canada , Mexico , Bermuda , and most Caribbean and Central American nations . ) In light of this , and given the country 's immense size and the great distances which the average citizen lives from an international border , passport possession in the United States had remained relatively low . Indeed , most Americans normally did not obtain passports or carry them regularly unless traveling abroad , and as of 2006 , only 60 million ( 20 % of Americans ) had passports . As of 2011 , approximately 37 % of Americans have passports or passport cards . However , in response to recommendations in the 9 / 11 Commission Report , the U.S. Department of Homeland Security now requires proof of citizenship for people entering the United States from neighboring countries . This requirement is known as the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative , and was implemented in stages : On January 23 , 2007 , a passport , U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Mariner 's Document , or NEXUS card became mandatory when re-entering from those locations when traveling by air , with a few exceptions . On January 31 , 2008 , officers at land and sea ports of entry stopped taking oral declarations of citizenship from travelers ; all individuals entering the U.S. are now required to present documentary proof of identity and citizenship . Beginning July 1 , 2009 , people entering the United States by land or sea must present a passport , passport card , or other document proving citizenship or permanent resident status . By law , an unexpired U.S. passport ( or passport card ) is conclusive proof of U.S. citizenship and has the same force and effect as proof of United States citizenship as certificates of naturalization or of citizenship , if issued to a U.S. citizen for the full period allowed by law . Passport card ( edit ) United States of America Passport Card ( Front ) United States of America Passport Card ( Back ) The main purpose of the U.S. passport card is to provide a more convenient wallet - sized identity and travel document for citizens who want to carry an official federal ID and for those who live near a land border . It can be used for land and sea travel between the U.S. and Canada , Mexico , the Caribbean and Bermuda but can not be used for other countries or for international air travel . Other than these travel limitations , the passport card carries the same rights and privileges as the passport book . The passport card is also accepted as valid identification for domestic air travel inside the United States . When outside the United States and the above - mentioned countries , the passport card can be used as identification and proof of citizenship within a particular country , even though it is not valid for travel internationally ( i.e. , traveling from Germany to Switzerland / Austria / France / etc . ) . U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services has indicated that the U.S. Passport Card may be used in the Employment Eligibility Verification Form I - 9 ( form ) process . The passport card is considered a `` List A '' document that may be presented by newly hired employees during the employment eligibility verification process to show work authorized status . `` List A '' documents are those used by employees to prove both identity and work authorization when completing the Form I - 9 . Department of Defense identification card ( edit ) Main article : United States Uniformed Services Privilege and Identification Card Members of the Military and employees of the Department of Defense receive identity documents based on their status . A Geneva Conventions Identification Card ( called a Common Access Card or CAC ) is issued to Active Duty and Selected Reserve service members , DOD employees , and some contractors . Adult dependents of service members , retired service members , and members of the Inactive ready reserve receive a different kind of military ID that does not contain the smart card cryptographic chip that the Common Access Card has . A DOD identification card number usually matches the holder 's Social Security Number . But , on June 1 , 2011 , the DOD began phasing out use of the SSN to protect service members ' identities. ( 1 ) It was replaced with a 10 - digit DOD ID Number and a 12 - digit Benefits ID Number . Other identity documents ( edit ) In the absence of a national identity card , the typical adult in the United States often possesses a large number of documents issued by many different public and private entities to prove their identity . For citizens who acquire United States citizenship not by virtue of being born in the United States , the federal government issues a Certificate of U.S. Citizenship or Certificate of Naturalization , which are documents that function similarly to a birth certificate . These two documents , along with a U.S. passport , are by law one of the few primary documents for proving U.S. citizenship . These certificates are normally not carried on a day - to - day basis ; instead , they are used to procure other documents , such as a passport or driver 's license , which are then carried and used as a primary means of identification . The federal government also issues a variety of other documents and cards which can be used to establish identity . Immigration and travel documents such as the Green Card or a visa can be used to prove identity and the right to work in the United States ( if applicable ) . Trusted traveler cards are issued by US Customs and Border Protection to indicate participation in the NEXUS , SENTRI , or Global Entry programs used to facilitate expedited entry through customs . Within the marine trades ( and supporting trades thereof ) , the Transportation Worker Identification Credential provides unescorted access to secured port facilitates . Federal , state , and local governments and agencies typically issue identification cards for their employees . These cards can be used to prove identity outside of the workplace . Although there are varying degrees of acceptance , government workplace identification is generally seen as more trustworthy than workplace identification from a private company . A notable example is the Department of Defense 's Common Access Card , which functions as the military 's primary ID card . There are a variety of secondary documents used to establish identity . However , these documents are typically not accepted as a primary form of identification . They are typically only used to obtain a primary form of identification ( usually a driver 's license or passport ) , when other forms of identification have been lost or stolen , or as auxiliary documents in conjunction with a primary form of identification . These other documents include : Internal identification card issued by one 's employer , university , or school Voter 's registration card Native American tribal document Credit cards and debit cards Proof of professional certification ( for members of regulated professions ) Proof of automobile insurance card ( when driving ) Health insurance card issued by a private health insurance company , by Medicare , or by a government agency Library cards Membership cards issued by private clubs ( social , athletic , educational , alumni , etc . ) Membership cards ( called loyalty cards ) issued by private companies ( supermarkets , warehouse club stores , etc . ) Membership cards issued by professional organizations Membership cards issued by private associations Access documents issued by private or governmental organizations , such as a press pass , or a stage pass License documents issued by government organizations authorizing privileges other than driving , such as an amateur radio license or concealed firearm permit Utility bills , which are often used as proof of residence or address . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ G. David Garson , Public Information Technology and E-governance : Managing the Virtual State ( Sudbury , MA : Jones & Bartlett Publishers , 2006 ) , 171 . Jump up ^ The importance of the birth certificate as a document establishing entitlement to American citizenship arises from the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , whose first sentence is as follows : `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . '' Jump up ^ `` Birth of U.S. Citizens Abroad '' , '' U.S. Department of State -- Bureau of Consular Affairs , accessed March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Instructions for Employment Eligibility Verification '' ( USCIS Form I - 9 ) , US Department of Homeland Security , March 8 , 2013 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in the U.S. '' USA.gov . U.S. General Services Administration 's Technology Transformation Service . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ People v. McKay , 27 Cal . 4th 601 , 606 ( 2002 ) ( upholding conviction for methamphetamine possession ) and Cal . Vehicle Code 40302 ( a ) . The sole basis for stopping McKay was that he was riding his bicycle on the wrong side of a residential street ; California , like most other states , requires bicyclists to ride with the flow of vehicular traffic even though that increases their risk of being hit from behind by wayward vehicles . When McKay could not produce identification , he was arrested and searched . The officer found methamphetamine in McKay 's sock . Jump up ^ `` U.S. sticks with passport plan for travelers entering from Canada , Mexico '' . USA Today . September 2 , 2005 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Passports and International Travel '' . Jump up ^ http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/22/38/2705 22 USC 2705 Jump up ^ See `` Why ca n't I use a passport card to fly internationally ? '' at https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/apply-renew-passport/card.html Jump up ^ `` U.S. Passports & International Travel '' . Jump up ^ Driver 's License or Passports Preferred ID at Checkpoints , retrieved May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Passport Card Archived November 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` USCIS Informs The Public That New Passport Card Is Acceptable For Employment Eligibility Verification '' . USCIS . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identity_documents_in_the_United_States&oldid=832785567 '' Categories : Identity documents Law enforcement in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 00 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: where can i get a state issued id


Ventricular system - wikipedia Ventricular system Jump to : navigation , search Ventricular system The ventricular system accounts for the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid . Rotating 3D rendering of the four ventricles and connections . From top to bottom : Blue - Lateral ventricles Cyan - Interventricular foramina ( Monro ) Yellow - Third ventricle Red - Cerebral aqueduct ( Sylvius ) Purple - fourth ventricle Green - continuous with the central canal ( Apertures to subarachnoid space are not visible ) Details Identifiers Latin Ventriculi cerebri MeSH D002552 NeuroNames 2497 FMA 78447 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities ( ventricles ) in the brain , where the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) is produced . Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus , a network of ependymal cells involved in the production of CSF . The ventricular system is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord ( from the fourth ventricle ) allowing for the flow of CSF to circulate . All of the ventricular system and the central canal of the spinal cord are lined with ependyma , a specialised form of epithelium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Ventricles 1.2 Development 2 Function 2.1 Flow of cerebrospinal fluid 2.2 Protection of the brain 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References Structure ( edit ) Rotating 3D rendering of the four ventricles . The system comprises four ventricles : lateral ventricles right and left ( one for each hemisphere ) third ventricle fourth ventricle There are several foramina , openings acting as channels , that connect the ventricles . The interventricular foramina ( also called the foramina of Monro ) connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through which the cerebrospinal fluid can flow . Name From To interventricular foramina ( Monro ) lateral ventricles third ventricle cerebral aqueduct ( Sylvius ) third ventricle fourth ventricle median aperture ( Magendie ) fourth ventricle subarachnoid space via the cisterna magna right and left lateral aperture ( Luschka ) fourth ventricle subarachnoid space via the cistern of great cerebral vein Ventricles ( edit ) 3D rendering of ventricles ( lateral and anterior views ) . The four cavities of the human brain are called ventricles . The two largest are the lateral ventricles in the cerebrum ; the third ventricle is in the diencephalon of the forebrain between the right and left thalamus ; and the fourth ventricle is located at the back of the pons and upper half of the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain . The ventricles are concerned with the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid Development ( edit ) The structures of the ventricular system are embryologically derived from the neural canal , the centre of the neural tube . As the part of the primitive neural tube that will develop into the brainstem , the neural canal expands dorsally and laterally , creating the fourth ventricle , whereas the neural canal that does not expand and remains the same at the level of the midbrain superior to the fourth ventricle forms the cerebral aqueduct . The fourth ventricle narrows at the obex ( in the caudal medulla ) , to become the central canal of the spinal cord . In more detail , around the third week of development , the embryo is a three - layered disc . The embryo is covered on the dorsal surface by a layer of cells called ectoderm . In the middle of the dorsal surface of the embryo is a linear structure called the notochord . As the ectoderm proliferates , the notochord is dragged into the middle of the developing embryo . The notochord becomes a canal within the embryo known as the neural canal . As the brain develops , by the fourth week of embryological development several swellings have formed within the embryo around the canal , near where the head will develop . These swellings represent different components of the central nervous system , and are three in number : the prosencephalon , mesencephalon and rhombencephalon . These in turn divide into five sections . As these sections develop around the neural canal , the inner neural canal becomes known as primitive ventricles . These form the ventricular system of the brain : The neural stem cells of the developing brain , principally radial glial cells , line the developing ventricular system in a transient zone called the ventricular zone . The prosencephalon divides into the telencephalon , which forms the cortex of the developed brain , and the diencephalon . The ventricles contained within the telencephalon become the lateral ventricles , and the ventricles within the diencephalon become the third ventricle . The rhombencephalon divides into a metencephalon and myelencephalon . The ventricles contained within the rhombencephalon become the fourth ventricle , and the ventricles contained within the mesencephalon become the aqueduct of Sylvius . Separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles is the septum pellucidum : a thin , triangular , vertical membrane which runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix . During the third month of fetal development , a space forms between two septal laminae , known as the cave of septum pellucidum ( CSP ) , which is a marker for fetal neural maldevelopment . During the fifth month of development , the laminae start to close and this closure completes from about three to six months after birth . Fusion of the septal laminae is attributed to rapid development of the alvei of the hippocampus , amygdala , septal nuclei , fornix , corpus callosum and other midline structures . Lack of such limbic development interrupts this posterior - to - anterior fusion , resulting in the continuation of the CSP into adulthood . Function ( edit ) Flow of cerebrospinal fluid ( edit ) MRI showing flow of CSF The cerebrospinal fluid passes out through arachnoid villi into the venous sinuses of the skull . A schematic illustration of the venous sinuses surrounding the brain . The ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) which bathes and cushions the brain and spinal cord within their bony confines . CSF is produced by modified ependymal cells of the choroid plexus found in all components of the ventricular system except for the cerebral aqueduct and the posterior and anterior horns of the lateral ventricles . CSF flows from the lateral ventricles via the interventricular foramina into the third ventricle , and then the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct in the brainstem . From the fourth ventricle it can pass into the central canal of the spinal cord or into the subarachnoid cisterns via three small foramina : the central median aperture and the two lateral apertures . The fluid then flows around the superior sagittal sinus to be reabsorbed via the arachnoid granulations ( or arachnoid villi ) into the venous sinuses , after which it passes through the jugular vein and major venous system . CSF within the spinal cord can flow all the way down to the lumbar cistern at the end of the cord around the cauda equina where lumbar punctures are performed . The cerebral aqueduct between the third and fourth ventricles is very small , as are the foramina , which means that they can be easily blocked . Protection of the brain ( edit ) The brain and spinal cord are covered by the meninges , the three protective membranes of the tough dura mater , the arachnoid mater and the pia mater . The cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) within the skull and spine provides further protection and also buoyancy , and is found in the subarachnoid space between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater . The CSF that is produced in the ventricular system is also necessary for chemical stability , and the provision of nutrients needed by the brain . The CSF helps to protect the brain from jolts and knocks to the head and also provides buoyancy and support to the brain against gravity . ( Since the brain and CSF are similar in density , the brain floats in neutral buoyancy , suspended in the CSF . ) This allows the brain to grow in size and weight without resting on the floor of the cranium , which would destroy nervous tissue . Clinical significance ( edit ) The narrowness of the cerebral aqueduct and foramina means that they can become blocked , for example , by blood following a hemorrhagic stroke . As cerebrospinal fluid is continually produced by the choroid plexus within the ventricles , a blockage of outflow leads to increasingly high pressure in the lateral ventricles . As a consequence , this commonly leads in turn to hydrocephalus . Medically one would call this post-haemorrhagic acquired hydrocephalus , but is often referred to colloquially by the layperson as `` water on the brain '' . This is an extremely serious condition regardless of the cause of blockage . An endoscopic third ventriculostomy is a surgical procedure for the treatment of hydrocephalus in which an opening is created in the floor of the third ventricle using an endoscope placed within the ventricular system through a burr hole . This allows the cerebrospinal fluid to flow directly to the basal cisterns , thereby bypassing any obstruction . A surgical procedure to make an entry hole to access any of the ventricles is called a ventriculostomy . This is done to drain accumulated cerebrospinal fluid either through a temporary catheter or a permanent shunt . Other diseases of the ventricular system include inflammation of the membranes ( meningitis ) or of the ventricles ( ventriculitis ) caused by infection or the introduction of blood following trauma or haemorrhage ( cerebral haemorrhage or subarachnoid haemorrhage ) . During embryogenesis in the choroid plexus of the ventricles , choroid plexus cysts can form . The scientific study of CT scans of the ventricles in the late 1970s gave new insight into the study of mental disorders . Researchers found that individuals with schizophrenia had ( in terms of group averages ) larger than usual ventricles . This became the first `` evidence '' that schizophrenia was biological in origin and led to a renewed interest in its study via the use of imaging techniques . Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) has superseded the use of CT in research in the role of detecting ventricular abnormalities in psychiatric illness . Whether the enlarged ventricles is a cause or a result of schizophrenia has not yet been established . Enlarged ventricles are also found in organic dementia and have been explained largely in terms of environmental factors . They have also been found to be extremely diverse between individuals , such that the percentage difference in group averages in schizophrenia studies ( + 16 % ) has been described as `` not a very profound difference in the context of normal variation '' ( ranging from 25 % to 350 % of the mean average ) . The cave of septum pellucidum has been loosely associated with schizophrenia , post-traumatic stress disorder , traumatic brain injury , as well as with antisocial personality disorder . CSP is one of the distinguishing features of individuals displaying symptoms of dementia pugilistica . Additional images ( edit ) Transverse dissection showing the ventricles of the brain . View of ventricles . Scheme showing relations of the ventricles to the surface of the brain . Drawing of a cast of the ventricular cavities , viewed from above . View of ventricles and choroid plexus See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Blood -- brain barrier Circumventricular organs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Institutes of Health ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Ventricles of the brain '' . nih.gov . Jump up ^ International school of medicine and applied sciences kisumu library ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ( 2009 ) . `` '' Development of the Brain and Cranial Nerves `` '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 9780443068119 . Jump up ^ Rakic , P ( October 2009 ) . `` Evolution of the neocortex : a perspective from developmental biology '' . Nature Reviews . Neuroscience. 10 ( 10 ) : 724 -- 35 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn2719 . PMC 2913577 . PMID 19763105 . ^ Jump up to : Raine , Adrian ; Lee , Lydia ; Yang , Yaling ; Colletti , Patrick ( 2010 ) . `` Neurodevelopmental marker for limbic maldevelopment in antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy '' . BJPsych `` . The British Journal of Psychiatry . 197 ( 3 ) : 186 -- 192 . doi : 10.1192 / bjp. bp. 110.078485 . PMC 2930915 . PMID 20807962 . Jump up ^ Klein , S.B. , & Thorne , B.M. Biological Psychology . Worth Publishers : New York . 2007 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology . The Unit of Form and Function . 5th Edition . McGraw - Hill : New York . 2007 Jump up ^ Peper , Jiska S. ; Brouwer , RM ; Boomsma , DI ; Kahn , RS ; Hulshoff Pol , HE ( 2007 ) . `` Genetic influences on human brain structure : A review of brain imaging studies in twins '' . Human Brain Mapping. 28 ( 6 ) : 464 -- 73 . doi : 10.1002 / hbm. 20398 . PMID 17415783 . Jump up ^ Allen JS , Damasio H , Grabowski TJ ( August 2002 ) . `` Normal neuroanatomical variation in the human brain : an MRI - volumetric study '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 118 ( 4 ) : 341 -- 58 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 10092 . PMID 12124914 . Jump up ^ Galarza M , Merlo A , Ingratta A , Albanese E , Albanese A ( 2004 ) . `` Cavum septum pellucidum and its increased prevalence in schizophrenia : a neuroembryological classification '' . The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 16 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 6 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. neuropsych. 16.1. 41 . PMID 14990758 . Jump up ^ May F , Chen Q , Gilbertson M , Shenton M , Pitman R ( 2004 ) . `` Cavum septum pellucidum in monozygotic twins discordant for combat exposure : relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder '' . Biol. Psychiatry . 55 ( 6 ) : 656 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2003.09. 018 . PMC 2794416 . PMID 15013837 . Jump up ^ Zhang L , Ravdin L , Relkin N , Zimmerman R , Jordan B , Lathan W , Uluğ A ( 2003 ) . `` Increased diffusion in the brain of professional boxers : a preclinical sign of traumatic brain injury ? '' . AJNR . American journal of neuroradiology. 24 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 7 . PMID 12533327 . Jump up ^ McKee , AC ; Cantu , RC ; Nowinski , CJ ; Hedley - Whyte , ET ; Gavett , BE ; Budson , AE ; Santini , VE ; Lee , HS ; Kubilus , CA ; Stern , RA ( Jul 2009 ) . `` Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes : progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury '' . Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 68 ( 7 ) : 709 -- 35 . doi : 10.1097 / NEN. 0b013e3181a9d503 . PMC 2945234 . PMID 19535999 . ( hide ) Ventricular system of the human brain Lateral ventricles Body Lamina affixa Stria terminalis Collateral eminence Occipital horn Calcar avis Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Recesses Optic recess Infundibular recess Suprapineal recess Pineal recess Hypothalamic sulcus Tela choroidea Subfornical organ Posterior commissure Fourth ventricle Roof Superior medullary velum Frenulum Inferior medullary velum Taenia Floor Upper Facial colliculus Locus coeruleus Lower Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Area postrema Obex Medial eminence Sulcus limitans Fastigium Apertures Median / Magendie Lateral recess to Lateral / Luschka Other Rhomboid fossa Tela choroidea Cerebrospinal fluid Blood -- brain barrier Cerebral aqueduct Interventricular foramina Perilymphatic duct Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_system&oldid=835169233 '' Categories : Ventricular system Brain Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 00 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: where does cerebrospinal fluid flow to when it exits the cerebral aqueduct


Nil Darpan - wikipedia Nil Darpan Jump to : navigation , search Nil Darpan ( Bengali : নীল দর্পন । , The Indigo mirror ) is a Bengali play written by Dinabandhu Mitra in 1858 -- 1859 . The play was published from Dhaka in 1860 , under a pseudonym of the author. The play was essential to Nilbidraha , better known as the Indigo revolt of February -- March 1859 in Bengal , when farmers refused to sow indigo in their fields to protest against exploitative farming under the British Raj . It was also essential to the development of theatre in Bengal and influenced Girish Chandra Ghosh , who , in 1872 , would establish The National Theatre in Calcutta ( Kolkata ) where the first ever play commercially staged was Nildarpan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical summary 2 Characters ( চরিত্রসমূহ ) 3 Legacy 4 The trial of Nil Durpan 5 Background of the trial of the play Nil Darpan 6 Bibliography 7 References 8 External links Critical summary ( edit ) The play was received with mixed results upon its release . The play was translated by Reverend J. Long for which he was sentenced to prison and charged with sedition . `` I PRESENT '' The Indigo Planting Mirror `` to the Indigo Planters ' hands ; now , let every one of them , having observed his face , erase the freckle of the stain of selfishness from his forehead , and , in its stead , place on it the sandal powder of beneficence , then shall I think my labour success '' . It was evident from this wish that it is a piece meant to raise a voice among the elite intellectuals of Kolkata so that the farmers revolt will be integrated with the urban thinkers . Unlike the Sepoy Revolt , the Indigo revolt is effectively a revolt integrating the whole population of Bengalis with no distance kept between the several classes of society , which can be attributed to the effort by Mitra and Rev. James Long and Michael Madhusudan Dutt . Indian literature has a long - standing tradition of drama writing . Almost for a millennium the only form of literature other than odes was drama . The distinction of the genre of Sanskrit Drama by the luminaries like Kalidasa were strong enough to keep the millions absorbed for centuries . But it was coming at a dwan by the mid 1800 in Bengal where the Bengal Renaissance say the rise in western education and ideas , and therefore the styles of new forms of literature were seeping in . For example , Ram Narayan Tarkaratna ( 1823 -- 1885 ) had already left the Sanskrit tradition and started writing about social realism . The drama is markedly different from the earlier dramas of that period , notably the first modern drama written in Bengali by Ram Narayan still had the old sadhu bhasa the artificial sanskritised dialect of modern Bengali as the writing medium . The characters in the drama are the villagers and the indigo planters who got the money and the law in their hand . Characters ( চরিত্রসমূহ ) ( edit ) GOKUL CHUNDER BASU , a rich farmer . ( গোলক চন্দ্র বসু , একজন সম্পন্ন চাষি ) NOBIN MADHAB , son of Gokul Chunder Basu . ( নবীন মাধব , গোলক বসুর বড় ছেলে ) BINDU MADHAB , son of Gokul Chunder Basu . ( বিন্দু মাধব , গোলক বসুর ছোট ছেলে ) SADHU CHURN , a neighbouring Ryot . ( সাধু চরণ , গোলকের প্রতিবেশি রাইয়ত ) RAY CHURN , Sadhu'a brother . ( রাই চরণ , সাধু চরণের ছোট ভাই ) Gopi Nath , The Dewan . ( গোপীনাথ , নীলকরের দেওয়ান ) Torap , A heroic figure. ( তোরাপ , একজন প্রতিবাদী চরিত্র ) Indigo Planters . নীলকর : J.J. WOOD . ( জ়ে জ়ে ঊড , প্রধান নীলকর ) P.P. ROSE J. ( পি পি রোগ , উডের ছেলে ) THE AJVIIN OR LAND MEASURER . ( জমির পরিমাপকারী ) AMIN KHALASI , a Tent - pitcher . ( আমিন খালাসী , নীল সংগ্রাহক ) TAIDGIR Native Superintendent of Indigo Cultivation . Magistrate , Amla , Attorney , Deputy Inspector , pundit , Keeper of the Gaol , Doctor , a Cow - keeper , a Native Doctor , Four Boys , a Latyal or Club - man , and a Herdsman . WOMEN ( মহিলা চরিত্রসমূহ ) SABITRI Wife of Gokul Chunder . ( সাবিত্রী , গোলক বসুর স্ত্রী ) SOIRINDRI , Wife of Nobin . ( সৌরিন্দ্রী , নবীন মাধবের স্ত্রী ) SARALOTA Wife of Bindu Madhab . ( সরলতা , বিন্দু মাধবের স্ত্রী ) REBOTI Wife of Sadhu Churn . ( রেবতী , সাধু চরণের স্ত্রী ) KHETROMANI Daughter of Sadhu + Reboti . ( ক্ষেত্রমনি , সাধুচরণ ও রেবতীর মেয়ে ) ADURI Maid - servant in Gokul Chunder 's house . ( আদুরি , গোলকের বাড়ির কাজের মেয়ে ) PODI MOYRANI A Sweetmeat Maker . ( পদী ময়রানী , বিনোদনকারিনী , রোগ সাহেবের সহচরী ) Legacy ( edit ) The legacy of black humor in the play is well shared by contemporary dramatists like Michael Madhusudan Dutt and Girish Chandra Ghosh . It was also important in development of the chalit bhasa , or colloquial dialect , which is free of the Sanskrit influenced Sadhu bhasa . The trial of Nil Durpan ( edit ) The proceedings of the trial of Reverend Mr. James Long first appeared in the second Edition ( India ) of the English version of the play , Nil Durpan ( transcribed as Neel Darpan or Nil Darpan ) . It included all the relevant documents and comments of the Indian and British Newspapers . It was published in 1903 by Messers A.N. ANDINI and Co. , Calcutta . Mr. Kumud Bihari Bose compiled it under the title : The Trial of the Rev. James Long and the Drama of Nil Durpan with `` Indigo Planters and all about them '' as a sub title . The play , Nil Durpan , dealt with the upheaval between the Indigo planters and Indian Rioters in different parts of Bengal , Bihar and U.P. This conflict gave rise to the rift and division between the different classes of the society and between the different sections of the Government as well . Background of the trial of the play Nil Darpan ( edit ) James Long believed that the British mercantile community and even the Government unjustly and oppressively treated the Indigo cultivators . His view concurred with Dinabandhu Mitra who expressed his sentiments in a play entitled Nil Darpan ( the original Bengali play was written by him ) and published anonymously from Dhaka in 1860 . Mitra sent Long a copy of the play as early as 1861 . Long brought it to the notice of W. S Seton - Karr , Secretary to the Governor of Bengal and ex-President of the Indigo Commission . Seton - Karr , sensing its importance , mentioned Nil Durpan in conversation with the Lieutenant Governor , Grant. Grant expressed a wish to see a translation of it and print a few copies to be circulated privately amongst friends . After the discussion , Seton - Karr asked Long to arrange for a translation of the play in English . Michael Madhusudan Dutta translated it under the supervision of Long . Long as the editor cut out some coarse passages and wrote a short prefatory note for the play . When the translation was complete , Seton - Karr ordered printing of five hundred copies in lieu of Grant 's wish of a few copies . Then Long sent the translated manuscripts to Clement Henry Manuel , the proprietor of the Calcutta Printing and Publishing Press to print five hundred copies and the cost came to around Rs. 300 . It was published in April or May 1861 . Unknown to the Lieutenant Governor , Long began sending out the copies in official Government envelopes that had the heading : `` on her Majesty 's Service '' . The translation revealed the nature of the oppression against the indigo planters . It naturally offended the establishment of the play so much that a razing propaganda was started by the Anglo - Indian Press against the publisher and the translator . One of the leading newspapers named The Englishmen and some indigo planters instituted a libel suit against Long and the printer - C.H. Manuel . The words mentioned in Long 's Introduction to the play stated that what was presented in it was `` plain but true '' . This was subsequently used by the planters in their prosecution of Long for publishing defamatory statements . Counsel ( acting on Long 's advice ) named Long as the one responsible as Long had given Manuel a copy of the play for publication . The planters filed for only nominal damages even as they had decided to prosecute Long for libel in a criminal suit . Friday , 19 July 1861 was fixed as the first date for the trial and it lasted from then to 24 July , at the Calcutta Supreme Court . It was regarded as the first of the `` state trial of India under the Empire '' . Mr. Peterson and Mr. Cowie were prosecuted . Mr. Eglinton and Mr. Newmarch appeared on behalf of the defendant . Sir Mordunt Wells presided as the Judge . It is true that it becomes difficult to censor any literary work when it becomes so available in the public domain . That is why it became very urgent to find out the list of people who had the books after its printing . The issue of finding out the list was the concern for the first day of trial on 19 July 1861 . The list given in at the trial contained the number of copies that had been issued was said to be two hundred and two . The agenda for the days of 20 to 24 July was to justify the two counts brought against James Long . The first count referred to a libel or the supposed libel against the two leading newspapers named the Englishman and Hurkaru published from the city of Kolkata . These two papers were alluded to in the preface of the play , Nil Durpan : The Editors of two daily newspapers are filling their columns with your praises ; and whatever other people may think , you never enjoy pleasure from it , since you know fully the reason of their so doing . What surprising power of attraction silver has ! The detestable Judas gave the great preacher of the Christian religion , Jesus and others , into the hands of Odious Pilate for the sake of thirty rupees ; what wonder then , if the proprietors of two newspapers , becoming enslaved by the hope of gaining one thousand rupees , throw the poor helpless of this land into the terrible grasp of your mouths . Being aggrieved , Mr. Brett , the managing proprietor and formerly joint editor of the Englishman , brought a criminal prosecution against James Long . He claimed that the implied meanings of the allusions were defamatory because the extract symbolises , they wrote for reward from the indigo planters and not otherwise . The second count which concerned the interests of the society at large was the alleged libel against that portion of the community called as the indigo planters of Lower Bengal . Sir Mordunt Wells accused Long of slandering the European women in the Nil Durpan the question of shame was brought up through the episode of a woman riding on horseback with Magistrate of Zillah through the village ) as well as injuring the reputation of every European in the country by calling Planter or Civilian or Soldier. The fictitious characters named Mr. Wood and Mr. Rose in the play represent the indigo planters . This also became a reason for attacking Long . Bibliography ( edit ) Dinabandhu Mitra : Nil Durpan or the Indigo Planting Mirror , translated by Michael Madhusudan Dutt , edited by Sudhi Pradhan and Sailesh Sen Gupta ( Calcutta : Paschimbanga Natya Academy , 1997 ) Geoffrey A. Oddie , chapter Eight , The Aftermath : Nil Durpan , Trial and Imprisonment , Missionaries , Rebellion and Proto - Nationalism : James Long of Bengal 1814 -- 87 ( London : Routledge , 1999 ) Nurul Hossain Choudhury , `` James Rev. Long '' , Banglapedia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nildarpan ( play by Mitra ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Internet Archive : Details : Nil darpan , or , The indigo planting mirror : a drama ^ Jump up to : Бенгальская литература / / Литературная энциклопедия . Т. 1 . -- 1930 ( текст ) Jump up ^ i . Editorial note to Nil Durpan , ed . Sudhi Pradhan , p. ii Jump up ^ Oddie , p. 119 Jump up ^ See to the `` Preface '' of Nil Durpan , by James Long , ed. by Sudhi Pradhan , p. xi External links ( edit ) Full text of the play in English translation Bengali theatre Bangladesh Theatre groups Abayab Nattyadal Anannya Nattya Goshthi Anushilan Natyadal Bahurupi Natya Sangstha Nattokendro Padatik Nattya Sangsad Theatre personalities Abdullah Al Mamun Aly Zaker Asaduzzaman Noor Mamunur Rashid Munir Chowdhury Nurul Momen Selim Al Deen Subhash Dutta Dramas Che'r Cycle Theatre auditoriums Guide House auditorium Mahila Samity auditorium India Theatre groups Aneek theatre group Anya Theatre Bohurupee Bratyajon Chetana Gananatya Group theatre of Kolkata Indian People 's Theatre Association Nandikar Natadha Natyoshala Padatik Pancham Baidik Purba Paschim Ritwik Sanglap Kolkata Sansriti Sayak Sundaram Swapnapheri Swapnasandhani Theatre Formation Paribartak Theatre personalities Major personalities Ajit Bandyopadhyay Ajitesh Bandopadhyay Amrita Lal Basu Arun Mukherjee Badal Sarkar Bijon Bhattacharya Bratya Basu Chandan Sen Chitra Sen Debesh Chattopadhyay Debshankar Haldar Gangapada Basu Girish Chandra Ghosh Goutam Halder Kumar Roy Kaushik Sen Khaled Choudhury Manoj Mitra Meghnad Bhattacharya Mohit Chattopadhyay Ramaprasad Banik Ritwik Ghatak Rudraprasad Sengupta Shaoli Mitra Sohini Sengupta Shobha Sen Sombhu Mitra Suman Mukhopadhyay Swatilekha Sengupta Tripti Mitra Utpal Dutt Other personalities Churni Ganguly George Baker Gerasim Lebedev Kaushik Ganguly Paran Bandopadhyay Rajatava Dutta Riddhi Sen Shekhar Chatterjee Sudipta Chakraborty Tanima Sen Dramas Barricade Biley Bireswar Birpurush Bisarjan Meghe Dhaka Tara Nabanna Nil Darpan Pinki Buli Poshu Khamar Learned societies Paschim Banga Natya Akademi Theatre auditoriums Academy of Fine Arts Girish Mancha Hindu Theatre Madhusudan Mancha Mahajati Sadan Minerva Theatre Rabindra Sadan Ramgopal Mancha Sisir Mancha Sujata Sadan Star Theatre See also Jatra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nil_Darpan&oldid=825786169 '' Categories : Bengali - language plays Indian plays 1859 plays Literature of Indian independence movement Historical plays History of Bengal Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 12 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who translated the play neel darpan into english


Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States is limited to a small class of cases described in Article III , section 2 , of the United States Constitution , and further delineated by statute . Contents ( hide ) 1 Authority 2 Cases 3 Procedure 4 References Authority ( edit ) The relevant constitutional clause states : In all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party , the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction . In all the other Cases before mentioned , the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction , both as to Law and Fact , with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . Certain cases that have not been considered by a lower court may be heard by the Supreme Court in the first instance under what is termed original jurisdiction . The Supreme Court 's authority in this respect is also derived from Article III of the Constitution , which states that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction `` in all cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers and consuls , and those in which a state shall be party . '' The original jurisdiction of the Court is set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1251 . This statute provides further that , in the case of disputes between two or more states , the Supreme Court holds both original and exclusive jurisdiction and no lower court may hear such cases . In one of its earliest cases , Chisholm v. Georgia , the Court found this jurisdiction to be self - executing , so that no further Congressional action was required to permit the Court to exercise it . The constitutional grant of original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court can not be expanded by statute . In the case of Marbury v. Madison , the newly elected President , Thomas Jefferson , ordered his acting Secretary of State not to deliver commissions for appointments that had been made by his predecessor , John Adams . One of these appointees , William Marbury , filed a petition for a writ of mandamus directly in the Supreme Court , on the jurisdictional grounds that the Judiciary Act of 1789 stated that the Supreme Court `` shall have power to issue writs of prohibition to the district courts ( ... ) and writs of mandamus ( ... ) to any courts appointed , or persons holding office , under the authority of the United States '' . The Court , in its first exercise of judicial review over a statute enacted by Congress , held that this grant of power to the Supreme Court was beyond what the Constitution permitted , and that this language was therefore invalid as unconstitutional . Cases ( edit ) The number of cases heard pursuant to the court 's original jurisdiction `` has always been a minute portion of its overall caseload '' , generally including only one or two such cases per term . Between 1789 and 1959 , the Court issued written opinions in only 123 original cases . Since 1960 , the Court has received fewer than 140 motions for leave to file original cases , nearly half of which were denied a hearing . Most of these cases have disputes over state boundaries and water rights . The Court has tended to decline other kinds of cases arising from disputes between the states . Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas , and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court , and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval . Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . Procedure ( edit ) Because the nine - member Supreme Court is not well - suited to conducting pretrial proceedings or trials , original jurisdiction cases accepted by the Court are typically referred to a well - qualified lawyer or lower - court judge to serve as special master , conduct the proceedings , and report recommendations to the Court . The Court then considers whether to accept the special master 's report or whether to sustain any exceptions filed to the report . Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact . In 1950 , in the case United States v. Louisiana , the state of Louisiana moved for a jury trial , but the Court denied the motion , ruling that the suit was an equity action and not an action at law , and that therefore the Seventh Amendment guarantee of a jury trial did not apply . If a matter involving an action at law did come before the court , however , a jury might be empaneled . The Court noted in a footnote in the decision that under 28 U.S.C. 1872 : `` In all original actions at law in the Supreme Court against citizens of the United States , issues of fact shall be tried by a jury . '' However , it did not decide whether the statute and the Seventh Amendment required such a jury . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jurisdiction : Original , Supreme Court '' . Federal Judicial Center . Jump up ^ Chisholm v. Georgia , 2 U.S. ( 2 Dall . ) 419 ( 1793 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Thomas , Larry M. Eig , The Constitution of the United States of America , Analysis and Interpretation ( 2013 ) , p. 859 . Jump up ^ Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 ( 1803 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Thomas , Larry M. Eig , The Constitution of the United States of America , Analysis and Interpretation ( 2013 ) , p. 781 . Jump up ^ United States v. Texas , 579 U.S. ___ ( 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 ( 1893 ) . Jump up ^ New Jersey v. Delaware , 552 U.S. 597 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Kansas v. Colorado , 185 U.S. 125 ( 1902 ) ; 206 U.S. 46 ( 1907 ) ; 320 U.S. 383 ( 1943 ) ; 514 U.S. 673 ( 1995 ) ; 533 U.S. 1 ( 2001 ) ; 543 U.S. 86 ( 2004 ) ; 556 U.S. 98 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ James , Robert A. ( 1998 ) . `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Georgia v. Brailsford , Powell & Hopton , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) , in which the Court conducted a jury trial . ^ Jump up to : United States v. Louisiana , 399 U.S. 699 ( 1950 ) . ( hide ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No vacancies History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=832367864 '' Categories : Supreme Court of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 15 : 35 . About Wikipedia

Question: the supreme court only have original jurisdiction in two kinds of cases

in all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party.


Federal unemployment tax Act - wikipedia Federal unemployment tax Act Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Taxation in the United States of America Federal taxation ( show ) Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) Internal Revenue Code ( IRC ) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Protest Evasion State and local taxation ( show ) State income tax Property tax Sales tax Use tax Land value tax State tax levels Federal tax reform ( show ) Automated payment transaction tax 9 -- 9 -- 9 Competitive Tax Plan Efficient Taxation of Income FairTax Flat tax Hall -- Rabushka flat tax Kemp Commission Taxpayer Choice Act USA Tax Value added tax Border - adjustment tax United States portal The Federal Unemployment Tax Act ( or FUTA , I.R.C. ch. 23 ) is a United States federal law that imposes a federal employer tax used to help fund state workforce agencies . Employers report this tax by filing an annual Form 940 with the Internal Revenue Service . In some cases , the employer is required to pay the tax in installments during the tax year . FUTA covers a federal share of the costs of administering the unemployment insurance ( UI ) and job service programs in every state . In addition , FUTA pays one - half of the cost of extended unemployment benefits ( during periods of high unemployment ) and provides for a fund from which states may borrow , if necessary , to pay benefits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Calculation of amount of tax 1.1 Credit Reduction 2 Wages exempt from FUTA 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Calculation of amount of tax ( edit ) Through June 30 , 2011 , the Federal Unemployment Tax Act imposed a tax of 6.2 % , which was composed of a permanent rate of 6.0 % and a temporary rate of 0.2 % , which was passed by Congress in 1976 . The temporary rate was extended many times , but it expired on June 30 , 2011 . Consequently , for years through 2010 and the first six months of 2011 , the FUTA imposed a 6.2 % tax ( before credits ) on the first $7,000 of gross earnings of each worker per year . Once the worker 's earnings reach $7,000 during a given year , the employer no longer pays any Federal unemployment tax for that year with respect to that worker . Certain credits are allowed with respect to state unemployment taxes paid that may reduce the effective FUTA rate to 0.8 % . Effective July 1 , 2011 , the rate decreased to 6.0 % . That rate may be reduced by an amount up to 5.4 % through credits for contributions to state unemployment programs under sections 3302 ( a ) and 3302 ( b ) , resulting in a minimum effective rate on and after July 1 , 2011 of 0.6 % ( 6.0 % - 5.4 % ) . Credit reduction ( edit ) The credit against the Federal tax may be reduced if the state has an outstanding advance ( commonly called a `` loan '' ) . When states lack the funds to pay UI benefits , they may obtain loans from the federal government . To assure that these loans are repaid , and in accordance with Title XII of the Social Security Act , the federal government is entitled to recover those monies by reducing the FUTA credit it gives to employers , which is the equivalent of an overall increase in the FUTA tax . When a state has an outstanding loan balance on January 1 for two consecutive years , and the full amount of the loan is not repaid by November 10 of the second year , the FUTA credit will be reduced until the loan is repaid . This process is commonly called FUTA Credit Reduction and was designed as an involuntary repayment mechanism . The reduction schedule is 0.3 % for the first year and an additional 0.3 % for each succeeding year until the loan is repaid . From the third year onward , there may be additional reduction ( s ) in the FUTA tax credit ( commonly dubbed `` add - ons '' ) . For example , for taxable years 2012 and 2013 , Virgin Islands had a `` 2.7 add - on '' when its tax rate on total wages was below a national minimum . For taxable year 2014 , Connecticut had a `` BCR add - on '' when its tax rate on the taxable portion of covered wages in the previous calendar year is less than the 5 - year benefit cost ratio applicable for the taxable year . Based on their loan status on November 10 , 2016 , California and Virgin Islands are the only two states / jurisdiction that will receive reduced FUTA Credit for taxable year 2016 . Employers in these states will pay extra FUTA taxes that are effective retroactively to January 1 , 2016 . Below is a list of FUTA Credit Reduction states for taxable year 2009 through 2016 , and their respective reduction amounts ( in % ) : State or District 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Arizona -- -- -- 0.3 -- -- -- -- Arkansas -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 -- -- -- California -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 Connecticut -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.7 -- Delaware -- -- -- 0.3 0.6 -- -- -- Florida -- -- 0.3 0.6 -- -- -- -- Georgia -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 -- -- -- Illinois -- -- 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- Indiana -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 -- -- Kentucky -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 -- -- Michigan 0.3 0.6 0.9 -- -- -- -- -- Minnesota -- -- 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- Missouri -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 -- -- -- North Carolina -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 -- -- New Jersey -- -- 0.3 0.6 -- -- -- -- Nevada -- -- 0.3 0.6 -- -- -- -- New York -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 -- -- Ohio -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 -- Pennsylvania -- -- 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- Rhode Island -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 -- -- -- South Carolina -- 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- Vermont -- -- -- 0.3 -- -- -- -- Virginia -- -- 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- Virgin Islands -- -- 0.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.8 Wisconsin -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.9 -- -- -- Wages exempt from FUTA ( edit ) The following wages are exempt from Federal Unemployment Tax Act payments : Wages for services performed outside the United States . Wages paid to a deceased employee or a deceased employee 's estate in any year after the year of the employee 's death . Wages paid by a parent to a child under age 21 , paid by a child to a parent , or paid by one spouse to the other spouse . Wages paid by a foreign government or international organization . Wages paid by a state or local government or by the United States federal government . Wages paid by a hospital to interns . Wages paid to newspaper carriers under age 18 . Wages paid by a school to a student of the school . Wages paid by an organized seasonal camp to a full - time student who worked fewer than 13 calendar weeks during the calendar year . Wages paid by non-profit organizations . See also ( edit ) Surtax Unemployment Trust Fund Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 3301 . Jump up ^ Internal Revenue Service ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Instructions for Form 940 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Publication 15 ( Circular E ) for 2011 , `` Employer 's Tax Guide '' , p. 29 , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury ; see also 26 U.S.C. § 3301 . Jump up ^ Employers in 2016 FUTA credit reduction states must adjust their unemployment tax liability on their Form 940 ^ Jump up to : `` Publication 15 : ( Circular E ) Employer 's Tax Guide '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . United States Department of the Treasury . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code Section 3306 ( c ) ( B ) ( 5 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . service performed by an individual in the employ of his son , daughter , or spouse , and service performed by a child under the age of 21 in the employ of his father or mother Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code Section 3306 ( c ) ( B ) ( 10 ) and ( 11 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . service performed in the employ of a foreign government ( including service as a consular or other officer or employee or a nondiplomatic representative ) ; service performed in the employ of an instrumentality wholly owned by a foreign government if the service is of a character similar to that performed in foreign countries by employees of the United States Government or of an instrumentality thereof ; and if the Secretary of State shall certify to the Secretary of the Treasury that the foreign government , with respect to whose instrumentality exemption is claimed , grants an equivalent exemption with respect to similar service performed in the foreign country by employees of the United States Government and of instrumentalities thereof Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code Section 3306 ( c ) ( B ) ( 7 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . service performed in the employ of a State , or any political subdivision thereof , or in the employ of an Indian tribe , or any instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing which is wholly owned by one or more States or political subdivisions or Indian tribes ; and any service performed in the employ of any instrumentality of one or more States or political subdivisions to the extent that the instrumentality is , with respect to such service , immune under the Constitution of the United States from the tax imposed by section 3301 Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code Section 3306 ( c ) ( B ) ( 13 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . service performed as a student nurse in the employ of a hospital or a nurses ' training school by an individual who is enrolled and is regularly attending classes in a nurses ' training school chartered or approved pursuant to State law ; and service performed as an intern in the employ of a hospital by an individual who has completed a 4 years ' course in a medical school chartered or approved pursuant to State law Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code Section 3306 ( c ) ( B ) ( 15 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . service performed by an individual under the age of 18 in the delivery or distribution of newspapers or shopping news , not including delivery or distribution to any point for subsequent delivery or distribution ; ( or ) service performed by an individual in , and at the time of , the sale of newspapers or magazines to ultimate consumers , under an arrangement under which the newspapers or magazines are to be sold by him at a fixed price , his compensation being based on the retention of the excess of such price over the amount at which the newspapers or magazines are charged to him , whether or not he is guaranteed a minimum amount of compensation for such service , or is entitled to be credited with the unsold newspapers or magazines turned back Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code Section 3306 ( c ) ( B ) ( 10 ) ( B ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code Section 3306 ( c ) ( B ) ( 20 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . service performed by a full time student ... in the employ of an organized camp if such camp did not operate for more than 7 months in the calendar year and did not operate for more than 7 months in the preceding calendar year , or had average gross receipts for any 6 months in the preceding calendar year which were not more than 33 1 / 3 percent of its average gross receipts for the other 6 months in the preceding calendar year ; and if such full time student performed services in the employ of such camp for less than 13 calendar weeks in such calendar year ; or Jump up ^ `` Publication 15 - A : Employer 's Supplemental Tax Guide '' ( PDF ) . Internal Revenue Service . United States Department of the Treasury . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code Section 3306 ( c ) ( B ) ( 8 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . service performed in the employ of a religious , charitable , educational , or other organization described in section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) which is exempt from income tax under section 501 ( a ) External links ( edit ) Printable FUTA form 940 from IRS.gov Information on unemployment taxes from DOL.gov Three Tax Law Changes Accounting Pros Need to Know in 2015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Unemployment_Tax_Act&oldid=805712395 '' Categories : United States federal taxation legislation Unemployment in the United States 83rd United States Congress Withholding taxes Hidden categories : United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 04 : 08 . About Wikipedia

Question: under the federal unemployment tax act which party pays unemployment taxes


Colón street - Wikipedia Colón street Jump to : navigation , search Colon Street , Cebu City . May 2011 . Colon Street is a historical street in downtown Cebu City that is often called the oldest and the shortest national road in the Philippines . It is named after Cristóbal Colón ( Christopher Columbus ) . It traces its origins to the town plan by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi , the Spanish conquistador who arrived in the Philippines to establish a colony in 1565 . Colon , crowded and a bit run - down now , was the site of fashionable shops , offices , and movie houses . It was once the heart of Cebu City 's shopping and business activity , but in recent years ( specifically during the early 1990s ) , much of this activity has shifted inland to the more modern , bigger and diverse commercial and business districts now spread in almost all of the urban areas of the city in what was considered residential and leisure settlements . Colon Street historical marker in Filipino ( left ) and Cebuano ( right ) In 2006 the Cebu City Council proposed a plan to close parts of Colon street from vehicular traffic and convert it to a tourism zone . However , this was met with much opposition from businessmen and motorists due to concerns regarding security and parking spaces . See also ( edit ) Calle Escolta Calle Real References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cebu City : Colon and the Parian Archived 2007 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed March 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ Colon Street eyed as special tourism zone - INQUIRER.net , Philippine News for Filipinos . Accessed March 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Closing Colon a big challenge - INQUIRER.net , Philippine News for Filipinos . Accessed March 8 , 2007 Coordinates : 10 ° 17 ′ 48.28 '' N 123 ° 53 ′ 56.45 '' E  /  10.2967444 ° N 123.8990139 ° E  / 10.2967444 ; 123.8990139 This article about a location in Central Visayas region of the Philippines is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to a road in Asia is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colon_Street&oldid=808946302 '' Categories : Streets in Cebu Central Visayas geography stubs Asia road stubs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 05 : 27 . About Wikipedia

Question: what is the oldest street in the philippines