Dred Scott v. Sandford - wikipedia Dred Scott v. Sandford This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court of the United States Argued February 11 -- 14 , 1856 Reargued December 15 -- 18 , 1856 Decided March 6 , 1857 Full case name Dred Scott v. John F.A. Sandford Citations 60 U.S. 393 ( more ) 19 How . 393 ; 15 L. Ed . 691 ; 1856 WL 8721 ; 1857 U.S. LEXIS 472 Prior history Judgment for defendant , C.C.D. Mo . Holding Judgment reversed and suit dismissed for lack of jurisdiction . Persons of African descent can not be , nor were ever intended to be , citizens under the U.S. Const . Plaintiff is without standing to file a suit . The Property Clause is only applicable to lands possessed at the time of ratification ( 1787 ) . As such , Congress can not ban slavery in the territories . Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional . Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment prohibits the federal government from freeing slaves brought into federal territories . Court membership Chief Justice Roger B. Taney Associate Justices John McLean James M. Wayne John Catron Peter V. Daniel Samuel Nelson Robert C. Grier Benjamin R. Curtis John A. Campbell Case opinions Majority Taney , joined by Wayne , Catron , Daniel , Nelson , Grier , Campbell Concurrence Wayne Concurrence Catron Concurrence Daniel Concurrence Nelson , joined by Grier Concurrence Grier Concurrence Campbell Dissent McLean Dissent Curtis Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . V ; Missouri Compromise Superseded by U.S. Const . amends . XIII , XIV Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. ( 19 How . ) 393 ( 1857 ) , also known as the Dred Scott case , was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on US labor law and constitutional law . It held that `` a negro , whose ancestors were imported into ( the U.S. ) , and sold as slaves '' , whether enslaved or free , could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court , and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States . Dred Scott , an enslaved man of `` the negro African race '' who had been taken by his owners to free states and territories , attempted to sue for his freedom . In a 7 -- 2 decision written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney , the court denied Scott 's request . The decision was only the second time that the Supreme Court had ruled an Act of Congress to be unconstitutional . Although Taney hoped that his ruling would finally settle the slavery question , the decision immediately spurred vehement dissent from anti-slavery elements in the North , and proved to be an indirect catalyst for the American Civil War . It was functionally superseded by the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , adopted in 1868 , which gave African Americans full citizenship . The Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford is unanimously denounced by modern scholars . Many contemporary lawyers , and most modern legal scholars , consider the ruling regarding slavery in the territories to be obiter dictum and not a binding precedent . Bernard Schwartz says it `` stands first in any list of the worst Supreme Court decisions -- Chief Justice C.E. Hughes called it the Court 's greatest self - inflicted wound '' . Junius P. Rodriguez says it is `` universally condemned as the U.S. Supreme Court 's worst decision '' . Historian David Thomas Konig says it was `` unquestionably , our court 's worst decision ever '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Procedural history 2.1 First attempt 2.2 Scott v. Emerson 2.3 Scott v. Sanford 2.4 Influence of President Buchanan 3 Supreme Court ruling 3.1 Opinion of the Court 3.2 Concurrence by Justice Nelson 3.3 Dissents by Justice Curtis and Justice McLean 4 Consequences 4.1 Economic 4.2 Political 5 Reaction 6 The Scott family 's fate 7 Sanford as defendant 8 Later references 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Dred Scott Dred Scott Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter Dred Scott was born a slave in Virginia in 1795 . Little is known of his early years . His owner , Peter Blow , moved to Alabama in 1818 , taking his six slaves along to work a farm near Huntsville . In 1830 , Blow gave up farming and settled in St. Louis , Missouri , where he sold Scott to U.S. Army surgeon Dr. John Emerson . After purchasing Scott , Emerson took him to Fort Armstrong in Illinois . A free state , Illinois had been free as a territory under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , and had prohibited slavery in its constitution in 1819 when it was admitted as a state . In 1836 , Emerson moved with Scott from Illinois to Fort Snelling in the Wisconsin territory in what has become the state of Minnesota . Slavery in the Wisconsin Territory ( some of which , including Fort Snelling , was part of the Louisiana Purchase ) was prohibited by the United States Congress under the Missouri Compromise . During his stay at Fort Snelling , Scott married Harriet Robinson in a civil ceremony by Harriet 's owner , Major Lawrence Taliaferro , a justice of the peace who was also an Indian agent . The ceremony would have been unnecessary had Dred Scott been a slave , as slave marriages had no recognition in the law . In 1837 , the army ordered Emerson to Jefferson Barracks Military Post , south of St. Louis , Missouri . Emerson left Scott and his wife at Fort Snelling , where he leased their services out for profit . By hiring Scott out in a free state , Emerson was effectively bringing the institution of slavery into a free state , which was a direct violation of the Missouri Compromise , the Northwest Ordinance , and the Wisconsin Enabling Act . Before the end of the year , the army reassigned Emerson to Fort Jesup in Louisiana , where Emerson married Eliza Irene Sanford in February , 1838 . Emerson sent for Scott and Harriet , who proceeded to Louisiana to serve their master and his wife . While en route to Louisiana , Scott 's daughter Eliza was born on a steamboat underway on the Mississippi River between Illinois and what would become Iowa . Because Eliza was born in free territory , she was technically born as a free person under both federal and state laws . Upon entering Louisiana , the Scotts could have sued for their freedom , but did not . Finkelman suggests that in all likelihood , the Scotts would have been granted their freedom by a Louisiana court , as it had respected laws of free states that slaveholders forfeited their right to slaves if they brought them in for extended periods . This had been the holding in Louisiana state courts for more than 20 years . Toward the end of 1838 , the army reassigned Emerson to Fort Snelling . By 1840 , Emerson 's wife Irene returned to St. Louis with their slaves , while Dr. Emerson served in the Seminole War . While in St. Louis , she hired them out . In 1842 , Emerson left the army . After he died in the Iowa Territory in 1843 , his widow Irene inherited his estate , including the Scotts . For three years after John Emerson 's death , she continued to lease out the Scotts as hired slaves . In 1846 , Scott attempted to purchase his and his family 's freedom , but Irene Emerson refused , prompting Scott to resort to legal recourse . Procedural History ( edit ) First attempt ( edit ) Having been unsuccessful in his attempt to purchase freedom for his family and himself , and with the help of abolitionist legal advisers , Scott sued Emerson for his freedom in a Missouri court in 1846 . Scott received financial assistance for his case from the family of his previous owner , Peter Blow . Blow 's daughter Charlotte was married to Joseph Charless , an officer at the Bank of Missouri . Charless signed the legal documents as security for Dred Scott and secured the services of the bank 's attorney , Samuel Mansfield Bay , for the trial . Scott based his legal argument on precedents such as Somersett v. Stewart , Winny v. Whitesides , and Rachel v. Walker , claiming his presence and residence in free territories required his emancipation . Scott 's lawyers argued the same for Scott 's wife , and further claimed that Eliza Scott 's birth on a steamboat between a free state and a free territory had made her free upon birth . It was expected that the Scotts would win their freedom with relative ease , since Missouri courts had previously heard more than ten other cases in which they had freed slaves who had been taken into free territory . Furthermore , the case had been assigned to Judge Alexander Hamilton , who was known to be sympathetic to slave freedom suits . Scott was represented by three lawyers during the course of the case because it was over a year from the time of the original petition filing to the trial . His first lawyer was Francis B. Murdoch , who was replaced by Charles D. Drake . When Drake left St. Louis in 1847 , Samuel M. Bay took over as Scott 's lawyer . In June 1847 , Scott lost his case due to a technicality : Scott had not proven that he was actually enslaved by Irene Emerson . At the trial , grocer Samuel Russell had testified that he was leasing Scott from Irene Emerson , but on cross-examination he admitted that the leasing arrangements had actually been made by his wife Adeline . Thus , Russell 's testimony was ruled hearsay and the jury returned a verdict for Emerson . Scott v. Emerson ( edit ) In December 1847 , Judge Hamilton granted Scott a new trial . Emerson appealed this decision to the Supreme Court of Missouri , which affirmed the trial court 's order in 1848 . Due to a major fire , a cholera epidemic , and two continuances , the new trial did not begin until January 1850 . While the case awaited trial , Scott and his family were placed in the custody of the St. Louis County Sheriff , who continued to lease out the services of Scott and his family . The proceeds were placed in escrow , to be paid to Scott 's owner or himself upon resolution of the case . In the 1850 trial , Scott was represented by Alexander P. Field and David N. Hall , both of whom had previously shared offices with Charles Edmund LaBeaume , the brother of Peter Blow 's daughter - in - law . The hearsay problem was surmounted by a deposition from Adeline Russell , stating that she had leased the Scotts from Emerson . The jury found in favor of Scott and his family . Unwilling to accept the loss of four slaves and a substantial escrow account , Emerson appealed to the Supreme Court of Missouri , although by that point she had moved to Massachusetts and transferred ownership of Scott to her brother , John F.A. Sanford . In November 1852 , the Missouri Supreme Court reversed the trial court 's decision , holding that the Scotts were still legally slaves and that they should have sued for freedom while living in a free state . Chief Justice William Scott declared : Times are not now as they were when the former decisions on this subject were made . Since then not only individuals but States have been possessed with a dark and fell spirit in relation to slavery , whose gratification is sought in the pursuit of measures , whose inevitable consequences must be the overthrow and destruction of our government . Under such circumstances it does not behoove the State of Missouri to show the least countenance to any measure which might gratify this spirit . She is willing to assume her full responsibility for the existence of slavery within her limits , nor does she seek to share or divide it with others . Scott v. Sanford ( edit ) At this point , the case looked hopeless , and the Blow family decided that they could no longer pay for Scott 's legal costs . Scott also lost both of his lawyers , as Alexander Field had moved to Louisiana and David Hall had died . The case was now undertaken pro bono by Roswell Field , whose office employed Dred Scott as a janitor . Field also discussed the case with LaBeaume , who had taken over the lease on the Scotts in 1851 . Following the Missouri Supreme Court decision , Judge Hamilton turned down a request by Emerson 's lawyers to release the rent payments from escrow and to deliver the slaves into their owner 's custody . In 1853 , Dred Scott again sued his current owner , John Sanford , but now in federal court . Sanford had returned to New York , so the federal courts now had diversity jurisdiction under Article III , Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution . In addition to the existing complaints , Scott also alleged that Sanford had assaulted his family and held them captive for six hours on January 1 , 1853 . At trial in 1854 , Judge Robert William Wells directed the jury to rely on Missouri law to settle the question of Scott 's freedom . Since the Missouri Supreme Court had held that Scott remained a slave , the jury found in favor of Sanford . Scott then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , where the case was recorded as Dred Scott v. Sandford and entered history with that title . Scott was represented before the Supreme Court by Montgomery Blair and George Ticknor Curtis , whose brother Benjamin was a Supreme Court Justice . Sanford was represented by Reverdy Johnson and Henry S. Geyer . Influence of President Buchanan ( edit ) Historians discovered that after the Supreme Court had heard arguments in the case but before it had issued a ruling , President - elect James Buchanan wrote to his friend , U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Catron , asking whether the case would be decided by the U.S. Supreme Court before his inauguration in March 1857 . Buchanan hoped the decision would quell unrest in the country over the slavery issue by issuing a ruling that put the future of slavery beyond the realm of political debate . Buchanan later successfully pressured Associate Justice Robert Cooper Grier , a Northerner , to join the Southern majority in Dred Scott to prevent the appearance that the decision was made along sectional lines . Both by present - day standards and under the more lenient standards of the time , Buchanan 's applying such political pressure to a member of a sitting court would be regarded as highly improper . Republicans fueled speculation as to Buchanan 's influence by publicizing that Chief Justice Roger B. Taney had secretly informed Buchanan of the decision before Buchanan declared , in his inaugural address , that the slavery question would `` be speedily and finally settled '' by the Supreme Court . Supreme Court ruling ( edit ) Opinion of the Court ( edit ) In a 7 - 2 decision penned by Chief Justice Roger Taney , the Supreme Court held that it lacked Subject - matter jurisdiction by Article III 's provision for diversity of citizenship because Scott was not a `` citizen '' in the relevant sense of the term and states could not naturalize as Article - III citizens the descendants of African slaves . Taney 's majority opinion continued , in obiter dictum , to deem the Missouri Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional and foreclose Congress from freeing slaves within Federal territories . The principal holding that Scott was not an Article - III citizen was abrogated in 1868 by the Birthright Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . By opinining on the fate of the Missouri Compromise , the decision , in effect , became the second in U.S. history to strike down an act of Congress as unconstitutional . The prohibition on territories from freeing slaves was the first time the Supreme Court invoked the legal doctrine of substantive due process . Taney relied on historical analysis to support the Court 's decision that Scott was not an Article - III citizen , and summarized the historical attitudes thusly : ( Black Africans imported as slaves ) had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order , and altogether unfit to associate with the white race , either in social or political relations ; and so far inferior , that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect ; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit . He was bought and sold , and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic , whenever a profit could be made by it . This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race . It was regarded as an axiom in morals as well as in politics , which no one thought of disputing , or supposed to be open to dispute ; and men in every grade and position in society daily and habitually acted upon it in their private pursuits , as well as in matters of public concern , without doubting for a moment the correctness of this opinion . Concurrence by Justice Nelson ( edit ) Justice Samuel Nelson Technically , Associate Justice Samuel Nelson did not concur in the judgment of the Supreme Court , for the formal judgment of that Court was that `` the judgment ( of the Circuit Court ) for the defendant ... be reversed , and a mandate issued directing the suit ( of plaintiff Scott ) to be dismissed for want of jurisdiction '' , 60 U.S. at 454 , whereas Nelson would have affirmed the judgment of the Circuit Court , 60 U.S. at 469 . However , in terms of the practical effect on Scott and his family , it was immaterial as to whether his case was to be dismissed , as ordered by the Court , or the judgment declaring on the merits that they were all still slaves be affirmed , as Nelson would have held . However , the legal theories of Nelson and the Court were very different . Nelson expressly declined to address the jurisdictional issue , but instead addressed the merits of Scott 's case . The Supreme Court , which addressed the merits in dictum , expressed the view that the federal statute which had prohibited slavery in the `` Territory of Upper Louisiana '' was unconstitutional . ( At the time of Scott 's sojourn this area was administered as the Wisconsin Territory . The term `` Territory of Upper Louisiana '' was used in Nelson 's opinion and the formal Statement of the Case . However , that was the name used for the area during French administration , not the American administration . ) Nelson found it unnecessary to reach this constitutional issue . To Nelson , the merits properly turned on a principle of states ' rights . He assumed for purposes of argument that Scott might have been emancipated during his sojourn in Illinois and / or his sojourn in Upper Louisiana . In Nelson 's view , however , each state that permitted slavery had the constitutional right to determine what effect it would give to any emancipation that might have occurred elsewhere once the Negro person had returned to that state . A state might , as the State of Louisiana did for a period by court decision , decide to honor extraterritorial emancipation ; or a state might , as the State of Missouri did when its Supreme Court reversed Scott 's initial victory in the Missouri court , decide to nullify any extraterritorial emancipation and revive the slave status . Since the State of Missouri had clearly determined that it considered Scott still to be a slave , irrespective of any prior emancipation , that foreclosed the issue for Nelson , and the federal Circuit Court properly found him and his family to be slaves while they were in Missouri . Dissents by Justice Curtis and Justice McLean ( edit ) Justice John McLean was the senior justice of the two dissenting opinions . Justice John McLean dissented , writing that there was no basis for the claim that blacks could not be citizens . At the time of the ratification of the Constitution , black men could vote in five of the thirteen states . This made them citizens not only of their states but of the United States . Therefore , Justice McLean concluded that the argument that Scott was not a citizen was `` more a matter of taste than of law '' . In his dissent , Justice McLean cited as precedent Marie Louise v. Marot , an 1835 case in which Louisiana Supreme Court Chief Justice George Mathews Jr. ruled that `` being free for one moment in France , it was not in the power of her former owner to reduce her again to slavery . '' Justice Curtis was the junior dissenting justice . Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis , in dissent , attacked much of the Court 's decision as obiter dicta , on the ground that once the Court determined that it did not have jurisdiction to hear Scott 's case , it must simply dismiss the action , and not pass judgment on the merits of the claims . The dissents by Curtis and McLean also attacked the Court 's overturning of the Missouri Compromise on its merits , noting both that it was not necessary to decide the question , and also that none of the authors of the Constitution had ever objected on constitutional grounds to the United States Congress ' adoption of the antislavery provisions of the Northwest Ordinance passed by the Continental Congress , or the subsequent acts that barred slavery north of 36 ° 30 ' N . 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Economist Charles Calomiris and historian Larry Schweikart discovered that uncertainty about whether the entire West would suddenly become either slave territory or engulfed in combat like `` Bleeding Kansas '' , immediately gripped the markets . The east -- west railroads collapsed immediately ( although north -- south - running lines were unaffected ) , causing , in turn , the near - collapse of several large banks and the runs that ensued . What followed these runs has been called the Panic of 1857 and it differed sharply from the Panic of 1837 , in that its effects were almost exclusively confined to the North . Calomiris and Schweikart found this resulted from the South 's superior system of branch banking ( as opposed to the North 's unit banking system ) , in which the transmission of the panic was minor due to the diversification of the southern branch banking systems . Information moved reliably among the branch banks , whereas in the North , the unit banks ( competitors ) seldom shared such vital information . Political ( edit ) The decision was hailed in Southern slaveholding society as a proper interpretation of the United States Constitution . According to Jefferson Davis , then a United States Senator from Mississippi , and later President of the Confederate States of America , the Dred Scott case was merely a question of `` whether Cuffee should be kept in his normal condition or not '' . At that time , `` cuffee '' was a term commonly used to describe a black person . Prior to Dred Scott , Democratic Party politicians had sought repeal of the Missouri Compromise , and were finally successful in 1854 with the passage of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act . This act permitted each newly admitted state south of the 40th parallel to decide whether to be a slave state or free state . Now , with Dred Scott , the Supreme Court under Taney sought to permit the unhindered expansion of slavery into the territories . The Dred Scott decision , then , represented a culmination of what many at that time considered a push to expand slavery . Southerners at the time , who had grown uncomfortable with the Kansas - Nebraska Act , argued that they had a right , under the federal constitution , to bring slaves into the territories , regardless of any decision by a territorial legislature on the subject . The Dred Scott decision seemed to endorse that view . The expansion of the territories and resulting admission of new states would mean a loss of political power for the North , as many of the new states would be admitted as slave states , and counting slaves as three - fifths of a person would add to the slave holding states ' political representation in Congress . Although Taney believed that the decision represented a compromise that would settle the slavery question once and for all by transforming a contested political issue into a matter of settled law , it produced the opposite result . It strengthened Northern opposition to slavery , divided the Democratic Party on sectional lines , encouraged secessionist elements among Southern supporters of slavery to make bolder demands , and strengthened the Republican Party . Reaction ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Opponents of slavery fiercely attacked the Dred Scott decision . The Evening Journal of Albany , New York , combined two themes and denounced the decision as both an offense to the principles of liberty on which the nation was founded , and a victory for slave states over the free states : The three hundred and forty - seven thousand five hundred and twenty - five Slaveholders in the Republic , accomplished day before yesterday a great success -- as shallow men estimate success . They converted the Supreme Court of Law and Equity of the United States of America into a propagandist of human Slavery . Fatal day for a judiciary made reputable throughout the world , and reliable to all in this nation , by the learning and the virtues of Jay , Rutledge , Ellsworth , Marshall and Story ! The conspiracy is nearly completed . The Legislation of the Republic is in the hands of this handful of Slaveholders . The United States Senate assures it to them . The Executive power of the Government is theirs . Buchanan took the oath of fealty to them on the steps of the Capitol last Wednesday . The body which gives the supreme law of the land , has just acceded to their demands , and dared to declare that under the charter of the Nation , men of African descent are not citizens of the United States and can not be -- that the Ordinance of 1787 was void -- that human Slavery is not a local thing , but pursues its victims to free soil , clings to them wherever they go , and returns with them -- that the American Congress has no power to prevent the enslavement of men in the National Territories -- that the inhabitants themselves of the Territories have no power to exclude human bondage from their midst -- and that men of color can not be suitors for justice in the Courts of the United States ! That editorial ended on a martial note : All who love Republican institutions and who hate Aristocracy , compact yourselves together for the struggle which threatens your liberty and will test your manhood ! Many abolitionists and some supporters of slavery believed that Taney was prepared to rule , as soon as the issue was presented in a subsequent case , as for instance , Lemmon v. New York , that the states had no power to prohibit slavery within their borders and that state laws providing for the emancipation of slaves brought into their territory or forbidding the institution of slavery were likewise unconstitutional . Abraham Lincoln stressed this danger during his famous `` House Divided '' speech at Springfield , Illinois , on June 16 , 1858 : Put this and that together , and we have another nice little niche , which we may , ere long , see filled with another Supreme Court decision , declaring that the Constitution of the United States does not permit a State to exclude slavery from its limits ... We shall lie down pleasantly dreaming that the people of Missouri are on the verge of making their State free , and we shall awake to the reality instead , that the Supreme Court has made Illinois a slave State . That fear of the next Dred Scott decision shocked many in the North who had been content to accept slavery as long as it was confined within its then present borders . It also put the Northern Democrats , such as Stephen A. Douglas , in a difficult position . The Northern wing of the Democratic Party had supported the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 under the banner of popular sovereignty . They argued that even if Congress did not bar the expansion of slavery into those territories , the residents of those territories could prohibit it by territorial legislation . The Dred Scott decision squarely stated that they could not exercise such prohibition , even though , strictly speaking , that issue was not before the Court . Without challenging the Court 's decision directly , Douglas attempted to overcome that obstacle by creating his Freeport Doctrine . Douglas insisted that , even if a territory could not bar slavery outright , the institution could not take root without local police regulations to protect it and a territory could refuse to pass such local support . This doctrine was wholly unacceptable to Southern Democrats , who reached a different conclusion from the same premise . They argued that if hostile territorial governments could obstruct their right to bring their slaves into a territory by refusing to protect that right , then Congress must intervene to pass a federal slave code for all the territories . They often coupled this position with threats to secede if Congress did not comply . At the same time , Democrats characterized Republicans as lawless rebels , provoking disunion by their unwillingness to accept the Supreme Court 's decision as the law of the land . Many Northern opponents of slavery offered a legalistic argument for refusing to recognize the Dred Scott decision as binding . As they noted , the Court 's decision began with the proposition that the federal courts did not have jurisdiction to hear Scott 's case because he was not a citizen of the State of Missouri . Therefore , so the opponents argued , the remainder of the decision concerning the Missouri Compromise was unnecessary ( i.e. , beyond the Court 's power to decide ) and therefore a passing remark rather than an authoritative interpretation of the law ( i.e. , obiter dictum ) . Douglas attacked this position in the Lincoln -- Douglas debates : Mr. Lincoln goes for a warfare upon the Supreme Court of the United States , because of their judicial decision in the Dred Scott case . I yield obedience to the decisions in that court -- to the final determination of the highest judicial tribunal known to our constitution . Democrats had previously refused to accept the Court 's interpretation of the Constitution as permanently binding . During the Jackson administration , Roger B. Taney , working as Attorney General , wrote : Whatever may be the force of the decision of the Supreme Court in binding the parties and settling their rights in the particular case before them , I am not prepared to admit that a construction given to the constitution by the Supreme Court in deciding any one or more cases fixes of itself irrevokably ( sic ) and permanently its construction in that particular and binds the states and the Legislative and executive branches of the General government , forever afterwards to conform to it and adopt it in every other case as the true reading of the instrument although all of them may unite in believing it erroneous . Southern supporters of slavery claimed that the Dred Scott decision was essential to the preservation of the union . As the Richmond Enquirer stated : Thus has a politico - legal question , involving others of deep import , been decided emphatically in favor of the advocates and supporters of the Constitution and the Union , the equality of the States and the rights of the South , in contradistinction to and in repudiation of the diabolical doctrines inculcated by factionists and fanatics ; and that too by a tribunal of jurists , as learned , impartial and unprejudiced as perhaps the world has ever seen . A prize , for which the athletes of the nation have often wrestled in the halls of Congress , has been awarded at last , by the proper umpire , to those who have justly won it . The `` nation '' has achieved a triumph , `` sectionalism '' has been rebuked , and abolitionism has been staggered and stunned . Another supporting pillar has been added to our institutions ; the assailants of the South and enemies of the Union have been driven from their point d'appui ; a patriotic principle has been pronounced ; a great , national , conservative , union saving sentiment has been proclaimed . While some supporters of slavery treated the decision as a vindication of their rights within the union , others treated it as merely a step to spreading slavery throughout the nation , as the Republicans claimed . Convinced that any restrictions on their right to own slaves and to take them anywhere they chose were unlawful , they boasted that the coming decade would see slave auctions on Boston Common . These Southern radicals were ready to split the Democratic Party and -- as events showed -- the nation on that principle . Frederick Douglass , a prominent African - American abolitionist who thought the decision unconstitutional and the Chief Justice 's reasoning contrary to the founders ' vision , prophesied that political conflict could not be avoided : The highest authority has spoken . The voice of the Supreme Court has gone out over the troubled waves of the National Conscience ... ( But ) my hopes were never brighter than now . I have no fear that the National Conscience will be put to sleep by such an open , glaring , and scandalous tissue of lies ... The Scott family 's fate ( edit ) Irene Emerson had moved to Massachusetts in 1850 and married Calvin C. Chaffee , a doctor and abolitionist who was elected to Congress on the Know Nothing and Republican tickets . Following the Supreme Court ruling , proslavery newspapers attacked Chaffee as a hypocrite . Chaffee protested that Dred Scott belonged to his brother - in law and that he had nothing to do with Scott 's enslavement . Nevertheless , the Chaffees executed a deed transferring the Scott family to Taylor Blow , son of Scott 's former owner Peter Blow . Field suggested the transfer to Chaffee as the most convenient way of freeing Scott , as Missouri law required manumitters to appear in person before the Court . Taylor Blow filed the manumission papers with Judge Hamilton on May 26 , 1857 . The emancipation of Dred Scott and his family was national news and was celebrated in northern cities . Scott worked as a porter in a hotel in St. Louis , where he was a minor celebrity . His wife took in laundry . Dred Scott died of tuberculosis only 18 months after attaining freedom , on November 7 , 1858 . Harriet died on June 17 , 1876 . Sanford as defendant ( edit ) When the case was filed , the two sides agreed on a statement of facts that claimed Scott had been sold by Dr. Emerson to John Sanford . However , this was a legal fiction . Dr. Emerson had died in 1843 , and Dred Scott had filed his 1847 suit against Irene Emerson . There is no record of Dred Scott 's transfer to Sanford , or of his transfer back to Irene Chaffee . John Sanford died shortly before Scott 's manumission , but Scott is not listed in the probate records of Sanford 's estate . Nor was Sanford acting as Dr. Emerson 's executor , as he was never appointed by a probate court , and the Emerson estate had already been settled by the time the federal case was filed . Because of the murky circumstances surrounding ownership , it has been suggested that the parties to Dred Scott v. Sandford contrived to create a test case . Mrs. Emerson 's remarriage to an abolitionist Congressman seemed suspicious to contemporaries , and Sanford seemed to be a front who allowed himself to be sued despite not actually being Scott 's owner . However , Sanford had been involved in the case since 1847 , before his sister married Chaffee . He had secured counsel for his sister in the state case , and he engaged the same lawyer for his own defense in the federal case . Sanford also consented to be represented by genuine pro-slavery advocates before the Supreme Court , rather than putting up a token defense . Later references ( edit ) Justice John Marshall Harlan was the lone dissenting vote in Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) , which declared racial segregation constitutional and created the concept of `` separate but equal '' . In his dissent , Harlan wrote that the majority 's opinion would `` prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott case . '' Charles Evans Hughes , writing in 1927 on the Supreme Court 's history , described Dred Scott v. Sandford as a `` self - inflicted wound '' from which the Court would not recover for over a decade . In a memo to Justice Robert H. Jackson in 1952 ( for whom he was clerking at the time ) on the subject of Brown v. Board of Education , future Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist wrote that `` Scott v. Sandford was the result of Taney 's effort to protect slaveholders from legislative interference . '' Justice Antonin Scalia made the comparison between Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) and Dred Scott in an effort to see Roe v. Wade overturned : Dred Scott ... rested upon the concept of `` substantive due process '' that the Court praises and employs today . Indeed , Dred Scott was very possibly the first application of substantive due process in the Supreme Court , the original precedent for ... Roe v. Wade . Scalia noted that the Dred Scott decision , written and championed by Taney , left the justice 's reputation irrevocably tarnished . Taney , while attempting to end the disruptive question of the future of slavery , wrote a decision that aggravated sectional tensions and was considered to contribute to the American Civil War . Chief Justice John Roberts compared Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) to the Dred Scott case , as another example of trying to settle a contentious issue through a ruling that went beyond the scope of the Constitution . Legacy ( edit ) 1977 : The Scotts ' great - grandson , John A. Madison , Jr. , an attorney , gave the invocation at the ceremony at the Old Courthouse ( St. Louis ) in St. Louis , a National Historic Landmark , for the dedication of a National Historic Marker commemorating the Scotts ' case tried there . 2000 : Harriet and Dred Scott 's petition papers in their freedom suit were displayed at the main branch of the St. Louis Public Library , following discovery of more than 300 freedom suits in the archives of the U.S. circuit court . 2006 : A new historic plaque was erected at the Old Courthouse to honor the active roles of both Dred and Harriet Scott in their freedom suit and the case 's significance in U.S. history . See also ( edit ) American slave court cases List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 60 List of United States Supreme Court cases Origins of the American Civil War Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind United States labor law Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : While the name of the Supreme Court case is Scott vs. Sandford , the respondent 's surname was actually `` Sanford '' . A clerk misspelled the name , and the court never corrected the error . Vishneski , John ( 1988 ) . `` What the Court Decided in Dred Scott v. Sandford '' . The American Journal of Legal History . Temple University . 32 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 390 . doi : 10.2307 / 845743 . JSTOR 845743 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the court opinion on the Dredd Scott case '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remarks of the Chief Justice '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 21 , 2003 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Frederic D. Schwarz Archived 2008 - 12 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . `` The Dred Scott Decision '' , American Heritage , February / March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelman , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` Scott v. Sandford : The Court 's Most Dreadful Case and How it Changed History '' ( PDF ) . Chicago - Kent Law Review . 82 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 48 . Jump up ^ D.R. Tarr ; A. O'Connor , eds. ( 2003 ) . `` Legislation declared unconstitutional '' . Congress A to Z ( 4th ed . ) . Washington : CQ Press . doi : 10.4135 / 9781483302768. n191 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bernard Schwartz ( 1997 ) . A Book of Legal Lists : The Best and Worst in American Law . Oxford UP . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Junius P. Rodriguez ( 2007 ) . Slavery in the United States : A Social , Political , and Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 1 . Jump up ^ David Konig ; et al. ( 2010 ) . The Dred Scott Case : Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Race and Law . Ohio UP . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Ethan Greenberg ( 2010 ) . Dred Scott and the Dangers of a Political Court . Lexington Books . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz , Dred Scott and the Politics of Slavery ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri 's Dred Scott Case , 1846 - 1857 '' . Missouri Digital Heritage : African American HIstory Initiative . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Don E. Fehrenbacher , The Dred Scott Case : Its Significance in American Law and Politics ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ 1 Mo . 472 , 475 ( Mo . 1824 ) . Jump up ^ 4 Mo . 350 ( Mo . 1836 ) . Rachel is remarkable as its fact pattern was on point for Scott 's case . Rachel had been a female slave taken into the free Wisconsin Territory by her owner , who was an army officer . In Rachel , the Supreme Court of Missouri held she was free as a consequence of having been taken by her master into a free jurisdiction . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Walter ( 2007 ) . They Have No Rights : Dred Scott 's Struggle for Freedom . Applewood Books . Jump up ^ Scott v. Emerson , 15 Mo . 576 , 586 ( Mo . 1852 ) Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrlich , Walter ( September 1968 ) . `` Was the Dred Scott Case Valid ? '' . The Journal of American History . Organization of American Historians. 55 ( 2 ) : 256 -- 265 . JSTOR 1899556 . ^ Jump up to : Hardy , David T. ( 2012 ) . `` Dred Scott , John San ( d ) ford , and the Case for Collusion '' ( PDF ) . Northern Kentucky Law Review . 41 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Maltz , Earl M. ( 2007 ) . Dred Scott and the politics of slavery . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1502 - 4 . Jump up ^ Faragher , John Mack ; et al. ( 2005 ) . Out of Many : A History of the American People ( Revised Printing ( 4th Ed ) ed . ) . Englewood Cliffs , N.J : Prentice Hall . p. 388 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 195130 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baker , Jean H. ( 2004 ) . James Buchanan : The American Presidents Series : The 15th President , 1857 - 1861 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6946 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` James Buchanan : Inaugural Address . U.S. Inaugural Addresses. 1989 '' . Bartleby.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CK Law Review '' ( PDF ) . cklawreview.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Alexander Bickel , School desegregation cases and legislative history of the Fourteenth Amendment in the 39th Congress : Internal Memorandum for Justice Felix Frankfurter , The Felix Frankfurter Papers , Part II : United States Supreme Court , Case Files of Opinions and Memoranda , October Terms 1953 - 1961 Jump up ^ See Antonin Scalia , Constitutional Interpretation the Old Fashioned Way ( March 14 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Abraham Lincoln 's Speech on the Dred Scott Decision , June 26 , 1857 Archived September 8 , 2002 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Champion of Civil Rights : Judge John Minor Wisdom . Southern Biography Series : LSU Press , 2009 , p 24 . https://books.google.com/books?id=atfIkRdwQ9kC&pg=PA24&dq=%22louisiana%22+%22george+mathews%22&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%20%22george%20mathews%22&f=false Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Calomiris and Larry Schweikart , `` The Panic of 1857 : Origins , Transmission , Containment , '' Journal of Economic History , LI , December 1990 , pp. 807 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Speech to the United States Senate , May 7 , 1860 Jump up ^ Blassingame , John W. ( 15 September 2008 ) . `` Black New Orleans , 1860 - 1880 '' . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved 8 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Benson , Lloyd ( editor ) . `` The Issue Forced Upon Us '' . Secession Era Editorials Project . Furman University . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Don E. Fehrenbacher ( 1978 / 2001 ) , The Dred Scott Case : Its Significance in American Law and Politics , reprint , New York : Oxford , Part 3 , `` Consequences and Echoes '' , Chapter 18 , `` The Judges Judged '' , p. 441 ; unpublished opinion , transcript in Carl B. Swisher Papers , Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Dred Scott vs. Sandford : A Brief History with Documents - Google Boeken . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , p. 580 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the court opinion on the Dred Scott case '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of the Chief Justice '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 21 , 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William . `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' Archived 2008 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey , 505 U.S. 833 ( 1992 ) . FindLaw . Jump up ^ Carey , Patrick W. ( April 2002 ) . `` Political Atheism : Dred Scott , Roger Brooke Taney , and Orestes A. Brownson '' . The Catholic Historical Review . The Catholic University of America Press . 88 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 229 . doi : 10.1353 / cat. 2002.0072 . ISSN 1534 - 0708 . ( requires subscription ) Jump up ^ Obergefell v. Hodges , 576 U.S. ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Adam Arenson , `` Dred Scott versus the Dred Scott Case '' , The Dred Scott Case : Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Race and Law , Ohio University Press , 2010 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Arenson ( 2010 ) , Dred Scott Case , p. 38 Jump up ^ Arenson ( 2010 ) , Dred Scott Case , p. 39 Further reading ( edit ) Dennis - Jonathan Mann & Kai Purnhagen : The Nature of Union Citizenship between Autonomy and Dependency on ( Member ) State Citizenship - A Comparative Analysis of the Rottmann Ruling , or : How to Avoid a European Dred Scott Decision ? , in : 29 : 3 Wisconsin International Law Journal ( WILJ ) , ( Fall 2011 ) , pp. 484 -- 533 ( PDF ) . Fehenbacher , Don E. , The Dred Scott Case : Its Significance in American Law and Politics New York : Oxford ( 1978 ) ( winner of Pulitzer Prize for History ) . Fehrenbacher , Don E. Slavery , Law , and Politics : The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective ( 1981 ) ( abridged version of The Dred Scott Case ) . Konig , David Thomas , Paul Finkelman , and Christopher Alan Bracey , eds . The `` Dred Scott '' Case : Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Race and Law ( Ohio University Press ; 2010 ) 272 pages ; essays by scholars on the history of the case and its afterlife in American law and society . Potter , David M. The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1976 ) pp 267 -- 96 . VanderVelde , Lea . Mrs. Dred Scott : A Life on Slavery 's Frontier ( Oxford University press , 2009 ) 480 pp . Swain , Gwenyth ( 2004 ) . Dred and Harriet Scott : A Family 's Struggle for Freedom . Saint Paul , MN : Borealis Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87351 - 482 - 8 . Tushnet , Mark ( 2008 ) . I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 31 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 . Listen to : American Pendulum II - http://one.npr.org/i/555247859:555247861 External links ( edit ) Texts on Wikisource : Dred Scott v. Sandford `` Dred Scott Case '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Dred Scott Case '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Text of Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. ( 19 How . ) 393 ( 1857 ) is available from : Cornell Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Primary documents and bibliography about the Dred Scott case , from the Library of Congress `` Dred Scott decision '' , Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 17 December 2006 . www.yowebsite.com Gregory J. Wallance , `` Dred Scott Decision : The Lawsuit That Started The Civil War '' , History.net , originally in Civil War Times Magazine , March / April 2006 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial , National Park Service Infography about the Dred Scott Case The Dred Scott Case Collection , Washington University in St. Louis Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice Dred Scott case articles from William Lloyd Garrison 's abolitionist newspaper The Liberator `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Dred Scott v. Sandford '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : 12 Historic Supreme Court Decisions Report of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States and the Opinions of the Judges Thereof , in the Case of Dred Scott Versus John F.A. Sandford . December Term , 1856 via Google Books Missouri in the American Civil War 1861 Governor refuses to furnish quota of militia to the United States Seizure of United States Arsenal at Liberty Seizure of United States ordnance stores at Kansas City Capture of Camp Jackson Convention between Brig. Gen. William S. Harney , U.S. Army , and Maj. Gen. Sterling Price , Missouri State Guard Engagement at Boonville Skirmish at Cole Camp Engagement near Carthage Skirmish at Athens Martial law declared in St. Louis Battle of Wilson 's Creek Action at Dry Wood Creek Siege of Lexington Action at Blue Mills Landing Destruction of Osceola Operations about Ironton and Fredericktown Action at Springfield Engagement at Belmont Missouri admitted as a member of the Confederate States of America Brig. Gen. John M. Schofield , U.S. Army , assumes command of the Missouri Militia Skirmish at Blackwater Creek Action at Mount Zion Church 1862 Action at Roan 's Tan - Yard Operations at New Madrid Brig. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons , Mo . S.G. , assumes command of the Missouri State Guard Action at Moore 's Mill Action at Kirksville Action at Independence Action at Lone Jack Engagement at Newtonia Skirmish at Island Mound Action at Clark 's Mill 1863 Engagement at Springfield Engagement at Hartville Action at Cape Girardeau Skirmish at Chalk Bluff Enrolled Militia of Missouri placed under command of Maj. Gen. Schofield General Order No. 11 Shelby 's raid in Arkansas and Missouri 1864 Maj. Gen. Sterling Price , C.S. Army , assumes command of the expeditionary forces at Princeton , Ark . Price enters Missouri Affair at Centralia Attack on Fort Davidson Action at Glasgow Action at Lexington Action at the Little Blue Action at Independence Action at the Big Blue Engagement at Westport Engagement at the Marmiton Engagement at Newtonia 1865 Negotiations for the surrender of the Confederate forces in the Trans - Mississippi Department Gen. E. Kirby Smith , C.S. 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Question: what was the dred scott v sandford case

held that "a negro, whose ancestors were imported into [the U.S.], and sold as slaves",[2][3] whether enslaved or free, could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court,[4][5] and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States


KFC in South Africa - wikipedia KFC in South Africa Jump to : navigation , search KFC is the largest fast food chain in South Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operations 2 History 3 References 4 External links Operations ( edit ) As of 2016 , there are 828 KFC outlets in South Africa , and the company dominates the fast food market . 10 percent of outlets are company owned , and 90 percent are franchise owned . Outlets sell the regional pap dish . South Africa is one of the few countries where KFC does not sell PepsiCo owned soft drinks , due to the company 's historically small presence in the country . All of the chicken sold is reared in South Africa . History ( edit ) KFC first entered the South African market in 1971 . The company was forced to divest its 60 company owned outlets and trademarks to a South African holding company called Devco in 1987 after the US Congress passed a law forbidding American companies from owning South African assets . The company 's 120 franchised outlets were not affected . KFC continued to collect an administrative fee from Devco . The company reacquired its former assets when sanctions were lifted in 1994 . By 1994 there were around 300 KFC outlets in the country . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.yum.com/company/ Jump up ^ Hedley , Nick ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Yum to push KFC into Africa ' as fast as possible ' '' . Business Day . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food in South Africa '' . Euromonitor . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yum 's Global Restaurant System '' . Yum ! Brands . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Steyn , Lisa ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` KFC 's secret recipe for growth '' . Mail & Guardian . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` KFC Menu : Drinks '' . KFC South Africa . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&context=history_theses Jump up ^ Maritz , Jaco . `` KFC 's African adventure '' . How We Made It In Africa . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dodds , Paisley ( June 20 , 1994 ) . `` Kentucky Fried Chicken Returns to South Africa '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KFC Getting Out of South Africa '' . Adweek . March 16 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` KFC returns to South Africa with Devco purchase '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . June 27 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Kfc Makes Re-entry Into S. Africa Market '' . Chicago Tribune . 21 June 1994 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KFC expanding in South Africa '' . The Atlanta Journal and Constitution . June 21 , 1994 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to KFC in South Africa . Official KFC Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KFC_in_South_Africa&oldid=832762825 '' Categories : KFC 1971 introductions 1971 establishments in South Africa Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 21 : 27 . About Wikipedia

Question: where does kfc get their chicken in south africa


April Ludgate - wikipedia April Ludgate Jump to : navigation , search April Ludgate - Dwyer Parks and Recreation character Aubrey Plaza portrays April Ludgate First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` One Last Ride '' Portrayed by Aubrey Plaza Information Aliases Janet Snakehole Judy Hitler Satan 's Niece Gender Female Occupation Intern , City of Pawnee Parks and Recreation ( former ) Assistant to Ron Swanson ( former ) Assistant to Chris Traeger ( former ) Assistant to Ben Wyatt during a congressional campaign Deputy Director of Pawnee Animal Control ( former ) Employee at the National Park Service : Midwest Branch ( former ) Employee at American Service Foundation Family Larry Ludgate ( father ) Rita Ludgate ( mother ) Natalie Ludgate ( sister ) Spouse ( s ) Andy Dwyer Significant other ( s ) Derek ( ex-boyfriend ) Eduardo ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Burt Snakehole Ludgate Karate Dracula Macklin Demon Jack - o - Lantern `` Jack '' Dwyer ( b . 2023 ) Unnamed Child ( b . 2025 ) Nationality American ( English and Puerto Rican descent ) April Roberta Ludgate - Dwyer ( portrayed by Aubrey Plaza ) is a fictional character in the NBC comedy Parks and Recreation . She is first seen as an apathetic college student working as an intern in the Pawnee Department of Parks and Recreation , before being hired as Ron Swanson 's assistant . She later becomes the Deputy Director of Animal Control . April , along with Plaza 's performance , garnered universal acclaim and has gained popularity for her goth - like behavior and deadpan - style comedy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Character arc 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 2.7 Season 7 3 Development 4 References Background ( edit ) April Ludgate is a college student who starts out working as an intern in the Pawnee parks and recreation department . April is extremely uninterested in the job , regularly napping at her desk and texting constantly , and acts very dry and sarcastic around her co-workers . She was assigned the internship because she overslept on intern sign - up date , which she blamed on her sister Natalie for not waking her up . April is of English and Puerto Rican descent ( she claims that this explains her ' lively and colorful ' personality ) , and she speaks and understands Spanish fairly well as a result . Her family refers to her as Zuzu . April was responsible for uploading the staff bios onto the Pawnee parks and recreation site , and she jokingly made a fictional bio for herself that reads as follows : `` April Ludgate - Dwyer was born in Björk 's house in Iceland and grew up on Easter Island , where her parents were giant stone heads . She has the ability to fire beams of tacos out of her hands and she can turn her legs into tigers . On Sundays , April enjoys reading Family Circus and traveling through time . Her favorite color is greenish - transparent and her favorite movie is the one you just watched . April is in charge of uploading the staff bios to the website , and no one has checked over her work . '' While picking Spirit dogs in season six , Donna described her as follows : `` `` You 're beautiful yet cold and aloof . You pride yourself on being a loner . You do not obey , you choose to cooperate . And when you stop baring your fangs to pick a mate , it 's for life . And you 're fiercely loyal to your pack . Which makes you a rare black Siberian husky . '' '' Character arc ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) April starts as a 19 - year - old intern at the parks department who is somewhat rebellious and is often annoyed by her fellow parks department workers . For the first two seasons , her boyfriend was Derek , who is openly bisexual and who simultaneously dates an openly gay college student named Ben , whom April dislikes . ( Aubrey Plaza herself came up with the idea of her character 's boyfriend being bisexual and her boyfriend himself dating another guy . ) Season 2 ( edit ) Although still dating her openly bisexual boyfriend , Derek , who is still dating his gay boyfriend , Ben , April begins to develop a crush on Andy Dwyer ( who works at city hall ) , the ex-boyfriend of Ann Perkins . Andy is able to make April smile , which is something she rarely does . April flirts with Andy and even convinces Andy to let her give him hickeys on his neck in order to make Ann jealous , but Andy nevertheless remains unaware of her feelings toward him . In order to remain close to Andy , April volunteers to work as Ron 's assistant , ending her time as an intern and establishing a full - time position at the Pawnee town hall . April finally breaks up with Derek after he makes fun of Andy and gives her a hard time about spending too much time with him . Toward the end of the season Andy and April 's relationship begins to grow to the point that he begins to reciprocate her feelings but their age difference continues to be a wedge between them . They admit their mutual attraction to each other in the season finale , but she tells him she does not want to get involved with him due to what she perceives as his lasting feelings for Ann . She changes her mind after he gets into a car accident and the two kiss for the first time , but she leaves abruptly after he reveals Ann kissed him just two minutes earlier . Season 3 ( edit ) April traveled to Venezuela between seasons but has returned to Pawnee to continue her job at the Parks Dept. and has a new Spanish - speaking Venezuelan boyfriend , Eduardo. April eventually breaks up with Eduardo after he becomes friends with Andy because Eduardo was used only to make Andy jealous . April tells Andy to do all of the things she hates doing for her for a month . After only one day of him doing this , April kisses Andy . Andy and April decide to get married in `` April and Andy 's Fancy Party '' after only one month of dating . Andy had proposed to April the day before the party asking , `` What if we got married tomorrow ? '' to which April replied , `` Fine . '' They were married at their dinner party ( which was actually a surprise ceremony ) in front of their friends and family . With a great deal of help from new housemate Ben Wyatt they have learned , to a limited extent , how to live and act like working adults . Season 4 ( edit ) April and Andy throw a Halloween party at which Ron and Ann go around fixing all of the problems in her and Andy 's house . She becomes a member of Leslie 's campaign as the `` youth outreach '' . April takes over a large portion of Leslie 's duties in the Parks and Rec department towards the end of the season to allow Leslie to concentrate on the election . April is shown to somewhat enjoy and excel in this position . In `` Bus Tour '' , April becomes legally known as April Ludgate - Dwyer . Season 5 ( edit ) April is working as Ben 's assistant at Washington D.C. as he successfully runs a congressional re-election campaign . She actively supports Andy while he tries to get into the Pawnee Police Department . Following her passion for animals , she develops plans to have Lot 48 become a dog park . She reveals that she wants to become a veterinarian and asks Ann to write her a recommendation letter . April becomes Deputy Director of the Animal Control by suggesting it be absorbed into the Parks Department due to its inefficiency . Season 6 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 6 , April is planning on attending Veterinary School ; however , upon going to the orientation with Ann she realizes it is not what she wants to do . While she supports Andy for having a job away in London , she is very upset while he is away and misses him . She develops a closer relationship with Donna , and they both try to stop Tom leaving the Parks Department by being unhelpful as he searches for a property for his restaurant . However , they later feel guilty , and help him find the perfect place . When Andy returns , she actively supports him on playing music for children , deciding to become his manager . While she makes out she is excited that Ann is leaving Pawnee , the pair share a nostalgic farewell at the Pawnee Commons site in `` Ann and Chris '' . Along with Andy , Tom and some other Pawnee youths , she comes up with the idea of holding a Unity concert celebrating the merger . In the season finale , April has Leslie named a founder of the revamped city of Pawnee and motivates her to convince the National Park Service to move the Midwest Branch to Pawnee , which allows Leslie and Ben to stay . In addition , it is revealed that April and Andy are still happily married in 2017 , with April working for Leslie . Season 7 ( edit ) It 's 2017 and April laments , as time has passed and she has remained in her government career , she fears she and Andy are becoming ordinary and boring . While driving through the warehouse district , they spot a creepy old house with an equally creepy owner . He tells them it was a place for old factory workers who ended up going mad . They decide to purchase it . When Joan Callamezzo is honored by the mayor , April starts to feel that her life has n't been fulfilled yet , and realises working in the Parks Department really is n't her dream job . In `` Ms. Ludgate - Dwyer Goes to Washington '' , April is trying to find a way to tell Leslie that she wants to leave the Parks Department . When she finally tells Leslie , after a bit of reluctance , Leslie decides to help her . Leslie takes April to the American Service Foundation , which helps determine potential occupations for job - seekers . After April 's meeting , April tells Leslie that she would like to work at the Foundation itself . April and Andy decide to relocate to Washington D.C when April gets an offer to work for the Foundation . However , she feels guilty for making Andy give up ' the best job he 's ever had ' working as Johnny Karate on his own TV show . Andy assures her that she is the best thing that ever happened to him and after all the support she has given him , helping him to become a children 's entertainment phenomenon , she deserves his support in her search for happiness . In a series of flash - forwards in the final episode , April and Andy ask Leslie and Ben for advice regarding the prospect of having children , which Andy very much wants but April does not . They decide to try for it and their son Jack ( short for Jack - o - Lantern ) is born on Halloween 2023 . By 2025 the couple is expecting their second child . Development ( edit ) The role of April Ludgate was written specifically for Aubrey Plaza . Upon meeting the actress , Parks and Recreation casting director Allison Jones contacted series co-creator Michael Schur and said , `` I just met the weirdest girl I 've ever met in my life . You have to meet her and put her on your show . '' Schur said he met with her and was taken so off - guard by her quiet and deadpan personality that he felt incredibly awkward and uncomfortable , spending the whole meeting trying to keep her entertained . Schur said that from that meeting on , he and fellow co-creator Greg Daniels knew they wanted to cast her on the show . When the scripts for Parks and Recreation were first written , the character was referred to simply as `` Aubrey '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' Parks and Recreation ' - ' Andy and April 's Fancy Party ' : Impulse power '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kandell , Steve ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Recap : A Wedding '' . New York . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parks & Recreation : Season One ( Film ( DVD ) ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Event occurs at Deleted Scenes : Pilot . Jump up ^ `` Parks and Recreation - Pilot : April the Intern '' . NBC . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Sister City '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` City of Pawnee - Parks and Recreation '' . Pawneeindiana.com . December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schur , Michael ( 2009 ) . Parks and Recreation : Season One : `` Rock Show '' ( DVD ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : Leslie and Co . Have Love Woes '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Hunting Trip '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve ( November 19 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Hunting Trip '' `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' recap : Will Arnett can see your insides `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' recap : Breaking up is hard to do `` . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' : I now pronounce you man and ... wait , seriously ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Steve ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : Michael Schur '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parks & Recreation - Paul Schneider & Aubrey Plaza ( Paley Center , 2009 ) '' . Paley Center for Media . October 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . ( hide ) Parks and Recreation Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Canvassing '' `` The Reporter '' `` Boys ' Club '' `` The Banquet '' `` Rock Show '' Season 2 `` Pawnee Zoo '' `` The Stakeout '' `` Beauty Pageant '' `` Practice Date '' `` Sister City '' `` Kaboom '' `` Greg Pikitis '' `` Ron and Tammy '' `` The Camel '' `` Hunting Trip '' `` Tom 's Divorce '' `` Christmas Scandal '' `` The Set Up '' `` Leslie 's House '' `` Sweetums '' `` Galentine 's Day '' `` Woman of the Year '' `` The Possum '' `` Park Safety '' `` Summer Catalog '' `` 94 Meetings '' `` Telethon '' `` The Master Plan '' `` Freddy Spaghetti '' Season 3 `` Go Big or Go Home '' `` Flu Season '' `` Time Capsule '' `` Ron & Tammy : Part Two '' `` Media Blitz '' `` Indianapolis '' `` Harvest Festival '' `` Camping '' `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' `` Soulmates '' `` Jerry 's Painting '' `` Eagleton '' `` Road Trip '' `` The Fight '' `` The Bubble '' `` Li'l Sebastian '' Season 4 `` I 'm Leslie Knope '' `` Ron and Tammys '' `` Born & Raised '' `` Pawnee Rangers '' `` End of the World '' `` Bowling for Votes '' `` Operation Ann '' `` The Debate '' `` Bus Tour '' `` Win , Lose , or Draw '' Season 5 `` Ms. Knope Goes to Washington '' `` Soda Tax '' `` How a Bill Becomes a Law '' `` Sex Education '' `` Halloween Surprise '' Season 6 Season 7 `` Leslie and Ron '' `` One Last Ride '' Characters Leslie Knope Ron Swanson Tom Haverford Ann Perkins April Ludgate Andy Dwyer Ben Wyatt Chris Traeger Jerry Gergich Donna Meagle Mark Brendanawicz Craig Middlebrooks Jean - Ralphio Saperstein Marlene Griggs - Knope Related Pawnee Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Ludgate&oldid=834392659 '' Categories : Parks and Recreation characters Fictional civil servants Fictional American people of Puerto Rican descent Fictional American people of English descent Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional polyamorous characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 13 : 56 . 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Question: who does april end up with on parks and rec


The Farm ( the Office ) - wikipedia The Farm ( the Office ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Farm '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 9 Episode 17 Directed by Paul Lieberstein Written by Paul Lieberstein Production code 9005 Original air date March 14 , 2013 Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Majandra Delfino as Fannie Matt Jones as Zeke Thomas Middleditch as Jeb Blake Garrett Rosenthal as Cammy David Koechner as Todd Packer Allan Havey as Henry Nora Kirkpatrick as Esther Mary Gillis as Aunt Shirley Tom Bower as Heinrich Manheim ( deleted scene ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Moving On '' Next → `` Promos '' The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` The Farm '' is the seventeenth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the 192nd overall . It originally aired on NBC on March 14 , 2013 . The episode guest stars Matt Jones as Dwight 's cousin Zeke , Majandra Delfino as Dwight 's sister Fannie , Blake Garrett Rosenthal as his nephew , and Thomas Middleditch as his brother . The series -- presented as if it were a real documentary -- depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . The episode revolves around Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) and Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) who attend the funeral of Dwight 's Aunt Shirley at Schrute Farms . Dwight receives his aunt 's property , and he and his siblings decide to run it . Meanwhile , Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) returns to the office to get back at them for his firing a year prior . `` The Farm '' was produced to serve as a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin - off series starring Wilson as Dwight , which NBC ultimately did not pick up . The episode received mostly negative reviews from television critics , with many criticizing Dwight 's farm storyline and some critics calling it a `` Frankenstein episode '' . The episode was viewed by 3.54 million viewers and received a 1.9 / 5 rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode ranked fourth in its timeslot , and it was the highest - rated NBC series of the night . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Broadcast and reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) receives news that his Aunt Shirley has died , and he informs the office . The only co-worker he invites to the funeral is Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) , who flees when Dwight begins shooting the corpse with a shotgun to ensure it is really dead . At the funeral , Dwight 's family gathers : his cousins Mose ( Michael Schur ) and Zeke ( Matt Jones ) , his brother Jeb ( Thomas Middleditch ) , his sister Fannie ( Majandra Delfino ) , his nephew Cammy ( Blake Garrett Rosenthal ) , and his uncle Heinrich ( Tom Bower ) . The family learns that Aunt Shirley has willed the siblings her estate on the condition that they all come back home to run it . Despite Dwight 's enthusiasm in inheriting it , Fannie and Jeb are unwilling to move back in due to the lack of sophistication farm life offers . Nevertheless , Dwight convinces them to help him run the farm . Meanwhile , Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) visits the office and announces that he wants to make amends for his past behavior . He makes rude remarks masked as apologies and hands out store - bought cupcakes . Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) argues that they should not eat the cupcakes , to spite Packer . She remains adamant on this point even after Packer leaves , but once Pam goes home the remaining employees eat the cupcakes . Packer reveals to the documentary crew that he spiked the cupcakes with drugs , supposedly as revenge for getting him fired ( though none of the employees present save Nellie had anything to do with his being fired ) . He then visits Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) at Athlead in Philadelphia , pulling the same trick on them . In the morning , Pam returns to the office and announces she is going to eat her cupcake , only to find everyone else reeling from the aftereffects of Packer 's deed . Production ( edit ) Majandra Delfino guest starred as Dwight 's sister . The episode was written and directed by executive producer and former showrunner Paul Lieberstein , marking his thirteenth writing credit , sixth directorial credit and fourth dual credit . `` The Farm '' was the fifth episode produced , but was the seventeenth aired , as noted by its production number . It was originally supposed to act as a backdoor pilot for a spin - off series starring Wilson and focusing on Dwight . As such , Wilson was initially slated to appear in only 13 episodes of The Office 's ninth season before leaving for the spin - off . Paul Lieberstein , the showrunner for The Office for seasons five through eight , stepped down at the start of season nine in order to focus more energy on the potential spin - off . However , upon review , the spin - off was not picked up by NBC . Executive producer Greg Daniels revealed that the episode would have additional material shot so that it fits better into the season , as the original version contained `` certain aspects that were appropriate for a pilot of a new show '' . The episode guest stars Majandra Delfino , Blake Garrett Rosenthal , Thomas Middleditch , Matt Jones , and Tom Bower as members of Dwight 's family ; Delfino plays Dwight 's sister Fannie , Rosenthal plays Dwight 's nephew Cammy , Middleditch portrays Dwight 's brother Jeb , Jones portrays Dwight 's cousin Zeke , and Bower appears as Dwight 's great uncle Heinrich , in a deleted scene . Jones had previously appeared in the ninth season entry , `` Junior Salesman '' . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Farm '' originally aired on NBC on March 14 , 2013 , after a four - week hiatus . In its original American broadcast , the episode was viewed by an estimated 3.54 million viewers and received a 1.9 rating / 5 percent share . This means that it was seen by 1.9 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 5 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a decrease in the ratings from the previous episode , `` Moving On '' . The Office ranked fourth in its timeslot , being beaten by an episode of the CBS police procedural Person of Interest which received a 2.9 / 8 percent rating , an entry of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 2.6 / 7 percent rating , and an installment of the Fox series Glee which received a 2.0 / 6 percent rating . Despite this , the episode was the highest - rated NBC series for the night . 1.90 million viewers watched the episode via DVR playback , bringing the total viewership to 5.36 million viewers and a 3.0 18 -- 49 rating . Reviews ( edit ) `` Then there was the open - endedness of Dwight walking onto the farm with his brother and sister , the beginning of the new life . The tone did n't match . None of this was necessarily bad on its own , but because we know what we know , it came off less like a weird outing for Dwight and revealed the stitching of people trying to patch in a standalone episode ... which by mere approach made it feel larger and grander , the seams of the monster . '' -- Nick Campbell , TV.com `` The Farm '' received mostly negative reviews from critics , many criticizing Dwight 's farm storyline and some critics calling it a `` Frankenstein episode '' . M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a C. Alan Sepinwall of HitFix considered NBC 's decision not to pick the spin - off for more episodes the right decision , writing that the characters and scenes were `` barely sketches '' and featured too much `` cartoonishness '' . Sepinwall also criticized the Todd Packer scenes , and only saw Dwight 's interactions with his nephew , Cammy , in a positive light . TV.com columnist Nick Campbell called the farm storyline `` unnatural '' compared to the episode and the series , as a whole , and wrote that the tone to the ending `` did n't match '' . Despite this , he complimented the storyline for `` establishing tone , characters , and direction in literally half the time usually allotted '' . The A.V. Club reviewer Erik Adams complimented the episode for serving as a `` breather '' from the season 's long arcs , and gave good background information into Dwight 's personality . He went on to criticize the pilot 's broad humor , writing that following the scene featuring Dwight shooting a shotgun into his aunt 's casket , `` it would be next to impossible for The Farm to heighten from that point '' . Adams graded the episode a B . Damon Houx of Screen Crush called the two storylines `` two pieces of that ( sic ) did n't work all that well together '' , which all added to a `` dull '' episode . Houx complimented Koechner 's performance , calling him a `` great improviser '' but wrote that the whole plot was lacking . He also considered the farm plotline to be pointless and aimless , especially due to it airing in the last few episodes of the series . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Rainn ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Remember all of these ? # FinalSeason '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Heinrich '' . NBC.com . March 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Lieberstein ( writer & director ) ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Farm '' . The Office . Season 9 . Episode 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Greg Daniels and the Future of ' The Office ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' Adds Two EPs for Season 9 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Rainn Wilson 's Office Spinoff , The Farm , Not Picked Up by NBC '' . E ! Online . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Office Boss : Retooled Spin - Off Episode Will Still Air -- and Change Up the Dwangela Plan '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Two More People Cast in The Office spinoff The Farm , Including the Wacky Nazi Uncle '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` The Office : `` Junior Salesman '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office , The on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Community ' Adjusted Up ; ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' 90210 ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Nick ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Office `` The Farm '' Review : Try Not to Laugh When We Say `` Backdoor '' `` . TV.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Office : `` The Farm '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M. Giant ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Office TV Show -- The Office Photos & Videos , The Office Reviews & The Office Recaps TWoP '' . Television Without Pity . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Review : The Office -- The Farm : The spin - off that was n't '' . HitFix . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` '' The Farm '' The Office TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Houx , Damon ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Office ' Review : `` The Farm '' `` . Screen Crush . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` The Farm '' at NBC.com `` The Farm '' on IMDb `` The Farm '' at TV.com ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Farm_(The_Office)&oldid=808810420 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) episodes Television pilots not picked up as a series Television pilots within series Television episodes about funerals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 09 : 21 . About Wikipedia

Question: who played dwight's brother on the office