The Man with the Golden Gun ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia The Man with the Golden Gun ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Man with the Golden Gun Soundtrack album by John Barry Released Recorded Length 42 : 17 Label EMI Producer Frank Collura ( Reissue ) John Barry chronology The Dove ( 1974 ) The Dove1974 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) King Kong ( 1976 ) King Kong1976 James Bond soundtrack chronology Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) Live and Let Die 1973 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) The Man with the Golden Gun1974 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) The Spy Who Loved Me 1977 Alternative cover Re-release cover Singles from The Man with the Golden Gun `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' Released : 1974 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Man with the Golden Gun is the soundtrack for the ninth James Bond film of the same name . The theme tune was performed by Lulu , composed by John Barry , and the lyrics to the song were written by Don Black . Alice Cooper claims his song `` The Man With The Golden Gun '' was to be used by the film 's producers until it was dropped for Lulu 's song instead . Cooper 's song appears on his album Muscle of Love . Barry considered the theme tune -- the only Bond film title track not to chart as a single in either the U.K. or U.S. -- and score to be among the weakest of his contributions to the series : `` It 's the one I hate most ... it just never happened for me . '' Certainly the title song is notable for having suggestive lyrics , and during a TV celebration for the series ' 40th anniversary , Lulu 's performance was introduced with reference to its being the raunchiest of all Bond songs . For the first time , the song 's end theme is not a straight reprise of the opener , as it begins with different lyrics ( subsequent films followed suit with variations in arrangement , ahead of a new practice of using a different song altogether ) . Some Bond music fans consider Lulu 's brassy vocal to be effective in setting the tone for the film 's female characters . The film was also the first to drop the distinctive plucked guitar from the Bond theme heard over the gun barrel sequence - in all subsequent John Barry James Bond scores , this theme would be heard on strings and trumpet . Not present on the album but heard in the film is a brief reprise , for recognition purposes , of the song `` Live and Let Die '' when a character ( Sheriff JW Pepper ) from the previous film reappears . The next three Bond films would wittily feature excerpts from the familiar music of other films , too ( though classics rather than Bond films ) , while On Her Majesty 's Secret Service had included a janitor character whistling the theme from Goldfinger as an in - joke . The popular song `` Mindfields '' by The Prodigy ( released on The Fat of the Land ) features a specific part of `` Hip 's Trip '' . Barry gave the band permission to do so . Track listing ( edit ) Composer , except as noted , is John Barry . `` The Man with the Golden Gun ( Main Title ) '' ( J. Barry / D. Black ) -- Lulu `` Scaramanga 's Fun House '' `` Chew Me in Grisly Land '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun ( Jazz Instrumental ) '' `` Getting the Bullet '' `` Goodnight Goodnight '' `` Let 's Go Get ' Em '' `` Hip 's Trip '' `` Kung Fu Fight '' `` In Search of Scaramanga 's Island '' `` Return to Scaramanga 's Fun House '' `` The Man With the Golden Gun ( End Title ) '' ( J. Barry / D. Black ) -- Lulu ^ Jump up to : contains the `` James Bond Theme '' , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack See also ( edit ) Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AllMusic review Jump up ^ Barry , John ( interviewee ) ( 2006 ) . James Bond 's Greatest Hits ( Television ) . U.K. : North One Television . Jump up ^ The Man With The Golden Gun ( Vinyl back cover ) . Various Artists . United Artists Records , Inc. 1975 . UA - LA358 - G . James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_with_the_Golden_Gun_(soundtrack)&oldid=789945836 '' Categories : Soundtrack albums from James Bond films The Man with the Golden Gun ( film ) Film soundtracks 1974 soundtracks EMI Records soundtracks John Barry ( composer ) soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk About Wikipedia ქართული Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 16 : 49 . About Wikipedia

Question: who sang the theme song for the man with the golden gun


List of American Horror Story : freak show characters - wikipedia List of American Horror Story : freak show characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) American Horror Story : Freak Show is the fourth season of the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story . The season focuses on discrimination , particularly of `` freaks '' , people who have physical or mental abnormalities , who live in 1952 Jupiter during the dawning era of television , and struggle to survive economically as the public lose interest in circus freaks shows . Money becomes the least of their problems when a duo of vengeful clowns become abnormally fixated on the freaks , but are unable to go to the police after they murder a cop . Veteran cast members include Evan Peters , Jessica Lange , Sarah Paulson , Angela Bassett , Emma Roberts , Kathy Bates , Denis O'Hare , and Frances Conroy , with Michael Chiklis and Finn Wittrock making their debuts . Special guest stars who made appearances include Celia Weston , Wes Bentley , Neil Patrick Harris , and Matt Bomer . Other returning cast members who made appearances in a limited capacity include Jamie Brewer , Gabourey Sidibe , Danny Huston , Lily Rabe , Grace Gummer , Ben Woolf , Mare Winningham , Naomi Grossman , and James Cromwell . This is the first season to not be strictly anthological , with Lily Rabe , Naomi Grossman , and John Cromwell portraying the same characters they played in American Horror Story : Asylum , as Sister Mary Eunice McKee , Pepper , and Arthur Arden , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast members 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Characters 2.1 Main characters 2.1. 1 Bette and Dot Tattler 2.1. 2 Jimmy Darling 2.1. 3 Dell Toledo 2.1. 4 Gloria Mott 2.1. 5 Stanley 2.1. 6 Maggie Esmerelda 2.1. 7 Dandy Mott 2.1. 8 Desiree Dupree 2.1. 9 Ethel Darling 2.1. 10 Elsa Mars 2.2 Supporting characters 2.3 Minor characters Cast members ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Sarah Paulson as Bette and Dot Tattler Evan Peters as Jimmy Darling Michael Chiklis as Dell Toledo Frances Conroy as Gloria Mott Denis O'Hare as Stanley Emma Roberts as Maggie Esmeralda Finn Wittrock as Dandy Mott Angela Bassett as Desiree Dupree Kathy Bates as Ethel Darling Jessica Lange as Elsa Mars Supporting cast ( edit ) Erika Ervin as Amazon Eve ( recurring ) Mat Fraser as Paul ( recurring ) Jyoti Amge as Ma Petite ( recurring ) Naomi Grossman as Pepper ( recurring ) Grace Gummer as Penny ( recurring ) Christopher Neiman as Salty ( recurring ) Drew Rin Varick as Toulouse ( recurring ) Celia Weston as Lillian Hemmings ( special guest star ) John Carroll Lynch as Twisty the Clown ( recurring ) Chrissy Metz as Barbara / `` Ima Wiggles '' ( recurring ) Major Dodson as Corey Bachman ( recurring ) Skyler Samuels as Bonnie Lipton ( recurring ) Patti LaBelle as Dora ( recurring ) Wes Bentley as Edward Mordrake ( special guest star ) Gabourey Sidibe as Regina Ross ( special guest star ) Danny Huston as Massimo Dolcefino ( special guest star ) P.J. Marshall as Jack Colquitt ( recurring ) Ben Woolf as Meep ( recurring ) Lee Tergesen as Vince ( recurring ) Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Angus T. Jefferson ( recurring ) Neil Patrick Harris as Chester Creb ( special guest star ) Jerry Leggio as Dr. Bonham ( recurring ) Jamie Brewer as Marjorie ( recurring ) Angela Sarafyan as Alice ( recurring ) Dalton E. Gray as Mike ( recurring ) Matt Bomer as Andy ( special guest star ) Lily Rabe as Sister Mary Eunice McKee ( special guest star ) Shauna Rappold as Lucy Creb ( recurring ) Kathy Deitch as Young Ethel Darling ( recurring ) Edward Gelhaus as Young Dell Toledo ( recurring ) Mare Winningham as Rita Gayheart ( recurring ) John Cromwell as Hans Grüper / Arthur Arden ( recurring ) ^ 1 Young Regina Ross is portrayed by Nya Auzenne Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Bette and Dot Tattler ( edit ) Bette and Dot Tattler ( portrayed by Sarah Paulson ) also known as The Siamese Sisters are conjoined sisters recruited by Elsa to join the freak show . They have dicephalic parapagus : their conjoined body consists of a single torso with one pair of arms , one pair of legs , but two distinct heads and necks . Bette is the left side and Dot is on the right ( from their own perspective ) . Bette , the more innocent and friendly of the two , loves Hollywood glamor and movies and perceives their new life to be like show business , whereas Dot , the more cynical twin , distrusts everyone and remembers their old , sheltered life as one of safety . They are found at their farmhouse injured alongside their dead mother who Bette stabbed in revenge for sheltering them away from society thus causing Dot to stab both her sister and self . They are rushed to hospital and their discovery becomes controversial attracting Elsa who brings them back to the show . Bette becomes jealous when Dot 's singing makes her a star at the freak show and is encouraged by Elsa to kill her , which she never does . A jealous Elsa attempts to get rid of them by selling them to Gloria Mott , but they are rescued by Jimmy . Upon returning to the freak show , they attempt to blackmail Elsa to get money for a surgical separation so they can each live out their dreams . After they are tricked into believing that they can be separated for free , they realize how much they love each other and decide not to go through with the risky operation . Dot then professes her love to a drunken Jimmy , with Bette insisting that she can `` look the other way '' so that her sister can be happy ; they are heartbroken when he turns them down . Both twins later turn their affections toward magician Chester Creb until Dandy informs them of his criminal past . After Dandy massacres their friends , Bette marries him as a ruse so that they , Desiree , and Jimmy can enact their revenge against him . In 1960 , it is revealed that they are married to Jimmy and expecting a child with him . For her performance , Paulson won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie / Miniseries , the Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best TV Actress , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film , and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . The performance of both twins was achieved using CGI to merge Paulson 's dual performances together . According to showrunner Ryan Murphy , every scene Paulson had to shoot took almost twelve hours , compared to a regular scene which Murphy says takes five . Jimmy Darling ( edit ) Jimmy Darling ( portrayed by Evan Peters ) also known as Lobster Boy is the son of Ethel and Dell , though , at first , he is unaware that Dell is his father . Born with severe syndactyly , he performs as the `` Lobster Boy '' in the freak show . He dreams of being able to leave the freak show and live a normal life . In `` Monsters Among Us '' , he kills a policeman who tried to threaten the freaks and arrest Bette and Dot . He felt extremely guilty when Meep was arrested for the murder , breaking down when Meep 's dead body was dumped at the freak show 's camp . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , Jimmy and Maggie come across Twisty and his captives and they help them escape . The two begin a relationship soon after and plan to run away together . In `` Test of Strength '' , Jimmy tearfully reveals to Dell that he knows that Dell is his father , a revelation that ends up saving his life . After losing Ethel , he becomes unstable and later breaks up with Maggie . He becomes a drunk , and is later arrested for a mass murder committed by Dandy . Stanley , under the pretense of helping Jimmy buy a lawyer to prove his innocence , severs Jimmy 's hands and sells them to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities . The amputation causes him to fall into a depression ; when he learns the truth about Stanley and Maggie , his affection for her sours . They are unable to reconcile before Maggie is killed by Chester Creb . At the end of `` Show Stoppers '' , Jimmy receives wooden prosthetics resembling his claw hands from Elsa 's former lover , Massimo Dolcefino . After finding his friends massacred at the hands of Dandy , he , Desiree and Bette and Dot enact their revenge by drowning him in a water tank . In 1960 , it is revealed that he has married Bette and Dot and is expecting a child with them . Dell Toledo ( edit ) Dell Toledo ( portrayed by Michael Chiklis as adult Dell , Edward Gelhaus as young Dell ) also known as The Strongman , is the father of Jimmy , ex-husband of Ethel , husband of Desiree and the strongman of the freak show . He and Desiree come to Elsa desperate for work after all the other traveling shows have closed . Dell is also on the run from the law due to his involvement in a series of disastrous events , including the murder of a man Desiree had an affair with . His marriage to Ethel ended when he tried to kill Jimmy after he was born . His relationship with Jimmy is heated . In `` Massacres and Matinees '' , when Jimmy takes the carnies to a local diner , Dell beats him , claiming that they 're giving the other customers a `` free show '' . He later frames Meep for the murder of the policeman by planting the officer 's badge in Meep 's trailer . In `` Pink Cupcakes '' it is revealed that Dell has been seeing a hustler at a gay bar on the side . After finding out that Desiree is n't really a hermaphrodite and that she is planning to have her third breast removed so she can leave him and the freak show for good , Dell breaks the hands of her doctor so he ca n't perform the surgery . In `` Test of Strength '' , he is blackmailed by Stanley to murder one of the freaks so Stanley can sell them to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities . Dell attempts to kill Amazon Eve , but is unsuccessful . He then murders Ma Petite by smothering her . Afterwards , confused over his sexuality and guilty over the horrible things he has done , he attempts to hang himself , but is saved by Desiree . In `` Magical Thinking '' , after confessing to Desiree that he murdered Ma Petite , he is shot in the head from behind by a vengeful Elsa . Gloria Mott ( edit ) Gloria Mott ( portrayed by Frances Conroy ) , a wealthy society widow from Palm Beach . She is delusional and smothering when it comes to her son , Dandy , and will go to any lengths to placate him . She hires Twisty and later buys Dot and Bette to entertain Dandy after she fears he is bored . In `` Blood Bath '' , Gloria visits a therapist , seeking help with her situation concerning Dandy . She later attempts to get Dandy to see a psychiatrist , pretending that the sessions are testing Dandy 's intelligence . He sees through the facade and , as a result , Gloria is shot and killed by Dandy , after she professes she could n't live without him if he killed himself . Later , Dandy attaches the head of one of his murder victims to his mother 's corpse , making his own twisted version of Bette and Dot . Stanley ( edit ) Stanley ( portrayed by Denis O'Hare ) is a con artist working with Maggie . He goes to the freak show under the guise of being a talent scout ( named `` Richard Spencer '' ) in an attempt to murder or capture some of the performers to sell them to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities . He is enormously well - endowed and is gay . At the end of `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , he arrives at the freak show , posing as a Hollywood talent agent , and introduces himself to Elsa . In `` Test of Strength '' , he blackmails Dell to get him to murder the freaks . He later conspires with a jealous Elsa to kill the twins under the pretense of a separation surgery , so he can obtain their heads , although their plan ultimately fails . He later sells the severed head of Salty to the museum . He then visits a confused and hungover Jimmy at the jailhouse , where he successfully convinces Jimmy to have his hands amputated to get the money for a lawyer . In `` Show Stoppers '' , after Maggie exposes his lies to the freaks , they savagely attack him and mutilate his body to resemble their late friend Meep . His fate is left undisclosed at the end of the season . For his performance , O'Hare was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie . Maggie Esmerelda ( edit ) Maggie Esmerelda ( portrayed by Emma Roberts ) is a con artist working with Stanley . She poses as a fortune teller with a crystal ball and infiltrates the freak show . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , while Jimmy and Maggie are hiding due to the curfew , they come across Twisty and his captives and they help them escape . She later tries to placate Stanley by taking Ma Petite to a barn and preparing to drown her , but can not make herself kill the innocent young woman . Maggie is later revealed to be in a relationship with Jimmy , pressuring him to escape the freak show ( and Stanley , though she does n't mention this ) with her . After sinking into a state of depression after Jimmy 's arrest , Maggie is confronted by a suspicious Desiree who believes that she had something to do with all the deaths that have occurred . After being yelled at by the twins , Maggie decides to tell Desiree the truth and the two women head to the Museum of Morbid Curiosities to confront Stanley , where she faints upon discovering Jimmy 's severed claw hands . In `` Show Stoppers '' , Maggie volunteers herself to be sawed in half by Chester Creb , believing that it would help redeem herself in the eyes of Jimmy and the others . Unbeknownst to her , the illusion is real , and she dies when her body is severed , while Chester descends into a psychotic episode . Dandy Mott ( edit ) Dandy Mott ( portrayed by Finn Wittrock as adult Dandy , Brinon Kruithof and Julian Kruithof as 12 - year - old and 8 - year - old Dandy , respectively ) is the spoiled , psychopathic son of Gloria . Being born of inbreeding between his mother and her second cousin , his family said to have exhibited madness since the time of his ancestor Edward Phillippe Mott , Dandy expresses antisocial behavior that borders on sadism as he secretly murdered neighborhood animals and was responsible for the disappearance of a boy in his childhood . Dandy expressed a sense of boredom with his upper class life and aspires to join the freak show as he feels like he identifies with them . But after being rejected , Dandy ends up meeting Twisty and helps the clown before his death . Following that , Dandy developed a god complex as he reaches an apathy and commits murders , with his maid Dora being the first victim . He also developed an obsession for Dot and Bette , the former correctly suspicious before he read her diary . Combined with Jimmy getting the twins to safety , Dandy loses his sanity as he murdered his mother to bathe in her blood before later turning her corpse into a puppet with the head of another victim sewn onto it . He also gets his revenge on Jimmy by murdering the housewives that he was servicing in `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' , enlisting a detective he hired to frame Jimmy . In `` Show Stoppers '' , saving the twins from ending up victims of Chester Creb 's act , Dandy buys the freak show from Else for the sum of $10,000 . Dandy advertises himself as the headlining act ( as a singer of Cole Porter standards ) , blaming the freaks for not selling tickets for his debut and methodically killing all the performers present for turning against him save the twins , whom he intended to marry , and Desiree . After being drugged , Dandy is chained by the surviving freaks in a water tank and deem him `` the biggest freak of all '' before watching him slowly drown as the tank fills with water . For his performance , Wittrock was nominated for the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries , the Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best TV Supporting Actor , and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie . Desiree Dupree ( edit ) Desiree Dupree ( portrayed by Angela Bassett ) also known as The Three Breasted Woman is a woman born with an oversized clitoris , mistaken by herself and her family for a male until puberty reveals the growth of not only two , but a third breast . She is married to Dell and struggles for work after other traveling shows closed down . Before arriving at Elsa 's freak show , she had sex with a man and Dell killed him out of jealousy . In `` Pink Cupcakes '' , it is revealed that she is 100 % female and that her supposed penis is nothing more than an enlarged clitoris . It is also revealed that she suffered a miscarriage . Realizing that she has a chance to be truly happy , Desiree moves in with Ethel and plans on divorcing Dell and starting over . She becomes good friends with Maggie and several other women from the troupe . Despite despising Dell , she saves him from his suicide attempt and comforts him . When Maggie confesses the truth about her and Stanley working together , stopping just as she is about to reveal their intent to murder the freaks , Desiree becomes suspicious and warns her that if she finds out that Maggie and Stanley are responsible for the deaths of the other freaks , Desiree would surely kill her . After Maggie later confesses her and Stanley 's true intentions , Desiree sees her remorse and attempts to help her save the remaining freaks from Stanley . In `` Show Stoppers '' , she murders the curator of the Museum of Morbid Curiosities , Lillian Hemmings , and later wraps her head in a gift box and gives it to Stanley , before the other freaks mutilate him . She then leads the charge against Elsa when the other freaks realize that she murdered Ethel . She survives Dandy 's murderous rampage by hiding in her caravan ; she then teams up with Jimmy and Bette and Dot in order to exact her revenge , which involves drugging him , chaining him inside a water tank , and watching him drown . In 1960 , it is revealed that she has married a former lover of hers and is the mother of two children . For her performance , Bassett was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Ethel Darling ( edit ) Ethel Darling ( portrayed by Kathy Bates as adult Ethel , Kathy Deitch as young Ethel ) is a bearded lady , the mother of Jimmy , and the ex-wife of Dell . In the 1920s and 30s , she was a popular vaudeville star before marrying Dell , who convinced her seek more upscale venues . These higher - paying audiences rejected her , ruining her reputation and career . She left Dell after he attempted to kill Jimmy as an infant . She then battled alcohol addiction and was rescued from a drunk tankby Elsa . She then served as Elsa 's second in command at the freak show . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 1 ) '' , she is diagnosed with Cirrhosis of the liver and is given a prognosis of six months to a year . In `` Blood Bath '' , she is killed by Elsa , sustaining a fatal stab wound to the eye following a major confrontation about Elsa 's loyalty to the freaks . The rest of the freaks believe that she was decapitated in a car accident that was , in reality , staged by Elsa and Stanley . She later appears as a hallucination to both Jimmy and Dell . In `` Curtain Call '' , she appears with the other dead freaks in Elsa 's afterlife and appears to forgive Elsa for her sins . For her performance , Bates was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Elsa Mars ( edit ) Elsa Mars ( portrayed by Jessica Lange ) is a German expatriate who manages one of the last remaining freak shows in Jupiter , Florida in 1952 . For 20 years , she rescued her performers from the streets or being shipped away to asylums and became their legal guardian . Prior to coming to America after World War II , Elsa was a dominatrix at a brothel in Berlin before she was drugged for a snuff film where she was mutilated into a bilateral below - the - knee amputee when her legs were cut off by Hans Grüper with a chainsaw . Elsa later received prosthetic legs made by Massimo Dolcefino , working as a cabaret performer and chanteuse in Germany . After immigrating to America , she begins singing at a carnival . She realizes how badly the freaks are treated , and decides to start her own `` family '' of freaks . She later becomes crazed with jealousy and anger , killing Ethel and seriously injuring Paul , her secret lover . After Salty dies , Elsa returns Pepper to her sister , and then sells the freak show to the traveling salesman and amateur magician , Chester Creb , in preparation for her Hollywood future -- not realizing that he is mentally ill and hiding a criminal past . When Maggie and Desiree bring her the preserved corpse of Ma Petite , she executes Dell for his crimes against the freak show before turning the freaks on Stanley . Elsa later flees when Bette and Dot tell her the other freaks are plotting to kill her to atone for Ethel 's murder , selling the freak show to Dandy in order to procure $10,000 for her getaway . When she arrives in Hollywood , she is unable to meet with the president of a TV company until an altercation with his receptionist , leading her to meet Michael Beck , the company 's junior vice-president of casting . The two eventually marry and Elsa 's variety show becomes a huge success . In 1960 , however , the marriage falls apart as both Elsa and Michael cheat on one another and Michael learns about the truth of her amputated legs -- something which Hedda Hopper also learns , effectively ruining Elsa 's career . Elsa also learns that her old lover , Massimo Dolcefino , is terminally ill with cancer and that the freaks are all dead . She decides to commit suicide by intentionally performing on Halloween to summon Edward Mordrake to claim her . While Mordrake does kills her , Elsa ends up being sent to her own afterlife : a reincarnation of her freak show where she is reunited with the other dead freaks and is able to perform to the full house she always dreamed of . For her performance , Lange was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film , the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress , the Dorian Award for TV Musical Performance of the Year , the Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television , the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie / Miniseries , and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie . Supporting characters ( edit ) Twisty the Clown ( portrayed by John Carroll Lynch ) originally was a slow - witted but gentle clown at a freak show in 1943 . Jealous of his popularity , the freaks of the carnival spread rumors that he was a child molester and drove him away . With nowhere else to go , he returned home to Jupiter , Florida , only to find that his mother had died . After failing to support himself by selling toys made of junk to a local toy store , Twisty attempted suicide by putting a shotgun in his mouth . However , the attempt failed -- he succeeded only in mutilating his lower jaw -- and he later began to wear a grinning mask over the lower part of his face . Twisty then tried to perform as a clown at Elsa 's freak show , but was turned away . Twisty then snapped and went on a killing spree , abducting children to be his audience , while murdering their `` mean '' parents . He kidnaps Corey Bachman and murders his parents , after kidnapping Bonnie Lipton to serve as his audience 's babysitter . Gloria hires Twisty to entertain Dandy , who becomes his accomplice . Twisty and Dandy hold a magic show on Halloween , before Jimmy knocks Dandy unconscious and Maggie gets Corey and Bonnie to safety . Twisty then knocks Jimmy out before encountering Edward Mordrake , who was attracted by the noise of the clown 's performance . Twisty tells Mordrake his story , and Mordrake deems the clown suitable to be in his entourage of damned souls and kills him . When Elsa summons Mordrake in 1962 , Twisty appears alongside the other freaks and comforts her in her last moments . According to director Ryan Murphy , Lynch was so terrifying as this character that `` half the time , almost a third of the crew left the set when they shot his scenes because they were afraid of him . '' In Cult , a comic book detailing a fictionalized version of Twisty is owned by Oz Mayfair - Richards . Bonnie Lipton ( portrayed by Skyler Samuels ) is a young girl who is kidnapped by Twisty , after Twisty murders her boyfriend Troy . She attacks Twisty and attempts to escape with Corey , but is dragged back to him by Dandy . She escapes Twisty with the help of Jimmy and Maggie in `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' . Regina Ross ( portrayed by Gabourey Sidibe as older Regina , Nya Auzenne as young Regina ) is a student at secretary school hoping to get a position at a law firm after graduation , who returns home to Jupiter when her mother Dora goes MIA . In `` Pink Cupcakes '' , she calls Gloria concerning her mother and why she has n't been returning her calls . The conversation turns strange and Regina feels uncomfortable and hangs up , wary of what happened . She turns up at the Mott Manor in `` Blood Bath '' , very suspicious of where her mother is . She threatens to call the police if she does n't see her mother soon . In `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' , Dandy admits to the murder of Dora and lets Regina escape unharmed , despite her refusal to take a blood bath with him . Upon returning with police detective Jack Colquitt , Dandy admits to the murders and boasts about his family 's wealth , buying off Colquitt for a million dollars . Regina is killed when Dandy orders Colquitt to shoot and bury her . Dora Ross ( portrayed by Patti LaBelle ) is a local townswoman who begins to discover secrets about Dandy . She is the mother of Regina and the put - upon maid to Gloria Mott . In `` Massacres and Matinees '' , she reveals to Gloria that she found dissected animal parts behind the shed , implying they belong to Dandy . She dislikes Dandy 's spoiled attitude and did n't get scared of him when he tried to kill her . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , she dies when Dandy slashes her throat and Gloria helps bury her in their backyard . Paul ( portrayed by Mat Fraser ) also known as Paul The Illustrated Seal is a performer in the freak show , who was born with phocomelia of both arms . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , he tells Mordrake that he immigrated to the United States from Britain to be in show business . However , he arrived during the Great Depression . In an act of despair , he tattooed his whole body except his face , because he believed that it would have been considered handsome and loveable if it was n't on a freak . It is revealed that he is not only Elsa 's secret lover , but that of Penny too , his true love . He confronts Elsa in `` Bullseye '' about the recent disappearance of Bette and Dot , and she in turn snaps at him for his relationship with Penny . She later becomes angry about a public confrontation with the rest of the troupe and demands one of them place themselves on the spinning wheel , to prove their trust of her . Paul volunteers and it is assumed she purposely threw the last knife into his gut , injuring him badly , leaving him bed ridden . He is then shocked and guilt - stricken later on in `` Test of Strength '' over Penny 's mutilation . In `` Curtain Call '' , after trying to stand up to Dandy , he is the first freak to be shot and killed during Dandy 's massacre . He and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife , where he and Penny have gotten married . Eve ( portrayed by Erika Ervin ) also known as Amazon Eve is a performer in the freak show . She is abnormally large . She is seen as the piano player of the show and is also instrumental with protecting the troupe , along with Jimmy and Paul . In `` Bullseye '' , she becomes concerned over Ma Petite 's disappearance until Maggie turns up with her , healthy and alive . Initially , Eve is somewhat quiet and even - tempered , but in `` Test of Strength '' , Dell attempts to murder her in her caravan . Afraid that he is attempting to rape her , Eve defends herself by savagely beating him and throws him out . She goes to Ethel where she cares for her bruised hand . She and the other women of the freak show then plot to kill Dell once and for all . In `` Curtain Call '' , she is the last freak to be killed by Dandy after she tries to overpower him in Desiree 's caravan . She and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife . Mahadevi Patel ( portrayed by Jyoti Amge ) also known as Ma Petite , is a performer in the freak show , who also serves as Elsa 's assistant . She is seen playing a miniature violin of sorts and also serves as Elsa 's manicurist and `` cuddle '' toy in the later hours . She was born with achondroplasia which results in an extremely short stature , and is thus deemed the world 's shortest woman . Seen as the baby of the troupe , Ma Petite 's sweet nature and naive innocence leads her to trust almost everyone , with ultimately tragic consequences . Maggie lures her away one night attempts to murder her in `` Bullseye '' for Stanley , but ca n't force herself to go through with it . In `` Test of Strength '' , Dell , under the pretense of gifting her with a new dress , hugs her and then squeezes until her spine snaps and she dies . He gives her body to Stanley and it is later seen being presented by Lillian in her Museum of Morbid Curiosities in a jar of formaldehyde , where her birth name is revealed . The carnies later find her bloody dress in an area full of unidentified bones , and believe that she has been eaten by a wild animal . She later appears to Dell in a hallucination before he attempts suicide by hanging . She and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife , where Ma Petite once again helps Elsa to get ready for her performance . Lillian Hemmings ( portrayed by Celia Weston ) is the curator of the Museum of Morbid Curiosities ; she collects and buys strange artifacts for her museum . She catches Stanley and Maggie 's fraudulence but says if she is offered something of real worth from a freak show , she will pay big money . Stanley regularly imagines scenarios with her presenting him with money and acclaim for his finds . In `` Test of Strength '' , she unveils her new exhibit to various wealthy people of Ma Petite 's dead body ( presented as Mahadevi Patel , the world 's smallest woman ) , floating in a jar of what is assumed to be formaldehyde . In `` Orphans '' , she is seen revealing Jimmy 's claw hands . In `` Show Stoppers '' , it is revealed that she was murdered by Desiree shortly after Maggie 's fainting spell ; her decapitated and preserved head is given to Stanley before the freaks attack and mutilate him . Penny ( portrayed by Grace Gummer ) is a candy striper at the local hospital . In the first episode , she is drugged and kidnapped by Elsa and taken back with her to the freak show . She is blackmailed by Elsa into staying at the camp because Elsa filmed her in a drug - fueled orgy with the freaks . It is later revealed she is in a relationship with Paul , but her father begins to abuse her over the affair . In `` Test of Strength '' , she attempts to move out but before she can do so , her father Vince hires a man to mutilate her face -- tattooing her with scales , giving her a forked tongue , and shaving half her hair off while she is unconscious . She is accepted by the freak show and takes the name The Astounding Lizard Girl . In `` Blood Bath '' , she and the women of the freak show kidnap her father and feather and tar him for what he did , but she spares his life after being persuaded by Maggie . In `` Curtain Call '' , she is shot and killed during Dandy 's massacre . She and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife , where she and Paul have gotten married . Minor characters ( edit ) Edward Mordrake ( portrayed by Wes Bentley ) was in life a 19th - century nobleman who suffered a form of diprosopus , with the second face on the back of his head whispering depraved and evil things to him . Mordrake 's attempts to kill his second face drove him mad and his family committed him to an asylum , only for him to escape and join a sideshow . But Mordrake loses his sanity again on one Halloween night , murdering his own troupe and then hanged himself . Despite his death , explaining that he is unable to resist the whims of his other face while expressing regret to his victims , Mordrake 's tormenting spirit is said to appear before sideshow performers should they perform on Halloween to add them to his collection . The character appeared in a two - part Halloween episode , having each of the freaks provide them their life story which his second face judge them as it can tell when people lie and knows a person 's darkest secrets . Mordrake was about to claim Elsa Mars when he was attracted to Twisty , adding the clown to his collection upon hearing his story . Mordrake later appears before a suicidal Elsa in the season finale when she intentionally summons him while performing on her variety show , killing her but sending her to her personal afterlife . Andy ( portrayed by Matt Bomer ) is a hustler working in a gay bar . One of his many clients is Dell , with whom he had been having an affair . He is paid by Dandy to come to Twisty 's abandoned bus , where Dandy stabs him viciously multiple times , and even after having his arm removed by Dandy , he remained alive . Dandy is later seen dissolving Andy 's severed limbs in acid . Corey Bachman ( portrayed by Major Dodson ) is a young boy who is kidnapped by Twisty , after Twisty murders his parents . He is later able to run away after Bonnie attacks Twisty , but is caught again when Twisty chases after him . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , he escapes Twisty with the help of Jimmy and Maggie . Meep ( portrayed by Ben Woolf ) is a Geek performer in the freak show with pituitary dwarfism . He was framed for murder of the police officer by Dell and arrested , killed by prisoners in a shared cell with his corpse later dumped near the freak show . Meep appears when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife . Toulouse ( portrayed by Drew Rin Varick ) is a performer in the freak show . Toulouse is an ex-convict that was saved from working on a chain gang when Elsa bribed a guard for his release . He has since served as one of several `` little people '' employed with the troupe . Like most of his fellows , he plays many roles -- from cook , to stagehand , to performer . In `` Curtain Call '' , he is shot and killed during Dandy 's massacre . He and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife . Legless Suzi ( portrayed by Rose Siggins ) is a performer in the freak show with sacral agenesis . As her name suggests , she has no legs , because they were amputated shortly after birth . In the past , she killed one of her fellow beggars over jealousy . She helps Penny get revenge on her father , Vince , by breaking into his house and tarring and feathering him . In `` Curtain Call '' , she is shot and killed during Dandy 's massacre . She and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife . Salty ( portrayed by Christopher Neiman ) is a microcephalic performer in the freak show , having been brought as a companion to Pepper with Elsa marrying them . Salty eventually died of what is assumed to be a stroke in his sleep , his head is then cut off by Stanley . Barbara ( portrayed by Chrissy Metz ) , also known as Ima Wiggles the Fat Lady , is Elsa 's new star attraction for the freak show , found in `` Blood Bath '' . She is extremely overweight and a former debutante sent to a fitness academy by her rich parents . When Jimmy 's mother dies and after he pushes Maggie away , he finds comfort in Ima , eventually having sex with her . In `` Curtain Call '' , she is shot and killed during Dandy 's massacre , later appearing in Elsa 's vision of the afterlife . Vince ( portrayed by Lee Tergesen ) is Penny 's disapproving father who works as a well respected electrician . In `` Test of Strength '' , he hires a man to mutilate Penny after finding out about her relationship with Paul , a freak . In `` Blood Bath '' , he is captured by Desiree , Penny , Eve , and Legless Suzi and covered in hot tar and feathered while in Dell 's trailer . Maggie shows up and talks the women out of going through with the killing , with Penny threatening her father to never come back . Dr. Bonham ( portrayed by Jerry Leggio ) is Ethel 's doctor who diagnoses her with Cirrhosis of the liver in `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 1 ) '' . In `` Pink Cupcakes '' he offers to perform surgery on Desiree to make her normal , but Dell breaks his hands while threatening to do the same to the doctor 's grandchildren should he come near any of the performers again . Ethel and Desiree are later told by Bonham 's daughter that he killed himself . Rita Gayheart ( portrayed by Mare Winningham ) is Pepper 's older sister who is malicious and alcoholic yet classy . Rita sent Pepper away in the orphanage when she wanted to marry and have children . But apparently sterile , Rita is forced to take Pepper back as she helped around the house . But after the sudden birth of her son Lucas , who was born deformed , Rita allows her husband to kill their child and have Pepper be sent to Briarcliff . Chester Creb ( portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris ) is a stage magician who happens to be a traveling salesman and haunted by his ventriloquist dummy Marjorie , who speaks only to him . As it was revealed , Chester was a soldier in World War II who returned home with metal plate put into his head . The head injury causes Chester to have hallucinations of Marjorie being alive while murdering his wife and her lover in a fit of rage . When he arrives at the freak show 's camp , he becomes enamored with Bette and Dot . He attempts to purchase the show from Elsa when she reveals she 's leaving for Hollywood . During preparation for his first performance as the show owner , he inadvertently murdered Maggie by sawing her in half while practicing his act . This causes Chester to snap and he `` kills '' Marjorie and goes to the police station to be arrested . Marjorie ( voiced and portrayed by Jamie Brewer ) is Chester 's ventriloquist dummy who appears to Chester as a living person , taunting him and persuading him to commit acts of violence . Mike ( portrayed by Dalton E Gray ) is a young boy who is kidnapped by Twisty , after Twisty sees him trick - r - treating dressed as a clown . He is later able to run away after Bonnie attacks Twisty , but is caught again when Twisty chases after him . In `` Edward Mordrake ( Part 2 ) '' , he escapes Twisty with the help of Jimmy and Maggie . Waitress Carol ( portrayed by Mariana Vicente ) is a waitress at a local diner and is seen flirting in the first episode with Jimmy . Once he ( along with his troupe ) returns in `` Massacres and Matinees '' , she is no longer friendly towards him and asks Paul to stop eating someone 's leftover food . Lucy Creb ( portrayed by Shauna Rappold ) is Chester 's wife and Alice ( portrayed by Angela Sarafyan ) is Lucy 's lover . The two women fall in love while their husbands are away at war . When Chester returns , the three are involved in a polyamorous relationship . Alice and Lucy are killed by Chester , who believes that Marjorie actually committed the murders . Massimo Dolcefino ( portrayed by Danny Huston ) a carpenter who crafted Elsa 's wooden legs before going after each of the men responsible for her amputation . However , Dolcefino ends up being captured by Hans Grüper , the Nazi who had cut off Elsa 's legs , and was castrated during his torture for most of the World War . Dolcefino was also the one responsible for crafting a new set of hands for Jimmy , later dying of lung cancer in the series epilogue . Angus T. Jefferson ( portrayed by Malcolm - Jamal Warner ) , an acquaintance of Desiree . In the season finale , it is shown that he and Desiree were married and had children together . Jack Colquitt ( portrayed by P.J. Marshall ) is a police detective who is bought by Dandy when he offers him one million dollars to help cover up his murders , murdering Regina Ross and framing Jimmy for Dandy 's murder of the housewives . Colquitt also uncovers information about Chester when Dandy finds out he is getting closer to Bette and Dot . It is unknown if Colquitt was exposed for working with Dandy . ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' `` Great Again '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Horror_Story:_Freak_Show_characters&oldid=836498282 '' Categories : American Horror Story lists Horror television characters Lists of drama television characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 04 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: american horror story freak show girl kidnapped by clown

Bonnie Lipton (portrayed by Skyler Samuels)


Type I and type II errors - wikipedia Type I and type II errors Jump to : navigation , search This article is about erroneous outcomes of statistical tests . For closely related concepts in binary classification and testing generally , see false positives and false negatives . In statistical hypothesis testing , a type I error is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis ( also known as a `` false positive '' finding ) , while a type II error is incorrectly retaining a false null hypothesis ( also known as a `` false negative '' finding ) . More simply stated , a type I error is to falsely infer the existence of something that is not there , while a type II error is to falsely infer the absence of something that is . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Statistical test theory 2.1 Type I error 2.2 Type II error 2.3 Table of error types 3 Examples 3.1 Example 1 3.2 Example 2 3.3 Example 3 3.4 Example 4 4 Etymology 5 Related terms 5.1 Null hypothesis 5.2 Statistical significance 6 Application domains 6.1 Inventory control 6.2 Computers 6.2. 1 Computer security 6.2. 2 Spam filtering 6.2. 3 Malware 6.2. 4 Optical character recognition 6.3 Security screening 6.4 Biometrics 6.5 Medicine 6.5. 1 Medical screening 6.5. 2 Medical testing 6.6 Paranormal investigation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) In statistics , a null hypothesis is a statement that one seeks to nullify with evidence to the contrary . Most commonly it is a statement that the phenomenon being studied produces no effect or makes no difference . An example of a null hypothesis is the statement `` This diet has no effect on people 's weight . '' Usually , an experimenter frames a null hypothesis with the intent of rejecting it : that is , intending to run an experiment which produces data that shows that the phenomenon under study does make a difference . In some cases there is a specific alternative hypothesis that is opposed to the null hypothesis , in other cases the alternative hypothesis is not explicitly stated , or is simply `` the null hypothesis is false '' -- in either event , this is a binary judgment , but the interpretation differs and is a matter of significant dispute in statistics . A type I error ( or error of the first kind ) is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis . Usually a type I error leads one to conclude that a supposed effect or relationship exists when in fact it does n't . Examples of type I errors include a test that shows a patient to have a disease when in fact the patient does not have the disease , a fire alarm going on indicating a fire when in fact there is no fire , or an experiment indicating that a medical treatment should cure a disease when in fact it does not . A type II error ( or error of the second kind ) is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis . Examples of type II errors would be a blood test failing to detect the disease it was designed to detect , in a patient who really has the disease ; a fire breaking out and the fire alarm does not ring ; or a clinical trial of a medical treatment failing to show that the treatment works when really it does . In terms of false positives and false negatives , a positive result corresponds to rejecting the null hypothesis , while a negative result corresponds to failing to reject the null hypothesis ; `` false '' means the conclusion drawn is incorrect . Thus a type I error is a false positive , and a type II error is a false negative . When comparing two means , concluding the means were different when in reality they were not different would be a Type I error ; concluding the means were not different when in reality they were different would be a Type II error . Various extensions have been suggested as `` Type III errors '' , though none have wide use . All statistical hypothesis tests have a probability of making type I and type II errors . For example , all blood tests for a disease will falsely detect the disease in some proportion of people who do n't have it , and will fail to detect the disease in some proportion of people who do have it . A test 's probability of making a type I error is denoted by α . A test 's probability of making a type II error is denoted by β . These error rates are traded off against each other : for any given sample set , the effort to reduce one type of error generally results in increasing the other type of error . For a given test , the only way to reduce both error rates is to increase the sample size , and this may not be feasible . These terms are also used in a more general way by social scientists and others to refer to flaws in reasoning . This article is specifically devoted to the statistical meanings of those terms and the technical issues of the statistical errors that those terms describe . Statistical test theory ( edit ) In statistical test theory , the notion of statistical error is an integral part of hypothesis testing . The test requires an unambiguous statement of a null hypothesis , which usually corresponds to a default `` state of nature '' , for example `` this person is healthy '' , `` this accused is not guilty '' or `` this product is not broken '' . An alternative hypothesis is the negation of null hypothesis , for example , `` this person is not healthy '' , `` this accused is guilty '' or `` this product is broken '' . The result of the test may be negative , relative to the null hypothesis ( not healthy , guilty , broken ) or positive ( healthy , not guilty , not broken ) . If the result of the test corresponds with reality , then a correct decision has been made . However , if the result of the test does not correspond with reality , then an error has occurred . Due to the statistical nature of a test , the result is never , except in very rare cases , free of error . Two types of error are distinguished : type I error and type II error . Type I error ( edit ) A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis ( H ) is true , but is rejected . It is asserting something that is absent , a false hit . A type I error may be likened to a so - called false positive ( a result that indicates that a given condition is present when it actually is not present ) . The type I error rate or significance level is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given that it is true . It is denoted by the Greek letter α ( alpha ) and is also called the alpha level . Often , the significance level is set to 0.05 ( 5 % ) , implying that it is acceptable to have a 5 % probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis . Type II error ( edit ) A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is false , but erroneously fails to be rejected . It is failing to assert what is present , a miss . A type II error may be compared with a so - called false negative ( where an actual ' hit ' was disregarded by the test and seen as a ' miss ' ) in a test checking for a single condition with a definitive result of true or false . A Type II error is committed when we fail to believe a true alternative hypothesis . In terms of folk tales , an investigator may fail to see the wolf ( `` failing to raise an alarm '' ) . Again , H : no wolf . The rate of the type II error is denoted by the Greek letter β ( beta ) and related to the power of a test ( which equals 1 − β ) . Table of error types ( edit ) Tabularised relations between truth / falseness of the null hypothesis and outcomes of the test : Table of error types Null hypothesis ( H ) is True False Decision About Null Hypothesis ( H ) Reject Type I error ( False Positive ) Correct inference ( True Positive ) Fail to reject Correct inference ( True Negative ) Type II error ( False Negative ) Examples ( edit ) Example 1 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` Adding water to toothpaste protects against cavities . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` Adding water to toothpaste has no effect on cavities . '' This null hypothesis is tested against experimental data with a view to nullifying it with evidence to the contrary . A type I error occurs when detecting an effect ( adding water to toothpaste protects against cavities ) that is not present . The null hypothesis is true ( i.e. , it is true that adding water to toothpaste has no effect on cavities ) , but this null hypothesis is rejected based on bad experimental data . Example 2 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` Adding fluoride to toothpaste protects against cavities . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` Adding fluoride to toothpaste has no effect on cavities . '' This null hypothesis is tested against experimental data with a view to nullifying it with evidence to the contrary . A type II error occurs when failing to detect an effect ( adding fluoride to toothpaste protects against cavities ) that is present . The null hypothesis is false ( i.e. , adding fluoride is actually effective against cavities ) , but the experimental data is such that the null hypothesis can not be rejected . Example 3 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` The evidence produced before the court proves that this man is guilty . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` This man is innocent . '' A type I error occurs when convicting an innocent person ( a miscarriage of justice ) . A type II error occurs when letting a guilty person go free ( an error of impunity ) . A positive correct outcome occurs when convicting a guilty person . A negative correct outcome occurs when letting an innocent person go free . Example 4 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` A patient 's symptoms improve after treatment A more rapidly than after a placebo treatment . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` A patient 's symptoms after treatment A are indistinguishable from a placebo . '' A Type I error would falsely indicate that treatment A is more effective than the placebo , whereas a Type II error would be a failure to demonstrate that treatment A is more effective than placebo even though it actually is more effective . Etymology ( edit ) In 1928 , Jerzy Neyman ( 1894 -- 1981 ) and Egon Pearson ( 1895 -- 1980 ) , both eminent statisticians , discussed the problems associated with `` deciding whether or not a particular sample may be judged as likely to have been randomly drawn from a certain population '' : and , as Florence Nightingale David remarked , `` it is necessary to remember the adjective ' random ' ( in the term ' random sample ' ) should apply to the method of drawing the sample and not to the sample itself '' . They identified `` two sources of error '' , namely : ( a ) the error of rejecting a hypothesis that should have been accepted , and ( b ) the error of accepting a hypothesis that should have been rejected . In 1930 , they elaborated on these two sources of error , remarking that : ... in testing hypotheses two considerations must be kept in view , ( 1 ) we must be able to reduce the chance of rejecting a true hypothesis to as low a value as desired ; ( 2 ) the test must be so devised that it will reject the hypothesis tested when it is likely to be false . In 1933 , they observed that these `` problems are rarely presented in such a form that we can discriminate with certainty between the true and false hypothesis '' ( p. 187 ) . They also noted that , in deciding whether to accept or reject a particular hypothesis amongst a `` set of alternative hypotheses '' ( p. 201 ) , H , H , ... , it was easy to make an error : ... ( and ) these errors will be of two kinds : ( I ) we reject H ( i.e. , the hypothesis to be tested ) when it is true , ( II ) we accept H when some alternative hypothesis H or H is true . ( There are various notations for the alternative ) . In all of the papers co-written by Neyman and Pearson the expression H always signifies `` the hypothesis to be tested '' . In the same paper they call these two sources of error , errors of type I and errors of type II respectively . Related terms ( edit ) See also : Coverage probability Null hypothesis ( edit ) Main article : Null hypothesis It is standard practice for statisticians to conduct tests in order to determine whether or not a `` speculative hypothesis '' concerning the observed phenomena of the world ( or its inhabitants ) can be supported . The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably ( or does not agree ) with the speculated hypothesis . On the basis that it is always assumed , by statistical convention , that the speculated hypothesis is wrong , and the so - called `` null hypothesis '' that the observed phenomena simply occur by chance ( and that , as a consequence , the speculated agent has no effect ) -- the test will determine whether this hypothesis is right or wrong . This is why the hypothesis under test is often called the null hypothesis ( most likely , coined by Fisher ( 1935 , p. 19 ) ) , because it is this hypothesis that is to be either nullified or not nullified by the test . When the null hypothesis is nullified , it is possible to conclude that data support the `` alternative hypothesis '' ( which is the original speculated one ) . The consistent application by statisticians of Neyman and Pearson 's convention of representing `` the hypothesis to be tested '' ( or `` the hypothesis to be nullified '' ) with the expression H has led to circumstances where many understand the term `` the null hypothesis '' as meaning `` the nil hypothesis '' -- a statement that the results in question have arisen through chance . This is not necessarily the case -- the key restriction , as per Fisher ( 1966 ) , is that `` the null hypothesis must be exact , that is free from vagueness and ambiguity , because it must supply the basis of the ' problem of distribution , ' of which the test of significance is the solution . '' As a consequence of this , in experimental science the null hypothesis is generally a statement that a particular treatment has no effect ; in observational science , it is that there is no difference between the value of a particular measured variable , and that of an experimental prediction . Statistical significance ( edit ) If the probability of obtaining a result as extreme as the one obtained , supposing that the null hypothesis were true , is lower than a pre-specified cut - off probability ( for example , 5 % ) , then the result is said to be statistically significant and the null hypothesis is rejected . British statistician Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher ( 1890 -- 1962 ) stressed that the `` null hypothesis '' : ... is never proved or established , but is possibly disproved , in the course of experimentation . Every experiment may be said to exist only in order to give the facts a chance of disproving the null hypothesis . -- 1935 , p. 19 Application domains ( edit ) Statistical tests always involve a trade - off between : the acceptable level of false positives ( in which a non-match is declared to be a match ) and the acceptable level of false negatives ( in which an actual match is not detected ) . A threshold value can be varied to make the test more restrictive or more sensitive , with the more restrictive tests increasing the risk of rejecting true positives , and the more sensitive tests increasing the risk of accepting false positives . Inventory control ( edit ) An automated inventory control system that rejects high - quality goods of a consignment commits a type I error , while a system that accepts low - quality goods commits a type II error . Computers ( edit ) The notions of false positives and false negatives have a wide currency in the realm of computers and computer applications , as follows . Computer security ( edit ) Main articles : computer security and computer insecurity Security vulnerabilities are an important consideration in the task of keeping computer data safe , while maintaining access to that data for appropriate users . Moulton ( 1983 ) , stresses the importance of : avoiding the type I errors ( or false positives ) that classify authorized users as imposters . avoiding the type II errors ( or false negatives ) that classify imposters as authorized users . Spam filtering ( edit ) A false positive occurs when spam filtering or spam blocking techniques wrongly classify a legitimate email message as spam and , as a result , interferes with its delivery . While most anti-spam tactics can block or filter a high percentage of unwanted emails , doing so without creating significant false - positive results is a much more demanding task . A false negative occurs when a spam email is not detected as spam , but is classified as non-spam . A low number of false negatives is an indicator of the efficiency of spam filtering . Malware ( edit ) The term `` false positive '' is also used when antivirus software wrongly classifies a harmless file as a virus . The incorrect detection may be due to heuristics or to an incorrect virus signature in a database . Similar problems can occur with antitrojan or antispyware software . Optical character recognition ( edit ) Detection algorithms of all kinds often create false positives . Optical character recognition ( OCR ) software may detect an `` a '' where there are only some dots that appear to be an `` a '' to the algorithm being used . Security screening ( edit ) Main articles : explosive detection and metal detector False positives are routinely found every day in airport security screening , which are ultimately visual inspection systems . The installed security alarms are intended to prevent weapons being brought onto aircraft ; yet they are often set to such high sensitivity that they alarm many times a day for minor items , such as keys , belt buckles , loose change , mobile phones , and tacks in shoes . The ratio of false positives ( identifying an innocent traveller as a terrorist ) to true positives ( detecting a would - be terrorist ) is , therefore , very high ; and because almost every alarm is a false positive , the positive predictive value of these screening tests is very low . The relative cost of false results determines the likelihood that test creators allow these events to occur . As the cost of a false negative in this scenario is extremely high ( not detecting a bomb being brought onto a plane could result in hundreds of deaths ) whilst the cost of a false positive is relatively low ( a reasonably simple further inspection ) the most appropriate test is one with a low statistical specificity but high statistical sensitivity ( one that allows a high rate of false positives in return for minimal false negatives ) . Biometrics ( edit ) Biometric matching , such as for fingerprint recognition , facial recognition or iris recognition , is susceptible to type I and type II errors . The null hypothesis is that the input does identify someone in the searched list of people , so : the probability of type I errors is called the `` false reject rate '' ( FRR ) or false non-match rate ( FNMR ) , while the probability of type II errors is called the `` false accept rate '' ( FAR ) or false match rate ( FMR ) . If the system is designed to rarely match suspects then the probability of type II errors can be called the `` false alarm rate '' . On the other hand , if the system is used for validation ( and acceptance is the norm ) then the FAR is a measure of system security , while the FRR measures user inconvenience level . Medicine ( edit ) Further information : False positives and false negatives Medical screening ( edit ) In the practice of medicine , there is a significant difference between the applications of screening and testing . Screening involves relatively cheap tests that are given to large populations , none of whom manifest any clinical indication of disease ( e.g. , Pap smears ) . Testing involves far more expensive , often invasive , procedures that are given only to those who manifest some clinical indication of disease , and are most often applied to confirm a suspected diagnosis . For example , most states in the USA require newborns to be screened for phenylketonuria and hypothyroidism , among other congenital disorders . Although they display a high rate of false positives , the screening tests are considered valuable because they greatly increase the likelihood of detecting these disorders at a far earlier stage . The simple blood tests used to screen possible blood donors for HIV and hepatitis have a significant rate of false positives ; however , physicians use much more expensive and far more precise tests to determine whether a person is actually infected with either of these viruses . Perhaps the most widely discussed false positives in medical screening come from the breast cancer screening procedure mammography . The US rate of false positive mammograms is up to 15 % , the highest in world . One consequence of the high false positive rate in the US is that , in any 10 - year period , half of the American women screened receive a false positive mammogram . False positive mammograms are costly , with over $100 million spent annually in the U.S. on follow - up testing and treatment . They also cause women unneeded anxiety . As a result of the high false positive rate in the US , as many as 90 -- 95 % of women who get a positive mammogram do not have the condition . The lowest rate in the world is in the Netherlands , 1 % . The lowest rates are generally in Northern Europe where mammography films are read twice and a high threshold for additional testing is set ( the high threshold decreases the power of the test ) . The ideal population screening test would be cheap , easy to administer , and produce zero false - negatives , if possible . Such tests usually produce more false - positives , which can subsequently be sorted out by more sophisticated ( and expensive ) testing . Medical testing ( edit ) False negatives and false positives are significant issues in medical testing . False negatives may provide a falsely reassuring message to patients and physicians that disease is absent , when it is actually present . This sometimes leads to inappropriate or inadequate treatment of both the patient and their disease . A common example is relying on cardiac stress tests to detect coronary atherosclerosis , even though cardiac stress tests are known to only detect limitations of coronary artery blood flow due to advanced stenosis . False negatives produce serious and counter-intuitive problems , especially when the condition being searched for is common . If a test with a false negative rate of only 10 % , is used to test a population with a true occurrence rate of 70 % , many of the negatives detected by the test will be false . False positives can also produce serious and counter-intuitive problems when the condition being searched for is rare , as in screening . If a test has a false positive rate of one in ten thousand , but only one in a million samples ( or people ) is a true positive , most of the positives detected by that test will be false . The probability that an observed positive result is a false positive may be calculated using Bayes ' theorem . Paranormal investigation ( edit ) The notion of a false positive is common in cases of paranormal or ghost phenomena seen in images and such , when there is another plausible explanation . When observing a photograph , recording , or some other evidence that appears to have a paranormal origin , a false positive is a disproven piece of media `` evidence '' ( image , movie , audio recording , etc . ) that actually has a natural explanation . See also ( edit ) Statistics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman -- Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor 's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians ' and engineers ' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In relation to this newborn screening , recent studies have shown that there are more than 12 times more false positives than correct screens ( Gambrill , 2006 . ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ Several sites provide examples of false positives , including The Atlantic Paranormal Society ( TAPS ) Archived 28 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine . and Moorestown Ghost Research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Type I Error and Type II Error - Experimental Errors '' . explorable.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Sheskin , David ( 2004 ) . Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures . CRC Press . p. 54 . ISBN 1584884401 . Jump up ^ Peck , Roxy and Jay L. Devore ( 2011 ) . Statistics : The Exploration and Analysis of Data . Cengage Learning . pp. 464 -- 465 . ISBN 0840058012 . Jump up ^ Cisco Secure IPS -- Excluding False Positive Alarms http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/vpndevc/ps4077/products_tech_note09186a008009404e.shtml ^ Jump up to : Lindenmayer , David ; Burgman , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . `` Monitoring , assessment and indicators '' . Practical Conservation Biology ( PAP / CDR ed . ) . Collingwood , Victoria , Australia : CSIRO Publishing . pp. 401 -- 424 . ISBN 0 - 643 - 09089 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schlotzhauer , Sandra ( 2007 ) . Elementary Statistics Using JMP ( SAS Press ) ( 1 ed . ) . Cary , NC : SAS Institute . pp. 166 -- 423 . ISBN 1 - 599 - 94375 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shermer , Michael ( 2002 ) . The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 2 volume set . ABC - CLIO . p. 455 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 653 - 9 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Neyman , J. ; Pearson , E.S. ( 1967 ) ( 1928 ) . `` On the Use and Interpretation of Certain Test Criteria for Purposes of Statistical Inference , Part I '' . Joint Statistical Papers . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 66 . Jump up ^ David , F.N. ( 1949 ) . Probability Theory for Statistical Methods . Cambridge University Press . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Pearson , E.S. ; Neyman , J. ( 1967 ) ( 1930 ) . `` On the Problem of Two Samples '' . Joint Statistical Papers . Cambridge University Press . p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Neyman , J. ; Pearson , E.S. ( 1967 ) ( 1933 ) . `` The testing of statistical hypotheses in relation to probabilities a priori '' . Joint Statistical Papers . Cambridge University Press . pp. 186 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.A. ( 1966 ) . The design of experiments . 8th edition . Hafner : Edinburgh . Jump up ^ Williams , G.O. ( 1996 ) . `` Iris Recognition Technology '' ( PDF ) . debut.cis.nctu.edu.tw . p. 56 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . crossover error rate ( that point where the probabilities of False Reject ( Type I error ) and False Accept ( Type II error ) are approximately equal ) is . 00076 % Betz , M.A. & Gabriel , K.R. , `` Type IV Errors and Analysis of Simple Effects '' , Journal of Educational Statistics , Vol. 3 , No. 2 , ( Summer 1978 ) , pp. 121 -- 144 . David , F.N. , `` A Power Function for Tests of Randomness in a Sequence of Alternatives '' , Biometrika , Vol. 34 , Nos. 3 / 4 , ( December 1947 ) , pp. 335 -- 339 . Fisher , R.A. , The Design of Experiments , Oliver & Boyd ( Edinburgh ) , 1935 . Gambrill , W. , `` False Positives on Newborns ' Disease Tests Worry Parents '' , Health Day , ( 5 June 2006 ) . 34471. html Kaiser , H.F. , `` Directional Statistical Decisions '' , Psychological Review , Vol. 67 , No. 3 , ( May 1960 ) , pp. 160 -- 167 . Kimball , A.W. , `` Errors of the Third Kind in Statistical Consulting '' , Journal of the American Statistical Association , Vol. 52 , No. 278 , ( June 1957 ) , pp. 133 -- 142 . Lubin , A. , `` The Interpretation of Significant Interaction '' , Educational and Psychological Measurement , Vol. 21 , No. 4 , ( Winter 1961 ) , pp. 807 -- 817 . Marascuilo , L.A. & Levin , J.R. , `` Appropriate Post Hoc Comparisons for Interaction and nested Hypotheses in Analysis of Variance Designs : The Elimination of Type - IV Errors '' , American Educational Research Journal , Vol. 7. , No. 3 , ( May 1970 ) , pp. 397 -- 421 . Mitroff , I.I. & Featheringham , T.R. , `` On Systemic Problem Solving and the Error of the Third Kind '' , Behavioral Science , Vol. 19 , No. 6 , ( November 1974 ) , pp. 383 -- 393 . Mosteller , F. , `` A k - Sample Slippage Test for an Extreme Population '' , The Annals of Mathematical Statistics , Vol. 19 , No. 1 , ( March 1948 ) , pp. 58 -- 65 . Moulton , R.T. , `` Network Security '' , Datamation , Vol. 29 , No. 7 , ( July 1983 ) , pp. 121 -- 127 . Raiffa , H. , Decision Analysis : Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty , Addison -- Wesley , ( Reading ) , 1968 . External links ( edit ) Bias and Confounding -- presentation by Nigel Paneth , Graduate School of Public Health , University of Pittsburgh ( hide ) Statistics Outline Index Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Central limit theorem Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency distribution Contingency table Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - and - leaf display Radar chart Data collection Study design Population Statistic Effect size Statistical power Sample size determination Missing data Survey methodology Sampling stratified cluster Standard error Opinion poll Questionnaire Controlled experiments Design control optimal Controlled trial Randomized Random assignment Replication Blocking Interaction Factorial experiment Uncontrolled studies Observational study Natural experiment Quasi-experiment Statistical inference Statistical theory Population Statistic Probability distribution Sampling distribution Order statistic Empirical distribution Density estimation Statistical model L space Parameter location scale shape Parametric family Likelihood ( monotone ) Location -- scale family Exponential family Completeness Sufficiency Statistical functional Bootstrap U V Optimal decision loss function Efficiency Statistical distance divergence Asymptotics Robustness Frequentist inference Point estimation Estimating equations Maximum likelihood Method of moments M - estimator Minimum distance Unbiased estimators Mean - unbiased minimum - variance Rao -- Blackwellization Lehmann -- Scheffé theorem Median unbiased Plug - in Interval estimation Confidence interval Pivot Likelihood interval Prediction interval Tolerance interval Resampling Bootstrap Jackknife Testing hypotheses 1 - & 2 - tails Power Uniformly most powerful test Permutation test Randomization test Multiple comparisons Parametric tests Likelihood - ratio Wald Score Specific tests Z ( normal ) Student 's t - test Goodness of fit Chi - squared Kolmogorov -- Smirnov Anderson -- Darling Lilliefors Jarque -- Bera Normality ( Shapiro -- Wilk ) Likelihood - ratio test Model selection Cross validation AIC BIC Rank statistics Sign Sample median Signed rank ( Wilcoxon ) Hodges -- Lehmann estimator Rank sum ( Mann -- Whitney ) Nonparametric anova 1 - way ( Kruskal -- Wallis ) 2 - way ( Friedman ) Ordered alternative ( Jonckheere -- Terpstra ) Bayesian inference Bayesian probability prior posterior Credible interval Bayes factor Bayesian estimator Maximum posterior estimator Correlation Regression analysis Correlation Pearson product - moment Partial correlation Confounding variable Coefficient of determination Regression analysis Errors and residuals Regression model validation Mixed effects models Simultaneous equations models Multivariate adaptive regression splines ( MARS ) Linear regression Simple linear regression Ordinary least squares General linear model Bayesian regression Non-standard predictors Nonlinear regression Nonparametric Semiparametric Isotonic Robust Heteroscedasticity Homoscedasticity Generalized linear model Exponential families Logistic ( Bernoulli ) / Binomial / Poisson regressions Partition of variance Analysis of variance ( ANOVA , anova ) Analysis of covariance Multivariate ANOVA Degrees of freedom Categorical / Multivariate / Time - series / Survival analysis Categorical Cohen 's kappa Contingency table Graphical model Log - linear model McNemar 's test Multivariate Regression Manova Principal components Canonical correlation Discriminant analysis Cluster analysis Classification Structural equation model Factor analysis Multivariate distributions Elliptical distributions Normal Time - series General Decomposition Trend Stationarity Seasonal adjustment Exponential smoothing Cointegration Structural break Granger causality Specific tests Dickey -- Fuller Johansen Q - statistic ( Ljung -- Box ) Durbin -- Watson Breusch -- Godfrey Time domain Autocorrelation ( ACF ) partial ( PACF ) Cross-correlation ( XCF ) ARMA model ARIMA model ( Box -- Jenkins ) Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ( ARCH ) Vector autoregression ( VAR ) Frequency domain Spectral density estimation Fourier analysis Wavelet Survival Survival function Kaplan -- Meier estimator ( product limit ) Proportional hazards models Accelerated failure time ( AFT ) model First hitting time Hazard function Nelson -- Aalen estimator Test Log - rank test Applications Biostatistics Bioinformatics Clinical trials / studies Epidemiology Medical statistics Engineering statistics Chemometrics Methods engineering Probabilistic design Process / quality control Reliability System identification Social statistics Actuarial science Census Crime statistics Demography Econometrics National accounts Official statistics Population statistics Psychometrics Spatial statistics Cartography Environmental statistics Geographic information system Geostatistics Kriging Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_I_and_type_II_errors&oldid=806175593 '' Categories : Design of experiments Error Statistical hypothesis testing Spam filtering Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from January 2014 Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Galego 한국어 Íslenska עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 05 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: the probability of making a type i error when retaining ho at the .05 level of significance is