Hit the Road Jack - wikipedia Hit the Road Jack Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the single by Ray Charles . For the album by Big Youth , see Hit the Road Jack ( album ) . For the television series , see Hit the Road Jack ( TV series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Hit the Road Jack '' Single by Ray Charles from the album Ray Charles Greatest Hits B - side `` The Danger Zone '' Released 1961 Format 7 '' single , 45rpm Genre R&B Length 1 : 57 Label ABC - Paramount Songwriter ( s ) Percy Mayfield Ray Charles singles chronology `` Ruby '' ( 1960 ) `` Hit the Road Jack '' ( 1961 ) `` I 'm Gonna Move to the Outskirts of Town '' ( 1961 ) `` Ruby '' ( 1960 ) `` Hit the Road Jack '' ( 1961 ) `` I 'm Gonna Move to the Outskirts of Town '' ( 1961 ) `` Hit the Road Jack '' is a song written by the rhythm and blues artist Percy Mayfield and first recorded in 1960 as an a cappella demo sent to Art Rupe . It became famous after it was recorded by the singer - songwriter - pianist Ray Charles with The Raelettes vocalist Margie Hendrix . Charles 's recording hit number one for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , beginning on Monday , October 9 , 1961 . `` Hit the Road Jack '' won a Grammy award for Best Rhythm and Blues Recording . The song was number one on the R&B Sides chart for five weeks , thereby becoming Charles 's sixth number - one on that chart . The song is ranked number 387 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 1.1 The Stampeders 1.2 Other versions 2 References in popular culture and usage in media 3 Charts 4 References 5 External links Cover versions ( edit ) The Stampeders ( edit ) In 1976 , Canadian band The Stampeders released a version of the song featuring DJ Wolfman Jack . The song was a hit , reaching number 6 in Canada and the top 40 in the US . Other versions ( edit ) Rough Copy sang `` Hit the Road Jack '' on the fifth live show of the tenth series of The X Factor . In 2013 , Pentatonix sang `` Hit the Road Jack '' on PTX , Vol. II and PTX , Vols. 1 & 2 . Nika Terenteva from The Voice Kids Russia covered the song in 2014 . Jazz Fusion artist Peter White recorded an acoustic guitar cover on his 2006 album Playin ' Favorites . References in popular culture and usage in media ( edit ) The Buffalo Bill episode `` Hit the Road , Newdell '' includes a dream sequence where Dabney Coleman 's character lipsyncs the Ray Charles version of the song . This musical sequence was deleted from the DVD release because producers were unable to secure rights to include the song . In the Two and a Half Men episode `` A Bottle of Wine and a Jackhammer '' , Charlie plays the piece in delight on his piano as Alan moves out of his house . The sitcom Unhappily Ever After used the song as its theme . The song is featured in Kenneth Anger 's 1964 short film Scorpio Rising . Ray Charles ' version is played over the PA during Chicago Bulls games when an opponent fouls out of the game . A version is played over the PA in Chicago Cubs games when an opposing pitcher is ' chased ' ( pulled ) from the game . The song is featured in the 1980 film Cheech and Chong 's Next Movie after the main characters are kicked out of the welfare office . The song , performed by the characters appeared in the 1981 Arthur Penn film Four Friends It plays during the closing credits of 1989 film The Dream Team . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , Kentucky Fried Chicken released a series of TV advertisements that used a rerecorded version of the song , re-titled `` Cross the Road Jack '' ; additionally , the line `` and do n't you come back no more '' was also changed to `` Kentucky Fried Chicken 's got more '' . The song is featured in the 1995 film Man of the House , which features Chevy Chase as a character named Jack . The song is referenced in the hook of British singer Conor Maynard 's single `` RU Crazy '' . In the movie The Fisher King , radio DJ Jack Lucas uses it as the closing theme for his phone in show . EastEnders actor Scott Maslen and professional dancer Natalie Lowe danced a Jive to this song in the 8th series of Strictly Come Dancing in week 7 , scoring 39 points out of 40 from the judges . The song is referenced and sampled on Kid Rock 's 2001 hit `` Forever '' . Since March of 2005 , the song was played on repeat on the website YTMND for banned users when trying to access content on the site . Ray Charles ' version plays over the closing credits of the 2006 film Failure to Launch . In the late 2000s , Pizza brand Delissio used this in one of their advertisements . The song is included in the 2015 dance exergame Just Dance 2016 as an in - house cover production under the pseudonym `` Charles Percy '' , presumably from the names of Ray Charles , the singer who popularized the tune , and Percy Mayfield , the song 's composer . In the 2016 film Deadpool it is briefly played while Wade Wilson is in a garbage truck . In the MTV game show Remote Control , audience sang this song when the contestants sprang through the wall after they lost . A recording of the song was sampled by dance artist Throttle on an electronic swing / disco song also entitled `` Hit the Road Jack '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1961 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B Sides ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 90 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2011 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2010 . Record Research , Inc. p. 847 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 188 - 8 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Scott ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Buffalo Bill - The Complete First and Second Seasons '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Anger - Scorpio Rising 1964 / With Interview , YouTube . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2005 ) . Australian Chart Book ( 1940 -- 1969 ) . Turramurra : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 44439 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ray Charles -- Hit the Road Jack '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Accès direct à ces Artistes : Ray Charles '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original ( select `` Ray Charles '' and then click `` Go '' ) on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ray Charles -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Ray Charles -- Hit the Road Jack '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Ray Charles Studio albums Atlantic Ray Charles ( Hallelujah , I Love Her So ) The Great Ray Charles Yes Indeed ! Soul Brothers What 'd I Say The Genius of Ray Charles The Genius Sings the Blues Soul Meeting The Genius After Hours True to Life Love & Peace Ai n't It So Brother Ray Is at It Again ABC The Genius Hits the Road Dedicated to You Ray Charles and Betty Carter Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , Vol. 2 Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul Sweet & Sour Tears Have a Smile with Me Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues Crying Time Ray 's Moods Ray Charles Invites You to Listen A Portrait of Ray I 'm All Yours Baby ! Doing His Thing My Kind of Jazz Love Country Style Volcanic Action of My Soul Jazz Number II A Message From The People Through The Eyes Of Love Crossover Renaissance My Kind of Jazz Part 3 Columbia Wish You Were Here Tonight Do I Ever Cross Your Mind Friendship The Spirit of Christmas From the Pages of My Mind Just Between Us Warner Bros . Would You Believe My World Strong Love Affair Other labels Genius + Soul = Jazz Porgy and Bess Thanks for Bringing Love Around Again Genius Loves Company Posthumous studio creations Genius & Friends Ray Sings , Basie Swings Rare Genius Live albums Ray Charles at Newport Ray Charles in Person Live in Concert Ray Charles Live Notable compilations Do the Twist ! with Ray Charles Ray Charles Greatest Hits A Man and His Soul The Best of Ray Charles Anthology The Birth of Soul Genius and Soul Ray Charles in Concert Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 Singles `` What 'd I Say '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Hit the Road Jack '' `` One Mint Julep '' `` Unchain My Heart '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` You Are My Sunshine '' `` Busted '' `` Take These Chains from My Heart '' `` Crying Time '' Other Billboard Charts # 1 singles `` I Got a Woman '' `` A Fool for You '' `` Mary Ann '' `` Drown in My Own Tears '' `` Together Again '' `` Let 's Go Get Stoned '' `` Seven Spanish Angels '' `` I 'll Be Good to You '' Grammy Awarded Works ( not included above ) `` Let The Good Times Roll '' `` Living for the City '' `` A Song for You '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` Here We Go Again '' See also Discography David `` Fathead '' Newman Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet Hank Crawford The Raelettes Ray ( soundtrack ) Quincy Jones The Blues Brothers Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Tribute to Uncle Ray `` Confession Blues '' Diet Pepsi Book Commons Wikiquote Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hit_the_Road_Jack&oldid=838138868 '' Categories : 1960 songs 1961 singles ABC Records singles Paramount Records singles Songs written by Percy Mayfield Ray Charles songs The Animals songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for France Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 04 : 50 . 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Mandy Moore ( choreographer ) - wikipedia Mandy Moore ( choreographer ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the choreographer . For the singer - songwriter and actress , see Mandy Moore . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mandy Moore Samantha Jo Moore ( 1976 - 03 - 28 ) March 28 , 1976 ( age 41 ) St. Louis , Missouri Occupation Choreographer Samantha Jo `` Mandy '' Moore ( born March 28 , 1976 in St. Louis , Missouri and raised in Breckenridge , Colorado ) is an American choreographer who is well known for her work on Dancing with the Stars and on So You Think You Can Dance , having appeared on seasons 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , and 14 . Moore was nominated for Emmy Awards in 2008 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , and twice in 2017 . She won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography in 2017 for Dancing with the Stars ( `` On Top of the World '' and `` Carol of the Bells '' from Season 23 ) . She has also choreographed duet and group numbers for So You Think You Can Dance United Kingdom , Canada , Ukraine , and the Netherlands . Moore choreographed the 2016 film La La Land . Rehearsals took place at a production office in Atwater Village over the span of three to four months beginning in May 2015 . For the film , Moore emphasized emotion rather than technique . The film received widespread acclaim from critics . Choreography for So You Think You Can Dance ( edit ) Season Week Dancers Style Song Note Sabra Johnson Dominic Sandoval Contemporary `` I 'll Stand by You '' -- The Pretenders Anya Garnis Danny Tidwell Hip - Hop `` Oh Timbaland '' -- Timbaland 5 Sara Von Gillern Pasha Kovalev Jazz `` Body Language '' -- Queen Kourtni Lind Matt Dorame `` Tainted Love '' -- Soft Cell Chelsea Traille Thayne Jasperson `` Untouched '' -- The Veronicas Courtney Galiano Gev Manoukian Contemporary `` Lost '' -- Anouk Jessica King William Wingfield Lyrical Jazz `` Alone '' -- Heart Chelsie Hightower Mark Kanemura Jazz `` Kiss Kiss '' -- Holly Valance ( incorrectly listed as `` Holly Vance '' ) 5 Comfort Fedoke Thayne Jasperson Contemporary `` A Different Corner '' -- George Michael Courtney Galiano Gev Manoukian Jazz `` Standing There '' -- The Creatures 8 Top 6 Contemporary `` The Rose '' -- Bette Midler Result Show 5 Melissa Sandvig Ade Obayomi `` Right Here Waiting '' -- Richard Marx Asuka Kondoh Vitolio Jeune Jazz `` Heartbreaker '' -- Pat Benatar 5 Caitlin Kinney Jason Glover Lyrical Jazz `` Show Me Heaven '' -- Maria McKee 6 Kathryn McCormick Noelle Marsh Billy Bell Victor Smalley Contemporary `` Viva La Vida '' -- Coldplay Ashleigh Di Lello Jakob Karr Jazz `` Relax '' -- Frankie Goes to Hollywood 6 Mollee Gray Russell Ferguson Lyrical Jazz `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- Roxette 7 Lauren Froderman Ade Obayomi Pop - Jazz `` Oh Yeah '' -- Yello Allison Holker AdéChiké Torbert Contemporary `` Listen to Your Heart '' ( Edmee 's Unplugged Vocal Edit ) -- DHT Kent Boyd Allison Holker Jazz `` Heartburn '' -- Alicia Keys Lauren Gottlieb Jose Ruiz Contemporary `` Never Tear Us Apart '' -- INXS Courtney Galiano AdéChiké Torbert Jazz `` Is You Is or Is You Ai n't My Baby '' ( Rae & Christian Remix ) -- Dinah Washington 5 Billy Bell Lauren Froderman `` Boogie Shoes '' -- KC & the Sunshine Band 9 Kent Boyd Lauren Froderman `` Hip to Be Square '' -- Huey Lewis and the News Charlie Bruce ( SYTYCD U.K. winner ) Neil Haskell `` I Surrender '' -- Celine Dion Guest dancers Result Show 8 Ryan Ramirez Ricky Jaime Jazz `` Addicted to Love '' -- Robert Palmer Melanie Moore Marko Germar `` Sing , Sing , Sing ( With a Swing ) '' ( Raf Marchesini Remix ) -- DKS Caitlynn Lawson Mitchell Kelly Contemporary `` To Love You More '' -- Celine Dion 6 Neil Haskell Melanie Moore `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' -- Bonnie Tyler Lauren Froderman Tadd Gadduang Jazz `` Another One Bites the Dust '' -- Queen 9 Lindsay Arnold Cole Horibe Contemporary `` Wild Horses '' -- Charlotte Martin Amelia Lowe Will Thomas Jazz `` You ! '' -- The Creatures featuring Siouxsie Sioux 6 Melanie Moore Cyrus `` Glitch '' Spencer `` Badder Badder Schwing '' -- Freddy Fresh feat . Fatboy Slim Tiffany Maher Ade Obayomi Contemporary `` The Power of Love '' -- Celine Dion 10 6 Malece Miller Alan Bersten Jazz `` Come Dance With Me '' -- Michael Bublé Makenzie Dustman Paul Karmiryan Contemporary `` The Edge of Glory '' ( Live from A Very Gaga Thanksgiving ) -- Lady Gaga 7 Fik - shun Melanie Moore Jazz `` Feeling Good '' -- Jennifer Hudson Jenna Johnson Neil Haskell Contemporary `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' -- Mark Masri 11 Top 16 Jazz `` Take Me to the River '' -- Annie Lenox Carly Blaney Serge Onik Contemporary `` Foolish Games '' -- Jewel Tanisha Belnap Rudy Abreu `` Seduces Me '' -- Celine Dion Top 7 Girls `` My Immortal '' -- Evanescence 5 Ricky Ubeda Lauren Froderman Rockabilly Jazz `` Bossa Nova Baby '' ( Viva Remix ) -- Elvis Presley 6 Jessica Richens Will Wingfield Contemporary `` Earth Song '' -- Michael Jackson 12 7 Gaby Diaz Robert Roldan Contemporary `` Angel '' -- Sarah McLachlan 8 Group Dance Contemporary `` Everybody Hurts '' -- Jasmine Thompson 10 Gaby Diaz Robert Roldan Contemporary `` Angel '' -- Sarah McLachlan Season Finale / Finalists ' picks 13 J.T. Church Robert Roldan Contemporary `` Stand in the Light '' -- Jordan Smith All - Stars Contemporary `` Unsteady ( Erich Lee Gravity Remix ) '' -- X Ambassadors J.T. Church Robert Roldan Jazz `` Friend Like Me '' -- from Aladdin ( Ne - Yo cover ) Ruby Castro Leon `` Kida '' Burns Contemporary `` Over the Rainbow '' -- from The Wizard of Oz ( Shawn McDonald cover ) 5 Tate McRae Kathryn McCormick Contemporary `` Rise Up '' -- Andra Day All - Star Women Contemporary `` This Is Not the End '' -- Clare Maguire 8 Top 10 and Maddie Contemporary `` Small '' -- Lamb J.T. Church Robert Roldan Contemporary `` Stand in the Light '' -- Jordan Smith Season Finale / Robert 's pick 14 Academy Week # 1 Academy Contestants Various `` Brand New '' - Atwater Men 's Club Feat . Luke Wade All - Stars Contemporary `` Knocking On Heavens Door '' -- RAIGN Top 10 and All - Stars Disco `` You Should Be Dancing '' -- Bee Gees Co-choreographed with Val Chmerkovskiy Kiki Nyemchek Jenna Johnson Contemporary `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- George Michael Koine Iwasaki Marko Germar Jazz `` HandClap '' -- Fitz and The Tantrums Lex Ishimoto Gaby Diaz Contemporary `` Work Song '' -- Luke Wade 5 Taylor Sieve Robert Roldan Contemporary `` To Make You Feel My Love '' - Mick McAuley & Winifred Horan 7 Kiki Nyemchek Jenna Johnson Contemporary `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Jeffrey Gaines Kiki 's pick Koine Iwasaki Taylor Sieve Jazz `` Black & Gold '' -- Brenna Whitaker 8 Top 10 and All - Stars Jazz `` Dancing on the Ceiling '' - Nick Wells Macy 's performance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mandy Moore Television Academy '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mandy Jo Moore Television Academy '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globes 2017 updates : What ' La La Land 's ' sweep means for the Oscar race ; Meryl Streep 's big speech and other memorable moments '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Reegan , Rebecca ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` With ' La La Land , ' Emma Stone and director Damien Chazelle aim to show that original musicals are n't all tapped out '' . Los Angeles Times . So You Think You Can Dance Arabia Armenia Australia Benelux Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece India Israel Lithuania Malaysia New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Scandinavia South Africa Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Jim Moore , George Pinney , and Jon Vanderkolff / Doug Jack , Sarah Kawahara and Kenny Ortega ( 2001 ) Debra Brown ( 2002 ) Sandra Bezic , A.C. Ciulla , Christopher Dean , Jamie Isley , and Michael Seibert ( 2003 ) Jason Samuels Smith ( 2004 ) Christopher Dean ( 2005 ) Charles Klapow , Kenny Ortega , and Bonnie Story ( 2006 ) Wade Robson / Mia Michaels / Rob Marshall and John Deluca ( 2007 ) Wade Robson ( 2008 ) Rob Ashford / Tyce Diorio ( 2009 ) Mia Michaels ( 2010 ) Mia Michaels / Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo ( 2011 ) Joshua Bergasse ( 2012 ) Derek Hough ( 2013 ) Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo ( 2014 ) Derek Hough , Julianne Hough , and Tessandra Chavez / Travis Wall ( 2015 ) Quest Crew / Kathryn Burns ( 2016 ) Mandy Moore / Travis Wall ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1950 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandy_Moore_(choreographer)&oldid=814778942 '' Categories : American choreographers Living people Artists from St. Louis So You Think You Can Dance choreographers 1976 births Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from August 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 22 : 06 . 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Question: who does the choreography for dancing with the stars


List of presidents of Zambia - wikipedia List of presidents of Zambia Jump to : navigation , search President of the Republic of Zambia Presidential Flag Incumbent Edgar Lungu since 25 January 2015 Term length 5 years , renewable once Inaugural holder Kenneth Kaunda Formation 24 October 1964 Deputy Vice-President of Zambia Zambia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Zambia Constitution ( show ) Human rights Government ( show ) President Edgar Lungu Vice-President Inonge Wina Cabinet Legislature ( show ) National Assembly Speaker : Patrick Matibini Constituencies Elections ( show ) General 1964 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Referendums 1969 2016 Political parties Administrative divisions ( show ) Provinces Districts Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Zambia to Zambia Passport Visa requirements National symbols ( show ) Flag Anthem Other countries Atlas The President of Zambia is the head of state and the head of government of Zambia . The office was first held by Kenneth Kaunda following independence in 1964 . Since 1991 , when Kaunda left the Presidency , the office has been held by five others : Frederick Chiluba , Levy Mwanawasa , Rupiah Banda , Michael Sata , and current President Edgar Lungu . In addition , Acting President Guy Scott served in an interim capacity after the death of President Michael Sata . Since 31 August 1991 the President is also the head of government , as the position of Prime Minister was abolished in the last months of Kaunda 's presidential term . The President is elected for a term of five years . Since 1991 , the officeholder has been restricted to two consecutive terms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Presidents of Zambia ( 1964 -- present ) 3 Footnotes 4 Latest election 5 Rank by time in office 6 Living former Presidents 7 See also 8 External links Key ( edit ) Political parties United National Independence Party ( UNIP ) Movement for Multi-Party Democracy ( MMD ) Patriotic Front ( PF ) Symbols Elected unopposed Died in office Presidents of Zambia ( 1964 -- present ) ( edit ) No . Picture Name ( Birth -- Death ) Elected Took office Left office Political Party Kenneth Kaunda ( 1924 -- ) 1968 1973 1978 1988 24 October 1964 2 November 1991 UNIP Frederick Chiluba ( 1943 -- 2011 ) 1991 2 November 1991 2 January 2002 MMD Levy Mwanawasa ( 1948 -- 2008 ) 2001 2006 2 January 2002 19 August 2008 MMD -- Rupiah Banda ( 1937 -- ) Acting President -- 29 June 2008 2 November 2008 MMD Rupiah Banda ( 1937 -- ) 2008 2 November 2008 23 September 2011 5 Michael Sata ( 1937 -- 2014 ) 2011 23 September 2011 28 October 2014 PF -- Guy Scott ( 1944 -- ) Acting President -- 28 October 2014 25 January 2015 PF 6 Edgar Lungu ( 1956 -- ) 2015 2016 25 January 2015 Incumbent PF Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Acting for Mwanawasa to 19 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Acting after Sata died in office . Latest election ( edit ) Main article : Zambian general election , 2016 Rank by time in office ( edit ) Rank President Time in office Kenneth Kaunda 7003987000000000000 ♠ 27 years , 9 days Frederick Chiluba 7003371400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 61 days Levy Mwanawasa 7003242100000000000 ♠ 6 years , 230 days Rupiah Banda 7003105500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 325 days 7003118100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 86 days -- Rupiah Banda 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 days ( Acting ) 5 Michael Sata 7003113100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 35 days 6 Edgar Lungu 7003107900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 348 days -- Guy Scott 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 days ( Acting ) Living former Presidents ( edit ) There are two living former Zambian Presidents and one living former acting president : Kenneth Kaunda ( 1964 - 1991 ) ( 1924 - 04 - 28 ) April 28 , 1924 ( age 93 ) Rupiah Banda ( 2008 -- 2011 ) ( 1937 - 02 - 13 ) February 13 , 1937 ( age 80 ) Guy Scott ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( 1944 - 06 - 01 ) June 1 , 1944 ( age 73 ) See also ( edit ) First Lady of Zambia Governor of Northern Rhodesia Prime Minister of Zambia Lists of office - holders List of current heads of state and government External links ( edit ) World Statesmen - Zambia Zambia articles History History of Zambia Company rule ( Rhodesia ) Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Monuments and historic sites Northern Rhodesia Geography Cities and towns Climate Districts Ecoregions National parks Provinces Wildlife Politics Defence Force Elections parliamentary constituencies Foreign relations Judiciary LGBT history National Assembly Political parties Presidents Prime Minister Vice Presidents Economy Central bank Companies Kwacha ( currency ) Stock Exchange Telecommunications Transport airports Society Anthem Coat of arms Culture Demographics Education Films Flag Languages List of Zambians Media Newspapers Music Religion Outline Index Book Portal Presidents of Zambia Kenneth Kaunda Frederick Chiluba Levy Mwanawasa Rupiah Banda Michael Sata Guy Scott * Edgar Lungu * denotes interim presidents Years in Zambia ( 1964 -- present ) Pre-1964 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 2001 2017 2018 2019 Heads of state and government of Africa Heads of state UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Heads of government UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Defunct states and governments Belgian Congo Governor - General Burundi King Prime Minister Ethiopia Emperor ( list ) Malawi Prime Minister Kenya Prime Minister Rwanda King Rhodesia President Prime Minister Southern Rhodesia Governor South Africa Governor - General State President Prime Minister Sudan Governor - General Zanzibar Sultan Prime Minister Zambia Prime Minister Zimbabwe Prime Minister Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_Zambia&oldid=811925542 '' Categories : Lists of national presidents Lists of political office - holders in Zambia Presidents of Zambia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 20 : 51 . 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Christmas kettle - wikipedia Christmas kettle Jump to : navigation , search A Christmas kettle in Sweden Part of a series on The Salvation Army Background Christianity Protestantism Pietism Arminianism Methodism Holiness Movement Evangelicalism Organization General Chief of the Staff High Council Commissioners Officer Soldier Corps Prominent Salvationists William Booth Catherine Booth Bramwell Booth Florence Booth Evangeline Booth Ballington Booth Catherine Bramwell - Booth Frederick Booth - Tucker Arthur Booth - Clibborn Elijah Cadman John Lawley George Scott Railton T. Henry Howard Charles Jeffries Theodore Kitching Darkie Hutton William Ridsdel Ray Steadman - Allen Eva Burrows Other topics Brass Bands Promoted to Glory Order of the Founder Limelight Department Christmas Kettle The War Cry Articles of War Reliance Bank Related organisations American Rescue Workers Volunteers of America Skeleton Army The Blind Beggar Christianity portal An American Gold Eagle . The Christmas Kettle ( also referred to as the Red Kettle due to its color ) is The Salvation Army 's most famous street campaign . It is most recognized during the Christmas season through its volunteers who stand outside of businesses and play or sing Christmas carols , or ring bells to inspire passersby to place donations of cash and checks inside the trademark red kettles . History ( edit ) A tradition on the `` kettle '' started in 1891 , in San Francisco , by Salvation Army officer Captain Joseph McFee . Captain McFee , resolving to provide a free Christmas dinner to the poor of San Francisco , remembered a sight he saw in Liverpool , England . From his days as a sailor McFee remembered a large pot displayed on the Stage Landing , called `` Simpson 's Pot . '' The pot took in donations put in by passersby . Taking this idea , McFee asked for permission from San Francisco city authorities to place a crab pot and tripod at the Oakland ferry landing . The kettle - and McFee 's call of `` Keep the Pot Boiling ! '' - drew in passengers and donations . The idea spread , and is in use by many Salvation Army charities worldwide . Innovations from the crab pot have included self ringing kettles , booths that play Christmas music , and Credit Card capabilities . Since 1997 , the Christmas kettle campaign is traditionally kicked off during the halftime of the Dallas Cowboys Thanksgiving Day football game . An oversized kettle sits just outside the playing field , which has on at least two occasions been featured after touchdown celebrations : Terrell Owens ( on the Thanksgiving Day 2006 ( November 23 ) game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , after catching a pass for a touchdown , dropped the ball into the kettle , donating the ball to the Salvation Army ) , and Ezekiel Elliott ( on December 18 , 2016 , also against Tampa Bay , after scoring a rushing touchdown jumped into the kettle ) . Anonymous donations ( edit ) A tradition has developed in the United States where , in some places , gold coins are anonymously inserted into the kettles in which the bell ringers collect donations . The tradition appears to have started in the Midwest when the first known drop of a gold coin was put into a kettle in Crystal Lake , Illinois in 1982 . Since this drop , many others have taken to dropping not only gold coins , but also other bullion and rare coins , gold medals , jewelry , and large checks . The anonymous donations have included : Various bullion and rare coins : American Gold Eagle Krugerrand United States Quarter Eagle United States Double Eagle Counterfeit 1804 dollar Jewelry 1⁄3 - carat diamond ring Five gold rings ( invoking the song The Twelve Days of Christmas ) Checks for $14,845.00 and for $500,000.00 Gold teeth Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Salvation Army Spokane ( Copyright date 2007 ) . `` Red Kettles '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Oren Dorell ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Gold coins from secret Santas bring cheer to Christmas bell ringers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Journal staff ( December 19 , 2007 ) . `` Salvation Army gets 10 gold coins '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Journal staff ( December 16 , 2005 ) . `` Gold coin donated again '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Andrea J. Cook ( December 21 , 2006 ) . `` Red kettle gold converted to green '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bill Sheets ( November 28 , 2007 ) . `` Mysterious gold coin dropped in Salvation Army kettle '' . The Daily Herald . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mary Stegmeir ( December 20 , 2007 ) . `` Salvation Army kettle yields double eagle gold coin '' . WCF Courier . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` $500 K check dropped into Salvation Army kettle in Minnesota '' . www.cbsnews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( December 18 , 2005 ) . `` Gold teeth donated to Salvation Army kettle '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Kettle&oldid=797244078 '' Categories : The Salvation Army Christmas traditions Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 20 : 19 . About Wikipedia

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Communications satellite - wikipedia Communications satellite Jump to : navigation , search An Advanced Extremely High Frequency communications satellite relays secure communications for the United States and other allied countries . A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder ; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth . Communications satellites are used for television , telephone , radio , internet , and military applications . There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth 's orbit , used by both private and government organizations . Wireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals . These waves require line - of - sight , and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth . The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points . Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies . To avoid signal interference , international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or `` bands '' certain organizations are allowed to use . This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Satellite orbits 2.1 Low Earth Orbiting ( LEO ) satellites 2.2 Satellite constellation 2.3 Medium Earth Orbit ( MEO ) 2.3. 1 Example 2.4 Geostationary orbits ( GEO ) 2.4. 1 Examples 2.5 Molniya satellites 2.6 Polar Orbit 3 Structure 4 Frequency Allocation for satellite systems 5 Applications 5.1 Telephone 5.2 Television 5.3 Radio broadcasting 5.4 Amateur radio 5.5 Internet access 5.6 Military 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The concept of the geostationary communications satellite was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke , along with Vahid K. Sanadi building on work by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky . In October 1945 Clarke published an article titled `` Extraterrestrial Relays '' in the British magazine Wireless World . The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment of artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of relaying radio signals . Thus , Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as being the inventor of the communications satellite and the term ' Clarke Belt ' employed as a description of the orbit . Decades later a project named Communication Moon Relay was a telecommunication project carried out by the United States Navy . Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of wireless communication by using the Moon as a passive reflector and natural communications satellite . The first artificial Earth satellite was Sputnik 1 . Put into orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4 , 1957 , it was equipped with an on - board radio - transmitter that worked on two frequencies : 20.005 and 40.002 MHz . Sputnik 1 was launched as a step in the exploration of space and rocket development . While incredibly important it was not placed in orbit for the purpose of sending data from one point on earth to another . And it was the first artificial satellite in the steps leading to today 's satellite communications . The first artificial satellite used solely to further advances in global communications was a balloon named Echo 1 . Echo 1 was the world 's first artificial communications satellite capable of relaying signals to other points on Earth . It soared 1,600 kilometres ( 1,000 mi ) above the planet after its Aug. 12 , 1960 launch , yet relied on humanity 's oldest flight technology -- ballooning . Launched by NASA , Echo 1 was a 30 - metre ( 100 ft ) aluminized PET film balloon that served as a passive reflector for radio communications . The world 's first inflatable satellite -- or `` satelloon '' , as they were informally known -- helped lay the foundation of today 's satellite communications . The idea behind a communications satellite is simple : Send data up into space and beam it back down to another spot on the globe . Echo 1 accomplished this by essentially serving as an enormous mirror , 10 stories tall , that could be used to reflect communications signals . The first American satellite to relay communications was Project SCORE in 1958 , which used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages . It was used to send a Christmas greeting to the world from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. ; Courier 1B , built by Philco , launched in 1960 , was the world 's first active repeater satellite . There are two major classes of communications satellites , passive and active . Passive satellites only reflect the signal coming from the source , toward the direction of the receiver . With passive satellites , the reflected signal is not amplified at the satellite , and only a very small amount of the transmitted energy actually reaches the receiver . Since the satellite is so far above Earth , the radio signal is attenuated due to free - space path loss , so the signal received on Earth is very , very weak . Active satellites , on the other hand , amplify the received signal before retransmitting it to the receiver on the ground . Passive satellites were the first communications satellites , but are little used now . Telstar was the second active , direct relay communications satellite . Belonging to AT&T as part of a multi-national agreement between AT&T , Bell Telephone Laboratories , NASA , the British General Post Office , and the French National PTT ( Post Office ) to develop satellite communications , it was launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral on July 10 , 1962 , in the first privately sponsored space launch . Relay 1 was launched on December 13 , 1962 , and it became the first satellite to transmit across the Pacific Ocean on November 22 , 1963 . An immediate antecedent of the geostationary satellites was the Hughes Aircraft Company 's Syncom 2 , launched on July 26 , 1963 . Syncom 2 was the first communications satellite in a geosynchronous orbit . It revolved around the earth once per day at constant speed , but because it still had north - south motion , special equipment was needed to track it . Its successor , Syncom 3 was the first geostationary communications satellite . Syncom 3 obtained a geosynchronous orbit , without a north - south motion , making it appear from the ground as a stationary object in the sky . Beginning with the Mars Exploration Rovers , landers on the surface of Mars have used orbiting spacecraft as communications satellites for relaying their data to Earth . The landers use UHF transmitters to send their data to the orbiters , which then relay the data to Earth using either X band or Ka band frequencies . These higher frequencies , along with more powerful transmitters and larger antennas , permit the orbiters to send the data much faster than the landers could manage transmitting directly to Earth , which conserves valuable time on the NASA Deep Space Network . Satellite orbits ( edit ) Communications satellites usually have one of three primary types of orbit , while other orbital classifications are used to further specify orbital details . Geostationary satellites have a geostationary orbit ( GEO ) , which is 36,000 kilometres ( 22,000 mi ) from Earth 's surface . This orbit has the special characteristic that the apparent position of the satellite in the sky when viewed by a ground observer does not change , the satellite appears to `` stand still '' in the sky . This is because the satellite 's orbital period is the same as the rotation rate of the Earth . The advantage of this orbit is that ground antennas do not have to track the satellite across the sky , they can be fixed to point at the location in the sky the satellite appears . Medium Earth orbit ( MEO ) satellites are closer to Earth . Orbital altitudes range from 2,000 to 36,000 kilometres ( 1,200 to 22,400 mi ) above Earth . The region below medium orbits is referred to as low Earth orbit ( LEO ) , and is about 160 to 2,000 kilometres ( 99 to 1,243 mi ) above Earth . As satellites in MEO and LEO orbit the Earth faster , they do not remain visible in the sky to a fixed point on Earth continually like a geostationary satellite , but appear to a ground observer to cross the sky and `` set '' when they go behind the Earth . Therefore , to provide continuous communications capability with these lower orbits requires a larger number of satellites , so one will always be in the sky for transmission of communication signals . However , due to their relatively small distance to the Earth their signals are stronger . Low Earth orbiting ( LEO ) satellites ( edit ) Main article : Low Earth orbit Low Earth orbit in Cyan A low Earth orbit ( LEO ) typically is a circular orbit about 160 to 2,000 kilometres ( 99 to 1,243 mi ) above the earth 's surface and , correspondingly , a period ( time to revolve around the earth ) of about 90 minutes . Because of their low altitude , these satellites are only visible from within a radius of roughly 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) from the sub-satellite point . In addition , satellites in low earth orbit change their position relative to the ground position quickly . So even for local applications , a large number of satellites are needed if the mission requires uninterrupted connectivity . Low - Earth - orbiting satellites are less expensive to launch into orbit than geostationary satellites and , due to proximity to the ground , do not require as high signal strength ( Recall that signal strength falls off as the square of the distance from the source , so the effect is dramatic ) . Thus there is a trade off between the number of satellites and their cost . In addition , there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions . Satellite constellation ( edit ) Main article : Satellite constellation A group of satellites working in concert is known as a satellite constellation . Two such constellations , intended to provide satellite phone services , primarily to remote areas , are the Iridium and Globalstar systems . The Iridium system has 66 satellites . It is also possible to offer discontinuous coverage using a low - Earth - orbit satellite capable of storing data received while passing over one part of Earth and transmitting it later while passing over another part . This will be the case with the CASCADE system of Canada 's CASSIOPE communications satellite . Another system using this store and forward method is Orbcomm . Medium Earth orbit ( MEO ) ( edit ) A MEO is a satellite in orbit somewhere between 2,000 and 35,786 kilometres ( 1,243 and 22,236 mi ) above the earth 's surface . MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality . MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites , usually between 2 and 8 hours . MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites . A MEO satellite 's longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network . One disadvantage is that a MEO satellite 's distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal than a LEO satellite , although these limitations are not as severe as those of a GEO satellite . Like LEOs , these satellites do n't maintain a stationary distance from the earth . This is in contrast to the geostationary orbit , where satellites are always approximately 35,786 kilometres ( 22,236 mi ) from the earth . Typically the orbit of a medium earth orbit satellite is about 16,000 kilometres ( 10,000 mi ) above earth . In various patterns , these satellites make the trip around earth in anywhere from 2 Example ( edit ) In 1962 , the first communications satellite , Telstar , was launched . It was a medium earth orbit satellite designed to help facilitate high - speed telephone signals . Although it was the first practical way to transmit signals over the horizon , its major drawback was soon realized . Because its orbital period of about 2.5 hours did not match the Earth 's rotational period of 24 hours , continuous coverage was impossible . It was apparent that multiple MEOs needed to be used in order to provide continuous coverage . Geostationary orbits ( GEO ) ( edit ) Main article : Geostationary orbit Geostationary orbit To an observer on the earth , a satellite in a geostationary orbit appears motionless , in a fixed position in the sky . This is because it revolves around the earth at the earth 's own angular velocity ( 360 degrees every 24 hours , in an equatorial orbit ) . A geostationary orbit is useful for communications because ground antennas can be aimed at the satellite without their having to track the satellite 's motion . This is relatively inexpensive . In applications that require a large number of ground antennas , such as DirecTV distribution , the savings in ground equipment can more than outweigh the cost and complexity of placing a satellite into orbit . Examples ( edit ) The first geostationary satellite was Syncom 3 , launched on August 19 , 1964 , and used for communication across the Pacific starting with television coverage of the 1964 Summer Olympics . Shortly after Syncom 3 , Intelsat I , aka Early Bird , was launched on April 6 , 1965 and placed in orbit at 28 ° west longitude . It was the first geostationary satellite for telecommunications over the Atlantic Ocean . On November 9 , 1972 , Canada 's first geostationary satellite serving the continent , Anik A1 , was launched by Telesat Canada , with the United States following suit with the launch of Westar 1 by Western Union on April 13 , 1974 . On May 30 , 1974 , the first geostationary communications satellite in the world to be three - axis stabilized was launched : the experimental satellite ATS - 6 built for NASA . After the launches of the Telstar through Westar 1 satellites , RCA Americom ( later GE Americom , now SES ) launched Satcom 1 in 1975 . It was Satcom 1 that was instrumental in helping early cable TV channels such as WTBS ( now TBS ) , HBO , CBN ( now Freeform ) and The Weather Channel become successful , because these channels distributed their programming to all of the local cable TV headends using the satellite . Additionally , it was the first satellite used by broadcast television networks in the United States , like ABC , NBC , and CBS , to distribute programming to their local affiliate stations . Satcom 1 was widely used because it had twice the communications capacity of the competing Westar 1 in America ( 24 transponders as opposed to the 12 of Westar 1 ) , resulting in lower transponder - usage costs . Satellites in later decades tended to have even higher transponder numbers . By 2000 , Hughes Space and Communications ( now Boeing Satellite Development Center ) had built nearly 40 percent of the more than one hundred satellites in service worldwide . Other major satellite manufacturers include Space Systems / Loral , Orbital Sciences Corporation with the Star Bus series , Indian Space Research Organisation , Lockheed Martin ( owns the former RCA Astro Electronics / GE Astro Space business ) , Northrop Grumman , Alcatel Space , now Thales Alenia Space , with the Spacebus series , and Astrium . Molniya satellites ( edit ) Main article : Molniya orbit Geostationary satellites must operate above the equator and therefore appear lower on the horizon as the receiver gets the farther from the equator . This will cause problems for extreme northerly latitudes , affecting connectivity and causing multipath interference ( caused by signals reflecting off the ground and into the ground antenna ) . Thus , for areas close to the North ( and South ) Pole , a geostationary satellite may appear below the horizon . Therefore , Molniya orbit satellites have been launched , mainly in Russia , to alleviate this problem . Molniya orbits can be an appealing alternative in such cases . The Molniya orbit is highly inclined , guaranteeing good elevation over selected positions during the northern portion of the orbit . ( Elevation is the extent of the satellite 's position above the horizon . Thus , a satellite at the horizon has zero elevation and a satellite directly overhead has elevation of 90 degrees . ) The Molniya orbit is designed so that the satellite spends the great majority of its time over the far northern latitudes , during which its ground footprint moves only slightly . Its period is one half day , so that the satellite is available for operation over the targeted region for six to nine hours every second revolution . In this way a constellation of three Molniya satellites ( plus in - orbit spares ) can provide uninterrupted coverage . The first satellite of the Molniya series was launched on April 23 , 1965 and was used for experimental transmission of TV signals from a Moscow uplink station to downlink stations located in Siberia and the Russian Far East , in Norilsk , Khabarovsk , Magadan and Vladivostok . In November 1967 Soviet engineers created a unique system of national TV network of satellite television , called Orbita , that was based on Molniya satellites . Polar orbit ( edit ) Main article : Polar orbit In the United States , the National Polar - orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System ( NPOESS ) was established in 1994 to consolidate the polar satellite operations of NASA ( National Aeronautics and Space Administration ) NOAA ( National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ) . NPOESS manages a number of satellites for various purposes ; for example , METSAT for meteorological satellite , EUMETSAT for the European branch of the program , and METOP for meteorological operations . These orbits are sun synchronous , meaning that they cross the equator at the same local time each day . For example , the satellites in the NPOESS ( civilian ) orbit will cross the equator , going from south to north , at times 1 : 30 P.M. , 5 : 30 P.M. , and 9 : 30 P.M. Structure ( edit ) Communications Satellites are usually composed of the following subsystems : Communication Payload , normally composed of transponders , antennas , and switching systems Engines used to bring the satellite to its desired orbit Station Keeping Tracking and stabilization subsystem used to keep the satellite in the right orbit , with its antennas pointed in the right direction , and its power system pointed towards the sun Power subsystem , used to power the Satellite systems , normally composed of solar cells , and batteries that maintain power during solar eclipse Command and Control subsystem , which maintains communications with ground control stations . The ground control Earth stations monitor the satellite performance and control its functionality during various phases of its life - cycle . The bandwidth available from a satellite depends upon the number of transponders provided by the satellite . Each service ( TV , Voice , Internet , radio ) requires a different amount of bandwidth for transmission . This is typically known as link budgeting and a network simulator can be used to arrive at the exact value . Frequency allocation for satellite systems ( edit ) Allocating frequencies to satellite services is a complicated process which requires international coordination and planning . This is carried out under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . To facilitate frequency planning , the world is divided into three regions : Region 1 : Europe , Africa , what was formerly the Soviet Union , and Mongolia Region 2 : North and South America and Greenland Region 3 : Asia ( excluding region 1 areas ) , Australia , and the southwest Pacific Within these regions , frequency bands are allocated to various satellite services , although a given service may be allocated different frequency bands in different regions . Some of the services provided by satellites are : Fixed satellite service ( FSS ) Broadcasting satellite service ( BSS ) Mobile - satellite service Radionavigation - satellite service Meteorological - satellite service Applications ( edit ) Telephone ( edit ) Main article : Satellite phone An Iridium satellite The first and historically most important application for communication satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony . The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line telephones to an earth station , where they are then transmitted to a geostationary satellite . The downlink follows an analogous path . Improvements in submarine communications cables through the use of fiber - optics caused some decline in the use of satellites for fixed telephony in the late 20th century . Satellite communications are still used in many applications today . Remote islands such as Ascension Island , Saint Helena , Diego Garcia , and Easter Island , where no submarine cables are in service , need satellite telephones . There are also regions of some continents and countries where landline telecommunications are rare to nonexistent , for example large regions of South America , Africa , Canada , China , Russia , and Australia . Satellite communications also provide connection to the edges of Antarctica and Greenland . Other land use for satellite phones are rigs at sea , a back up for hospitals , military , and recreation . Ships at sea , as well as planes , often use satellite phones . Satellite phone systems can be accomplished by a number of means . On a large scale , often there will be a local telephone system in an isolated area with a link to the telephone system in a main land area . There are also services that will patch a radio signal to a telephone system . In this example , almost any type of satellite can be used . Satellite phones connect directly to a constellation of either geostationary or low - Earth - orbit satellites . Calls are then forwarded to a satellite teleport connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network . Television ( edit ) Main article : Satellite television As television became the main market , its demand for simultaneous delivery of relatively few signals of large bandwidth to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous comsats . Two satellite types are used for North American television and radio : Direct broadcast satellite ( DBS ) , and Fixed Service Satellite ( FSS ) . The definitions of FSS and DBS satellites outside of North America , especially in Europe , are a bit more ambiguous . Most satellites used for direct - to - home television in Europe have the same high power output as DBS - class satellites in North America , but use the same linear polarization as FSS - class satellites . Examples of these are the Astra , Eutelsat , and Hotbird spacecraft in orbit over the European continent . Because of this , the terms FSS and DBS are more so used throughout the North American continent , and are uncommon in Europe . Fixed Service Satellites use the C band , and the lower portions of the K band . They are normally used for broadcast feeds to and from television networks and local affiliate stations ( such as program feeds for network and syndicated programming , live shots , and backhauls ) , as well as being used for distance learning by schools and universities , business television ( BTV ) , Videoconferencing , and general commercial telecommunications . FSS satellites are also used to distribute national cable channels to cable television headends . Free - to - air satellite TV channels are also usually distributed on FSS satellites in the K band . The Intelsat Americas 5 , Galaxy 10R and AMC 3 satellites over North America provide a quite large amount of FTA channels on their K band transponders . The American Dish Network DBS service has also recently utilized FSS technology as well for their programming packages requiring their SuperDish antenna , due to Dish Network needing more capacity to carry local television stations per the FCC 's `` must - carry '' regulations , and for more bandwidth to carry HDTV channels . A direct broadcast satellite is a communications satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes ( usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in diameter ) . Direct broadcast satellites generally operate in the upper portion of the microwave K band . DBS technology is used for DTH - oriented ( Direct - To - Home ) satellite TV services , such as DirecTV and DISH Network in the United States , Bell TV and Shaw Direct in Canada , Freesat and Sky in the UK , Ireland , and New Zealand and DSTV in South Africa . Operating at lower frequency and lower power than DBS , FSS satellites require a much larger dish for reception ( 3 to 8 feet ( 1 to 2.5 m ) in diameter for K band , and 12 feet ( 3.6 m ) or larger for C band ) . They use linear polarization for each of the transponders ' RF input and output ( as opposed to circular polarization used by DBS satellites ) , but this is a minor technical difference that users do not notice . FSS satellite technology was also originally used for DTH satellite TV from the late 1970s to the early 1990s in the United States in the form of TVRO ( TeleVision Receive Only ) receivers and dishes . It was also used in its K band form for the now - defunct Primestar satellite TV service . Some satellites have been launched that have transponders in the K band , such as DirecTV 's SPACEWAY - 1 satellite , and Anik F2 . NASA and ISRO have also launched experimental satellites carrying K band beacons recently . Some manufacturers have also introduced special antennas for mobile reception of DBS television . Using Global Positioning System ( GPS ) technology as a reference , these antennas automatically re-aim to the satellite no matter where or how the vehicle ( on which the antenna is mounted ) is situated . These mobile satellite antennas are popular with some recreational vehicle owners . Such mobile DBS antennas are also used by JetBlue Airways for DirecTV ( supplied by LiveTV , a subsidiary of JetBlue ) , which passengers can view on - board on LCD screens mounted in the seats . Radio broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : Satellite radio Satellite radio offers audio broadcast services in some countries , notably the United States . Mobile services allow listeners to roam a continent , listening to the same audio programming anywhere . A satellite radio or subscription radio ( SR ) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite , which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals . Satellite radio offers a meaningful alternative to ground - based radio services in some countries , notably the United States . Mobile services , such as SiriusXM , and Worldspace , allow listeners to roam across an entire continent , listening to the same audio programming anywhere they go . Other services , such as Music Choice or Muzak 's satellite - delivered content , require a fixed - location receiver and a dish antenna . In all cases , the antenna must have a clear view to the satellites . In areas where tall buildings , bridges , or even parking garages obscure the signal , repeaters can be placed to make the signal available to listeners . Initially available for broadcast to stationary TV receivers , by 2004 popular mobile direct broadcast applications made their appearance with the arrival of two satellite radio systems in the United States : Sirius and XM Satellite Radio Holdings . Later they merged to become the conglomerate SiriusXM . Radio services are usually provided by commercial ventures and are subscription - based . The various services are proprietary signals , requiring specialized hardware for decoding and playback . Providers usually carry a variety of news , weather , sports , and music channels , with the music channels generally being commercial - free . In areas with a relatively high population density , it is easier and less expensive to reach the bulk of the population with terrestrial broadcasts . Thus in the UK and some other countries , the contemporary evolution of radio services is focused on Digital Audio Broadcasting ( DAB ) services or HD Radio , rather than satellite radio . Amateur radio ( edit ) Main article : Amateur radio satellite Amateur radio operators have access to amateur satellites , which have been designed specifically to carry amateur radio traffic . Most such satellites operate as spaceborne repeaters , and are generally accessed by amateurs equipped with UHF or VHF radio equipment and highly directional antennas such as Yagis or dish antennas . Due to launch costs , most current amateur satellites are launched into fairly low Earth orbits , and are designed to deal with only a limited number of brief contacts at any given time . Some satellites also provide data - forwarding services using the X. 25 or similar protocols . Internet access ( edit ) Main article : Satellite Internet access After the 1990s , satellite communication technology has been used as a means to connect to the Internet via broadband data connections . This can be very useful for users who are located in remote areas , and can not access a broadband connection , or require high availability of services . Military ( edit ) Communications satellites are used for military communications applications , such as Global Command and Control Systems . Examples of military systems that use communication satellites are the MILSTAR , the DSCS , and the FLTSATCOM of the United States , NATO satellites , United Kingdom satellites ( for instance Skynet ) , and satellites of the former Soviet Union . India has launched its first Military Communication satellite GSAT - 7 , its transponders operate in UHF , F , C and K band bands . Typically military satellites operate in the UHF , SHF ( also known as X-band ) or EHF ( also known as K band ) frequency bands . Further information : X Band Satellite Communication See also ( edit ) Commercialization of space List of communication satellite companies List of communications satellite firsts NewSpace Reconnaissance satellite Satcom On The Move Satellite space segment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Labrador , Virgil ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) . `` satellite communication '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Satellites - Communication Satellites '' . Satellites.spacesim.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Military Satellite Communications Fundamentals The Aerospace Corporation '' . Aerospace . 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Extraterrestrial Relays Jump up ^ `` Arthur C. Clarke , inventor of satellite , visionary in technology , dead at 90 '' . Engadget.com. 2008 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ ECHO 1 space.com Jump up ^ Martin , Donald ; Anderson , Paul ; Bartamian , Lucy ( March 16 , 2007 ) . `` Communications Satellites '' ( 5th ed . ) . AIAA . ISBN 978 - 1884989193 . Jump up ^ `` Significant Achievements in Space Communications and Navigation , 1958 - 1964 '' ( PDF ) . NASA - SP - 93 . NASA . 1966 . pp. 30 -- 32 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Talking to Martians : Communications with Mars Curiosity Rover '' . Steven Gordon 's Home Page . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Connected Maritime Archived 2013 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Iridium . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` GSAT - 14 '' . ISRO . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian GSLV successfully lofts GSAT - 14 satellite '' . NASA Space Flight . 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DIRECTV 's Spaceway F1 Satellite Launches New Era in High - Definition Programming ; Next Generation Satellite Will Initiate Historic Expansion of DIRECTV '' . SpaceRef . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ India 's first ' military ' satellite GSAT - 7 put into earth 's orbit . NDTV.com ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Satellite Industry Association European Satellite Operators Association http://prmt.com/glossary-of-terms/ Satellite Glossary ) SatMagazine SatNews The future of communication satellite business Communications satellites short history by David J. Whalen Beyond The Ionosphere : Fifty Years of Satellite Communication ( NASA SP - 4217 , 1997 ) An Overview of Satellite Operating Frequencies and their Applications Satellite communications Main articles Satellite television Satellite radio Relay satellite Transponder Satellite Internet access Amateur satellite Ground station High - throughput satellite Hardware Satellite data unit Satellite dish Satellite modem Satellite phone Spacebus Very - small - aperture terminal Satellite radio / TV DVB - SH S - DMB DVB - RCS DVB - S2 Digital audio radio service Broadcast companies AfriStar Astra Digital Radio DirecTV Dish Network Sirius XM Holdings Sirius Satellite Radio Sky Television plc 1worldspace Relay satellite companies EchoStar Eutelsat Globalstar Hughes Inmarsat Intelsat Iridium SED Systems SES Telesat Tooway Viasat Satellite manufacturers Airbus Arianespace Boeing INVAP Lockheed Martin Loral Orbital ATK Thales Alenia Space Trade organizations Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems ETSI Satellite Digital Radio Lists List of communications satellite firsts List of communication satellite companies Communications satellites Telephony Types Landline Mobile phone Satellite phone Photophone Connectivity Cable protection system Communications satellites Fibre - optical Free - space optical ISDN Mobile phone signal POTS PSTN Submarine cables VoIP Calls Missed call Misdialed call Nuisance call Phone tag Applications Fax transmission Telephone calls Telephone newspapers Théâtrophone Video calls Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal NDL : 00573540 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_satellite&oldid=821787100 '' Categories : Communications satellites Satellite broadcasting Satellites by type Telecommunications - related introductions in 1962 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 16 : 54 . 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Question: what type of energy do satellites generally use to communicate with earth