Triple Entente - wikipedia Triple Entente Jump to : navigation , search European military alliances prior to World War I The Triple Entente ( from French entente ( ɑ̃tɑ̃t ) `` friendship , understanding , agreement '' ) refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo - Russian Entente on 31 August 1907 . The understanding between the three powers , supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal , was a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Italy . However , Italy did not side with Germany and Austria during World War I and joined the Entente instead in the Treaty of London ( 1915 ) . Historians continue to debate the importance of the alliance system as one of the causes of World War I . At the start of World War I in 1914 , all three Triple Entente members entered it as Allied Powers against the Central Powers : Germany and Austria - Hungary . However , the Triple Entente , unlike the Triple Alliance or the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defense . Thus , Britain felt free to make its own foreign policy decisions in the 1914 July Crisis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Franco - Russian Alliance 1.2 Entente cordiale 1.3 Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 2 Britain 3 France 4 Russia 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources Background ( edit ) Otto von Bismarck planned to isolate France diplomatically ; he feared that France 's revanchist aspirations might make it attempt to regain its losses suffered in 1871 after the Franco - Prussian War . The alliance also served to fight against progressive sentiments , which the conservative rulers found unsettling , such as the First International . However , the League faced great difficulty with the growing tensions between Russia and Austria - Hungary , mainly over the Balkans , where the rise of nationalism and the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire made many former Ottoman provinces struggle for independence . The situation in the Balkans , especially in the wake of the Serbo - Bulgarian War and the 1878 Treaty of Berlin , which made Russia feel cheated of its gains made in the Russo - Turkish War , prevented the League from being renewed in 1887 . In an attempt to stop Russia from allying with France , Bismarck signed the secret Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 . The treaty assured that both parties would remain neutral if war broke out . The alliance between Russia and France and Bismarck ′ s exclusion of Russia from the German financial market in 1887 prevented the treaty from being renewed in 1890 . That ended the alliance between Germany and Russia . Franco - Russian Alliance ( edit ) After the Reinsurance Treaty was not renewed in 1890 , Russian leaders grew alarmed at the country 's diplomatic isolation and joined the Franco - Russian Alliance in 1894 . Entente cordiale ( edit ) In 1904 , Britain and France signed a series of agreements , the Entente cordiale , mostly in solving colonial disputes . That heralded the end of British splendid isolation and was partly a response to growing German antagonism , as expressed in the expansion of the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) to become a battle fleet that could threaten the supremacy of the British Royal Navy . The Entente , unlike the Triple Alliance and the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defence and so Britain was free to make its own foreign policy decisions in 1914 . As British Foreign Office Official Eyre Crowe minuted , `` The fundamental fact of course is that the Entente is not an alliance . For purposes of ultimate emergencies it may be found to have no substance at all . For the Entente is nothing more than a frame of mind , a view of general policy which is shared by the governments of two countries , but which may be , or become , so vague as to lose all content '' . Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 ( edit ) In 1907 , Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 to end their rivalry in Central Asia , nicknamed The Great Game . Britain ( edit ) In the last decade of the nineteenth century , Britain continued its policy of `` splendid isolation '' , with its primary focus on defending its massive overseas empire . However , by the early 1900s , the German threat had increased dramatically , and in Britain thought it was in need of allies . For most of the 19th century , Britain had regarded France and Russia as its two most dangerous rivals , but with the growing threat of Germany , policy began to change for several reasons : France and Britain had signed five separate agreements regarding spheres of influence in North Africa in 1904 , the Entente cordiale . The Tangier Crisis later encouraged co-operation between the two countries from their mutual fear of apparent German expansionism . Russia was defeated in the Russo - Japanese War , which resulted in less concern over Russian imperialism and encouraged Russia to secure its position elsewhere . France was already allied to Russia in the Dual Alliance . Britain was frightened about the rising threat of German imperialism . Kaiser Wilhelm II had announced to the world his intentions to create a global German empire and to develop a strong navy . Britain , traditionally having control of the seas , saw that a serious threat to its own empire and navy . In 1907 , the Anglo - Russian Entente was agreed , which attempted to resolve a series of long - running disputes over Persia , Afghanistan and Tibet and helped to address British fears about the Baghdad Railway , which would help German expansion in the Near East . France ( edit ) Main article : French Third Republic During the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 -- 1871 , Prussia defeated the Second French Empire , resulting in the establishment of the Third Republic . In the Treaty of Frankfurt , Prussia forced France to cede Alsace - Lorraine to the new German Empire . Ever since , relations had been poor . France , worried about the escalating military development of Germany , began building up its own war industries and army to deter to German aggression . Also , France developed a strong bond with Russia by ratifying the Franco - Russian Alliance , which was designed to create a strong counter to the Triple Alliance . France ′ s main concerns were to protect against an attack from Germany and to regain Alsace - Lorraine . A 1914 Russian poster in which the upper inscription reads `` agreement '' . The uncertain Britannia ( right ) and Marianne ( left ) look to the determined Mother Russia ( centre ) to lead them in the coming war . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Russian Empire Russia had by far the largest manpower reserves of all the six European powers , but it was also the most backward economically . Russia shared France ′ s worries about Germany . After the Germans started to reorganise the Ottoman army , Russia feared that they would come to control the Dardanelles , a vital trade artery that carried two fifths of Russia 's exports . There was also Russia 's long history of rivalry with Austria - Hungary . Austria - Hungary had recently annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina , greatly angering Russia , which had considered itself the leader of the Slavic world ( Pan-Slavism ) . Russia viewed the invasion as another step towards annexing Serbia and Montenegro . Russia had also recently lost the humiliating Russo - Japanese War , a cause of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the apparent transformation into a constitutional monarchy . To counter its enemies militarily and politically , Russia sought to revive the Franco - Russian Alliance . Although it was perceived as useless during the war with Japan , the alliance was valuable in the European theatre . Russia also signed the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 with Britain to counteract the threat of the Triple Alliance . The alignment of the autocratic Russian Empire with Europe 's two largest democracies was controversial on both sides . Many Russian conservatives mistrusted the secular France and recalled British past diplomatic maneuvers to block Russian influence in the Near East . In turn , prominent French and British journalists , academics and parliamentarians found the reactionary tsarist regime distasteful . Mistrust persisted even during wartime , with British and French politicians expressing relief when Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and was replaced by the Russian Provisional Government after the February Revolution in 1917 . An offer of political asylum for the Romanovs was even withdrawn by the British king for fear popular reaction . Also , France never brought up the subject of asylum with the deposed tsar . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Allies of World War I Central Powers ( allies of Germany in World War I ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Gildea , Barricades and Borders : Europe 1800 - 1914 ( 3rd ed. 2003 ) ch 15 Jump up ^ Feuchtwanger 2002 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Gildea 2003 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Henig 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Holborn 1982 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Holborn 1982 , p. 249 . ^ Jump up to : Holborn 1982 , pp. 304 - 305 . Jump up ^ Reinsurance Treaty Jump up ^ Hamilton , K.A. ( 1977 ) . `` Great Britain and France , 1911 -- 1914 '' . In Hinsley , F.H. British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey . Cambridge University Press . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21347 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fiona K. Tomaszewski , A Great Russia : Russia and the Triple Entente , 1905 to 1914 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Gareth Russell ( 2014 ) . The Emperors : How Europe 's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War . Amberley . pp. 164 -- 65 . Sources ( edit ) Albrecht - Carrié , René . A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) Andrew , Christopher . Théophile Délcassé and the Making of the Entente Cordiale , 1898 -- 1905 ( 1968 ) . Clark , Christopher . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe went to war in 1914 ( 2012 ) , pp. 124 -- 35 , 190 - 96 , 293 - 313 , 438 - 42 , 498 - 505 . Fay , Sidney Bradshaw . The Origins of the World War ( 2nd ed. 1934 ) vol 1 pp 105 -- 24 , 312 - 42 , vol 2 pp 277 -- 86 , 443 - 46 Hamel , Catherine . La commémoration de l'alliance franco - russe : La création d'une culture matérielle populaire , 1890 - 1914 ( French ) ( MA thesis , Concordia University , 2016 ) ; online Henig , Ruth Beatrice ( 2002 ) . The origins of the First World War ( Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26185 - 6 ) Hughes , Michael . Diplomacy before the Russian Revolution : Britain , Russia , and the Old Diplomacy , 1894 -- 1917 ( , 2000 ) . Kennan , George F. The decline of Bismarck 's European order : Franco - Russian relations , 1875 - 1890 ( 1979 ) . Kennan , George F. The fateful alliance : France , Russia , and the coming of the First World War ( Manchester UP , 1984 ) . Langer , William F. The Franco - Russian Alliance , 1890 - 1894 ( 1930 ) Langer , William F. The Diplomacy of Imperialism : 1890 - 1902 ( 1950 ) pp 3 -- 66 . Neilson , Keith . Britain and the Last Tsar : British Policy and Russia , 1894 -- 1917 ( Oxford , 1995 ) . Schmitt , Bernadotte . Triple Alliance and Triple Entente ( 1971 ) Sontag , Raymond . European Diplomatic History : 1871 - 1932 ( 1933 ) , basic short summary Taylor , A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) advanced coverage Tomaszewski , Fiona . `` Pomp , Circumstance , and Realpolitik : The Evolution of the Triple Entente of Russia , Great Britain , and France . '' Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas vol. 3 ( 1999 ) : 362 - 380 . in JSTOR , in English Tomaszewski , Fiona K. A Great Russia : Russia and the Triple Entente , 1905 - 1914 ( Greenwood , 2002 ) ; also excerpt and text search ( hide ) Diplomacy of the Great Powers 1871 -- 1913 Great powers Austria -- Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Alliances Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco - Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo - Russian Entente Anglo - Japanese Alliance Trends Ottoman Decline Eastern Question Revanchism New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Pan-Slavism The Great Game The Great Rapprochement Treaties and agreements Treaty of Frankfurt League of the Three Emperors Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft -- Katsura Agreement Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement Events Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Weltpolitik German Naval Laws Anglo - German naval arms race Dreadnought Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Bosnian crisis Wars Russo - Turkish First Sino - Japanese Spanish -- American Banana Wars Philippine -- American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo - Japanese Italo - Turkish Balkan Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_Entente&oldid=838056368 '' Categories : Causes of World War I France in World War I British Empire in World War I Russian Empire in World War I History of international relations World War I by country France -- United Kingdom relations Russia -- United Kingdom relations 20th - century military alliances Military alliances involving France Military alliances involving Russia Military alliances involving the United Kingdom Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1922 ) 1907 establishments in Europe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 17 : 10 . 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Question: what was the alliance between great britian russia and france known as


Capital punishment in Oregon - wikipedia Capital punishment in Oregon Jump to : navigation , search Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Oregon . In November 2011 , Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon , canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state . Kitzhaber 's successor , Governor Kate Brown , affirmed her commitment to the moratorium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legal process 2 Capital crimes 3 Early history 4 List of individuals executed since 1978 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Legal process ( edit ) Oregon is the only American state where someone can be convicted of a capital crime without a unanimous verdict from the jury : 11 jurors are enough to find the defendant guilty , unless the prosecution requests a unanimous verdict . But if the prosecution seeks the death penalty , the sentence is decided by the jury and must always be unanimous . In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial , a life sentence is issued , even if a single juror opposed death ( there is no retrial ) . The Governor of Oregon has sole authority over clemency , including capital cases . The method of execution is lethal injection . The men 's death row is located , and executions are carried out , at the Oregon State Penitentiary . Women on death row are held at Coffee Creek Correctional Facility until shortly before their execution . Capital crimes ( edit ) Aggravated murder is the only crime punishable by death in Oregon . It is defined as murder involving any of the following circumstances : The defendant committed the murder pursuant to an agreement that the defendant receive money or other thing of value for committing the murder . The defendant solicited another to commit the murder and paid or agreed to pay the person money or other thing of value for committing the murder . The defendant committed murder after having been convicted previously in any jurisdiction of any homicide , the elements of which constitute the crime of murder or manslaughter as defined by Oregon statutes . There was more than one murder victim in the same criminal episode . The homicide occurred in the course of or as a result of intentional maiming or torture of the victim . The victim of the intentional homicide was a person under the age of 14 years . The victim was a police officer , correctional , parole and probation officer or other person charged with the duty of custody , control , or supervision of convicted persons , a member of the Oregon State Police , judicial officer , juror , or witness in a criminal proceeding , employee or officer of a court of justice , or a member of the State Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision and the murder was related to the performance of the victim 's duties in the justice system . The defendant committed murder by means of explosives . The defendant personally and intentionally committed the homicide in course of furtherance of another specified felony such as rape . The murder was committed in an effort to conceal the commission of a crime , or to conceal the identity of the perpetrator of a crime . The murder was committed after the defendant had escaped from a state , county , or municipal penal or correctional facility and before recapture . Early History ( edit ) The first death sentence carried out under the territorial government , apart from the hanging of the 5 Cayuse in 1850 , came on April 18 , 1851 , when William Kendall was hanged in Salem . Kendall 's sentence was handed down by Judge William Strong of the Oregon Supreme Court . Since 1904 , about 60 Five Cayuse Native American men were taken to Oregon City , tried and sentenced to hang . Before their execution on June 3 , 1850 , the leader , Tiloukaikt , accepted Catholic last rites . Tiloukaikt spoke on the gallows , `` Did not your missionaries teach us that Christ died to save his people ? So we die to save our people . '' Capital punishment was made explicitly legal by statute in 1864 , and executions have been carried out exclusively at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem since 1904 . The death penalty was outlawed between 1914 and 1920 , again between 1964 and 1978 , and then again between a 1981 Oregon Supreme Court ruling and a 1984 ballot measure . Oregon voters amended the Constitution in 1914 , to repeal the death penalty , by a margin of 50.04 % . The repeal was an initiative of Governor Oswald West . However , the death penalty was restored in 1920 with 56 % of voters favoring its use . From 1864 to 1931 , executions were carried out by hanging . However , beginning with the execution of LeRoy Hershel McCarthy , on January 30 , 1939 , Oregon began using lethal gas in gas - chamber executions . The state executed seventeen men in this manner . The last of these gas - inhalation executions took place on 20 August 1962 , with the execution of Leeroy Sanford McGahuey . In 1964 voters passed Measure 1 , a constitutional amendment prohibiting capital punishment , with 60 % of voters approving . Governor Mark Hatfield commuted the sentences of three death row inmates two days later . Voters reenacted the death penalty in the general election of 1978 , by statute ; Measure 8 required the death penalty in certain murder cases . Measure 8 was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court in 1981 , on the grounds that it denied defendants the right to be tried by a jury of their peers . In 1984 , Measure 6 amended the state constitution to once more make the death penalty legal . Measure 7 , a statutory measure passed in the same year , required a separate sentencing hearing before a jury in cases of aggravated murder . In 1988 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Penry v. Lynaugh affected the Oregon death penalty , because Oregon 's law is based on the Texas law involved in the case . Seventeen Oregon cases were remanded for resentencing following Penry ; eight convicts were re-sentenced to death . In 2000 , the Benetton Group featured several inmates on Oregon 's death row in a controversial anti-death penalty advertising campaign . Cesar Barone , Conan Wayne Hale , Jesse Caleb Compton , and Alberto Reyes Camarena were featured in the ad . Between 1904 and 1994 , 115 people were sentenced to death in Oregon , and 58 of those were executed . List of individuals executed since 1978 ( edit ) Two people have been executed in Oregon since the reinstatement of capital punishment in 1978 . Both waived their appeals and asked that the execution be carried out . Name Date of execution Victim Governor Douglas Franklin Wright September 6 , 1996 William Marks and 2 others John Kitzhaber Harry Charles Moore May 16 , 1997 Thomas Lauri and Barbara Cunningham See also ( edit ) List of Oregon ballot measures List of death row inmates in Oregon Crime in Oregon Law of Oregon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jung , Helen ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon , calls system ' compromised and inequitable ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Jeff ( February 2015 ) . `` Kate Brown says she opposes death penalty but refuses to rule out executions on her watch '' . OREGONLIVE . Oregonlive / The Oregonian . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Section 136.450 - Number of jurors required for verdict '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Section 163.150 - Sentencing for aggravated murder ; proceedings ; issues for jury '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Constitution - Article V - Sec. 14 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oregon execution chamber Jump up ^ `` Capital Punishment in Oregon - Statistics . '' Oregon Department of Corrections . Retrieved on February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes § 163.115 Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes § 163.095 Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 163 , includes legal definition of aggravated murder ^ Jump up to : Terry , John . Oregon 's Trails - ' Necktie Parties ' does justice to legal hangings in Oregon . The Oregonian , 6 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Horner , John B. ( 1919 ) . Oregon : Her History , Her Great Men , Her Literature . Press of the Gazette - Times . p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Capital Punishment in Oregon '' . Oregon.gov . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Christianson , Scott ( 26 July 2011 ) . The Last Gasp : The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber . University of California Press . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0520271210 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oregon Blue Book : Initiative , Referendum and Recall : 1980 - 1987 Jump up ^ Danks , Holly ( January 20 , 2000 ) . `` Benetton features Oregon killers '' . The Oregonian . External links ( edit ) History of Capital Punishment in Oregon from Oregon.gov Death penalty in Oregon , from the Oregon Encyclopedia Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Other List of U.S. Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 Juveniles National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Topics in Oregon legislation Crime and sentencing Capital punishment Measure 11 ( 1994 ) ( mandatory minimum sentencing ) Measure 40 ( 1996 ) etc. ( victims ' rights ) Elections and voting Direct Legislation League Vote - by - mail Term limits List of Oregon ballot measures Gay rights Same - sex marriage Oregon Citizens Alliance Measure 9 ( 1992 ) ( homosexuality and education ) Environment Bottle bill Nuclear power Wind power Solar power Coal power Land use O&C Lands Beach Bill ( 1967 ) Land Conservation and Development Act ( 1973 ) Measure 37 ( 2004 ) & 49 ( 2008 ) Health care Death with Dignity Act Oregon Health Plan Minimum wage Measures 36 ( 1996 ) , 25 ( 2002 ) Taxation Tax revolt Measure 5 ( 1990 ) ( landmark tax law ) Measures 47 ( 1996 ) and 50 ( 1997 ) ( adjusted Measure 5 ) Kicker tax rebate Measure 97 ( 2016 ) Miscellaneous Compulsory Education Act Adoption rights Alcoholic beverages in Oregon Bicycle Bill Cannabis in Oregon Influential people Loren Parks Bill Sizemore Background , further reading Oregon legislature Direct democracy in Oregon Oregon government Oregon history Oregon ballot measures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Oregon&oldid=832156710 '' Categories : Capital punishment in Oregon Capital punishment in the United States by state Crime in Oregon Oregon law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 04 : 44 . 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Question: when was the death penalty reinstated in oregon


ICQ - wikipedia ICQ Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see ICQ ( disambiguation ) . ICQ LLC Original author ( s ) Mirabilis Developer ( s ) Mail.Ru Initial release November 15 , 1996 ; 20 years ago ( 1996 - 11 - 15 ) Stable release 10.0 Build 12094 / June 27 , 2016 ; 15 months ago ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) Repository github.com/mailru/icqdesktop Written in Linux : C++ , C Java ME : Java Platform Windows , macOS , Android , iOS , Windows Phone , Linux , Symbian , Java ME , Web platform Type Instant messaging client License Adware ; Linux version under Apache license 2.0 Website icq.com ICQ is an instant messaging client that was first developed and popularized by the Israeli company Mirabilis in 1996 . The name ICQ derives from the English phrase `` I Seek You '' . Ownership of ICQ passed from Mirabilis to AOL in 1998 , and from AOL to Mail.Ru Group in 2010 . The ICQ client application and service were initially released in November 1996 and the client was freely available to download . Users could register an account and would be assigned a number , like a phone number , for others to be able to contact them ( users could also provide handles ) . ICQ was the first stand - alone instant messenger and the first online instant messenger service -- while real - time chat was not in itself new to the internet ( IRC being the most common platform at the time ) , the concept of a fully centralized service with individual user accounts focused on one - on - one conversations set the blueprint for later instant messaging services like AIM , and its influence is seen in modern social media applications . At its peak around 2001 , ICQ had more than 100 million accounts registered . At the time of the Mail.Ru acquisition in 2010 , there were around 42 million daily users . Since 2013 , ICQ has 11 million monthly users . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Additional products 2 UIN 3 History 3.1 Development history 4 Criticism 4.1 Privacy and copyright 4.2 Pressure on alternative clients 5 Clients 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Features ( edit ) ICQ features include offline user messaging , multi-user chats , free daily - limited SMS sending , resumable file transfers , greeting cards , multiplayer games and a searchable user directory . Users can use emoticons while chatting with other users . ICQ6 was launched on April 17 , 2007 , and offered a single communication platform that combines the various user options : instant messaging services , free SMS from ICQ to mobile , voice and video communication . The software 's sounds were created by the Israeli psychedelic trance duo Infected Mushroom . Among the new additional features in ICQ6 are Quick IM , which allows users to send a short message without opening a conversation window , a `` follow me '' service directly to the user 's mobile , a multi-chat service and support for Zlango , the animated icons language . Additional products ( edit ) ICQ provides all users additional services and content products : ICQ TV -- An online video magazine . The magazine broadcasts content for teens 24 / 7 . ICQ SIM Card ( together with United Mobile ) -- A SIM card that enables users traveling across Europe to use their cellular telephones while paying a discount price . ICQ Game Center -- A games platform that enables the user to play with and / or against other users . Available by clicking a button in the contact list . ICQ2Go -- A web instant messaging option for users who can not download the program onto their computers or use it on the networks they are accessing ( for various reasons , like security restrictions or firewalls ) . ICQ for Mac ( Beta ) -- Released in February 2010 , a version of the client that was developed using the Adobe AIR platform , making it usable on additional operating systems which support the AIR runtime , such as Linux . Also , users can choose and select their own avatars for their profile pages . In this way , they can protect their privacy . UIN ( edit ) ICQ users are identified and distinguished from one another by UIN , or User Identification Numbers , distributed in sequential order . The UIN was invented by Mirabilis , as the user name assigned to each user upon registration . Issued UINs started at ' 10,000 ' ( 5 digits ) and every user receives a UIN when first registering with ICQ . As of ICQ6 users are also able to log in using the specific e-mail address they associated with their UIN during the initial registration process . Unlike other instant messaging software or web applications , on ICQ the only permanent user info is the UIN , although it is possible to search for other users using their associated e-mail address or any other detail they have made public by updating it in their account 's public profile . In addition the user can change all of his or her personal information , including screen name and e-mail address , without having to re-register . Since 2000 ICQ and AIM users are able to add each other to their contact list without the need for any external clients . As a response to UIN theft or sale of attractive UINs , ICQ started to store email addresses previously associated with a UIN . As such UINs that are stolen can sometimes be reclaimed . This applies only if ( since 1999 onwards ) a valid primary email address was entered into the user profile . History ( edit ) The founding company of ICQ , Mirabilis , was established in June 1996 by five Israelis : Yair Goldfinger , Sefi Vigiser , Amnon Amir , Arik Vardi , and Arik 's father Yossi Vardi . They recognized that many people were accessing the internet through non-UNIX operating systems , such as Microsoft Windows , and those users were unfamiliar with established chat technologies , e.g. IRC . The technology Mirabilis developed for ICQ was distributed free of charge . The technology 's success encouraged AOL to acquire Mirabilis on June 8 , 1998 , for $287 million up front and $120 million in additional payments over three years based on performance levels . At the time this was the highest price ever paid to purchase an Israeli technology company . In 2002 AOL successfully patented the technology . After the purchase the product was initially managed by Ariel Yarnitsky and Avi Shechter . ICQ 's management changed at the end of 2003 . Under the leadership of the new CEO , Orey Gilliam , who also assumed the responsibility for all of AOL 's messaging business in 2007 , ICQ resumed its growth ; it was not only a highly profitable company , but one of AOL 's most successful businesses . Eliav Moshe replaced Gilliam in 2009 and became ICQ 's managing director . In April 2010 , AOL sold ICQ to Digital Sky Technologies , headed by Alisher Usmanov , for $187.5 million . While ICQ was displaced by AOL Instant Messenger , Google Talk , and other competitors in the U.S. and many other countries over the 2000s , it remained the most popular instant messaging network in Russian - speaking countries , and an important part of online culture . Popular UINs demanded over 11,000 rubles in 2010 . In September of that year , Digital Sky Technologies changed its name to Mail.Ru Group . Since the acquisition , Mail.ru has invested in turning ICQ from a desktop client to a mobile messaging system . As of 2013 , around half of ICQ 's users were using its mobile apps , and in 2014 , the number of users began growing for the first time since the purchase . In March 2016 the source code of the client was released under the Apache license released on github.com . Development history ( edit ) ICQ 's original logo ( 1999 - 2014 ) ICQ 99a / b the first releases that were widely available . ICQ 2000 incorporated into Notes and Reminder features . ICQ 2001 included server - side storage of the contact list , allowing for its synchronization on multiple computers . On December 19 , 2002 , AOL Time Warner announced that ICQ had been issued a United States patent for instant messaging . ICQ 2002 was the last completely advertising - free ICQ version . ICQ Pro 2003b was the first ICQ version to use the ICQ protocol version 10 . However , ICQ 5 and 5.1 use version 9 of the protocol . ICQ 2002 and 2003a used version 8 of the ICQ protocol . Earlier versions ( ICQ 2001b and all ICQ clients before it ) used ICQ protocol version 7 . ICQ 4 and later ICQ 5 ( released on Monday , February 7 , 2005 ) , were upgrades on ICQ Lite . One addition was Xtraz , which offers games and features intended to appeal to younger users of the Internet . ICQ Lite was originally an idea to offer the lighter users of instant messaging an alternative client which was a smaller download and less resource - hungry for relatively slow computers . ICQ 5 introduced skins support . There are few official skins available for the current ICQ 5.1 at the official website ; however , a number of user - generated skins have been made available for download . ICQ 6 , released on April 17 , 2007 , was the first major update since ICQ 4 . The user interface has been redesigned using Boxely , the same rendering engine used in AIM Triton . This change adds new features such as the ability to send IMs directly from the client 's contact list . ICQ has recently started forcing users of v5. 1 to upgrade to version 6 ( and XP ) . Those who do not upgrade will find their older version of ICQ does not start up . Although the upgrade to version 6 should be seen as a positive thing , some users may find that useful features such as sending multiple files at one time is no longer supported in the new version . At the beginning of July 2008 , a network upgrade forced users to stop using ICQ 5.1 - applications that identified themselves as ICQ 5 , such as Pidgin , were forced to identify themselves as ICQ 6 . There seems to be no alternative for users other than using a different IM program or patching ICQ 5.1 with a special application . ICQ 7.0 , released on January 18 , 2010 . This update includes integration with Facebook and other websites . It also allows custom personal status similar to Windows Live Messenger ( MSN Messenger ) . ICQ 7.0 does not support traditional Chinese on standard installation or with the addition of an official language pack . This has made its adoption difficult with the established user base from Hong Kong and Taiwan where traditional Chinese is the official language . ICQ 8 , released on February 5 , 2012 - `` Meet the new generation of ICQ , Enjoy free video calls , messages and SMS , social networks support and more . '' ICQ 10.0 10242 , released January 18 , 2016 - Newest update . Criticism ( edit ) According to security analyst Jeffrey Carr , use of ICQ may cause security problems because it was purchased by Russian investment company Digital Sky Technologies . ICQ has fallen out of fashion in the US and the UK , but it remains popular in Eastern Europe and Russia . Carr says the new ownership may be used by Russia 's powerful secret service , the FSB ( formerly the KGB ) since Russian law requires ICQ to open its logs whenever they want . Similar concerns apply to other instant messengers ( see Skype security , YIM SPIM , AIM vulnerabilities etc . ) . Privacy and copyright ( edit ) When accepting `` ICQ Privacy Policy '' ( 2011 ) , a user gives all the copyright in the posted information to ICQ Inc . This implies that ICQ Inc. may publish , distribute etc. any messages sent through the system that could be meant to be private : Please be aware that any information you may have published in a public area ( Public Area ) may be accessible to ICQ or third parties and used by ICQ or such third parties . Therefore carefully consider whether you wish such information to be accessible . Public areas may include your user profile ( depending on the level of your privacy settings ) any blogs , message boards , forums or similar services made available through the ICQ Services . ICQ accounts may be deleted by user . Pressure on alternative clients ( edit ) AOL pursued an aggressive policy regarding alternative ( `` unauthorized '' ) ICQ clients . In July 2008 changes were implemented on ICQ servers causing many unofficial clients to stop working . These users received an official notification from `` ICQ System '' . On December 9 , 2008 , another change to the ICQ servers was made . The clients that were sending Client IDs not matching ICQ 5.1 or higher stopped working . On December 29 , 2008 , ICQ press service distributed a statement characterizing alternative clients as dangerous . On January 21 , 2009 , ICQ servers started blocking all unofficial clients in Russia and Commonwealth of Independent States countries . Users in Russia and Ukraine received a message from UIN 1 : `` Системное сообщение ICQ не поддерживает используемую вами версию . Скачайте бесплатную авторизованную версию ICQ с официального web - сайта ICQ . System Message The version you are using is not supported by ICQ . Download a free authorized ICQ version from ICQ 's official website . '' On icq.com there is an `` important message '' for Russian - speaking ICQ users : `` ICQ осуществляет поддержку только авторизированных версий программ : ICQ Lite и ICQ 6.5 . '' ( `` ICQ supports only authorized versions of programs : ICQ Lite and ICQ 6.5 . '' ) On February 3 , 2009 , the events of January 21 have repeated . Clients ( edit ) AOL 's OSCAR network protocol used by ICQ is proprietary and using a third party client is a violation of ICQ Terms of Service , nevertheless a number of third - party clients have been created by using reverse - engineering and protocol descriptions . These clients include : Adium : supports ICQ , Yahoo ! , AIM , MSN , Google Talk , XMPP , and others , for macOS Ayttm : supports ICQ , Yahoo ! , AIM , MSN , IRC , and XMPP bitlbee : IRC gateway , supports ICQ , Yahoo ! , AIM , MSN , Google Talk , and XMPP centericq : supports ICQ , Yahoo ! , AIM , MSN , IRC and XMPP , text - based climm ( formerly mICQ ) : text - based Fire : supports ICQ , Yahoo ! , AIM , MSN , IRC , and XMPP , for macOS Jimm : supports ICQ , for Java ME mobile devices Kopete : supports AIM , ICQ , MSN , Yahoo , XMPP , Google Talk , IRC , Gadu - Gadu , Novell GroupWise Messenger and others , for Unix - like Meetro : IM and social networking combined with location ; supports AIM , ICQ , MSN , Yahoo ! Miranda IM : supports ICQ , Yahoo ! , AIM , MSN , IRC , Google Talk , XMPP , Gadu - Gadu , BNet and others , for Windows Naim : ncurses - based Pidgin ( formerly Gaim ) : supports ICQ , Yahoo ! , AIM , Gtalk , MSN , IRC , XMPP , Gadu - Gadu , SILC , Meanwhile , ( IBM Lotus Sametime ) and others QIP : supports ICQ , AIM , XMPP and XIMSS stICQ : supports ICQ , for Symbian OS Trillian : supports ICQ , Yahoo ! , AIM , MSN , IRC , Google Talk , XMPP and others AOL supported clients include : AOL Instant Messenger Messages / iChat : uses ICQ 's UIN as an AIM screenname , for macOS See also ( edit ) Comparison of instant messaging clients Comparison of instant messaging protocols LAN messenger Online chat Windows Live Messenger Tencent QQ References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ICQ Surpasses 100 Million Registered Users , Time Warner Press Release - May 09 , 2001 ( accessed 2015 - 05 - 12 ) . ^ Jump up to : Khrennikov , Ilya ( 29 July 2014 ) , `` ICQ Messenger Is Growing for the First Time in Years '' , Bloomberg Business Jump up ^ ICQ 11 million users in the world per month , 8 November 2015 Jump up ^ ICQ for Mac Jump up ^ icq.com Jump up ^ An artist for the high - tech age Jump up ^ `` America Online to Buy Internet Chat Service for $287 Million '' . New York Times . June 9 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS Technology AOL wins instant messaging case '' . news.bbc.co.uk . December 19 , 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Haner , Lior ( Jun 7 , 2006 ) . `` ICQ , the fashion house Company to enter TV messaging and appliances too '' . Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Schütz , Anja . `` Why ICQ is so successful in Germany '' ( in German ) . NetMediaEurope Germany . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AOL sells ICQ to Russian internet company '' . Financial Times . April 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kovalev , Alexey ( 3 May 2010 ) , `` Why ICQ is so important to Russia '' , Wired Jump up ^ Messeneger ICQ has opened the source code Jump up ^ icqdesktop on github.com Jump up ^ `` ICQ '' . File Horse . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Russian spooks could claim web chat for themselves '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ICQ Privacy Policy -- Acceptable Use Policy '' Jump up ^ Официальное заявление ICQ : использовать QIP -- опасно ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ AOL Engaged in Dubious Competition Practices for ICQ in Russia Jump up ^ icq.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to ICQ . Official ICQ Website ICQ Search Website ( hide ) Instant messaging Protocols ( comparison ) Open IMPP IRC Matrix MTProto RetroShare Signal Protocol SIP MSRP SIMPLE Tox XMPP Jingle WFP Zephyr DDP Closed MSNP OSCAR TOC Skype YMSG Services AIM BAND BlackBerry Messenger Discord Facebook Messenger Google Allo Google Hangouts Google Talk GroupMe Hike Messenger HipChat ICQ iGap iMessage IRC Networks KakaoTalk Kik Libon Line Microsoft Messenger service Nimbuzz ooVoo Palringo Signal Skype Skype Qik Slack Snapchat Tango Telegram QQ Threema Tox Upptalk Veon Viber WeChat WhatsApp Wickr Windows Messenger service Yahoo ! Messenger Clients ( comparison ) Single protocol Allo AIM Baidu Hi BlackBerry Messenger CSipSimple Facebook Messenger FaceTime Fetion Gadu - Gadu GroupMe IBM Sametime ICQ IMVU Linphone Palringo RetroShare Ricochet Ring Signal Skype Telegram Tencent QQ Tox WeChat WhatsApp Wickr Wire Yahoo ! Messenger Multi-protocol Adium Ayttm BitlBee Centericq eBuddy Empathy Fire Gizmo5 Instantbird Jitsi Kopete Messages / iChat Miranda IM Nimbuzz Pidgin QIP 2010 Skype for Business Trillian Telepathy Upptalk Xfire XMPP ( Jabber ) Bombus ChatSecure Conversations Facebook Chat Gajim Google Talk Psi Tkabber Spark MSNP aMSN emesene Windows Live Messenger Windows Messenger Skype See also Backchannel Buddy profile Chat log Chatbot Contact list Emoticon File sharing Instant message service center LAN messenger Mobile instant messaging Presence information Shoutbox SMS language Status message Videotelephony Voice over IP Webcam Web chat Circuit eXo Platform FirstClass Flock Fuze Box Glip Hall.com Lua Yammer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICQ&oldid=807256962 '' Categories : Instant messaging clients 1996 software AIM clients AOL BlackBerry software IOS software Symbian software Israeli inventions Android ( operating system ) software Bada software Formerly proprietary software Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2015 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 21 : 42 . 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Question: what was icq as related to instant messaging


The Riveras - wikipedia The Riveras Jump to : navigation , search The Riveras Genre Reality Starring Chiquis Rivera Jacqie Campos Michael Marin Jenicka Lopez Juan Angel Lopez Miguel Campos Jaylah Hope Yanez Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 27 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Janney Marin Edward Paige Liane Su Production company ( s ) Blank Paige Productions Release Original network NBC Universo Original release October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) -- present Chronology Related shows I Love Jenni Chiquis ' N Control External links Website The Riveras is an American reality television series that airs on UNIVERSO . The show is a spin - off of I Love Jenni . The series follows the five children of late Mexican - American singer Jenni Rivera as they begin to pursue their dreams and continue to honor Rivera 's legacy . The series debuted on October 16 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Background and Development 1.2 Cast 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 2.5 Special 3 References Production ( edit ) Background and development ( edit ) After the death of singer Jenni Rivera , I Love Jenni ran its third and final season on NBC Universo ( then known as mun2 ) . The final episodes of the third season focused on Rivera 's five children as they deal with life after her passing . The final season of I Love Jenni was the most - watched original mun2 original program . It finished as the fifth most - watched program with Hispanic females 18 - 49 and seventh most watched series with Hispanic adults 18 - 49 In May 2016 , Telemundo and UNIVERSO announced The Riveras as an upcoming series on UNIVERSO as well as other Jenni Rivera related programming . On November 6 , 2017 , during the finale of Mariposa de Barrio on Telemundo , UNIVERSO announced that a third season would premiere in 2018 . On March 1 , 2018 , UNIVERSO announced that The Riveras has been picked up for a fourth season set to premiere in 2019 . Cast ( edit ) The series stars the five children of singer Jenni Rivera : Chiquis , Jacqie , Michael , Jenicka , and Juan Angel , as they pursue their dreams and honor their mother 's legacy . Viewers see how they manage their mother 's enterprise featuring her music , tequila , fashion line , and love foundation . The show features archive footage of Jenni Rivera from I Love Jenni and Chiquis ' N Control . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) December 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) 10 February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) TBA March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` Nueva Cabeza de Familia '' October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) `` Little Divas '' October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) `` Movin ' On '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) `` Señor Madre '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 5 5 `` Birds & Boss Bees '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 6 6 `` Get Your Geek On '' November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 7 7 `` Mi Padre '' November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 8 8 `` Growing Pains '' December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 9 9 `` Paloma Negra '' December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 10 10 `` Mud Is Thicker Than Water '' December 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 11 `` L.A.M.A.S. '' February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 12 `` Million Dollar Mexican '' March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 13 `` Bright Lights , Big Sisters '' March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 14 `` The Butt Stops Here '' March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 15 5 `` Divine Inspiration '' March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 16 6 `` Día de los Muertos '' April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 17 7 `` The Cup is Half Empty '' April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 18 8 `` The Day After Tomorrow '' April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 19 9 `` Mex in the City '' April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 20 10 `` Talking Rivera '' April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 21 `` El amor no vive aquí '' March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 22 `` Tu eres el Juan que quiero '' March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 23 `` Casamenteras '' March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 24 `` ¿ Juntos o por separado ? '' April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 25 5 `` Chiquis se lleva una sorpresa '' April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 26 6 `` Conmoción '' April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 27 7 `` Pónle un anillo '' April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) SPECIAL ( edit ) Title Original air date `` Remembering Jenni , Our Mom '' December 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 09 ) The Rivera family , their friends and fans celebrate the life of Jenni Rivera to commemorate the fifth anniversary of her departure , with her best moments and stories never before told . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` mun2 Has Largest Third Quarter Primetime Delivery Among Total Viewers '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2013 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Riveras ' Reality Show : Chiquis Rivera And Family 's Life To Air On NBC Universo '' . Latin Times . May 16 , 2016 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Telemundo & NBC Universo Announce New Music Programming & Series at Upfronts '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jenni Rivera 's Family Is Coming Back To TV With New Reality Series '' . Latina . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JENNI RIVERA 'S CHILDREN CELEBRATE THE LIFE OF THEIR MOTHER WITH A ONE - HOUR SPECIAL `` REMEMBERING JENNI , OUR MOM '' ON UNIVERSO SAT. , DEC . 9 AT 7PM / 6C `` . nbcuniversal.com . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Riveras&oldid=838093025 '' Categories : American reality television series Mexican reality television series 2016 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 21 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Question: when does season 3 of the riveras start


Rivers in Himachal Pradesh - Wikipedia Rivers in Himachal Pradesh Jump to : navigation , search Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins . The drainage systems of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab , the Ravi , the Beas , the Sutlej and the Yamuna . These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall . They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation . Beas river and mountains as seen from Van Vihar , Manali Beas River in Himachal Pradesh The Beas rises in the Pir Panjal range near the Rohtang Pass and flows about 256 kilometres ( 159 mi ) in Himachal Pradesh . The river is formed by a numerous of tributaries ; the major tributaries are the Parbati , the Hurla , the Sainj , the Uhl , the Suheti , the Luni , the Banganga and the Chaki . The northern and eastern tributaries of the river are snow fed and perennial , while the southern ones are seasonal . During the month of August , increase in the inflow sometimes results in floods . The Chandrabhaga or Chenab ( Vedic name Askni ) , the largest river ( in terms of volume of water ) is formed after the meeting of two streams namely , Chandra and Bhaga at Tandi , in Lahaul . It flows 122 kilometres ( 76 mi ) and covers an area of 7,500 square kilometres ( 2,900 sq mi ) . in Himachal , before entering Kashmir . The Chandra passes through the barren tribal land . The Ravi is born in Bara Banghal , Kangra district as a joint stream formed by the glacier fead Bhadal and Tantgari . The river is about 158 kilometres ( 98 mi ) long and has a catchment area of nearly 5,451 square kilometres ( 2,105 sq mi ) . Chamba lies on its right bank . Sutlej Valley from Rampur ca . 1857 Giri River , Nahan , district Sirmaur , Himachal Pardesh The Satluj originates in distant Tibet . The river cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo - Tibetan border ( near Shipkila ) . Then the river Spiti joins Satluj from the north . Passing through gorges it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra . The catchment area of Satluj in Himachal Pradesh is about 20,000 square kilometres ( 7,700 sq mi ) . The Yamuna has its origin in Yamunotri in Uttarkashi district , Uttarakhand . Its total catchment area in Himachal Pradesh is 2,320 square kilometres ( 900 sq mi ) . Its tributaries are the Tons , the Giri and the Bata . The Ghaggar river originates in the village of Dagshai in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh at an elevation of 1,927 metres ( 6,322 ft ) above mean sea level and flows through Punjab and Haryana states into Rajasthan ; just southwest of Sirsa , Haryana and by the side of Talwara Lake in Rajasthan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ General outline of rivers in Himachal @ webindia123 Jump up ^ Shanker Sharma , Hari ; Kalwar , S.C. ( 2005 ) . Geomorphology and Environmental Sustainability : Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor H.S. Sharma . Concept Publishing Company . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 028 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Sarasvati : Tracing the death of a river '' . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . State of Himachal Pradesh Capital : Shimla Topics Education History Prehistory and protohistory Early history Mughal rule British rule Freedom struggle Kangra - Lambagraon Punjab Hill States agency Guge Culture Arts and crafts Languages Music Traditional dances Jurisdiction Chief Ministers Governors High Court Government Vidhan Sabha High Court Raj Bhavan Police Districts and divisions Kangra division Chamba Kangra Una Mandi division Bilaspur Hamirpur Kullu Lahul and Spiti Mandi Shimla division Kinnaur Shimla Sirmaur Solan Major cities Shimla Solan Nahan Mandi Sundar Nagar Dharamsala Economy Agriculture Animal husbandry Industry Social services Transport Geography Lakes Rivers Climate Protected areas Highest point People The Great Khali 14th Dalai Lama Mohit Chauhan Prem Kumar Dhumal Anupam Kher Kangana Ranaut Preity Zinta Sukh Ram Anurag Thakur James Quinton Norah Richards Anuj Sharma Ruskin Bond Pratibha Singh Kaul Singh Thakur Virbhadra Singh Kaul Singh Thakur Shanta Kumar more Images Picture gallery Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons Others Bilaspur -- Manali -- Leh line Rohtang Tunnel Tourism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivers_in_Himachal_Pradesh&oldid=811961958 '' Categories : Rivers of Himachal Pradesh Lists of rivers of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 02 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: chandra and bhaga river meets at the place


Flag of India - wikipedia Flag of India Jump to : navigation , search `` Tiranga '' redirects here . For the Bollywood film , see Tirangaa . India Name Tiraṅgā ( meaning `` Tricolour '' ) Use National flag Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 22 July 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 07 - 22 ) Design A horizontal triband of India saffron , white , and India green ; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre Designed by Pingali Venkayya The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya . By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction details 2 Symbolism 3 History 4 Manufacturing process 5 Protocol 5.1 Display 5.2 Half - mast 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Design and construction details Sizes of the National Flag Flag size Length and width ( mm ) Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) 6300 × 4200 1295 3600 × 2400 740 2700 × 1800 555 1800 × 1200 370 5 1350 × 900 280 6 900 × 600 185 7 450 × 300 90 8 225 × 150 40 9 150 × 100 25 According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours Colour X Y Z Brightness India saffron ( Kesari ) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5 White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6 India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9 Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . Symbolism Flag of India , New Delhi Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : `` Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . '' History A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of the flag , it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists . Around the same time , another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda . The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border , with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt . It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906 . Soon , many other proposals were initiated , but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement . In 1909 , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed `` no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange , seeing that but for India there would be no Empire . '' In 1916 , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs , in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras . These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive . The same year , Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement . The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner , a star and crescent in the upper right , and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right , on a background of five red and four green alternating bands . The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag , as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use . The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag . In the early 1920s , national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland . In November 1920 , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag , and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol . Gandhi 's Flag , introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921 In April 1921 , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag , proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre . The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj , and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner , the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims . Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921 , but it was not delivered on time , and another flag was proposed at the session . Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented ; he then added white to the banner colours , to represent all the other religions . Finally , owing to the religious - political sensibilities , in 1929 , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours , stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people , white for purity , and green for hope . On 13 April 1923 , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel , designed by Pingali Venkayya , was hoisted . This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police , after which five people were imprisoned . Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting . Subsequently , on the first of May , Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee , started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement . The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress , started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group , the Swarajists , called it inconsequential . Finally , at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July , 1923 , at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu , Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed . The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people . By the end of the movement , over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India . The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers , students , merchants , labourers and `` national servants '' . While Muslim participation was moderate , the movement enthused women , who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement . While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi 's writings and discourses , the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident . News reports , editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation . Soon , the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle . While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag , it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag . The Swaraj Flag , officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931 Detractors of the flag movement , including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity . Thus , the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India . In contrast to the subdued responses of the past , the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag , and began to define a policy of response . The British parliament discussed public use of the flag , and based on directives from England , the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag . The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting . However , by then , the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement . A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly was formed . To select a flag for independent India , on 23 June 1947 , the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Sarojini Naidu , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members . Indian Flag , the first stamp of independent India , released on 21 Nov 1947 , was meant for foreign correspondence . On 14 July 1947 , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications , so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities . It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones . The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra ( wheel ) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka . According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law . However , Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature , as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel , this design would appear symmetrical . Gandhi was not very pleased by the change , but eventually came around to accepting it . The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron , white and dark green in equal proportions , with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band . Nehru also presented two flags , one in Khadi - silk and the other in Khadi - cotton , to the assembly . The resolution was approved unanimously . It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then . Manufacturing process A header of an Indian flag ( size 6 , date 2007 / 2008 ) certified by the ISI The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) . All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton . The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008 . Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law . In 1951 , after India became a republic , the Indian Standards Institute ( now the BIS ) brought out the first official specifications for the flag . These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India . The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968 . The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes , dye colour , chromatic values , brightness , thread count and hemp cordage . The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms . Khadi or hand - spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag , and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , besides a fine . Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton , silk and wool . There are two kinds of khadi used : The first is the khadi - bunting which makes up the body of the flag , and the second is the khadi - duck , which is a beige - coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole . The khadi - duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave , compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving . This type of weaving is extremely rare , and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill . The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre , four threads per stitch , and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams ( 7.2 oz ) . There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag , they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP , and Banetha in Rajasthan . The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka . Currently , Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India . Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines . The hand - woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag , a small village in the Dharwad district . A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre 's licence to make flags . Once woven , the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing . After quality testing , the material , if approved , is returned to the factory . It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron , white and green . The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed , stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth . Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides . Three pieces of the required dimension , one of each colour , are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed . The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold . Protocol Main article : Flag Code of India Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India , 2002 ( successor to the Flag Code -- India , the original flag code ) ; the Emblems and Names ( Prevention of Improper Use ) Act , 1950 ; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . Insults to the national flag , including gross affronts or indignities to it , as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code , are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , or a fine , or both . Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water , or be used as a drapery in any form . The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down , dipped in anything , or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling . No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag . When out in the open , the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset , irrespective of the weather conditions . Prior to 2009 , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances ; currently , Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night , subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well - illuminated . The flag should never be depicted , displayed or flown upside down . Tradition also states that when draped vertically , the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees , but also reversed . One `` reads '' a flag like the pages of a book , from top to bottom and from left to right , and after rotation the results should be the same . It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state , and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag , which should always be in a proper state of maintenance . The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day . In 2001 , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied , flew the Indian flag on his office building . The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution . Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens , arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen , and a way of expressing his love for the country . At the end of the appeals process , the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal 's favour , asking the Government of India to consider the matter . The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002 , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year , subject to their safeguarding the dignity , honour and respect of the flag . It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed ; also , the right to fly the flag is a qualified right , unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens , and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India . The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms , costumes and other clothing . In July 2005 , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage . The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments , and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases , handkerchiefs or other dress material . Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code . Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed ; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private , preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag . Display Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country 's flag The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium , their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost . If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole , this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it . If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs , the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out . The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables , lecterns , podiums or buildings , or be draped from railings . Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind , it should always be on the right ( observers ' left ) , as this is the position of authority . So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place , it must be placed on the speaker 's right hand . When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall , it should be to the right of the audience . The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top . If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium , the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top . A flag procession The flag , when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags , should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front . The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue , monument , or plaque , but should never be used as the covering for the object . As a mark of respect to the flag , it should never be dipped to a person or thing , as opposed to regimental colours , organisational or institutional flags , which may be dipped as a mark of honour . During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag , or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review , all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention . Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute . When the flag is in a moving column , persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them . A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress . The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem . Indian Flag at the Red Fort , Delhi The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister , Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states , Chief Ministers , Union Ministers , members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states ( Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ) , judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts , and flag officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force . The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car . When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government , the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side . The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country . Alongside the National Flag , the flag of the country visited should also be flown ; however , when the aircraft lands in countries en route , the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead . When carrying the president within India , aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks ; the flag is similarly flown on trains , but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station . When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags , the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags . When flags are placed in a straight line , the rightmost flag ( leftmost to the observer facing the flag ) is the Indian flag , followed by other national flags in alphabetical order . When placed in a circle , the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically . In such placement , all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag . Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another . In addition to being the first flag , the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically . When placed on crossed poles , the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag , and to the right ( observer 's left ) of the other flag . The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations , which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag . When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags , including corporate flags and advertising banners , the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs , the flag of India should be in the middle , or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers , or at least one flag 's breadth higher than the other flags in the group . Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group , but if they are on the same staff , it must be the uppermost flag . If the flag is carried in procession with other flags , it must be at the head of the marching procession , or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast , it must be carried to the marching right of the procession . Half - mast The flag should be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . The decision to do so lies with the President of India , who also decides the period of such mourning . When the flag is to be flown at half mast , it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered . Only the Indian flag is flown half mast ; all other flags remain at normal height . The flag is flown half - mast nationwide on the death of the president , Vice-president or prime minister . It is flown half - mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , and Union Ministers . On deaths of Governors , Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers , the flag is flown at half - mast in the respective states and union territories . The Indian flag can not be flown at half - mast on Republic Day ( 26 January ) , Independence day ( 15 August ) , Gandhi Jayanti ( 2 October ) , National Week ( 6 -- 13 April ) or state formation anniversaries , except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary . However , even in such cases , the flag must be raised to full - mast when the body is moved from the building . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half - mast . On occasions of state , military , central para-military forces funerals , the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin . The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre . See also List of Indian flags Jana Gana Mana National Pledge ( India ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya 's original design , but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Code of India '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IS 1 ( 1968 ) : Specification for The National Flag of India ( Cotton Khadi , PDF version ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1968 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1979 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) , Amendment 2 '' . Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag code of India , 2002 '' . Fact Sheet . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names Jump up ^ `` Flag of India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heimer , Željko ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Code of India , 2002 '' . Press Information Bureau . Government of India . 3 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` British Raj Marineflagge '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 4 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 498 -- 499 Jump up ^ `` A Flag for India '' . Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 504 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 187 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 508 Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ Jha 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vattam , Shyam Sundar ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Why all national flags will be ' Made in Hubli ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Aruna Chandaraju ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The Flag Town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chandaraju , Aruna ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The flag town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan 's Dausa are on the decline '' . 11 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` Now , Indians can fly Tricolour at night '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India v. Navin Jindal '' . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original on 24 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Chadha , Monica ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Indians can wear flag with pride '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . References Virmani , Arundhati ( 2008 ) . A National Flag for India . Rituals , Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment . Delhi , Permanent Black . pp. 356 p . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 232 - X . Virmani , Arundhati ( August 1999 ) . `` National Symbols under Colonial Domination : The Nationalization of the Indian Flag , March -- August 1923 '' . Past & Present. 164 : 169 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 164.1. 169 . JSTOR 651278 ... Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . Jha , Sadan ( 25 October 2008 ) . `` The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 102 -- 111 . ISSN 0012 - 9976 . OCLC 1567377 ... `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` India : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` Flying the real tricolour '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Royle , Trevor ( 1997 ) . The Last Days of the Raj . John Murray . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5686 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Flag Code of India `` National Flag '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` History of Indian Tricolour '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . `` Flag Code of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . 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Question: when was the national flag of india adopted