Niger Delta - wikipedia Niger Delta Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Inner Niger Delta . This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of Nigeria numerically showing states typically considered part of the Niger Delta region : 1 . Abia , 2 . Akwa Ibom , 3 . Bayelsa , 4 . Cross River , 5 . Delta , 6 . Edo , 7. Imo , 8 . Ondo , 9 . Rivers View of the Niger Delta from space ( north / land at top ) . The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria . It is typically considered to be located within nine coastal southern Nigerian states , which include : all six states from the South South geopolitical zone , one state ( Ondo ) from South West geopolitical zone and two states ( Abia and Imo ) from South East geopolitical zone . Of all the states that the region covers , only Cross River is not an oil - producing state . Niger Delta is a very densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil . The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 , when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate . The delta is a petroleum - rich region , and has been the centre of international controversy over pollution , corruption ( notably by the Abacha regime ) , and human rights violations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 Colonial period 2.2 Post-colonial period 2.3 Nigerian Civil War 2.4 Non-violent resistance 2.5 Recent armed conflict 3 Sub-regions 3.1 Western Niger Delta 3.2 Central Niger Delta 3.3 Eastern Niger Delta 4 Nigerian oil 4.1 Oil revenue derivation 5 Media 6 Environmental issues 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Geography ( edit ) The Niger Delta , as now defined officially by the Nigerian government , extends over about 70,000 km ( 27,000 sq mi ) and makes up 7.5 % of Nigeria 's land mass . Historically and cartographically , it consists of present - day Bayelsa , Delta , and Rivers States . In 2000 , however , Obasanjo 's regime included Abia , Akwa - Ibom , Cross River State , Edo , Imo and Ondo States in the region . Some 31 million people of more than 40 ethnic groups including the Bini , Efik , Esan , Ibibio , Igbo , Annang , Yoruba , Oron , Ijaw , Ikwerre , Itsekiri , Isoko , Urhobo , Ukwuani , Kalabari , Okrika and Ogoni , are among the inhabitants of the political Niger Delta , speaking about 250 different dialects . The Niger Delta , and the South South geopolitical zone ( which contains six of the states in Niger Delta ) are two different entities . The Niger Delta separates the Bight of Benin from the Bight of Bonny within the larger Gulf of Guinea . History ( edit ) Colonial period ( edit ) The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893 , when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate . The core Niger Delta later became a part of the eastern region of Nigeria , which came into being in 1951 ( one of the three regions , and later one of the four regions ) . The majority of the people were those from the colonial Calabar and Ogoja divisions , the present - day Ogoja , Annang , Ibibio , Oron , Efik , and Ijaw peoples . The National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon ( NCNC ) was the ruling political party of the region . The NCNC later became the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens , after western Cameroon decided to separate from Nigeria . The ruling party of eastern Nigeria did not seek to preclude the separation and even encouraged it . The then Eastern Region had the second , fourth and fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups in the country including Igbo , Efik - Ibibio and Ijaw . In 1953 , the old eastern region had a major crisis due to the expulsion of professor Eyo Ita from office by the majority Igbo tribe of the old eastern region . Ita , an Efik man from Calabar , was one of the pioneer nationalists for Nigerian independence . The minorities in the region , the Ibibio , Annang , Efik , Ijaw and Ogoja , were situated along the southeastern coast and in the delta region and demanded a state of their own , the Calabar - Ogoja - Rivers ( COR ) state . The struggle for the creation of the COR state continued and was a major issue concerning the status of minorities in Nigeria during debates in Europe on Nigerian independence . As a result of this crisis , Professor Eyo Ita left the NCNC to form a new political party called the National Independence Party ( NIP ) which was one of the five Nigerian political parties represented at the conferences on Nigerian Constitution and Independence . Post-colonial period ( edit ) In 1961 , another major crisis occurred when the then eastern region of Nigeria allowed present - day Southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria ( from the region of what is now Akwa Ibom and Cross River states ) through a plebiscite while the leadership of the then Northern Region took the necessary steps to keep Northwestern Cameroon in Nigeria , in present - day Adamawa and Taraba states . The aftermath of the 1961 plebiscite has led to a dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria over the small territory of Bakassi . A new phase of the struggle saw the declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian president Ironsi 's administration , just before the Nigerian Civil War . Also just before the Nigerian civil war , Southeastern State of Nigeria was created ( also known as Southeastern Nigeria or Coastal Southeastern Nigeria ) , which had the colonial Calabar division , and colonial Ogoja division . Rivers State was also created . Southeastern state and River state became two states for the minorities of the old eastern region , and the majority Igbo of the old eastern region had a state called East Central state . Southeastern state was renamed Cross River state and was later split into Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state . Rivers state was later divided into Rivers state and Bayelsa state . Nigerian Civil war ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The people of the eastern region suffered heavily and sustained many deaths during the 1967 -- 1970 Nigerian Civil War , also known as the Biafran War , in which the eastern region declared an independent state named Biafra that was eventually defeated , thereby preserving the sovereignty and indivisibility of the Nigerian state , which led to the loss of many souls . Non-violent resistance ( edit ) See also : Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People During the next phase of resistance in the Niger Delta , local communities demanded environmental and social justice from the federal government , with Ken Saro Wiwa as the lead figure for this phase of the struggle . Cohesive oil protests became most pronounced in 1990 with the publication of the Ogoni Bill of Rights . The indigents protested against the lack of economic development , e.g. schools and hospitals , in the region , despite all the oil wealth created . They also complained about environmental pollution and destruction of their land and rivers by foreign oil companies . Ken Saro Wiwa and other oil activists from Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People ( MOSOP ) were arrest and killed under Sani Abacha in 1995 . Although protests have never been as strong as they were under Saro - Wiwa , there is still an oil reform movement based on peaceful protests today . Recent armed conflict ( edit ) Main article : Conflict in the Niger Delta Unfortunately , the struggle got out of control , and the present phase has become militant . When long - held concerns about loss of control over resources to the oil companies were voiced by the Ijaw people in the Kaiama Declaration in 1998 , the Nigerian government sent troops to occupy the Bayelsa and Delta states . Soldiers opened fire with rifles , machine guns , and tear gas , killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty - five more . Since then , local indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries and pipelines in the region have increased in frequency and militancy . Recently foreign employees of Shell , the primary corporation operating in the region , were taken hostage by outraged local people . Such activities have also resulted in greater governmental intervention in the area , and the mobilisation of the Nigerian army and State Security Service into the region , resulting in violence and human rights abuses . In April , 2006 , a bomb exploded near an oil refinery in the Niger Delta region , a warning against Chinese expansion in the region . MEND stated : `` We wish to warn the Chinese government and its oil companies to steer well clear of the Niger Delta . The Chinese government , by investing in stolen crude , places its citizens in our line of fire . '' Government and private initiatives to develop the Niger Delta region have been introduced recently . These include the Niger Delta Development Commission ( NDDC ) , a government initiative , and the Development Initiative ( DEVIN ) , a community development non-governmental organization ( NGO ) based in Port Harcourt in the Niger Delta . Uz and Uz Transnational , a company with strong commitment to the Niger Delta , has introduced ways of developing the poor in the Niger Delta , especially in Rivers State . In September 2008 , MEND released a statement proclaiming that their militants had launched an `` oil war '' throughout the Niger Delta against both , pipelines and oil - production facilities , and the Nigerian soldiers that protect them . Both MEND and the Nigerian Government claim to have inflicted heavy casualties on one another . In August 2009 , the Nigerian government granted amnesty to the militants ; many militants subsequently surrendered their weapons in exchange for a presidential pardon , rehabilitation programme , and education . Sub-regions ( edit ) Western Niger Delta ( edit ) Western Niger Delta consists of the western section of the coastal South - South Nigeria which includes Delta , and the southernmost parts of Edo , and Ondo States . The western ( or Northern ) Niger Delta is an heterogeneous society with several ethnic groups including the Urhobo , Isoko , Itsekiri , Ijaw ( or Izon ) and Ukwuani groups in Delta State ; the Bini , Esan , Auchi , Esako , oral , igara and Afenmai in Edo State ; and the Yoruba ( Ilaje ) in Ondo State . Their livelihoods are primarily based on fishing and farming . History has it that the Western Niger was controlled by chiefs of the four primary ethnic groups the Itsekiri , Isoko , Ijaw and Urhobo with whom the British government had to sign separate `` Treaties of Protection '' in their formation of `` Protectorates '' that later became southern Nigeria . Central Niger Delta ( edit ) Central Niger Delta consists of the central section of the coastal South - South Nigeria which includes Bayelsa and Rivers States . The Central Niger Delta region has the Ijaw ( including the Nembe - Brass , Ogbia , Kalabari people , Ibani of Opobo & Bonny , Okrika , and Andoni clans ) . The Ogoni and other groups which consist of Igbo , Etche , Ogba , Ikwerre , Ndoni , Ekpeye and Ndoki in Rivers State . Eastern Niger Delta ( edit ) Eastern Niger Delta consists of Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State . Nigerian oil ( edit ) Main article : Petroleum industry in Nigeria Nigeria has become West Africa 's biggest producer of petroleum . Some 2 million barrels ( 320,000 m ) a day are extracted in the Niger Delta . It is estimated that 38 billion barrels of crude oil still reside under the delta as of early 2012 . The first oil operations in the region began in the 1950s and were undertaken by multinational corporations , which provided Nigeria with necessary technological and financial resources to extract oil . Since 1975 , the region has accounted for more than 75 % of Nigeria 's export earnings . Together oil and natural gas extraction comprise `` 97 per cent of Nigeria 's foreign exchange revenues '' . Much of the natural gas extracted in oil wells in the Delta is immediately burned , or flared , into the air at a rate of approximately 70 million m3per day . This is equivalent to 41 % of African natural gas consumption , and forms the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions on the planet . In 2003 , about 99 % of excess gas was flared in the Niger Delta , although this value has fallen to 11 % in 2010 . ( See also gas flaring volumes ) . The biggest gas flaring company is the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd , a joint venture that is majority owned by the Nigerian government . In Nigeria , `` ... despite regulations introduced 20 years ago to outlaw the practice , most associated gas is flared , causing local pollution and contributing to climate change . '' The environmental devastation associated with the industry and the lack of distribution of oil wealth have been the source and / or key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements and inter-ethnic conflicts in the region , including recent guerrilla activity by the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta ( MEND ) . In September 2012 Eland Oil & Gas purchased a 45 % interest in OML 40 , with its partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited , from the Shell Group . They intend to recommission the existing infrastructure and restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 bopd with a target to grow gross production to 50,000 bopd within four years . Oil revenue derivation ( edit ) Oil revenue allocation has been the subject of much contention well before Nigeria gained its independence . Allocations have varied from as much as 50 % , owing to the First Republic 's high degree of regional autonomy , and as low as 10 % during the military dictatorships . This is the table below . Oil revenue sharing formula Year Federal State * Local Special Projects Derivation Formula * * 1958 40 % 60 % 0 % 0 % 50 % 1968 80 % 20 % 0 % 0 % 10 % 1977 75 % 22 % 3 % 0 % 10 % 1982 55 % 32.5 % 10 % 2.5 % 10 % 50 % 24 % 15 % 11 % 10 % 1995 48.5 % 24 % 20 % 7.5 % 13 % 48.5 % 24 % 20 % 7.5 % 13 % * State allocations are based on 5 criteria : equality ( equal shares per state ) , population , social development , land mass , and revenue generation . * * The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil - producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state . World Bank Report Media ( edit ) The documentary film Sweet Crude , which premiered April 2009 at the Full Frame Documentary Film Festival , tells the story of Nigeria 's Niger Delta . Environmental Issues ( edit ) Main article : Environmental issues in the Niger Delta The effects of oil in the fragile Niger Delta communities and environment have been enormous . Local indigenous people have seen little if any improvement in their standard of living while suffering serious damage to their natural environment . According to Nigerian federal government figures , there were more than 7,000 oil spills between 1970 and 2000 . It has been estimated that a clean - up of the region , including full restoration of swamps , creeks , fishing grounds and mangroves , could take 25 years . See also ( edit ) Annang Efik Ibibio Ijaw Isoko Oron ( state ) Ogoni Itsekiri Urhobo Ukwuani Niger Delta conflicts Nigerian Oil Crisis Niger Delta Development Commission ( NDDC ) Petroleum industry in Nigeria Igbo Yoruba Biafra War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan , `` Niger River '' , in M. McGinley ( ed . ) , Encyclopedia of Earth , Washington , DC : National Council for Science and Environment , 2013 . Jump up ^ CRS Report for Congress , Nigeria : Current Issues . Updated 30 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Strutton , Laine ( 2015 ) . The New Mobilization from Below : Women 's Oil Protests in the Niger Delta , Nigeria ( Ph. D . ) . New York University . Jump up ^ Ian Taylor , `` China 's environmental footprint in Africa '' , China Dialogue , 2 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria militants warn of oil war '' , BBC News , 14 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Isumonah , V. Adelfemi ( 2013 ) . `` Armed Society in the Niger Delta '' . Armed Forces & Society . 39 ( 2 ) : 331 -- 358 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327x12446925 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Scott R. ( 1970 ) . Petroleum and the Nigerian Economy . Stanford : Stanford University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0749 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nigeria : Petroleum Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta . United Kingdom : Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat , 2009 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's First National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change '' ( PDF ) . UNFCC . Nov 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Global Gas Flaring reduction , The World Bank , `` Estimated Flared Volumes from Satellite Data , 2006 -- 2010 . '' Jump up ^ `` Gas Flaring in Nigeria '' ( PDF ) . Friends of the Earth . October 2004 . Retrieved 24 January 2009 . Jump up ^ John Vidal , `` Nigeria 's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill . The US and Europe ignore it '' , The Observer , 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/02/niger-delta-oil-spill-clean-up-launched-ogoniland-communities-1bn Sources ( edit ) Niger Delta - Archive of News , Interviews , Articles , Analysis from 1999 to Present Proceedings of the Ibibio Union 1928 -- 1937 . Edited by Monday Efiong Noah . Modern Business Press Ltd , Uyo . Urhobo Historical Society ( 4 August 2003 ) . Urhobo Historical Society Responds to Itsekiri Claims on Wari City and Western Niger Dealta . `` Nigeria 's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill . The US and Europe ignore it '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Niger Delta . National Geographic Magazine : `` Curse of the Black Gold , Hope and betrayal on the Niger Delta '' -- February 2007 issue . Nigerdeltaforum.com : forum on the Niger Delta and its people Niger - Delta Development Commission , Niger Delta : A Brief History American Association for the Advancement of Science , Niger Delta Environmental Rights Action News on the Niger Delta Coordinates : 05 ° 19 ′ 34 '' N 06 ° 28 ′ 15 '' E  /  5.32611 ° N 6.47083 ° E  / 5.32611 ; 6.47083 Niger River Countries Guinea Mali Niger Benin Nigeria Sections Source of the Niger Middle Niger Inner Niger Delta Lower Niger Niger Delta Tributaries ( list ) and distributaries Tinkisso River Sankarani River Milo River Bani River Mekrou River Alibori River Sola River Sokoto River Sota River Kaduna River Benue River Anambra River Forcados River Nun River Brass River Cities Siguiri Bamako Segou Mopti Timbuktu Gao Niamey Lokoja Onitsha Lakes Kainji Lake Lac Debo Dams and bridges King Fahd Bridge Martyrs Bridge Markala Dam Gao Bridge Kennedy Bridge Kainji Dam Jebba Dam River Niger Bridge ( Onitsha ) Protected Areas Niger Basin Authority National Park of Upper Niger W National Park Kainji National Park Petroleum industry Petroleum Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 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BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Commons Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger_Delta&oldid=815763261 '' Categories : Niger River Delta Niger River Gulf of Guinea River deltas of Africa Landforms of Nigeria Freshwater ecoregions of Africa Ecoregions of Nigeria Afrotropic ecoregions Hidden categories : Wikipedia references cleanup from September 2009 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2009 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Igbo Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 23 : 55 . 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Pennsylvania House of Representatives - wikipedia Pennsylvania House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search `` Pennsylvania State House '' and `` Pennsylvania House '' redirect here . For the building in Philadelphia , see Independence Hall . For the former hotel in Ohio , see Pennsylvania House ( Springfield , Ohio ) . Pennsylvania House of Representatives Pennsylvania General Assembly Type Type Lower house Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 Leadership Speaker of the House Mike Turzai ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 Majority Leader Dave Reed ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 Minority Leader Frank Dermody ( D ) Since January 4 , 2011 Structure Seats 203 Political groups Majority Republican ( 120 ) Minority Democratic ( 81 ) Vacant ( 2 ) Length of term 2 years Authority Article II , section 1 , Pennsylvania Constitution Salary $85,338.65 / year Elections Last election November 8 , 2016 ( 203 seats ) Next election November 6 , 2018 ( 203 seats ) Meeting place House of Representatives Chamber Pennsylvania State Capitol Harrisburg , Pennsylvania Website Pennsylvania House of Representatives The Pennsylvania House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly , the legislature of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . There are 203 members , elected for two - year terms from single member districts . Following the 2016 elections , the house consisted of 121 Republicans and 82 Democrats . Republican Mike Turzai was first elected Speaker of the House on January 6 , 2015 . In 2012 , a State Representative district had an average population of 60,498 residents . The house is the largest full - time state legislature in the United States ( the New Hampshire House of Representatives is larger but only serves part - time ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hall of the House 2 Speaker of the House 3 Composition 3.1 Gender composition 3.2 House of Representatives leadership 4 Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives 5 Past composition of the House of Representatives 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Hall of the House ( edit ) The Hall of the House contains important symbols to Pennsylvania history and the work of legislators . Speaker 's Chair : a throne - like chair of rank that sits directly behind the Speaker 's rostrum . Architect Joseph Huston designed the chair in 1906 , the year the Capitol was dedicated . Mace : the House symbol of authority , peace , order and respect for law rests in a pedestal to the right of the Speaker . Its base is solid mahogany , intricately carved and capped by a brass globe engraved with the Pennsylvania coat of arms . An American Eagle perches on top . The tradition of the mace may date to the Roman Republic when attendants of Roman consuls carried bundles of sticks wrapped around an axe to enforce order . The tradition is common may also come directly from Pennsylvania 's English heritage . Murals : a colorful panorama of Pennsylvania history appear in murals by Edwin Austin Abbey . The most commanding of the series hangs behind the Speaker 's rostrum and dominates the wall behind the Speaker . It is called The Apotheosis of Pennsylvania Ceiling : a work of art in itself with its ornate geometry of gold leaf buttoned at the center by a charming painted illustration . In `` The Hours '' , Abbey represents the passage of time in the form of 24 maidens revolving in an endless circle amidst the moon , the sun and the stars of the Milky Way . Speaker of the House ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives The speakership is the oldest elected statewide office in the Commonwealth . Since its first session in 1682 -- presided over by William Penn -- over 130 house members have been elevated to the speaker 's chair . The house can not hold an official session in the absence of the speaker or his designated speaker pro tempore . Speaker Leroy Irvis was the first African American elected speaker of any state legislature in the United States since Reconstruction . Speaker Dennis O'Brien was the only minority - party Speaker known in Pennsylvania and only the second known nationwide . Pennsylvania has never had a female speaker . Composition ( edit ) Affiliation Party ( Shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Democratic Republican Vacant End of previous legislature 84 118 202 Begin 82 121 203 0 January 3 , 2017 81 202 March 24 , 2017 82 203 0 September 8 , 2017 81 202 November 6 , 2017 80 201 December 6 , 2017 81 202 January 2 , 2018 80 120 200 January 23 , 2018 81 201 Latest voting share 7001403009999900000 ♠ 40.3 % 7001597000000000000 ♠ 59.7 % Gender composition ( edit ) The Pennsylvania House of Representatives had 40 women out of 203 total representatives in 2017 . At 19.7 % , this is below the national average of 23.1 % women for statewide legislative positions . House of Representatives leadership ( edit ) As of December 1 , 2016 Speaker of the House of Representatives : Mike Turzai ( R ) Majority Party ( R ) Leadership Position Minority Party ( D ) Dave Reed Floor Leader Frank Dermody Bryan Cutler Whip Mike Hanna Marcy Toepel Caucus Chairperson Dan Frankel Donna Oberlander Caucus Secretary Rosita Youngblood Stan Saylor Appropriations Committee Chairman Joe Markosek Kurt Masser Caucus Administrator Neal Goodman Kerry Benninghoff Policy Committee Chairman Mike Sturla Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Past composition of the House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : Political party strength in Pennsylvania See also ( edit ) Pennsylvania State Senate Project Vote Smart ( Pennsylvania State Legislative information and voting records is the link to the Pennsylvania section . ) References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Comparison of state legislative salaries - Ballotpedia '' . Jump up ^ Article II , section 2 , Pennsylvania Constitution . Jump up ^ Article II , section 16 , Pennsylvania Constitution . Jump up ^ Center , Legislativate Data Processing . `` Page Not Found - The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly '' . The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly . Jump up ^ Democrat Leslie Acosta ( District 197 ) resigned at the beginning of the session after pleading guilty to embezzlement prior to the election Jump up ^ Democrat Emilio Vazquez elected to succeed Acosta Jump up ^ Rep. Daniel McNeill ( D - 133 ) dies ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Rep. Marc Gergely ( D - 35 ) resigned after pleading guilty to corruption charges ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Rep. Jeanne McNeill elected to replace her late husband , Rep. Daniel McNeill ( D - 133 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Rep. Brandon Neuman ( D ) resigned to become a state trial judge . Rep. Scott Petri ( R ) resigned to become Executive Director of the Philadelphia Parking Authority '' . Jump up ^ Democrat Austin Davis elected to succeed Rep. Marc Gergely ( D - 35 ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Members of the House General Trostle , Sharon , ed. ( 2009 ) . The Pennsylvania Manual . 119 . Harrisburg : Pennsylvania Department of General Services . ISBN 0 - 8182 - 0334 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pennsylvania House of Representatives . Pennsylvania House of Representatives State House of Pennsylvania information and voting records This link leads to information about elected officials and candidates in Pennsylvania on the website `` Project Vote Smart . '' This web site provides such information for all states in the US . Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Speaker : Mike Turzai ( R ) Majority Leader : Dave Reed ( R ) Minority Leader : Frank Dermody ( D ) Pat Harkins ( D ) Florindo Fabrizio ( D ) Ryan Bizzarro ( D ) Curt Sonney ( R ) Barry Jozwiak ( R ) Brad Roae ( R ) Mark Longietti ( D ) Tedd Nesbit ( R ) Chris Sainato ( D ) Aaron Bernstine ( R ) Brian L. Ellis ( R ) Daryl Metcalfe ( R ) John Lawrence ( R ) Jim E. Marshall ( R ) Jim Christiana ( R ) Robert Matzie ( D ) Parke Wentling ( R ) Gene DiGirolamo ( R ) Jake Wheatley ( D ) Adam Ravenstahl ( D ) Dom Costa ( D ) Peter Schweyer ( D ) Dan Frankel ( D ) Edward Gainey ( D ) Joseph Markosek ( D ) Tim Hennessey ( R ) Dan Deasy ( D ) Mike Turzai ( R ) Bernie O'Neill ( R ) Hal English ( R ) Perry Warren ( D ) Anthony M. DeLuca ( D ) Frank Dermody ( D ) Paul Costa ( D ) Austin Davis ( D ) Harry Readshaw ( D ) Mindy Fee ( R ) William C. Kortz ( D ) Rick Saccone ( R ) John A. Maher ( R ) Brett Miller ( R ) Dan Miller ( D ) Keith Greiner ( R ) Mark Mustio ( R ) Anita Astorino Kulik ( D ) Jason Ortitay ( R ) Keith J. Gillespie ( R ) VACANT Bud Cook ( R ) Pam Snyder ( D ) Matt Dowling ( R ) Ryan Warner ( R ) Robert Godshall ( R ) Eli Evankovich ( R ) Joseph Petrarca Jr . ( D ) George Dunbar ( R ) Eric Nelson ( R ) Justin Walsh ( R ) Mike Reese ( R ) Jeff Pyle ( R ) Kate M. Harper ( R ) Dave L. Reed ( R ) Donna Oberlander ( R ) Lee James ( R ) Kathy Rapp ( R ) Cris Dush ( R ) Martin Causer ( R ) Matt E. Baker ( R ) Carl Walker Metzgar ( R ) Matthew Bradford ( D ) Bryan Barbin ( D ) Frank Burns ( D ) Tommy Sankey ( R ) Harry Lewis ( R ) Matt Gabler ( R ) Mike Hanna ( D ) H. Scott Conklin ( D ) Jesse Topper ( R ) John McGinnis ( R ) Judy Ward ( R ) Richard Irvin ( R ) Adam Harris ( R ) Jeff Wheeland ( R ) Garth Everett ( R ) Fred Keller ( R ) Mark Keller ( R ) Greg Rothman ( R ) Sheryl M. 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History of Nintendo - wikipedia History of Nintendo Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2006 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The history of Nintendo traces back to 1889 , when it was founded to produce handmade hanafuda cards . Nintendo Co. , Ltd. ( 任天堂 株式 会社 , Nintendō kabushikigaisha ) is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics company headquartered in Kyoto , Japan . It eventually became one of the most prominent figures in today 's video game industry , being the world 's largest video game company by revenue . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 1889 -- 1965 : As a card company 3 1966 -- 1972 : Toy company and new ventures 4 1972 -- present : Electronic games 4.1 Color TV - Game 6 4.2 Game & Watch and Nintendo Entertainment System 4.3 Game Boy and Super NES 4.4 Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color 4.5 Game Boy Advance and GameCube 4.6 Nintendo DS and Wii 4.7 Nintendo 3DS , Wii U , and Nintendo Switch 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Origin ( edit ) Nintendo poster from late Meiji Era Nintendo started out as a small Japanese company , founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi on September 23 , 1889 , as Nintendo Koppai . Based in Kyoto , Japan , the business produced and marketed Hanafuda cards . The name `` Nintendo '' is commonly assumed to mean `` leave luck to heaven '' , but there are no historical records to validate this assumption . The cards , which were all handmade , soon began to gain in popularity , and Yamauchi had to hire assistants to mass - produce cards to keep up with the demand . Fusajiro Yamauchi did not have a son to take over the family business . Following common Japanese tradition , he adopted his son - in - law , Sekiryo Yamauchi , ( after the wife ) . In 1929 , Yamauchi retired from the company and allowed Sekiryo Yamauchi to take over the company as president . In 1933 , Sekiryo Yamauchi established a joint venture with another company and renamed the company Yamauchi Nintendo & Co . In 1947 , Sekiryo established a distribution company , Marufuku Co. , Ltd. , to distribute the Hanafuda cards , as well as several other brands of cards that had been introduced by Nintendo . Sekiryo Yamauchi also had only daughters , so again his son - in - law ( Shikanojo Inaba , renamed Shikanojo Yamauchi ) was adopted into the family . Shikanojo never became president because he abandoned his family . Subsequently , his son Hiroshi was brought up by his grandparents . He later took over the company instead of his father . 1889 -- 1965 : as a card company ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1949 , Hiroshi Yamauchi was attending Waseda University in Tokyo , however , after his grandfather died he left to take office as the president of Nintendo . In 1951 , he renamed `` Marufuku Co. Ltd . '' to `` Nintendo Playing Card Co. , Ltd . '' In 1953 , Nintendo became the first company in Japan to produce playing cards from plastic . In 1956 , Yamauchi visited the U.S. , to engage in talks with the United States Playing Card Company , the dominant playing card manufacturer in the United States . He was shocked to find that the world 's biggest company in his business was relegated to using a small office . This was a turning point for Yamauchi , who then realized the limitations of the playing card business . In 1959 , Nintendo struck a deal with Disney to allow the use Disney 's characters on Nintendo 's playing cards . Previously , Western playing cards were regarded as something similar to hanafuda and mahjong : a device for gambling . By tying playing cards to Disney and selling books explaining the different games one could play with the cards , Nintendo could sell the product to Japanese households . The tie - in was a success and the company sold at least 600,000 card packs in a single year . Due to this success , in 1962 , Yamauchi took Nintendo public , listing the company in Osaka Stock Exchange Second division . Following the aforementioned success , in 1963 Nintendo Playing Card Co. , Ltd. was renamed to Nintendo by Yamauchi . Nintendo now began to experiment in other areas of business using the newly injected capital . During the period of time between 1963 and 1968 , Nintendo set up a taxi company , `` love hotel '' chain , food company ( trying to sell instant rice , similar to instant noodles ) and several other things ( including a vacuum cleaner , Chiritory , which later appeared as a two - player game in WarioWare , Inc. : Mega Microgame $ in 2003 ) . All these ventures eventually failed , except toymaking , where they had some earlier experience from selling playing cards . In 1964 , while Japan was experiencing an economic boom due to the Tokyo Olympics , the playing card business reached its saturation point . Japanese households stopped buying playing cards , and the price of Nintendo stock fell from 900 yen to 60 yen . In 1965 , Nintendo hired Gunpei Yokoi as a maintenance engineer for the assembly line . However , Yokoi soon became famous for much more than his ability to repair conveyor belts . 1966 -- 1972 : toy company and new ventures ( edit ) Nintendo struggled to survive in the Japanese toy industry ; it was still small at this point , and dominated by already well - established companies such as Bandai and Tomy . Because of the generally short product life cycle of toys , the company always had to come up with new products . This was the beginning of a major new era for Nintendo . In 1966 , Yamauchi was observing a hanafuda factory . He noticed an extending arm , which was made by one of their maintenance engineers , Gunpei Yokoi , for his own amusement . Yamauchi ordered Yokoi to develop it as a proper product for the Christmas rush . Released as the `` Ultra Hand '' , it would become one of Nintendo 's earliest toy blockbusters , selling over a million units . Seeing that Yokoi had promise , Yamauchi pulled him off assembly line work . Yokoi was soon moved from maintenance duty to product development . Due to his electrical engineering background , it soon become apparent that Yokoi was quite adept at developing electronic toys . These devices had a much higher novelty value than traditional toys , allowing Nintendo to charge a higher price margin for each product . Yokoi went on to develop many other toys , including the Ten Billion Barrel puzzle , a baseball throwing machine called the Ultra Machine , and a Love Tester . Another invention of his , in collaboration with Masayuki Uemura from Sharp , was the Nintendo Beam Gun Game , the precursor to the NES Zapper ( which was used in games like Duck Hunt . ) . Nintendo released the first solar - powered light gun , the Nintendo Beam Gun , in 1970 ; this was the first commercially available light - gun for home use , produced in partnership with Sharp . In 1972 , Nintendo released the Ele - Conga , one of the first programmable drum machines . It could play pre-programmed rhythms from disc - shaped punch cards , which could be altered or programmed by the user , to play different patterns . 1972 -- present : electronic games ( edit ) In 1972 , the first commercially available video game console , the Magnavox Odyssey , had a light gun accessory , the Shooting Gallery . This was the first involvement of Nintendo in video games . According to Martin Picard in the International Journal of Computer Game Research : `` in 1971 , Nintendo had -- even before the marketing of the first home console in the United States -- an alliance with the American pioneer Magnavox to develop and produce optoelectronic guns for the Odyssey ( released in 1972 ) , since it was similar to what Nintendo was able to offer in the Japanese toy market in 1970s '' . In 1973 , its focus shifted to family entertainment venues with the Laser Clay Shooting System , using the same light gun technology used in Nintendo 's Kousenjuu series of toys , and set up in abandoned bowling alleys . Following some success , Nintendo developed several more light gun machines for the emerging arcade scene . While the Laser Clay Shooting System ranges had to be shut down following excessive costs , Nintendo had found a new market . In 1974 , Nintendo secured the rights to distribute the Magnavox Odyssey video game console in Japan . Color TV - game 6 ( edit ) Main article : Color TV Game Nintendo 's first video game system , the Color TV Game 6 Nintendo at this time saw how successful video games were and began to dabble in them . Their first step in that field was to secure the rights to distribute the Magnavox Odyssey in Japan in 1975 . At the time , home video game consoles were extremely rare -- even the seminal Atari Pong console had yet to be produced . After experiencing reasonable success at this , Nintendo began developing its own video games , both for home and for arcades . In the 1970s , Mitsubishi Electric proposed joint development of `` Color TV Game Machine '' . In 1977 , they released `` Color TV Game 6 '' and `` Color TV Game 15 '' ( 6 and 15 indicates the number of games ) . Their first video arcade game was 1975 's EVR Race ; a handful of others followed in the next several years , Radar Scope and Donkey Kong being among the most famous of these . The early 1980s saw Nintendo 's video game division ( led by Yokoi ) creating some of its most famous arcade titles . The massively popular Donkey Kong was created in 1981 , with Shigeru Miyamoto as its mastermind , and released in the arcades and on the Atari 2600 , Intellivision , and ColecoVision video game systems ( although Nintendo themselves generally had no involvement with these early console ports ) . This release method would be used on several later Nintendo arcade games of this same period , including the original Mario Bros. ( not to be confused with the later Super Mario Bros . ) In addition to this arcade and dedicated console game activity , Nintendo was testing the consumer handheld video game waters with the Game & Watch . Game & Watch and Nintendo Entertainment system ( edit ) Main articles : Game & Watch , Nintendo Entertainment System , and History of the Nintendo Entertainment System Game & Watch or G&W is a line of handheld electronic games produced by Nintendo from 1980 to 1991 . Created by game designer Gunpei Yokoi , each Game & Watch features a single game to be played on an LCD screen in addition to a clock and / or an alarm . It was the earliest Nintendo product to garner major success , with 43.4 million units sold worldwide . In 1982 , Nintendo developed a prototype system dubbed the `` Advanced Video System '' ( or AVS for short ) and had controllers much like the NES . There were accessories such as a tape drive , a joystick and a lightgun , and along with all of that , the system was made of a computer , much like the Atari 400 , Commodore Vic - 20 and Commodore 64 . It was never released and is on display at the Nintendo World Store in New York . In July 1983 , Nintendo released the Famicom ( Family Computer ) system in Japan , which was its first attempt at a cartridge - based video game console . The system sold over 500,000 units within two months at a price around $100 USD . However , after a few months of favorable sales , Nintendo received complaints that some Famicom consoles would freeze when the player attempted to play certain games . The fault was found in a malfunctioning chip and Nintendo decided to recall all Famicom units that were currently on store shelves , which ultimately cost them approximately half a million USD . During this period , Nintendo rekindled their desire to release the Famicom ( Or Nintendo Entertainment System ) in the US . Since the company had very little experience with the US market , they had previously attempted to contract with Atari for the system 's distribution in 1983 . However , a fiasco involving Coleco and Donkey Kong soured the relationship between the two during the negotiations , and Atari refused to back Nintendo 's console . In 1983 - 1985 , a large scale recession in video game sales hit the market which amounted to a 97 % decrease primarily in the North American area . The recession known as the `` video game crash of 1983 '' was caused by a few main factors including the flooding of the console market , competition of home computers , inflation , and loss of publishing control . The video game crash of 1983 soon took out not only Atari , but the vast majority of the American market itself . Over time , dominance in the market shifted from America to Japan . Nintendo began exporting to America and had virtually only one major competitor in the market , Sega , which was another Japanese company . The Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) , released in 1985 , is one of the most popular consoles of all time . Nintendo was determined not to make the same mistakes in the US that Atari had . Because of massive influxes of games that were regarded as some of the worst ever created , gaming had almost completely died out in America . Nintendo decided that to avoid facing the same problems , they would only allow games that received their `` Seal of Quality '' to be sold for the Famicom . In 1985 , Nintendo announced that they were releasing the Famicom worldwide with a different design under the name the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . They used a creative tactic to counter the bad view that the media was giving on video games , and released the NES with R.O.B. units that connected to the console and were synchronised to the games . To ensure the localization of the highest - quality games by third - party developers , Nintendo of America limited the number of game titles third - party developers could release in a single year to five . Konami , the first third - party company that was allowed to make cartridges for the Famicom , would later circumvent this rule by creating a spinoff company , Ultra Games , to release additional games in a single year . Other manufacturers soon employed the same tactic . Also in 1985 , Super Mario Bros. was released for the Famicom in Japan and became a large success . Nintendo test marketed the Nintendo Entertainment System in the New York area on October 18 , 1985 . They expanded the test to Los Angeles in February 1986 , followed by tests in Chicago and San Francisco . They would go national by the end of 1986 , along with 15 games , sold separately . In the US and Canada , it outsold its competitors by a wide margin . This was also the year that Metroid and Super Mario Bros. 2 ( the Japanese version ) were released . In 1987 , The Legend of Zelda was released to much critical acclaim . In 1988 , Nintendo of America unveiled Nintendo Power , a monthly news and strategy magazine from Nintendo that served to advertise new games . The first issue published was the July / August edition , which spotlighted the NES game Super Mario Bros. 2 . Nintendo Power has since ceased publication with its December 2012 edition . Game Boy and Super NES ( edit ) Main articles : Game Boy and Super Nintendo Entertainment System The original Game Boy In 1989 , Nintendo ( which had seen a large amount of success from the Game & Watch ) released the Game Boy ( both created by Gunpei Yokoi ) , along with the accompanying game Tetris . Due to the price , the game and its durability ( unlike the prior Microvision from Milton Bradley Company , which was prone to static and screen rot ) , the Game Boy line sold extremely well , eventually amassing sales of 118 million units . Later , Super Mario Land was also released for the Game Boy , which sold 14 million copies worldwide . 1989 was also the year that Nintendo announced a sequel to the Famicom , to be called the Super Famicom . The last major first - party game for the NES , Super Mario Bros. 3 , was released in early 1990 , and went on to sell over 18 million units . It was followed by a licensed television adaption named The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! , which was released by DIC Entertainment and Viacom Enterprises in that year to capitalise on the game 's immense popularity . The Super Famicom was released in Japan on November 21 , 1990 . The system 's launch was widely successful , and the Super Famicom was sold out across Japan within three days , selling 1.6 million units by June 1991 . In August 1991 , the Super Famicom was launched in the US under the name `` Super Nintendo Entertainment System '' ( SNES ) , followed by Europe in 1992 . The Super Nintendo Entertainment System followed in the steps of its predecessor , with high technical specifications for its era . The controller of the SNES had also improved over that of the NES , as it now had rounded edges and four new buttons , a standard which is evident on many modern controllers today . The original North American SNES , c. 1991 Nintendo had also begun development on a CD - ROM attachment for the SNES / Super Famicom . Their first partner in this project was Sony , whom Nintendo had worked with before to provide the SNES with its SPC sound chip . Development on the Nintendo PlayStation CD - ROM add - on and SNES / SFC standalone hybrid console began . However , at the last minute Nintendo decided to pull out of the partnership and instead go with Philips , and while no CD - ROM add - on was produced , several Nintendo properties ( namely The Legend of Zelda ) appeared on the Philips CD - i media console . Upon learning this , Sony decided to continue developing the technology they had into the PlayStation . The exact reason Nintendo left its partnership with Sony has been the subject of speculation over the years , but the most common theory is that Sony either wanted too much of the profits for the machine or the rights to the CD - ROM attachment itself . In Japan , the Super Famicom easily took control of the gaming market . In the US , due to a late start and an aggressive marketing campaign by Sega ( Headed by the Sega Company 's new mascot , Sonic The Hedgehog , their answer to Nintendo 's Super Mario ) , Nintendo saw its market share take a precipitous plunge from 90 - 95 % with the NES to a low of approximately 35 % against the Sega Genesis . Over the course of several years , the SNES in North America eventually overtook the Genesis , thanks to franchise titles such as Super Mario World , The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past , Street Fighter II , and the Final Fantasy series . Total worldwide sales of the SNES reached 49.10 million units , eclipsing the estimated 40 million unit sales of the Genesis . As the SNES battled the Sega Genesis , Nintendo was running into problems on another front caused by their own aggressive marketing behavior . In 1991 , Nintendo agreed to a settlement regarding price - fixing allegations brought by the Federal Trade Commission and attorneys general in New York and Maryland . Nintendo had been accused of threatening to cut off shipments of the NES to retailers who discounted the price of the system . The estimated cost of the settlement was just under $30 million . In 1992 , Gunpei Yokoi and the rest of R&D 1 began planning on a new virtual reality console to be called the Virtual Boy . Hiroshi Yamauchi also bought majority shares of the Seattle Mariners in 1992 . By May 1993 , Nintendo had reportedly become one of the top ten leading companies in the world . In 1993 , Nintendo announced plans to develop a new 64 - bit console codenamed Project Reality that would be capable of rendering fully 3D environments and characters . In 1994 , Nintendo also claimed that Project Reality would be renamed Ultra 64 in the US . The Ultra 64 moniker was unveiled in arcades on the Nintendo branded fighting game Killer Instinct and the racing game Cruisin ' USA . Killer Instinct was later released on the SNES . Soon after , Nintendo realized they had mistakenly chosen a name for their new console that the Konami corporation owned the rights to . Specifically , only Konami would have the rights to release games for the new system called Ultra Football , Ultra Tennis , etc . Therefore , in 1995 Nintendo changed the final name of the system to the Nintendo 64 , and announced that it would be released in 1996 . They later showed previews of the system and several games , including Super Mario 64 , to the media and public . 1995 is also the year that Nintendo purchased part of Rare . In 1994 , after many years of Nintendo 's products being distributed in Australia by Mattel since the NES in 1985 , Nintendo opened its Australian headquarters and its first Managing Directors were Graham Kerry , who moved along from Mattel Australia as Managing Director and Susumu Tanaka of Nintendo UK Ltd . In 1995 , Nintendo released the Virtual Boy in Japan . The console sold poorly , but Nintendo still said they had hope for it and continued to release several other games and attempted a release in the US , which was another disaster . Also in 1995 , Nintendo found themselves in a competitive situation . Competitor Sega introduced their 32 - bit Saturn , while newcomer Sony introduced the 32 - bit PlayStation . Sony 's fierce marketing campaigns ensued , and it started to cut into Nintendo and Sega 's market share . Nintendo 64 and game Boy Color ( edit ) Main articles : Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color Nintendo 64 black console with blank game cartridge and grey controller On June 23 , 1996 , the Nintendo 64 ( N64 ) was released in Japan , selling over 500,000 units on the first day of its release . On September 29 , 1996 , Nintendo released the Nintendo 64 in North America , selling out the initial shipment of 350,000 . Many feel that the advertising onslaught by Sony at this time did not truly begin to take effect until many of the consumers who held out for the N64 became frustrated at the lack of software following the first few months after the system 's release . What also greatly contributed to the extremely competitive climate that Nintendo was entrenched in was the fact that many third - party companies immediately began developing and releasing many of their leading games for Nintendo 's competing consoles . Many of those third party companies cited cheaper development and manufacturing costs for the CD format , versus the cartridge format . On December 1 , 1999 , Nintendo released an add - on to the Nintendo 64 in Japan , titled the Nintendo 64DD , although it was never released elsewhere . Nintendo followed with the release of the Game Boy Pocket , a smaller version of the original Game Boy , designed by Gunpei Yokoi as a parting gift . A week after the release of the Game Boy Pocket , Gunpei resigned from his position at Nintendo . Gunpei helped in the creation of a competitor system named the WonderSwan , using the skills he gained in the creation of the Game Boy . In 1996 , Pocket Monsters ( known internationally as `` Pokémon '' ) was released in Japan to a huge following . The Pokémon franchise , created by Satoshi Tajiri , was proving so popular in America , Europe , and Japan , that for a brief time , Nintendo took back their place as the supreme power in the games industry . In 1997 , Game Boy and Metroid creator Gunpei Yokoi died in a car accident at the age of 56 . On October 13 , 1998 , the Game Boy Color was released in Japan , with releases in North America and Europe a month later . Game Boy Advance and GameCube ( edit ) Main articles : Game Boy Advance and GameCube GameCube with controller and 251 - block memory card Nintendo released the Game Boy Advance in Japan on March 21 , 2001 , followed by the North American launch on June 11 and the European launch on June 22 . Nintendo released the GameCube home video game console on September 14 , 2001 , in Japan . It was released in North America on November 18 , 2001 , Europe on May 3 , 2002 , and Australia on May 17 , 2002 . In January 2002 , Minoru Arakawa resigned as president of Nintendo of America , and Nintendo named Tatsumi Kimishima as his successor . In May 2002 , Hiroshi Yamauchi stepped down as the president of Nintendo and named Satoru Iwata his successor . During the same year , Nintendo and Chinese - American scientist Dr Wei Yen co-founded iQue to manufacture and distribute official Nintendo consoles and games for the mainland Chinese market under the iQue brand . Nintendo 's aggressive business tactics in Europe would catch up to them . The European Commission determined that Nintendo had engaged in anticompetitive price - fixing business practices dating at least as far back as the early 1990s . This resulted in a heavy fine being laid against the company -- € 149 million , one of the largest antitrust fines applied in the history of the commission . Nintendo DS and Wii ( edit ) Main articles : Nintendo DS , Nintendo DS Lite , Nintendo DSi , Nintendo DSi XL , and Wii Nintendo DS Lite in its opened position In May 2004 , Nintendo announced plans to release a new brand of handheld , unrelated to the Game Boy , featuring two screens , one of which was touch - sensitive . The Nintendo DS , released on November 21 , 2004 , received over three million pre-orders . In addition to the touch screen , the DS can also create three - dimensional graphics , similar to those of the Nintendo 64 , although its lack of hardware support for texture filtering results in more pixelated graphics than on the Nintendo 64 . President Satoru Iwata reassigned all of Nintendo 's software designers under new managers and different division ; most of the resources were allocated to Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka and the Nintendo EAD division . On May 14 , 2005 , Nintendo opened its first retail store accessible to the general public , Nintendo World Store , at the Rockefeller Center in New York City . It consists of two stories , and contains many kiosks of GameCube , Game Boy Advance , and Nintendo DS games . There are also display cases filled with things from Nintendo 's past , including Hanafuda playing cards , Nintendo 's first product . They celebrated the opening with a block party at Rockefeller Plaza . At E3 in May 2005 , Nintendo displayed the first prototype for their `` next - generation '' system , codenamed the Nintendo Revolution ( now known as the Wii ) , its controller revealed at the Tokyo Game Show later that year . On January 26 , 2006 , Nintendo announced a new version of their Nintendo DS handheld , the Nintendo DS Lite , designed to be smaller and lighter , with a brighter screen . It was launched in Japan on March 2 , 2006 , and three months later in North America and Europe on June 11 and June 23 , 2006 , respectively . On May 25 , 2006 , Reggie Fils - Aimé was promoted to President and COO of Nintendo of America , Inc . The former President , Tatsumi Kimishima , was promoted to Chairman of the Board and CEO . On July 7 , 2006 , Nintendo officially established a South Korean subsidiary , Nintendo Korea , in the country 's capital , Seoul , which replaced Daewon Media as the official distributor of Nintendo products in South Korea . Original Wii console with Wii Remote In early August 2006 , it was revealed that Nintendo , along with Microsoft , was made the target of a patent - infringement lawsuit . Leveled by the Anascape Ltd. , the suit claimed that Nintendo 's use of analog technology in their game controllers constitutes a violation of their patents . The lawsuit sought to recover damages from both corporations and possibly force them to stop selling controllers with the violating technology . Microsoft settled with Anasacape , while Nintendo went to trial , initially losing and being ordered to pay US $ 21 million in damages . Nintendo appealed , and on April 23 , 2010 the Federal Circuit reversed the ruling . In November 2010 , Anascape 's appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States was denied . In mid-September 2006 , during press conferences held in Tokyo , New York , and London on 13 , 14 and 15 September , respectively , Nintendo announced launch details for its Wii console , as well as demonstrated features of the `` Wii Menu '' GUI . The system was first released on November 19 , 2006 in the US , followed by the Japanese launch on December 2 , the Australian launch on December 6 , and the European launch on December 8 . The console sold fast and was a big breakthrough for Nintendo , picking up the pace lost from their last console , the GameCube . The success of the Wii has been attributed to the intended market of the product ; while at the time most competitors were focusing on more adult and fan - based games , Nintendo decided to release a console for a larger demographic , one including casual gamers , children and those who would n't ordinarily play video games . Since no other major gaming console was marketing for this image , these other companies were caught mostly unprepared by the success of the Wii system , and it was n't until 2010 that Sony and Microsoft released consoles targeting the same demographic as the Wii . On September 17 , 2007 , Nintendo of America closed its official forums , the NSider Forums , indefinitely due to a major overhaul of their site . For months prior , cutbacks in Nintendo of America 's online department led to the trimming back of NSider 's chat hours and the replacement of their annual Camp Hyrule event -- held during August -- with a sweepstakes . In the meantime , Nintendo encouraged fans to run their own forums . Nintendo - Europe 's forum section of their site was also officially closed down a week later due to a site revamp , however it had been offline citing `` security issues '' since June of that year . On December 19 , 2007 , Nintendo opened a forum for technical support only . In October 2007 , Nintendo announced Nintendo Australia 's new Managing Director , Rose Lappin . She is Nintendo 's first female head of one of its subsidiaries and worked for Nintendo before it started in Australia as Director of Sales and Marketing for Mattel and had that role until she was announced Managing Director . On November 1 , 2008 , Nintendo released an updated version of the Nintendo DS Lite in Japan ; the Nintendo DSi . It includes all features of the Nintendo DS Lite , but it includes a camera on the inside and outside of the system , and newer features . It is the first handheld game system manufactured by Nintendo that allows downloadable gaming content to the system . The Nintendo DSi was released April 2 , 2009 , in Australia and Asia , April 3 , 2009 , in Europe , and April 5 , 2009 , in North America . Nintendo 3DS , Wii U , and Nintendo Switch ( edit ) Main articles : Nintendo 3DS , Nintendo 3DS XL , Nintendo 2DS , New Nintendo 3DS , Wii U , and Nintendo Switch The Wii U console with Wii U GamePad On February 26 , 2011 , the Nintendo 3DS was released in Japan . It was released on March 25 and 27 to Europe and the US , respectively . The 3DS was part of a large wave of 3D technologies being released at the time ; unlike most of these , the 3DS did not use 3D glasses for its 3D effect , and instead used parallax barrier autostereoscopy . On April 25 , 2011 , Nintendo confirmed that they were making a new console to be released in 2012 . On June 7 , 2011 , the console was announced as being named the Wii U . The Wii U is Nintendo 's first console to be able to play video games in 1080p HD . During the Electronics Entertainment Expo in 2011 , Nintendo 's press conference put a great amount of stress on the abilities and innovations of the new controller , a unit resembling a tablet . Many gamers were confused after the press conference about whether the Wii U is an entirely new system or just a new controller for the Wii . The Wii U was , however , a whole new home console system developed by Nintendo . The system was released on November 18 , 2012 in North America , November 30 , 2012 in Europe and Australia , and on December 8 , 2012 in Japan . It featured a new controller with a 6.2 inch touchscreen , two thumb pads , four shoulder buttons , a directional pad , and four lettered buttons . It also featured an accelerometer , gyroscope , camera , Near - field communications ( NFC ) , and built - in microphone , similar those in the Nintendo 3DS . The Nintendo Switch Console in the Dock with Red and Blue Joy - Con controllers . On July 11 , 2015 , Satoru Iwata died from a bile duct tumor at the age of 55 . Following his death , Shigeru Miyamoto and Genyo Takeda jointly led the company on an interim basis until Tatsumi Kimishima 's appointment as Iwata 's successor on September 16 , 2015 . In addition to the appointment , Miyamoto was named `` Creative Fellow '' while Takeda was named `` Technology Fellow '' . In October 2016 , Nintendo revealed a new system called the Nintendo Switch , which was released on March 3 , 2017 . It is a hybrid video game console with detachable controllers with an emphasize on portability and on the go multiplayer in contrast of the then competitors PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . In the year the Switch was released Nintendo put out The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild and Super Mario Odyssey , both games with critical acclaim that helped sell millions of units in the first year of the new console , eventually culminating with the Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild being named Game of the Year 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gaming company Top 25 '' . Softwaretop100.org. 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Trademark '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` '' Nintendo '' Might Not Mean What You Think `` . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo History '' . Nintendo.co.uk . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Hiroshi Yamauchi '' . N-Sider.com . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nintendo History Lesson '' . N-Sider.com . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company History '' . Nintendo.co.jp . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 23 September 2010 ) . `` Sept. 23 , 1889 : Success Is in the Cards for Nintendo '' . Wired.com . Wired . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 22 March 2011 ) . `` The Nintendo They 've Tried to Forget : Gambling , Gangsters , and Love Hotels '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 20 September 2013 ) . `` Hiroshi Yamauchi , man who built Nintendo 's gaming empire , dies at 85 '' . Wired.co.uk . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Andrew ( 9 October 1997 ) . `` Gunpei Yokoi , Chief Designer Of Game Boy , Is Dead at 56 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ History of Nintendo - Toys & Arcades ( 1969 - 1982 ) Archived 2010 - 03 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . ( archived ) , Nintendo Land Jump up ^ Voskuil , Erik ( 20 February 2011 ) . `` Nintendo Light - beam games Kôsenjû SP and Kôsenjû Custom ( 光線 銃 SP , 光線 銃 カスタム 1970 - 1976 ) '' . Before Mario . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Voskuil , Erik ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` What does the Nintendo Ele - conga sound like ? '' . Before Mario . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ The Ten Greatest Years in Gaming Archived 2008 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Edge , June 27 , 2006 , Accessed Mar 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ Martin Picard , The Foundation of Geemu : A Brief History of Early Japanese video games , International Journal of Computer Game Research , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Nintendo : Company History '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 1998 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iwata Asks - Punch - Out ! ! '' . Nintendo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Power '' . Nintendo . Archived from the original on 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hardware and Software Sales Units '' . Nintendo.co.jp . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Nintendo Video Games ( 1988 - 1989 ) . '' Chronology of Nintendo Video Games ( 1988 - 1989 ) . N.p. , n.d. Web . 07 Aug. 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig Glenday , ed. ( 2008 ) . Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition 2008 . Guinness World Records . section coauthored by Oli Welsh . Guinness World Records Limited . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904994 - 20 - 6 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Eben ( 1 June 1991 ) . `` Nintendo Goal : Bigger - Game Hunters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History Corporate '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Retro Gamer staff ( 2013 ) . `` Sonic Boom : The Success Story of Sonic the Hedgehog '' . Retro Gamer -- The Mega Drive Book . London , UK : Imagine Publishing : 31 . The game and its star became synonymous with Sega and helped propel the Mega Drive to sales of around 40 million , only 9 million short of the SNES -- a minuscule gap compared to the 47 million that separated the Master System and NES . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Price - Fixing Case Settled '' . Seattle Times . 1991 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Yamauchi Buys Mariners As A Public Service '' . The Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . 1992 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19930508&id=y85OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1164,1994865 Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Of America President Retires , Replaced By Pokemon USA Exec '' . Gamasutra. 8 January 2002 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Trey ( 24 May 2002 ) . `` E3 2002 : Yamauchi steps down '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo to Enter China 's Video - Game Market With a New Console '' . Bloomberg.com. 25 September 2003 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo fined for price fixing '' . BBC News . 2002 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Jason ( 2006 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Nintendo Of America 's Fils - Aime Promoted to President / COO '' . Gamasutra . Think Services . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , David ( 30 June 2006 ) . `` Nintendo Establishes Subsidiary In South Korea '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo , Microsoft Face Patent Lawsuit - DS News at IGN '' . Web.archive.org. 2009 - 01 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ricker , Thomas ( 15 May 2008 ) . `` Nintendo ordered to pay $21 million to patent troll '' . Engadget . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kapur , Rajit ( 4 April 2010 ) . `` Case Update : Anascape , Ltd. v. Nintendo of America Inc . '' Patent Arcade . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , Jesse ( 1 November 2010 ) . `` Anascape Bid To Reclaim $21 M Dashed By High Court '' . Law360.com . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wii European launch details announced '' . GamesIndustry.biz. 15 September 2006 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Internet Archive Wayback Machine Jump up ^ Gaudiosi , John ( 25 April 2007 ) . `` The untold story of how the Wii beat the Xbox , PlayStation '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Stan Schroeder , Mashable ( 25 April 2011 ) . `` Nintendo confirms Wii successor for 2012 '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U confirmed for Europe this year '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` WiiU Price and Release Date Announced '' . WiiU News . 2012 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Network @ E3 2011 - Introducing Wii U '' . Web.archive.org. 2011 - 06 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Takashi Amano ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` Satoru Iwata , Nintendo President Who Introduced Wii , Dies '' . Bloomberg News . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved July 14 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Notice Regarding Personnel Change of a Representative Director and Role Changes of Directors '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Awards - The Game Awards '' . The Game Awards . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Further reading ( edit ) Sheff , David ( 1993 ) . Game Over : How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry , Captured Your Dollars , and Enslaved Your Children . New York , New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 6320 - 5 . Gorges , Florent ; Isao Yamazaki ( 2010 ) . The History of Nintendo : 1889 - 1980 From playing - cards to Game & Watch . Paris , France : pix'n love publishing . ISBN 2 - 918272 - 15 - 9 . External links ( edit ) History of Nintendo article at Gameplayer Nintendo Presidents Fusajiro Yamauchi ( 1889 -- 1929 ) Sekiryo Kaneda ( 1929 -- 1949 ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( 1949 -- 2002 ) Satoru Iwata ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Tatsumi Kimishima ( 2015 -- 2018 ) Shuntaro Furukawa ( 2018 -- present ) Locations Nintendo New York Shigureden Products Video games Video games Consoles Controllers Mobile games Toys Love Tester Nintendo tumbler puzzle Ultra Hand Ultra Machine Services Nintendo eShop Nintendo Network Nintendo Network Service Database Club Nintendo Publications Nintendo Fun Club Nintendo La Rivista Ufficiale Nintendo Magazine System ( Australia ) Nintendo Player 's Guide Nintendo Power Official Nintendo Magazine Events Camp Hyrule Classic Tetris World Championship Nintendo Direct presentations Iwata Asks interviews Nintendo Campus Challenge Nintendo Campus Challenge 1991 Nintendo Campus Challenge 1992 Nintendo Fusion Tour Nintendo PowerFest ' 94 Nintendo World Championships Legal cases Atari Games Corp. v. 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