List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were known as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were only retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 26 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen different franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 - 4 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 74 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) have lost a record five Super Bowls . The New England Patriots ( 5 -- 4 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) , and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the 1966 -- 67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974 -- 75 and 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers , the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys , the 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos , and the 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 93 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 04 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.3 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 47 , 24 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 47 , 23 -- 24 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pasadena , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Pasadena , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Pasadena , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium Santa Clara , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Pasadena , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Pasadena , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Glendale , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! ALLTEL Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Glendale , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 X 2018 ! 2017 -- 18 NFC champion at 2017 -- 18 AFC champion 0018 ! -- X 2018 ! To be determined ( TBD ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 000018 ! TBD 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined ( TBD ) City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team NFL / NFC teams ( 26 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by season of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season ( s ) 09G - 04W ! 9 New England Patriots 5 . 556 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 08G - 06W ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08G - 05W ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08G - 03W ! 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06G - 05W ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05G - 04W ! 5 Green Bay Packers . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05G - 04W ! 5 New York Giants . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05G - 03W ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05G - 03W ! 5 Washington Redskins . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05G - 02W ! 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04G - 02W ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04G - 00W ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04G - 00W ! 4 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03G - 01W ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03G - 01W ! 3 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 02G - 02W ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02G - 01W ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02G - 01W ! 2 Chicago Bears . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02G - 00W ! 2 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 000 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 02G - 00W ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02G - 00W ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 02G - 00W ! 2 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 01G - 01W ! 1 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01G - 01W ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01G - 01W ! 1 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01G - 00W ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01G - 00W ! 1 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01G - 00W ! 1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00G - 00W ! 0 Cleveland Browns 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Detroit Lions 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999 Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls ; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted , nor had its team play in , a Super Bowl . Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX . Their last championship was in 1960 . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III was the team 's last championship appearance . The following eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl , but not since 1995 , meaning their droughts are longer than Jacksonville 's and Houston 's . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Super Bowl rematches The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming . Qualcomm Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium and San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . Additionally , although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture in History Of The Nfl '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 - The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . Associated Press . National Football League . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . 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Chinese immigration Act , 1923 - wikipedia Chinese immigration Act , 1923 Jump to : navigation , search The Chinese Immigration Act , 1923 , known today as the Chinese Exclusion Act , was an act passed by the Parliament of Canada , banning most forms of Chinese immigration to Canada . Immigration from most countries was controlled or restricted in some way , but only the Chinese were so completely prohibited from immigrating . Before 1923 , Chinese immigration was heavily controlled by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 , which imposed a hefty head tax on all immigrants from China . After various members of the federal and some provincial governments ( especially British Columbia ) put pressure on the federal government to discourage Chinese immigration , the Chinese Immigration Act was passed . It went into effect on July 1 , 1923 . The act banned Chinese immigrants from entering Canada except those under the following titles : Diplomat Foreign student Under Article 9 of the act , `` Special circumstance '' granted by the Minister of Immigration ( This is the class that former Governor General Adrienne Clarkson 's family fell under ) . The act did not only apply to Chinese from China , but to ethnic Chinese with British nationality as well . Since Dominion Day coincided with the enforcement of the Chinese Immigration Act , Chinese - Canadians at the time referred to the anniversary of Confederation as `` Humiliation Day '' and refused to take any part in the celebration . Because Canada became a signatory of the United Nations Charter of Human Rights following World War II and the Chinese Immigration Act was inconsistent with the UN charter , the Canadian Parliament repealed the act on May 14 , 1947 ( following the proclamation of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 on January 1 , 1947 ) . However , independent Chinese immigration to Canada came only after the liberalization of Canadian immigration policy in 1967 . On June 22 , 2006 , former Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized in the House of Commons . The first phrase of the apology was spoken in Cantonese Chinese , the most frequently spoken Chinese language among Chinese immigrants . He announced that the survivors or their spouses will be paid approximately $20,000 CAD in compensation for the head tax . On May 15 , 2014 , former Premier of British Columbia Christy Clark apologized in the Legislative Assembly . The apology motion was unanimously passed and aims to make amends for historic wrongs . Unlike the federal apology , no individual compensation was provided . However , $1 million was promised to be put into a legacy fund which would help legacy initiatives . The formal apology went through a three - month consultation period with various parties to help ensure that the apology was done properly . The act and its legacy have been the subject of at least three documentary films : Kenda Gee and Tom Radford 's Lost Years : A People 's Struggle for Justice ( 2011 - 2012 ) , William Dere and Malcolm Guy 's Moving the Mountain ( 1993 ) and Karen Cho 's In the Shadow of Gold Mountain ( 2004 ) . See also ( edit ) Lost Years : A People 's Struggle for Justice Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 Head tax ( Canada ) Chinese Exclusion Act ( United States ) Immigration to Canada White Australia policy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=1659497&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=38&Ses=1 chapter - url = missing title ( help ) . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons , Canada . 2005 - 04 - 18 . p. 1100 . Jump up ^ Karen Cho , writer / director ( 2004 ) . In the Shadow of Gold Mountain ( Documentary film ) . National Film Board of Canada . 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Question: when was the immigration act passed in canada


Symbolic interactionism - wikipedia Symbolic interactionism Jump to : navigation , search Sociology History Outline Portal Main theories Structural functionalism Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Comparative Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Positivism Critical theory Subfields and other major theories Conflict Criminology Social constructionism Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Feminist sociology Gender Health Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology in sociology Stratification Science and technology Technology Urban Utilitarianism Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people 's particular utilization of dialect to make images , normal implications , for deduction and correspondence with others . In other words , it is a frame of reference to better understand how individuals interact with one another to create symbolic worlds , and in return , how these worlds shapes individual behaviors . Symbolic interactionism comes from a sociological perspective which developed around the middle of the twentieth century and that continues to be influential in some areas of the discipline . It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology . It is derived from the American philosophy of pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead , as a pragmatic method to interpret social interactions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 George Herbert Mead 1.2 Herbert Blumer 1.3 Other theorists 2 Assumptions , premises , and research methodology 2.1 Assumptions 2.2 Premises 2.3 Research methodology 3 Five central ideas 4 Central interactionist themes 5 New media 6 Criticisms 6.1 Framework and theories 6.2 Social structure 6.2. 1 Language 6.2. 2 Critical perspective 7 Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) George Herbert Mead ( edit ) Symbolic interaction was conceived by George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley . Mead argued that people 's selves are social products , but that these selves are also purposive and creative , and believed that the true test of any theory was that it was `` useful in solving complex social problems '' . Mead 's influence was said to be so powerful that sociologists regard him as the one `` true founder '' of the symbolic interactionism tradition . Although Mead taught in a philosophy department , he is best known by sociologists as the teacher who trained a generation of the best minds in their field . Strangely , he never set forth his wide - ranging ideas in a book or systematic treatise . After his death in 1931 , his students pulled together class notes and conversations with their mentor and published Mind , Self and Society in his name . It is a common misconception that John Dewey was the leader of this sociological theory ; according to The Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism , Mead was undoubtedly the individual who `` transformed the inner structure of the theory , moving it to a higher level of theoretical complexity '' . Mind , Self and Society is the book published by Mead 's students based on his lectures and teaching , and the title of the book highlights the core concept of social interactionism . The mind refers to an individual 's ability to use symbols to create meanings for the world around him . Individuals use language and thought to accomplish this goal . Self refers to an individual 's ability to reflect on the way that he / she is perceived by others . Finally , society , according to Mead is where all of these interactions are taking place . A general description of Mead 's compositions portray how outside social structures , classes , and power and abuse affect the advancement of self personality for gatherings verifiably denied of the ability to characterize themselves . Herbert Blumer ( edit ) Herbert Blumer , a student and interpreter of Mead , coined the term and put forward an influential summary : people act a certain way towards things based on the meaning those things already have , and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation . Herbert Blumer was a social constructionist , and was influenced by Dewey ; as such , this theory is very phenomenologically based . Given that Blumer was the first one use symbolic interaction term , he is known as the founder of symbolic interaction . He believed that the `` Most human and humanizing activity that people engage in is talking to each other '' ( Griffin 60 ) . According to Blumber ( 86 ) , human groups are created by people and it is only actions between them defined a society . He argued that with interaction and through interaction individuals are able to `` produce common symbols by approving , arranging , and redefining them '' ( Blumer 86 ) . Having said that , interaction is shaped by a mutual exchange of interpretation , the ground of socialization . Other theorists ( edit ) Two other theorists who have influenced symbolic interaction theory are Yrjö Engeström and David Middleton . Engeström and Middleton explained the usefulness of symbolic interactionism in the communication field in a variety of work settings , including `` courts of law , health care , computer software design , scientific laboratory , telephone sales , control , repair , and maintenance of advance manufacturing systems '' . Other scholars credited for their contribution to the theory are Thomas , Park , James , Horton Cooley , Znaniecki , Baldwin , Redfield , and Wirth . Unlike other social sciences , symbolic interactionism emphasizes greatly on the ideas of action instead of culture , class and power . According to behaviorism , Darwinism , pragmatism , as well as Max Weber ( 3 ) , action theory contributed significantly to the formation of social interactionism as a theoretical perspective in communication studies . Assumptions , premises , and research methodology ( edit ) Assumptions ( edit ) Most symbolic interactionists believe a physical reality does indeed exist by an individual 's social definitions , and that social definitions do develop in part or relation to something `` real '' . People thus do not respond to this reality directly , but rather to the social understanding of reality ; i.e. , they respond to this reality indirectly through a kind of filter which consists of individuals ' different perspectives . This means that humans exist not in the physical space composed of realities , but in the `` world '' composed only of `` objects '' . Three assumptions frame symbolic interactionism : Individuals construct meaning via the communication process . Self concept is a motivation for behavior . A unique relationship exists between the individual and society . Having defined some of the underlying assumptions of symbolic interactionism , it is necessary to address the premises that each assumption supports . According to Blumer , here are three premises that can be derived from the assumptions above . Premises ( edit ) Premise 1 : `` Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things . '' The first premise includes everything that a human being may note in their world , including physical objects , actions and concepts . Essentially , individuals behave towards objects and others based on the personal meanings that the individual has already given these items . Blumer was trying to put emphasis on the meaning behind individual behaviors , specifically speaking , psychological and sociological explanations for those actions and behaviors are what Blumer focuses on . Premise 2 : `` The meaning of such things is derived from , or arises out of , the social interaction that one has with others and the society . '' The second premise explains the meaning of such things is derived from , or arises out of , the social interaction that one has with other humans . Blumer , following Mead , claimed people interact with each other by interpreting or defining each other 's actions instead of merely reacting to each other 's actions . Their `` response '' is not made directly to the actions of one another but instead is based on the meaning which they attach to such actions . Thus , human interaction is mediated by the use of symbols and signification , by interpretation , or by ascertaining the meaning of one another 's actions ( Blumer 1962 ) . Meaning is either taken for granted and pushed aside as an unimportant element which need not to be investigated or it is regarded as a mere neutral link or one of the causal chains between the causes or factors responsible for human behavior and this behavior as the product of such factors ( Blumer 1969 ) . Premise 3 : `` The Meanings are handled in , and modified through , an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he / she encounters . Symbolic interactionists describe thinking as an inner conversation ( Griffin 62 ) . Mead called this inner dialogue minding , which is the delay in one 's thought process that happens when one thinks about what they will do next . These meanings are handled in , and modified through , an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he encounters . We naturally talk to ourselves in order to sort out the meaning of a difficult situation . But first , we need language . Before we can think , we must be able to interact symbolically ( Griffin 62 ) . The emphasis on symbols , negotiated meaning , and social construction of society brought on attention to the roles people play . Role - taking is a key mechanism that permits people to see another person 's perspective to understand what an action might mean to another person . Role - taking is a part of our lives at an early age , for instance , playing house and pretending to be someone else . There is an improvisational quality of roles ; however , actors often take on a script that they follow . Because of the uncertainty of roles in social contexts , the burden of role - making is on the person in the situation . In this sense , we are proactive participants in our environment . Research methodology ( edit ) The majority of interactionist research uses qualitative research methods , like participant observation , to study aspects of 1 ) social interaction , and / or 2 ) individuals ' selves . Participant observation allows researchers to access symbols and meanings , as in Howard S. Becker 's Art Worlds ( 1982 ) and Arlie Hochschild 's The Managed Heart ( 1983 ) . They argue that close contact and immersion in the everyday activities of the participants is necessary for understanding the meaning of actions , defining situations and the process that actors construct the situation through their interaction . Because of this close contact , interactions can not remain completely liberated of value commitments . In most cases , they make use of their values in choosing what to study ; however , they seek to be objective in how they conduct the research . Therefore , the symbolic - interaction approach is a micro-level orientation focusing on human interaction in specific situations . Five central ideas ( edit ) There are five central ideas to symbolic interactionism according to Joel M. Charon , author of Symbolic Interactionism An Introduction , An Interpretation , An Integration : `` The human being must be understood as a social person . It is the constant search for social interaction that leads us to do what we do . Instead of focusing on the individual and his or her personality , or on how the society or social situation causes human behavior , symbolic interactionism focuses on the activities that take place between actors . Interaction is the basic unit of study . Individuals are created through interaction ; society too is created through social interaction . What we do depends on interaction with others earlier in our lifetimes , and it depends on our interaction right now . Social interaction is central to what we do . If we want to understand cause , focus on social interaction . The human being must be understood as a thinking being . Human action is not only interaction among individuals but also interaction within the individual . It is not our ideas or attitudes or values that are as important as the constant active ongoing process of thinking . We are not simply conditioned , we are not simply beings who are influenced by those around us , we are not simply products of society . We are , to our very core , thinking animals , always conversing with ourselves as we interact with others . If we want to understand cause , focus on human thinking . Humans do not sense their environment directly , instead , humans define the situation they are in . An environment may actually exist , but it is our definition of it that is important . Definition does not simply randomly happen ; instead , it results from ongoing social interaction and thinking . The cause of human action is the result of what is occurring in our present situation . Cause unfolds in the present social interaction , present thinking , and present definition . It is not society 's encounters with us in our past , that causes action nor is it our own past experience that does . It is , instead , social interaction , thinking , definition of the situation that takes place in the present . Our past enters into our actions primarily because we think about it and apply it to the definition of the present situation . Human beings are described as active beings in relation to their environment . Words such as conditioning , responding , controlled , imprisoned , and formed are not used to describe the human being in symbolic interaction . In contrast to other social - scientific perspectives humans are not thought of as being passive in relation to their surroundings , but actively involved in what they do . '' Central interactionist themes ( edit ) To Herbert Blumer 's conceptual perspective , he put them in three core principles : that people act toward things , including each other , on the basis of the meanings they have for them ; that these meanings are derived through social interaction with others ; and that these meanings are managed and transformed through an interpretive process that people use to make sense of and handle the objects that constitute their social worlds . Keeping in mind of Blumer 's earlier work , David A. Snow , professor of Sociology at the University of California , suggests four broader and even more basic orienting principles : human agency , interactive determination , symbolization , and emergence . Snow uses these four principles as the thematic bases for identifying and discussing contributions to the study of social movements . Human agency Human agency emphasizes the active , willful , goal seeking character of human actors . The emphasis on agency focuses attention on those actions , events , and moments in social life in which agentic action is especially palpable . Interactive determination Interactive determination specifies that understanding of focal objects of analysis , whether they are self - concepts , identities , roles , practices , or even social movements . Basically this means , neither individual , society , self , or others exist only in relation to each other and therefore can be fully understood only in terms of their interaction . Symbolization Symbolization highlights the processes through which events and conditions , artifacts , people , and other environmental features that take on particular meanings , becoming nearly only objects of orientation . Human behavior is partly contingent on what the object of orientation symbolizes or means . Emergence Emergence focuses on attention on the processual and nonhabituated side of social life , focusing not only on organization and texture of social life , but also associated meaning and feelings . The principal of emergence tells us not only to possibility of new forms of social life and system meaning but also to transformations in existing forms of social organization . ( Herman - Kinney Reynolds 812 - 824 ) . New media ( edit ) New media is a term used to define all that is related to the internet and the interplay between technology , images and sound . As studies of online community proliferate , the concept of online community has become a more accepted social construct . Studies encompassed discursive communities ; identity ; community as social reality ; networking ; the public sphere ; ease and anonymity in interactions . These studies show that online community is an important social construct in terms of its cultural , structural , political and economic character . It has been demonstrated that people 's ideas about community are formed , in part , through interactions both in online forums and face - to - face . As a result , people act in their communities according to the meanings they derive about their environment , whether online or offline , from those interactions . This perspective reveals that online communication may very well take on different meanings for different people depending on information , circumstance , relationships , power , and other systems that make up communities of practice . People enact community the way it is conceived and the meaning of community evolves as they come up with new ways to utilize it . Given this reality , scholars are continually challenged to research and understand how online communities are comprised , how they function , and how they are connected to offline social life . Symbolic interaction theory was discussed in `` The Cyberself : The Self - ing Project goes online , Symbolic Interaction in the Digital Age '' . Robinson discusses how symbolic interaction theory explains the way individuals create a sense of self through their interactions with others . However , she believes advances in technology have changed this . The article investigates the manner in which individuals form their online identity . She uses symbolic interaction theory to examine the formation of the cyber `` I '' and a digital `` generalized other '' . In the article , Robinson suggests individuals form new identities on the internet . She argues these cyber identities are not necessarily the way the individual would be perceived offline . Criticisms ( edit ) Symbolic interactionists are often criticized for being overly impressionistic in their research methods and somewhat unsystematic in their theories . It is argued that the theory is not one theory , but rather , the framework for many different theories . Additionally , some theorists have a problem with symbolic interaction theory due to its lack of testability . These objections , combined with the fairly narrow focus of interactionist research on small - group interactions and other social psychological issues , have relegated the interactionist camp to a minority position among sociologists ( albeit a fairly substantial minority ) . Much of this criticism arose during the 1970s in the U.S. when quantitative approaches to sociology were dominant . Perhaps the best known of these is by Alvin Gouldner . Framework and theories ( edit ) Some critiques of symbolic interactionism are based on the assumption that it is a theory , and the critiques apply the criteria for a `` good '' theory to something that does not claim to be a theory . Some critics find the symbolic interactionist framework too broad and general when they are seeking specific theories . Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical framework rather than a theory ( see Stryker and Vryan , 2003 , for a clear distinction between the two as it pertains to interactionist - inspired conceptualizations ) can be assessed on the basis of effective conceptualizations . The theoretical framework , as with any theoretical framework , is vague when it comes to analyzing empirical data or predicting outcomes in social life . As a framework rather than a theory , many scholars find it difficult to use . Interactionism being a framework rather than a theory makes it impossible to test interactionism in the manner that a specific theoretical claim about the relationship between specific variables in a given context allows . Unlike the symbolic interactionist framework , the many theories derived from symbolic interactionism , such as role theory and the versions of Identity Theory developed by Stryker , and Burke and colleagues , clearly define concepts and the relationships between them in a given context , thus allowing for the opportunity to develop and test hypotheses . Further , especially among Blumerian processual interactionists , a great number of very useful conceptualizations have been developed and applied in a very wide range of social contexts , types of populations , types of behaviors , and cultures and subcultures . Social structure ( edit ) Symbolic interactionism is often related and connected with social structure . This concept suggests that symbolic interactionism is a construction of people 's social reality . It also implies that from a realistic point of view , the interpretations that are being made will not make much difference . When the reality of a situation is defined , the situation becomes a meaningful reality . This includes methodological criticisms , and critical sociological issues . A number of symbolic interactionists have addressed these topics , the best known being Sheldon Stryker 's structural symbolic interactionism and the formulations of interactionism heavily influenced by this approach ( sometimes referred to as the `` Indiana School '' of symbolic interactionism ) , including the works of key scholars in sociology and psychology using different methods and theories applying a structural version of interactionism that are represented in a 2003 collection edited by Burke et al . Another well - known structural variation of symbolic interactionism that applies quantitative methods is Manford H. Kuhn 's formulation which is often referred to in sociological literature as the `` Iowa School '' . `` Negotiated order theory '' also applies a structural approach . Language ( edit ) Language is viewed as the source of all meaning . Social constructionist Herbert Blumer illuminates several key features about social interactionism . Most people interpret things based on assignment and purpose . The interaction occurs once the meaning of something has become identified . This concept of meaning is what starts to construct the framework of social reality . By aligning social reality , Blumer suggests that language is the meaning of interaction . Communication , especially in the form of symbolic interactionism is connected with language . Language initiates all forms of communication , verbal and non-verbal . Blumer defines this source of meaning as a connection that arises out of the social interaction that people have with each other . Critical perspective ( edit ) According to social theorist Patricia Burbank , the concepts of synergistic and diverging properties are what shape the viewpoints of humans as social beings . These two concepts are different in a sense because of their views of human freedom and their level of focus . According to Burbank , actions are based on the effects of situations that occur during the process of social interaction . Another important factor in meaningful situations is the environment in which the social interaction occurs . The environment influences interaction , which leads to a reference group and connects with perspective , and then concludes to a definition of the situation . This illustrates the proper steps to define a situation . An approval of the action occurs once the situation is defined . An interpretation is then made upon that action , which may ultimately influence the perspective , action , and definition . Sheldon Stryker , an influential social constructionist on social interactionism , emphasizes that the sociology world at large is the most viable and vibrant intellectual framework . By being made up of our thoughts self - belief , the social interactionism theory is the purpose of all human interaction , and is what causes society to exist . This fuels criticisms of the symbolic interactionist framework for failing to account for social structure , as well as criticisms that interactionist theories can not be assessed via quantitative methods , and can not be falsifiable or tested empirically . Framework is important for the symbolic interaction theory because for in order for the social structure to form , there are certain bonds of communication that need to be established to create the interaction . Much of the symbolic interactionist framework 's basic tenets can be found in a very wide range of sociological and psychological work , without being explicitly cited as interactionist , making the influence of symbolic interactionism difficult to recognize given this general acceptance of its assumptions as `` common knowledge '' . Society for the Study of symbolic interaction ( edit ) The Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction ( SSSI ) is an international professional organization for scholars , who are interested in the study of Symbolic Interaction . SSSI holds a conference in conjunction with the meeting of the American Sociological Association and the Society for the Study of Social Problems . This conference typically occurs in August and sponsors the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction holds the Couch - Stone Symposium each spring . The society provides travel scholarships for student members interested in attending the annual conference . At the annual conference , the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction sponsors yearly awards in different categories of symbolic interaction . Additionally , some of the awards are open to student members of the society . The Ellis - Bochner Autoethnography and Personal Narrative Research Award is given annually by the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction affiliate of the National Communication Association for the best article , essay , or book chapter in autoethnography and personal narrative research . The award is named after renowned autoethnographers Carolyn Ellis and Art Bochner . The society also sponsors a quarterly journal , Symbolic Interaction . The organization also releases a newsletter , SSSI Notes . Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction has also the European branch . It organizes each year the conference that integrates European symbolic interactionists . See also ( edit ) Sociology portal Constructivism ( learning theory ) Coordinated management of meaning Edward T. Hall Erving Goffman Extension transference Generalized other Georg Simmel Labeling theory Sandbox play therapy Social action Social interaction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hall , Peter M. ( 2007 ) . `` Symbolic Interaction '' . Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology -- via Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology . ^ Jump up to : L. , , West , Richard . Introducing communication theory : analysis and application . Turner , Lynn H. , ( Sixth ed . ) . New York , NY . ISBN 9781259870323 . OCLC 967775008 . ^ Jump up to : Alver , Fusun , Caglar , Sebnem ( 2015 ) . `` The Impact of Symbolic Interactionism on Research Studies about Communication Science '' . International Journal of Arts and Sciences . 8 : 479 -- 484 -- via Proquest . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Emory A. ( 2006 ) . A First Look at Communication Theory . Boston : McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Herman - Kinney Nancy J. , Reynolds , Larry T. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism . New York : AltaMira . Jump up ^ Brewster , Kiyona ( 2013 ) . `` Beyond Classic Symbolic Interactionism : Towards A Intersectional Reading Of George H. Mead 's Mind , Self , And Society '' . Conference Papers -- American Sociological Association : 1 -- 20 -- via SocINDEX with Full Text . ^ Jump up to : `` Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction '' . sites.google.com . Jump up ^ Aksan , Nilgun ; Kısac , Buket ; Aydın , Mufit ; Demirbuken , Sumeyra ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Symbolic interaction theory '' . Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences . World Conference on Educational Sciences : New Trends and Issues in Educational Sciences . 1 ( 1 ) : 902 -- 904 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbspro. 2009.01. 160 . Jump up ^ Engestrom , Yrjo , and David Middleton . `` Cognition and Communication at Work . '' ^ Jump up to : Blumer , H. ( 1969 ) Symbolic Interactionism ; Perspective and Method . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall Jump up ^ This process occurs in the form of interaction with oneself or taking into account of taking into account . See the following paper : Kuwabara T. , and K. Yamaguchi , 2013 , An Introduction to the Sociological Perspective of Symbolic Interactionism , The Joint Journal of the National Universities in Kyushu , Education and Humanities , 1 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Garfinkel , Harold . 1967 . Studies in Ethnomethodology . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Jump up ^ Marshall , G. ( 1998 ) . `` symbolic interactionism '' . A Dictionary of Sociology . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved on : 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Charon , Joel M. ( 2004 ) . Symbolic Interactionism An Introduction , An Interpretation , An Integration . Boston : Pearson . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 605193 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bailey Socha ; Barbara Eber - Schmid . `` What is new media ? '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reid , E.M. ( 1991 ) Electropolis : Communication and Community on internet Relay Chat ' , Honours thesis , University of Melbourne . Jump up ^ Howard , T. ( 1997 ) A Rhetoric of Electronic Communities . Greenwich , CT : Ablex . Jump up ^ Bromberg , H. ( 1996 ) ' Are MUDs Communities ? Identity , Belonging and Consciousness in Virtual Worlds ' , in R. Shields ( ed . ) Cultures of internet : Virtual Spaces , Real Histories , Living Bodies , pp. 143 -- 52 . London : Sage . Jump up ^ Donath , J. ( 1999 ) ' Identity and Deception in the Virtual Community ' , in M.A. Smith and P. Kollock ( eds ) Communities in Cyberspace , pp. 29 -- 59 . New York : Routledge . Jump up ^ Watson , N. ( 1997 ) ' Why We Argue About Virtual Community : A Case Study of the phish.net Fan Community ' , in S.G. Jones ( ed . ) Virtual Culture : Identity and Communication in Cybersociety , pp. 102 -- 32. Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . Jump up ^ Wellman , B. ( 1997 ) ' An Electronic Group is Virtually a Social Network ' , in S. Kiesler ( ed . ) Culture of the internet , pp. 179 -- 205 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Jump up ^ Ess , C. ( 1996 ) ' The Political Computer : Democracy , CMC , and Habermas ' , in C. Ess ( ed . ) Philosophical Perspectives on Computer - Mediated Communication , pp. 197 -- 230 . Albany , NY : State University of New York . Jump up ^ Anthropologist Wows Personal Democracy Forum . Whatever . Shelley Dubois . Wired Magazine . 30 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Fernback , J. Beyond the diluted community concept : a symbolic interactionist perspective on online social relations New Media & Society , February 2007 9 : 49 - 69 Jump up ^ Robinson , L. The Cyberself : The Self - ing Project goes online , Symbolic Interaction in the Digital Age . 2007 Jump up ^ Harris , D. `` Reading Guide to the Bits on Interactionism in : Gouldner A ( 1971 ) The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology , London : Heinemann Educational Books '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Stryker , Sheldon . ( 1968 ) . `` Identity Salience and Role Performance : The Relevance of Symbolic Interaction Theory for Family Research . '' Journal of Marriage and the Family 30 : 558 - 564 . Jump up ^ Stryker , Sheldon . ( 1994 ) . `` Identity Theory : Its Development , Research Base , and Prospects . '' Studies in Symbolic Interaction 16 : 9 - 20 . Jump up ^ Burke , Peter J. ( 1980 ) . `` The Self : Measurement Requirements from an Interactionist Perspective . '' Social Psychology Quarterly 43 : 18 - 29 . Jump up ^ Burke , Peter J. , and Donald C. Reitzes. ( 1981 ) . `` The Link between Identity and Role Performance . '' Social Psychology Quarterly 44 : 83 - 92 . Jump up ^ Stryker , Sheldon . 1980 . Symbolic Interactionism : A Social Structural Version . Menlo Park , CA : Benjamin / Cummings . Jump up ^ Peter Burke and Jan Stets Burke , Peter J. , Timothy J. Owens , Richard T. Serpe , and Peggy A. Thoits ( Eds . ) . ( 2003 ) . Advances in Identity Theory and Research . New York : Kluwer Academic / Plenum . Jump up ^ The Sociological Quarterly Volume 18 , Issue 1 , pages 126 -- 142 , January 1977 Jump up ^ `` Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction '' . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome to SSSI '' . Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction . Sources ( edit ) Blumer , Herbert . `` A note on symbolic Interactionism '' . American Sociological Review . Vol. 38 , No. 6 . 1973 . Burbank , Patricia . `` Symbolic Interactionism and critical perspective : divergent or synergistic '' ? Nursing Philosophy . Web . 3 Jan. 2010 . Prus , Robert . 1996 . Symbolic Interaction and Ethnographic Research : Intersubjectivity and the Study of Human Lived Experience . Albany , NY : State University of New York Press . Stryker , Sheldon . `` The vitalization of symbolic Interactionism '' . Social Psychology Quarterly . Vol. 50 , pg. 83 . Web . 1 Nov. 1999 . Further Reading ( edit ) Atkinson , P.A. and Housley , W. ( 2003 ) Interactionism , London , Sage . Altheide . David L. ( 2013 ) `` Terrorism and the national security university : public order redux '' 40th Anniversary of Studies in Symbolic Interaction , Emerald . Blumer , Herbert ( 1962 ) . `` Society as Symbolic Interaction '' . In Arnold M. Rose . Human Behavior and Social Process : An Interactionist Approach . Houghton - Mifflin . Reprinted in Blumer ( 1969 ) . Blumer , Herbert . ( 1971 ) . Social Problems as Collective Behavior = 2006 ( translated in Japanese ) , Journal of Economics and Sociology Blumer , Herbert . Symbolic Interactionism ; Perspective and Method . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall , 1969 . Print . Plummer , Ken . `` A World in the Making : Symbolic Interactionism in the Twentieth Century . '' ( n.d. ) : n . pag . Print . Plummer , Kenneth . ( 1975 ) . Sexual stigma : An interactionist account . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . Liamputtong , Pranee & Ezzy , Douglas . ( 2005 ) . Qualitative Research Methods . New York : Oxford University Press . Brissett , Edgley. ( 1974 ) . `` Life as theater '' . Chicago . Rock , P. ( 1979 ) The Making of Symbolic Interactionism , London , Macmillan . Lehn , Dirk vom , and Will Gibson . ( 2011 ) `` Interaction and Symbolic Interactionism . '' Symbolic Interaction . Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction . Print . Schneider Christopher J. , and Trottier Daniel . ( 2013 ) `` Social Media and the 2011 Vancouver Riot '' 40th Anniversary of Studies in Symbolic Interaction , Emerald . Johnson , John J. ( 2013 ) , `` The Contributions of the California Sociologies to the Diversity and Development of Symbolic Interaction '' 40th Anniversary of Studies in Symbolic Interaction , Emerald . Vannini , P. ( 2009 ) . Nonrepresentational theory and symbolic interactionism : Shared perspectives and missed articulations . Symbolic Interaction , 32 ( 3 ) , 282 - 286 . Jeon , Yun ‐ Hee. ( 2004 ) `` The Application of Grounded Theory and Symbolic Interactionism . `` Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences , vol. 18 , no . 3 , pp. 249 - 256 Milliken , P.J. , and Rita Schreiber. ( 2012 ) . `` Examining the Nexus between Grounded Theory and Symbolic Interactionism . '' International Journal of Qualitative Methods , vol. 11 , no . 5 , 2012 , pp. 684 - 696 Manning , Philip , and David R. Maines. ( 2003 ) . `` Editorial Introduction : Theory and Method in Symbolic Interactionism . '' Symbolic Interaction , vol. 26 , no . 4 , pp. 497 - 500 , ProQuest Central ; Research Library ; Sociological Abstracts , External links ( edit ) Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction ( SSSI ) website Blog of the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction 6th European Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction conference 2015 Symbolic Interaction journal at Wiley Online Blog of the Journal Symbolic Interaction NDL : 01162744 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_interactionism&oldid=837232337 '' Categories : Criminology Sociological theories Anthropology Interpersonal communication Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 14 : 58 . 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Question: symbolic interactionism is the basis for which theoretical model