Pertussis - Wikipedia Pertussis Jump to : navigation , search Pertussis Synonyms Whooping cough , 100 - day cough A young boy coughing due to pertussis . Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Runny nose , fever , cough Complications Vomiting , broken ribs , very tired Duration ~ 10 weeks Causes Bordetella pertussis ( spread through the air ) Diagnostic method Nasopharyngeal swab Prevention Pertussis vaccine Treatment Antibiotics ( if started early ) Frequency 16.3 million ( 2015 ) Deaths 58,700 ( 2015 ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Pertussis ( also known as whooping cough or 100 - day cough ) is a highly contagious bacterial disease . Initially , symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose , fever , and mild cough . This is then followed by weeks of severe coughing fits . Following a fit of coughing , a high - pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in . The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks , hence the phrase `` 100 - day cough '' . A person may cough so hard that they vomit , break ribs , or become very tired from the effort . Children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they do not breathe . The time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days . Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated , but symptoms are typically milder . Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis . It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person . People are infectious to others from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits . Those treated with antibiotics are no longer infectious after five days . Diagnosis is by collecting a sample from the back of the nose and throat . This sample can then be tested by either culture or by polymerase chain reaction . Prevention is mainly by vaccination with the pertussis vaccine . Initial immunization is recommended between six and eight weeks of age , with four doses to be given in the first two years of life . The vaccine becomes less effective over time , with additional doses often recommended for older children and adults . Antibiotics may be used to prevent the disease in those who have been exposed and are at risk of severe disease . In those with the disease , antibiotics are useful if started within three weeks of the initial symptoms , but otherwise have little effect in most people . In children less than one year old and among those who are pregnant , they are recommended within six weeks of symptom onset . Antibiotics used include erythromycin , azithromycin , clarithromycin , or trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole . Evidence to support interventions , other than antibiotics , for the cough is poor . Many children less than a year of age require hospitalization . An estimated 16.3 million people worldwide were infected in 2015 . Most cases occur in the developing world , and people of all ages may be affected . In 2015 , it resulted in 58,700 deaths -- down from 138,000 deaths in 1990 . Nearly 0.5 % of infected children less than one year of age die . Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century . The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906 . The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Incubation period 2 Cause 2.1 Spread from other animals 3 Mechanism 4 Diagnosis 5 Prevention 5.1 Vaccine 6 Treatment 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 8.1 US outbreaks 9 History 9.1 Discovery 9.2 Vaccine 9.3 Controversy 10 References 11 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Play media A boy with pertussis The classic symptoms of pertussis are a paroxysmal cough , inspiratory whoop , and fainting , or vomiting after coughing . The cough from pertussis has been documented to cause subconjunctival hemorrhages , rib fractures , urinary incontinence , hernias , and vertebral artery dissection . Violent coughing can cause the pleura to rupture , leading to a pneumothorax . Vomiting after a coughing spell or an inspiratory whooping sound on coughing , almost doubles the likelihood that the illness is pertussis . The absence of a paroxysmal cough or posttussive emesis , though , makes it almost half as likely . The illness usually starts with mild respiratory symptoms , mild coughing , sneezing , or a runny nose . This is known as the catarrhal stage . After one to two weeks , the coughing classically develops into uncontrollable fits , each with five to ten forceful coughs , followed by a high - pitched `` whoop '' sound in younger children , or a gasping sound in older children , as the person tries to inhale ( paroxysmal stage ) . Coughing fits can occur on their own or can be triggered by yawning , stretching , laughing , eating , or yelling ; they usually occur in groups , with multiple episodes on an hourly basis throughout the day . This stage usually lasts two to eight weeks , or sometimes longer . A gradual transition then occurs to the convalescent stage , which usually lasts one to four weeks . This stage is marked by a decrease in paroxysms of coughing , both in frequency and severity , and a cessation of vomiting . A tendency to produce the `` whooping '' sound after coughing may remain for a considerable period after the disease itself has cleared up . Incubation period ( edit ) The time between exposure and the development of symptoms is on average 7 -- 14 days ( range 6 -- 20 days ) , rarely as long as 42 days . Cause ( edit ) Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis . It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person . Spread from Other animals ( edit ) Uncertainties have existed of B. pertussis and whooping cough as a zoonotic disease since around 1910 but in the 1930s , knowledge was gained that the bacteria lost their virulent power when repeatedly spread on agar media . This explained the difficulties to reproduce results from different studies as the pre-inoculating handlings of the bacteria were not standardized among scientists . Today it is established that at least some primate species are highly susceptible to B. pertussis and develop clinical whooping cough in high incidence when exposed to low inoculation doses . The bacteria may be present in wild animal populations , but this is not confirmed by laboratory diagnosis , although whooping cough is known among wild gorillas . Several zoos also have a long - standing custom of vaccinating their primates against whooping cough . Mechanism ( edit ) It acts primarily via its pertussis toxin but also via invasion of tissues and alveolar macrophages . B. pertussis attaches to the cilia of respiratory epithelial cells , where it produces cilia - paralyzing toxins , and causes inflammation of the respiratory tract , thereby interfering with the `` mucociliary escalator '' by which pulmonary secretions ( i.e. , mucus ) are cleared . Diagnosis ( edit ) Gram stain of Bordetella pertussis A physician 's overall impression is most effective in initially making the diagnosis . Single factors are much less useful . Methods used in laboratory diagnosis include culturing of nasopharyngeal swabs on a nutrient medium ( Bordet - Gengou medium ) , polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , direct fluorescent antibody ( DFA ) , and serological methods ( e.g. complement fixation test ) . The bacteria can be recovered from the person only during the first three weeks of illness , rendering culturing and DFA useless after this period , although PCR may have some limited usefulness for an additional three weeks . Serology may be used for adults and adolescents who have already been infected for several weeks to determine whether antibody against pertussis toxin or another virulence factor of B. pertussis is present at high levels in the blood of the person . By this stage , they have been contagious for some weeks and may have spread the infection to many people . Because of this , adults , who are not in great danger from pertussis , are increasingly being encouraged to be vaccinated . A similar , milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis . Prevention ( edit ) The primary method of prevention for pertussis is vaccination . Evidence is insufficient to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics in those who have been exposed , but are without symptoms . Preventive antibiotics , however , are still frequently used in those who have been exposed and are at high risk of severe disease ( such as infants ) . Vaccine ( edit ) Pertussis vaccines are effective at preventing illness and are recommended for routine use by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . The vaccine saved an estimated half a million lives in 2002 . The multicomponent acellular pertussis vaccine is 71 -- 85 % effective , with greater effectiveness for more severe strains . Despite widespread vaccination , however , pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and is today `` one of the most common vaccine - preventable diseases in Western countries '' . The 21st - century resurgences in pertussis infections are attributed to a combination of waning immunity and bacterial mutations that elude vaccines . Immunization does not confer lifelong immunity ; a 2011 CDC study indicated that protection may only last three to six years . This covers childhood , which is the time of greatest exposure and greatest risk of death from pertussis . An effect of widespread immunization on society has been the shift of reported infections from children aged 1 -- 9 years to infants , adolescents , and adults , with adolescents and adults acting as reservoirs for B. pertussis and infecting infants with fewer than three doses of vaccine . Infection induces incomplete natural immunity that wanes over time . A 2005 study said estimates of the duration of infection - acquired immunity range from 7 to 20 years and the different results could be the result of differences in levels of circulating B. pertussis , surveillance systems , and case definitions used . The study said protective immunity after vaccination wanes after 4 -- 12 years . Vaccination exemption laws appear to increase cases . Both WHO and the CDC found that the acellular pertussis vaccines were effective at prevention of the disease , but had a limited impact on infection and transmission , meaning that vaccinated people could act as asymptomatic reservoirs of infection . Treatment ( edit ) The antibiotics erythromycin , clarithromycin , or azithromycin are typically the recommended treatment . Newer macrolides are frequently recommended due to lower rates of side effects . Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( TMP / SMX ) may be used in those with allergies to first - line agents or in infants who have a risk of pyloric stenosis from macrolides . A reasonable guideline is to treat people age > 1 year within 3 weeks of cough onset and infants age < 1 year and pregnant women within 6 weeks of cough onset . If the person is diagnosed late , antibiotics will not alter the course of the illness , and even without antibiotics , they should no longer be spreading pertussis . Antibiotics when used early decrease the duration of infectiousness , and thus prevent spread . Short - term antibiotics ( azithromycin for 3 -- 5 days ) are as effective as long - term treatment ( erythromycin 10 -- 14 days ) in eliminating B. pertussis with fewer and less severe side effects . People with pertussis are infectious from the beginning of the catarrhal stage ( a runny nose , sneezing , low - grade fever , symptoms of the common cold ) through the third week after the onset of paroxysms ( multiple , rapid coughs ) or until 5 days after the start of effective antimicrobial treatment . Effective treatments of the cough associated with this condition have not been developed . Prognosis ( edit ) Disability - adjusted life year for pertussis per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2004 . No data Less than 50 50 -- 100 100 -- 150 150 -- 200 200 -- 250 250 -- 300 300 -- 350 350 -- 400 400 -- 450 450 -- 500 500 -- 550 More than 550 Common complications include pneumonia , bronchitis , encephalopathy , earache , and seizures . Most healthy older children and adults fully recover , but those with comorbid conditions have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality . Infection in newborns is particularly severe . Pertussis is fatal in an estimated 1.6 % of hospitalized US infants under one year of age . First - year infants are also more likely to develop complications , such as : pneumonia ( 20 % ) , encephalopathy ( 0.3 % ) , seizures ( 1 % ) , failure to thrive , and death ( 1 % ) -- perhaps due to the ability of the bacterium to suppress the immune system . Pertussis can cause severe paroxysm - induced cerebral hypoxia , and 50 % of infants admitted to hospital suffer apneas . Reported fatalities from pertussis in infants increased substantially from 1990 to 2010 . Epidemiology ( edit ) Whooping cough deaths per million persons in 2012 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 4 -- 4 5 -- 5 6 -- 32 33 -- 38 39 -- 44 45 -- 79 Worldwide , whooping cough affects around 16 million people yearly . One estimate for 2013 stated it resulted in about 61,000 deaths -- down from 138,000 deaths in 1990 . Another estimated 195,000 child deaths yearly from the disease worldwide . This is despite generally high coverage with the DTP and DTaP vaccines . Pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine - preventable deaths worldwide . About 90 % of all cases occur in developing countries . Before vaccines , an average of 178,171 cases was reported in the U.S. , with peaks reported every two to five years ; more than 93 % of reported cases occurred in children under 10 years of age . The actual incidence was likely much higher . After vaccinations were introduced in the 1940s , pertussis incidence fell dramatically to approximately 1,000 by 1976 . Incidence rates have increased since 1980 . In 2015 , rates in the United States were 20,762 people . Pertussis is the only vaccine - preventable disease that is associated with increasing deaths in the U.S. The number of deaths increased from four in 1996 to 17 in 2001 , almost all of which were infants under one year . In Canada , the number of pertussis infections has varied between 2,000 and 10,000 reported cases each year over the last ten years , and it is the most common vaccine - preventable illness in Toronto . In 2009 Australia reported an average of 10,000 cases a year , and the number of cases had increased . In the U.S. pertussis in adults has increased significantly since about 2004 . US outbreaks ( edit ) An epidemiologist tests blood samples for pertussis during a 2010 outbreak . In 2010 ten infants in California died , and health authorities declared an epidemic encompassing 9,120 cases . They found that doctors had failed to correctly diagnose the infants ' condition during several visits . Statistical analysis identified significant overlap in communities with a cluster of nonmedical child exemptions and cases . The number of exemptions varied widely among communities , but tended to be highly clustered . In some schools , more than three - fourths of parents filed for vaccination exemptions . The data suggest vaccine refusal based on nonmedical reasons and personal belief exacerbated the outbreak . Other factors included reduced duration of the current vaccine and that most vaccinated adults and older children had not received a booster shot . In April and May 2012 pertussis was declared to be at epidemic levels in Washington , with 3,308 cases . In December 2012 Vermont declared an epidemic of 522 cases . Wisconsin had the highest incidence rate , with 3,877 cases , although it did not make an official epidemic declaration . History ( edit ) Discovery ( edit ) B. pertussis was discovered in 1906 by Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou , who also developed the first serology and vaccine . Efforts to develop an inactivated whole - cell vaccine began soon after B. pertussis was cultured that year . In the 1920s , Louis W. Sauer developed a weak vaccine for whooping cough at Evanston Hospital ( Evanston , IL ) . In 1925 Danish physician Thorvald Madsen was the first to test a whole - cell vaccine on a wide scale . Madsen used the vaccine to control outbreaks in the Faroe Islands in the North Sea . Vaccine ( edit ) In 1932 an outbreak of whooping cough hit Atlanta , Georgia , prompting pediatrician Leila Denmark to begin her study of the disease . Over the next six years her work was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association , and in partnership with Emory University and Eli Lilly & Company , she developed the first pertussis vaccine . In 1942 American scientists Grace Eldering , Loney Gordon , and Pearl Kendrick combined the whole - cell pertussis vaccine with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids to generate the first DTP combination vaccine . To minimize the frequent side effects caused by the pertussis component , Japanese scientist Yuji Sato developed an acellular vaccine consisting of purified haemagglutinins ( HAs : filamentous strep throat and leukocytosis - promoting - factor HA ) , which are secreted by B. pertussis . Sato 's acellular pertussis vaccine was used in Japan starting in 1981 . Later versions of the acellular vaccine in other countries consisted of additional defined components of B. pertussis and were often part of the DTaP combination vaccine . Controversy ( edit ) In the 1970s and 1980s , a controversy erupted related to the question of whether the whole - cell pertussis component caused permanent brain injury in rare cases , called pertussis vaccine encephalopathy . Despite this allegation , doctors recommended the vaccine due to the overwhelming public health benefit , because the claimed rate was very low ( one case per 310,000 immunizations , or about 50 cases out of the 15 million immunizations each year in the United States ) , and the risk of death from the disease was high ( pertussis killed thousands of Americans each year before the vaccine was introduced ) . No studies showed a causal connection , and later studies showed no connection of any type between the DPT vaccine and permanent brain injury . The alleged vaccine - induced brain damage proved to be an unrelated condition , infantile epilepsy . In 1990 , the Journal of the American Medical Association called the connection a `` myth '' and `` nonsense '' . However , before that point , criticism of the studies showing no connection and a few well - publicized anecdotal reports of permanent disability that were blamed on the DPT vaccine gave rise to 1970s anti-DPT movements . Negative publicity and fear - mongering caused the immunization rate to fall in several countries , including the UK , Sweden , and Japan . A dramatic increase in the incidence of pertussis followed . In the United States , low profit margins and an increase in vaccine - related lawsuits led many manufacturers to stop producing the DPT vaccine by the early 1980s . In 1982 , the television documentary DPT : Vaccine Roulette depicted the lives of children whose severe disabilities were incorrectly blamed on the DPT vaccine by reporter Lea Thompson . The ensuing negative publicity led to many lawsuits against vaccine manufacturers . By 1985 , vaccine manufacturers had difficulty obtaining liability insurance . The price of DPT vaccine skyrocketed , leading providers to curtail purchases , limiting availability . Only one manufacturer remained in the US by the end of 1985 . To correct the situation , Congress in 1986 passed the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act ( NCVIA ) , which established a federal no - fault system to compensate victims of injury caused by mandated vaccines . The majority of claims that have been filed through the NCVIA have been related to injuries allegedly caused by the whole - cell DPT vaccine . The concerns about side effects led Sato to introduce an even safer acellular vaccine for Japan in 1981 that was approved in the US in 1992 for use in the combination DTaP vaccine . The acellular vaccine has a rate of adverse events similar to that of a Td vaccine ( a tetanus - diphtheria vaccine containing no pertussis vaccine ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pertussis ( Whooping Cough ) Signs & Symptoms '' . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pertussis ( Whooping Cough ) Complications '' . cdc.gov . August 28 , 2013 . 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PMID 20210554 . Jump up ^ Guinto - Ocampo H , McNeil BK , Aronoff SC ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Pertussis : Follow - up '' . Emedicine . WebMD . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pertussis Whooping Cough Cases in Other Countries CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pertussis in Other Countries '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pertussis Whooping Cough Surveillance Cases by Year CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . Archived from the original on 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregory DS ( 2006 ) . `` Pertussis : a disease affecting all ages '' . Am Fam Physician. 74 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 6 . PMID 16913160 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Whooping Cough -- Causes , Symptoms , Treatment , Diagnosis -- - C - Health Archived 2011 - 06 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lavelle P ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` A bad year for whooping cough '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kate Murphy . `` Enduring and Painful , Pertussis Leaps Back '' Archived 2013 - 05 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . 22 February 2005 . Jump up ^ Miriam Falco ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` Ten infants dead in California whooping cough outbreak '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 21 . Whooping cough , also known as pertussis , has claimed the 10th victim in California , in what health officials are calling the worst outbreak in 60 years . Jump up ^ `` Pertussis ( Whooping Cough ) Outbreaks '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . January 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rong - Gong Lin II ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Diagnoses lagged in baby deaths '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Shute , Nancy ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Vaccine Refusuals Fueled California 's Whooping Cough Epidemic '' . NPR . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Atwell JE , Van Otterloo J , Zipprich J , Winter K , Harriman K , Salmon DA , Halsey NA , Omer SB ( 2013 ) . `` Nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis in California , 2010 '' . Pediatrics. 132 ( 4 ) : 624 -- 30 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2013 - 0878 . PMID 24082000 . Jump up ^ Donna Gordon Blankinship ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Whooping cough epidemic declared in Wash. state '' . Associated Press , Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Washington State Department of Health ( April 2012 ) . `` Whooping cough cases reach epidemic levels in much of Washington '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Department of Health . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Karen Herzog ( Aug 17 , 2012 ) . `` Wisconsin has highest rate of whooping cough '' . the Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , T. ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Whooping cough epidemic declared in Vermont '' . Burlington Free Press . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Baker JP , Katz SL ( 2004 ) . `` Childhood vaccine development : an overview '' . Pediatr Res. 55 ( 2 ) : 347 -- 56 . doi : 10.1203 / 01. PDR. 0000106317.36875. 6A . PMID 14630981 . Jump up ^ `` Changing the Face of Medicine Dr. Leila Alice Daughtry Denmark '' . www.nlm.nih.gov . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bannink , Jill . `` Finding aid for the Michigan women and the whooping cough vaccine collection ( s ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sato Y , Kimura M , Fukumi H ( 1984 ) . `` Development of a pertussis component vaccine in Japan '' . Lancet . 1 ( 8369 ) : 122 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 84 ) 90061 - 8 . PMID 6140441 . ^ Jump up to : Huber , Peter ( July 8 , 1991 ) . `` Junk Science in the Courtroom '' . Forbes . p. 68 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cherry , James D. ( March 2007 ) . `` Historical Perspective on Pertussis and Use of Vaccines to Prevent It : 100 years of pertussis ( the cough of 100 days ) '' . Microbe Magazine . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cherry JD ( 1990 ) . `` ' Pertussis vaccine encephalopathy ' : it is time to recognize it as the myth that it is '' . J Am Med Assoc. 263 ( 12 ) : 1679 -- 80 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 263.12. 1679 . PMID 2308206 . Jump up ^ Geier D , Geier M ( 2002 ) . `` The true story of pertussis vaccination : a sordid legacy ? '' . J Hist Med Allied Sci. 57 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 84 . doi : 10.1093 / jhmas / 57.3. 249 . PMID 12211972 . Jump up ^ Gangarosa EJ , Galazka AM , Wolfe CR , Phillips LM , Gangarosa RE , Miller E , Chen RT ( 1998 ) . `` Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control : the untold story '' . Lancet . 351 ( 9099 ) : 356 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 97 ) 04334 - 1 . PMID 9652634 . Jump up ^ Rachel K. Sobel ( 22 May 2011 ) . `` At last : Ignorance inoculation '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Evans G ( 2006 ) . `` Update on vaccine liability in the United States : presentation at the National Vaccine Program Office Workshop on strengthening the supply of routinely recommended vaccines in the United States , 12 February 2002 '' . Clin Infect Dis. 42 Suppl 3 : S130 -- 7 . doi : 10.1086 / 499592 . PMID 16447135 . Jump up ^ Smith MH ( 1988 ) . `` National Childhood Vaccine Injury Compensation Act '' . Pediatrics. 82 ( 2 ) : 264 -- 9 . PMID 3399300 . Jump up ^ Pichichero ME , Rennels MB , Edwards KM , Blatter MM , Marshall GS , Bologa M , Wang E , Mills E ( June 2005 ) . `` Combined tetanus , diphtheria , and 5 - component pertussis vaccine for use in adolescents and adults '' . J Am Med Assoc. 293 ( 24 ) : 3003 -- 11 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 293.24. 3003 . PMID 15933223 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : A37 ICD - 9 - CM : 033 MeSH : D014917 DiseasesDB : 1523 External resources MedlinePlus : 001561 eMedicine : emerg / 394 ped / 1778 Patient UK : Pertussis Orphanet : 1489 Wikipedia 's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pertussis . Pertussis at Todar 's Online Textbook of Bacteriology PBS NOVA -- Vaccines : Calling The Shots New England Journal of Medicine , Classic Whooping Cough sound file , Supplement to the N Engl J Med 2004 ; 350 : 2023 - 2026 Infectious diseases Bacterial disease : Proteobacterial G − primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 , 080 -- 109 α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill -- Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick - borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite - borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea - borne Rickettsia felis Flea - borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat - scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion 's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis / meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse -- Friderichsen syndrome , Meningococcal septicaemia M − Neisseria gonorrhoeae / gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped : Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX − ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Klebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157 : H7 O104 : H4 Hemolytic - uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow / weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac − H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S − Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet - like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires ' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain -- Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis NDL : 00563843 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pertussis&oldid=819757275 '' Categories : Bacterial diseases Pediatrics Pertussis Disorders causing seizures Vaccine - preventable diseases Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with medical app sidebar Articles containing video clips RTT RTTEM Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego گیلکی 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 03 : 10 . 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Question: when did they start vaccinating for whooping cough


Majority Leader of the New York State Senate - wikipedia Majority Leader of the New York State Senate Jump to : navigation , search The Majority Leader of the New York State Senate is elected by the majority of the members of the New York State Senate . The position usually coincides with the title of Temporary President of the State Senate , who presides over the session of the State Senate if the Lieutenant Governor of New York ( who is ex officio President of the State Senate ) is absent . The Temporary President of the State Senate becomes Acting Lieutenant Governor for the remainder of the unexpired term in case of a vacancy in the office of lieutenant governor . In case of a vacancy in the offices of both the governor and lieutenant governor at the same time , the Temporary President of the State Senate becomes Acting Governor . If the double vacancy occurs until three months before the mid-term state elections , a special election for Governor of New York and Lieutenant Governor is held . If the double vacancy occurs later , the Temporary President of the State Senate acts as governor until the end of the unexpired term . The Temporary President of the State Senate retains both his majority leadership and his seat in the State Senate while acting as lieutenant governor or governor . There was a lengthy dispute over the leadership of the Senate during June and July 2009 . On June 8 , 2009 , Democrats Hiram Monserrate and Pedro Espada , Jr. , joined the 30 Republican members of the State Senate to attempt to issue a motion to replace current Majority Leader Malcolm Smith with Minority Leader Dean Skelos . Following the precedent of 1913 , the temporary presidency and the majority leadership would have been separated again under this scenario . Since the office of Lieutenant Governor fell vacant after Lt. Gov. David Paterson succeeded to the governorship upon Gov. Eliot Spitzer 's resignation , the majority leaders ( Bruno , Skelos and Smith ) have acted as lieutenant governors . The motions put forward on June 8 also sought to select Pedro Espada as Temporary President of the State Senate , which would have installed him as acting lieutenant governor . The Democrats have disputed the legitimacy of the motions put forward on June 8 . The New York State Senate has been providing a running update of the legal proceedings since June 11 , 2009 . The dispute ended July 9 , 2009 , when Senator Espada announced he would return to the Democratic caucus and take on the position of majority leader , while it was also announced that former majority leader Malcolm Smith had assumed the title of president pro tempore , and John Sampson would serve as Democratic conference leader with the understanding he would assume the presidency at an undetermined future date . Following the 2010 election and the Republican victory in the Senate , Senator Dean Skelos from Long Island served as both Temporary President and Majority Leader , but resigned in May 2015 in the midst of corruption charges . The current majority leader , or president , is John J. Flanagan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Presidents pro tempore 1874 - 1938 3 Majority Leaders since 1939 4 Notes History ( edit ) The position of President pro tempore of the New York State Senate was created as a standing office by a constitutional amendment in 1873 . The President pro tempore was elected for the duration of the biennial senatorial term which comprised two sessions , the first in an even - numbered year , the other in the following odd - numbered year . Before this time , a President pro tempore was elected only in case of vacancy ( the President pro tem acting as lieutenant governor for the remainder of the term ) , or if the lieutenant governor was absent . In practice , this new arrangement transferred much power from the lieutenant governor to the President pro tempore , whose political position became comparable to that of the Speaker of the New York State Assembly . After the impeachment of Governor William Sulzer in October 1913 , Lt. Gov. Martin H. Glynn became governor , and President pro tempore Robert F. Wagner became acting lieutenant governor . At the time Wagner -- as acting lieutenant governor -- was considered to be President of the Senate and it was deemed necessary to elect another member as President pro tempore / Majority Leader , and John F. Murtaugh was chosen . The precedent of 1913 -- 14 caused some confusion after the death of Lt. Gov. Thomas W. Wallace in 1943 . It was unclear if the Majority Leader had to give up his post upon becoming acting lieutenant governor , and if such an acting lieutenant governor became President of the Senate for the remainder of the unexpired term . Traditionally , the positions of acting lieutenant governor and acting governor were considered to be tied to the post of Majority Leader . This means that if the Majority Leader resigns , or is ousted from office , or if the majority changes and a new Majority Leader is chosen , the offices of acting lieutenant governor or acting governor were transferred at the same time to the new Majority Leader . Presidents pro tempore 1874 - 1938 ( edit ) President pro tem Party Took office Left office Notes William H. Robertson Republican 1874 July 23 , 1881 resigned his seat during his fourth term to accept appointment as Collector of the Port of New York Dennis McCarthy Republican July 23 , 1881 December 31 , 1881 elected for the remainder of the term vacant January 3 , 1882 December 31 , 1882 John C. Jacobs was the candidate of the Democratic majority but , due to the split of the Democrats , no President pro tem was chosen by a senate with 14 regular Democrats , 3 Tammany men and 15 Republicans John C. Jacobs Democrat January 11 , 1883 December 31 , 1883 elected for the remainder of the term Dennis McCarthy Republican 1884 December 31 , 1885 Acting Lieutenant Governor 1885 Edmund L. Pitts Republican January 4 , 1886 December 31 , 1887 Henry R. Low Republican January 1888 December 1 , 1888 died in office Jacob Sloat Fassett Republican January 1889 August 1 , 1891 vacated his seat during his second term when appointed Collector of the Port of New York Jacob A. Cantor Democratic January 1892 December 31 , 1893 Minority Leader 1888 - 1891 and 1894 -- 1898 Charles T. Saxton Republican January 1894 December 31 , 1894 vacated his seat when taking office as Lieutenant Governor of New York Edmund O'Connor Republican January 1895 December 31 , 1895 elected for the remainder of the term Timothy E. Ellsworth Republican January 1896 December 31 , 1902 three terms ( 1896 -- 98 , 1899 -- 1900 , 1901 -- 02 ) John Raines Republican January 1903 December 16 , 1909 Acting Lieutenant Governor 1906 ; died in office during his fourth term Jotham P. Allds Republican January 5 , 1910 February 23 , 1910 elected for the remainder of the term ; resigned during bribery investigation , later found guilty by Senate vote George H. Cobb Republican March 11 , 1910 December 31 , 1910 elected for the remainder of the term ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1910 Robert F. Wagner Democratic January 1911 January 6 , 1914 two terms ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1913 - 1914 ; Minority Leader 1915 - 1918 John F. Murtaugh Democratic January 6 , 1914 December 31 , 1914 chosen Majority Leader while Acting Lt. Gov. Wagner continued as Temporary President / Acting Lieutenant Governor Elon R. Brown Republican January 1915 December 31 , 1918 two terms J. Henry Walters Republican January 1919 December 31 , 1920 Clayton R. Lusk Republican January 1921 December 31 , 1922 Acting Lieutenant Governor 1922 ; Minority Leader 1923 - 1924 Jimmy Walker Democratic January 1923 December 31 , 1924 Minority Leader 1919 - 1922 and 1925 John Knight Republican January 1925 March 30 , 1931 vacated his seat during his fourth term when appointed U.S. Judge for the Western District of NY George R. Fearon Republican April 9 , 1931 December 31 , 1932 elected for the remainder of the term John J. Dunnigan Democratic January 4 , 1933 December 31 , 1938 three terms ; Minority Leader 1931 - 1932 and 1939 -- 1944 Majority leaders since 1939 ( edit ) Majority Leader Party Took office Left office Notes Perley A. Pitcher Republican January 3 , 1939 February 20 , 1939 Minority Leader 1937 - 1938 ; died in office Joe R. Hanley Republican February 27 , 1939 December 31 , 1943 elected for the remainder of the term , then re-elected twice ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1942 and 1943 ; vacated his seat when taking office as Lieutenant Governor of New York Benjamin F. Feinberg Republican January 4 , 1944 March 30 , 1949 elected for the remainder of the term , then re-elected three times ; vacated his seat when appointed Chairman of the Public Service Commission Arthur H. Wicks Republican March 30 , 1949 November 19 , 1953 elected for the remainder of the term , then re-elected twice , then resigned ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1953 Walter J. Mahoney Republican January 6 , 1954 December 31 , 1964 elected for the remainder of the term , then re-elected five times ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1954 Joseph Zaretzki Democratic February 3 , 1965 December 31 , 1965 elected after a month of deadlock ; Minority Leader 1957 - 1964 and 1966 -- 1974 Earl W. Brydges Republican January , 1966 December 31 , 1972 four terms ( 1966 , 1967 -- 68 , 1969 -- 70 , 1971 -- 72 ) ; Minority Leader 1965 Warren M. Anderson Republican January , 1973 December 31 , 1988 eight terms ; longest - serving Majority Leader ( 16 years ) ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1973 - 1974 and 1985 -- 1986 Ralph J. Marino Republican January , 1989 November 25 , 1994 ousted by his party shortly before the end of his third term Joseph Bruno Republican November 25 , 1994 June 24 , 2008 elected for the remainder of the term , then re-elected seven times , then resigned ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 2008 . Dean Skelos Republican June 24 , 2008 December 31 , 2008 elected for the remainder of the term ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 2008 . Malcolm Smith Democratic January 7 , 2009 June 8 , 2009 Acting Lieutenant Governor Jan. 7 - June 8 , 2009 ; Minority Leader 2007 - 2008 and June 8 -- 15 , 2009 Dean Skelos Republican June 8 , 2009 June 15 , 2009 Skelos was chosen Majority Leader , and Pedro Espada Jr . Temporary President / Acting Lieutenant Governor . Dean Skelos / Malcolm Smith Disputed June 15 , 2009 July 9 , 2009 Pedro Espada Jr. continued as Temporary President / Acting Lieutenant Governor , but after the return of Hiram Monserrate to the Democratic caucus , the Senate was tied , and both leaders claimed to be the Majority Leader during the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis . Pedro Espada Jr . Democratic July 9 , 2009 December 14 , 2010 Malcolm Smith was Temporary President since July 9 , 2009 , and John L. Sampson was Chairman of the Democratic Conference . As sitting Majority Leader , Espada was indicted on six federal counts of embezzlement and theft on Dec. 14 , 2010 and was stripped of his leadership position . vacant December 14 , 2010 December 31 , 2010 While the office of Majority Leader remained vacant , Malcolm Smith continued as Temporary President , and John L. Sampson as Chairman of the Democratic Conference . Dean Skelos Republican January 1 , 2011 December 31 , 2012 Jeffrey Klein / Dean Skelos Majority Coalition January 1 , 2013 December 31 , 2014 The leaders of the Republican and the Independent Democratic conferences would have joint and equal authority over bills that the Senate takes up , committee assignments , appointments , and state budget negotiations . Senator Skelos and Senator Klein also take turns as temporary president of the Senate , a position defined in the State Constitution that is next in the gubernatorial line of succession after the lieutenant governor . Dean Skelos Republican January 1 , 2015 May 11 , 2015 Republicans won back an outright majority in the State Senate . Resigned as Temporary President and Majority Leader on May 11 , 2015 , due to federal corruption charges . John J. Flanagan Republican May 11 , 2015 Present Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Special elections for Lieutenant Governor were prohibited by a constitutional amendment after the death of Lt. Gov. Thomas W. Wallace and the subsequent special election of Joe R. Hanley . Lieutenant Governors may be elected now only `` at the same time of election of a governor . '' Jump up ^ This election occurs in the middle of the gubernatorial term , in presidential - election years ; regularly the members of the state legislature are elected . Jump up ^ Hakim , Danny ; Peters , Jeremy W. ( June 12 , 1009 ) . `` Judge Gives State Senators Weekend to Negotiate '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Removal Vote Does Not Bar Sulzer From Holding Future Office - Four Acquittal Ballots - High Court Unanimously Finds Sulzer Not Guilty on Remaining Impeachment Counts - Cullen Swears Glynn In - New Governor , In Statement , Promises `` Economical , Clean , Orderly '' Government - Not To Be A Factionist - Assumes Responsibility for Policy , Since `` It Shall Be My Policy '' - Wagner Moves Up Also - Now Lieutenant Governor - Frawley or Murtaugh May Be Chosen Senate President Pro Tem `` . New York Times . October 18 , 1913 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Issues Are Raised By Wallace Death - Legal and Political Questions Arise in Regard to Naming His Successor - May Not Fill the Place - Republicans Incline to Think It Will Not Be Necessary Until 1946 '' . New York Times . July 18 , 1943 . p. 30 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ This happened when Joseph Bruno resigned on June 24 , 2008 , and Dean Skelos was chosen the new Majority Leader . Jump up ^ This happened on January 7 , 2009 , when the newly elected Democratic majority chose Malcolm Smith . Jump up ^ The senators elected in Nov. 1895 served an exceptional three - year term , see Constitution of 1894 , Art . III , § 2 Jump up ^ Previous Presidents pro tempore ( Raines , Cobb ) had become Acting Lieutenant Governors while the State Senate was not in session . This time , with the State Senate in session , while Wagner as Acting Lt. Gov. became President of the State Senate , it was deemed necessary to elect another senator to the post of Majority Leader to lead the Democrats on the floor while Wagner presided. in NYT on January 7 , 1914 Jump up ^ In 1965 and 1966 , the senators served one - year terms . The senatorial districts were redistributed twice ( in 1965 and 1966 ) , and the whole State Senate was renewed at the State election in Nov. 1965 ( hide ) Officers in the State of New York Current offices Governor Lieutenant Governor Speaker of the Assembly Temporary President of the Senate Secretary of State Attorney General State Comptroller Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals Associate Judge of the Court of Appeals Clerk of the Court of Appeals Clerk of the State Assembly Defunct offices State Treasurer State Engineer Superintendent of Public Works Chancellor Canal Commissioner Inspector of State Prisons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majority_Leader_of_the_New_York_State_Senate&oldid=794098855 '' Categories : Majority Leaders of the New York State Senate Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017 , at 20 : 33 . 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Question: who is the new york state senate majority leader