De Beers - Wikipedia De Beers Jump to : navigation , search The De Beers Group of Companies Industry Mining and trading of diamonds Genre Businesses Founded 1888 ; 130 years ago ( 1888 ) Founder Cecil Rhodes Headquarters London , United Kingdom Area served Worldwide Key people Mark Cutifani ( Chairman ) Bruce Cleaver ( CEO ) Products Diamonds Services Diamond marketing and promotion . Community development . Revenue $ 6.1 billion ( FY 2016 ) Owner Anglo American Number of employees 20,000 + Website debeersgroup.com The De Beers Group of Companies is an international corporation that specialises in diamond exploration , diamond mining , diamond retail , diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacturing sectors . The company is currently active in open - pit , large - scale alluvial , coastal and deep sea mining . It operates in 35 countries and mining takes place in Botswana , Namibia , South Africa and Canada . Until the start of the 21st century , De Beers effectively had total control over the diamond market as a monopoly . Competition has since dismantled the complete monopoly , though De Beers Group still sells approximately 35 % of the world 's rough diamond production through its Global Sightholder Sales and Auction Sales businesses . The company was founded in 1888 by British businessman Cecil Rhodes , who was financed by the South African diamond magnate Alfred Beit and the London - based NM Rothschild & Sons bank . In 1926 , Ernest Oppenheimer , an immigrant to Britain and later South Africa who had earlier founded mining company Anglo American plc with American financier J.P. Morgan , was elected to the board of De Beers . He built and consolidated the company 's global monopoly over the diamond industry until his death in 1957 . During this time , he was involved in a number of controversies , including price fixing and trust behaviour , and was accused of not releasing industrial diamonds for the U.S. war effort during World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foundation 1.2 Oppenheimer control 1.3 Marketing 1.4 Diamond monopoly 2 Operations 2.1 Business structure and brands 2.1. 1 Forevermark 2.1. 2 De Beers Diamond Jewellers 3 Legal issues 3.1 Sherman Antitrust Act 3.2 South Africa 's missing billions 3.3 Diamond prices 3.4 Industrial diamonds 3.5 European Commission 3.6 Conflict diamonds and the Kimberley Process 3.7 Forceful relocation of indigenous San people in Botswana 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Foundation ( edit ) Cecil Rhodes founded De Beers in 1888 Nathan Mayer Rothschild , Baron Rothschild , of the Rothschild family , funded the development of De Beers The name ' De Beers ' was derived from the two Dutch settlers and brothers Diederik Arnoldus De Beer ( December 25 , 1825 -- 1878 ) and Johannes Nicolaas De Beer ( December 6 , 1830 -- June 20 , 1883 ) , who owned a South African farm named Vooruitzicht ( Dutch for `` outlook '' ) near Zandfontein in the Boshof District of Orange Free State . After they discovered diamonds on their land , the increasing demands of the British government forced them to sell their farm on July 31 , 1871 , to merchant Alfred Johnson Ebden ( 1820 -- 1908 ) for £ 6,600 . Vooruitzicht would become the site of the Big Hole and the De Beers mine , two successful diamond mines . Their name , which was given to one of the mines , subsequently became associated with the company . Cecil Rhodes , the founder of De Beers , got his start by renting water pumps to miners during the diamond rush that started in 1869 , when an 83.5 carat diamond called the ' Star of South Africa ' was found at Hopetown near the Orange River in South Africa . He invested the profits of this operation into buying up claims of small mining operators , with his operations soon expanding into a separate mining company . He soon secured funding from the Rothschild family , who would finance his business expansion . De Beers Consolidated Mines was formed in 1888 by the merger of the companies of Barney Barnato and Cecil Rhodes , by which time the company was the sole owner of all diamond mining operations in the country . In 1889 , Rhodes negotiated a strategic agreement with the London - based Diamond Syndicate , which agreed to purchase a fixed quantity of diamonds at an agreed price , thereby regulating output and maintaining prices . The agreement soon proved to be very successful -- for example , during the trade slump of 1891 -- 1892 , supply was simply curtailed to maintain the price . Rhodes was concerned about the break - up of the new monopoly , stating to shareholders in 1896 that the company 's `` only risk is the sudden discovery of new mines , which human nature will work recklessly to the detriment of us all '' . The Second Boer War proved to be a challenging time for the company . Kimberley was besieged as soon as war broke out , thereby threatening the company 's valuable mines . Rhodes personally moved into the city at the onset of the siege in order to put political pressure on the British government to divert military resources towards relieving the siege rather than more strategic war objectives . Despite being at odds with the military , Rhodes placed the full resources of the company at the disposal of the defenders , manufacturing shells , defences , an armoured train and a gun named Long Cecil in the company workshops . Oppenheimer control ( edit ) In 1898 , diamonds were discovered on farms near Pretoria , Transvaal . One led to the discovery of the Premier Mine . The Premier Mine was registered in 1902 and the Cullinan Diamond , the largest rough diamond ever discovered , was found there in 1905 . ( The Premier Mine was renamed the Cullinan Mine in 2003 . ) However , its owner refused to join the De Beers cartel . Instead , the mine started selling to a pair of independent dealers named Bernhard and Ernest Oppenheimer , thereby weakening the De Beers stronghold . Francis Oats , who became Chairman of De Beers in 1908 , was dismissive of the threats from the Premier mine and the finds in German South West Africa . However , production soon equalled all of the De Beers mines combined . Ernest Oppenheimer was appointed the local agent for the powerful London Syndicate , rising to the position of mayor of Kimberley within 10 years . He understood the core principle that underpinned De Beers ' success , stating in 1910 that `` common sense tells us that the only way to increase the value of diamonds is to make them scarce , that is to reduce production '' . During World War I , the Premier mine was finally absorbed into De Beers . When Rhodes died in 1902 , De Beers controlled 90 % of the world 's diamond production . Ernest Oppenheimer took over the chairmanship of the company in 1929 , after buying shares and being appointed to the board in 1926 . Oppenheimer was very concerned about the discovery of diamonds in 1908 in German South West Africa , fearing that the increased supply would swamp the market and force prices down . During the apartheid period De Beers ( formerly headed by Nicky Oppenheimer ) has been criticised for profiting initially from exploitation through colonialism and then from the system of apartheid . Former CIA chief Admiral Stansfield Turner claimed that De Beers restricted US access to industrial diamonds needed for the country 's war effort during World War II . Marketing ( edit ) See also : Diamonds as an investment De Beers successfully advertised diamonds to manipulate consumer demand . One of the most effective marketing strategies has been the marketing of diamonds as a symbol of love and commitment . A young copywriter working for N.W. Ayer & Son , Frances Gerety ( 1916 -- 1999 ) , coined the famous advertising slogan , ' A Diamond is Forever ' , in 1947 . In 2000 , Advertising Age magazine named ' A Diamond is Forever ' the best advertising slogan of the 20th century . Other successful campaigns include the ' eternity ring ' ( meant as a symbol of continuing affection and appreciation ) , the ' trilogy ring ' ( meant to represent the past , present , and future of a relationship ) and the ' right hand ring ' ( meant to be bought and worn by women as a symbol of independence ) . De Beers ran television advertisements featuring silhouettes of people wearing diamonds , set to the music of ' Palladio ' by Karl Jenkins . The campaign , titled Shadows and Lights `` ' first ran in the spring of 1993 . The song would later inspire a compilation album , ' Diamond Music , ' released in 1996 , which features the ' Palladio ' suite . A 2010 commercial for Verizon Wireless parodied the De Beers spots . Diamond monopoly ( edit ) Russian president Vladimir Putin meeting former De Beers chairman Nicky Oppenheimer in South Africa in 2006 De Beers used its dominant position through the 20th century to influence the international diamond market . The company used several methods . Firstly , it convinced independent producers to join its single channel monopoly . When that did not work , it flooded the market with diamonds similar to those of producers who refused to join in . It purchased and stockpiled diamonds produced by other manufacturers as well as surplus diamonds in order to control prices by limiting supply . Finally , it bought diamonds when prices fell considerably , such as during the Great Depression . In 2000 , the De Beers business model changed because of factors such as the decision by producers in Canada and Australia to distribute diamonds outside the De Beers channel , as well as rising awareness of blood diamonds that forced De Beers to `` avoid the risk of bad publicity '' by limiting sales to its own mined products . De Beers ' market share of rough diamonds fell from as high as 90 % in the 1980s to 33 % in 2013 , because of a more fragmented diamond market bringing greater competition , as well as more transparency and greater liquidity . In November 2011 , the Oppenheimer family announced its intention to sell all its 40 % stake in De Beers to Anglo American plc , thereby increasing Anglo American 's ownership of the company to 85 % ( the other 15 % is owned by the Government of the Republic of Botswana ) . The transaction was worth £ 3.2 billion ( US $5.1 billion ) in cash and ended the Oppenheimer dynasty 's 80 - year ownership of De Beers . Operations ( edit ) De Beers Mine shaft Premier Mine shaft The De Beers Snap Lake Mine in Canada Mining in Botswana takes place through the mining company Debswana , a 50 -- 50 joint venture with the Government of the Republic of Botswana . It operates four mines -- Jwaneng , Orapa , Letlhakane and Damtshaa , though Damtshaa was put on care and maintenance in 2015 . In Namibia , mining is carried out through Namdeb Holdings , a 50 -- 50 joint venture with the Government of the Republic of Namibia . Namdeb Holdings is made up of Debmarine Namibia ( covering offshore mining ) and Namdeb Diamond Corporation ( land - based coastal mining ) . For offshore mining , motor vessels are used , including the sixth and latest , the N $2.3 billion SS Nujoma , the world 's most advanced diamond exploration and sampling vessel , which began full operations in June 2017 . De Beers Consolidated Mines is responsible for the De Beers mining in South Africa . It is 74 % owned by De Beers and 26 % by a broad - based black economic empowerment partner , Ponahalo Investments . There are two mines -- Venetia and Voorspoed . In 2008 , De Beers began production at the Snap Lake mine in Northwest Territories , Canada ; this was the first De Beers mine outside Africa and was Canada 's first completely underground diamond mine . However , production was suspended when the mine was put on care and maintenance in 2015 . De Beers opened the Victor mine in Ontario , Canada , the same year , a day after Snap Lake . This was followed by the opening of the company 's third mine in Canada , Gahcho Kué , in September 2016 . Trading of rough diamonds takes place through two channels -- De Beers Global Sightholder Sales ( GSS ) and De Beers Auction Sales . GSS sells about 90 % of De Beers ' rough diamonds , by value , and features wholly owned and joint venture operations in South Africa ( De Beers Sightholder Sales South Africa ) , Botswana ( DTCB ) , and Namibia ( NDTC ) . They sort , value and sell 33 % ( 2013 ) of the world 's rough diamonds by value . There are two main types of customer for rough diamonds -- Sightholders and Accredited Buyers . Sightholders have a term contract . Accredited Buyers ( a customer type introduced in 2014 -- 15 ) have a more ad hoc arrangement . De Beers also sells about 10 % of its rough diamonds through online auction sales . The company pioneered the approach in 2008 when it broke with 44 years of direct sales to hold the diamond industry 's first online international auction sale . It is now the world 's leader in this kind of auction sale . De Beers employs more than 30,000 people around the globe on five continents , with more than 17,000 employees in Africa . Almost 8,000 people are employed in Botswana , around 6,200 in South Africa , nearly 2,900 in Namibia , some 1,260 in Canada and about 320 in exploration . Business structure and brands ( edit ) On 4 November 2011 , Anglo American plc and CHL Holdings announced their agreement for Anglo American to acquire an incremental interest in De Beers , increasing Anglo American 's 45 % shareholding in the world 's leading diamond company to 85 % . De Beers plc was originally incorporated as De Beers Société Anonyme in 2000 in Luxembourg . Following the closure of this office , the company was reclassified as De Beers plc in 2017 , with its head office now in Jersey . It is made up of two shareholdings : Anglo American plc has an 85 % shareholding and the Government of the Republic of Botswana owns 15 % directly . De Beers plc is the holding company of The De Beers Group of Companies . It is involved in many parts of the diamond value chain , from mining to sales , and is made up of a series of joint ventures and wholly owned operations . The joint ventures are : Debmarine Namibia Debswana DTCB Namdeb NDTC The wholly owned operations are in southern Africa and Canada . Also wholly owned are Forevermark , De Beers Jewellers , the International Institute of Diamond Valuation , De Beers Ventures , the International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research and Element Six ( Umicore has a 40 % stake in Element Six 's abrasives division ) . Forevermark ( edit ) Forevermark was launched in 2008 as one of the two diamond brands from The De Beers Group of Companies . According to the company website , `` Each Forevermark diamond is inscribed with a promise : that it is beautiful , rare and responsibly sourced . '' Forevermark diamonds are inscribed with an icon and unique identification number , albeit invisibly to the naked eye : the Forevermark inscription is 1 / 20th of a micron deep . This inscription helps keep Forevermark diamonds distinguishable from synthetic diamonds , which are otherwise similar to mined diamonds , and maintain scarcity : the Forevermark website boasts that only a tiny percentage of diamonds qualify for the Forevermark brand . De Beers diamond Jewellers ( edit ) De Beers Diamond Jewellers ( DBDJ ) was established in 2001 as a 50 : 50 joint venture between The De Beers Group of Companies and LVMH , the French luxury goods company . The first De Beers boutique opened in 2002 on London 's Old Bond Street as the brand 's flagship store . Since then , stores have opened in various cities around the world . In March 2017 , The De Beers Group of Companies acquired LVMH 's 50 % shareholding in DBDJ . De Beers Ventures De Beers Ventures was established by De Beers Group in June 2017 to consider minority stake investments in start - ups and growth companies that could be of benefit to De Beers Group or the broader diamond sector . International Institute of Diamond Valuation The International Institute of Diamond Valuation ( IIDV ) was launched by De Beers Group in March 2016 . Operating in partnership with diamond jewellery retailers , it provides a reselling service for all diamonds , regardless of value . The International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research The International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research ( IIDGR ) was set up by De Beers in 2008 , with the aim of providing a range of services and equipment in the field of diamond verification . It is based in London , Antwerp and , from 2015 , in Surat , India . The IIDGR works only on diamonds that meet the requirements of the United Nations ' World Diamond Council Kimberley Process . Legal issues ( edit ) Sherman antitrust Act ( edit ) During World War II , Ernest Oppenheimer attempted to negotiate a way around the Sherman Antitrust Act by proposing that De Beers register a US branch of the Diamond Syndicate Incorporated . In this way , his company could provide the US with the industrial diamonds it desperately sought for the war effort in return for immunity from prosecution after the war ; however his proposal was rejected by the US Justice Department when it was discovered that De Beers had no intention of stockpiling any industrial diamonds in the US . In 1945 , the Justice Department finally filed an antitrust case against De Beers , but the case was dismissed as the company had no presence on US soil . South Africa 's missing billions ( edit ) In 2014 , the Leverhulme Centre for the Study of Value , based at the University of Manchester , published a report authored by Sarah Bracking and Khadija Sharife , identifying over US $3 billion in price fixing of South African rough diamond trade , through transfer pricing manipulation from 2005 to 2012 . The report found significant evidence of profit shifting through volume and value manipulation . Sharife simultaneously published an article disclosing the political system that cultivated revenue leakage , including the donation of De Beers staff to the State Diamond Trader ( SDT ) . The report , like the article , utilised aggregated data produced by the Kimberley Process ( KP ) certificates of import - exports , relying on figures listed by the diamond companies themselves , in which De Beers was the dominant player . The South African Department of Mineral Resources ( DMR ) disclosed that De Beers did not authorise them to publish figures involving values , sales , pricing and other data , preventing transparency of the industry . Diamond prices ( edit ) From 2001 onwards several lawsuits were filed against De Beers in US State and Federal courts . These alleged that De Beers unlawfully monopolised the supply of diamonds and conspired to fix , raise and control diamond prices . Additionally , there were allegations of misleading advertising . While De Beers denied all allegations that it violated the law , in November 2005 , it announced that an agreement had been reached to settle civil class action suits filed against the company in the United States and , in March 2006 , three other civil class action suits were added to the November agreement . In April 2008 , De Beers confirmed that Judge Chesler of the US Federal District Court in New Jersey had entered an order approving a settlement arrangement totalling US $295 million . De Beers does not admit liability . As part of the settlement , persons who purchased gem diamonds from 1 January 1994 to 31 March 2006 , may be eligible for compensation . However , claimants were generally not pleased with the amounts they received from the settlement . Industrial diamonds ( edit ) In 2004 , De Beers pleaded guilty and paid a US $10 million fine to the United States Department of Justice to settle a 1994 charge that De Beers had colluded with General Electric , which was acquitted of all charges , to fix the price of industrial diamonds . European Commission ( edit ) In February 2006 , De Beers entered into legally binding commitments with the European Commission to cease purchasing rough diamonds from Russian mining company Alrosa as of the end of 2008 . In January 2007 , the European Commission announced it had closed the file due to lack of Community Interest . The commission decision is under appeal before the Court of First Instance in Luxembourg . Conflict diamonds and the Kimberley Process ( edit ) Main articles : Blood diamond and Kimberley Process Certification Scheme In 1999 , a campaign by Global Witness to highlight the role of diamonds in international conflicts led to a review by the United Nations . The initial focus of the UN 's investigation was on Jonas Savimbi 's UNITA movement in Angola , which was found to have bartered uncut diamonds for weaponry despite international economic and diplomatic sanctions being in effect through United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173 . In 1999 , De Beers Group stopped all outside buying of diamonds in order to guarantee the conflict - free status of their diamonds effective from 26 March 2000 . In December 2000 , following the recommendations of the Fowler Report , the UN adopted the landmark General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 55 / 56 supporting the creation of an international certification scheme for rough diamonds . By November 2002 , negotiations between governments , the international diamond industry , led by De Beers , and civil society organisations resulted in the creation of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme ( KPCS ) , which sets out the requirements for controlling rough diamond production and trade and became effective in 2003 . De Beers states that 100 % of the diamonds it now sells are conflict - free and that all De Beers diamonds are purchased in compliance with national law , the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme and its own Diamond Best Practice Principles . The Kimberley process has helped restore the reputation of the industry , as well as eliminating sources of excess supply . Forceful relocation of indigenous San people in Botswana ( edit ) In Botswana , a long dispute has existed between the interests of the mining company , De Beers , and the relocation of the San ( Bushman ) tribe from the land , in order to exploit diamond resources - an allegation rejected by De Beers . The San have been facing threats from government policies since at least 1980 , when the diamond resources were discovered . A campaign is being fought in an attempt to bring an end to what the indigenous rights organisation , Survival International , considers to be a genocide of a tribe that has been living in those lands for tens of thousands of years . On the grounds that their hunting and gathering have become obsolete and their presence is no longer compatible with preserving wildlife resources , the Gwi and Gana people were persecuted by the government of Botswana in order to make them leave the central Kalahari reserve . To get rid of them , they had their water supplies cut off and they have been `` taxed , fined , beaten , and tortured '' . Several international fashion models , including Iman , Lily Cole and Erin O'Connor , who were previously involved with advertising for the companies ' diamonds , have backed down after realising the consequences raised by this scandal , and now support the campaign . See also ( edit ) Anglo American plc The Case of the Disappearing Diamonds Peace in Africa ( ship ) , diamond mining dredge Blood diamonds Canadian diamonds Synthetic diamond List of synthetic diamond manufacturers Julian Ogilvie Thompson Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ De Beers Group : Results for the year ended 31 December 2016 , February 2017 , Retrieved : 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mining '' . De Beers Group . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . 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Associated Press via MSNBC.com. 13 July 2004 . Jump up ^ Margaret Webb Pressler ( 14 July 2004 ) . `` DeBeers Pleads to Price - Fixing : Firm Pays $10 million , Can Fully Reenter U.S. '' Washington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Alrosa Purchasing Commitments -- The De Beers Group Archived 21 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CURIA - Documents '' . europa.eu . Jump up ^ Michael Fleshman ( January 2001 ) . `` Targeting ' conflict diamonds ' in Africa : Security Council seeks to enforce sanctions against rebels , arms suppliers '' . UN . Jump up ^ `` Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts ( '' The `` Fowler Report '' ) `` . Global Policy Forum. 10 March 2000 . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` De Beers : Come Clean to Be Clean '' . Mail and Guardian via Global Policy Forum. 24 March 2000 . Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ De Beers Group De Beers Report to Stakeholders 2005 / 6 -- Ethics , `` Conflict and Instability '' De Beers Group . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . The De Beers Group . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kimberley Process Certification Scheme '' . UN. 18 May 2004 . Retrieved 25 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Kimberley Process ( KP ) '' . kimberleyprocess.com . Jump up ^ Best Practice Principles -- The De Beers Group Archived 25 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joe Nocera ( 8 August 2008 ) . `` Diamonds are Forever in Botswana '' . New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bushmen '' . Survival International . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` De Beers battles with Survival '' . Telegraph . London . 17 July 2005 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Leithead , Alastair ( 24 February 2003 ) . `` Bushmen ' moved for diamonds ' '' . BBC news . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Botswana diamonds lose their sparkle '' . Mail and Guardian . 8 July 2005 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Monbiot , George ( 5 August 2003 ) . `` Driven out of Eden '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kalahari Bushmen win ancestral land case '' . The Independent . London . 14 December 2006 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . References ( edit ) Edward Jay Epstein ( February 1982 ) . `` Have you ever tried to sell a Diamond ? '' . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Edward J Epstein ( 1982 ) . `` 18 '' . The Rise and Fall of Diamonds ( The Diamond Invention ) . Simon & Schuster . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to De Beers . 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List of McLeod 's daughters characters - Wikipedia List of McLeod 's daughters characters Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2009 ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters from the Australian drama series McLeod 's Daughters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Recurring cast 3 Births and pregnancies 4 Deaths 5 Marriages and engagements Main characters ( edit ) Character Actor Occupation Duration Episodes Claire Louise McLeod Lisa Chappell Drover 's Run Owner August 2001 - > October 2003 001 - > 073 Claire is the oldest child of John ' Jack ' McLeod . She was born on Drover 's Run , in 1973 , to Jack and his first wife , Prudence ' Prue ' McLeod . Prue died while giving birth to a stillborn son , Adam John McLeod , in 1975 . Jack would later marry Ruth Silverman , who gave birth to Tess Silverman McLeod . When their marriage ended , Ruth took Tess to live in Melbourne , leaving Jack to raise Claire alone . Claire and Tess would not see each other again until after their father died , almost twenty years later . Claire spent her whole life on Drover 's Run ; she dropped out of school at age 15 to help her dad run the farm . She attempts to start a horse breeding program on Drover 's with Peter Johnson , the local representative of Australian Bloodlines . They begin a romantic relationship while working together , which ends when Claire finds out that Peter is married and has a family in Queensland . They reunite briefly , which results in Claire getting pregnant . She gives birth to a daughter , Charlotte Prudence McLeod , in a shed on Drover 's Run . Before Claire decides on a name , the baby is affectionately called ' BOM ' , for Baby of McLeod . Not long after the baby was born , Claire and Alex Ryan begin a relationship , with Alex planning to propose to her during a party . Claire , Tess , and baby Charlotte are returning from town with party supplies when their Ute hit a pothole and Claire loses control of the vehicle , and coming to a stop with its front wheels dangling off the edge of a cliff . Tess is able to get out and get Charlotte to safety , but can not get Claire 's door open before the Ute starts to slide . It goes over the cliff and into a canyon , killing Claire . Teresa `` Tess '' Charlotte Silverman McLeod - Ryan Bridie Carter Drover 's Run Owner August 2001 - > March 2006 001 - > 123 , 135 - 146 Tess is the third child and second - oldest daughter of Jack McLeod . She was born on Drover 's Run in 1976 to Jack and his second wife , Ruth Silverman . Tess left Drover 's for Melbourne with her mother when she was five years old , after her parents marriage ended . Tess never saw her father again , and only returns to Drover 's after his death nearly twenty years later . Tess and Claire initially clash over the future of Drover 's Run . Tess considers selling her share and remaining in the city , but later decides to stay on and help run the farm . In season one , Tess has a brief romantic relationship with Alex Ryan , which ends amicably . She later discovers she has feelings for Alex 's younger brother , Nick , though their initial attempts at a relationship fail due to Tess 's fear of commitment . After that she becomes involved with local veterinarian Dave Brewer , leading to an engagement . They call off the engagement when Dave realizes he has not fully mourned the loss of his last wife . After Claire dies , Tess becomes the sole owner of Drover 's Run ; she hires Stevie Hall as overseer to help her manage the property . When Peter Johnson files for custody of Charlotte , his daughter with Claire , Tess initially fights it but ultimately relents and lets Peter and his wife have full custody . Peter allows Charlotte to visit her aunt at Drover 's often . Tess and Nick eventually rekindle their relationship and get married . Not long after , Nick takes a job on a farm in Argentina , and they leave Drover 's . Tess returns after a year , announcing that she 's pregnant . While expecting Nick to follow her home shortly , Tess learns that his plane has gone missing and he is assumed dead . Tess begins to mourn him , but Nick is found alive and returns to Drover 's . They decide to return to Argentina for another three years , and Tess is not seen on the show again , though she and Nick are referenced by other characters periodically . Jodi Margaret Fountain McLeod - Bosnich Rachael Carpani Drover 's Run Owner August 2001 - > April 2007 , January 2009 001 - > 178 , 224 Jodi is the youngest child of Jack McLeod . She was born on Drover 's Run in 1982 to Jack and Meg Fountain . Jack and Meg were not married ; their relationship and Jodi 's paternity were kept secret for many years . It was assumed that Meg 's first husband Kevin Fountain , was Jodi 's father . After Meg and her husband separated , Meg became the housekeeper at Drover 's and Jodi went to boarding school . After completing her finals , Jodi moves back to Drover 's to await the results of her exams . Upon her weak test results she begins working alongside the other women on the farm . Two years after returning to Drover 's , Jodi marries Alberto Borelli , but decides immediately after the wedding that she is too young for marriage and children . Alberto returns to Italy and Jodi resumes her work on Drover 's . When Meg is offered a job in Melbourne , Jodi initially decides to go with her , but changes her mind at the last minute and decides to stay on the farm . She begins a relationship with mechanic Luke Morgan , which ends when Luke is sent to jail . She later has a relationship with Rob Shelton , the overseer of Killarney . It was during this time that she discovered her true parentage , which led to friction with Meg . Rob then reveals to Jodi that he is in the Witness Protection Program and living under an alias ; a hitman soon finds him and he is forced to leave the area . He later returns as Matt Bosnich , and they rekindle their relationship . Another hitman finds him , and it appears that Jodi and Matt die in an explosion . Meg later tells a few select people that they faked their deaths so that Matt could be free of his pursuers , and after saying goodbye to her friends and family on Drover 's , Jodi leaves with him . She is not seen again until the series finale with news that they are married and that Jodi is pregnant . They explain that the criminals who had been after them are in jail , and can safely return to Drover 's to raise their baby . Rebecca `` Becky '' Howard Jessica Napier Drover 's lead station hand August 2001 - > October 2003 001 - > 70 Becky is a young local who starts out working for the Gungellan Pub & Hotel . After her boss , Brian , rapes her , Claire offers to put her up on Drover 's and give her work . Becky is soon promoted to Lead Station Hand and begins a relationship with Brett ' Brick ' Buchanon , a station hand at Killarney . Brett eventually leaves to help his ailing uncle in Queensland , and Becky does n't see or hear from him after that . After searching for him for months , a dream leads her to a bridge where she finds his body . Becky mourns Brick 's death while growing closer to Jake , another Killarney station hand . They break up and Jake leaves , but he later returns for a young farmer 's competition and attempts to win her back . Becky decides to leave with Jake to live with him on his new property and to take advantage of a scholarship at an agricultural college . Becky does n't return to Drover 's for the remainder of the show . Alexander Marion `` Alex '' Ryan Aaron Jeffery Killarney Owner August 2001 - > 2008 001 - > 208 Alex is the older son of Harry and Liz Ryan , the owners of Killarney , the property adjacent to Drover 's Run . He is a childhood friend of Claire McLeod 's . Shortly after Tess arrives at Drover 's , he begins dating her , but they soon break up and decide to be just friends . After Claire gives birth to Charlotte , she and Alex develop romantic feelings for each other . Alex plans to propose to Claire , but she dies before he gets the chance . In season 3 , Alex discovers that Harry Ryan is not his biological father . His mother , Liz , had a brief relationship with Bryce Redstaff that resulted in pregnancy , but she married Harry Ryan and allowed him to believe that the baby was his . Alex 's true paternity leads to the breakup of Harry and Liz 's marriage , with Liz leaving Killarney . Alex marries Fiona Webb , a city girl from a wealthy family . Their marriage ends badly , with Fiona believing that Alex is in love with Stevie . Though they do n't immediately begin a relationship , Alex and Stevie eventually marry . After the wedding and honeymoon , Alex is only seen by videophone from Argentina until the last episode of season 7 , when he returns to Killarney to surprise Stevie . Alex dies early in season 8 , after being crushed by a large tree branch . Stevie gives birth shortly after , and names the baby Alexander ' Xander ' Hall Ryan . Nicholas Garry `` Nick '' Ryan Myles Pollard Killarney Owner August 2001 - > March 2006 001 - > 125 , 145 - 146 Nick is the younger son of Harry and Liz Ryan . Due to a rodeo accident in his teens that left him with a limp , Nick works mostly on the business operations at Killarney . He and Tess have an on - off relationship throughout their time on the series , eventually culminating in marriage . Nick was declared dead after the plane thought to be carrying him back to Australia crashed in South America , but it was later revealed that he had been mugged before boarding the plane , and had spent months unconscious in a hospital . After returning to Drover 's , he and Tess decide to return to Argentina , and like Tess , he is not seen on the series again . Nick has a son , Harrison Nicholas Ryan - Clements , with Sally Clements , his former physical therapist . Margaret `` Meg '' Rivers Fountain - Dodge Sonia Todd Drover 's Housekeeper August 2001 - > April 2007 001 - > 88 , 109 - 134 , 143 - 149 , 177 - 178 , 224 Meg is the longtime housekeeper on Drover 's Run and the mother of Jodi Fountain - McLeod . Meg acts as a motherfigure to the women of Drover 's , though she has occasional clashes with some of employees , notably Becky . Meg had an affair with Jack McLeod many years ago , resulting in her getting pregnant with Jodi . She keeps the affair secret ; when Jodi receives a trust fund from Jack , she becomes suspicious and has a paternity test done , revealing that Jack is in fact her biological father . Around this time , Meg has a novel published that is a thinly - veiled account of her and Jodi 's life on Drover 's . The novel and the revelation of Jodi 's true paternity causes a rift between Meg and Jodi . Meg leaves suddenly to promote her book , returning briefly to reconcile with her daughter and to marry Terry Dodge . The newlyweds then set off to explore Australia . She returns for Jodi 's funeral and following that is not seen again until the final episode , when she returns to Drover 's with a pregnant Jodi . David `` Dave '' Enoch Brewer Brett Tucker Local Vet 2003 - > 2006 45 - > 170 Dave is a country veterinarian who tends to the animals on Drover 's Run and other farms in the area . He is briefly engaged to Tess , though they break off the engagement when Dave realizes that he has not properly mourned his wife . He leaves in an effort to work out his feelings , but when he returns , Tess does not take him back as she and Nick are together . He moves into Wilgul with Alex and becomes a staple part of the social group . He later has a relationship with Tess 's cousin , Regan McLeod , which ends when Regan leaves Drover 's to take a job . His friendship with Kate then develops into a romance , and the two leave for Africa , where Dave is going to run a vet clinic . Kate later returns to Drover 's after Jodi 's death , but Dave is not seen on the series again . Stephanie `` Stevie '' Jane Hall - Ryan Simmone Jade Mackinnon Drover 's Run Part Owner October 2003 - > 2008 71 - > 224 Stevie is an old friend of Claire 's , and first appears in the series shortly before Claire 's death . Though she initially clashes with Tess , they grow close and Tess asks Stevie to stay on Drover 's as overseer and eventual part - owner . She has a daughter , Rose , who lives with Stevie 's sister Michelle and believes that Stevie is her aunt . Much of Stevie 's arc on the show revolves around her decision to tell Rose the truth about her parentage . She eventually does so , leading to a brief falling - out with her daughter . Rose later forgives Stevie and visits her on Drover 's several times . After Tess and Nick leave for Argentina , Stevie becomes the primary person in charge at Drover 's until Jodi and the McLeod cousins receive their shares . She goes on to marry Alex Ryan , and discovers , that she is pregnant while Alex is in Argentina working with Nick . Alex returns to Killarney before Stevie is due to give birth ; he dies from being crushed by a heavy tree branch . Stevie has the baby boy very shortly after , and after calling him `` Wombat '' for some time , she names him Alexander `` Xander '' Hall Ryan . She continues on as part - owner of both Drover 's and Killarney , appearing until the series finale . Kate Maria Due Manfredi Michala Banas Drover 's Farm Hand 2004 - > 2008 88 - > 170 , 179 - > 206 Kate is a former classmate of Jodi 's . She first appears in the series when Jodi decides to go to Melbourne with Meg , leaving a job vacancy . Though Jodi changes her mind at the last minute and stays on the farm , Kate keeps her new position . Kate is organized and goal - oriented , often referring to her `` 5 - year plan '' . Her plans bring a great organization to Drover 's but occasionally has the other farmhands rolling their eyes . Kate has relationships with local boy Craig and Dave Brewer 's younger brother Patrick , but she maintains her feelings for Dave until they eventually get together . Kate leaves with Dave for Africa , but returns when Jodi is thought to be dead . Devastated by Jodi 's death her prodding ultimately causes Meg and the police to reveal that Jodi and Matt have joined witness protection and are using the accident as the perfect cover to hide . She decides to stay at Drover 's for a while where she feels useful and good at what she does . Her anxiety about being out of place in Africa causes her to put off returning , but she later goes back to Africa and Dave after some sage advice from Moira . Kate returns to Drover 's for Stevie 's wedding , having split from Dave and is in the beginning stages of a relationship with Riley when he is killed in a car accident . Though his body is never found , Riley is presumed dead and Kate leaves to run a farm for at - risk youth . Regan McLeod Zoe Naylor Drover 's Part Owner 2005 -- 2008 119 - > 123 , 149 - > 184 , 209 - > 210 , 223 - > 224 Regan is the second child of Hugh McLeod , Jack McLeod 's brother . She arrives at Drover 's under suspicious circumstances , later revealing that she has come to conduct tests and surveys to determine if Drover 's can be mined for gold . She begins digging , getting into several confrontations with Tess , Stevie , and the other Drover 's women . After she is bitten by a venomous snake , Tess helps save her life and Regan decides to abandon her plans to mine Drover 's , making peace with her cousin . Regan gets romantically involved with Dave Brewer , but the relationship ends when Regan leaves . She appears again in season six , returning to Drover 's looking for Tess , who is in Argentina at the time . She reveals that an accident at a mine she was supervising caused the death of two men . Though not criminally responsible , she feels enormous guilt over the incident . She sticks around Drovers for a while and redeems herself with the girls of Drover 's when she pitches in with the farm work . Shortly after she inherits a share of Drovers through Jodi 's faked death . She helps save Drover 's from a toxic waste dump planned for Drover 's . During this she temporarily resumes an adulterous relationship with a former colleague who is there on behalf of the government to assess Drover 's compatibility for the toxic dump . A pregnancy scare brings about the quick end of the affair and after saving Drover 's from the dump , she moves on . In the last few episodes she comes back to Drover 's , to stay on . Patrick Michael Brewer Luke Jacobz Killarney Farm Hand 2005 -- 2008 131 , 147 - > 224 Patrick is the younger brother of Dave Brewer . He makes his first appearance in the series by parachuting onto the farm . Patrick is an adventurous world traveler . He has a relationship with Kate early on , but when he stops taking his medication for bipolar disorder , he has a manic episode , which initially frightens Kate off . He leaves Gungellan to stay with his mother and work on getting better at handling his bipolar disorder . He returns to Gungellan and rekindles a relationship with Kate that ends the night of the Young Farmer of the Year Award Ceremony , when he realizes that she and Dave are in love with each other . He works at Killarney as a farm hand and for the truck stop under Moira as a mechanic . Later in the series , he begins a relationship with Tayler Geddes , and they remain a couple until the series finale . Riley Ward Dustin Clare Killarney Farm Hand 2006 -- 2008 155 - > 203 Riley is a farrier and horse gentler who first appears in season 6 , when Stevie discovers him squatting on Drover 's . After some initial clashes with the people from Drover 's and Killarney , Riley and Stevie start a program to capture and train brumbies . Riley also becomes the Overseer of Killarney . Riley vies for Jodi 's affections , but she chooses to be with Matt . He then develops feelings for Kate , and they are in the early stages of a relationship when he involved in a car accident in the season 7 finale . His body is never found , but he is presumed dead and does not appear on the series again . Tayler Jane Geddes Gillian Alexy Drover 's Farm Hand 2006 -- 2008 170 - > 224 Tayler first appears in season 6 , when she comes to Drover 's looking to get revenge on Regan . Regan was supervising a mine when an accident killed two men , one of which was Tayler 's father . Regan and the other women convince Tayler to stay on at Drover 's as a farm hand , and she eventually decides to study to become a veterinarian . Tayler and Patrick start a relationship that lasts until the end of the series . Marcus Turner Matt Passmore Killarney Owner 2007 -- 2008 172 - > 224 Marcus first arrives at Killarney at the beginning of season 7 , telling Alex that he works for Bryce Redstaff . His initial role is to go over the books and look for ways to increase profit , recovering Bryce 's investment . He later reveals to Alex that he is also Bryce 's son and therefore his brother ( younger brother ) . Though he and Alex initially clash , they later grow close . After Alex dies , Marcus decides to stay on as part - owner of Killarney . He begins a relationship with Ingrid Marr , the new country vet . Their relationship ends when Ingrid 's estranged husband shows up and begins to harass and threaten her , and she runs away . Marcus then becomes involved with Grace McLeod , but when Ingrid returns , Grace ends their relationship and urges Ingrid and Marcus to rekindle their romance . Grace Kingston McLeod Abi Tucker Drover 's Run Owner 2007 -- 2008 179 - 224 Grace is the eldest of Hugh McLeod 's daughters , sister to Regan and Jaz , cousin to Jodi , Tess and Claire . She is a Campdrafting champion under the name Grace Kingston ( her mother 's maiden name ) and an old friend of Stevie Hall . She reluctantly joins Drover 's after receiving her share in Jodi 's will . Grace is a loose cannon and stuffs up a few times in her initial adjustment to being at Drover 's . Her relationship with Regan is complicated and they are often at odds . She becomes engaged to neighboring farmer Heath Barrett , but ends the engagement when she finds out Heath is cheating on her . She eventually becomes briefly involved with Marcus Turner , for whom she has long had unrequited feelings . Their relationship ends in the series finale when Ingrid returns to town , and Grace realizes that Marcus is still in love with her . Jasmine `` Jaz '' McLeod Anna Torv & Edwina Ritchard Drover 's Part Owner 2004 , 2008 103 - > 104 , 210 - > 224 Jaz is the youngest of Hugh McLeod 's daughters . She is the first McLeod cousin to appear in the series , showing up near the end of season 4 ( played by Anna Torv ) for two episodes . She comes to Drover 's to spread her father 's ashes , and has a brief flirtation with Alex before leaving to restart her career as a show jumper . She appears again in the last season ( played by Edwina Ritchard ) and appears until the series finale . After an awkward start as a farm hand , she comes to love Drover 's and eventually starts a relationship with Ben Hall , Stevie 's cousin . Ben Hall John Schwartz Killarney Farm Hand 2008 210 - > 224 Ben is Stevie 's cousin , and first appears in season 8 , showing up to support Stevie after Alex 's death . He finds work at Killarney and becomes involved with Jaz McLeod . Ingrid Marr Rachael Coopes Local Vet 2007 -- 2008 200 - 224 Ingrid is a country veterinarian who first appears at the end of season 7 . Ingrid gets along well with the local farmers , but seems to have a mysterious past . She later reveals that she is on the run from her abusive husband , Paul . Ingrid and Marcus fall in love , but when Paul shows up at Drover 's and begins stalking and threatening her , she fears for her safety and leaves . She appears again in the series finale , rekindling her romance with Marcus . Recurring cast ( edit ) Actor Role Status Episodes Marshall Napier Harry J. Ryan 2001 -- 2006 Episodes 1 - 162 John Jarratt Terry Dodge 2001 -- 2006 Episodes 1 - 148 Catherine Wilkin Elizabeth `` Liz '' M. Ryan 2001 -- 2003 , 2004 , 2006 Episodes 1 - 53 , 100 , 154 Fletcher Humphrys Brett `` Brick '' Buchanon 2001 -- 2003 Episodes 1 - 47 Ben Mortley Alberto Borelli 2001 -- 2003 Episodes 19 - 50 Rodger Corser Peter Johnson 2001 -- 2004 Episodes 15 - 44 , 62 , 83 - 84 Kathryn Hartman Sally Clemments 2002 -- 2005 Episodes 43 - 54 , 105 - 114 , 136 Charlie Clausen Jake Harrison 2002 -- 2003 35 - 70 Inge Hornstra Sandra Kinsella - Ryan 2002 -- 2006 Episodes 42 , 57 - 100 , 110 - 162 Diarmid Heidenrich Toby Frye 2003 Episodes 63 - 64 , 70 , 73 Alisha and Sarah Hart and Brooke , Kaitlyn & Tahlia Stacey - Clark Charlotte McLeod 2003 - 2008 Episodes 75 - 146 , 224 Craig McLachlan Kane Morgan Episodes 89 - 96 , 105 - 106 Basia A'Hern Rose Hall - Smith 2004 -- 2008 Episodes 90 , 129 - 130 , 163 - 166 , 185 - 186 , 190 - 192 , 224 Dean O'Gorman Luke Morgan 2004 -- 2005 Episodes 93 - 118 Peter Hardy Phill Rakich 2006 -- 2008 Episodes 143 , 157 , 159 , 163 , 166 , 169 , 180 - 184 , 186 - 189 , 191 - 199 , 202 - 211 , 213 - 220 , 222 , 224 Michelle Langstone Fiona Webb - Ryan 2006 Episodes 139 - 170 Daniel Feuerriegel Leo Coombes 2006 Episodes 141 , 143 , 160 , 164 , 165 Sam Healy Ashleigh Redstaff 2007 Episodes 186 - 199 Births and pregnancies ( edit ) Claire gives birth to a girl named Charlotte Prudence McLeod ( nicknamed ' BOM ' ( = Baby of McLeod ) ) . Peter Johnson is the father , but initially it is claimed that Alex is the father . Later Peter learns the truth through a letter of Claire , as she wants Charlotte to know her real father ( and Peter 's name on the birth certificate ) . Alex and Tess are Charlotte 's godparents . Charlotte is named after Tess , whose 2nd name is Charlotte , and Claire 's mother Prudence . Sandra Kinsella - Ryan returns from her honeymoon and announces that she 's pregnant , but miscarries soon after . Nick 's ex-girlfriend Sally returns unexpectedly to Drover 's , 8 months pregnant with his child . She soon gives birth to a son named Harrison Nicholas Ryan - Clements . Tess gives birth in Argentina to a daughter named Claire Ruth McLeod - Ryan . Stevie gives birth to a son named Alexander ' Xander ' Hall Ryan soon after Alex dies . A short time before deciding on the name ( s ) Xander is called ' wombat ' . Moira finds out she 's pregnant with Phil Rakich 's son in 2008 , but miscarries early into the pregnancy . Jodi returns to Drover 's Run in the series finale with news that she 's pregnant . Deaths ( edit ) Actual Deaths Brett ' Brick ' Buchanon died after falling off of a bridge . He had been missing for some time and was eventually found by Becky . Claire McLeod died in a car accident when her Ute went over a cliff . Tess and Charlotte were also in the accident , but managed to escape the vehicle before it crashed . Harry Ryan died from a heart attack . It was later revealed that Sandra had tampered with his heart medication . Riley Ward was involved in a car accident with Grace , Tayler , and Patrick . Their car was submerged in a river and Riley was presumed dead , though his body was never found . Alex Ryan died after a tree branch fell on him Fake Deaths Nick Ryan was thought to have died in a plane crash , but was later discovered alive in Argentina . He had been mugged and severely beaten , and had been unconscious in an Argentine hospital for several weeks . Matt Bosnich and Jodi Fountain were thought to have died in a car explosion . The next episode revealed that the car had blown up without them in it , but they were allowing people to think they were dead in order to evade the hitmen after them . Marriages and engagements ( edit ) Claire McLeod and Peter Johnson were engaged , but Claire ended the relationship when she found out Peter was already married and had children . After being best mates for about 15 years ( and shortly after the birth of Charlotte McLeod ) Claire McLeod and Alex Ryan were in a relationship . Claire died the day Alex intended to propose to her , after a previous failed attempt ( the ring was lost during the move of Alex to Drovers Run ) . Jodi Fountain and Alberto Borelli had a wedding ceremony , but Jodi called off the marriage before the final paperwork was signed . Tess McLeod and Dave Brewer were engaged , but broke up when they realized that Dave was still grieving for his late wife . Harry Ryan and Sandra Kinsella were married after Harry divorced his first wife Liz . Nick Ryan and Tess McLeod married after several years of an on - off relationship . They remained married through the end of the series . Meg Fountain and Terry Dodge were married and set off for a trip around Australia . Fiona Webb and Alex Ryan married and quickly divorced . Jodi Fountain ( Bosnich ) and Meg Fountain ( Doge ) return to Drover 's Run in the final episode with news that Matt and Jodi are married and expecting a baby . Stevie Hall and Alex Ryan were married for a short time before Alex 's death . Grace McLeod and Heath Barret were engaged , but Grace called it off when she found out Heath was having an affair . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_McLeod%27s_Daughters_characters&oldid=834191578 '' Categories : Lists of drama television characters Lists of Australian television series characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2009 All articles needing rewrite Articles lacking sources from July 2012 All articles lacking sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use Australian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 12 : 15 . About Wikipedia

Question: who does claire from mcleods daughters end up with


Fender amplifier - wikipedia Fender amplifier Jump to : navigation , search This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2009 ) Fender amp `` tailed '' logo Fender amp `` tailless '' logo Fender amplifiers have a long history . Leo Fender began building guitar amps before he started manufacturing guitars . The first of these amps were the K&F models , which were produced between 1945 and 1946 . The original Fender amps were tube - powered and the company also started producing solid - state models in the late 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early amplifiers : K&F and Woodie 2 Tweed amplifiers 3 Brownface ( Brown and Blonde ) 4 Blackface 5 Silverface 6 Early solid - state models 7 Second series blackface 8 II Series and the Rivera Era 9 Red Knob 10 Popular Fender amps 11 References Early amplifiers : K&F and Woodie ( edit ) The K&F amplifiers were the first `` Fender '' amps made . They were made by the K&F Manufacturing Corporation , which was run by Leo Fender and Doc Kauffman . Most of the amps were finished in a `` gray crinkle '' finish . The finishes were baked in the Kauffman family oven . They were made in three different sizes , 1 × 8 '' ( one 8 '' speaker ) , 1 × 10 `` , and 1 × 15 '' . They are all very rare today and few have survived . The first amplifiers made in - house by Fender is the Woodie series , built in 1946 through 1948 . They included the Model 26 Deluxe , the Princeton , and the Professional . Tweed amplifiers ( edit ) 1953 Fender Champ in tweed covering , wide - panel cabinet Main article : Fender tweed Fender amplifiers began making a name for themselves with the Tweed series , so called because of their cloth covering , which is actually varnished cotton twill ( tweed is a coarse woollen fabric , commonly used for jackets , coats and caps ; it is often woven in a twill pattern , which is likely the reason for the confusion over naming . ) They were produced for more than a decade and are now eminently collectible and praised for their sound quality . The twill was first used in 1946 on the Dual Professional a twin 10 '' 6L6 powered model of which only 400 were made before being renamed `` the Super Amp '' in 1948 . These early models are commonly referred to as `` TV - Fronts '' due to the shape of the cabinet when viewed from above . The Dual Pro was the first twin speaker amp and also the first amp to employ a finger - jointed pine cabinet and the first amp with a top facing control panel . The construction of the amplifiers was changed as well : the chassis are mounted to the back with the tubes pointed down , as opposed to having the chassis mounted on the top of the cabinet . This has the benefit of providing ease of access to the inside while providing a strong top . Fender mostly stopped using the twill covering in 1960 , though the Harvard was still covered in twill until 1963 , and the Champ until 1964 . The first kind used was an off - white fabric , followed by a horizontal - stripe two - tone pattern , and finally a two - tone twill . At the beginning of the `` tweed '' era , Fender constructed many of its cabinets in `` TV front '' style , changing around 1950 predominantly to the `` wide panel '' , where the top and bottom panel is wider than the side . Fender later on constructed them with `` narrow panel '' , in which all the panels have more or less the same width . Toward the end , despite keeping such construction , Fender utilized tolex to cover its amps . Brownface ( brown and blonde ) ( edit ) Blonde twin , 1963 The Brownface series was introduced in 1959 and discontinued in 1963 . This period marked the beginning of Fender 's use of Tolex to cover amp cabinets . The name ' brownface ' stems from the brown - colored control panels , common to both the brown - and cream / blonde - Tolex - covered amps . The brownface amps originally featured a dark maroon or `` oxblood '' grillcloth , which was changed to `` wheat '' in 1962 - 63 . The Brown amplifiers included all of the all - in - one combo amps except the flagship Twin and Vibrasonic , and the little Champ which retained its `` tweed '' ( twill ) covering . The Blonde amplifiers included all of the piggyback Fender amps ( the Tremolux , Bassman , Showman , and Bandmaster ) as well as the Twin and Vibrasonic combos . Two different colors of grillclothes were featured on the blondes , oxblood and wheat . There are several experimental Fender Tweed amps in blonde . While the majority of the piggybacks were produced in blonde tolex , there are a few examples of the brown tolex Bassman amplifiers . There were many notable accomplishments for the company 's amplifier division during these years . Namely , the introduction of the stand - alone spring reverb unit in 1961 , followed by the subsequent incorporation of the reverb circuit within a combo - amp design with the 1963 Vibroverb . Other notable accomplishments of this period include the shift of the top - of - the - line model from the traditional Twin - Amp to include other models , like the Vibrasonic Amp in early 1960 , as well as the blonde Showman Amp in 1961 . Fender began using silicon rectifiers to reduce heat and voltage sag caused by tube rectifiers , and introduced an all - new , very complex vibrato circuit . The shift from the tweed design to tolex occurred in limited production in 1960 . The tolex on the earliest versions in this era was pinkish brown and rough textured . There were only six amplifiers covered in tolex originally , and they were called the Professional Series : Bandmaster - Amp , Concert - Amp , Pro-Amp , Super-Amp , the Twin - Amp ( production halted Feb - May 1960 , resumed as the blonde Twin ) and the Vibrasonic - Amp . These were considered a step above the student models ( Champ , Harvard , Princeton ) which remained tweed - covered in 1960 . Grillclothes were initially the same as those used in the previous tweed era ( i.e. : maroon with gold stripe ) . Beginning in mid to late 1961 , Fender introduced another color combination : a smoother but still light brown tolex with a dark maroon or `` oxblood '' grillcloth . By mid-1961 , after this short - lived look , Fender was using the darker brown tolex which was a mainstay for many of the mid-1961 to 1963 amps . Between 1961 and 1963 , there were three different grillcloth colors : wheat , brown , and maroon and many tolex - grille color combinations are found suggesting that Leo Fender and Co. was not hesitant to use up whatever stocks of materials were on hand . This mode of operation would seem to extend to the electrical components as well given that it is not uncommon to find actual production amps that vary from the published schematics . The Deluxe made the transition in 1961 . The circuit was also changed to include a tremolo effect , and the output was increased . As the brown - era wore on , the plight of the smaller amps was varied . They all remained in name at least except for the 1x10 '' Harvard which was not continued through 1961 . The 1x8 '' Champ - Amp remained a tweed - covered through 1963 and into 64 when it made the change to black tolex . The 1x10 '' Vibrolux amp remained a tweed amp until it was upgraded in 1961 to a single 12 '' speaker powered by a duet of 6L6 power tubes and a larger output transformer . Also upgraded from tweed was the Princeton - Amp which acquired its brown tolex in 1962 along with a completely redesigned , more powerful twin - 6v6 circuit and a larger speaker array : 1x10 `` . Blackface ( edit ) Blackface Deluxe Reverb Blackface Princeton Reverb The Blackface amplifiers were produced between 1963 and 1967 ( some units continued to be made into early 1968 ) . The earliest blackface piggyback amps ( as well as the Princeton ) had bodies covered in white tolex , but with the new back control panel with black skirted `` hat shaped '' numbered knobs and new circuitry featuring bright switches . In 1964 the piggyback units began to be covered in black tolex . The blackface cosmetics were phased out at the end of 1967 ( though some continued to be made on into early 1968 ) ; they returned for a brief period in 1981 before their discontinuation the following year . Blackfaced cosmetics do not necessarily mean `` pre-CBS '' since the CBS company takeover took place in 1965 and amps with blackfaced cosmetics were produced up to 1967 . After the buyout the front panels were changed from `` Fender Electric Instrument Co . '' to `` Fender Musical Instruments '' . No real changes were made to the amps until the silverfaced amps of 1968 where certain circuit changes made them less desirable than the blackfaced amps . This affected some models more than others . For example , the Twin Reverb and Super Reverb combos , along with the Dual Showman Reverb and Bandmaster Reverb `` piggyback '' heads were equipped with a master volume control while other models such as the Deluxe Reverb were not altered in any way except for the change in cosmetics . Silverface cosmetics do not necessarily denote silverface circuitry , however . Leo Fender was notorious for tweaking his designs . During the transitional period from late 1967 to mid-1968 , the circuit designs of the Twin Reverb and Super Reverb were altered to eliminate an uncommon but serious oscillation in the signal chain . These changes took some months to finalize , as Leo worked through some designs , and happened after the cosmetic changes . Furthermore , the schematic and tube charts that shipped with these models did not always reflect the actual circuitry . Fender had many leftover AB763 ( blackface ) tube charts left over well into 1969 and shipped these charts with silverface models . Save for a few series ( such as HotRod series ) , a majority of modern Fender amplifiers sports blackface cosmetics . Silverface ( edit ) Silverface Twin Reverb , 1973 Silverface Princeton Fender Silverface amplifiers were built between 1967 and 1981 . They are often referred to as Silverface ( or Chromeface ) because of their brushed aluminum face plate . The first Silverface amps , manufactured between 1967 and 1969 , had an aluminum frame ( trim , known as a `` drip edge '' ) around the grillcloth , mid-1960s `` tailed '' amp logo and the AB763 blackface circuit . An even rarer feature were the vertical , narrow black lines , which separated knob groups in the control panel . This cosmetic detail ( later referred to as `` blackline '' ) was quickly abandoned . All of the Silverface amps generally had blue labels on the face plate , but in some rare exceptions ( such as the Bronco ) the colour was red instead . Some transitional models produced before the `` tailless '' period in 1973 featured the AC568 circuit , still retaining the tailed Fender amp decal introduced in 1964 . In 1973 CBS changed the `` tailed '' Fender amp logo to the modern - looking `` tailless '' style ( which was first introduced in 1967 on the student Bronco amp ) . A master volume knob and a pull - out `` boost '' pot were added on some amplifiers , followed by ultralinear output transformers and a `` scripted tailless '' amp decal ( featuring a `` Made in USA '' script in the bottom ) in 1977 ; the power was increased between 70 and 135 watts on certain models . All Silverface models usually came with a sparkling silver / blue grillcloth ( some later models had a non-standard sparkling silver / orange grillcloth , and a black grillcloth was even fitted to some production runs ) . The Silverface control face plate was discontinued in 1981 and the second series of the blackface amps designed by Paul Rivera were produced . Paul Rivera went on to found Rivera Amplifiers . Fender made a limited - edition Mini-Twin practice amplifier modeled after the mid-70s Twin Reverb models in 1996 . The Silverface Edition MT - 10 had the authentic look right down to the grillcloth . This 1 - watt Twin featured 3 in . speakers , `` skirted '' style Fender knobs for Gain , Volume , Tone and Power and included a tilt - back stand . In 2013 , Fender released the silverface ' 68 Custom amplifiers as a part of their Vintage Modified series , modeled after the original drip - edge silverfaced amps of 1968 . Models included the Twin Reverb , Deluxe Reverb , and Princeton Reverb , and a Vibrolux Reverb was added to the line the following year . Each amp incorporates reverb and tremolo on both channels . Other features include a Custom channel ( which has a modified Bassman tone stack giving modern players greater tonal flexibility with pedals ) , quicker gain onset and reduced negative feedback for greater touch sensitivity . Early solid - state models ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fender 's first transistor amplifiers were introduced in 1966 . At the time they were the company 's `` flagship '' range and aimed to make the tube - based designs obsolete . The amplifiers were naturally given traditional Fender model names , earliest including ' Dual Showman ' , ' Twin Reverb ' , and ' Bassman ' . Other products in the line were the ' Solid - State Reverb Unit ' and the ' Solid - State Public - Address System ' . ' Super Reverb ' , ' Pro Reverb ' , ' Vibrolux Reverb ' and ' Deluxe Reverb ' amplifiers followed in 1967 . The amplifiers were mainly designed by Robert `` Bob '' Rissi , Sawa Jacobson and Paul Spranger , who came up with the novel idea of making a heatsink to operate like a chimney to achieve increased and non-restricted airflow . Paul also designed the distinctive angled chassis and overall cosmetic styling . He was granted patents for both accounts . In 1969 more transistor amplifiers were introduced , including the ' Zodiac ' series and the behemoth ' Super Showman System ' . Seth Lover , the legendary designer of the Gibson `` P.A.F. '' pickup , and another former Gibson employee , Richard Chauncey Evans , were hired to help in designing the latter series , which consisted of an ' SS - 1000 ' preamplifier head and ' XFL - 1000 ' and ' XFL - 2000 ' self - powered speaker cabinets . The head featured three cascadable channels , a `` Dimension V '' oil can delay effect , reverb , vibrato , and a fuzz . The powered cabinets could switch between normal and `` tube - emulated '' operation . Zodiac - series amplifiers consisted of ' Capricorn ' , ' Scorpio ' , ' Taurus ' and ' Libra ' models . Aside from being covered with fake alligator skin , they were cosmetically very similar to Super Showman . However , these were smaller combo amplifiers with fewer features and aimed for the lower end of the market . Fender 's early transistor amplifiers had an extensive marketing campaign but in the end they proved to be a major disaster . Many key executives of Fender had resigned after the CBS purchase and quality control of the PCB - constructed amps was rather sloppy during the times . Reputedly many of the early solid - state amplifiers failed simply because employees did n't bother to clean up the soldering machines or attach the semiconductors properly to their heat sinks . The infancy of semiconductor technology also meant that many designs failed due to thermal runaway caused by insufficient cooling or lack of knowledge concerning `` safe '' power ratings of transistors . The cascaded effects from all this created a very poor reputation for the transistor products and the entire solid - state line was discontinued already in 1971 . Additionally the experience also scared Fender away from solid - state amplifier technology for the next ten years . One well known player who took to the Fender Solid State amps was Jan Akkerman who used Super Showman full stacks during the early years of Focus , favouring their clear sound . He used them well into the seventies , often in conjunction with Marshalls to add low end . Second series blackface ( edit ) The Silverface amplifiers were succeeded by a new breed of Fender designs . Fender was now competing with manufacturers who were more in tune with the market ; specifically , many guitar players were interested less in `` cleanish '' country amp and instead wanted more versatile tone controls and , perhaps more importantly , greater amounts of distortion . This market was dominated by companies such as Marshall and later Mesa Boogie -- both of which had gotten started modifying Fender amps ( the Bassman and the Princeton , respectively ) . Certain elements of the Blackface cosmetics were reintroduced in the mid-1970s on a series of amplifiers designed by Ed Jahns . The first amplifiers in this new line included the infamous 180W ' Super Twin ' and ' Super Twin Reverb ' amplifiers which featured active tone controls and a built - in distortion circuit that blended between clean and distorted sounds . Some bass amplifiers with similar architecture were also released , namely the ' Studio Bass ' and ' PS300 ' . These amplifiers did n't yet render obsolete the Silverface series and manufacturing of both co-existed for years . In fact , many Silverface designs were revised to the ultra-linear architecture to step up their output power from 100 watts to 135 watts . Also , existing Silverface Princeton Reverb and Deluxe Reverb circuits were offered in a slightly modified Blackface cosmetic package from roughly 1978 to 1982 , the difference from the 1960s versions being that the model designation on the faceplate did not include the word `` Amp '' after the script typeface model name , as the earlier versions had . The new Blackfaces came in varying cosmetic styles . All of them had a black control panel and traditional knobs , but they no longer featured the Blackface - style lettering to depict the model name and the traditional control panel layout was partially redesigned . Some of these amplifiers had a silver grillcloth typical to previous BF and SF series amps , but more often the amplifiers sported a black grillcloth . Some amplifiers also had an aluminum trimming running around the grille . The styling did n't become consistent until the early 1980s , at which point all these designs were already discontinued to make way for the very similar looking `` II Series '' . In the late 1970s and very early 1980s the `` Supers '' were followed by the tube - based ' 30 ' , ' 75 ( Lead ) ' , and ' 140 ' tube amps ( with reverb and overdrive features ) and two solid - state ' Harvard ' amps ( one with reverb ) , which were 15W practice amplifiers . Design-wise the tube amplifiers were quite different from their predecessors , as the active tone controls and blending distortion circuit had been removed and the latter feature replaced by a crude version of the channel switching concept . A new feature addition was a crude insert - style effects loop . II series and the Rivera era ( edit ) The II Series amplifiers were produced from 1982 until 1986 , being the last Fender amps to be made at Fullerton . The specifications for these amplifiers ( all 14 of which are listed here ) , and leadership of the design team , came from Paul Rivera ( then marketing director ) and are known as Fender Rivera era amplifiers . Some amplifiers in the series used the II moniker ; the Champ II , Princeton Reverb II , Deluxe Reverb II and Twin Reverb II , while others such as the Concert and Super Champ did not . Many of these amps had the normal Fender clean sound and in addition a switchable mid voiced gain channel , designed to compete with the Mesa Boogie Mark Series series amps that had gained popularity at the time . The tube amps in the series feature hand - wired eyelet board construction and are also becoming sought - after collectors items , due to the design and build quality . The range included one small tube - driven bass amp , the Bassman 20 . There were also some solid - state amplifiers using the II moniker , such as the Harvard Reverb II . Other solid - state amps produced during the Rivera era included the Yale Reverb , Studio Lead , Stage Lead , London Reverb , Montreux , and a solid - state issue of the Showman . Many of these units shared the same circuitry boards in one capacity or another . Red Knob ( edit ) The Red Knob amplifiers were produced from 1987 until 1993 . These were some of the first models produced by the newly formed Fender Musical Instrument Corporation . These amplifiers , named for their bright red control knobs , have a slightly similar appearance to the older Blackface cosmetics , having black control panels with white lettering and the late 1970s `` scripted tailless '' Fender logo . Many of these models were simply refitted with black knobs and early 1970s `` unscripted tailless '' Fender logos in 1996 when most Fender amplifier manufacturing moved to the Ensenada factory in Mexico . This series of amplifiers all used printed circuit board construction and can be difficult for amateur amp techs to service . The Red Knob amps , with their high - gain channels , had their own sound , not much like the older classic Blackface and Silverface designs . Regarding the Solid State amps of this ' Red Knob ' era , there were two that utilized the same circuit board and wattage , the Fender Eighty - Five and the Studio 10 . ( Note : The schematics you will find on the ' Eighty - Five ' amp will be labeled ' Studio 85 ' which can be confusing to those trying to find an accurate schematic . This mislabeling we can assume happened because the amp was intended in the design phase to be released as the Studio 85 , but for some reason this changed when it went into production . Paul Wentling is credited as the designer . He ( Paul ) has stated , years after the fact , that he created some fairly bad sounding tube amps during this time frame , owing to the cost limits given him by Fender management at the time . ) The SS Eighty - Five and the Studio 10 are the same 65 ( RMS ) watt amp except for the use of a 12 '' speaker in one , and a 10 '' in the other . The 12 '' version , the Fender Eighty - Five , was notably used by Steve Miller ( Steve Miller Band ) and Jonny Greenwood ( Radiohead ) over the years on many recordings . They were made in Lake Oswego , Oregon at the old Sunn factory , a brand / company that Fender had purchased in 1985 -- 86 . Popular Fender amps ( edit ) Fender branded vacuum tube Tag from a 1973 / 74 Fender Princeton guitar amplifier Bandmaster Bassman Blues Junior Champ Deluxe Deluxe Reverb Excelsior Frontman 212R Harvard Hot Rod Deluxe Hot Rod DeVille Princeton Princeton Reverb Pro Junior Pro Reverb Prosonic Ramparte Showman Super Super Reverb Super-Sonic Tremolux Twin Amp Twin Reverb Vaporizer Vibro Champ Vibrosonic Vibroverb Vibrolux References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Soul of Tone - Tom Wheeler Jump up ^ However , in 1962 - 63 Fender built a small number of `` Harvards '' which were actually assembled from leftover tweed - Princeton parts , with Harvard nameplates . Jump up ^ Gagliano , Greg . `` Dating Fender Tube Amps '' . 20th Century Guitar . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fender Amps : The First Fifty Years ( Teagle and Sprung , publ. Hal Leonard ) Jump up ^ http://www.stratopastor.org.uk/strato/amps/twoseriesfenders/rivera%20era%20amp%20catalogue.pdf 1983 Fender Amp Catalogue , Retrieved 19th April 2017 ( hide ) Fender Musical Instruments Corporation Key figures Clarence Leonidas Fender Doc Kauffman Freddie Tavares Bill Carson Forrest White George Fullerton Dale Hyatt Paul Rivera Don Randall Bill Schultz Roger Rossmeisl Guitars Bronco Coronado Cyclone Duo - Sonic Electric XII Esquire Jaguar Jazz Bass Jazzmaster Marauder Musicmaster Musicmaster Bass Mustang Mustang Bass Precision Bass Starcaster Stratocaster Stringmaster Telecaster Urge Bass White Steel Amplifiers Bandmaster Bandmaster Reverb Bassman Blues Junior Bronco Champ Concert Deluxe Deluxe Reverb Harvard Hot Rod Deluxe Hot Rod DeVille Princeton Princeton Reverb Pro Pro Junior Pro Reverb Prosonic Showman Super Super Reverb Tremolux Twin Twin Reverb Vibrasonic Vibrolux Vibro Champ Vibrosonic Reverb Vibroverb White Amp Series American Deluxe Series California Series Lead Series Hardware Vintage Noiseless Wide Range Fender vibrato systems Subsidiaries Charvel Custom Shop DeArmond Gretsch Jackson KMC Squier Sunn SWR Tacoma See also List of products Fender Custom Shop Fender Japan Starcaster by Fender Fender - Rhodes Lace Sensor Website : fender.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fender_amplifier&oldid=804728804 '' Categories : Fender amplifiers Instrument amplifiers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2009 All articles needing rewrite Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 19 : 48 . 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Question: when did fender start making amps in mexico