Sperm - wikipedia Sperm Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sperm ( disambiguation ) . Diagram of a human sperm cell Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word ( σπέρμα ) sperma ( meaning `` seed '' ) . In the types of sexual reproduction known as anisogamy and its subtype oogamy , there is a marked difference in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the `` male '' or sperm cell . A uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon , whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium . Sperm cells can not divide and have a limited life span , but after fusion with egg cells during fertilization , a new organism begins developing , starting as a totipotent zygote . The human sperm cell is haploid , so that its 23 chromosomes can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell . In mammals , sperm develops in the testicles , stored in the epididymis , and is released from the penis . Play media Video of human sperm cells recorded by an affordable home microscope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sperm in animals 1.1 Function 1.2 Anatomy 1.3 Origin 1.4 Sperm quality 1.5 Sperm size 1.6 Market for human sperm 1.7 History 1.8 Forensic analysis 2 Sperm in plants 3 Motile sperm cells 4 Non-motile sperm cells 5 Sperm nuclei 6 Sperm centrioles 7 Sperm tail formation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Sperm in animals Further information : Spermatozoon Function The main sperm function is to reach the ovum and fuse with it to deliver two sub-cellular structures : ( i ) the male pronucleus that contains the genetic material and ( ii ) the centrioles that are structures that help organize the microtubule cytoskeleton . Anatomy Sperm and egg fusing The mammalian sperm cell consists of a head , neck , a midpiece and a tail . The head contains the nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibres , surrounded anteriorly by an acrosome , which contains enzymes used for penetrating the female egg . The neck contains the sperm centriole . The midpiece has a central filamentous core with many mitochondria spiralled around it , used for ATP production for the journey through the female cervix , uterus and uterine tubes . The tail or `` flagellum '' executes the lashing movements that propel the spermatocyte . During fertilization , the sperm provides three essential parts to the oocyte : ( 1 ) a signalling or activating factor , which causes the metabolically dormant oocyte to activate ; ( 2 ) the haploid paternal genome ; ( 3 ) the centriole , which is responsible for forming the centrosome and microtubule system . Origin The spermatozoa of animals are produced through spermatogenesis inside the male gonads ( testicles ) via meiotic division . The initial spermatozoon process takes around 70 days to complete . The spermatid stage is where the sperm develops the familiar tail . The next stage where it becomes fully mature takes around 60 days when it is called a spermatozoan . Sperm cells are carried out of the male body in a fluid known as semen . Human sperm cells can survive within the female reproductive tract for more than 5 days post coitus . Semen is produced in the seminal vesicles , prostate gland and urethral glands . In 2016 scientists at Nanjing Medical University claimed they had produced cells resembling mouse spermatids artificially from stem cells . They injected these spermatids into mouse eggs and produced pups . Sperm quality Human sperm stained for semen quality testing . Main article : Semen quality Sperm quantity and quality are the main parameters in semen quality , which is a measure of the ability of semen to accomplish fertilization . Thus , in humans , it is a measure of fertility in a man . The genetic quality of sperm , as well as its volume and motility , all typically decrease with age . ( See paternal age effect . ) DNA damages present in sperm cells in the period after meiosis but before fertilization may be repaired in the fertilized egg , but if not repaired , can have serious deleterious effects on fertility and the developing embryo . Human sperm cells are particularly vulnerable to free radical attack and the generation of oxidative DNA damage . ( see e.g. 8 - Oxo - 2 ' - deoxyguanosine ) The postmeiotic phase of mouse spermatogenesis is very sensitive to environmental genotoxic agents , because as male germ cells form mature sperm they progressively lose the ability to repair DNA damage . Irradiation of male mice during late spermatogenesis can induce damage that persists for at least 7 days in the fertilizing sperm cells , and disruption of maternal DNA double - strand break repair pathways increases sperm cell - derived chromosomal aberrations . Treatment of male mice with melphalan , a bifunctional alkylating agent frequently employed in chemotherapy , induces DNA lesions during meiosis that may persist in an unrepaired state as germ cells progress though DNA repair - competent phases of spermatogenic development . Such unrepaired DNA damages in sperm cells , after fertilization , can lead to offspring with various abnormalities . Sperm size Related to sperm quality is sperm size , at least in some animals . For instance , the sperm of some species of fruit fly ( Drosophila ) are up to 5.8 cm long -- about 20 times as long as the fly itself . Longer sperm cells are better than their shorter counterparts at displacing competitors from the female 's seminal receptacle . The benefit to females is that only healthy males carry ' good ' genes that can produce long sperm in sufficient quantities to outcompete their competitors . Market for human sperm Further information : Sperm donation Some sperm banks hold up to 170 litres ( 37 imp gal ; 45 US gal ) of sperm . In addition to ejaculation , it is possible to extract sperm through TESE . On the global market , Denmark has a well - developed system of human sperm export . This success mainly comes from the reputation of Danish sperm donors for being of high quality and , in contrast with the law in the other Nordic countries , gives donors the choice of being either anonymous or non-anonymous to the receiving couple . Furthermore , Nordic sperm donors tend to be tall and highly educated and have altruistic motives for their donations , partly due to the relatively low monetary compensation in Nordic countries . More than 50 countries worldwide are importers of Danish sperm , including Paraguay , Canada , Kenya , and Hong Kong . However , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) of the US has banned import of any sperm , motivated by a risk of transmission of Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease , although such a risk is insignificant , since artificial insemination is very different from the route of transmission of Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease . The prevalence of Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease for donors is at most one in a million , and if the donor was a carrier , the infectious proteins would still have to cross the blood - testis barrier to make transmission possible . History See also : Homunculus § Homunculus of spermists Sperm were first observed in 1677 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek using a microscope , he described them as being animalcules ( little animals ) , probably due to his belief in preformationism , which thought that each sperm contained a fully formed but small human . Forensic analysis Ejaculated fluids are detected by ultraviolet light , irrespective of the structure or colour of the surface . Sperm heads , e.g. from vaginal swabs , are still detected by microscopy using the `` Christmas Tree Stain '' method , i.e. , Kernechtrot - Picroindigocarmine ( KPIC ) staining . Sperm in plants Sperm cells in algal and many plant gametophytes are produced in male gametangia ( antheridia ) via mitotic division . In flowering plants , sperm nuclei are produced inside pollen . Motile sperm cells Motile sperm cells of algae and seedless plants . Motile sperm cells typically move via flagella and require a water medium in order to swim toward the egg for fertilization . In animals most of the energy for sperm motility is derived from the metabolism of fructose carried in the seminal fluid . This takes place in the mitochondria located in the sperm 's midpiece ( at the base of the sperm head ) . These cells can not swim backwards due to the nature of their propulsion . The uniflagellated sperm cells ( with one flagellum ) of animals are referred to as spermatozoa , and are known to vary in size . Motile sperm are also produced by many protists and the gametophytes of bryophytes , ferns and some gymnosperms such as cycads and ginkgo . The sperm cells are the only flagellated cells in the life cycle of these plants . In many ferns and lycophytes , they are multi-flagellated ( carrying more than one flagellum ) . In nematodes , the sperm cells are amoeboid and crawl , rather than swim , towards the egg cell . Non-motile sperm cells Non-motile sperm cells called spermatia lack flagella and therefore can not swim . Spermatia are produced in a spermatangium . Because spermatia can not swim , they depend on their environment to carry them to the egg cell . Some red algae , such as Polysiphonia , produce non-motile spermatia that are spread by water currents after their release . The spermatia of rust fungi are covered with a sticky substance . They are produced in flask - shaped structures containing nectar , which attract flies that transfer the spermatia to nearby hyphae for fertilization in a mechanism similar to insect pollination in flowering plants . Fungal spermatia ( also called pycniospores , especially in the Uredinales ) may be confused with conidia . Conidia are spores that germinate independently of fertilization , whereas spermatia are gametes that are required for fertilization . In some fungi , such as Neurospora crassa , spermatia are identical to microconidia as they can perform both functions of fertilization as well as giving rise to new organisms without fertilization . Sperm nuclei In almost all embryophytes , including most gymnosperms and all angiosperms , the male gametophytes ( pollen grains ) are the primary mode of dispersal , for example via wind or insect pollination , eliminating the need for water to bridge the gap between male and female . Each pollen grain contains a spermatogenous ( generative ) cell . Once the pollen lands on the stigma of a receptive flower , it germinates and starts growing a pollen tube through the carpel . Before the tube reaches the ovule , the nucleus of the generative cell in the pollen grain divides and gives rise to two sperm nuclei , which are then discharged through the tube into the ovule for fertilization . In some protists , fertilization also involves sperm nuclei , rather than cells , migrating toward the egg cell through a fertilization tube . Oomycetes form sperm nuclei in a syncytical antheridium surrounding the egg cells . The sperm nuclei reach the eggs through fertilization tubes , similar to the pollen tube mechanism in plants . Sperm centrioles Most sperm cells have centrioles in the sperm neck . Sperm of many animals has 2 centrioles known as the proximal centriole and distal centriole . Some animals like human have a single centriole known as the proximal centriole . Mice and rat have no sperm centrioles . The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has a single centriole and an atypical centriole named the Proximal Centriole - Like ( PCL ) . Sperm tail formation The sperm tail is a specialized type of cilium ( aka flagella ) . In many animals the sperm tail is formed in a unique way , which is named Cytosolic ciliogenesis , since all or part of axoneme of the sperm tail is formed in the cytoplasm or get exposed to the cytoplasm . See also Mendelian inheritance Ejaculation Female sperm Female sperm storage Polyspermy Sperm competition Sperm donation Sperm granuloma Spermatogenesis Spermatozoon References Jump up ^ Ishijima , Sumio ; Oshio , Shigeru ; Mohri , Hideo ( 1986 ) . `` Flagellar movement of human spermatozoa '' . Gamete Research . 13 ( 3 ) : 185 -- 197 . doi : 10.1002 / mrd. 1120130302 . Jump up ^ Hewitson , Laura & Schatten , Gerald P. ( 2003 ) . `` The biology of fertilization in humans '' . In Patrizio , Pasquale et al . A color atlas for human assisted reproduction : laboratory and clinical insights . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 3769 - 2 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Semen and sperm quality Jump up ^ Gould JE , Overstreet JW and Hanson FW ( 1984 ) `` Assessment of human sperm function after recovery from the female reproductive tract '' . Biology of Reproduction 31 , 888 -- 894 . Jump up ^ Cyranoski , David ( 25 February 2016 ) . `` Researchers claim to have made artificial mouse sperm in a dish '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2016.19453 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gurevich , Rachel ( 2008 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Does Age Affect Male Fertility ? '' . About.com . Retrieved 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Gavriliouk D , Aitken RJ ( 2015 ) . `` Damage to Sperm DNA Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species : Its Impact on Human Reproduction and the Health Trajectory of Offspring '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 868 : 23 -- 47 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 18881 - 2_2 . PMID 26178844 . Jump up ^ Marchetti F , Wyrobek AJ ( 2008 ) . `` DNA repair decline during mouse spermiogenesis results in the accumulation of heritable DNA damage '' . DNA Repair. 7 ( 4 ) : 572 -- 81 . doi : 10.1016 / j. dnarep. 2007.12. 011 . PMID 18282746 . Jump up ^ Marchetti F , Essers J , Kanaar R , Wyrobek AJ ( 2007 ) . `` Disruption of maternal DNA repair increases sperm - derived chromosomal aberrations '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 45 ) : 17725 -- 9 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0705257104 . PMC 2077046 . PMID 17978187 . Jump up ^ Marchetti F , Bishop J , Gingerich J , Wyrobek AJ ( 2015 ) . `` Meiotic interstrand DNA damage escapes paternal repair and causes chromosomal aberrations in the zygote by maternal misrepair '' . Scientific Reports . 5 : 7689 . doi : 10.1038 / srep07689 . PMC 4286742 . PMID 25567288 . Jump up ^ Lüpold , Stefan ; Manier , Mollie K. ; Puniamoorthy , Nalini ; Schoff , Christopher ; Starmer , William T. ; Luepold , Shannon H. Buckley ; Belote , John M. ; Pitnick , Scott ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) . `` How sexual selection can drive the evolution of costly sperm ornamentation '' . Nature . 533 ( 7604 ) : 535 -- 538 . doi : 10.1038 / nature18005 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . PMID 27225128 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Jennifer R. ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Evolution : The bigger , the better '' . Nature . 533 ( 7604 ) : 476 . doi : 10.1038 / 533476a . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . PMID 27225117 . Jump up ^ Sarfraz Manzoor ( 2 November 2012 ) . `` Come inside : the world 's biggest sperm bank '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Assisted Reproduction in the Nordic Countries ncbio.org ^ Jump up to : FDA Rules Block Import of Prized Danish Sperm Posted Aug 13 , 08 7 : 37 AM CDT in World , Science & Health ^ Jump up to : Steven Kotler ( 26 September 2007 ) . `` The God of Sperm '' . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Assisted reproduction and birth control '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Anja Fiedler ; Mark Benecke ; et al. `` Detection of Semen ( Human and Boar ) and Saliva on Fabrics by a Very High Powered UV - / VIS - Light Source '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Allery , J.P. ; Telmon , N. ; Mieusset , R. ; Blanc , A. ; Rougé , D. ( 2001 ) . `` Cytological detection of spermatozoa : Comparison of three staining methods '' . Journal of forensic sciences . 46 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 351 . PMID 11305439 . Jump up ^ Illinois State Police / President 's DNA Initiative . `` The Presidents 's DNA Initiative : Semen Stain Identification : Kernechtrot '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Raven , Peter H. ; Ray F. Evert ; Susan E. Eichhorn ( 2005 ) . Biology of Plants , 7th Edition . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bottino D , Mogilner A , Roberts T , Stewart M , Oster G ( 2002 ) . `` How nematode sperm crawl '' . Journal of Cell Science . 115 ( Pt 2 ) : 367 -- 84 . PMID 11839788 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sumbali , Geeta ( 2005 ) . The Fungi . Alpha Science Int'l Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84265 - 153 - 6 . Jump up ^ Maheshwari R ( 1999 ) . `` Microconidia of Neurospora crassa '' . Fungal Genetics and Biology . 26 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1006 / fgbi. 1998.1103 . PMID 10072316 . Jump up ^ Atypical centrioles during sexual reproduction . Avidor - Reiss T , Khire A , Fishman EL , Jo KH . Front Cell Dev Biol. 2015 Apr 1 ; 3 : 21 . doi : 10.3389 / fcell. 2015.00021 . Jump up ^ A proximal centriole - like structure is present in Drosophila spermatids and can serve as a model to study centriole duplication . Blachon S , Cai X , Roberts KA , Yang K , Polyanovsky A , Church A , Avidor - Reiss T. Genetics . 2009 May ; 182 ( 1 ) : 133 - 44 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 109.101709 . Jump up ^ Shared and Distinct Mechanisms of Compartmentalized and Cytosolic Ciliogenesis . Avidor - Reiss T , Leroux MR . Curr Biol. 2015 Dec 7 ; 25 ( 23 ) : R1143 - 50 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2015.11. 001 . http://0-resolver.ebscohost.com.carlson.utoledo.edu/openurl?sid=Entrez%3aPubMed&id=pmid%3a26654377&site=ftf-live External links The Great Sperm Race pdf Human Sperm Under a Microscope Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sperm . Preceded by None Stages of human development Sperm + Oocyte Succeeded by Zygote Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sperm&oldid=815259917 '' Categories : Fertility Germ cells Reproductive system Mammal male reproductive system Semen Human male reproductive system Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Cymraeg Esperanto فارسی Gaeilge ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Kiswahili Македонски मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu پنجابی پښتو Soomaaliga کوردی தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 19 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Question: where are the mitochondria located in the sperm


Equilateral triangle - wikipedia Equilateral triangle Jump to : navigation , search `` Equilateral '' redirects here . For other uses , see Equilateral ( disambiguation ) . Equilateral triangle Type Regular polygon Edges and vertices Schläfli symbol ( 3 ) Coxeter diagram Symmetry group Area 3 4 a 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) a ^ ( 2 ) ) Internal angle ( degrees ) 60 ° In geometry , an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal . In the familiar Euclidean geometry , equilateral triangles are also equiangular ; that is , all three internal angles are also congruent to each other and are each 60 ° . They are regular polygons , and can therefore also be referred to as regular triangles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Principal properties 2 Characterizations 2.1 Sides 2.2 Semiperimeter 2.3 Angles 2.4 Area 2.5 Circumradius , inradius and exradii 2.6 Equal cevians 2.7 Coincident triangle centers 2.8 Six triangles formed by partitioning by the medians 2.9 Points in the plane 3 Notable theorems 4 Other properties 5 Geometric construction 6 Derivation of area formula 6.1 Using the Pythagorean theorem 6.2 Using trigonometry 7 In culture and society 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Principal properties ( edit ) An equilateral triangle . It has equal sides ( a = b = c ) , equal angles ( α = β = γ ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = \ beta = \ gamma ) ) , and equal altitudes ( h = h = h ) . Denoting the common length of the sides of the equilateral triangle as a , we can determine using the Pythagorean theorem that : The area is A = 3 4 a 2 ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) a ^ ( 2 ) ) The perimeter is p = 3 a ( \ displaystyle p = 3a \ , \ ! ) The radius of the circumscribed circle is R = a 3 ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( a ) ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ) The radius of the inscribed circle is r = 3 6 a ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 6 ) ) a ) or r = R 2 ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ frac ( R ) ( 2 ) ) ) The geometric center of the triangle is the center of the circumscribed and inscribed circles And the altitude ( height ) from any side is h = 3 2 a ( \ displaystyle h = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 2 ) ) a ) . Denoting the radius of the circumscribed circle as R , we can determine using trigonometry that : The area of the triangle is A = 3 3 4 R 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( A ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( 4 ) ) R ^ ( 2 ) ) Many of these quantities have simple relationships to the altitude ( `` h '' ) of each vertex from the opposite side : The area is A = h 2 3 ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ) The height of the center from each side , or apothem , is h 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( h ) ( 3 ) ) ) The radius of the circle circumscribing the three vertices is R = 2 h 3 ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( 2h ) ( 3 ) ) ) The radius of the inscribed circle is r = h 3 ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ frac ( h ) ( 3 ) ) ) In an equilateral triangle , the altitudes , the angle bisectors , the perpendicular bisectors and the medians to each side coincide . Characterizations ( edit ) A triangle ABC that has the sides a , b , c , semiperimeter s , area T , exradii r , r , r ( tangent to a , b , c respectively ) , and where R and r are the radii of the circumcircle and incircle respectively , is equilateral if and only if any one of the statements in the following nine categories is true . Thus these are properties that are unique to equilateral triangles , and knowing that any one of them is true directly implies that we have an equilateral triangle . Sides ( edit ) a = b = c ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle a = b = c ) 1 a + 1 b + 1 c = 25 R r − 2 r 2 4 R r ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( a ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( b ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( c ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 25Rr - 2r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( 4Rr ) ) ) Semiperimeter ( edit ) s = 2 R + ( 3 3 − 4 ) r ( Blundon ) ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle s = 2R+ ( 3 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) - 4 ) r \ quad ( \ text ( ( Blundon ) ) ) ) s 2 = 3 r 2 + 12 R r ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle s ^ ( 2 ) = 3r ^ ( 2 ) + 12Rr ) s 2 = 3 3 T ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle s ^ ( 2 ) = 3 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) T ) s = 3 3 r ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle s = 3 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) r ) s = 3 3 2 R ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle s = ( \ frac ( 3 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) R ) Angles ( edit ) A = B = C = 60 ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle A = B = C = 60 ^ ( \ circ ) ) cos  A + cos  B + cos  C = 3 2 ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle \ cos ( A ) + \ cos ( B ) + \ cos ( C ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ) sin  A 2 sin  B 2 sin  C 2 = 1 8 ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle \ sin ( \ frac ( A ) ( 2 ) ) \ sin ( \ frac ( B ) ( 2 ) ) \ sin ( \ frac ( C ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8 ) ) ) Area ( edit ) T = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 4 3 ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle T = ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ) \ quad ) ( Weitzenböck ) T = 3 4 ( a b c ) 2 3 ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle T = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( abc ) ^ ( ^ ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ) ) Circumradius , inradius and exradii ( edit ) R = 2 r ( Chapple - Euler ) ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle R = 2r \ quad ( \ text ( ( Chapple - Euler ) ) ) ) 9 R 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle 9R ^ ( 2 ) = a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) r = r a + r b + r c 9 ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle r = ( \ frac ( r_ ( a ) + r_ ( b ) + r_ ( c ) ) ( 9 ) ) ) r a = r b = r c ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle r_ ( a ) = r_ ( b ) = r_ ( c ) ) Equal cevians ( edit ) Three kinds of cevians are equal for ( and only for ) equilateral triangles : The three altitudes have equal lengths . The three medians have equal lengths . The three angle bisectors have equal lengths . Coincident triangle centers ( edit ) Every triangle center of an equilateral triangle coincides with its centroid , which implies that the equilateral triangle is the only triangle with no Euler line connecting some of the centers . For some pairs of triangle centers , the fact that they coincide is enough to ensure that the triangle is equilateral . In particular : A triangle is equilateral if any two of the circumcenter , incenter , centroid , or orthocenter coincide . It is also equilateral if its circumcenter coincides with the Nagel point , or if its incenter coincides with its nine - point center . Six triangles formed by partitioning by the medians ( edit ) For any triangle , the three medians partition the triangle into six smaller triangles . A triangle is equilateral if and only if any three of the smaller triangles have either the same perimeter or the same inradius . A triangle is equilateral if and only if the circumcenters of any three of the smaller triangles have the same distance from the centroid . Points in the plane ( edit ) A triangle is equilateral if and only if , for every point P in the plane , with distances p , q , and r to the triangle 's sides and distances x , y , and z to its vertices , 4 ( p 2 + q 2 + r 2 ) ≥ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . ( \ displaystyle 4 ( p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) + r ^ ( 2 ) ) \ geq x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) + z ^ ( 2 ) . ) Notable theorems ( edit ) Morley 's trisector theorem states that , in any triangle , the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle trisectors form an equilateral triangle . Napoleon 's theorem states that , if equilateral triangles are constructed on the sides of any triangle , either all outward , or all inward , the centers of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle . A version of the isoperimetric inequality for triangles states that the triangle of greatest area among all those with a given perimeter is equilateral . Viviani 's theorem states that , for any interior point P in an equilateral triangle with distances d , e , and f from the sides and altitude h , d + e + f = h , ( \ displaystyle d + e + f = h , ) independent of the location of P . Pompeiu 's theorem states that , if P is an arbitrary point in an equilateral triangle ABC , then there exists a triangle with sides of lengths PA , PB , and PC . That is , PA , PB , and PC satisfy the triangle inequality that any two of them sum to at least as great as the third . Other properties ( edit ) By Euler 's inequality , the equilateral triangle has the smallest ratio R / r of the circumradius to the inradius of any triangle : specifically , R / r = 2 . The triangle of largest area of all those inscribed in a given circle is equilateral ; and the triangle of smallest area of all those circumscribed around a given circle is equilateral . The ratio of the area of the incircle to the area of an equilateral triangle , π 3 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 3 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ) ) , is larger than that of any non-equilateral triangle . The ratio of the area to the square of the perimeter of an equilateral triangle , 1 12 3 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ) , ) is larger than that for any other triangle . If a segment splits an equilateral triangle into two regions with equal perimeters and with areas A and A , then 7 9 ≤ A 1 A 2 ≤ 9 7 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 7 ) ( 9 ) ) \ leq ( \ frac ( A_ ( 1 ) ) ( A_ ( 2 ) ) ) \ leq ( \ frac ( 9 ) ( 7 ) ) . ) If a triangle is placed in the complex plane with complex vertices z , z , and z , then for either non-real cube root ω ( \ displaystyle \ omega ) of 1 the triangle is equilateral if and only if z 1 + ω z 2 + ω 2 z 3 = 0 . ( \ displaystyle z_ ( 1 ) + \ omega z_ ( 2 ) + \ omega ^ ( 2 ) z_ ( 3 ) = 0 . ) Given a point P in the interior of an equilateral triangle , the ratio of the sum of its distances from the vertices to the sum of its distances from the sides is greater than or equal to 2 , equality holding when P is the centroid . In no other triangle is there a point for which this ratio is as small as 2 . This is the Erdős -- Mordell inequality ; a stronger variant of it is Barrow 's inequality , which replaces the perpendicular distances to the sides with the distances from P to the points where the angle bisectors of ∠ APB , ∠ BPC , and ∠ CPA cross the sides ( A , B , and C being the vertices ) . For any point P in the plane , with distances p , q , and t from the vertices A , B , and C respectively , 3 ( p 4 + q 4 + t 4 + a 4 ) = ( p 2 + q 2 + t 2 + a 2 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle 3 ( p ^ ( 4 ) + q ^ ( 4 ) + t ^ ( 4 ) + a ^ ( 4 ) ) = ( p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) + t ^ ( 2 ) + a ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) For any point P on the inscribed circle of an equilateral triangle , with distances p , q , and t from the vertices , 4 ( p 2 + q 2 + t 2 ) = 5 a 2 ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle 4 ( p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) + t ^ ( 2 ) ) = 5a ^ ( 2 ) ) and 16 ( p 4 + q 4 + t 4 ) = 11 a 4 . ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle 16 ( p ^ ( 4 ) + q ^ ( 4 ) + t ^ ( 4 ) ) = 11a ^ ( 4 ) . ) For any point P on the minor arc BC of the circumcircle , with distances p , q , and t from A , B , and C respectively , p = q + t ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle p = q + t ) and q 2 + q t + t 2 = a 2 ; ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle q ^ ( 2 ) + qt + t ^ ( 2 ) = a ^ ( 2 ) ; ) moreover , if point D on side BC divides PA into segments PD and DA with DA having length z and PD having length y , then z = t 2 + t q + q 2 t + q , ( \ displaystyle z = ( \ frac ( t ^ ( 2 ) + tq + q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( t + q ) ) , ) which also equals t 3 − q 3 t 2 − q 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( t ^ ( 3 ) - q ^ ( 3 ) ) ( t ^ ( 2 ) - q ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) if t ≠ q ; and 1 q + 1 t = 1 y , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( q ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( t ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( y ) ) , ) which is the optic equation . There are numerous triangle inequalities that hold with equality if and only if the triangle is equilateral . An equilateral triangle is the most symmetrical triangle , having 3 lines of reflection and rotational symmetry of order 3 about its center . Its symmetry group is the dihedral group of order 6 D . Equilateral triangles are the only triangles whose Steiner inellipse is a circle ( specifically , it is the incircle ) . The integer - sided equilateral triangle is the only triangle with integer sides and three rational angles as measured in degrees . A regular tetrahedron is made of four equilateral triangles . Equilateral triangles are found in many other geometric constructs . The intersection of circles whose centers are a radius width apart is a pair of equilateral arches , each of which can be inscribed with an equilateral triangle . They form faces of regular and uniform polyhedra . Three of the five Platonic solids are composed of equilateral triangles . In particular , the regular tetrahedron has four equilateral triangles for faces and can be considered the three - dimensional analogue of the shape . The plane can be tiled using equilateral triangles giving the triangular tiling . Geometric construction ( edit ) Construction of equilateral triangle with compass and straightedge An equilateral triangle is easily constructed using a compass and straightedge , as 3 is a Fermat prime . Draw a straight line , and place the point of the compass on one end of the line , and swing an arc from that point to the other point of the line segment . Repeat with the other side of the line . Finally , connect the point where the two arcs intersect with each end of the line segment An alternative method is to draw a circle with radius r , place the point of the compass on the circle and draw another circle with the same radius . The two circles will intersect in two points . An equilateral triangle can be constructed by taking the two centers of the circles and either of the points of intersection . In both methods a by - product is the formation of vesica piscis . The proof that the resulting figure is an equilateral triangle is the first proposition in Book I of Euclid 's Elements . Derivation of area formula ( edit ) The area formula A = 3 4 a 2 ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) a ^ ( 2 ) ) in terms of side length a can be derived directly using the Pythagorean theorem or using trigonometry . Using the Pythagorean theorem ( edit ) The area of a triangle is half of one side a times the height h from that side : A = 1 2 a h . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ah . ) An equilateral triangle with a side of 2 has a height of √ 3 as the sine of 60 ° is √ 3 / 2 . The legs of either right triangle formed by an altitude of the equilateral triangle are half of the base a , and the hypotenuse is the side a of the equilateral triangle . The height of an equilateral triangle can be found using the Pythagorean theorem ( a 2 ) 2 + h 2 = a 2 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( a ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) = a ^ ( 2 ) ) so that h = 3 2 a . ( \ displaystyle h = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 2 ) ) a . ) Substituting h into the area formula ( 1 / 2 ) ah gives the area formula for the equilateral triangle : A = 3 4 a 2 . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) a ^ ( 2 ) . ) Using trigonometry ( edit ) Using trigonometry , the area of a triangle with any two sides a and b , and an angle C between them is A = 1 2 a b sin  C . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ab \ sin C . ) Each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60 ° , so A = 1 2 a b sin  60 ∘ . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ab \ sin 60 ^ ( \ circ ) . ) The sine of 60 ° is 3 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) . Thus A = 1 2 a b × 3 2 = 3 4 a b = 3 4 a 2 ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ab \ times ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ab = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) a ^ ( 2 ) ) since all sides of an equilateral triangle are equal . In culture and society ( edit ) Equilateral triangles have frequently appeared in man made constructions : Some archaeological sites have equilateral triangles as part of their construction , for example Lepenski Vir in Serbia . The shape also occurs in modern architecture such as Randhurst Mall and the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial . The Flag of Nicaragua , the Flag of the Philippines , the Seal of the President of the Philippines , and the Flag of Junqueirópolis contain equilateral triangles . It is a shape of a variety of road signs , including the Yield sign . The fraternity Tau Kappa Epsilon uses the equilateral triangle as its primary symbol . See also ( edit ) Almost - equilateral Heronian triangle Isosceles triangle Right triangle Trigonometry Ternary plot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bencze , Mihály ; Wu , Hui - Hua ; Wu , Shan - He ( 2008 ) . `` An equivalent form of fundamental triangle inequality and its applications '' ( PDF ) . Research Group in Mathematical Inequalities and Applications. 11 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Dospinescu , G. ; Lascu , M. ; Pohoata , C. ; Letiva , M. ( 2008 ) . `` An elementary proof of Blundon 's inequality '' ( PDF ) . Journal of inequalities in pure and applied mathematics. 9 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Blundon , W.J. ( 1963 ) . `` On Certain Polynomials Associated with the Triangle '' . Mathematics Magazine . 36 ( 4 ) : 247 -- 248 . doi : 10.2307 / 2687913 . ^ Jump up to : Alsina , Claudi ; Nelsen , Roger B. ( 2009 ) . When less is more . Visualizing basic inequalities . Mathematical Association of America . pp. 71 , 155 . ^ Jump up to : Pohoata , Cosmin ( 2010 ) . `` A new proof of Euler 's inradius - circumradius inequality '' ( PDF ) . Gazeta Matematica Seria B ( 3 ) : 121 -- 123 . Jump up ^ McLeman , Cam ; Ismail , Andrei . `` Weizenbock 's inequality '' . PlanetMath . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Andreescu , Titu ; Andrica , Dorian ( 2006 ) . Complex Numbers from A to ... Z . Birkhäuser . pp. 70 , 113 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Owen , Byer ; Felix , Lazebnik ; Deirdre , Smeltzer ( 2010 ) . Methods for Euclidean Geometry . Mathematical Association of America . pp. 36 , 39 . Jump up ^ Yiu , Paul ( 1998 ) . `` Notes on Euclidean Geometry '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Cerin , Zvonko ( 2004 ) . `` The vertex - midpoint - centroid triangles '' ( PDF ) . Forum Geometricorum. 4 : 97 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inequalities proposed in `` Crux Mathematicorum '' '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Chakerian , G.D. `` A Distorted View of Geometry . '' Ch. 7 in Mathematical Plums ( R. Honsberger , editor ) . Washington , DC : Mathematical Association of America , 1979 : 147 . ^ Jump up to : Posamentier , Alfred S. ; Salkind , Charles T. ( 1996 ) . Challenging Problems in Geometry . Dover Publ . Jump up ^ Svrtan , Dragutin ; Veljan , Darko ( 2012 ) . `` Non-Euclidean versions of some classical triangle inequalities '' ( PDF ) . Forum Geometricorum. 12 : 197 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Dörrie , Heinrich ( 1965 ) . 100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics . Dover Publ . pp. 379 -- 380 . Jump up ^ Minda , D. ; Phelps , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Triangles , ellipses , and cubic polynomials '' . American Mathematical Monthly . 115 ( October ) : 679 -- 689 . JSTOR 27642581 . Jump up ^ Dao , Thanh Oai ( 2015 ) . `` Equilateral triangles and Kiepert perspectors in complex numbers '' ( PDF ) . Forum Geometricorum. 15 : 105 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hojoo ( 2001 ) . `` Another proof of the Erdős -- Mordell Theorem '' ( PDF ) . Forum Geometricorum. 1 : 7 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : De , Prithwijit ( 2008 ) . `` Curious properties of the circumcircle and incircle of an equilateral triangle '' . Mathematical Spectrum. 41 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Conway , J.H. , and Guy , R.K. , `` The only rational triangle '' , in The Book of Numbers , 1996 , Springer - Verlag , pp. 201 and 228 -- 239 . External links ( edit ) Weisstein , Eric W. `` Equilateral Triangle '' . MathWorld . Polygons Regular List 1 -- 10 sides Monogon Digon Triangle Equilateral Isosceles Quadrilateral Square Rectangle Rhombus Parallelogram Trapezoid Kite Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Nonagon ( Enneagon ) Decagon 11 -- 20 sides Hendecagon Dodecagon Tridecagon Tetradecagon Pentadecagon Hexadecagon Heptadecagon Octadecagon Enneadecagon Icosagon 21 -- 100 sides ( selected ) Icosidigon ( 22 ) Icositetragon ( 24 ) Icosihexagon ( 26 ) Icosioctagon ( 28 ) Triacontagon ( 30 ) Triacontadigon ( 32 ) Triacontatetragon ( 34 ) Tetracontagon ( 40 ) Tetracontadigon ( 42 ) Tetracontaoctagon ( 48 ) Pentacontagon ( 50 ) Hexacontagon ( 60 ) Hexacontatetragon ( 64 ) Heptacontagon ( 70 ) Octacontagon ( 80 ) Enneacontagon ( 90 ) Enneacontahexagon ( 96 ) Hectogon ( 100 ) > 100 sides 120 - gon 257 - gon 360 - gon Chiliagon ( 1,000 ) Myriagon ( 10,000 ) 65537 - gon Megagon ( 1,000,000 ) Apeirogon ( ∞ ) Star polygons ( 5 -- 12 sides ) Pentagram Hexagram Heptagram Octagram Enneagram Decagram Hendecagram Dodecagram ( hide ) Fundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2 -- 10 Family I ( p ) / D E / E / E / F / G Regular polygon Triangle Square p - gon Hexagon Pentagon Uniform polyhedron Tetrahedron Octahedron Cube Demicube Dodecahedron Icosahedron Uniform 4 - polytope 5 - cell 16 - cell Tesseract Demitesseract 24 - cell 120 - cell 600 - cell Uniform 5 - polytope 5 - simplex 5 - orthoplex 5 - cube 5 - demicube Uniform 6 - polytope 6 - simplex 6 - orthoplex 6 - cube 6 - demicube 1 2 Uniform 7 - polytope 7 - simplex 7 - orthoplex 7 - cube 7 - demicube 1 2 3 Uniform 8 - polytope 8 - simplex 8 - orthoplex 8 - cube 8 - demicube 1 2 4 Uniform 9 - polytope 9 - simplex 9 - orthoplex 9 - cube 9 - demicube Uniform 10 - polytope 10 - simplex 10 - orthoplex 10 - cube 10 - demicube Uniform n - polytope n - simplex n - orthoplex n - cube n - demicube 1 2 k n - pentagonal polytope Topics : Polytope families Regular polytope List of regular polytopes and compounds Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equilateral_triangle&oldid=837588497 '' Categories : Triangles Triangle geometry Elementary shapes Constructible polygons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Corsu Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lingála Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 吴语 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 19 : 45 . 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Question: how many lines of symmetry are there in a equilateral triangle


List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl - wikipedia List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII . This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl . The U.S. national anthem ( `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' ) has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967 ; Vikki Carr sang `` America the Beautiful '' in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977 . Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982 , famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games . Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009 , `` America the Beautiful '' is sung before the national anthem every year . Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem , and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performances 2 Multiple and hometown performances 3 Notable performances 4 Controversies 5 Other patriotic performances 6 See also 7 References Performances ( edit ) No . Year Venue Performer ( s ) 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , California The Pride of Arizona , Michigan Marching Band , and UCLA choir II 1968 Orange Bowl , Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra An NFL.com reference ( ) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem , but NBC 's broadcast of game , available from the Paley Center for Media 's collection , shows that Geisler performed it . IV 1970 Tulane Stadium , New Orleans Al Hirt V 1971 Orange Bowl , Miami Tommy Loy ( trumpet ) VI 1972 Tulane Stadium , New Orleans U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels ( children 's choir ) of Chicago 's Holy Angels Church VIII Rice Stadium , Houston , Texas Charley Pride IX Tulane Stadium , New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band ( 2 ) X 1976 Orange Bowl , Miami Tom Sullivan XI 1977 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California None ( Vikki Carr sang `` America the Beautiful '' ) XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome , New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University XIII 1979 Orange Bowl , Miami The Colgate Thirteen XIV 1980 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Cheryl Ladd XV 1981 Superdome , New Orleans Helen O'Connell XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome , Pontiac , Michigan Diana Ross XVII Rose Bowl , Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida Barry Manilow XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium , Stanford , California San Francisco Boys Chorus , San Francisco Girls Chorus , Piedmont Children 's Chorus , and San Francisco Children 's Chorus XX 1986 Superdome , New Orleans Wynton Marsalis ( trumpet ) XXI Rose Bowl , Pasadena Neil Diamond XXII Jack Murphy Stadium , San Diego Herb Alpert ( trumpet ) XXIII Joe Robbie Stadium , Miami Billy Joel XXIV Superdome , New Orleans Aaron Neville XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium , Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling XXVI Metrodome , Minneapolis Harry Connick , Jr . ASL ( American Sign Language ) : Lori Hilary XXVII Rose Bowl , Pasadena Garth Brooks ASL : Marlee Matlin XXVIII Georgia Dome , Atlanta Natalie Cole ASL : Courtney Keel Foley XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium , Miami Kathie Lee Gifford ASL : Heather Whitestone XXX Sun Devil Stadium , Tempe , Arizona Vanessa L. Williams ASL : Mary Kim Titla XXXI Superdome , New Orleans Luther Vandross ASL : Erika Rachael Schwarz XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Jewel ASL : Phyllis Frelich XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium , Miami Cher ASL : Speaking Hands XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome , Atlanta Faith Hill ASL : Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir XXXV Raymond James Stadium , Tampa Backstreet Boys AASL : Tom Cooney XXXVI 2002 Superdome , New Orleans Mariah Carey ASL : Joe Narcisse XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Dixie Chicks ASL : Janet Maxwell XXXVIII Reliant Stadium , Houston Beyoncé ASL : Suzanna Christy XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 2 ) , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets ASL : Wesley Tallent XL 2006 Ford Field , Detroit Aaron Neville ( 2 ) and Aretha Franklin , Dr. John ( piano accompaniment ) ASL : Angela LaGuardia XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Billy Joel ( 2 ) ASL : Marlee Matlin ( 2 ) XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Jordin Sparks ASL : A Dreamer XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida Jennifer Hudson ASL : Kristen Santos XLIV Sun Life Stadium , Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood ASL : Kinesha Battles XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium , Arlington , Texas Christina Aguilera ASL : Candice Villesca XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson ASL : Rachel Mazique XLVII 2013 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans Alicia Keys ASL : John Maucere XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Renée Fleming ASL : Amber Zion XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Idina Menzel ASL : Treshelle Edmond 50 2016 Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , California Lady Gaga ASL : Marlee Matlin ( 3 ) LI 2017 NRG Stadium , Houston , Texas Luke Bryan ASL : Kriston Lee Pumphery . LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Pink ASL : Alexandria Wailes . Multiple and hometown performances ( edit ) Acts that have performed three times : Marlee Matlin ( ASL ) , ( XXVII , XLI , and 50 ) Acts that have performed two times : GSU Tiger Marching Band ( II and IX ) Billy Joel ( XXIII and XLI ) Aaron Neville ( XXIV and XL ) U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale ( VI and XXXIX ) Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area : Beyoncé ( XXXVIII , Houston ) Aretha Franklin ( XL , Detroit ) Al Hirt ( IV , New Orleans ) Aaron Neville ( XXIV & XL , New Orleans ) Diana Ross ( XVI , Detroit ) Jordin Sparks ( XLII , Phoenix ) Notable performances ( edit ) The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , during the Gulf War , had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever . It was released as a single a few weeks later , appeared on the album Whitney : The Greatest Hits , and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks . The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer . Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . It became popular in country radio . Following the September 11 attacks , her version entered the country singles chart at number 35 , despite not being released as an official single , and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002 . At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 , in an emotional and groundbreaking performance , soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem , scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history , and the second - highest ratings for any television program in history . Controversies ( edit ) Just days after Super Bowl XXV , a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance . It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone , but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded . Since 1993 , the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track . This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance . Only 45 minutes before kickoff , he refused to take the stage , due to a dispute with NBC . Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video `` We Shall Be Free '' during the pregame . The network chose not to air the video , due to content some felt was disturbing imagery . Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem , which meant the league had nothing to play if he left . Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands , and were prepared to use him as a replacement . After last - minute negotiations , NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game , and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang . Following the `` wardrobe malfunction '' controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 , all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny . Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the Naval Academy , Air Force Academy , Coast Guard Academy , and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform . This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together . Two days after Super Bowl XLIII , it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced . At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV , Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly . Instead of singing `` O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming '' , the pop star sang `` What so proudly we watched at the twilight 's last gleaming '' . According to the New York Times , she also changed `` gleaming '' to `` reaming '' . Other patriotic performances ( edit ) The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII . The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem . Since 2009 , `` America the Beautiful '' is sung before the national anthem . Pledge of Allegiance 1969 : Apollo 8 crew 1970 : Apollo astronauts 1973 : Apollo 17 crew `` America the Beautiful '' 1977 : Vikki Carr ( in place of the national anthem ) 2001 : Ray Charles 2002 : Mary J. Blige , Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra 2005 : Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles 2009 : Faith Hill 2010 : Queen Latifah 2011 : Lea Michele 2012 : Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert 2013 : Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus 2014 : Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus 2015 : John Legend 2016 : U.S. Armed Forces Chorus 2017 : Phillipa Soo , Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones . 2018 : Leslie Odom Jr ... . `` God Bless America '' 2003 : Céline Dion See also ( edit ) Super Bowl List of Super Bowl halftime shows References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl -- Entertainment '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III '' . Paley Center for Media . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Living the dream : Prof to sign anthem for deaf '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI : PepsiCo and the NAD '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ King ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII '' . KING Says . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAD , NFL , & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Tickets 2015 '' . Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50 '' . National Football League . Associated Press . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI '' . National Football League . January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hudson 's Super Bowl Lip - Sync No Surprise to Insiders '' . ABC News . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A fitting wartime rendition '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 4 , 1991 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Warner ca n't match ' 07 magic vs. Steelers '' . Chicago Tribune . February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our National Anthem : The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' . Rolling Stone . July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film , NFL Films , 1991 ^ Jump up to : `` Oh , Say , Can She Sing '' . St. John 's Downtown . January 31 , 2004 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunkerley , Beville ; Leahhey , Andrew ; Parton , Chris ; Moss , Marissa R. ; Shelburne , Craig ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Faith Hill 's 10 Greatest Live Performances '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl '' . CBS Sports . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Chris ; Paparella , Andrew ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston 's Star - Spangled Secret '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . The Official Garth Brooks Official Website . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ; James , Meg ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` The Nation ; After ' 04 Fiasco , Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides '' . The Los Angeles Times ( Home ed . ) . p . A01 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 14 , 2005 ) . `` Football ? They Play a Game ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Callow , James ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Super Bowl 2011 : Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Schabner , Dean ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Mangles ' Star - Spangled Banner ' at Super Bowl '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Singing , Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Entertainment '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weseling , Chris ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sandy Hook , Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Jennifer ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` I 'm blessed & honored to be singing `` America The Beautiful '' with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday `` . Twitter . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/ Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Is Coming to the Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NFL.com ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . 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Question: who sang the superbowl national anthem in 2017


Crossing the Bar - wikipedia Crossing the Bar Jump to : navigation , search `` Crossing the Bar '' is an 1889 poem by Alfred , Lord Tennyson . It is considered that Tennyson wrote it in elegy ; the poem has a tone of finality and the narrator uses an extended metaphor to compare death with crossing the `` sandbar '' between river of life , with its outgoing `` flood '' , and the ocean that lies beyond ( death ) , the `` boundless deep '' , to which we return . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Words to the poem 3 Notes 4 External links Overview ( edit ) Tennyson is believed to have written the poem ( after suffering a serious illness ) while on the sea , crossing the Solent from Aldworth to Farringford on the Isle of Wight . Separately , it has been suggested he may have written it on a yacht anchored in Salcombe . `` The words '' , he said , `` came in a moment '' . Shortly before he died , Tennyson told his son Hallam to `` put ' Crossing the Bar ' at the end of all editions of my poems '' . The poem contains four stanzas that generally alternate between long and short lines . Tennyson employs a traditional ABAB rhyme scheme . Scholars have noted that the form of the poem follows the content : the wavelike quality of the long - then - short lines parallels the narrative thread of the poem . The extended metaphor of `` crossing of bar '' represents traveling serenely and securely from life through death . The Pilot is a metaphor for God , whom the speaker hopes to meet face to face . Tennyson explained , `` The Pilot has been on board all the while , but in the dark I have not seen him ... ( He is ) that Divine and Unseen Who is always guiding us . '' The words have been set to music by Sir Hubert Parry , Sir Joseph Barnby and Dr. George Hewson , organist at St Patrick 's Cathedral Dublin . In 2014 , Ian Assersohn wrote a new setting of the words for male voices . Assersohn 's piece `` Crossing the Bar '' won the Composers ' Competition at the Cornwall International Male Voice Choir Festival , from a field of 40 entries . Assersohn is the Musical Director of Epsom Male Voice Choir , and the choir sang the world première of `` Crossing the Bar '' in Truro Cathedral at the Festival Opening International Gala Concert on Thursday 30 April 2015 . A lovely folk music inspired setting for the poem with a refrain was created by Rani Arbo , an American bluegrass musician . The music was written at the time her husband 's grandmother as passing away . Peter Amidon has used her melody to create a choral setting . Words to the poem ( edit ) Sunset and evening star , And one clear call for me ! And may there be no moaning of the bar , When I put out to sea , But such a tide as moving seems asleep , Too full for sound and foam , When that which drew from out the boundless deep Turns again home . Twilight and evening bell , And after that the dark ! And may there be no sadness of farewell , When I embark ; For tho ' from out our bourne of Time and Place The flood may bear me far , I hope to see my Pilot face to face When I have crost the bar . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hill , Robert W. , Jr. , ed. ( 1971 ) . Tennyson 's poetry ; authoritative texts , juvenilia and early responses , criticism . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09953 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Festival20112 '' . Jump up ^ `` EMVC Home '' . Jump up ^ `` cimcf.uk home page '' . Jump up ^ `` Crossing the Bar by Alfred , Lord Tennyson : The Poetry Foundation '' . www.poetryfoundation.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Crossing the Bar `` Crossing the Bar '' poem text ( hide ) Alfred Tennyson , 1st Baron Tennyson Early poetry `` The Deserted House '' `` The Lady of Shalott '' `` The Lotos - Eaters '' `` Mariana '' `` Oenone '' Poetry `` Break , Break , Break '' `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' `` The Day - Dream '' `` Godiva '' Idylls of the King `` In Memoriam A.H.H. '' `` Lady Clara Vere de Vere '' `` Locksley Hall '' `` Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal '' Poems ( 1842 ) `` The Palace of Art '' The Princess `` Sir Galahad '' `` St. Simeon Stylites '' `` Tears , Idle Tears '' `` The Two Voices '' `` Ulysses '' Late poetry `` Crossing the Bar '' `` The Eagle '' Enoch Arden `` Flower in the Crannied Wall '' Maud `` Ring Out , Wild Bells '' `` Tithonus '' Other works The Foresters ( play ) The Window ( song cycle ) Related Chapel House , Twickenham Farringford House Blackdown , West Sussex People Arthur Hallam ( friend ) Emily Tennyson ( wife ) Hallam Tennyson ( son ) Lionel Tennyson ( grandson ) Charles Tennyson ( grandson ) Emilia Tennyson ( sister ) Charles Tennyson Turner ( brother ) Frederick Tennyson ( brother ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossing_the_Bar&oldid=831927279 '' Categories : Poetry by Alfred Tennyson British poems 1889 poems Poems about death Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 21 : 40 . 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Question: how dose the poet present death as a voyage in crossing the bar

uses an extended metaphor to compare death with crossing the "sandbar" between river of life, with its outgoing "flood", and the ocean that lies beyond [death], the "boundless deep", to which we return


Las Vegas stadium - wikipedia Las Vegas stadium Jump to : navigation , search For the stadium originally known as Las Vegas Stadium , see Sam Boyd Stadium . Las Vegas Stadium Artist 's rendering showing the front of Las Vegas Stadium with the retractable windows and planned Al Davis memorial torch . Former names Raiders Stadium ( in early renderings ) Location Paradise , Nevada Coordinates 36 ° 05 ′ 26.7 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 01.4 '' W  /  36.090750 ° N 115.183722 ° W  / 36.090750 ; - 115.183722 Coordinates : 36 ° 05 ′ 26.7 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 01.4 '' W  /  36.090750 ° N 115.183722 ° W  / 36.090750 ; - 115.183722 Owner Las Vegas Stadium Authority ( Clark County Commission ) Operator Las Vegas Raiders Executive suites 100 Capacity 65,000 -- 72,000 ( larger events ) Acreage 62 acres ( 25 ha ) Surface Grass ( Raiders ) Field Turf ( UNLV ) Construction Broke ground November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) Construction cost $ 1.9 billion ( estimated ) Architect MANICA Architecture HNTB Project manager ICON Venue Group Structural engineer ARUP Services engineer Smith Seckman Reid , Inc . General contractor Mortenson Construction McCarthy Construction Tenants Las Vegas Raiders ( NFL ) ( 2020 -- ) planned UNLV Rebels ( NCAA ) ( 2020 -- ) planned Las Vegas Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2020 -- ) planned Website lasvegasstadium.raiders.com Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise , Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the UNLV Rebels football team from the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) . It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive , just west of Interstate 15 . Construction of the $1.9 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2016 1.2 2017 1.3 2018 2 Financing 3 Design 4 Tenants and events 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 2016 ( edit ) In January 2016 , reports emerged that Las Vegas Sands was considering developing a stadium in conjunction with Majestic Realty and UNLV , on a 42 - acre site owned by UNLV . UNLV had been in the market to for a new stadium to replace Sam Boyd Stadium since at least 2011 . Raiders owner Mark Davis visited Las Vegas on January 29 to tour the site and meet with Sands chairman Sheldon Adelson and other local figures . The Raiders , who had been trying to get a new , long term stadium built for the team since the 1980s had just missed out on relocating to Los Angeles that same month and were at an impasse in Oakland . In order for the team to relocate to Las Vegas a new stadium was required since Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan '' , referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas . Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez , athletic director Tina Kunzer - Murphy , adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of the proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . In the spring of 2016 , the board of directors of Las Vegas Sands rejected Adelson 's stadium proposal . Adelson decided to move ahead with the stadium as an individual investment , pledging $650 million of his personal wealth to the project . The viability of the Tropicana Avenue site was called into serious question in June 2016 , when Southwest Airlines objected to the location because its proximity to the northern end of one of McCarran Airport 's runways could have a negative impact on the safety and capacity of air traffic at the airport . The list of potential locations soon expanded to nine candidates , including the sites of the Wild Wild West casino , the Wynn golf course , the Riviera casino , the Las Vegas Festival Grounds , and Cashman Center . By September , the list was narrowed to two possibilities : the Bali Hai Golf Club , south of Mandalay Bay , and a vacant lot on Russell Road , just west of Interstate 15 . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a proposed stadium design were released . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . Majestic Realty revealed in October 2016 that it had withdrawn from the stadium project . Sandoval called a special session of the Nevada Legislature to consider the stadium and other tourism - related proposals in October 2016 . The funding bill for the stadium was approved by a 16 -- 5 vote in the Senate and by 28 -- 13 in the Assembly , and was signed into law by Sandoval on October 17 . The bill increased a hotel tax to provide the $750 million in funding . 2017 ( edit ) 2015 view of the stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 The Raiders filed relocation papers on January 19 to move from Oakland to Las Vegas . On January 26 , 2017 , the Raiders submitted a proposed lease agreement for the stadium . It was reported that the Raiders had selected the Russell Road site as the stadium location , the team would pay one dollar in rent , and that they could control the naming rights for both the stadium and plaza and in addition keep signage sponsorship revenue . Days after the Raiders ' announced proposal , Adelson dropped out of the stadium project , pulling his proposed $650 million contribution , and shortly after this announcement Goldman Sachs ( one of the backers of stadium proposal ) withdrew as well . ESPN reported on January 30 , 2017 , that the Raiders were expected to increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . On March 6 , the Raiders revealed Bank of America would be replacing the Adelson portion of the funding . NFL owners voted to approve the move by a near unanimous margin of 31 to 1 on March 27 . Only Stephen M. Ross , owner of the Miami Dolphins , voted against the relocation . The next day , the Raiders and the Las Vegas Stadium Authority began accepting deposits for season tickets for the new stadium . The Raiders announced that they planned to remain in Oakland until the stadium is complete . The Raiders closed the purchase of the land for the stadium at the Russell Road site on May 1 . The purchase price was reported at $77.5 million . In a Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting on May 11 , it was announced that in a joint venture Mortenson Construction and McCarthy Construction will be the developers for the stadium . Mortenson Construction previously worked on U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis for the Minnesota Vikings . The stadium authority approved a stadium lease with the Raiders on May 18 . The lease is for 30 years with four successive extension options of five years each . On September 18 , construction activity began on the stadium site with site preparation . The Raiders officially broke ground for the new stadium on November 13 . The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell , Raiders owner Mark Davis , his mother Carol Davis , various Raiders legends including Howie Long , Jim Plunkett , Tom Flores , and Ray Guy , Las Vegas and Nevada politicians such as Governor Brian Sandoval , Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman , Clark County Commissioner Steve Sisolak and stadium authority head Steve Hill . The event was hosted by George Lopez and included other celebrities like Carlos Santana , longtime Vegas icon Wayne Newton , and Howie D and Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys . There was also a tribute to the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that happened nearby by with Judith Hill and the Las Vegas House of Blues Gospel Choir performing ' Rise up ' while 58 beams of light for the 58 people shot and killed lit up . 2018 ( edit ) In January , construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl . Financing ( edit ) The budget for development of the stadium is estimated at $1.9 billion . Of this , an estimated $375 million is to be spent on land and infrastructure costs , $1.35 billion on construction , and $100 million on a Raiders practice facility , with the remaining $100 million as a contingency allowance for unexpected costs . The financing for the project is expected to come in the form of $750 million in public funding , $500 million from the Raiders , and $650 million lent by Bank of America . The public portion of the funding will come from municipal bonds issued by Clark County , backed by the proceeds of a special tax on hotel rooms in the Las Vegas area , which was initiated in March 2017 . The Raiders ' contribution is expected to include a $200 million loan from the NFL 's stadium upgrade program , $250 million from sales of personal seat licenses at the stadium , and $50 million from cash reserves . Local government can not receive any rent or revenue sharing from the stadium , because such an arrangement would not be compatible with the tax - exempt status of the bonds . Proponents instead argued that the public financing would be justified by increased economic activity and tax revenue related to the stadium . Critics have argued that the economic projections were based on overly optimistic assumptions . Design ( edit ) For Las Vegas Stadium , Mark Davis retained the same architecture firm , MANICA Architecture , that had designed the previously proposed Carson Stadium near Los Angeles . The stadium as proposed is a 10 level domed stadium with a clear ETFE roof , silver and black exterior and large retractable curtain - like side windows facing the Las Vegas Strip . There is a large torch in one end that would house a flame in honor of Al Davis , the late long - time owner of the Raiders . Updated renderings released after the relocation vote passed show the stadium with a roll - in natural grass field similar to the one at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . In an August 17 , 2017 Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting it was revealed that the stadium will have a designated pickup / drop off loop for ride sharing services such as Uber and Lyft , a first for a stadium in the NFL . Tenants and events ( edit ) The stadium will replace Sam Boyd Stadium and will serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels football program . In addition , it will host various events now held at Sam Boyd , such as the Las Vegas Bowl . Stadium backers project 20 to 25 additional events per year , with plausible possibilities including the Super Bowl , the Pro Bowl , the NFL Draft , the NCAA Final Four , the USA Sevens rugby tournament , the Monster Jam World Finals , boxing matches , Ultimate Fighting Championship events , neutral - site college football games , international soccer matches , concerts , and corporate shows . The stadium has also been cited as the possible home for a Major League Soccer expansion team owned by David Beckham . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal College Football portal Las Vegas portal Las Vegas Ballpark Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area T - Mobile Arena Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stadium Proposal '' ( PDF ) . Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County Stadium Authority Financing Plan Discussion Materials '' ( PDF ) . Las Vegas Stadium Authority . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stadium Procurement Package 1a & '' ( PDF ) . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Unknown parameter civil engineer = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stadium Procurement Package 2a '' ( PDF ) . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halter , Nick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Report : Mortenson will build football stadium for Raiders in Las Vegas ( slideshow ) '' . Minneapolis -- St. Paul Business Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas Sands proposes $1 B domed stadium ; Adelson to meet with Raiders owner '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bleakley , Caroline ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Details of New UNLV Stadium Project Released '' . LASVEGASNOW . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says ' brand would do well ' in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News Channel . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Adelson commits personal wealth to back stadium plan '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Southwest Airlines does n't want stadium next to airport '' . Las Vegas Sun . Associated Press . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , J.D. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Scouting report : Examining the pros , cons of potential NFL stadium sites '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valley , Jackie ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` As Las Vegas ' NFL stadium marches toward reality , burning questions remain '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Majestic Realty bows out of Las Vegas stadium development team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special session kicks off to consider NFL stadium funding '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 - 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damien , Levi ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas stadium proposal details revealed : Raiders get naming rights , one dollar rent , pick preferred site , more '' . Silver and Black Pride . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Adelsons withdraw investment from proposed Raiders stadium in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders boost Vegas commitment to $1.2 billion , operations , risk '' . espn.com . ESPN . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas Stadium Gets Boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael David Smith ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move to Las Vegas approved '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders already taking deposits for season tickets in Las Vegas '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders close purchase on 62 - acre stadium site in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Vegas Lease Agreement Unanimously Approved by Stadium Authority Board '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium Lease Agreement between Clark County Stadium Authority and ( Raiders Stadium Events Company ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Construction activity begins at Las Vegas Raiders stadium site -- VIDEO '' . 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders breaking ground on new Las Vegas stadium -- LIVESTREAM '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders break ground on new stadium in Las Vegas '' . NFL . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis plays ceremonial shovel like guitar , other highlights , quotes , pics from Raiders Las Vegas stadium ground breaking '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Vince . `` Rock blasting begins on Raiders stadium site '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon Mark ; Graney , Ed ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` How much money do Raiders really need to build Las Vegas stadium ? '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Candee , Adam ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` What 's behind the $1.9 billion price tag for NFL stadium in Las Vegas ? '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Manley , Bridget ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` New financing rejuvenates Las Vegas stadium '' . Venues Today . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Room - tax money for NFL stadium starts to flow before Raiders ' move finalized '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas stadium loans could leave Raiders feeling financial squeeze '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Details of lease agreement between Las Vegas officials , Raiders emerging '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Messerly , Megan ; Valley , Jackie ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Digging into economic projections tied to a Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Will ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` To lure Raiders , Nevada officials willing to bet big -- with public money '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nocera , Joe ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` N.F.L. Stadium in Las Vegas May Be an Ego Boost , but Not an Economic One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nusca , Andrew . `` This Is the Stunning $2 Billion Stadium Where the Las Vegas Raiders Will Play '' . Fortune.com . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders apply for ' Las Vegas Raiders ' trademark ; stadium renderings '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` First look at details of new Raiders stadium in Las Vegas may answer questions '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders pitch a $1.9 billion Las Vegas stadium - Archpaper.com '' . archpaper.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damien , Levi ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New video , pics of Raiders Las Vegas stadium renderings '' . Silver and Black Pride . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Can Las Vegas become a new destination in college football ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Beyond the pigskin : What events are needed for stadium 's long - term viability '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weissberg , Brad ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders brand , Vegas brand unite '' . Venues Today . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Time ticking on Beckham 's Miami MLS team amid deadline , Las Vegas speculation '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Stadium . Official website Proposed Las Vegas Stadium Virtual Tour from the National Football League ( NFL ) 's official YouTube channel Construction page for stadium from Mortenson McCarthy Las Vegas Stadium Authority Stadium webcam Preceded by Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Home of the Las Vegas Raiders 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Preceded by Sam Boyd Stadium Home of UNLV Rebels football 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Preceded by Sam Boyd Stadium Host of Las Vegas Bowl 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold UNLV Rebels football Venues Cashman Field ( old ) ( 1968 ) Butcher Field ( 1971 ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( 1971 -- 2019 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( 2020 -- future ) Bowl games & rivalries Bowl games Hawaii ( Island Showdown ) Nevada ( Fremont Cannon ) Culture & lore Hey Reb ! Win with the Rebels Star of Nevada People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Las Vegas Bowl History & tie - ins History California Bowl Broadcasters Mountain West Conference Pac - 12 Conference Las Vegas Bowl Champion seasons Venues Sam Boyd Stadium ( 1992 -- 2019 ) Las Vegas Stadium ( 2020 -- future ) Games 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum Imperial Palace Auto Collection Las Vegas Gambling Museum Las Vegas Historical Society Las Vegas Natural History Museum Lost City Museum Madame Tussauds Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art Mob Museum National Atomic Testing Museum Neon Museum Nevada State Museum Nevada Southern Railroad Museum Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Pinball Hall of Fame Shelby Museum Southern Nevada Museum of Fine Art Thunderbirds Museum Previous Elvis - A-Rama Museum Guinness World of Records Guggenheim Hermitage Museum History of the Future Museum Hollywood Movie Museum Las Vegas Art Museum Liberace Museum Star Trek : The Experience Sports T - Mobile Arena Sam Boyd Stadium Cashman Field Thomas & Mack Center Darling Tennis Center Bettye Wilson Soccer Complex Las Vegas Motor Speedway Las Vegas Stadium Las Vegas Ballpark Mandalay Bay Events Center All Net Resort and Arena Government Las Vegas City Hall Clark County Government Center Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Communities Cities Henderson Las Vegas North Las Vegas Census - designated places Blue Diamond Enterprise Paradise Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Neighborhoods Aliante Anthem / Anthem Country Club Chinatown Downtown Las Vegas Green Valley Lake Las Vegas Las Vegas Country Club MacDonald Highlands Mountain 's Edge Paradise Palms Queensridge / One Queensridge Place Seven Hills Southern Highlands Summerlin Summerlin South The Lakes The Ridges West Las Vegas Research and education University of Nevada , Las Vegas University of Nevada Medical School Nevada State College National University Touro University Nevada College of Southern Nevada Roseman University of Health Sciences Parks and public spaces Acacia Demonstration Gardens Clark County Shooting Complex Clark County Wetlands Park Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs Lake Mead National Recreation Area Springs Preserve Mount Charleston Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Sunset Park Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument Valley of Fire State Park Area shopping Bonanza Gift Shop The Boulevard Mall The Shops at Crystals Downtown Summerlin Galleria at Sunset Grand Canal Shoppes Fantastic Indoor Swap Meet Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops at Caesars Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Meadows Mall Miracle Mile Shops Stratosphere Tower Shops Studio Walk at MGM Grand Downtown Summerlin The Shoppes at the Palazzo Tivoli Village Town Square Other Architecture History Timeline Landmarks Skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Vegas_Stadium&oldid=822262429 '' Categories : Las Vegas Bowl Las Vegas Raiders stadiums UNLV Rebels football venues American football venues in Nevada Paradise , Nevada Stadiums under construction in the United States Sports venues in Las Vegas National Football League venues College football venues Hidden categories : Pages with citations using unsupported parameters Coordinates on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 10 : 22 . 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Question: where are they building the new raiders stadium