Glycogen - wikipedia Glycogen Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) Schematic two - dimensional cross-sectional view of glycogen : A core protein of glycogenin is surrounded by branches of glucose units . The entire globular granule may contain around 30,000 glucose units . A view of the atomic structure of a single branched strand of glucose units in a glycogen molecule . Glycogen ( black granules ) in spermatozoa of a flatworm ; transmission electron microscopy , scale : 0.3 μm Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans , animals , fungi , and bacteria . The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body . Glycogen functions as one of two forms of long - term energy reserves , with the other form being triglyceride stores in adipose tissue ( i.e. , body fat ) . In humans , glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle . In the liver , glycogen can make up from 5 -- 6 % of the organ 's fresh weight and the liver of an adult weighing 70 kg can store roughly 100 -- 120 grams of glycogen . In skeletal muscle , glycogen is found in a low concentration ( 1 -- 2 % of the muscle mass ) and the skeletal muscle of an adult weighing 70 kg can store roughly 400 grams of glycogen . The amount of glycogen stored in the body -- particularly within the muscles and liver -- mostly depends on physical training , basal metabolic rate , and eating habits . Small amounts of glycogen are also found in other tissues and cells , including the kidneys , red blood cells , white blood cells , and glial cells in the brain . The uterus also stores glycogen during pregnancy to nourish the embryo . Approximately 4 grams of glucose are present in the blood of humans at all times ; in fasted individuals , blood glucose is maintained constant at this level at the expense of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle . Glycogen stores in skeletal muscle serve as a form of energy storage for the muscle itself ; however , the breakdown of muscle glycogen impedes muscle glucose uptake , thereby increasing the amount of blood glucose available for use in other tissues . Liver glycogen stores serve as a store of glucose for use throughout the body , particularly the central nervous system . The human brain consumes approximately 60 % of blood glucose in fasted , sedentary individuals . Glycogen is the analogue of starch , a glucose polymer that functions as energy storage in plants . It has a structure similar to amylopectin ( a component of starch ) , but is more extensively branched and compact than starch . Both are white powders in their dry state . Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol / cytoplasm in many cell types , and plays an important role in the glucose cycle . Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose , but one that is less compact than the energy reserves of triglycerides ( lipids ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Functions 2.1 Liver 2.2 Muscle 3 History 4 Metabolism 4.1 Synthesis 4.2 Breakdown 5 Clinical relevance 5.1 Disorders of glycogen metabolism 5.2 Glycogen depletion and endurance exercise 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) 1 , 4 - α - glycosidic linkages in the glycogen oligomer 1 , 4 - α - glycosidic and 1 , 6 - glycosidic linkages in the glycogen oligomer Glycogen is a branched biopolymer consisting of linear chains of glucose residues with an average chain length of approximately 8 -- 12 glucose units . Glucose units are linked together linearly by α ( 1 → 4 ) glycosidic bonds from one glucose to the next . Branches are linked to the chains from which they are branching off by α ( 1 → 6 ) glycosidic bonds between the first glucose of the new branch and a glucose on the stem chain . Due to the way glycogen is synthesised , every glycogen granule has at its core a glycogenin protein . Glycogen in muscle , liver , and fat cells is stored in a hydrated form , composed of three or four parts of water per part of glycogen associated with 0.45 millimoles ( 18 mg ) of potassium per gram of glycogen . Functions ( edit ) Liver ( edit ) As a meal containing carbohydrates or protein is eaten and digested , blood glucose levels rise , and the pancreas secretes insulin . Blood glucose from the portal vein enters liver cells ( hepatocytes ) . Insulin acts on the hepatocytes to stimulate the action of several enzymes , including glycogen synthase . Glucose molecules are added to the chains of glycogen as long as both insulin and glucose remain plentiful . In this postprandial or `` fed '' state , the liver takes in more glucose from the blood than it releases . After a meal has been digested and glucose levels begin to fall , insulin secretion is reduced , and glycogen synthesis stops . When it is needed for energy , glycogen is broken down and converted again to glucose . Glycogen phosphorylase is the primary enzyme of glycogen breakdown . For the next 8 -- 12 hours , glucose derived from liver glycogen is the primary source of blood glucose used by the rest of the body for fuel . Glucagon , another hormone produced by the pancreas , in many respects serves as a countersignal to insulin . In response to insulin levels being below normal ( when blood levels of glucose begin to fall below the normal range ) , glucagon is secreted in increasing amounts and stimulates both glycogenolysis ( the breakdown of glycogen ) and gluconeogenesis ( the production of glucose from other sources ) . Muscle ( edit ) Muscle cell glycogen appears to function as an immediate reserve source of available glucose for muscle cells . Other cells that contain small amounts use it locally , as well . As muscle cells lack glucose - 6 - phosphatase , which is required to pass glucose into the blood , the glycogen they store is available solely for internal use and is not shared with other cells . This is in contrast to liver cells , which , on demand , readily do break down their stored glycogen into glucose and send it through the blood stream as fuel for other organs . History ( edit ) Glycogen was discovered by Claude Bernard . His experiments showed that the liver contained a substance that could give rise to reducing sugar by the action of a `` ferment '' in the liver . By 1857 , he described the isolation of a substance he called `` la matière glycogène '' , or `` sugar - forming substance '' . Soon after the discovery of glycogen in the liver , A. Sanson found that muscular tissue also contains glycogen . The empirical formula for glycogen of ( C ) was established by Kekule in 1858 . Metabolism ( edit ) Synthesis ( edit ) Main article : Glycogenesis Glycogen synthesis is , unlike its breakdown , endergonic -- it requires the input of energy . Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from uridine triphosphate ( UTP ) , which reacts with glucose - 1 - phosphate , forming UDP - glucose , in a reaction catalysed by UTP -- glucose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase . Glycogen is synthesized from monomers of UDP - glucose initially by the protein glycogenin , which has two tyrosine anchors for the reducing end of glycogen , since glycogenin is a homodimer . After about eight glucose molecules have been added to a tyrosine residue , the enzyme glycogen synthase progressively lengthens the glycogen chain using UDP - glucose , adding α ( 1 → 4 ) - bonded glucose . The glycogen branching enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a terminal fragment of six or seven glucose residues from a nonreducing end to the C - 6 hydroxyl group of a glucose residue deeper into the interior of the glycogen molecule . The branching enzyme can act upon only a branch having at least 11 residues , and the enzyme may transfer to the same glucose chain or adjacent glucose chains . Breakdown ( edit ) Main article : Glycogenolysis Glycogen is cleaved from the nonreducing ends of the chain by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase to produce monomers of glucose - 1 - phosphate : In vivo , phosphorolysis proceeds in the direction of glycogen breakdown because the ratio of phosphate and glucose - 1 - phosphate is usually greater than 100 . Glucose - 1 - phosphate is then converted to glucose 6 - phosphate ( G6P ) by phosphoglucomutase . A special debranching enzyme is needed to remove the α ( 1 - 6 ) branches in branched glycogen and reshape the chain into a linear polymer . The G6P monomers produced have three possible fates : G6P can continue on the glycolysis pathway and be used as fuel . G6P can enter the pentose phosphate pathway via the enzyme glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase to produce NADPH and 5 - carbon sugars . In the liver and kidney , G6P can be dephosphorylated back to glucose by the enzyme glucose 6 - phosphatase . This is the final step in the gluconeogenesis pathway . Clinical relevance ( edit ) Disorders of glycogen metabolism ( edit ) The most common disease in which glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal is diabetes , in which , because of abnormal amounts of insulin , liver glycogen can be abnormally accumulated or depleted . Restoration of normal glucose metabolism usually normalizes glycogen metabolism , as well . In hypoglycemia caused by excessive insulin , liver glycogen levels are high , but the high insulin levels prevent the glycogenolysis necessary to maintain normal blood sugar levels . Glucagon is a common treatment for this type of hypoglycemia . Various inborn errors of metabolism are caused by deficiencies of enzymes necessary for glycogen synthesis or breakdown . These are collectively referred to as glycogen storage diseases . Glycogen depletion and endurance exercise ( edit ) See also : Central nervous system fatigue Long - distance athletes , such as marathon runners , cross-country skiers , and cyclists , often experience glycogen depletion , where almost all of the athlete 's glycogen stores are depleted after long periods of exertion without sufficient carbohydrate consumption . This phenomenon is referred to as `` hitting the wall '' . Glycogen depletion can be forestalled in three possible ways . First , during exercise , carbohydrates with the highest possible rate of conversion to blood glucose ( high glycemic index ) are ingested continuously . The best possible outcome of this strategy replaces about 35 % of glucose consumed at heart rates above about 80 % of maximum . Second , through endurance training adaptations and specialized regimens ( e.g. fasting low - intensity endurance training ) , the body can condition type I muscle fibers to improve both fuel use efficiency and workload capacity to increase the percentage of fatty acids used as fuel , sparing carbohydrate use from all sources . Third , by consuming large quantities of carbohydrates after depleting glycogen stores as a result of exercise or diet , the body can increase storage capacity of intramuscular glycogen stores . This process is known as carbohydrate loading . In general , glycemic index of carbohydrate source does not matter since muscular insulin sensitivity is increased as a result of temporary glycogen depletion . When experiencing glycogen debt , athletes often experience extreme fatigue to the point that it is difficult to move . As a reference , the very best professional cyclists in the world will usually finish a 4 - to 5 - hr stage race right at the limit of glycogen depletion using the first three strategies . When athletes ingest both carbohydrate and caffeine following exhaustive exercise , their glycogen stores tend to be replenished more rapidly ; however , the minimum dose of caffeine at which there is a clinically significant effect on glycogen repletion has not been established . See also ( edit ) Chitin Peptidoglycan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ William D. McArdle ; Frank I. Katch ; Victor L. Katch ( 2006 ) . Exercise physiology : energy , nutrition , and human performance ( 6 ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4990 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Wasserman DH ( January 2009 ) . `` Four grams of glucose '' . American Journal of Physiology . Endocrinology and Metabolism. 296 ( 1 ) : E11 -- 21 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpendo. 90563.2008 . PMC 2636990 . PMID 18840763 . Four grams of glucose circulates in the blood of a person weighing 70 kg . This glucose is critical for normal function in many cell types . In accordance with the importance of these 4 g of glucose , a sophisticated control system is in place to maintain blood glucose constant . Our focus has been on the mechanisms by which the flux of glucose from liver to blood and from blood to skeletal muscle is regulated ... The brain consumes ∼ 60 % of the blood glucose used in the sedentary , fasted person ... The amount of glucose in the blood is preserved at the expense of glycogen reservoirs ( Fig. 2 ) . In postabsorptive humans , there are ∼ 100 g of glycogen in the liver and ∼ 400 g of glycogen in muscle . Carbohydrate oxidation by the working muscle can go up by ∼ 10-fold with exercise , and yet after 1 h , blood glucose is maintained at ∼ 4 g . Jump up ^ Sadava ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Life ( 9th , International ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 9781429254311 . ^ Jump up to : Kreitzman SN , Coxon AY , Szaz KF ( 1992 ) . `` Glycogen storage : illusions of easy weight loss , excessive weight regain , and distortions in estimates of body composition '' ( PDF ) . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 ( 1 Suppl ) : 292s -- 93s . PMID 1615908 . Jump up ^ Guyton , Arthur C. ; John Edward Hall ( 2011 ) . Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . New York , New York : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 5 - 98657 - 013 - 6 . Jump up ^ Moses SW , Bashan N , Gutman A ( December 1972 ) . `` Glycogen metabolism in the normal red blood cell '' . Blood . 40 ( 6 ) : 836 -- 43 . PMID 5083874 . Jump up ^ Ingermann RL , Virgin GL ( 1987 ) . `` Glycogen content and release of glucose from red blood cells of the sipunculan worm themiste dyscrita '' ( PDF ) . J Exp Biol. 129 : 141 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Miwa I , Suzuki S ( November 2002 ) . `` An improved quantitative assay of glycogen in erythrocytes '' . Annals of Clinical Biochemistry . 39 ( Pt 6 ) : 612 -- 13 . doi : 10.1258 / 000456302760413432 . PMID 12564847 . Jump up ^ Oe Y , Baba O , Ashida H , Nakamura KC , Hirase H ( June 2016 ) . `` Glycogen distribution in the microwave - fixed mouse brain reveals heterogeneous astrocytic patterns '' . Glia. 64 ( 9 ) : 1532 -- 45 . doi : 10.1002 / glia. 23020 . PMC 5094520 . PMID 27353480 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Manners , D.J. Carbohydr . Polym. 1991 , 16 , 37 . Jump up ^ Berg , Tymoczko & Stryer ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 7th , International ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . p. 338 . ISBN 1429203145 . Jump up ^ Berg ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 7th , International ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . p. 650 . Jump up ^ `` Glycogen Biosynthesis ; Glycogen Breakdown '' . oregonstate.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ F.G. Young ( 1957 ) . `` Claude Bernard and the Discovery of Glycogen '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 5033 ( Jun. 22 , 1957 ) ) : 1431 -- 37 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.5033. 1431 . JSTOR 25382898 . Jump up ^ Stryer , L. ( 1988 ) Biochemistry , 3rd ed. , Freeman ( p. 451 ) Jump up ^ http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/training/methods-of-endurance-training-part-1.html Jump up ^ http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/fat-loss/qa-steady-state-vs-tempo-training-and-fat-loss.html Jump up ^ McDonald , Lyle . `` Research Review : An In - Depth Look Into Carbing Up On The Cyclical Ketogenic Diet '' . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Lyle . The Ketogenic Diet : A Complete Guide for the Dieter and the Practitioner . Lyle McDonald , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Costill DL et . al. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged exercise on successive days . J Appl Physiol ( 1971 ) 31 : 834 -- 38 . '' Jump up ^ Glycogen depletion and increased insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in muscle after exerciseAm J Physiol Endocrinol MetabDecember 1 , 1986 251 : ( 6 ) E664 -- 69 Jump up ^ McDonald , Lyle . The Ultimate Diet 2.0 . Lyle McDonald , 2003 Jump up ^ Pedersen DJ , Lessard SJ , Coffey VG , et al. ( July 2008 ) . `` High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine '' . Journal of Applied Physiology ( Original article ) . 105 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 13 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01121.2007 . PMID 18467543 . Jump up ^ Gaudet , Laura ; Jackson , Allen ; Streitz , Carmyn ; McIntire , Kyle ; McDaniel , Larry . `` The Effects Of Caffeine On Athletic Performance '' . Clute Institute . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beelen M , Burke LM , Gibala MJ , van Loon L JC ( December 2010 ) . `` Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery '' . International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 20 ( 6 ) : 515 -- 32 . doi : 10.1123 / ijsnem. 20.6. 515 . PMID 21116024 . External links ( edit ) Glycogen storage disease -- McArdle 's Disease Website Glycogen at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Types of carbohydrates General Aldose Ketose Furanose Pyranose Geometry Anomer Cyclohexane conformation Mutarotation Monosaccharides Dioses Aldodiose Glycolaldehyde Trioses Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone Tetroses Aldotetroses Erythrose Threose Ketotetrose Erythrulose Pentoses Aldopentoses Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentoses Ribulose Xylulose Deoxy sugars Deoxyribose Hexoses Aldohexoses Allose Altrose Galactose Glucose Gulose Idose Mannose Talose Ketohexoses Fructose Psicose Sorbose Tagatose Deoxy sugars Fucose Fuculose Rhamnose Heptoses Ketoheptoses Mannoheptulose Sedoheptulose Above 7 Octoses Nonoses Neuraminic acid Multiple Disaccharides Cellobiose Isomaltose Isomaltulose Lactose Lactulose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Turanose Trisaccharides Maltotriose Melezitose Raffinose Tetrasaccharides Stachyose Other oligosaccharides Acarbose Fructooligosaccharide ( FOS ) Galactooligosaccharide ( GOS ) Isomaltooligosaccharide ( IMO ) Maltodextrin Mannan - oligosaccharides ( MOS ) Polysaccharides Beta - glucan Oat beta - glucan Lentinan Sizofiran Zymosan Cellulose Chitin Chitosan Dextrin / Dextran Fructose / Fructan Inulin Galactose / Galactan Glucose / Glucan Glycogen Hemicellulose Levan beta 2 → 6 Lignin Mannan Pectin Starch Amylopectin Amylose Xanthan gum GND : 4157732 - 2 NDL : 00562647 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycogen&oldid=837440433 '' Categories : Exercise physiology Glycobiology Hepatology Nutrition Polysaccharides Biology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional medical references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 20 : 47 . 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Question: glycogen and amylopectin are long chains of which simple sugar(s)


Toilet ( room ) - wikipedia Toilet ( room ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about rooms in private residences . For facilities outside the home , see Public toilet . A small room with a flush toilet . A toilet brush ( hidden in a decorative holder ) and a toilet roll holder for toilet paper can be seen to the right of the flush toilet . A toilet , in this sense , is a small room used for privately accessing the sanitation fixture ( toilet ) for urination and defecation . Toilet rooms usually include a sink ( basin ) with soap for handwashing , as this is important for personal hygiene . This room is commonly known as a `` bathroom '' in American English , a `` loo '' in British English , a `` washroom '' in Canadian English , and by many other names across the English - speaking world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Other items in the room 3 History 4 Society and culture 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Names ( edit ) See also : Toilet § Names `` Toilet '' originally referred to personal grooming and came by metonymy to be used for the personal rooms used for bathing , dressing , and so on . It was then euphemistically used for the similarly private rooms used for urination and defecation . By metonymy , it then came to refer directly to the fixtures in such rooms . At present , the word refers primarily to such fixtures and using `` toilet '' to refer to the room or activity ( `` use the toilet '' ) is somewhat blunt and may be considered indiscreet . It is , however , a useful term since it is quickly understood by English - speakers across the world , whereas more polite terms vary by region . `` Lavatory '' ( from the Latin lavatorium , `` wash basin '' or `` washroom '' ) was common in the 19th century and is still broadly understood , although it is taken as quite formal in American English , and more often refers to public toilets in Britain . The contraction `` lav '' is commonly used in British English . In American English , the most common term for a private toilet is `` bathroom '' , regardless of whether a bathtub or shower is present . In British English , `` bathroom '' is a common term but is typically reserved for private rooms primarily used for bathing ; a room without a bathtub or shower is more often known as a `` WC '' , an abbreviation for water closet , or `` loo '' . Other terms are also used , some as part of a regional dialect . Some forms of jargon have their own terms for toilets , including `` '' lavatory '' on commercial airplanes , `` head '' on ships , and `` latrine '' in military contexts . Larger houses often have a secondary room with a toilet and sink for use by guests . These are typically known as `` powder rooms '' or `` half baths '' in North America , and `` cloakrooms '' in Britain . Other items in the room ( edit ) The main item in the room is the sanitation fixture itself , the toilet . This may be the flushing sort , which is plumbed into a cistern ( tank ) operated by a ballcock ( float valve ) . Or it may be a dry model , which does not need water . The toilet room may also include a plunger , a rubber or plastic tool mounted on a handle , which is used to remove blockages from the toilet drain . Toilets often have a wall mirror above the sink for grooming , checking one 's appearance and / or makeup . Some toilets have a cupboard where cleaning supplies and personal hygiene products may be kept . If it is a flush toilet , then the room usually also includes a toilet brush for cleaning the bowl . Methods of anal cleansing vary between cultures . If the norm is to use paper , then typically the room will have a toilet roll holder , with the toilet paper hanging either next to or away from the wall . If instead , people are used to cleaning themselves with water , then the room may include a bidet shower ( health faucet ) or a bidet . Toilets such as the Washlet , popular in Japan , provide an automatic washing function . A sink ( hand basin ) , with soap , is usually present in the room or immediately outside it , to ensure easy handwashing . Above the sink there may be a mirror , either mounted on the wall , or on a medicine cabinet . This cabinet ( which is more typically located in the household 's main bathroom ) . typically contains prescription and over the counter drugs , first aid supplies , and grooming equipment for shaving or makeup . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of water supply and sanitation and Toilet § History Into the modern era , humans typically practiced open defecation or employed latrines or outhouses over a pit toilet in rural areas and used chamber pots emptied into streets or drains in urban ones . The Indus Valley Civilization had particularly advanced sanitation , which included common use of private flush toilets . The ancient Greeks and Romans had public toilets and , in some cases , indoor plumbing connected to rudimentary sewer systems . The latrines of medieval monasteries were known as reredorters ; in some cases , these were connected to sophisticated water systems that swept its effluent away without affecting the community 's drinking , cooking , or washing water . In the early modern period , `` night soil '' from municipal outhouses became an important source of nitrates for creating gunpowder . 19th century refinements of the outhouse included the privy midden and the pail closet . Indoor toilets were at first a luxury of the rich and only gradually spread to the lower classes . As late as the 1890s , building regulations in London did not require working - class housing to have indoor toilets ; into the early 20th century , some English homes were built with an upstairs toilet for use by the owners and an outhouse for use by the servants . In some cases , there was a transitional stage where toilets were built into the house but accessible only from the outside . After World War I , all new housing in London and its suburbs had indoor toilets . Bathrooms became standard later than toilets , but entered working - class houses at around the same time . For plumbing reasons , flush toilets have usually been located in or near residences ' bathrooms . ( Both were initially located above the kitchen and scullery on the same account . ) In upper - class homes , the first modern lavatories were washrooms with sinks located near the bedrooms ; in lower - class homes , there was often only a collapsible tub for bathing . In Britain , there was long a prejudice against having the toilet located in the bathroom proper : in 1904 , Hermann Muthesius noted that `` a lavatory ( i.e. , toilet ) is practically never found in an English bathroom ; indeed it is considered downright inadmissible to have one there '' . When toilets were placed within bathrooms , the original reason was cost savings . In 1876 Edward William Godwin , a progressive architect - designer , drew up affordable housing with the toilet in the bathroom , and faced criticism for it . America and most European countries now combine their toilets and bathrooms . Separate toilets remain common in British homes and remain a builder 's option even in places where the norm is for the toilet to be in the bathroom . In France , Japan , and some other countries , separate toilets remain the norm for reasons of hygiene and privacy . In modern homes outside of France , such separate toilets typically contain a sink . In Japan , the toilet sometimes has a built - in sink ( whose waste water is used for the next flush ) to allow users to clean themselves immediately . Japanese toilets also often provide special slippers -- apart from those worn in the rest of the house -- for use within the toilet . Society and Culture ( edit ) In English , all terms for toilets were originally euphemisms . It is generally considered coarse or even offensive to use such direct terms as `` shitter '' , although they are used in some areas . Formerly , broadcast censorship even banned mentions of the euphemisms : Jack Paar temporarily quit the Tonight Show in February 1960 when NBC broadcast news footage in place of a joke he had taped involving the term `` WC '' . Gallery ( edit ) An Australian `` dunny '' , a form of outhouse with a pit toilet A toilet room with an older style flush toilet . The chain ( on the upper right ) is pulled to empty the elevated cistern ( tank ) . A Delftware - style toilet A Japanese temple hotel , with squat toilet and toilet slippers See also ( edit ) Bathroom ( for personal hygiene , with or without a toilet inside ) Sanitation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In British contexts , it is considered non-U , with the upper class generally preferring `` loo '' , `` lavatory '' , and `` bog '' . Jump up ^ For other synonyms for toilet , see `` bathroom '' at Wikisaurus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` toilet , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Lyle ( 2006 ) , Historical Linguistics : An Introduction , 2nd ed. , Cambridge : MIT Press , p. 263 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 53267 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What Are the Important Differences between Canadian and American ( USA ) English ? '' , Stack Exchange , 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` lavatory , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` lav. , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` lav '' , Collins English Dictionary Jump up ^ `` bathroom , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Kovecses , Zoltan ( 2000 ) , American English : An Introduction , Petersborough : Broadview , p. 253 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 229 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` W , n . '' & `` water closet , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` loo , n. 4 '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` head , n. 1 '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` latrine , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , John ; et al. ( 2009 ) , An Uncommon History of Common Things , Washington : National Geographic Society , p. 140 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0420 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` half - , comb . form '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` ' cloak - room , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Wright , Geoffrey N. ( 2004 ) , Discovering Abbeys and Priories ( 4th ed . ) , Princes Risborough : Shire , p. 27 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7478 - 0589 - 2 . Jump up ^ Greene , J. Patrick ( 1992 ) , Medieval Monasteries , Archaeology of Medieval Britain , Leicester : Leicester University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7185 - 1296 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chase , Kenneth , Firearms : A Global History to 1700 . Jump up ^ Muthesius , Stefan ( 1982 ) , The English Terraced House , New Haven : Yale University Press , p. 60 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 02871 - 3 . Jump up ^ As in plates 86 and 87 depicting homes in Leeds and Halifax , Muthesius , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Alan A. ( 1973 ) , Semi-Detached London : Suburban Development , Life and Transport , 1900 -- 39 , London : Allen & Unwin , p. 145 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 902003 - 0 . Jump up ^ Muthesius , pp. 61 -- 62 , 100 , 137 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , William E. ( 3 January 1992 ) , `` English Bathrooms : Out of the Closet '' , The New York Times . Jump up ^ Muthesius , Hermann ( 1904 ) , Das englische Haus : Entwicklung , Bedingungen , Anlage , Aufbau , Einrichtung und Innenraum , Vol. II , Berlin : Wasmuth , OCLC 3437464 . ( in German ) Jump up ^ Seligman , Janet , The English House , London : Granada , p. 236 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 258 - 97101 - 7 . Jump up ^ Long , Helen C. ( 1993 ) , The Edwardian House : The Middle - Class Home in Britain , 1880 - 1914 , Studies in Design and Material Culture , Manchester : Manchester University Press , p. 193 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 3728 - 3 . Jump up ^ Muthesius , quoted in translation by Seligman in Long . Jump up ^ Grant , Sandra . `` The Architects : Edward W Godwin '' . The Bedford Park Society . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Léger , Jean - Michel ( 1990 ) , Derniers Domiciles Connus : Enquête sur les Nouveaux Logements , 1970 -- 1990 , Paris : Créaphis , p. p. 129 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 907150 - 18 - 7 . ( in French ) Jump up ^ Harrison , Henry ( 1998 ) , Houses : The Illustrated Guide to Construction , Design , and Systems , 3rd ed. , Chicago : Real Estate Education Co. , pp. 64 -- 65 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7931 - 2967 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Sally Adamson ( 2003 ) , Culture Shock ! : France , 2nd ed. , Portland : Graphic Arts Center , p. 199 , OCLC 30753428 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Alan ( 1994 ) , Doing Business With the Japanese : A Guide to Successful Communication , Management and Diplomacy , SUNY Series in Speech Communication , Albany : State University of New York Press , p. 73 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 1946 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toilets '' , Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture , London : Routledge , 2002 , pp. 527 f. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14344 - 8 . Jump up ^ Molotch , Harvey Luskin ( 2003 ) , Where Stuff Comes From : How Toasters , Toilets , Cars , Computers , and Many Other Things Come to Be As They Are , London : Routledge , p . pp. 101 -- 02 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94400 - 7 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jennifer ( 2003 ) , `` Personal Hygiene '' , In the Know in Japan : The Indispensable Cross-cultural Guide to Working and Living in Japan , New York : Terra Cognita , ISBN 978 - 0 - 609 - 61114 - 2 . Jump up ^ Horvat , Andrew ( 2000 ) , Japanese Beyond Words : How to Walk and Talk Like a Native Speaker , Berkeley : Stone Bridge , pp. 28 -- 29 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 880656 - 42 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` shitter , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Rooms and spaces of a house Shared residential rooms Billiard room Bonus room Common room Den Dining room Ell Family room Garret Great room Hearth room Home cinema Home office Kitchen Dirty kitchen Kitchenette Living room Man cave Recreation room Shrine Study Sunroom Spaces Atrium Balcony Breezeway Catio Conversation pit Deck Elevator Entryway / Genkan Foyer Hallway Lanai Loft Loggia Overhang Patio Porch screened sleeping Ramp Secret passage Stairs Terrace Veranda Vestibule Utility and storage Attic Basement Box room Carport Cloakroom Closet Electrical room Equipment room Furnace room / Boiler room Garage Janitorial closet Larder Laundry room / Utility room Mechanical room / floor Pantry Root cellar Semi-basement Spear closet Storm cellar / Safe room Studio Subbasement Wardrobe Wine cellar Wiring closet / Demarcation point Workshop Private rooms Bathroom Bedroom / Guest room Boudoir Cabinet Jack and Jill bathroom Nursery Suite Toilet Walk - in closet Great house areas Antechamber Ballroom Butler 's pantry Buttery Conservatory Courtyard Drawing room Fainting room Great chamber Great hall Long gallery Lumber room Parlour Porte - cochère Saucery Sauna Scullery Servants ' hall Servants ' quarters Smoking room Solar Spicery State room Still room Swimming pool Undercroft Other Building Furniture House plan Multi-family residential Secondary suite Single - family detached home Studio apartment Architectural elements Arch Baluster Ceiling Colonnade Column Floor Gate Lighting Medallion Ornament Portico Roof Vault Toilets Equipment Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bedpan Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Commode Electronic bidet Flushometer Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self - cleaning toilet bowl Self - cleaning toilet seat Toilet Toilet paper Trap ( U-bend ) Types Aircraft Arborloo Blair Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container - based Dry Dual flush Flush Freezing Head ( boat ) Hudo ( Scouting ) Incinerating Latrine Low - flush On - board Passenger train Pay Pit Pig Portable Public Sanisette ( self - cleaning ) Space Squat Treebog Urine - diverting dry Vacuum Washlet ( combined toilet and bidet ) Cultural aspects Accessible Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Feminine hygiene Honeywagon ( vehicle ) Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Privatization of public toilets Sex segregation in public restrooms Toilet god Toilet humor Toilet paper orientation Toilet - related injuries and deaths Toilet Twinning Unisex public Vacuum truck Jobs and activities Manual scavenging Slopping out Toileting Toilet training Washroom attendant Urine - related aspects Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pollee Urination Urinal Urinal ( health care ) Urine collection device Urine diversion Feces - related aspects Anal cleansing Defecation Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Flying toilet Open defecation Scatology Places Outhouse Rest area Shit Museum Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Toilet ( room ) Toilets in Japan Historical terms Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the stool Night soil Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter See also History of water supply and sanitation Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day LCCN : sh85135825 GND : 4442525 - 9 BNF : cb11962379p ( data ) NDL : 00560612 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toilet_(room)&oldid=832886045 '' Categories : Toilets Bathrooms Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Articles with French - language external links Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Eesti 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ 日本 語 Русский Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 14 : 34 . 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Question: when did indoor toilets become common in america


We 're Going on a bear Hunt - wikipedia We 're Going on a bear Hunt Jump to : navigation , search We 're Going on a Bear Hunt Author Michael Rosen Illustrator Helen Oxenbury Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Walker Books ( UK ) Margaret K. McElderry Books ( US ) Publication date Media type Print ( Hardcover ) ISBN 0689504764 OCLC 18259147 ( 1 ) We 're Going on a Bear Hunt is a 1989 children 's picture book written by Michael Rosen and illustrated by Helen Oxenbury . It has won numerous awards and was the subject of a Guinness World Record for `` Largest Reading Lesson '' with a book - reading attended by 1,500 children , and an additional 30,000 listeners online , in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot and design 2 History 3 Awards 4 Adaptations 4.1 Theatre adaptation 4.2 Television adaptation 4.3 Mobile app 5 References 6 External links Plot and design ( edit ) Five children and their dog go out to hunt a bear . They travel through grass , a river , mud , a forest and a snowstorm before coming face to face with a bear in its cave . This meeting causes panic and the family run home , across all the obstacles , followed by the bear . Finally , the children lock the bear out of the house and all hide under the duvet saying `` We 're not going on a bear hunt again . '' At the end of the book , the bear is pictured trudging disconsolately on a beach at night , the same beach that is shown on a sunny day as the frontispiece . Most of the illustrations were painted in watercolour . However , the six pictures of the children facing a new hazard are black and white drawings . At each obstacle is an onomatopoeic description . Before each obstacle the children chant the refrain : We 're going on a bear hunt . We 're going to catch a big one . What a beautiful day ! We 're not scared . followed by : We ca n't go over it . We ca n't go under it . Oh no ! We 've got to go through it ! The children , the eldest of whom is sometimes mistaken for their father , are based on Oxenbury 's own children . Likewise , the dog is based on her dog . Each of the obstacles , apart from the river , are based on real life locations in England and Wales that Oxenbury knew . History ( edit ) The story was adapted from an American folk song . Rosen , who heard the song , incorporated it in his poetry shows and subsequently wrote the book based upon it . Since publication , the book has never been out of print and each year has been in the 5,000 best selling books . The publisher has stated that the book has attained worldwide sales of more than 9 million copies . Awards ( edit ) The book won the overall Nestlé Smarties Book Prize in 1989 and also won the 0 -- 5 years category . In 1989 it was an ' Honor Book ' in the Boston Globe -- Horn Book Awards . The book also won the ' School Library Journal Best Book of the Year ' and the ' Mainichi Newspapers Japanese Picture Book Award , Outstanding Picture Book from Abroad ' award . It was highly commended for the 1989 Kate Greenaway Medal . The publisher , Walker Books , celebrated the work 's 25th anniversary in 2014 by breaking a Guinness World Record for the `` Largest Reading Lesson '' , with a book - reading by author Rosen that was attended by 1,500 children , with an additional 30,000 online . Adaptations ( edit ) Theatre adaptation ( edit ) The book has been adapted as a stage play by director Sally Cookson with musical score by Benji Bower and design by Katie Sykes . The play has run in the West End and in provincial theatres . The ending of the performance has been changed so that there is a reconciliation between the family and the bear . Time Out magazine , who awarded four stars out of five , whilst describing the performers as `` wonderfully entertaining '' also said `` those in the later primary years might find it a little boring -- not an awful lot happens , after all . '' . Television adaptation ( edit ) Channel 4 first aired a half hour animated television adaptation on 24 December 2016 . It was voiced by Olivia Colman , Mark Williams , and Michael Rosen . The Daily Telegraph , giving the programme three stars out of five , commented that `` The whole thing was skilfully made , but ... did it need to take such a carefree story and cast a pall of gloom ? '' . However , The Guardian said that adaptation was `` sumptuous '' , `` prestigious '' but that `` The animation adds a dose of festive sadness . '' Mobile app ( edit ) A mobile app , based on the book , was launched in December 2016 . It is available on Amazon , Android , and Apple platforms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We 're going on a bear hunt '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Helen Oxenbury for We 're Going on a Bear Hunt '' . Channel 4 . 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tims , Anna ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` How we made : Helen Oxenbury and Michael Rosen on We 're Going on a Bear Hunt '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walker Books & The RNIB '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eyre , Charlotte ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Walker and partners launch Bear Hunt app '' . The Bookseller . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprenger , Richard ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` We 're Going on a Bear Hunt : ' The editors were so excited they were nearly weeping ' -- video '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past Boston Globe -- Horn Book Award Winners '' . The Horn Book Magazine . 30 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rosen '' . Poetry Foundation . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We 're Going on a Bear Hunt '' . Walker Books Australia . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WE 'RE GOING ON A BEAR HUNT '' . www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Lucy ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Bear hunting on Shaftesbury Avenue '' . The Spectator . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowie - Sell , Daisy ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` We 're Going on a Bear Hunt '' . Time Out . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Heritage , Stuart ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Move over , Snowman ! Let 's have a cuddly Christmas with Bear Hunt instead '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Auld , Tim ( 24 December 2016 ) . `` We 're Going on a Bear Hunt : casting a pall of gloom on a classic children 's story , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We%27re_Going_on_a_Bear_Hunt&oldid=834336490 '' Categories : Children 's fiction books British picture books 1989 children 's books 1989 British novels Books adapted into plays Books adapted into television series Novels adapted into video games Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 04 : 51 . About Wikipedia

Question: who wrote were going on a bear hunt