Color motion picture film - wikipedia Color motion picture film Jump to : navigation , search Still from test film made by Edward Turner in 1902 Color motion picture film refers both to unexposed color photographic film in a format suitable for use in a motion picture camera , and to finished motion picture film , ready for use in a projector , which bears images in color . The first color cinematography was by additive color systems such as the one patented by Edward Raymond Turner in 1899 and tested in 1902 . A simplified additive system was successfully commercialized in 1909 as Kinemacolor . These early systems used black - and - white film to photograph and project two or more component images through different color filters . Around 1920 , the first practical subtractive color processes were introduced . These also used black - and - white film to photograph multiple color - filtered source images , but the final product was a multicolored print that did not require special projection equipment . Before 1932 , when three - strip Technicolor was introduced , commercialized subtractive processes used only two color components and could reproduce only a limited range of color . In 1935 , Kodachrome was introduced , followed by Agfacolor in 1936 . They were intended primarily for amateur home movies and `` slides '' . These were the first films of the `` integral tripack '' type , coated with three layers of differently color - sensitive emulsion , which is usually what is meant by the words `` color film '' as commonly used . The few color films still being made in the 2010s are of this type . The first color negative films and corresponding print films were modified versions of these films . They were introduced around 1940 but only came into wide use for commercial motion picture production in the early 1950s . In the US , Eastman Kodak 's Eastmancolor was the usual choice , but it was often re-branded with another trade name , such as `` WarnerColor '' , by the studio or the film processor . Later color films were standardized into two distinct processes : Eastman Color Negative 2 chemistry ( camera negative stocks , duplicating interpositive and internegative stocks ) and Eastman Color Positive 2 chemistry ( positive prints for direct projection ) , usually abbreviated as ECN - 2 and ECP - 2 . Fuji 's products are compatible with ECN - 2 and ECP - 2 . Film was the dominant form of cinematography until the 2010s , when it was largely replaced by digital cinematography . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Tinting and hand coloring 3 Physics of light and color 3.1 Additive color 3.2 Subtractive color 4 Monopack color film 5 How a color film works 6 Manufacturers of color film for motion picture use 6.1 Kodak color motion picture films 6.2 Fuji color motion picture films 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Overview ( edit ) The first motion pictures were photographed using a simple homogeneous photographic emulsion that yielded a black - and - white image -- that is , an image in shades of gray , ranging from black to white , corresponding to the luminous intensity of each point on the photographed subject . Light , shade , form and movement were captured , but not color . With color motion picture film , information about the color of the light at each image point is also captured . This is done by analyzing the visible spectrum of color into several regions ( normally three , commonly referred to by their dominant colors : red , green and blue ) and recording each region separately . Current color films do this with three layers of differently color - sensitive photographic emulsion coated on one strip of film base . Early processes used color filters to photograph the color components as completely separate images ( e.g. , three - strip Technicolor ) or adjacent microscopic image fragments ( e.g. , Dufaycolor ) in a one - layer black - and - white emulsion . Each photographed color component , initially just a colorless record of the luminous intensities in the part of the spectrum that it captured , is processed to produce a transparent dye image in the color complementary to the color of the light that it recorded . The superimposed dye images combine to synthesize the original colors by the subtractive color method . In some early color processes ( e.g. , Kinemacolor ) , the component images remained in black - and - white form and were projected through color filters to synthesize the original colors by the additive color method . Tinting and hand coloring ( edit ) See also : List of early color feature films The earliest motion picture stocks were orthochromatic , and recorded blue and green light , but not red . Recording all three spectral regions required making film stock panchromatic to some degree . Since orthochromatic film stock hindered color photography in its beginnings , the first films with color in them used aniline dyes to create artificial color . Hand - colored films appeared in 1895 with Thomas Edison 's hand - painted Annabelle 's Dance for his Kinetoscope viewers . Many early filmmakers from the first ten years of film also used this method to some degree . George Méliès offered hand - painted prints of his own films at an additional cost over the black - and - white versions , including the visual - effects pioneering A Trip to the Moon ( 1902 ) . The film had various parts of the film painted frame - by - frame by twenty - one women in Montreuil in a production - line method . The first commercially successful stencil color process was introduced in 1905 by Pathé Frères . Pathé Color , renamed Pathéchrome in 1929 , became one of the most accurate and reliable stencil coloring systems . It incorporated an original print of a film with sections cut by pantograph in the appropriate areas for up to six colors by a coloring machine with dye - soaked , velvet rollers . After a stencil had been made for the whole film , it was placed into contact with the print to be colored and run at high speed ( 60 feet per minute ) through the coloring ( staining ) machine . The process was repeated for each set of stencils corresponding to a different color . By 1910 , Pathé had over 400 women employed as stencilers in their Vincennes factory . Pathéchrome continued production through the 1930s . A more common technique emerged in the early 1910s known as film tinting , a process in which either the emulsion or the film base is dyed , giving the image a uniform monochromatic color . This process was popular during the silent era , with specific colors employed for certain narrative effects ( red for scenes with fire or firelight , blue for night , etc . ) . A complementary process , called toning , replaces the silver particles in the film with metallic salts or mordanted dyes . This creates a color effect in which the dark parts of the image are replaced with a color ( e.g. , blue and white rather than black and white ) . Tinting and toning were sometimes applied together . In the United States , St. Louis engraver Max Handschiegl and cinematographer Alvin Wyckoff created the Handschiegl Color Process , a dye - transfer equivalent of the stencil process , first used in Joan the Woman ( 1917 ) directed by Cecil B. DeMille , and used in special effects sequences for films such as The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) . Eastman Kodak introduced its own system of pre-tinted black - and - white film stocks called Sonochrome in 1929 . The Sonochrome line featured films tinted in seventeen different colors including Peachblow , Inferno , Candle Flame , Sunshine , Purple Haze , Firelight , Azure , Nocturne , Verdante , Aquagreen , Caprice , Fleur de Lis , Rose Doree , and the neutral - density Argent , which kept the screen from becoming excessively bright when switching to a black - and - white scene . Tinting and toning continued to be used well into the sound era . In the 1930s and 1940s , some western films were processed in a sepia - toning solution to evoke the feeling of old photographs of the day . Tinting was used as late as 1951 for Sam Newfield 's sci - fi film Lost Continent for the green lost - world sequences . Alfred Hitchcock used a form of hand - coloring for the orange - red gun - blast at the audience in Spellbound ( 1945 ) . Kodak 's Sonochrome and similar pre-tinted stocks were still in production until the 1970s and were used commonly for custom theatrical trailers and snipes . In the last half of the 20th century , Norman McLaren , who was one of the pioneers in animated movies , made several animated films in which he directly hand - painted the images , and in some cases , also the soundtrack , on each frame of the film . This approach was previously employed in the early years of movies , late 19th and early 20th century . One of the precursors in color hand painting frame by frame was the Aragonese Segundo de Chomon , that worked with Melies . Tinting was gradually replaced by natural color techniques . Physics of light and color ( edit ) The principles on which color photography is based were first proposed by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855 and presented at the Royal Society in London in 1861 . By that time , it was known that light comprises a spectrum of different wavelengths that are perceived as different colors as they are absorbed and reflected by natural objects . Maxwell discovered that all natural colors in this spectrum as perceived by the human eye may be reproduced with additive combinations of three primary colors -- red , green , and blue -- which , when mixed equally , produce white light . Between 1900 and 1935 , dozens of natural color systems were introduced , although only a few were successful . Additive color ( edit ) The first color systems that appeared in motion pictures were additive color systems . Additive color was practical because no special color stock was necessary . Black - and - white film could be processed and used in both filming and projection . The various additive systems entailed the use of color filters on both the movie camera and projector . Additive color adds lights of the primary colors in various proportions to the projected image . Because of the limited amount of space to record images on film , and later because the lack of a camera that could record more than two strips of film at once , most early motion - picture color systems consisted of two colors , often red and green or red and blue . A pioneering three - color additive system was patented in England by Edward Raymond Turner in 1899 . It used a rotating set of red , green and blue filters to photograph the three color components one after the other on three successive frames of panchromatic black - and - white film . The finished film was projected through similar filters to reconstitute the color . In 1902 , Turner shot test footage to demonstrate his system , but projecting it proved problematic because of the accurate registration ( alignment ) of the three separate color elements required for acceptable results . Turner died a year later without having satisfactorily projected the footage . In 2012 , curators at the National Media Museum in Bradford , UK , had the original custom - format nitrate film copied to black - and - white 35 mm film , which was then scanned into a digital video format by telecine . Finally , digital image processing was used to align and combine each group of three frames into one color image . The result is that the whole world can now view brief motion pictures from 1902 in full color . Play media A Visit to the Seaside , the first motion picture in Kinemacolor Play media With Our King and Queen Through India , extract Practical color in the motion picture business began with Kinemacolor , first demonstrated in 1906 . This was a two - color system created in England by George Albert Smith , and promoted by film pioneer Charles Urban 's The Charles Urban Trading Company in 1908 . It was used for a series of films including the documentary With Our King and Queen Through India , depicting the Delhi Durbar ( also known as The Durbar at Delhi , 1912 ) , which was filmed in December 1911 . The Kinemacolor process consisted of alternating frames of specially sensitized black - and - white film exposed at 32 frames per second through a rotating filter with alternating red and green areas . The printed film was projected through similar alternating red and green filters at the same speed . A perceived range of colors resulted from the blending of the separate red and green alternating images by the viewer 's persistence of vision . William Friese - Greene invented another additive color system called Biocolour , which was developed by his son Claude Friese - Greene after William 's death in 1921 . William sued George Albert Smith , alleging that the Kinemacolor process infringed on the patents for his Bioschemes , Ltd. ; as a result , Smith 's patent was revoked in 1914 . Both Kinemacolor and Biocolour had problems with `` fringing '' or `` haloing '' of the image , due to the separate red and green images not fully matching up . By their nature , these additive systems were very wasteful of light . Absorption by the color filters involved meant that only a minor fraction of the projection light actually reached the screen , resulting in an image that was dimmer than a typical black - and - white image . The larger the screen , the dimmer the picture . For this and other case - by - case reasons , the use of additive processes for theatrical motion pictures had been almost completely abandoned by the early 1940s , though additive color methods are employed by all the color video and computer display systems in common use today . Subtractive color ( edit ) The first practical subtractive color process was introduced by Kodak as `` Kodachrome '' , a name recycled twenty years later for a very different and far better - known product . Filter - photographed red and blue - green records were printed onto the front and back of one strip of black - and - white duplitized film . After development , the resulting silver images were bleached away and replaced with color dyes , red on one side and cyan on the other . The pairs of superimposed dye images reproduced a useful but limited range of color . Kodak 's first narrative film with the process was a short subject entitled Concerning $1000 ( 1916 ) . Though their duplitized film provided the basis for several commercialized two - color printing processes , the image origination and color - toning methods constituting Kodak 's own process were little - used . The first truly successful subtractive color process was William van Doren Kelley 's Prizma , an early color process that was first introduced at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City on 8 February 1917 . Prizma began in 1916 as an additive system similar to Kinemacolor . However , after 1917 , Kelley reinvented the process as a subtractive one with several years of short films and travelogues , such as Everywhere With Prizma ( 1919 ) and A Prizma Color Visit to Catalina ( 1919 ) before releasing features such as the documentary Bali the Unknown ( 1921 ) , The Glorious Adventure ( 1922 ) , and Venus of the South Seas ( 1924 ) . A Prizma promotional short filmed for Del Monte Foods titled Sunshine Gatherers ( 1921 ) is available on DVD in Treasures 5 The West 1898 -- 1938 by the National Film Preservation Foundation . The invention of Prizma led to a series of similarly printed color processes . This bipack color system used two strips of film running through the camera , one recording red , and one recording blue - green light . With the black - and - white negatives being printed onto duplitized film , the color images were then toned red and blue , effectively creating a subtractive color print . Leon Forrest Douglass ( 1869 -- 1940 ) , a founder of Victor Records , developed a system he called Naturalcolor , and first showed a short test film made in the process on 15 May 1917 at his home in San Rafael , California . The only feature film known to have been made in this process , Cupid Angling ( 1918 ) -- starring Ruth Roland and with cameo appearances by Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks -- was filmed in the Lake Lagunitas area of Marin County , California . After experimenting with additive systems ( including a camera with two apertures , one with a red filter , one with a green filter ) from 1915 to 1921 , Dr. Herbert Kalmus , Dr. Daniel Comstock , and mechanic W. Burton Wescott developed a subtractive color system for Technicolor . The system used a beam splitter in a specially modified camera to send red and green light to adjacent frames of one strip of black - and - white film . From this negative , skip - printing was used to print each color 's frames contiguously onto film stock with half the normal base thickness . The two prints were chemically toned to roughly complementary hues of red and green , then cemented together , back to back , into a single strip of film . The first film to use this process was The Toll of the Sea ( 1922 ) starring Anna May Wong . Perhaps the most ambitious film to use it was The Black Pirate ( 1926 ) , starring and produced by Douglas Fairbanks . The process was later refined through the incorporation of dye imbibition , which allowed for the transferring of dyes from both color matrices into a single print , avoiding several problems that had become evident with the cemented prints and allowing multiple prints to be created from a single pair of matrices . Technicolor 's system was very popular for a number of years , but it was a very expensive process : shooting cost three times that of black - and - white photography and printing costs were no cheaper . By 1932 , color photography in general had nearly been abandoned by major studios , until Technicolor developed a new advancement to record all three primary colors . Utilizing a special dichroic beam splitter equipped with two 45 - degree prisms in the form of a cube , light from the lens was deflected by the prisms and split into two paths to expose each one of three black - and - white negatives ( one each to record the densities for red , green , and blue ) . The three negatives were then printed to gelatin matrices , which also completely bleached the image , washing out the silver and leaving only the gelatin record of the image . A receiver print , consisting of a 50 % density print of the black - and - white negative for the green record strip , and including the soundtrack , was struck and treated with dye mordants to aid in the imbibition process ( this `` black '' layer was discontinued in the early 1940s ) . The matrices for each strip were coated with their complementary dye ( yellow , cyan , or magenta ) , and then each successively brought into high - pressure contact with the receiver , which imbibed and held the dyes , which collectively rendered a wider spectrum of color than previous technologies . The first animation film with the three - color ( also called three - strip ) system was Walt Disney 's Flowers and Trees ( 1932 ) , the first short live - action film was La Cucaracha ( 1934 ) , and the first feature was Becky Sharp ( 1935 ) . Gasparcolor , a single - strip 3 - color system , was developed in 1933 by the Hungarian chemist Dr. Bela Gaspar . The real push for color films and the nearly immediate changeover from black - and - white production to nearly all color film were pushed forward by the prevalence of television in the early 1950s . In 1947 , only 12 percent of American films were made in color . By 1954 , that number rose to over 50 percent . The rise in color films was also aided by the breakup of Technicolor 's near monopoly on the medium . In 1947 , the United States Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Technicolor for monopolization of color cinematography ( even though rival processes such as Cinecolor and Trucolor were in general use ) . In 1950 , a federal court ordered Technicolor to allot a number of its three - strip cameras for use by independent studios and filmmakers . Although this certainly affected Technicolor , its real undoing was the invention of Eastmancolor that same year . Monopack color film ( edit ) A strip of undeveloped 35 mm color negative . In the field of motion pictures , the many - layered type of color film normally called an integral tripack in broader contexts has long been known by the less tongue - twisting term monopack . For many years , Monopack ( capitalized ) was a proprietary product of Technicolor Corp , whereas monopack ( not capitalized ) generically referred to any of several single - strip color film products , certainly including various Eastman Kodak products . It appears that Technicolor made no attempt to register Monopack as a trademark with the US Patent and Trademark Office , although it certainly asserted that term as if it were a registered trademark , and it had the force of a legal agreement between it and Eastman Kodak to back up that assertion . It was a solely - sourced product , too , as Eastman Kodak was legally prevented from marketing any color motion picture film products wider than 16mm , 35mm specifically , until the expiration of the so - called `` Monopack Agreement '' in 1950 . This , notwithstanding the facts that Technicolor never had the capability to manufacture sensitized motion picture films of any kind , nor single - strip color films based upon its so - called `` Troland Patent '' ( which patent Technicolor maintained covered all monopack - type films in general , but monopack - type motion picture films in particular , and which Eastman Kodak elected not to contest as Technicolor was then one of its largest customers , if not its largest customer ) . After 1950 , Eastman Kodak was free to make and market color films of any kind , particularly including monopack color motion picture films in 65 / 70mm , 35mm , 16mm and 8mm . The `` Monopack Agreement '' had no effect on color still films . Monopack color films are based on the subtractive color system , which filters colors from white light by using superimposed cyan , magenta and yellow dye images . Those images are created from records of the amounts of red , green and blue light present at each point of the image formed by the camera lens . A subtractive primary color ( cyan , magenta , yellow ) is what remains when one of the additive primary colors ( red , green , blue ) has been removed from the spectrum . Eastman Kodak 's monopack color films incorporated three separate layers of differently color sensitive emulsion into one strip of film . Each layer recorded one of the additive primaries and was processed to produce a dye image in the complementary subtractive primary . Kodachrome was the first commercially successful application of monopack multilayer film , introduced in 1935 . For professional motion picture photography , Kodachrome Commercial , on a 35mm BH - perforated base , was available exclusively from Technicolor , as its so - called `` Technicolor Monopack '' product . Similarly , for sub-professional motion picture photography , Kodachrome Commercial , on a 16mm base , was available exclusively from Eastman Kodak . In both cases , Eastman Kodak was the sole manufacturer and the sole processor . In the 35mm case , Technicolor dye - transfer printing was a `` tie - in '' product . In the 16mm case , there were Eastman Kodak duplicating and printing stocks and associated chemistry , not the same as a `` tie - in '' product . In exceptional cases , Technicolor offered 16mm dye - transfer printing , but this necessitated the exceptionally wasteful process of printing on a 35mm base , only thereafter to be re-perforated and re-slit to 16mm , thereby discarding slightly more than one - half of the end product . A late modification to the `` Monopack Agreement '' , the `` Imbibition Agreement '' , finally allowed Technicolor to economically manufacture 16mm dye - transfer prints as so - called `` double - rank '' 35 / 32mm prints ( two 16mm prints on a 35mm base that was originally perforated at the 16mm specification for both halves , and was later re-slit into two 16mm wide prints without the need for re-perforation ) . This modification also facilitated the early experiments by Eastman Kodak with its negative - positive monopack film , which eventually became Eastmancolor . Essentially , the `` Imbibition Agreement '' lifted a portion of the `` Monopack Agreement 's '' restrictions on Technicolor ( which prevented it from making motion picture products less than 35mm wide ) and somewhat related restrictions on Eastman Kodak ( which prevented it from experimenting and developing monopack products greater than 16mm wide ) . Eastmancolor , introduced in 1950 , was Kodak 's first economical , single - strip 35 mm negative - positive process incorporated into one strip of film . This rendered Three - Strip color photography relatively obsolete , even though , for the first few years of Eastmancolor , Technicolor continued to offer Three - Strip origination combined with dye - transfer printing ( 150 titles produced in 1953 , 100 titles produced in 1954 and 50 titles produced in 1955 , the very last year for Three - Strip ) . The first commercial feature film to use Eastmancolor was the documentary Royal Journey , released in December 1951 . Hollywood studios waited until an improved version of Eastmancolor negative came out in 1952 before using it ; This is Cinerama was an early film which employed three separate and interlocked strips of Eastmancolor negative . This is Cinerama was initially printed on Eastmancolor positive , but its significant success eventually resulted in it being reprinted by Technicolor , using dye - transfer . By 1953 , and especially with the introduction of anamorphic wide screen CinemaScope , Eastmancolor became a marketing imperative as CinemaScope was incompatible with Technicolor 's Three - Strip camera and lenses . Indeed , Technicolor Corp became one of the best , if not the best , processor of Eastmancolor negative , especially for so - called `` wide gauge '' negatives ( 65mm , 8 - perf 35mm , 6 - perf 35mm ) , yet it far preferred its own 35mm dye - transfer printing process for Eastmancolor - originated films with a print run that exceeded 500 prints , not withstanding the significant `` loss of register '' that occurred in such prints that were expanded by CinemaScope 's 2X horizontal factor , and , to a lesser extent , with so - called `` flat wide screen '' ( variously 1.66 : 1 or 1.85 : 1 , but spherical and not anamorphic ) . This nearly fatal flaw was not corrected until 1955 and caused numerous features initially printed by Technicolor to be scrapped and reprinted by DeLuxe Labs . ( These features are often billed as `` Color by Technicolor - DeLuxe '' . ) Indeed , some Eastmancolor - originated films billed as `` Color by Technicolor '' were never actually printed using the dye - transfer process , due in part to the throughput limitations of Technicolor 's dye - transfer printing process , and competitor DeLuxe 's superior throughput . Incredibly , DeLuxe once had a license to install a Technicolor - type dye - transfer printing line , but as the `` loss of register '' problems became apparent in Fox 's CinemaScope features that were printed by Technicolor , after Fox had become an all - CinemaScope producer , Fox - owned DeLuxe Labs abandoned its plans for dye - transfer printing and became , and remained , an all - Eastmancolor shop , as Technicolor itself later became . Technicolor continued to offer its proprietary imbibition dye - transfer printing process for projection prints until 1975 , and even briefly revived it in 1998 . As an archival format , Technicolor prints are one of the most stable color print processes yet created , and prints properly cared for are estimated to retain their color for centuries . With the introduction of Eastmancolor low - fade positive print ( LPP ) films , properly stored ( at 45 ° F or 7 ° C and 25 percent relative humidity ) monopack color film is expected to last , with no fading , a comparative amount of time . Improperly stored monopack color film from before 1983 can incur a 30 percent image loss in as little as 25 years . How a color film works ( edit ) A representation of the layers within a piece of developed color 35 mm negative film . When developed , the dye couplers in the blue - , green - , and red - sensitive layers turn the exposed silver halide crystals to their complementary colors ( yellow , magenta , and cyan ) . The film is made up of ( A ) Clear protective topcoat , ( B ) UV filter , ( C ) `` Fast '' blue layer , ( D ) `` Slow '' blue layer , ( E ) Yellow filter to cut all blue light from passing through to ( F ) `` Fast '' green layer , ( G ) `` Slow '' green layer , ( H ) Inter ( subbing ) layer , ( I ) `` Fast '' red layer , ( J ) `` Slow '' red layer , ( K ) Clear triacetate base , and ( L ) Antihalation ( rem - jet ) backing . A color film is made up of many different layers that work together to create the color image . Color negative films provide three main color layers : the blue record , green record , and red record ; each made up of two separate layers containing silver halide crystals and dye - couplers . A cross-sectional representation of a piece of developed color negative film is shown in the figure at the right . Each layer of the film is so thin that the composite of all layers , in addition to the triacetate base and antihalation backing , is less than 0.0003 '' ( 8 μm ) thick . The three color records are stacked as shown at right , with a UV filter on top to keep the non-visible ultraviolet radiation from exposing the silver - halide crystals , which are naturally sensitive to UV light . Next are the fast and slow blue - sensitive layers , which , when developed , form the latent image . When the exposed silver - halide crystal is developed , it is coupled with a dye grain of its complementary color . This forms a dye `` cloud '' ( like a drop of water on a paper towel ) and is limited in its growth by development - inhibitor - releasing ( DIR ) couplers , which also serve to refine the sharpness of the processed image by limiting the size of the dye clouds . The dye clouds formed in the blue layer are actually yellow ( the opposite or complementary color to blue ) . There are two layers to each color ; a `` fast '' and a `` slow . '' The fast layer features larger grains that are more sensitive to light than the slow layer , which has finer grain and is less sensitive to light . Silver - halide crystals are naturally sensitive to blue light , so the blue layers are on the top of the film and they are followed immediately by a yellow filter , which stops any more blue light from passing through to the green and red layers and biasing those crystals with extra blue exposure . Next are the red - sensitive record ( which forms cyan dyes when developed ) ; and , at the bottom , the green - sensitive record , which forms magenta dyes when developed . Each color is separated by a gelatin layer that prevents silver development in one record from causing unwanted dye formation in another . On the back of the film base is an anti-halation layer that absorbs light which would otherwise be weakly reflected back through the film by that surface and create halos of light around bright features in the image . In color film , this backing is `` rem - jet '' , a black - pigmented , non-gelatin layer which is removed in the developing process . Eastman Kodak manufactures film in 54 - inch ( 1,372 mm ) wide rolls . These rolls are then slit into various sizes ( 70 mm , 65 mm , 35 mm , 16 mm ) as needed . Manufacturers of color film for motion picture use ( edit ) See also : List of motion picture film stocks Motion picture film , primarily because of the rem - jet backing , requires different processing than standard C - 41 process color film . The process necessary is ECN - 2 , which has an initial step using an alkaline bath to remove the backing layer . There are also minor differences in the remainder of the process . If motion picture negative is run through a standard C - 41 color film developer bath , the rem - jet backing partially dissolves and destroys the integrity of the developer and , potentially , ruins the film . Kodak color motion picture films ( edit ) In the late 1980s , Kodak introduced the T - Grain emulsion , a technological advancement in the shape and make - up of silver halide grains in their films . T - Grain is a tabular silver halide grain that allows for greater overall surface area , resulting in greater light sensitivity with a relatively small grain and a more uniform shape that results in a less overall graininess to the film . This made for sharper and more sensitive films . The T - Grain technology was first employed in Kodak 's EXR line of motion picture color negative stocks . This was further refined in 1996 with the Vision line of emulsions , followed by Vision2 in the early 2000s and Vision3 in 2007 . Fuji color motion picture films ( edit ) Fuji films also integrate tabular grains in their SUFG ( Super Unified Fine Grain ) films . In their case , the SUFG grain is not only tabular , it is hexagonal and consistent in shape throughout the emulsion layers . Like the T - grain , it has a larger surface area in a smaller grain ( about one - third the size of traditional grain ) for the same light sensitivity . In 2005 , Fuji unveiled their Eterna 500T stock , the first in a new line of advanced emulsions , with Super Nano - structure Σ Grain Technology . See also ( edit ) Film portal List of color film systems List of film formats List of motion picture film stocks List of early color feature films Film stock Photographic film mainly about film for stills Film base Kinemacolor Prizma Multicolor Cinecolor Technicolor 35 mm film 135 film Color photography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Martin Scorsese on world 's first colour film discovery '' . BBC Jump up ^ Hurley , Michael ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` Studios Abandon Film , Small Theaters Struggle -- And There 's a Happy Ending '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : David A. Cook , A History of Narrative Film ( 2nd edition , W.W. Norton & Company , 1990 ) . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95553 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Ira Konigsberg , The Complete Film Dictionary Meridan PAL Books , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 452 - 00980 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Ephraim Katz , The Film Encyclopedia ( HarperCollins , 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 273089 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Monaco , James ( 1981 ) ( Revised ed ) How to Read a Film Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502806 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` World 's first colour moving pictures discovered '' . BBC News . 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , B. ( 2012 ) . `` Lee - Turner Project with the National Media Museum '' . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World 's first colour film unveiled '' . The Telegraph . 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1917 ) `` Kinemacolor '' How to Make and Operate Moving Pictures Funk & Wagnalls . Courtesy of Wide Screen Museum Jump up ^ Slide , Anthony . ( 1990 ) `` Prizma Color '' The American Film Industry : A Historical Dictionary Limelight p. 271 . ISBN 0 - 87910 - 139 - 3 Jump up ^ Museum Notes , The American Museum Journal ( 1917 ) , vol. 17 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Cornwell - Clyne , Adrian. ( 1951 ) Colour Cinematography Chapman and Hall press . Jump up ^ Gracyk , Tim . Leon F. Douglass : Inventor and Victor 's First Vice-President ( Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 26 ) Jump up ^ Slide , Anthony . ( 1990 ) `` Technicolor '' The American Film Industry : A Historical Dictionary Limelight pp. 338 - 340 . ISBN 0 - 87910 - 139 - 3 Jump up ^ Hart , Martin ( 2003 ) . `` The History of Technicolor '' Widescreenmuseum.com . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Gasparcolor : Perfect Hues for Animation '' . Fischinger Archive . Jump up ^ Exploring the Color Image ( 1996 ) Eastman Kodak Publication H - 188 . Jump up ^ The tie - in ensures the quality of the tied - good when the tied good ( dye - transfer printing , in this case ) is used in conjunction with the tying good ( Three - Strip or Monopack origination , in this case ) , paraphrasing Tie - in Sales and Price Discrimination , S.J. Liebowitz , University of Texas at Dallas . ^ Jump up to : Chronology of Motion Picture Films : 1940 -- 1959 Archived 2009 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Kodak . Jump up ^ At one point , Technicolor implemented a two - tiered print pricing structure , one for dye - transfer prints , which favored large volume printing , and one Eastmancolor prints , which favored small volume printing -- but this was after the `` tie - in '' between origination and printing had been broken by the abandonment of Three - Strip and Monopack origination . For small print runs , dye - transfer remained an option , but at a significantly higher cost . Jump up ^ Wilhelm , Henry with Brower , Carol ( 1993 ) The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs . Preservation Publishing Company . Chapter 10 `` The Extraordinarily Stable Technicolor Dye Imbibition Motion Picture Color Print Process '' pp. 345 - 366 Archived 2006 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holben , Jay ( June 1999 ) . `` Preserving Negatives for the Next Generation '' American Cinematographer Magazine ASC Press . pp. 147 - 152 . ^ Jump up to : Kodak Motion Picture Film ( H1 ) ( 4th ed ) . Eastman Kodak Company . ISBN 0 - 87985 - 477 - 4 Jump up ^ Holben , Jay . ( April 2000 ) . `` Taking Stock '' Part 1 of 2 . American Cinematographer Magazine ASC Press . pp. 118 - 130 Jump up ^ Probst , Christopher . ( May 2000 ) . `` Taking Stock '' Part 2 of 2 American Cinematographer Magazine ASC Press . pp. 110 - 120 Further reading ( edit ) John Waner , Hollywood 's Conversion of All Production to Color , Tobey Publishing , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Timeline of Historical Film Colors BBC article on the first color film The American Widescreen Museum has a thorough treatise on early motion picture color processes . List of films in Prizma at IMDb `` Animation in Natural Colours '' , Moving Pictures , 1912 . ( hide ) Film genres By style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Black Commedia all'italiana Commedia sexy all'italiana Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Documentary Animated Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Drama Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword - and - sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comic Contemporary Dark Fairy tale Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Bad girl Neo-noir Occult detective Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Body Cannibal Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo Holiday Japanese Korean Lovecraftian Mumblegore Natural New French Extremity Occult detective Psycho - biddy Psychological Religious Science Fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Mumblecore Mumblegore Musical Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Giallo Occult detective Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Comic Cyberpunk Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military Mundane New Wave Parallel universe Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Western Thriller Comedy Conspiracy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Blaxploitation Body swap Bourekas Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming - of - age Concert Crime Gentleman thief Gong'an Heist Hood Gangster Mafia Mafia comedy Poliziotteschi Yakuza Gokudō Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Economic Ethnographic Extraterrestrial Food and drink Funny animal Gendai - geki Ghost Goona - goona epic Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Homeland Jidaigeki LGBT Luchador Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Wuxia Mecha Mexploitation Monster Giant monster Jiangshi Kaiju Vampire Werewolf Zombie Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Pirate Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Samurai Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shomin - geki Slavery Slice of life Snuff Crush South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword - and - sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Florida Meat pie Northern Ostern revisionist Space Spaghetti Weird Zombie Zombie comedy By movement or period Absolute Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. Rebellion Lettrist Mumblecore Neorealist New French Extremity New German New Generation New Hollywood New Nollywood New Queer No wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Parallel cinema Persian Film Poetic realist Polish Film School Poliziotteschi Praška filmska škola Prussian film Pure Film Movement Remodernist Romanian New Wave Spaghetti Western Socialist realist Social realist Kitchen sink realism Soviet Parallel Structural Surrealist Sword - and - sandal Telefoni Bianchi Third Cinema Yugoslav Black Wave By audience Adult Chick flick Children 's Family Guy - cry Stag Teen Woman 's By format , technique , approach , or production 3D Actuality Animation anime cartoon computer stop - motion traditional Anthology Art B movie Black - and - white Blockbuster Bollywood Cinéma vérité Classical Hollywood cinema Collage Color Compilation Composite Cult midnight movie Database cinema Docufiction Ethnofiction Experimental Abstract Feature Featurette Film à clef Film noir Film - poem Found footage Grindhouse Hyperlink cinema Independent Guerrilla filmmaking Interstitial art Live action animation Low - budget Major studio Making - of Masala Message picture Meta - film Mockbuster Musical short Mythopoeia Neorealist No budget Paracinema Participatory Poetry Postmodernist Reverse motion Sceneggiata Semidocumentary Serial Shinpa Short Silent Socialist realist Sound Underground Video nasty Z movie NDL : 00572849 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_motion_picture_film&oldid=837779636 '' Categories : Film and video technology Photographic film types History of film Color Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Gaeilge Galego Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Română Русский Suomi 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: when did movies start coming out in color


Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door - wikipedia Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door ( disambiguation ) . `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side `` Turkey Chase '' Released July 13 , 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock , gospel Length 2 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan , for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Released as a single , it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as `` an exercise in splendid simplicity '' , the song , in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it , is one of Dylan 's most popular post-1960s compositions . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 2.1 Eric Clapton version 2.2 Guns N ' Roses versions 2.2. 1 Charts 2.2. 2 Certifications 2.3 Dunblane tribute 2.4 Other cover versions 3 Sampled version 4 Soundtrack inclusions 5 In popular culture 6 References Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 - 74 ) Peak position Australia KMR 10 Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 51 UK ( OCC ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Cash Box Top 100 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia 92 Canada 93 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 104 Cover versions ( edit ) Eric Clapton version ( edit ) In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis ' recording of `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' arranged in a reggae style . Subsequently , Clapton recorded his own reggae - style version of the song which was released in August 1975 , two weeks after Louis 's version was released as a single in July 1975 . Clapton 's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart . The single was less successful in the US , only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box . Clapton 's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977 . The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car , One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003 . Additionally , the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums , such as Time Pieces : The Best of Eric Clapton , Backtrackin ' , The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton . Guns N ' Roses versions ( edit ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Song by Guns N ' Roses from the album Days of Thunder ( soundtrack ) Released June 26 , 1990 Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 36 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' 1992 UK picture sleeve Single by Guns N ' Roses from the album Use Your Illusion II Released Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 30 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses Guns N ' Roses singles chronology `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` November Rain '' ( 1992 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` November Rain '' ( 1992 ) In 1987 , Guns N ' Roses started including the song in their live sets . A live version of the song was released on the maxi - single of `` Welcome to the Jungle '' the same year . They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II ( basically discarding the responses in the second verse ) . Released as the fourth single from the album , it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland . Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B - side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era : ' 87 -- ' 93 album , released in 1999 . The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 18 Year - end charts Chart ( 1992 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum Dunblane tribute ( edit ) In 1996 and with the consent of Dylan , Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre . This has been , according to some sources , one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs . This version of the song , including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan 's album Infidels ( 1983 ) , Mark Knopfler , was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart . The proceeds went to charities for children . The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97 , where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities . Other cover versions ( edit ) Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released . One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985 , and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004 . A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift . A live version by Television appears on their 1982 album The Blow - Up . Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend . Heaven released a version of the song on the group 's 1985 album , Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door . Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989 , featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn . Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996 . It was performed by Beltinška banda . S Vremena Na Vreme released a cover on their live album Unplugged in 1997 . The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan 's song called `` Batendo na Porta do Céu '' in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica ( Acoustic Anthology ) . Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind , shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year . Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003 , as one of the B - Sides from her single `` Nobody 's Home '' and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby . Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions . With the exception of the chorus line , the song has completely original lyrics . Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame : The Solo Years Volume 1 . Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song , which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil . Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist . A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I 'm Not There , which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name . Both Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead often covered the song in their live sets , one recorded example being the Jerry Garcia Band live album Do n't Let Go Meir Ariel , an Israeli singer , covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album , Doors Are Opened By Themselves . The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English . Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque . Ján Boleslav Kladivo released a Slovak version on his 1995 debut album Nahá Sampled version ( edit ) Gabrielle 's single `` Rise '' ( 2000 ) sampled from this song . Soundtrack inclusions ( edit ) Film / TV show Year Performer Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford , Eric Clapton & David Sanborn Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N ' Roses Shake Rattle & Roll 2 ( segment `` Aswang '' ) 1990 Guns N ' Roses Rush 1991 Bob Dylan Total Balalaika Show Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door 1997 Selig Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan Windstruck Youme Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan Las Vegas ( episode 45 , `` Letters , Lawyers and Loose Women '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan Six Feet Under ( episode 61 , `` All Alone '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan ER ( episode 260 , `` Darfur '' ) 2006 Scoob Serious Salvador ( Puig Antich ) 2006 Bob Dylan I 'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons Supernatural ( episode 35 , `` Houses of the Holy '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Cold Case ( episode 84 , `` Blood on the Tracks '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Big Love ( episode 2 - 08 , `` Kingdom Come '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons Heaven 's Door 2009 Angela Aki Supernatural ( episode 98 , `` Dark Side of the Moon '' ) Bob Dylan Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton Blue Bloods ( Season 4 , Episode 7 , `` Drawing Dead '' ) 2013 Rick Devin The 100 2015 RAIGN Sense8 ( episode 9 , `` Death Does n't Let You Say Goodbye '' ) 2015 Antony & the Johnsons Containment , episode 5 , `` Like a Sheep Among Wolves '' 2016 RAIGN Misty 2018 KLANG In popular culture ( edit ) Nick Talevski used the title for his book , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show `` The 100 '' An alternate name for the 24th episode of Neon Genesis Evangelion is `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . The title is used as a name of a Stand , `` Heaven 's Door '' , in the fourth part of the manga `` Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure '' , Diamond is Unbreakable . The title was used for the 12th episode of Angel Beats ! and Bob Dylan along with the song was mentioned in the episode by T.K. and Hinata Covered by The Jenerators , the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS : Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 `` New Tricks '' , broadcast on March 5 , 2017 . Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2009 ) . Revolution in the Air : The Songs of Bob Dylan , 1957 - 1973 . Chicago Review Press . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1973 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , November 10 , 1973 Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . Hyperion Press . p. 373 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gun N ' Roses discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Guns ' n ' Roses - `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's door ( live ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . bannockburnband.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane against Guns '' . 1997 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 601 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door CD '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fairport Convention : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Mainly Norfolk : English Folk and Other Good Music . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp . `` Swingshift - Cold Chisel '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven '' . Australian Music History . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Janjatović , Petar ( 2007 ) . Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 - 2006 . Belgrade : self - released . p. 218 . Jump up ^ `` DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop '' . Solid Rock . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods Music - S4E7 : `` Drawing Dead '' `` . TuneFind . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 미스티 Special OST ( Misty Special OST ) '' . Melon . kakao M Corporation . Jump up ^ Televski , Nick , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries , Omnibus Press , London 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/ Bob Dylan singles discography 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Tracii Guns Izzy Stradlin Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands Slash 's Snakepit The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Neurotic Outsiders Road Crew Velvet Revolver Book Preceded by `` A Different Beat '' by Boyzone UK Singles Chart number - one single 21 December 1996 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` 2 Become 1 '' by Spice Girls Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knockin%27_on_Heaven%27s_Door&oldid=834164480 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1973 songs 1970s ballads 1992 singles The Alarm songs Bob Dylan songs Columbia Records singles Geffen Records singles Eric Clapton songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grateful Dead songs Guns N ' Roses songs Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Rock ballads Roger Waters songs Songs about death Songs written for films Songs written by Bob Dylan UK Singles Chart number - one singles Warren Zevon songs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 08 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who wrote knock knock knocking on heavens door


Amnesia : the Dark Descent - wikipedia Amnesia : the Dark Descent Jump to : navigation , search Amnesia : The Dark Descent Developer ( s ) Frictional Games Publisher ( s ) Frictional Games Designer ( s ) Thomas Grip Jens Nilsson Programmer ( s ) Thomas Grip Luis Rodero Morales Artist ( s ) Marcus Johansson Marc Nicander Writer ( s ) Mikael Hedberg Composer ( s ) Mikko Tarmia Engine HPL Engine 2 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows Mac OS X Linux PlayStation 4 Release Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , Linux WW : 8 September 2010 PlayStation 4 WW : 22 November 2016 Genre ( s ) Survival horror Mode ( s ) Single - player Amnesia : The Dark Descent is a survival horror video game by Frictional Games , released for Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , Linux and PlayStation 4 platforms . The game features a protagonist named Daniel exploring a dark and foreboding castle , while trying to maintain his sanity by avoiding monsters and other terrifying obstructions . The game was critically well received , earning two awards from the Independent Games Festival and numerous positive reviews . Originally released independently via online distribution , the game has since been published in retail by 1C Company in Russia and Eastern Europe , as well as THQ in North America . A collection of five short stories set in the world of Amnesia , written by Mikael Hedberg and illustrated by the game 's concept artists , was also made available . In addition , the game 's soundtrack is available for purchase and a free content expansion Justine has been released , as well as many fan - made expansions and stories for its unique `` Custom Story '' gamemode . The Amnesia Collection -- which contains The Dark Descent , its Amnesia : Justine expansion and the sequel , A Machine for Pigs -- was released for PlayStation 4 on 22 November 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 2.1 Amnesia : Justine downloadable content 3 Development 3.1 Audio 4 Downloadable content 4.1 Custom stories 5 Reception 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Daniel encounters one of the monsters in the castle . In a similar vein to the developer Frictional Games ' previous games , Amnesia is an adventure game played from a first - person perspective . The game retains the physical object interaction used in the Penumbra series , allowing for physics - based puzzles and interactions such as opening doors and fixing machinery . Few in - game objects are operated by toggle ; to open a door , for instance , the player must hold down a mouse button and then push ( or pull ) the mouse . This gives the player stealth , allowing them to peek out a barely - opened door or open it slowly to sneak away , but also adds to the player 's sense of helplessness , as it is now entirely possible to attempt to push open a `` pull '' door whilst danger approaches from behind . In addition to a health indicator , Daniel 's sanity must be managed . Being in darkness too long , witnessing unsettling events , or staring at monsters will reduce Daniel 's sanity , causing visual and auditory hallucinations and drawing the attention of monsters . Light sources help restore sanity , and if none are available Daniel may use tinderboxes to ignite candles in wall sconces and candelabra , or deploy an oil - burning lantern found near the beginning of the game . However , the number of tinderboxes and the amount of oil available are both limited , and standing in a light source also makes the player more noticeable to monsters . The player must balance the amount of time Daniel spends in light and shadow . Sanity is fully restored once Daniel completes an objective or progresses the game 's story . It may also be restored by staying in the shadows until Daniel passes out , but this leaves him extremely vulnerable to any nearby monsters . If a monster spots Daniel , it will chase him until he 's out of sight . If spotted , Daniel must flee , as Amnesia does not give the player access to weapons . Daniel must find hiding places or barricade doors with rocks , chairs and other obstacles ; however , monsters are capable of tearing down doors in their path and kicking obstacles out of the way , and move extremely fast once they have spotted their prey . Players can also choose to hide Daniel in the shadows , at cost to sanity . Monsters who lose sight of Daniel will search for him for a time , but will eventually leave and vanish . They can also choose , preferably while being chased , to pick up an object and throw it to the monster , temporarily stunning the monster for about two seconds and giving Daniel some extra distance . Plot ( edit ) In late August 1839 , Daniel , a young man from London , awakens in the dark and empty halls of the Prussian Brennenburg Castle with little to no memory about himself or his past . All he can remember is his name , that he lives in Mayfair and that something is hunting him . He has a note written to himself , which informs him that he has deliberately erased his own memory and is being hunted by a `` shadow '' , and instructs him to descend into the Inner Sanctum of the castle in order to find and kill its baron , Alexander . As he makes his way through the castle , Daniel gradually learns both about its mysteries and about his own past , through notes and diaries he finds as well as through sudden flashbacks and visions . He also finds himself followed by an unearthly presence -- the Shadow -- manifesting itself through fleshy , acidic growths spreading through the castle , and encounters terrifying humans - turned - monsters known as `` gatherers '' from whom he must hide or flee . Throughout the game , Daniel collects his own diaries which reveal that in May , he had gone on an archaeological expedition with a professor Herbert , who sought to excavate the tomb of Tin Hinan , buried in the Algerian desert . Separated from his men in the tomb , Daniel discovered a mystical orb and felt it calling to him , entering into a trance when he held it . Afterwards , Herbert sent him back to London to recover and he brought the orb with him . Engrossed in its other - worldly quality , he consulted books and educated men about the orb 's nature , finding that others have been known to exist , and wrote letters to people from Herbert 's address book . He began to be plagued by nightmares , and found that Herbert 's expedition has disappeared and the men he had recently consulted have suffered horrible deaths . Feeling desperate and hunted , he decided to accept the invitation of Alexander , who had replied to his letter by offering him protection at Brennenburg . After his arrival , the baron told him that he is being followed by the orb 's `` shadow '' or `` guardian '' , which will kill anything in its path to reclaim the orb , and that he should use the orb 's power to fight back . Deep in the castle , he instructed Daniel in rituals supposedly serving to at least temporarily banish the Shadow , which included the killing and torture of imprisoned people , supposedly criminals . When they kidnapped the children of a farmer for what Alexander said would be the final banishment ritual , and Daniel killed one of the girls as she attempted to flee , he lost faith in Alexander , who left him for dead and descended into the Inner Sanctum alone with the orb . Broken , he decided to kill Alexander in revenge for making him a monster . He wiped his memory with an `` amnesia '' potion , thus setting up the events of the start of the game . It is revealed that Alexander is not human , but rather a being from another dimension who arrived on Earth several centuries ago , establishing himself in Brennenburg under the guise of a baron and constantly prolonging his life with `` vitae '' , a substance harvested from tortured humans , whom he has been hunting for this purpose . He has been seeking a way to use an orb to return to his dimension , and now needs to do this as soon as possible since he fears that other nobles no longer trust him . As Daniel nears the Inner Sanctum , he encounters Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa , a man who had once studied the orbs with his student Johann Weyer and has since been kept alive and imprisoned by Alexander . He tells Daniel that Weyer has been able to harness the power of the orbs to travel between dimensions , which Alexander is preparing to do right now , and instructs him in finding the pieces of what used to be his own orb , which is needed to breach the Inner Sanctum . Agrippa also asks Daniel to take with him his head , which can be severed alive using a tonic invented by Weyer , and throw it into the inter-dimensional portal after Alexander opens it . Once Daniel enters the Inner Sanctum , there are three possible endings : he can let Alexander succeed , then be killed by the Shadow and descend into darkness , while Alexander tells him his sacrifice will be forever celebrated ; he can prevent the portal from opening , then leave the castle content with his redemption after the Shadow kills only Alexander ; or he can throw Agrippa 's head into the portal , which leaves the Shadow to kill both Alexander and Daniel , though Agrippa promises to save Daniel from descending into darkness , calling upon Weyer to help him . Amnesia : Justine downloadable content ( edit ) The player takes control of an unnamed female character , who awakens with amnesia in a dungeon cell , accompanied only by a phonograph . This phonograph contains a recording by a woman named Justine , who tells the player character that she is the subject of a psychological test . The player character is then allowed to escape , or die trying . The player character is presented with several puzzles to solve . In each , she has the option of simply abandoning the puzzle and walking away , but doing so will cause an innocent victim contained within ( a doctor , a priest and a policeman ) to die . She is also stalked by the Suitors , three monstrous characters whom Justine ( through additional phonographs ) reveals to be her own former paramours , now twisted by physical and psychological torture . The player character may also collect notes scattered throughout the testing environs , which give additional background information on the Suitors and Justine herself . The game 's exact ending depends on how many puzzles the player has chosen to solve , and thus how many victims survived . However , all of them proceed along roughly the same lines : after surviving the puzzle sections , the nameless female discovers a phonograph dangling from the ceiling , which causes the walls of the chamber to begin moving inward as though to squash the protagonist . She passes out , but awakens unharmed and begins to congratulate herself . The protagonist is Justine , who staged the entire experiment to see if she still had any compassion for humanity within herself . Armed with her new - found knowledge , she moves forward into the ending sequence , in which any surviving victims thank her ( not realizing she does not intend to free them now that her memory is restored ) and , if none were saved , the Suitors , trapped , shout threats upon her ; it is also possible to change Justine 's final lines if a hidden document is found in the Library . Then she goes upstairs back to her house to prepare herself to attend her guests for an imminent party . Development ( edit ) Work began on the game while Penumbra : Requiem was still being developed , with the company working on both projects at the same time . The game was first known under two working titles : Unknown and Lux Tenebras . It was not until 13 November 2009 that it was announced as its current title , Amnesia , with the release of the game 's website and a game trailer . Initial designs of the game varied considerably from the final game , with the developers interested in reintroducing more combat elements similar to those utilized in their first commercial title Penumbra : Overture . The developers soon discovered that they encountered many of the same problems and difficulties that plagued the combat in that game however , and the design was further changed to be more similar to the style set out by Overture 's sequel Penumbra : Black Plague . On 5 February 2010 it was announced that the game had reached the alpha stage of development on all platforms . Two weeks later the developers released a new teaser trailer that showed actual game - play footage , and the developers began accepting pre-orders for the game through their website . Also revealed was that the game was at that point being tested on all three intended platforms . It was also announced that the game would be released simultaneously for all of them in August 2010 . This was later rescheduled , and the game was then expected to have a 8 September 2010 release . It was then later announced on 27 August 2010 that the game had officially gone Gold and would soon be ready to sold . On 3 September , the games demo was released containing selected parts of the gameplay and story . It was then successfully released on 8 September 2010 . If the game reached 2000 pre-orders by 31 May 2010 , Frictional promised it would release extra content for the game . The goal was finally met in early May , after the pre-orders were offered at a discount made available until 31 May . This was done due to the success of Penumbra : Overture as a part of the first Humble Indie Bundle . The extra content was revealed to be commentary , and they explained in the comments section of the same page that its intended function was similar to that of Valve Corporation 's commentary system that began in the Half - Life 2 series . The authors cite `` Soul Made Flesh '' by Carl Zimmer and older horror movies such as The Haunting as being inspirations for the mood and style of the game . Thomas Grip , one of the games main developers , would later write up a post-mortem of the game titled `` The Terrifying Tale of Amnesia '' for The Escapist , where he outlined in detail the process of the game 's development , mostly focusing on its ever - changing design and the financial problems that plagued the developers for most of the game 's development . A PlayStation 4 version -- Amnesia Collection -- was released on 22 November 2016 via PlayStation Network ; this title includes The Dark Descent , its expansion Amnesia : Justine , and the sequel Amnesia : A Machine for Pigs . Just two days after its release on PS4 Frictional Games posted a tweet stating that the port managed to recoup all costs and `` more '' . Audio ( edit ) Amnesia : The Dark Descent ( Original Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Mikko Tarmia Released 17 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 34 : 41 Label The Sound of Fiction The game 's music was composed by Mikko Tarmia and released for download on 17 May 2011 . ( show ) Amnesia The Dark Descent Soundtrack track list No . Title Length 1 . `` Menu Theme '' 1 : 16 2 . `` Darkness '' 1 : 16 3 . `` Lux Tenebras '' 3 : 22 4 . `` Grand Hall '' 1 : 27 5 . `` Ending : Alexander '' 1 : 53 6 . `` Next To The Guardian '' 1 : 49 7 . `` Theme For Unknown '' 3 : 04 8 . `` Dark Water '' 1 : 17 9 . `` Daniel 's Room '' 1 : 08 10 . `` Grunt 's Appearance '' 1 : 14 11 . `` Back Hall '' 1 : 22 12 . `` Ending : Agrippa '' 1 : 56 13 . `` Suitor Attacks '' 1 : 15 14 . `` Basement Storage '' 2 : 12 15 . `` Brennenburg Theme '' 3 : 13 16 . `` Hub '' 1 : 33 17 . `` Ending : Alexander '' ( alternative version ) 2 : 13 18 . `` Bridges '' 1 : 06 19 . `` The End '' 2 : 05 Total length : 34 : 41 Downloadable content ( edit ) On 12 April 2011 Frictional Games released an extra free level for owners of the Steam version of Amnesia . This additional campaign is set apart from Brennenburg Castle . Justine was released on Steam as a way to promote the upcoming release of Portal 2 , as getting 100 % on the campaign ( all of the collectables , all of the analysis and making correct choices ) unlocks a message from fictional company Aperture Science . The content was made available for all of the games supported platforms and versions as part of the Amnesia v1. 2 update on 17 May 2011 . Custom stories ( edit ) It is possible to create custom stories for Amnesia that can then be loaded in the game . Various tools for the HPL2 Engine have been released that allow the creation of own levels , models , particle effects and materials , using an interface similar to Valve 's Hammer Editing Software . Game logic can be implemented using the AngelScript scripting language . A prominent example of a custom story is Penumbra : Necrologue , a fan - made sequel to Frictional 's earlier Penumbra series . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 86.10 % Metacritic 85 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Adventure Gamers Eurogamer 8 / 10 Game Informer 9.25 / 10 IGN 8.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 88 % Igromania 8 / 10 Amnesia : The Dark Descent has received critical acclaim with consistent praise given for the ominous atmosphere and horror elements . John Walker of Rock , Paper , Shotgun even went as far as to say that `` I think it is safe to say that Amnesia is the most successfully frightening game to have been made . '' X-Play added Amnesia to its top ten PC games saying `` There are a lot of so - called `` horror '' games out there , this one is no joke . You 'll be rocking back and forth and crying in no time `` . Frictional Games did show some trepidation over the game 's initial sales after the first week , but were encouraged by continued sales throughout the first month after the game 's release , with Frictional recouping all the expenses from creating Amnesia by early October 2010 . By the beginning of January 2011 the developer reported that nearly 200,000 units had been sold , declaring in response that `` With these figures at hand , we must confess that it gives us new confidence for the PC . '' The game kept gaining sales and in July 2011 it had sold almost 350,000 units . At the 2011 Independent Games Festival Amnesia won awards for both `` Excellence in Audio '' and `` Technical Excellence '' along with the `` Direct2Drive Vision Award '' which included a $10,000 prize . A year after the original release of Amnesia , the developers revealed that they had sold around 391,102 units and were continuing to sell about 6000 units per month . They also released details about how much money each platform generated for them by analyzing the sales from their online store , with 70 % of sales coming from Windows users and 15 % coming from users of Linux and another 15 % coming from users of Mac OS X . Frictional did however note that their store was the only place anyone could purchase the Linux version of the game , whereas the Mac OS X and Windows versions could be purchased from other sources , meaning that the total percentage of Linux sales is actually considerably smaller compared to other platforms taken collectively . Observing that their own Mac OS X sales did not go down from their own store even as services like Steam picked up the game for that platform , meaning that it did not steal customers from their store but instead opened up a new market , they decided this makes a good incentive for other stores to support Linux as well . As of September 2012 , the game sits at an estimated 1.4 million sales . As of 2018 , GamesRadar ranks Amnesia : The Dark Descent as the 13th best horror game of all time out of 20 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Amnesia : A Machine for Pigs An indirect sequel called Amnesia : A Machine for Pigs was released on 10 September 2013 , developed by The Chinese Room and published by Frictional Games . The Chinese Room is known for its Source mod Dear Esther , which was later released as a standalone game to mostly positive reviews . Dan Pinchbeck , writer for The Chinese Room , has stated of the new Amnesia game : `` It 's not a direct sequel , in terms of it does n't follow on from the story of Amnesia . It does n't involve the same characters . The game will be set in an alternate history in the same universe . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Age rating = Pegi 16 , M for mature ^ Jump up to : Amnesia : The Dark Descent -- Game Information Frictional Games ^ Jump up to : Amnesia : The Dark Descent -- PC Hands On Eurogamer , 25 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : . Indie Rock : 2011 IGF Winners Announced Rock , Paper , Shotgun , 3 March 2011 Jump up ^ 1C - SoftClub / Snowball to publish Amnesia : The Dark Descent in Russia & Eastern Europe Frictional Games , 3 May 2010 ( Article by Jens Nilsson ) Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Coming to Retail '' . The Escapist . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Richard ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` THQ places Amnesia : The Dark Descent in a retail box '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bardin , Maxim ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Amnesia : Justine -- Now Available To Everyone '' . Linux Gaming News . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent gets a free expansion ! Frictional Games Blog , 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Interview With Frictional Games -- Penumbra / Amnesia ( Tgdb.nl ) Archived 20 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Tgdb Entertainment , 15 May 2010 Jump up ^ E3 2010 : We talk with Frictional Games about Amnesia : The Dark Descent Big Download , 19 June 2010 Jump up ^ Frictional Games On Penumbra And The Future Rock , Paper Shotgun , 17 February 2009 Jump up ^ `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Revealed '' . Blue 's News . 14 November 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Trailer '' . GamersHell. 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Interview With Frictional Games -- Amnesia Linux Gaming News , 25 November 2009 Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent goes alpha Archived 11 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . LinuxGames , 7 February 2010 Jump up ^ Alpha -- the beginning of the end ! Frictional Games Blog Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent Reaches Alpha Inside Mac Games , 9 February 2010 Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent -- Teaser , Web Site & Pre-order Linux Gaming News , 19 February 2010 Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent -- Teaser , Web Site and Pre-Order CHARGED , 19 February 2010 Jump up ^ Disturbing details regarding the release of `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent '' revealed ! Frictional Games , 22 June 2010 Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent Gone Gold Linux Gaming News , 29 August 2010 ( Article by Maxim Bardin ) Jump up ^ Scary New Horror Adventure Available for Linux Linux Journal , 13 September 2010 ( Article by Susan Linton ) Jump up ^ Insane Amnesia Discount ! Frictional Games , 5 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` some commentary for the release '' Frictional Games , 11 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` similar to the way HL2ep2 does it '' Frictional Games , 11 May 2010 Jump up ^ Thomas Grip of Frictional Games Speaks on Amnesia : The Dark Descent With GaeaTimes.com Gadgetophilia ; 15 September 2010 Jump up ^ The Terrifying Tale of Amnesia The Escapist ; 12 July 2011 ( Article by Thomas Grip ) Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 19 October 2016 ) . `` Amnesia Collection heads to PS4 in November '' . VG247 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Treese , Tyler ( 24 November 2016 ) . `` Amnesia Collection Already Turning a Profit For Frictional Games '' . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ In The Games Of Madness : Editors are out ! Frictional Games Jump up ^ Tools -- HPL2 Documentation Archived 18 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Frictional Games Jump up ^ `` Addons - Amnesia : The Dark Descent '' . Mod DB . Jump up ^ `` Mods - Amnesia : The Dark Descent '' . Mod DB . Jump up ^ Finished Custom Stories for Download Frictional Games Forum Jump up ^ `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Berens , Nathaniel ( 8 September 2010 ) . `` review : Amnesia : The Dark Descent '' . Adventure Gamers . Archived from the original on 11 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Quintin ( 7 September 2010 ) . `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent PC Review '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Biessener , Adam ( 8 September 2010 ) . `` Horror Done Right '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 11 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Onyett , Charles ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Bickham , Al ( 6 September 2010 ) . `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent review '' . PC Gamer Magazine . Archived from the original on 8 September 2010 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Quintin ( 7 September 2010 ) . `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent PC Review '' . Igromania . Archived from the original on 29 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Wot I Think : Amnesia -- The Dark Descent Rock , Paper , Shotgun , 7 September 2010 ( Article by John Walker ) Jump up ^ One week after the release of Amnesia Frictional Games Blog , 15 September 2010 Jump up ^ One Month after Amnesia 's release Frictional Games Blog , 8 October 2010 Jump up ^ Four months after Amnesia 's release Frictional Games Blog , 7 January 2011 Jump up ^ The Terrifying Tale of Amnesia The Escapist , 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 Jump up ^ Amnesia -- One year later Frictional Games Blog , 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Amnesia , two years later '' . Jump up ^ `` The 20 best horror games of all time '' . Social Blade . GamesRadar Staff . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( 16 August 2013 ) . `` Amnesia : A Machine For Pigs Coming Next Month '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ de Matos , Xav . `` Amnesia : A Machine for Pigs is the next title from Frictional Games and Dear Esther dev '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Amnesia : The Dark Descent at MobyGames Video games portal 2010s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Amnesia : The Dark Descent Frictional Games Penumbra series Overture Black Plague Requiem Amnesia series The Dark Descent A Machine for Pigs Other Soma Amnesia series Amnesia games The Dark Descent A Machine for Pigs Developers Frictional Games The Chinese Room Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amnesia:_The_Dark_Descent&oldid=837845736 '' Categories : 2010 video games Amnesia in fiction Darkness in fiction First - person adventure games Indie video games Linux games MacOS games Psychological horror games PlayStation Network games Software that uses FLTK THQ games Video game franchises introduced in 2010 Video games developed in Sweden Video games featuring female protagonists Video games set in the 19th century Video games with commentaries Windows games Horror video games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Pälzisch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 11 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia Developers

Question: when did amnesia the dark descent come out