Grease ( film ) - wikipedia Grease ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Grease Theatrical release poster Directed by Randal Kleiser Produced by Robert Stigwood Allan Carr Screenplay by Bronte Woodard Based on Grease by Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Starring John Travolta Olivia Newton - John Stockard Channing Jeff Conaway Music by Michael Gibson Cinematography Bill Butler Edited by John F. Burnett Robert Pergament Production company RSO Records Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 16 , 1978 ( 1978 - 06 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $395 million Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on the musical of the same name . Written by Bronte Woodard and directed by Randal Kleiser in his theatrical feature film debut , the film depicts the lives of two high school seniors : bad boy Danny ( John Travolta ) and good girl Sandy ( Olivia Newton - John ) in the late 1950s . Grease was successful both critically and commercially . Its soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second - best selling album of the year in the United States , behind the soundtrack of the 1977 blockbuster Saturday Night Fever . A sequel , Grease 2 , was released in 1982 , with Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer in lead roles . Few of the original cast members reprised their roles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Principal cast 2.2 School staff / others 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming locations 3.3 Post-production 4 Release and reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home video 4.4 Awards 4.5 American Film Institute Recognition 4.6 Sequels and spin - offs 5 Soundtrack 6 Television 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1958 , Danny Zuko ( John Travolta ) and vacationing Sandy Olsson ( Olivia Newton - John ) met at the beach and fell in love . When the summer comes to an end , Sandy , who is going back to Australia , frets that they may never meet again , but Danny tells her that their love is `` only the beginning '' , and they will stay friends . The film moves to the start of the new school year at Rydell High School ( `` Grease '' ) . Danny , a greaser , is a member of the T - Birds , consisting of his best friend Kenickie ( Jeff Conaway ) , Doody ( Barry Pearl ) , Sonny ( Michael Tucci ) , and Putzie ( Kelly Ward ) . The Pink Ladies , a sassy , popular clique of girls , also arrive , consisting of Rizzo ( Stockard Channing ) , Frenchy ( Didi Conn ) , Marty ( Dinah Manoff ) , and Jan ( Jamie Donnelly ) . After her parents unexpectedly decide to move from Australia , Sandy enrolls at Rydell and is befriended by Frenchy , who considers dropping out of high school to become a beautician by going to a beauty school . Unaware of each other 's presence at Rydell , Danny and Sandy tell their curious groups the accounts of events during the pair 's brief romance , without initially mentioning the other 's name . Sandy 's version emphasizes the romance of the affair , and the truth and purity , while Danny 's version is more sexual ( and therefore presumably less honest ) ( `` Summer Nights '' song ) . When Sandy finally tells everyone it was Danny Zuko , Rizzo arranges a surprise reunion for the two at a pep rally , where Sandy is cheering along with high - achiever and resident swot , Patty Simcox ( Susan Buckner ) . At the rally , Sandy catches the eye of a muscly member of the football team ( Lorenzo Lamas ) . When Sandy and Danny are reunited , they are initially elated , but Danny soon slips back into his greaser attitude , which offends Sandy . At the same rally , Kenickie reveals his new car , a dilapidated used jalopy , and announces he has entered it into a `` pinks '' street race at Thunder Road . Frenchy invites Sandy to her house for a sleepover . Sandy vomits at trying her first cigarette , drinking a dessert wine , and getting her ears pierced by Frenchy . While she recovers in the bathroom , Rizzo makes fun of her innocent and virtuous nature ( `` Look At Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' ) . The T - Birds arrive in Kenickie 's car , and Rizzo departs with Kenickie , leaving the other T - Birds stranded . Sandy laments over her feelings towards Danny , despite his earlier behavior ( `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' ) . As Kenickie and Rizzo start making love , the condom Kenickie is using breaks . The two are also interrupted by Leo Balmudo ( Dennis C. Stewart ) , leader of the T - Birds ' rival gang , the Scorpions , and his tall and brash girlfriend Cha - Cha ( Annette Charles ) . The next day , the T - Birds are looking over Kenickie 's car , and although they are initially skeptical of its potential , Danny and Kenickie explain the modifications they could add to make it a hot - rodding sex machine ( `` Greased Lightnin ' '' ) . In an attempt to impress Sandy , Danny approaches Coach Calhoun ( Sid Caesar ) in an effort to become a high school athlete . Danny 's pride and lack of experience lead to him picking fights with the jocks when he tries to play basketball , wrestling or baseball , so Calhoun suggests cross-country running , in which Danny excels . Danny 's running proves to impress Sandy , prompting the two to reconcile for a date at the Frosty Palace ; when the other greasers arrive , Danny and Sandy promptly leave in discomfort . Kenickie and a noticeably distressed Rizzo get into an argument and break up , while Putzie and Jan arrange to go to the dance . Left alone , Frenchy -- who dropped out of Rydell to enroll in beauty school , only to quit when she turned her own hair bright pink -- is visited by a guardian angel ( Frankie Avalon ) who advises her to return to Rydell ( `` Beauty School Dropout '' ) . The school dance arrives , broadcast live on television and hosted by DJ Vince Fontaine ( Edd Byrnes ) , who flirts with Marty . Rizzo and Kenickie attempt to spite one another by bringing Leo and Cha - Cha as their dates , while Danny and Sandy arrive together . Danny and Sandy dance well and appear to be on their way to winning the competition , but a drunken Sonny pulls Sandy off the floor partway through . Cha - Cha joins Danny for the rest of the dance , and the two win ( `` Born to Hand Jive '' ) . During the last dance ( `` Blue Moon '' ) , Putzie leads Sonny and Doody in a mooning of the national TV audience , which Principal McGee ( Eve Arden ) vows to put on their permanent records . Danny apologizes to Sandy and tries to make it up to her by taking her to a drive - in theater . She 's unmoved by his pleas for forgiveness until he gives Sandy his ring , which she gleefully accepts . Moments later , Danny tries to aggressively make out with her , causing Sandy to angrily throw his ring at him and depart , leaving Danny distraught ( `` Sandy '' ) . Meanwhile , because she skipped a period , Rizzo quietly admits she may be pregnant to Marty , who in turn tells Sonny , and the rumor spreads like wildfire through the drive - in , reaching Kenickie just as Rizzo is walking past . He attempts to talk to Rizzo about it , telling her he does n't run away from his mistakes . Rizzo tells him it was someone else 's mistake , a response that angers Kenickie . At school the next day , word of Rizzo 's pregnancy fears reaches Patty Simcox , who has spread the gossip to her clique and sneers at Rizzo as they walk by . A visibly hurt Rizzo , who thanks Sandy for her offer of help , sings to herself about how her sins are not as bad as they could be ( `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' ) . On the day of the race , Kenickie asks Danny to be on standby in case he decides to back out . Moments before the race is set to begin , Kenickie suffers a concussion when he bends over to pick up a penny for good luck and Putzie opens the car door on Kenickie 's head , and Danny takes the helm of the car . Leo and Danny run a tight race , with Leo attempting to shred Danny 's tires with bladed hubcaps ( in a sequence paying homage to Ben - Hur ) ; Danny eventually wins when Leo skids out . Sandy watches from afar and concludes that she still loves Danny . She decides to change her attitude and image to impress him and asks Frenchy for help ( `` Look At Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' ) . On the last day of school , a sobbing Principal McGee and her equally nostalgic assistant Blanche ( Dody Goodman ) , in a speech over the intercom , tell the students that they could be future leaders . The school hosts a carnival where Sonny and Putzie learn that , because they either never took or failed physical education , they have to take summer school with Coach Calhoun in order to get their diplomas . Kenickie approaches Rizzo and demands to talk to her , only to have her reveal she is not pregnant after all . Overjoyed , they reunite . Danny shows up wearing a Letterman 's sweater and reveals he is now a letterman for the cross-country team , to the T - Birds ' dismay . Danny confesses it is a decision he has made in an effort to clean up his image so that he can be together with Sandy , telling the T - Birds that they too will have to grow up and stop following people all the time . The group is subsequently stunned when Sandy appears seconds later sporting a new hairstyle , dressed in black leather , and smoking a cigarette . In song , the two admit they love each other and reunite ( `` You 're the One That I Want '' ) and Sandy also tells Danny that if she was willing to change for him then it is only fair that he do the same for her by being faithful and more mature . The gang realizes that high school is now over , and worries that they 'll never see each other again . Danny insists , `` Nah , that 'll never happen , '' and everyone celebrates their friendship ( `` We Go Together '' ) . As the song nears its conclusion , Danny and Sandy depart in a red hot rod , which takes flight , and the pair wave goodbye to their friends . Cast ( edit ) Principal cast ( edit ) John Travolta as Danny Zuko , who lives a double life as leader of the greaser gang the T - Birds and as Sandy 's love interest Olivia Newton - John as Sandy Olsson , an Australian expatriate and ingénue , new member of the Pink Ladies ( at the end of the film ) and Danny 's girlfriend Stockard Channing as Betty Rizzo , Danny 's former fling and the cynical leader of the Pink Ladies clique Jeff Conaway as Kenickie , Danny 's best friend , Rizzo 's love interest and the owner of Greased Lightnin ' Barry Pearl as Doody , a member of the T - Birds and Frenchy 's love interest Michael Tucci as Sonny LaTierri , a trouble - making wannabe womanizer , a member of the T - Birds and Marty 's love interest Kelly Ward as Putzie , a member of the T - Birds and Jan 's boyfriend Didi Conn as Frenchy , Sandy 's closest friend in the Pink Ladies and Doody 's girlfriend Jamie Donnelly as Jan , a member of the Pink Ladies and Putzie 's girlfriend Dinah Manoff as Marty Maraschino , a member of the Pink Ladies whose attractiveness regularly draws the attention of men and Sonny 's girlfriend School staff / others ( edit ) Eve Arden as Principal Greta McGee , who shows discomfort at the goings - on at Rydell High . Dody Goodman as Secretary Blanche Hodel , who enjoys even the wilder antics at the school . Sid Caesar as Coach Vince Calhoun , the tough - talking gym teacher and coach of all the school 's perennially losing sports teams Eddie Deezen as Eugene Felsnick , the class nerd Susan Buckner as Patty Simcox , the head cheerleader and a rival for Danny 's affections Lorenzo Lamas as Tom Chisum , a popular jock who competes for Sandy 's affections Dennis C. Stewart as Leo `` Craterface '' Balmudo , head of the Scorpions , a rival greaser gang Annette Charles as Charlene `` Cha - Cha '' DiGregorio , Leo 's girlfriend Joan Blondell as Vi , a waitress at the Frosty Palace Ellen Travolta as Waitress Frankie Avalon as Teen Angel Edd Byrnes as Vince Fontaine , on - air personality at KZAZ radio and television Sha - Na - Na as Johnny Casino and the Gamblers , a rock and roll band Alice Ghostley as Mrs. Murdock , a rogue auto shop teacher who helps build Greased Lightnin ' for the T - Birds Darrell Zwerling as Mr. Lynch Dick Patterson as Mr. Rudie Fannie Flagg as Nurse Wilkins Michael Biehn ( uncredited ) as Mike , a jock at Rydell high Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) John Travolta had previously worked with producer Robert Stigwood on Saturday Night Fever , had a nascent singing career at the time ( including the top - 10 hit `` Let Her In '' in 1976 ) , and had previously appeared as Doody in a touring production of the stage version of Grease . He made a number of casting recommendations that Stigwood ultimately accepted , including suggesting Randal Kleiser ( who had never directed a theatrical feature before this but had directed Travolta in the 1976 telefilm The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ) as director , and Olivia Newton - John , then known almost exclusively as a country music singer , as Sandy . Newton - John had done little acting before this film , with only one film credit ( the unreleased 1970 film Toomorrow , which predated her singing breakthrough ) to her name up to that time . Before accepting the role , Newton - John requested a screen test for Grease to avoid another career setback . The screen test was done with the drive - in movie scene . Newton - John , who is native to England and lived most of her life in Australia , was unable to perform with a convincing American accent , and thus her character was rewritten to be Australian . Before Newton - John was hired , Allan Carr was considering numerous names such as Ann - Margret , Susan Dey and Marie Osmond for the lead role ; Newton - John agreed to a reduced asking price in exchange for star billing . In a case of life imitating art , Newton - John 's own musical career would undergo a transformation similar to that of the Sandy Olsson character ; her next album after Grease , the provocatively titled Totally Hot , featured a much more sexual and pop - oriented approach , with Newton - John appearing on the album cover in similar all - leather attire and teased hair . Jeff Conaway , like Travolta , had previously appeared in the stage version of Grease ; he had played Danny Zuko during the show 's run on Broadway . Jamie Donnelly reprised her role as Jan from the Broadway show , the only cast member to do so ; as her hair had begun to gray by this point , she had to dye her hair to resemble her stage character . Kelly Ward had previously appeared as a similar sarcastic supporting character in The Boy in the Plastic Bubble with Travolta under Kleiser ; the role was substantially rewritten from the musical . Whereas `` Rump '' in the musical sang lead on two songs and was particularly known for his mooning , the renamed `` Putzie '' did not sing and shares the mooning scene with two of the other T - Birds , Sonny and Doody . Lorenzo Lamas was a last - minute replacement for Steven Ford , who developed stage fright shortly before filming and backed out . His role contained no spoken dialogue and required Lamas to dye his hair blond to avoid looking like most of the other T - Birds ( although Conaway and Ward were also blonds ) . Henry Winkler was once considered for a lead in the film . Winkler , who was playing Arthur Fonzarelli on Happy Days , was originally chosen to play Danny . His lack of singing experience and fear of being typecast after Happy Days and the film The Lords of Flatbush led him to decline the role . Adult film star Harry Reems was originally signed to play Coach Calhoun ; however , executives at Paramount nixed the idea due to Reems ' previous work in adult films , and producers cast Sid Caesar instead . Caesar was one of several veterans of 1950s television ( Eve Arden , Frankie Avalon , Joan Blondell , Edd Byrnes , Alice Ghostley , Dody Goodman ) to be cast in supporting roles . Coincidentally , Frankie Avalon and Randal Kleiser had both appeared in 1966 's Fireball 500 , the latter as an extra . Filming locations ( edit ) The car race in the film took place at the Los Angeles River . The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu 's Leo Carrillo State Beach , making explicit reference to From Here to Eternity . The exterior Rydell scenes , including the basketball , baseball and track segments , were shot at Venice High School in Venice , California , while the Rydell interiors , including the high school dance , were filmed at Huntington Park High School . The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood . The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers `` Greased Lightning '' and `` Beauty School Dropout '' . The drive - in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive - In ( it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place ) . The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River , between the First and Seventh Street Bridges , where many other films have been shot . The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School . And due to budget cuts a short scene was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles . Post-production ( edit ) Scenes inside the Frosty Palace contain obvious blurring of various Coca - Cola signs . Prior to the film 's release , producer Allan Carr had made a product - placement deal with Coca - Cola 's main competitor Pepsi ( for example , a Pepsi logo can be seen in the animated opening sequence ) . When Carr saw the footage of the scene with Coca - Cola products and signage , he ordered director Randal Kleiser to either reshoot the scene with Pepsi products or remove the Coca - Cola logos from the scene . As reshoots were deemed too expensive and time - consuming , optical mattes were used to cover up or blur out the Coca - Cola references . The ' blurring ' covered up trademarked menu signage and a large wall poster , but a red cooler with the logo could not be sufficiently altered so was left unchanged . According to Kleiser , `` We just had to hope that Pepsi would n't complain . They did n't . '' In the 2010 sing - along version ( see below ) , the blurred Coke poster has been digitally removed . In its place is more of the wavy wall design that surrounded it . John Wilson did the animated title sequence for the start of the film . Release and reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Grease was originally released to North American theaters on June 16 , 1978 and was an immediate box office success . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $8,941,717 in 862 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking at No. 2 ( behind Jaws 2 ) at the box office . Grease has grossed $188,755,690 domestically and $206,200,000 internationally , totaling $394,955,690 worldwide . Globally , it was the highest - grossing musical ever , eclipsing the 13 - year - old record held by The Sound of Music , but has since been overtaken by Les Misérables , Mamma Mia ! and the 2017 release of Beauty and the Beast . Grease is now the fourth highest - grossing live action musical . Critical reception ( edit ) Grease received mostly positive reviews from movie critics and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1978 . Vincent Canby on its initial release in June 1978 called the film `` terrific fun '' , describing it as a `` contemporary fantasy about a 1950s teen - age musical -- a larger , funnier , wittier and more imaginative - than - Hollywood movie with a life that is all its own '' ; Canby pointed out that the film was `` somewhat in the manner of Close Encounters of the Third Kind , which recalls the science - fiction films of the ' 50s in a manner more elegant and more benign than anything that was ever made then , Grease is a multimillion - dollar evocation of the B - picture quickies that Sam Katzman used to turn out in the ' 50s ( Do n't Knock the Rock , 1956 ) and that American International carried to the sea in the 1960s ( Beach Party , 1963 ) . '' Grease was voted the best musical ever on Channel 4 's 100 greatest musicals in 2004 . The film holds a 75 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on 61 critic reviews with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 and with a consensus that reads , `` Grease is a pleasing , energetic musical with infectiously catchy songs and an ode to young love that never gets old . '' It holds a score of 70 / 100 on similar website Metacritic . Grease premiered for the first time on American television in 1981 on ABC - TV . It was re-released to theaters in 1998 to mark the 20th anniversary . The film was also ranked number 21 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies . Home Video ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grease was first released in the US on VHS by Paramount Home Video in 1982 , with reissues in 1989 and 1994 ; the last VHS release was on June 23 , 1998 and titled the 20th Anniversary Edition following a theatrical re-release that March . On September 17 , 2002 , it was released on DVD for the first time . On September 19 , 2006 , it was re-released on DVD as the Rockin ' Rydell Edition , which came with a black Rydell High T - Bird jacket cover , a white Rydell `` R '' letterman 's sweater cover or the Target - exclusive Pink Ladies cover . It was released on Blu - ray Disc on May 5 , 2009 . Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1978 Grease Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated John Travolta Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated Olivia Newton - John Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated `` Grease '' Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Nominated `` You 're the One That I Want '' Nominated 1979 CIC Golden Screen Award Won Stockard Channing People 's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress Won Grease People 's Choice Award for Favorite Musical Motion Picture Won Grease People 's Choice Award for Favorite Overall Motion Picture Won `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' Academy Award for Best Original Song Nominated 2006 Grease Satellite Award for Best Classic DVD Nominated 2008 `` You 're the One That I Want '' TV Land Award for Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room Nominated American Film Institute Recognition ( edit ) American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions : No. 97 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : No. 70 for `` Summer Nights '' AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals : No. 20 Sequels and spin - offs ( edit ) The sequel , Grease 2 ( 1982 ) , stars Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer . While only a few cast members from the original movie such as Dody Goodman , Sid Caesar , Eddie Deezen , Didi Conn , Dennis Stewart and Eve Arden reprise their respective roles . Dick Patterson returned , playing a different character . It was not as successful , grossing just $15 million on its $13 million budget . Patricia Birch , the original movie 's choreographer , directed the ill - fated sequel . It would be the only movie that she would direct . On July 8 , 2010 , a sing - along version of Grease was released to select theaters around the U.S. A trailer was released in May 2010 , with cigarettes digitally removed from certain scenes , implying heavy editing ; however , Paramount confirmed these changes were done only for the film 's advertising , and the rating for the film itself changed from its original PG to that of PG - 13 for `` sexual content including references , teen smoking and drinking , and language . '' The movie was shown for two weekends only ; additional cities lobbied by fans from the Paramount official website started a week later and screened for one weekend . On March 12 , 2013 , Grease and Grease 2 were packaged together in a Double Feature DVD set from Warner Home Video . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Grease : The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture The soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second - best selling album of the year in the United States , exceeded only by another soundtrack album , from the film Saturday Night Fever , which also starred Travolta . The song `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music -- Original Song . The song `` You 're the One That I Want '' was released as a single prior to the film 's release and became an immediate chart - topper , despite not being in the stage show or having been seen in the film at that time . Additionally , the dance number to `` You 're the One That I Want '' was nominated for TV Land 's award for `` Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room '' in 2008 . In the United Kingdom , the two Travolta / Newton - John duets , `` You 're the One That I Want '' and `` Summer Nights '' , were both number one hits and as of 2011 are still among the 20 best - selling singles of all time ( at Nos. 6 and 19 respectively ) . The movie 's title song was also a number - one hit single for Frankie Valli . The song `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' references Sal Mineo in the original stage version . Mineo was stabbed to death a year before filming , so the line was changed to refer to Elvis Presley instead . The references to Troy Donohue , Doris Day , Rock Hudson and Annette Funicello are from the original stage version . Coincidentally , this scene as well as the scene before and the scene after it were filmed on August 16 , 1977 , the date of Elvis Presley 's death . Some of the songs were not present in the film ; songs that appear in the film but not in the soundtrack are `` La Bamba '' by Ritchie Valens , `` Whole Lotta Shaking Going On '' by Jerry Lee Lewis , `` Alma Mater '' , `` Alma Mater Parody '' , and `` Rydell Fight Song '' . `` Alone at a Drive - in Movie ( instrumental ) '' , `` Mooning '' , and `` Freddy My Love '' are not present in the film , although all three are listed in the end credits in - addition to being on the soundtrack . ( Both `` Mooning '' and `` Rock'n'Roll Party Queen , '' the latter of which was played in the film as background music , were written in the musical for a character named Roger that was written out of the film , replaced by the non-singing Putzie . In general , all of the songs in the musical that were performed by characters other than Danny , Rizzo , Sandy or Johnny Casino were either taken out of the film or given to other characters , including Marty Maraschino 's number `` Freddy My Love , '' Kenickie 's `` Greased Lightnin ' , '' and Doody 's `` Those Magic Changes . '' ) The songs appear in the film in the following order : `` Love is a Many - Splendored Thing '' `` Grease '' `` Alma Mater '' `` Summer Nights '' -- Danny , Sandy , Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Rydell Marching Band `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo and Pink Ladies `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' -- Sandy `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Danny and T - Birds `` La Bamba '' `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel and Female Angels `` Rock n ' Roll Party Queen '' `` Rock n ' Roll is Here to Stay '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers ; Danny sings along onscreen `` Tears on My Pillow '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Hound Dog '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Blue Moon '' -- Johnny Casino and the Gamblers `` Sandy '' -- Danny `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` Alma Mater Parody '' ( instrumental ) `` You 're the One That I Want '' -- Danny , Sandy , Pink Ladies , and T - Birds `` We Go Together '' -- Cast `` Grease ( Reprise ) '' Television ( edit ) Main article : Somos tú y yo : un nuevo día On August 17 , 2009 , a television series inspired by the film premiered in Venezuela . The series was produced and directed by Vladimir Perez . The show will explore and expand on the characters and story from the film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grease at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Grease movie soundtrack earns its second # 1 hit '' . History.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year End Charts -- Year - end Albums -- The Billboard 200 '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Travolta , John . `` Inside the Actor 's Studio '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Windeler , Robert ( July 31 , 1978 ) . `` Ohh Sandy ! -- Olivia Newton - John '' . People . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ All music guide to country : the ... Google Books . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grease , ' ' Taxi ' Star Jeff Conaway Dies '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . ( Subscription required . ) . Print edition , May 28 , 2011 , p . A32 ^ Jump up to : Gliatto , Tom ; and O'Neill Anne - Marie . `` Grease Is the Word : Twenty Years Later , the Stars Are Still True to Their School '' , People , April 13 , 1998 . Accessed September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert ( 2010 ) . Party Animals : A Hollywood Tale of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr . Da Capo Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81655 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Film locations for Grease ( 1978 ) '' . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Grease Filming Locations -- part 1 '' . Seeing-stars.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Scenesteal.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stupid Question '' . Archives.stupidquestion.net. 2000 - 10 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Savant : GREASE and the Curse of Product Placement '' . Dvdtalk.com. 1998 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Week June 16 - 18 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Musical Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grease Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Films of 1978 '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Movies of 1978 '' . Film.com. 2007 - 06 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1978 '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1978 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( June 16 , 1978 ) . `` A Slick Version of ' Grease ' : Fantasy of the 50 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Musicals : Channel 4 Film '' . Channel4.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's The 50 Best High School Movies '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's 50 Best High School Movies ( 25 - 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wanna Sing - A-Long with Grease ? With Lyrics ? ! ? '' . Screencrave.com . May 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grease Sing - A-Long ' trailer cuts cigarette from iconic scene : Smoking was not removed from the film itself , Ocala.com , June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grease Sing - A-Long -- Trailers , Videos , and Reviews ComingSoon.net Movie Database '' . Comingsoon.net . July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grease Sing - A-Long ( 2010 ) Trailer & Official Movie Site '' . Greasemovie.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ VH1 's `` Behind the Music : Grease '' Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077631/awards Jump up ^ BBC Radio -- Top selling singles of all time Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Getlen , Larry ( 2010 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Tales of Ancient ' Grease ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venevisión estrena ' Somos tú y yo , un nuevo día , inspirada en Grease ' '' . Jump up ^ `` De regreso a los años 50 con el musical ' Grease ' '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Grease ( film ) Official Sing - A-Long Site Grease on IMDb Grease at the TCM Movie Database Grease at AllMovie Grease at Box Office Mojo Grease at Rotten Tomatoes Grease at Metacritic Original 1978 Release Trailer on YouTube Grease Adaptations Grease ( film ) Grease 2 Grease : Live Songs `` Grease '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' `` Greased Lightnin ' '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' `` Sandy '' `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' `` You 're the One That I Want '' `` The Grease Megamix '' Soundtracks / albums Grease ( film ) soundtrack Grease 2 soundtrack 2007 Broadway cast recording TV series Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! Grease Is the Word Grease : The School Musical Miscellaneous Grease ( video game ) Grease Dance Glee : The Music Presents Glease Greased Films directed by Randal Kleiser Peege ( 1973 ) Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) Grandview , U.S.A. 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IEEE 802.11 - Wikipedia IEEE 802.11 Jump to : navigation , search This Linksys WRT54GS WiFi router from 2005 operates on the 2.4 GHz `` G '' standard , capable of transmitting 54 megabits per second . For comparison , this Netgear dual - band router from 2013 uses the AC standard , capable of transmitting 1900 megabits per second ( combined ) . IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control ( MAC ) and physical layer ( PHY ) specifications for implementing wireless local area network ( WLAN ) computer communication in the 900 MHz and 2.4 , 3.6 , 5 , and 60 GHz frequency bands . They are created and maintained by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) LAN / MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 ) . The base version of the standard was released in 1997 , and has had subsequent amendments . The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi - Fi brand . While each amendment is officially revoked when it is incorporated in the latest version of the standard , the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products . As a result , in the marketplace , each revision tends to become its own standard . Contents ( hide ) 1 General description 2 History 3 Protocol 3.1 802.11 - 1997 ( 802.11 legacy ) 3.2 802.11 a ( OFDM waveform ) 3.3 802.11 b 3.4 802.11 g 3.5 802.11 - 2007 3.6 802.11 n 3.7 802.11 - 2012 3.8 802.11 ac 3.9 802.11 ad 3.10 802.11 af 3.11 802.11 ah 3.12 802.11 ai 3.13 802.11 aj 3.14 802.11 aq 3.15 802.11 ax 3.16 802.11 ay 3.17 802.11 - 2016 4 Common misunderstandings about achievable throughput 5 Channels and frequencies 5.1 Channel spacing within the 2.4 GHz band 5.2 Regulatory domains and legal compliance 6 Layer 2 -- Datagrams 6.1 Management frames 6.1. 1 Information Elements 6.2 Control frames 6.3 Data frames 7 Standards and amendments 7.1 In process 7.2 Standard vs. amendment 8 Nomenclature 9 Community networks 10 Security 11 Non-standard 802.11 extensions and equipment 12 See also 13 References 14 Footnotes 15 External links General description ( edit ) The 802.11 family consists of a series of half - duplex over-the - air modulation techniques that use the same basic protocol . 802.11 - 1997 was the first wireless networking standard in the family , but 802.11 b was the first widely accepted one , followed by 802.11 a , 802.11 g , 802.11 n , and 802.11 ac . Other standards in the family ( c -- f , h , j ) are service amendments that are used to extend the current scope of the existing standard , which may also include corrections to a previous specification . 802.11 b and 802.11 g use the 2.4 GHz ISM band , operating in the United States under Part 15 of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission Rules and Regulations . Because of this choice of frequency band , 802.11 b and g equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens , cordless telephones , and Bluetooth devices . 802.11 b and 802.11 g control their interference and susceptibility to interference by using direct - sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS ) and orthogonal frequency - division multiplexing ( OFDM ) signaling methods , respectively . 802.11 a uses the 5 GHz U-NII band , which , for much of the world , offers at least 23 non-overlapping channels rather than the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band offering only three non-overlapping channels , where other adjacent channels overlap -- see list of WLAN channels . Better or worse performance with higher or lower frequencies ( channels ) may be realized , depending on the environment . 802.11 n can use either the 2.4 GHz or the 5 GHz band ; 802.11 ac uses only the 5 GHz band . The segment of the radio frequency spectrum used by 802.11 varies between countries . In the US , 802.11 a and 802.11 g devices may be operated without a license , as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations . Frequencies used by channels one through six of 802.11 b and 802.11 g fall within the 2.4 GHz amateur radio band . Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802.11 b / g devices under Part 97 of the FCC Rules and Regulations , allowing increased power output but not commercial content or encryption . History ( edit ) 802.11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission that released the ISM band for unlicensed use . In 1991 NCR Corporation / AT&T ( now Nokia Labs and LSI Corporation ) invented a precursor to 802.11 in Nieuwegein , the Netherlands . The inventors initially intended to use the technology for cashier systems . The first wireless products were brought to the market under the name WaveLAN with raw data rates of 1 Mbit / s and 2 Mbit / s . Vic Hayes , who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years , and has been called the `` father of Wi - Fi '' , was involved in designing the initial 802.11 b and 802.11 a standards within the IEEE . In 1999 , the Wi - Fi Alliance was formed as a trade association to hold the Wi - Fi trademark under which most products are sold . Protocol ( edit ) ( hide ) 802.11 network PHY standards 802.11 protocol Release date Fre - quency Band - width Stream data rate Allowable MIMO streams Modulation Approximate range Indoor Outdoor ( GHz ) ( MHz ) ( Mbit / s ) 802.11 - 1997 Jun 1997 2.4 22 1 , 2 N / A DSSS , FHSS 20 m ( 66 ft ) 100 m ( 330 ft ) Sep 1999 5 20 6 , 9 , 12 , 18 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 54 N / A OFDM 35 m ( 115 ft ) 120 m ( 390 ft ) 3.7 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) Sep 1999 2.4 22 1 , 2 , 5.5 , 11 N / A DSSS 35 m ( 115 ft ) 140 m ( 460 ft ) g Jun 2003 2.4 20 6 , 9 , 12 , 18 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 54 N / A OFDM 38 m ( 125 ft ) 140 m ( 460 ft ) n Oct 2009 2.4 / 5 20 Up to 288.8 MIMO - OFDM 70 m ( 230 ft ) 250 m ( 820 ft ) 40 Up to 600 ac Dec 2013 5 20 Up to 346.8 8 35 m ( 115 ft ) 40 Up to 800 80 Up to 1733.2 160 Up to 3466.8 0.054 - 0.79 6 - 8 Up to 568.9 ad Dec 2012 60 2,160 Up to 6,757 ( 6.7 Gbit / s ) N / A OFDM , single carrier , low - power single carrier 3.3 m ( 11 ft ) ah Dec 2016 0.9 Up to 347 aj Est . Jul 2017 45 / 60 ax Est . Dec 2018 2.4 / 5 Up to 10.53 Gbit / s MIMO - OFDM ay Est . Nov 2019 60 8000 Up to 100,000 ( 100 Gbit / s ) OFDM , single carrier , 60 az Est . Mar 2021 60 802.11 Standard rollups 802.11 - 2007 Mar 2007 2.4 , 5 Up to 54 DSSS , OFDM 802.11 - 2012 Mar 2012 2.4 , 5 Up to 150 DSSS , OFDM 802.11 - 2016 Dec 2016 2.4 , 5 , 60 Up to 866.7 or 6,757 DSSS , OFDM IEEE 802.11 y - 2008 extended operation of 802.11 a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band . Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m . As of 2009 , it is only being licensed in the United States by the FCC . Based on short guard interval ; standard guard interval is ~ 10 % slower . Rates vary widely based on distance , obstructions , and interference . IEEE 802.11 af about using white space spectrum for WiFi based on the PHY layer of 802.11 ac 802.11 - 1997 ( 802.11 legacy ) ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ( legacy mode ) The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 was released in 1997 and clarified in 1999 , but is now obsolete . It specified two net bit rates of 1 or 2 megabits per second ( Mbit / s ) , plus forward error correction code . It specified three alternative physical layer technologies : diffuse infrared operating at 1 Mbit / s ; frequency - hopping spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit / s or 2 Mbit / s ; and direct - sequence spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit / s or 2 Mbit / s . The latter two radio technologies used microwave transmission over the Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at 2.4 GHz . Some earlier WLAN technologies used lower frequencies , such as the U.S. 900 MHz ISM band . Legacy 802.11 with direct - sequence spread spectrum was rapidly supplanted and popularized by 802.11 b . 802.11 a ( OFDM waveform ) ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 a-1999 Originally described as clause 17 of the 1999 specification , the OFDM waveform at 5.8 GHz is now defined in clause 18 of the 2012 specification , and provides protocols that allow transmission and reception of data at rates of 1.5 to 54 Mbit / s . It has seen widespread worldwide implementation , particularly within the corporate workspace . While the original amendment is no longer valid , the term 802.11 a is still used by wireless access point ( cards and routers ) manufacturers to describe interoperability of their systems at 5 GHz , 54 Mbit / s . The 802.11 a standard uses the same data link layer protocol and frame format as the original standard , but an OFDM based air interface ( physical layer ) . It operates in the 5 GHz band with a maximum net data rate of 54 Mbit / s , plus error correction code , which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit / s . Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded , using the relatively unused 5 GHz band gives 802.11 aa significant advantage . However , this high carrier frequency also brings a disadvantage : the effective overall range of 802.11 a is less than that of 802.11 b / g . In theory , 802.11 a signals are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path due to their smaller wavelength , and , as a result , can not penetrate as far as those of 802.11 b . In practice , 802.11 b typically has a higher range at low speeds ( 802.11 b will reduce speed to 5.5 Mbit / s or even 1 Mbit / s at low signal strengths ) . 802.11 a also suffers from interference , but locally there may be fewer signals to interfere with , resulting in less interference and better throughput . 802.11 b ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 b - 1999 The 802.11 b standard has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit / s , and uses the same media access method defined in the original standard . 802.11 b products appeared on the market in early 2000 , since 802.11 b is a direct extension of the modulation technique defined in the original standard . The dramatic increase in throughput of 802.11 b ( compared to the original standard ) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of 802.11 b as the definitive wireless LAN technology . Devices using 802.11 b experience interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band . Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include microwave ovens , Bluetooth devices , baby monitors , cordless telephones , and some amateur radio equipment . 802.11 g ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 g - 2003 In June 2003 , a third modulation standard was ratified : 802.11 g . This works in the 2.4 GHz band ( like 802.11 b ) , but uses the same OFDM based transmission scheme as 802.11 a . It operates at a maximum physical layer bit rate of 54 Mbit / s exclusive of forward error correction codes , or about 22 Mbit / s average throughput . 802.11 g hardware is fully backward compatible with 802.11 b hardware , and therefore is encumbered with legacy issues that reduce throughput by ~ 21 % when compared to 802.11 a . The then - proposed 802.11 g standard was rapidly adopted in the market starting in January 2003 , well before ratification , due to the desire for higher data rates as well as to reductions in manufacturing costs . By summer 2003 , most dual - band 802.11 a / b products became dual - band / tri-mode , supporting a and b / g in a single mobile adapter card or access point . Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process ; in an 802.11 g network , however , activity of an 802.11 b participant will reduce the data rate of the overall 802.11 g network . Like 802.11 b , 802.11 g devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band , for example wireless keyboards . 802.11 - 2007 ( edit ) In 2003 , task group TGma was authorized to `` roll up '' many of the amendments to the 1999 version of the 802.11 standard . REVma or 802.11 ma , as it was called , created a single document that merged 8 amendments ( 802.11 a , b , d , e , g , h , i , j ) with the base standard . Upon approval on March 8 , 2007 , 802.11 REVma was renamed to the then - current base standard IEEE 802.11 - 2007 . 802.11 n ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 n - 2009 802.11 n is an amendment that improves upon the previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple - input multiple - output antennas ( MIMO ) . 802.11 n operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands . Support for 5 GHz bands is optional . It operates at a maximum net data rate from 54 Mbit / s to 600 Mbit / s . The IEEE has approved the amendment , and it was published in October 2009 . Prior to the final ratification , enterprises were already migrating to 802.11 n networks based on the Wi - Fi Alliance 's certification of products conforming to a 2007 draft of the 802.11 n proposal . 802.11 - 2012 ( edit ) In May 2007 , task group TGmb was authorized to `` roll up '' many of the amendments to the 2007 version of the 802.11 standard . REVmb or 802.11 mb , as it was called , created a single document that merged ten amendments ( 802.11 k , r , y , n , w , p , z , v , u , s ) with the 2007 base standard . In addition much cleanup was done , including a reordering of many of the clauses . Upon publication on March 29 , 2012 , the new standard was referred to as IEEE 802.11 - 2012 . 802.11 ac ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ac IEEE 802.11 ac - 2013 is an amendment to IEEE 802.11 , published in December 2013 , that builds on 802.11 n . Changes compared to 802.11 n include wider channels ( 80 or 160 MHz versus 40 MHz ) in the 5 GHz band , more spatial streams ( up to eight versus four ) , higher - order modulation ( up to 256 - QAM vs. 64 - QAM ) , and the addition of Multi-user MIMO ( MU - MIMO ) . As of October 2013 , high - end implementations support 80 MHz channels , three spatial streams , and 256 - QAM , yielding a data rate of up to 433.3 Mbit / s per spatial stream , 1300 Mbit / s total , in 80 MHz channels in the 5 GHz band . Vendors have announced plans to release so - called `` Wave 2 '' devices with support for 160 MHz channels , four spatial streams , and MU - MIMO in 2014 and 2015 . 802.11 ad ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2013 ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ad IEEE 802.11 ad is an amendment that defines a new physical layer for 802.11 networks to operate in the 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum . This frequency band has significantly different propagation characteristics than the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands where Wi - Fi networks operate . Products implementing the 802.11 ad standard are being brought to market under the WiGig brand name . The certification program is now being developed by the Wi - Fi Alliance instead of the now defunct WiGig Alliance . The peak transmission rate of 802.11 ad is 7 Gbit / s . TP - Link announced the world 's first 802.11 ad router in January 2016 . 802.11 af ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 af IEEE 802.11 af , also referred to as `` White - Fi '' and `` Super Wi - Fi '' , is an amendment , approved in February 2014 , that allows WLAN operation in TV white space spectrum in the VHF and UHF bands between 54 and 790 MHz . It uses cognitive radio technology to transmit on unused TV channels , with the standard taking measures to limit interference for primary users , such as analog TV , digital TV , and wireless microphones . Access points and stations determine their position using a satellite positioning system such as GPS , and use the Internet to query a geolocation database ( GDB ) provided by a regional regulatory agency to discover what frequency channels are available for use at a given time and position . The physical layer uses OFDM and is based on 802.11 ac . The propagation path loss as well as the attenuation by materials such as brick and concrete is lower in the UHF and VHF bands than in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands , which increases the possible range . The frequency channels are 6 to 8 MHz wide , depending on the regulatory domain . Up to four channels may be bonded in either one or two contiguous blocks . MIMO operation is possible with up to four streams used for either space -- time block code ( STBC ) or multi-user ( MU ) operation . The achievable data rate per spatial stream is 26.7 Mbit / s for 6 and 7 MHz channels , and 35.6 Mbit / s for 8 MHz channels . With four spatial streams and four bonded channels , the maximum data rate is 426.7 Mbit / s for 6 and 7 MHz channels and 568.9 Mbit / s for 8 MHz channels . 802.11 ah ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ah IEEE 802.11 ah defines a WLAN system operating at sub-1 GHz license - exempt bands , with final approval slated for September 2016 . Due to the favorable propagation characteristics of the low frequency spectra , 802.11 ah can provide improved transmission range compared with the conventional 802.11 WLANs operating in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands . 802.11 ah can be used for various purposes including large scale sensor networks , extended range hotspot , and outdoor Wi - Fi for cellular traffic offloading , whereas the available bandwidth is relatively narrow . The protocol intends consumption to be competitive with low power Bluetooth , at a much wider range . 802.11 ai ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ai IEEE 802.11 ai is an amendment to the 802.11 standard that added new mechanisms for a faster initial link setup time . 802.11 aj ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 aj is a rebanding of 802.11 ad for use in the 45 GHz unlicensed spectrum available in some regions of the world ( specifically China ) . 802.11 aq ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 aq is an amendment to the 802.11 standard that will enable pre-association discovery of services . This extends some of the mechanisms in 802.11 u that enabled device discovery to further discover the services running on a device , or provided by a network . 802.11 ax ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ax IEEE 802.11 ax is the successor to 802.11 ac , and will increase the efficiency of WLAN networks . Currently in development , this project has the goal of providing 4x the throughput of 802.11 ac . 802.11 ay ( edit ) Main article : IEEE 802.11 ay This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) IEEE 802.11 ay is a standard that is being developed . It is an amendment that defines a new physical layer for 802.11 networks to operate in the 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum . It will be an extension of the existing 11ad , aimed to extend the throughput , range and use - cases . The main use - cases include : indoor operation , out - door back - haul and short range communications . The peak transmission rate of 802.11 ay is 20 Gbit / s . The main extensions include : channel bonding ( 2 , 3 and 4 ) , MIMO and higher modulation schemes . 802.11 - 2016 ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 - 2016 is a revision based on IEEE 802.11 - 2012 , incorporating 5 amendments ( 11ae , 11aa , 11ad , 11ac , 11af ) . In addition , existing MAC and PHY functions have been enhanced and obsolete features were removed or marked for removal . Some clauses and annexes have been renumbered . Common misunderstandings about achievable throughput ( edit ) Graphical representation of Wi - Fi application specific ( UDP ) performance envelope 2.4 GHz band , with 802.11 g Across all variations of 802.11 , maximum achievable throughputs are given either based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer - 2 data rates . This , however , does not apply to typical deployments in which data is being transferred between two endpoints , of which at least one is typically connected to a wired infrastructure and the other endpoint is connected to an infrastructure via a wireless link . Graphical representation of Wi - Fi application specific ( UDP ) performance envelope 2.4 GHz band , with 802.11 n with 40MHz This means that , typically , data frames pass an 802.11 ( WLAN ) medium , and are being converted to 802.3 ( Ethernet ) or vice versa . Due to the difference in the frame ( header ) lengths of these two media , the application 's packet size determines the speed of the data transfer . This means applications that use small packets ( e.g. , VoIP ) create dataflows with high - overhead traffic ( i.e. , a low goodput ) . Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets ( i.e. , the data rate ) and , of course , the energy with which the wireless signal is received . The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the communicating devices . The same references apply to the attached graphs that show measurements of UDP throughput . Each represents an average ( UDP ) throughput ( please note that the error bars are there , but barely visible due to the small variation ) of 25 measurements . Each is with a specific packet size ( small or large ) and with a specific data rate ( 10 kbit / s -- 100 Mbit / s ) . Markers for traffic profiles of common applications are included as well . These figures assume there are no packet errors , which if occurring will lower transmission rate further . Channels and frequencies ( edit ) See also : List of WLAN channels 802.11 b , 802.11 g , and 802.11 n - 2.4 utilize the 2.400 -- 2.500 GHz spectrum , one of the ISM bands . 802.11 a and 802.11 n use the more heavily regulated 4.915 -- 5.825 GHz band . These are commonly referred to as the `` 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands '' in most sales literature . Each spectrum is sub-divided into channels with a center frequency and bandwidth , analogous to the way radio and TV broadcast bands are sub-divided . The 2.4 GHz band is divided into 14 channels spaced 5 MHz apart , beginning with channel 1 , which is centered on 2.412 GHz . The latter channels have additional restrictions or are unavailable for use in some regulatory domains . Graphical representation of Wi - Fi channels in the 2.4 GHz band The channel numbering of the 5.725 -- 5.875 GHz spectrum is less intuitive due to the differences in regulations between countries . These are discussed in greater detail on the list of WLAN channels . Channel spacing within the 2.4 GHz band ( edit ) In addition to specifying the channel center frequency , 802.11 also specifies ( in Clause 17 ) a spectral mask defining the permitted power distribution across each channel . The mask requires the signal be attenuated a minimum of 20 dB from its peak amplitude at ± 11 MHz from the centre frequency , the point at which a channel is effectively 22 MHz wide . One consequence is that stations can use only every fourth or fifth channel without overlap . Availability of channels is regulated by country , constrained in part by how each country allocates radio spectrum to various services . At one extreme , Japan permits the use of all 14 channels for 802.11 b , and 1 -- 13 for 802.11 g / n - 2.4 . Other countries such as Spain initially allowed only channels 10 and 11 , and France allowed only 10 , 11 , 12 , and 13 ; however , they now allow channels 1 through 13 . North America and some Central and South American countries allow only 1 through 11 . Spectral masks for 802.11 g channels 1 -- 14 in the 2.4 GHz band Since the spectral mask defines only power output restrictions up to ± 11 MHz from the center frequency to be attenuated by − 50 dBr , it is often assumed that the energy of the channel extends no further than these limits . It is more correct to say that , given the separation between channels , the overlapping signal on any channel should be sufficiently attenuated to minimally interfere with a transmitter on any other channel . Due to the near - far problem a transmitter can impact ( desense ) a receiver on a `` non-overlapping '' channel , but only if it is close to the victim receiver ( within a meter ) or operating above allowed power levels . Confusion often arises over the amount of channel separation required between transmitting devices . 802.11 b was based on DSSS modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 22 MHz , resulting in three `` non-overlapping '' channels ( 1 , 6 , and 11 ) . 802.11 g was based on OFDM modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz . This occasionally leads to the belief that four `` non-overlapping '' channels ( 1 , 5 , 9 , and 13 ) exist under 802.11 g , although this is not the case as per 17.4. 6.3 Channel Numbering of operating channels of the IEEE Std 802.11 ( 2012 ) , which states `` In a multiple cell network topology , overlapping and / or adjacent cells using different channels can operate simultaneously without interference if the distance between the center frequencies is at least 25 MHz . '' and section 18.3. 9.3 and Figure 18 - 13 . This does not mean that the technical overlap of the channels recommends the non-use of overlapping channels . The amount of interference seen on a configuration using channels 1 , 5 , 9 , and 13 can have very small difference from a three - channel configuration , and in the paper entitled `` Effect of adjacent - channel interference in IEEE 802.11 WLANs '' by Villegas this is also demonstrated . 802.11 non-overlapping channels for 2.4 GHz . Covers 802.11 b , g , n Although the statement that channels 1 , 5 , 9 , and 13 are `` non-overlapping '' is limited to spacing or product density , the concept has some merit in limited circumstances . Special care must be taken to adequately space AP cells , since overlap between the channels may cause unacceptable degradation of signal quality and throughput . If more advanced equipment such as spectral analyzers are available , overlapping channels may be used under certain circumstances . This way , more channels are available . Regulatory domains and legal compliance ( edit ) IEEE uses the phrase regdomain to refer to a legal regulatory region . Different countries define different levels of allowable transmitter power , time that a channel can be occupied , and different available channels . Domain codes are specified for the United States , Canada , ETSI ( Europe ) , Spain , France , Japan , and China . Most Wi - Fi certified devices default to regdomain 0 , which means least common denominator settings , i.e. , the device will not transmit at a power above the allowable power in any nation , nor will it use frequencies that are not permitted in any nation . The regdomain setting is often made difficult or impossible to change so that the end users do not conflict with local regulatory agencies such as the United States ' Federal Communications Commission . Layer 2 -- datagrams ( edit ) The datagrams are called frames . Current 802.11 standards specify frame types for use in transmission of data as well as management and control of wireless links . Frames are divided into very specific and standardized sections . Each frame consists of a MAC header , payload , and frame check sequence ( FCS ) . Some frames may not have a payload . The first two bytes of the MAC header form a frame control field specifying the form and function of the frame . This frame control field is subdivided into the following sub-fields : Protocol Version : Two bits representing the protocol version . Currently used protocol version is zero . Other values are reserved for future use . Type : Two bits identifying the type of WLAN frame . Control , Data , and Management are various frame types defined in IEEE 802.11 . Subtype : Four bits providing additional discrimination between frames . Type and Subtype are used together to identify the exact frame . ToDS and FromDS : Each is one bit in size . They indicate whether a data frame is headed for a distribution system . Control and management frames set these values to zero . All the data frames will have one of these bits set . However communication within an Independent Basic Service Set ( IBSS ) network always set these bits to zero . More Fragments : The More Fragments bit is set when a packet is divided into multiple frames for transmission . Every frame except the last frame of a packet will have this bit set . Retry : Sometimes frames require retransmission , and for this there is a Retry bit that is set to one when a frame is resent . This aids in the elimination of duplicate frames . Power Management : This bit indicates the power management state of the sender after the completion of a frame exchange . Access points are required to manage the connection , and will never set the power - saver bit . More Data : The More Data bit is used to buffer frames received in a distributed system . The access point uses this bit to facilitate stations in power - saver mode . It indicates that at least one frame is available , and addresses all stations connected . Protected Frame : The Protected Frame bit is set to one if the frame body is encrypted by a protection mechanism such as Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) , Wi - Fi Protected Access ( WPA ) , or Wi - FI Protected Access II ( WPA2 ) . Order : This bit is set only when the `` strict ordering '' delivery method is employed . Frames and fragments are not always sent in order as it causes a transmission performance penalty . The next two bytes are reserved for the Duration ID field . This field can take one of three forms : Duration , Contention - Free Period ( CFP ) , and Association ID ( AID ) . An 802.11 frame can have up to four address fields . Each field can carry a MAC address . Address 1 is the receiver , Address 2 is the transmitter , Address 3 is used for filtering purposes by the receiver . The remaining fields of the header are : The Sequence Control field is a two - byte section used for identifying message order as well as eliminating duplicate frames . The first 4 bits are used for the fragmentation number , and the last 12 bits are the sequence number . An optional two - byte Quality of Service control field that was added with 802.11 e . The payload or frame body field is variable in size , from 0 to 2304 bytes plus any overhead from security encapsulation , and contains information from higher layers . The Frame Check Sequence ( FCS ) is the last four bytes in the standard 802.11 frame . Often referred to as the Cyclic Redundancy Check ( CRC ) , it allows for integrity check of retrieved frames . As frames are about to be sent , the FCS is calculated and appended . When a station receives a frame , it can calculate the FCS of the frame and compare it to the one received . If they match , it is assumed that the frame was not distorted during transmission . Management frames ( edit ) Management frames allow for the maintenance of communication . Some common 802.11 subtypes include : Authentication frame : 802.11 authentication begins with the Wireless network interface card ( WNIC ) sending an authentication frame to the access point containing its identity . With an open system authentication , the WNIC sends only a single authentication frame , and the access point responds with an authentication frame of its own indicating acceptance or rejection . With shared key authentication , after the WNIC sends its initial authentication request it will receive an authentication frame from the access point containing challenge text . The WNIC sends an authentication frame containing the encrypted version of the challenge text to the access point . The access point ensures the text was encrypted with the correct key by decrypting it with its own key . The result of this process determines the WNIC 's authentication status . Association request frame : Sent from a station it enables the access point to allocate resources and synchronize . The frame carries information about the WNIC , including supported data rates and the SSID of the network the station wishes to associate with . If the request is accepted , the access point reserves memory and establishes an association ID for the WNIC . Association response frame : Sent from an access point to a station containing the acceptance or rejection to an association request . If it is an acceptance , the frame will contain information such an association ID and supported data rates . Beacon frame : Sent periodically from an access point to announce its presence and provide the SSID , and other parameters for WNICs within range . Deauthentication frame : Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection from another station . Disassociation frame : Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection . It 's an elegant way to allow the access point to relinquish memory allocation and remove the WNIC from the association table . Probe request frame : Sent from a station when it requires information from another station . Probe response frame : Sent from an access point containing capability information , supported data rates , etc. , after receiving a probe request frame . Reassociation request frame : A WNIC sends a reassociation request when it drops from range of the currently associated access point and finds another access point with a stronger signal . The new access point coordinates the forwarding of any information that may still be contained in the buffer of the previous access point . Reassociation response frame : Sent from an access point containing the acceptance or rejection to a WNIC reassociation request frame . The frame includes information required for association such as the association ID and supported data rates . Information elements ( edit ) 2 . In terms of ICT , an Information Element ( IE ) is a part of management frames in the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN protocol . IEs are a device 's way to transfer descriptive information about itself inside management frames . There are usually several IEs inside each such frame , and each is built of TLVs mostly defined outside the basic IEEE 802.11 specification . The common structure of an IE is as follows : ← 1 → ← 1 → ← 3 → ← 1 - 252 → -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Type Length OUI Data -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Whereas the OUI ( organizationally unique identifier ) is used only when necessary to the protocol being used , and the data field holds the TLVs relevant to that IE . Control frames ( edit ) Control frames facilitate in the exchange of data frames between stations . Some common 802.11 control frames include : Acknowledgement ( ACK ) frame : After receiving a data frame , the receiving station will send an ACK frame to the sending station if no errors are found . If the sending station does n't receive an ACK frame within a predetermined period of time , the sending station will resend the frame . Request to Send ( RTS ) frame : The RTS and CTS frames provide an optional collision reduction scheme for access points with hidden stations . A station sends a RTS frame as the first step in a two - way handshake required before sending data frames . Clear to Send ( CTS ) frame : A station responds to an RTS frame with a CTS frame . It provides clearance for the requesting station to send a data frame . The CTS provides collision control management by including a time value for which all other stations are to hold off transmission while the requesting station transmits . Data frames ( edit ) Data frames carry packets from web pages , files , etc. within the body . The body begins with an IEEE 802.2 header , with the Destination Service Access Point ( DSAP ) specifying the protocol ; however , if the DSAP is hex AA , the 802.2 header is followed by a Subnetwork Access Protocol ( SNAP ) header , with the Organizationally Unique Identifier ( OUI ) and protocol ID ( PID ) fields specifying the protocol . If the OUI is all zeroes , the protocol ID field is an EtherType value . Almost all 802.11 data frames use 802.2 and SNAP headers , and most use an OUI of 00 : 00 : 00 and an EtherType value . Similar to TCP congestion control on the internet , frame loss is built into the operation of 802.11 . To select the correct transmission speed or Modulation and Coding Scheme , a rate control algorithm may test different speeds . The actual packet loss rate of an Access points vary widely for different link conditions . There are variations in the loss rate experienced on production Access points , between 10 % and 80 % , with 30 % being a common average . It is important to be aware that the link layer should recover these lost frames . If the sender does not receive an Acknowledgement ( ACK ) frame , then it will be resent . Standards and amendments ( edit ) Within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group , the following IEEE Standards Association Standard and Amendments exist : IEEE 802.11 - 1997 : The WLAN standard was originally 1 Mbit / s and 2 Mbit / s , 2.4 GHz RF and infrared ( IR ) standard ( 1997 ) , all the others listed below are Amendments to this standard , except for Recommended Practices 802.11 F and 802.11 T . IEEE 802.11 a : 54 Mbit / s , 5 GHz standard ( 1999 , shipping products in 2001 ) IEEE 802.11 b : Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 Mbit / s and 11 Mbit / s ( 1999 ) IEEE 802.11 c : Bridge operation procedures ; included in the IEEE 802.1 D standard ( 2001 ) IEEE 802.11 d : International ( country - to - country ) roaming extensions ( 2001 ) IEEE 802.11 e : Enhancements : QoS , including packet bursting ( 2005 ) IEEE 802.11 F : Inter-Access Point Protocol ( 2003 ) IEEE 802.11 g : 54 Mbit / s , 2.4 GHz standard ( backwards compatible with b ) ( 2003 ) IEEE 802.11 h : Spectrum Managed 802.11 a ( 5 GHz ) for European compatibility ( 2004 ) IEEE 802.11 i : Enhanced security ( 2004 ) IEEE 802.11 j : Extensions for Japan ( 2004 ) IEEE 802.11 - 2007 : A new release of the standard that includes amendments a , b , d , e , g , h , i , and j. ( July 2007 ) IEEE 802.11 k : Radio resource measurement enhancements ( 2008 ) IEEE 802.11 n : Higher - throughput improvements using MIMO ( multiple - input , multiple - output antennas ) ( September 2009 ) IEEE 802.11 p : WAVE -- Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment ( such as ambulances and passenger cars ) ( July 2010 ) IEEE 802.11 r : Fast BSS transition ( FT ) ( 2008 ) IEEE 802.11 s : Mesh Networking , Extended Service Set ( ESS ) ( July 2011 ) IEEE 802.11 T : Wireless Performance Prediction ( WPP ) -- test methods and metrics Recommendation IEEE 802.11 u : Improvements related to HotSpots and 3rd - party authorization of clients , e.g. , cellular network offload ( February 2011 ) IEEE 802.11 v : Wireless network management ( February 2011 ) IEEE 802.11 w : Protected Management Frames ( September 2009 ) IEEE 802.11 y : 3650 -- 3700 MHz Operation in the U.S. ( 2008 ) IEEE 802.11 z : Extensions to Direct Link Setup ( DLS ) ( September 2010 ) IEEE 802.11 - 2012 : A new release of the standard that includes amendments k , n , p , r , s , u , v , w , y , and z ( March 2012 ) IEEE 802.11 aa : Robust streaming of Audio Video Transport Streams ( June 2012 ) IEEE 802.11 ac : Very High Throughput < 6 GHz ; potential improvements over 802.11 n : better modulation scheme ( expected ~ 10 % throughput increase ) , wider channels ( estimate in future time 80 to 160 MHz ) , multi user MIMO ; ( December 2013 ) IEEE 802.11 ad : Very High Throughput 60 GHz ( December 2012 ) -- see WiGig IEEE 802.11 ae : Prioritization of Management Frames ( March 2012 ) IEEE 802.11 af : TV Whitespace ( February 2014 ) IEEE 802.11 ah : Sub-1 GHz license exempt operation ( e.g. , sensor network , smart metering ) ( December 2016 ) IEEE 802.11 ai : Fast Initial Link Setup ( December 2016 ) IEEE 802.11 - 2016 : A new release of the standard that includes amendments ae , aa , ad , ac , and af ( December 2016 ) In process ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 aj : China Millimeter Wave ( ~ December 2017 ) IEEE 802.11 ak : General Links ( ~ December 2017 ) IEEE 802.11 aq : Pre-association Discovery ( ~ August 2017 ) IEEE 802.11 ax : High Efficiency WLAN ( ~ July 2019 ) IEEE 802.11 ay : Enhancements for Ultra High Throughput in and around the 60 GHz Band ( ~ November 2019 ) IEEE 802.11 az : Next Generation Positioning ( ~ March 2021 ) IEEE 802.11 ba : Wake Up Radio ( ~ July 2020 ) 802.11 F and 802.11 T are recommended practices rather than standards , and are capitalized as such . 802.11 m is used for standard maintenance . 802.11 ma was completed for 802.11 - 2007 , 802.11 mb for 802.11 - 2012 , and 802.11 mc for 802.11 - 2016 . Standard vs. amendment ( edit ) Both the terms `` standard '' and `` amendment '' are used when referring to the different variants of IEEE standards . As far as the IEEE Standards Association is concerned , there is only one current standard ; it is denoted by IEEE 802.11 followed by the date that it was published . IEEE 802.11 - 2016 is the only version currently in publication , superseding previous releases . The standard is updated by means of amendments . Amendments are created by task groups ( TG ) . Both the task group and their finished document are denoted by 802.11 followed by a non-capitalized letter , for example , IEEE 802.11 a and IEEE 802.11 b . Updating 802.11 is the responsibility of task group m . In order to create a new version , TGm combines the previous version of the standard and all published amendments . TGm also provides clarification and interpretation to industry on published documents . New versions of the IEEE 802.11 were published in 1999 , 2007 , 2012 , and 2016 . Nomenclature ( edit ) Various terms in 802.11 are used to specify aspects of wireless local - area networking operation , and may be unfamiliar to some readers . For example , Time Unit ( usually abbreviated TU ) is used to indicate a unit of time equal to 1024 microseconds . Numerous time constants are defined in terms of TU ( rather than the nearly equal millisecond ) . Also the term `` Portal '' is used to describe an entity that is similar to an 802.1 H bridge . A Portal provides access to the WLAN by non-802.11 LAN STAs . Community networks ( edit ) With the proliferation of cable modems and DSL , there is an ever - increasing market of people who wish to establish small networks in their homes to share their broadband Internet connection . Many hotspot or free networks frequently allow anyone within range , including passersby outside , to connect to the Internet . There are also efforts by volunteer groups to establish wireless community networks to provide free wireless connectivity to the public . Security ( edit ) In 2001 , a group from the University of California , Berkeley presented a paper describing weaknesses in the 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) security mechanism defined in the original standard ; they were followed by Fluhrer , Mantin , and Shamir 's paper titled `` Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4 '' . Not long after , Adam Stubblefield and AT&T publicly announced the first verification of the attack . In the attack , they were able to intercept transmissions and gain unauthorized access to wireless networks . The IEEE set up a dedicated task group to create a replacement security solution , 802.11 i ( previously this work was handled as part of a broader 802.11 e effort to enhance the MAC layer ) . The Wi - Fi Alliance announced an interim specification called Wi - Fi Protected Access ( WPA ) based on a subset of the then current IEEE 802.11 i draft . These started to appear in products in mid-2003 . IEEE 802.11 i ( also known as WPA2 ) itself was ratified in June 2004 , and uses the Advanced Encryption Standard AES , instead of RC4 , which was used in WEP . The modern recommended encryption for the home / consumer space is WPA2 ( AES Pre-Shared Key ) , and for the enterprise space is WPA2 along with a RADIUS authentication server ( or another type of authentication server ) and a strong authentication method such as EAP - TLS . In January 2005 , the IEEE set up yet another task group `` w '' to protect management and broadcast frames , which previously were sent unsecured . Its standard was published in 2009 . In December 2011 , a security flaw was revealed that affects some wireless routers with a specific implementation of the optional Wi - Fi Protected Setup ( WPS ) feature . While WPS is not a part of 802.11 , the flaw allows an attacker within the range of the wireless router to recover the WPS PIN and , with it , the router 's 802.11 i password in a few hours . In late 2014 , Apple announced that its iOS 8 mobile operating system would scramble MAC addresses during the pre-association stage to thwart retail footfall tracking made possible by the regular transmission of uniquely identifiable probe requests . Non-standard 802.11 extensions and equipment ( edit ) Main article : 802.11 non-standard equipment Many companies implement wireless networking equipment with non-IEEE standard 802.11 extensions either by implementing proprietary or draft features . These changes may lead to incompatibilities between these extensions . See also ( edit ) Comparison of wireless data standards OFDM system comparison table Ultra-wideband Wi - Fi operating system support Wibree or Bluetooth low energy Wireless Gigabit Alliance -- also known as WiGig Fujitsu Ltd. v. Netgear Inc . Wireless USB -- another wireless protocol primarily designed for shorter - range applications TU ( time unit ) Gi - Fi , a term used by some trade press to refer to faster versions of the IEEE 802.11 standards White spaces ( radio ) TV White Space Database LTE - WLAN Aggregation References ( edit ) `` IEEE 802.11 : Wireless LAN Medium Access Control ( MAC ) and Physical Layer ( PHY ) Specifications '' ( PDF ) . ( 2012 revision ) . IEEE - SA . 5 April 2012 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2012.6178212 . `` IEEE 802.11 k - 2008 -- Amendment 1 : Radio Resource Measurement of Wireless LANs '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . 12 June 2008 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2008.4544755 . `` IEEE 802.11 r - 2008 -- Amendment 2 : Fast Basic Service Set ( BSS ) Transition '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . 15 July 2008 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2008.4573292 . `` IEEE 802.11 y - 2008 -- Amendment 3 : 3650 -- 3700 MHz Operation in USA '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . 6 November 2008 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2008.4669928 . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IEEE - SA Standards Board Operations Manual '' . IEEE - SA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ARRLWeb : Part 97 - Amateur Radio Service '' . American Radio Relay League . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wolter Lemstra , Vic Hayes , John Groenewegen , The Innovation Journey of Wi - Fi : The Road To Global Success , Cambridge University Press , 2010 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 19971 - 9 Jump up ^ http://news.cnet.com/1200-1070-975460.html Jump up ^ `` Wi - Fi Alliance : Organization '' . Official industry association web site . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines '' . Jan 26 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Wi - Fi CERTIFIED n : Longer - Range , Faster - Throughput , Multimedia - Grade Wi - Fi ® Networks '' ( registration required ) . Wi - Fi Alliance . September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 802.11 n Delivers Better Range '' . Wi - Fi Planet . 2007 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE 802.11 ac : What Does it Mean for Test ? '' ( PDF ) . LitePoint . October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Wookbong ; Kwak , Jin - Sam ; Kafle , Padam ; Tingleff , Jens ; Yucek , Tevfik ; Porat , Ron ; Erceg , Vinko ; Lan , Zhou ; Harada , Hiroshi ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) . `` TGaf PHY proposal '' . IEEE P802. 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` 80211afDraft '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` 802.11 ad - WLAN at 60 GHz : A Technology Introduction '' ( PDF ) . Rohde & Schwarz GmbH . November 21 , 2013 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ 802.11 ad Antenna Differences : Beamsteering , Gain and Range Jump up ^ Sun , Weiping ; Choi , Munhwan ; Choi , Sunghyun ( July 2013 ) . `` IEEE 802.11 ah : A Long Range 802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz '' ( PDF ) . Journal of ICT Standardization. 1 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 108 . doi : 10.13052 / jicts2245 - 800X. 125 . Jump up ^ http://www.oreillynet.com/wireless/2003/08/08/wireless_throughput.html Jump up ^ Angelakis , V. ; Papadakis , S. ; Siris , V.A. ; Traganitis , A. ( March 2011 ) . `` Adjacent channel interference in 802.11 a is harmful : Testbed validation of a simple quantification model '' . Communications Magazine . IEEE. 49 ( 3 ) : 160 -- 166 . ISSN 0163 - 6804 . doi : 10.1109 / MCOM. 2011.5723815 Jump up ^ Wireless Networking in the Developing World : A practical guide to planning and building low - cost telecommunications infrastructure ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007 . p. 425 . page 14 Jump up ^ IEEE 802.11 - 2007 Jump up ^ `` IEEE - SA - News & Events '' . Standards.ieee.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE 802.11 n - 2009 -- Amendment 5 : Enhancements for Higher Throughput '' . IEEE - SA . 29 October 2009 . doi : 10.1109 / IEEESTD. 2009.5307322 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE P802 - Task Group M Status '' . Jump up ^ `` Why did 802.11 - 2012 renumber clauses ? '' . Matthew Gast , Aerohive Networks . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Vivian ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) . `` New IEEE 802.11 ac TM Specification Driven by Evolving Market Need for Higher , Multi-User Throughput in Wireless LANs '' . IEEE . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Tim ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) . `` AC1900 : Innovation or 3D Wi - Fi ? '' . SmallNetBuilder . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hachman , Mark ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Quantenna chipset to anchor speedy first ' Wave 2 ' Asus router '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gilby , Christian ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) . `` What Wave of 802.11 ac is Right for You ? '' . Aruba Networks . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rubino , Bill ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Cisco will ride the 802.11 ac Wave2 '' . Cisco Systems . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Fitchard , Kevin . `` Wi - Fi Alliance gobbles up WiGig ; plans to certify devices this year '' . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Standard Association - IEEE Get Program '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TP - Link unveils world 's first 802.11 ad WiGig router '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lekomtcev , Demain ; Maršálek , Roman ( June 2012 ) . `` Comparison of 802.11 af and 802.22 standards -- physical layer and cognitive functionality '' . elektrorevue . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines '' . 2016 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Flores , Adriana B. ; Guerra , Ryan E. ; Knightly , Edward W. ; Ecclesine , Peter ; Pandey , Santosh ( October 2013 ) . `` IEEE 802.11 af : A Standard for TV White Space Spectrum Sharing '' ( PDF ) . IEEE . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lim , Dongguk ( 2013 - 05 - 23 ) . `` TVWS Regulation and Standardization ( IEEE 802.11 af ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` P802. 11ah Project Authorization Request '' ( PDF ) . IEEE. 2010 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Sam ( 2013 - 08 - 30 ) . `` 802.11 ah : WiFi Standard for 900MHz '' . dailywireless.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` There 's a new type of Wi - Fi , and it 's designed to connect your smart home '' . theverge.com. 2016 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` IEEE 802.11 , The Working Group Setting the Standards for Wireless LANs '' . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Aboul - Magd , Osama ( 2014 ) . 802.11 HEW SG Proposed PAR ( Report ) . Jump up ^ `` P802. 11ay '' ( PDF ) . IEEE . p. 1 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . This amendment defines standardized modifications to both the IEEE 802.11 physical layers ( PHY ) and the IEEE 802.11 medium access control layer ( MAC ) that enables at least one mode of operation capable of supporting a maximum throughput of at least 20 gigabits per second ( measured at the MAC data service access point ) , while maintaining or improving the power efficiency per station . Jump up ^ https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/802.11-2016.html Jump up ^ `` Towards Energy - Awareness in Managing Wireless LAN Applications '' . IEEE / IFIP NOMS 2012 : IEEE / IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Application Level Energy and Performance Measurements in a Wireless LAN '' . The 2011 IEEE / ACM International Conference on Green Computing and Communications . 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External links ( edit ) IEEE 802.11 working group Official timelines of 802.11 standards from IEEE List of all Wi - Fi Chipset Vendors -- Including historical timeline of mergers and acquisitions IEEE standards Current 488 730 754 Revision 854 828 829 896 1003 1014 1016 1076 1149.1 1154 1164 1275 1278 1284 1355 1394 1451 1497 1516 1541 1547 1584 1588 1596 1603 1613 1666 1667 1675 1685 1800 1801 1815 1850 1900 1901 1902 1904 1905 2030 11073 12207 14764 16085 16326 29148 42010 802 series 802.1 p Q Qat Qay w X ab ad AE ag ah ak aq ax az 802.11 d f g h i j k n p r s u w y ac ad af ah ai ax ay . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 12 . 14 . 15 . 1 . 4 . 4a . 16 d e . 17 . 18 . 20 . 21 . 22 Proposed P1363 P1619 P1699 P1823 P1906. 1 Superseded 754 - 1985 830 1219 1233 1362 1364 1471 See also IEEE Standards Association Category : IEEE standards Spread spectrum in digital communications Main articles Spread spectrum Code - division multiple access ( CDMA ) History Hedy Lamarr Commercial use More ... Spread spectrum methods Direct - sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS ) Frequency - hopping spread spectrum ( FHSS ) Chirp spread spectrum ( CSS ) Time - hopping spread spectrum ( THSS ) CDMA schemes W - CDMA TD - CDMA TD - SCDMA DS - CDMA FH - CDMA MC - CDMA Major implementations Space Network ( NASA ) GPS Galileo GLONASS Bluetooth Cordless phones : DECT Cellular EV - DO Mobile IS - 95 ( aka cdmaOne ) CDMA2000 ( aka IS - 2000 ) Also Qualcomm Verizon Major concepts PN ( pseudorandom noise ) code Chip Near -- far problem Power spectral density ( PSD ) Process gain Rake receiver Low probability of intercept See also Digital communication Modulation Statistical multiplexing Waveform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11&oldid=807036881 '' Categories : Channel access methods IEEE 802.11 Computer - related introductions in 1997 Wireless networking standards Local area networks Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 04 . 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Question: what is the maximum data rate for the 802.11a standard select one