Henry Moseley - wikipedia Henry Moseley Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Henry Moseley , see Henry Moseley ( disambiguation ) . Henry Moseley Henry G.J. Moseley in the Balliol - Trinity Laboratories , Oxford University ( 1910 ) . 23 November 1887 ( 1887 - 11 - 23 ) Weymouth , Dorset , England 10 August 1915 ( 1915 - 08 - 11 ) ( aged 27 ) Gallipoli , Turkey Nationality English Citizenship British Education Trinity College , University of Oxford University of Manchester Known for Atomic Number , Moseley 's Law Awards Matteucci Medal ( 1919 ) Scientific career Fields Physics , chemistry Influences Ernest Rutherford Henry Gwyn Jeffrey 's Moseley ( 23 November 1887 -- 10 August 1915 ) was an English physicist , whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number . This stemmed from his development of Moseley 's law in X-ray spectra . Moseley 's Law justified many concepts in chemistry by sorting the chemical elements of the periodic table of the elements in a logical order based on their physics . He published first the Long Form periodic table or Modern periodic table which is used till date . Moseley 's law advanced atomic physics , nuclear physics and quantum physics by providing the first experimental evidence in favour of Niels Bohr 's theory , aside from the hydrogen atom spectrum which the Bohr theory was designed to reproduce . That theory refined Ernest Rutherford 's and Antonius van den Broek 's model , which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic ) number in the periodic table . This remains the accepted model today . When World War I broke out in Western Europe , Moseley left his research work at the University of Oxford behind to volunteer for the Royal Engineers of the British Army . Moseley was assigned to the force of British Empire soldiers that invaded the region of Gallipoli , Turkey , in April 1915 , as a telecommunications officer . Moseley was shot and killed during the Battle of Gallipoli on 10 August 1915 , at the age of 27 . Experts have speculated that Moseley could have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1916 , had he not been killed . As a consequence , the British government instituted new policies for eligibility for combat duty . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Scientific work 2.1 Contribution to understanding of the atom 2.2 Use of X-ray spectrometer 3 Death and aftermath 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Biography ( edit ) Henry G.J. Moseley , known to his friends as Harry , was born in Weymouth in Dorset in 1887 . His father Henry Nottidge Moseley ( 1844 -- 91 ) , who died when Henry Moseley was quite young , was a biologist and also a professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of Oxford , who had been a member of the Challenger Expedition . Moseley 's mother was Amabel Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley , the daughter of the Welsh biologist and conchologist John Gwyn Jeffreys . Henry Moseley had been a very promising schoolboy at Summer Fields School ( where one of the four ' leagues ' is named after him ) , and he was awarded a King 's scholarship to attend Eton College . In 1906 he won the chemistry and physics prizes at Eton . In 1906 , Moseley entered Trinity College of the University of Oxford , where he earned his bachelor 's degree . Immediately after graduation from Oxford in 1910 , Moseley became a demonstrator in physics at the University of Manchester under the supervision of Sir Ernest Rutherford . During Moseley 's first year at Manchester , he had a teaching load as a graduate teaching assistant , but following that first year , he was reassigned from his teaching duties to work as a graduate research assistant . He declined a fellowship offered by Rutherford , preferring to move back to Oxford , in November 1913 , where he was given laboratory facilities but no support . Scientific work ( edit ) Experimenting with the energy of β - particles in 1912 , Moseley showed that high potentials were attainable from a radioactive source of radium , thereby inventing the first atomic battery , though he was unable to produce the 1MeV necessary to stop the particles . In 1913 , Moseley observed and measured the X-ray spectra of various chemical elements ( mostly metals ) that were found by the method of diffraction through crystals . This was a pioneering use of the method of X-ray spectroscopy in physics , using Bragg 's diffraction law to determine the X-ray wavelengths . Moseley discovered a systematic mathematical relationship between the wavelengths of the X-rays produced and the atomic numbers of the metals that were used as the targets in X-ray tubes . This has become known as Moseley 's law . Before Moseley 's discovery , the atomic numbers ( or elemental number ) of an element had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary sequential number , based on the sequence of atomic masses , but modified somewhat where chemists found this modification to be desirable , such as by the Russian chemist , Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev . In his invention of the Periodic Table of the Elements , Mendeleev had interchanged the orders of a few pairs of elements in order to put them in more appropriate places in this table of the elements . For example , the metals cobalt and nickel had been assigned the atomic numbers 27 and 28 , respectively , based on their known chemical and physical properties , even though they have nearly the same atomic masses . In fact , the atomic mass of cobalt is slightly larger than that of nickel , which would have placed them in backwards order if they had been placed in the Periodic Table blindly according to atomic mass . Moseley 's experiments in X-ray spectroscopy showed directly from their physics that cobalt and nickel have the different atomic numbers , 27 and 28 , and that they are placed in the Periodic Table correctly by Moseley 's objective measurements of their atomic numbers . Hence , Moseley 's discovery demonstrated that the atomic numbers of elements are not just rather arbitrary numbers based on chemistry and the intuition of chemists , but rather , they have a firm experimental basis from the physics of their X-ray spectra . In addition , Moseley showed that there were gaps in the atomic number sequence at numbers 43 , 61 , 72 , and 75 . These spaces are now known , respectively , to be the places of the radioactive synthetic elements technetium and promethium , and also the last two quite rare naturally occurring stable elements hafnium ( discovered 1923 ) and rhenium ( discovered 1925 ) . Nothing was known about these four elements in Moseley 's lifetime , not even their very existence . Based on the intuition of a very experienced chemist , Dmitri Mendeleev had predicted the existence of a missing element in the Periodic Table , which was later found to be filled by technetium , and Bohuslav Brauner had predicted the existence of another missing element in this Table , which was later found to be filled by promethium . Henry Moseley 's experiments confirmed these predictions , by showing exactly what the missing atomic numbers were , 43 and 61 . In addition , Moseley predicted the existence of two more undiscovered elements , those with the atomic numbers 72 and 75 , and gave very strong evidence that there were no other gaps in the Periodic Table between the elements aluminium ( atomic number 13 ) and gold ( atomic number 79 ) . This latter question about the possibility of more undiscovered ( `` missing '' ) elements had been a standing problem among the chemists of the world , particularly given the existence of the large family of the lanthanide series of rare earth elements . Moseley was able to demonstrate that these lanthanide elements , i.e. lanthanum through lutetium , must have exactly 15 members -- no more and no less . The number of elements in the lanthanides had been a question that was very far from being settled by the chemists of the early 20th Century . They could not yet produce pure samples of all the rare - earth elements , even in the form of their salts , and in some cases they were unable to distinguish between mixtures of two very similar ( adjacent ) rare - earth elements from the nearby pure metals in the Periodic Table . For example , there was a so - called `` element '' that was even given the chemical name of `` didymium '' . `` Didymium '' was found some years later to be simply a mixture of two genuine rare - earth elements , and these were given the names neodymium and praseodymium , meaning `` new twin '' and `` green twin '' . Also , the method of separating the rare - earth elements by the method of ion exchange had not been invented yet in Moseley 's time . Moseley 's method in early X-ray spectroscopy was able to sort out the above chemical problems promptly , some of which had occupied chemists for a number of years . Moseley also predicted the existence of element 61 , a lanthanide whose existence was previously unsuspected . Quite a few years later , this element 61 was created artificially in nuclear reactors and was named promethium . Contribution to understanding of the atom ( edit ) Before Moseley and his law , atomic numbers had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary ordering number , vaguely increasing with atomic weight but not strictly defined by it . Moseley 's discovery showed that atomic numbers were not arbitrarily assigned , but rather , they have a definite physical basis . Moseley postulated that each successive element has a nuclear charge exactly one unit greater than its predecessor . Moseley redefined the idea of atomic numbers from its previous status as an ad hoc numerical tag to help sorting the elements into an exact sequence of ascending atomic numbers that made the Periodic Table exact . ( This was later to be the basis of the Aufbau principle in atomic studies . ) As noted by Bohr , Moseley 's law provided a reasonably complete experimental set of data that supported the ( new from 1911 ) conception by Ernest Rutherford and Antonius van den Broek of the atom , with a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in which the atomic number is understood to be the exact physical number of positive charges ( later discovered and called protons ) in the central atomic nuclei of the elements . Moseley mentioned the two scientists above in his research paper , but he did not actually mention Bohr , who was rather new on the scene then . Simple modification of Rydberg 's and Bohr 's formulas were found to give theoretical justification for Moseley 's empirically derived law for determining atomic numbers . Use of X-ray spectrometer ( edit ) X-ray spectrometers are the foundation - stones of X-ray crystallography . The X-ray spectrometers as Moseley knew them worked as follows . A glass - bulb electron tube was used , similar to that held by Moseley in the photo at the top of this article . Inside the evacuated tube , electrons were fired at a metallic substance ( i.e. a sample of pure element in Moseley 's work ) , causing the ionization of electrons from the inner electron shells of the element . The rebound of electrons into these holes in the inner shells next causes the emission of X-ray photons that were led out of the tube in a semi-beam , through an opening in the external X-ray shielding . These are next diffracted by a standardized salt crystal , with angular results read out as photographic lines by the exposure of an X-ray film fixed at the outside the vacuum tube at a known distance . Application of Bragg 's law ( after some initial guesswork of the mean distances between atoms in the metallic crystal , based on its density ) next allowed the wavelength of the emitted - rays to be calculated . Moseley participated in the design and development of early X-ray spectrometry equipment , learning some techniques from William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg at the University of Leeds , and developing others himself . Many of the techniques of X-ray spectroscopy were inspired by the methods that are used with visible light spectroscopes and spectrograms , by substituting crystals , ionization chambers , and photographic plates for their analogs in light spectroscopy . In some cases , Moseley found it necessary to modify his equipment to detect particularly soft ( lower frequency ) X-rays that could not penetrate either air or paper , by working with his instruments in a vacuum chamber . Death and aftermath ( edit ) Sometime in the first half of 1914 , Moseley resigned from his position at Manchester , with plans to return to Oxford and continue his physics research there . However , World War I broke out in August 1914 , and Moseley turned down this job offer to instead enlist with the Royal Engineers of the British Army . His family and friends tried to persuade him not to join , but he thought it his duty . Moseley served as a technical officer in communications during the Battle of Gallipoli , in Turkey , beginning in April 1915 , where he was killed in action on 10 August 1915 . Moseley was shot in the head by a Turkish sniper while in the act of telephoning a military order . Blue plaque erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry on the Townsend Building of the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford in 2007 , commemorating Moseley 's early 20th - century research work on X-rays emitted by elements . Only twenty - seven years old at the time of his death , Moseley could , in the opinion of some scientists , have contributed much to the knowledge of atomic structure had he survived . Niels Bohr said in 1962 that the Rutherford 's work `` was not taken seriously at all '' and that the `` great change came from Moseley . '' Isaac Asimov wrote , `` In view of what he ( Moseley ) might still have accomplished ... his death might well have been the most costly single death of the War to mankind generally . '' Because of Moseley 's death in World War I , and after much lobbying by Ernest Rutherford , the British government instituted a policy of no longer allowing its prominent and promising scientists to enlist for combat duty in the armed forces of the Crown . Isaac Asimov also speculated that , in the event that he had not been killed while in the service of the British Empire , Moseley might very well have been awarded the 1916 Nobel Prize in Physics , which , along with the prize for chemistry , was not awarded to anyone that year . Additional credence is given to this idea by noting the recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics in the two preceding years , 1914 and 1915 , and in the following year , 1917 . In 1914 , Max von Laue of Germany won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals , which was a crucial step towards the invention of X-ray spectroscopy . Then , in 1915 , William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg , a British father - son pair , shared this Nobel Prize for their discoveries in the reverse problem -- determining the structure of crystals using X-rays ( Robert Charles Bragg , William Henry Bragg 's other son , had also been killed at Gallipoli , on 2 September 1915 ) . Next , Moseley used the diffraction of X-rays by known crystals in measuring the X-ray spectra of metals . This was the first use of X-ray spectroscopy and also one more step towards the creation of X-ray crystallography . In addition , Moseley 's methods and analyses substantially supported the concept of atomic number , placing it on a firm , physics - based foundation . Moreover , Charles Barkla of Great Britain was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1917 for his experimental work in using X-ray spectroscopy in discovering the characteristic X-ray frequencies emitted by the various elements , especially the metals . `` Siegbahn , who carried on Moseley 's work , received one ( the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics ) . '' Moseley 's discoveries were thus of the same scope as those of his peers , and in addition , Moseley made the larger step of demonstrating the actual foundation of atomic numbers . Ernest Rutherford commented that Moseley 's work , `` Allowed him to complete during two years at the outset of his career a set of researches that would surely have brought him a Nobel prize '' . Memorial plaques to Moseley were installed at Manchester and Eton , and a Royal Society scholarship , established by his will , had as its second recipient the physicist P.M.S. Blackett , who later became president of the Society . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ After the death of her first husband , she married again , to William Johnson Sollas , a professor of geology at Oxford University . Amabel Moseley was also the British ladies ' champion of chess in 1913 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ernest Rutherford , `` Moseley , Henry Gwyn Jeffreys '' , in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , http://www.oxforddnb.com/article/35125 . Jump up ^ Isaac Asimov ( 1972 ) , Asimov 's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and technology , New York : Doubleday , p. 921 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 17771 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Smoot , Robert C. ; Jack Price ( 1983 ) . Chemistry : a modern course . Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co. p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 675 - 07160 - 7 . Jump up ^ Making of the atomic bomb . Richard Rhodes Jump up ^ Brief biography of Moseley , in The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography Jump up ^ John L. Heilbron ( 1966 ) . `` The Work of H.G.J. Moseley '' . Isis. 57 ( 3 ) : 336 -- 364 . doi : 10.1086 / 350143 . ISSN 0021 - 1753 . JSTOR 228365 . - JSTOR article ; permission required Jump up ^ Public Schools Year Book 1906 . Jump up ^ Brief biography , Henry Moseley X-Ray Imaging Facility Archived 22 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heilbron 1974 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Moseley , H.G.W. ( 1913 ) . `` The attainment of high potentials by the use of Radium '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . 88 ( 605 ) : 471 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1913RSPSA ... 88 ... 471M . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1913.0045 . Retrieved 5 Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Chemical Society '' . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynosa , Peter . `` An Ode to Henry Moseley '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oral History Transcript -- Niels Bohr '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( 1972 ) . Asimov 's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology . New York : Doubleday and Company . p. 921 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 17771 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reynosa , Peter . `` An Ode to Henry Moseley '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Casualty Details : Bragg , Robert Charles '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Jump up ^ Isaac Asimov , `` Moseley , Henry Gwyn - Jeffreys '' , in Asimov 's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology : The Lives and Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present Chronologically Arranged ( 1982 ) , Garden City , NY : Doubleday , Second Revised Edition . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest , Moseley , Henry Gwyn Jeffreys ( 1887 -- 1915 ) , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 5 Jan 2013 Jump up ^ Heilbron 1974 , p. 126 Further reading ( edit ) Heilbron , John L. ( 1974 ) . H.G.J. Moseley : The Life and Letters of an English Physicist , 1887 -- 1915 . Berkeley and Los Angeles , California : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02375 - 7 . Jaffe , Bernard ( 1971 ) . Moseley and the Numbering of the Elements . Garden City , New York : Anchor Books . Scerri , Eric R. ( 2007 ) . The Periodic Table : Its Story and Its Significance . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . Eric R. Scerri ( 2014 ) . Master of Missing Elements , American Scientist , 102 , 358 - 365 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Moseley . Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Henry Moseley . Moseley 's original article , with illustration Annotated Bibliography for Henry Moseley from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Moseley plot of characteristic x-rays Brief biography ( Archived 22 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ) -- Henry Moseley X-Ray Imaging Facility Henry Moseley ( biography ) . `` This Month in Physics History '' . American Physical Society . 2012 . VIAF : 54944417 LCCN : n50007948 ISNI : 0000 0000 8236 0149 GND : 118785052 SUDOC : 080621864 BIBSYS : 90598625 NDL : 00621176 IATH : w64j0njm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Moseley&oldid=816126644 '' Categories : 1887 births 1915 deaths English physicists Alumni of Trinity College , Oxford People associated with the University of Manchester People from Weymouth , Dorset People educated at Eton College Royal Engineers officers British Army personnel of World War I British military personnel killed in World War I People involved with the periodic table People educated at Summer Fields School Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CWGC person ID not in Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Magyar Македонски Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 13 : 04 . 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Question: who was the famous scientist that ran the research lab moseley went to in manchester


Avatar : the Last Airbender - wikipedia Avatar : the Last Airbender Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the TV series . For the comic books , see Avatar : The Last Airbender ( comics ) . For the 2010 film , see The Last Airbender . Avatar : The Last Airbender Also known as Avatar : The Legend of Aang Genre Action / Adventure Fantasy Comedy - drama Created by Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Written by Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Nick Malis Aaron Ehasz Ian Wilcox Tim Hedrick John O'Bryan Elizabeth Welch Ehasz Joshua Hamilton Joann Estoesta Lisa Wahlander Andrew Huebner Gary Scheppke Katie Mattila Justin Ridge Giancarlo Volpe May Chan Matthew Hubbard James Eagan Directed by Lauren MacMullan ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Dave Filoni ( Season 1 ) Giancarlo Volpe Anthony Lioi ( Season 1 ) Ethan Spaulding ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Michael Dante DiMartino ( The Crossroads of Destiny ) Joaquim Dos Santos ( Season 3 ) Voices of Zach Tyler Eisen Mae Whitman Jack DeSena Jessie Flower Dante Basco Dee Bradley Baker Jennie Kwan Mako ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Greg Baldwin ( Season 3 ) Mark Hamill Grey DeLisle Jason Isaacs Clancy Brown Composer ( s ) Jeremy Zuckerman , Benjamin Wynn Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 61 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Aaron Ehasz ( co-executive ) Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Nickelodeon Animation Studios DR Movie JM Animation MOI Animation Titmouse ( opening ) Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format NTSC 4 : 3 ( 480i ) Original release February 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 21 ) -- July 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 19 ) Chronology Followed by Avatar : The Last Airbender ( comics ) The Legend of Korra ( TV series ) The Legend of Korra ( comics ) External links Official website Avatar : The Last Airbender ( Avatar : The Legend of Aang in some regions ) is an American animated television series that aired for three seasons on Nickelodeon . The series began in February 2005 and concluded with a two - hour episode titled Sozin 's Comet in July 2008 . Avatar : The Last Airbender is set in an Asiatic - like world in which some people can manipulate the classical elements with psychokinetic variants of the Chinese martial arts known as `` bending '' . The series is presented in a style that combines anime with American cartoons and relies on the imagery of East - and - South Asian , Inuit , and New World societies . It follows the protagonist , twelve - year - old Aang and his friends , who must bring peace and unity to the world by ending the Fire Lord 's war with three nations . The series was commercially successful and was universally acclaimed by audiences and critics who praised its art direction , humor , cultural references , characters , and themes . It was nominated for -- and won -- Annie Awards , Genesis Awards , a Primetime Emmy Award , and a Peabody Award . The first season 's success prompted Nickelodeon to order a second and third season and the series inspired a critically panned but financially successful live - action film , The Last Airbender , which was directed by M. Night Shyamalan . Merchandising for the series consisted of action figures , a trading card game , three video games , stuffed animals distributed by Paramount Parks , and two Lego sets . An art book was published in June 2010 . A sequel series titled The Legend of Korra aired from 2012 to 2014 . The complete series will be released on Blu - Ray in summer 2018 for the 10th anniversary of season 3 's finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Setting 1.2 Synopsis 1.3 Episodes 2 Development 2.1 Conception and production 2.2 Influences 3 Other media 3.1 Books 3.2 Video games 3.3 Film 3.4 Sequel 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Series overview Setting A map of the four nations . Avatar : The Last Airbender is set in a world -- adjacent to a parallel spirit world -- that is home to humans and hybrid animals . Human civilization is divided into four nations , named after the four classical elements : the Water Tribes , the Earth Kingdom , the Fire Nation , and the Air Nomads . Each nation has a distinct society in which select people , known as `` benders '' ( waterbenders , earthbenders , firebenders and airbenders ) , have the ability to telekinetically manipulate and control their nation 's element using martial arts . Only the Avatar has the ability to bend all four elements . The Avatar , who may be male or female , is an international arbiter whose duty is to maintain harmony among the four nations , and act as a mediator between humans and spirits . When the Avatar dies , their spirit is reincarnated into the next of the four nations in what is known as the Avatar cycle : the Fire Nation , Air Nomads , Water Tribe and Earth Kingdom . An Avatar is required to master each bending art , beginning with the element of their home nation , and proceeding to learn the others in the order of the Avatar cycle , starting at the age of sixteen . Avatars also possess the ability to enter a condition known as the Avatar State , in which they gain the knowledge and abilities of all past Avatars . Although it is when they are most powerful , if an Avatar were ever to be killed while in the Avatar State , the reincarnation cycle would end and the avatar would never again be reborn . Synopsis More than a century before the events of the series begin , Fire Lord Sozin , ruler of the Fire Nation , planned a world war to expand his nation 's territory and influence . He was prevented from carrying out his plans by Avatar Roku , who was born in the Fire Nation . After Roku 's death , the Avatar was reincarnated as an Airbender named Aang . Because the Avatar was now a child , Sozin saw his chance and proceeded with his militant plans . At the age of twelve , Aang learned about his avatar status because of the threat of Sozin 's war . Afraid of his new responsibilities and of separation from his mentor Gyatso , he fled his home on his flying bison , Appa . Aang was forced into the ocean by a storm ; he entered the Avatar State and encased himself and Appa in suspended animation in an iceberg near the South Pole for one hundred years . Sozin , knowing the avatar 's reincarnation cycle mandated an Air Nomad was the new Avatar , carried out a genocide against the Air Nomads during the passage of a once - a-century comet that increased the Firebenders ' power , and continued his world conquest . In the present day , as the Fire Nation continues its war against the other nations , Katara , a fourteen - year - old waterbender of the Southern Water Tribe , and her older brother , Sokka , find and revive Aang and Appa . Aang learns about the war and the siblings join him to reach the Northern Water Tribe at the North Pole so he and Katara can learn waterbending . Aang 's return attracts the attention of Prince Zuko , the exiled son of the current Fire Lord Ozai , who pursues them , accompanied by his uncle Iroh . Aang is also pursued by Zhao , a Fire Nation admiral who intends to win Ozai 's favor and rob Zuko of his redemption . En route to the North Pole , Aang learns about the genocide against his people when he visits the ruins of the Southern Air Temple . During the winter solstice , Aang meets the spirit of his predecessor , Avatar Roku , and comes to terms with his responsibilities . With the Northern Water Tribe , Aang and Katara learn advanced waterbending from Master Pakku ; Sokka falls in love with the chief 's daughter , Princess Yue . Zhao 's navy lays siege to the tribe , seizing the mortal forms of the ocean and moon spirits -- the source of waterbending -- and causing a lunar eclipse . Zhao kills the moon spirit to deprive the waterbenders of their abilities but Aang joins with the ocean spirit to drive off the enemy fleet while Yue sacrifices her life to revive the moon spirit . When Ozai hears about his older brother Iroh 's resistance to Zhao , he sends his daughter Azula to capture Iroh and Zuko . After leaving the Northern Water Tribe , Katara continues teaching Aang waterbending while the group searches for an earthbending teacher . They meet Toph Beifong , a twelve - year - old , blind earthbending prodigy who wants independence from her upper - class family . Pursued by Azula , Zuko and Iroh lead new lives in the Earth Kingdom as wanderers and refugees , settling in the capital city Ba Sing Se . At a library guarded by the spirit Wan Shi Tong , Aang and his group learn an imminent solar eclipse could let them stop the Fire Nation before Sozin 's Comet arrives . They journey to Ba Sing Se to inform the Earth King of this information . In the city , they find that the Earth King Kuei is a puppet ruler , manipulated by Long Feng , leader of the Dai Li secret police . After Aang 's group exposes Long Feng 's political machinations , Toph is captured but escapes by learning to bend metal . The Dai Li join Azula to instigate a coup d'état of Ba Sing Se , and Zuko , who has spent his time in Ba Sing Se trying to come to terms with his identity , sides with his sister Azula . During a face off in the catacombs underneath the ancient city , Azula nearly kills Aang , forcing the protagonists to retreat with help from Iroh and leaving the Earth Kingdom under the control of the Fire Nation . Aang emerges from a coma to find his friends and allies disguised as soldiers on a Fire Nation ship , preparing to invade the Fire Nation capital during the solar eclipse . The invasion is at first successful but Aang and his friends can not find Ozai and are forced to retreat . Zuko learns about his father 's intention to destroy the Earth Kingdom during the return of Sozin 's Comet ; he begins to regret his decision , and abandons the Fire Nation to join Aang and teach him firebending . As the comet approaches , Aang , a pacifist , wrestles with the possibility that he will have to kill Ozai to end the war . As he , in seclusion , consults the spirits of his predecessors for advice , Katara and the others encounter Iroh , who is leading a secret society called the Order of the White Lotus . The Order liberates Ba Sing Se . Sokka , Toph , and the warrior Suki attack the Fire Nation 's airships , while Zuko and Katara confront Azula to prevent her from being crowned as the new Fire Lord . As the comet arrives , Aang confronts Ozai but can not get the upper hand until Ozai triggers Aang 's connection to the Avatar State . Aang strips Ozai of his firebending powers . Zuko is crowned the new Fire Lord and arranges an armistice , establishing peace in the world . Episodes Main article : List of Avatar : The Last Airbender episodes See also : Sozin 's Comet The series consists of sixty - one episodes . The first episode -- an - hour - long premiere -- aired on February 21 , 2005 , on Nickelodeon . The series concluded with a two - hour television movie broadcast on July 19 , 2008 . Each season of the series is known as a `` Book '' , in which each episode is referred to as a `` chapter '' . Each book takes its name from one of the elements Aang , the protagonist , must master ; Water , Earth , and Fire . The show 's first two seasons each consists of twenty episodes and the third season has twenty - one . The entire series has been released on DVD in Regions One , Two , and Four . Season Book Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Book One : Water 20 February 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 21 ) December 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 02 ) Book Two : Earth 20 March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) December 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) Book Three : Fire 21 September 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 21 ) July 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 19 ) Development Conception and production Michael DiMartino ( left ) and Bryan Konietzko , the series ' co-creators Avatar : The Last Airbender was co-created and produced by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko at Nickelodeon Animation Studios in Burbank , California . Its animation was mostly done by South Korean studios JM Animation , DR Movie , and MOI Animation . According to Konietzko , the series was conceived in early 2001 when he took an old sketch of a balding , middle - aged man and imagined the man as a child . He drew the character herding bison in the sky and showed the sketch to DiMartino , who was watching a documentary about explorers trapped at the South Pole . Konietzko described their early development of the concept ; `` There 's an air guy along with these water people trapped in a snowy wasteland ... and maybe some fire people are pressing down on them '' . The co-creators successfully pitched the idea to Nickelodeon vice-president and executive producer Eric Coleman two weeks later . The series was introduced to the public in a teaser reel at Comic - Con 2004 , and premiered on February 21 , 2005 . In an interview , Konietzko said : `` Mike and I were really interested in other epic ' Legends & Lore ' properties , like Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings , but we knew that we wanted to take a different approach to that type of genre . Our love for Japanese anime , Hong Kong action and kung fu cinema , yoga , and Eastern philosophies led us to the initial inspiration for Avatar : The Last Airbender . '' Influences Fictional locations featured in the show are based on the architecture and designs of real locations . For example , the creators modeled the city of Ba Sing Se off of the Forbidden City in China . The series is notable for borrowing extensively from East Asian art and mythology for its universe . Its creators employed cultural consultants Edwin Zane and calligrapher Siu - Leung Lee to help determine its art direction and settings . Its character designs are influenced by Chinese art and history , Hinduism , Taoism and Buddhism , and Yoga . Jeremy Zuckerman and Benjamin Wynn composed the series ' music and sound ; they experimented with a wide range of instruments , including the guzheng , pipa , and duduk , to match the show 's Asia - influenced setting . The art style of the fictitious locations used in the series are based on real locations in Asia . Sites such as the Forbidden City and the Great Wall of China in Beijing were inspirations for the Earth Kingdom city of Ba Sing Se . The fighting styles employed by the show 's characters are derived from Chinese martial arts , for which the film - makers employed Sifu Kisu of the Harmonious Fist Chinese Athletic Association as a consultant . Each fighting style is unique to the `` benders '' who use them or characters who are aligned to a certain element . For example , practitioners of `` waterbending '' use movements influenced by T'ai chi and focused on alignment , body structure , breath , and visualization . Hung Gar was the inspiration for practitioners of `` earthbending '' , and was chosen for its firmly rooted stances and powerful strikes as a representation of the solidity of earth . Northern Shaolin , which uses strong arm and leg movements , was chosen to represent `` firebending '' . Ba Gua , which uses dynamic circular movements and quick directional changes , was used for `` airbending '' . The Chu Gar Southern Praying Mantis style can be seen practiced by the earthbender Toph , who develops a unique fighting style as a result of her blindness . Asian cinema influenced the presentation of these martial - art bending moves . Other media Books Main article : Avatar : The Last Airbender ( comics ) Several books based on the show have been published . Dark Horse Comics published an art book titled Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Art of the Animated Series on June 2 , 2010 , with 184 pages of original art from the series . Several comic - book short stories were published in Nickelodeon Magazine , and Dark Horse published Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Lost Adventures -- a collection of these and new comics -- on June 15 , 2011 . Dark Horse published a graphic - novel series by Gene Yang that continues Aang 's story after the Hundred Years ' War . Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Promise , published in three volumes in 2012 , explores the fate of the Fire Nation colonies that become The Legend of Korra 's United Republic . A second set of three comic books , Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Search , focuses on Zuko and Azula , and the fate of their mother Ursa . The third set , Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Rift , shifts the focus to Aang , the creation of Republic City , and Toph 's relationship with her family . Video games A video - game trilogy based on the series has been released . The Avatar : The Last Airbender video game was released on October 10 , 2006 , and Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Burning Earth was released on October 16 , 2007 . Avatar : The Last Airbender -- Into the Inferno was released on October 13 , 2008 . Avatar : Legends of the Arena , a massively multiplayer online role - playing game ( MMORPG ) for Microsoft Windows , was released on September 15 , 2008 , by Nickelodeon . Players can create their own character and interact with other players around the world . Avatar : The Last Airbender was THQ 's bestselling Nickelodeon game in 2006 and was one of Sony CEA 's Greatest Hits . Film Main article : The Last Airbender The series ' first season was the basis of the 2010 live - action film The Last Airbender , which was written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan . It was intended as the first of a trilogy of films , each of which would be based upon one of the three television seasons . The film 's reception from critics and fans of the television series was overwhelmingly negative ; it had a six - percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and received five Razzies at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards , including Worst Picture . Although the film originally shared the title of the television series , the title The Last Airbender was used because producers feared it would be confused with James Cameron 's film Avatar . The Last Airbender stars Noah Ringer as Aang , Nicola Peltz as Katara , Jackson Rathbone as Sokka , Dev Patel as Zuko , and Shaun Toub as Iroh . Sequel Main article : The Legend of Korra The Legend of Korra , a sequel series to Avatar : The Last Airbender , premiered on Nickelodeon on April 14 , 2012 . It was written and produced by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko , the creators and producers of the original series . The show was initially titled Avatar : Legend of Korra , then The Last Airbender : Legend of Korra ; its events occur seventy years after the end of Avatar : The Last Airbender . The series ' protagonist is Korra , a 17 - year - old woman from the Southern Water Tribe who is the incarnation of the Avatar after Aang 's death . Reception Ratings The Avatar : The Last Airbender was the highest - rated animated television series in its demographic at its premiere ; an average of 3.1 million viewers watched each new episode . It had 5.6 million viewers for its highest - rated episode and was a highly rated part of the Nicktoons lineup beyond its 6 - to - 11 - year - old target demographic . A one - hour special , The Secret of the Fire Nation , consisting of the episodes `` The Serpent 's Pass '' and `` The Drill '' , aired on September 15 , 2006 , and attracted 5.1 million viewers . According to the Nielsen Media Research , the special was the highest - rated cable - television program that week . In 2007 , Avatar : The Last Airbender was syndicated to more than 105 countries and was one of Nickelodeon 's top - rated programs . The series ranked first on Nickelodeon in Germany , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Netherlands , Belgium , and Colombia . The four - part series finale , `` Sozin 's Comet '' , had the series ' highest ratings . Its first airing averaged 5.6 million viewers , 95 percent more than Nickelodeon had in mid-July 2007 . During the week of July 14 , it was the most - viewed program by the under - 14 demographic . The finale 's popularity was reflected in online media ; Rise of the Phoenix King , a Nick.com online game based on `` Sozin 's Comet '' , had almost 815,000 game plays in three days . IGN ranked the series 35th on its list of top 100 animated TV shows . Critical response The series received universal acclaim from critics . Max Nicholson of IGN called it a `` must - watch '' and described it as `` one of the greatest animated series of all time '' . Nick Hartel of DVD Talk called the series a remarkable , `` child friendly show '' whose legacy `` should endure for years to come '' . Erik Amaya of Bleeding Cool described the series as `` impressive in its sophistication '' and `` fantastic '' . Henry Glasheen of SLUG Magazine called the series `` adventurous and exciting '' , a `` classic '' and occasionally moving . According to Brittany Lovely of Hypable , it tells `` complex and beautiful '' stories . Joe Corey of Inside Pulse described the series as an anime - action hybrid . Chris Mitchell of Popzara called it one of best shows to air on Nickelodeon , praising the series ' background music and voice acting . D.F. Smith of IGN recommended it to viewers who enjoy action - adventure cartoons . Rob Keyes of Screen Rant called the series `` one of the greatest cartoons ever made '' . Mike Noyes of Inside Pulse recommended it to viewers who enjoy `` great '' adventure . Gord Lacey of TVShowsonDVD.com called the series `` one of the finest animated shows ever '' . According to Todd Douglass , Jr. of DVD Talk , adults will enjoy the series as much as children do . Joshua Miller of CHUD.com called it `` phenomenal '' and `` one of the most well animated programs ( children 's or adult ) American TV has ever had '' ; according to Miller , the series is heavily influenced by anime . Tim Janson of Cinefantastique described it as `` one of the most engaging animated shows produced '' . Dennis Amith of J ! ENT called the series `` one of the best animated TV series shown in the US by American creators '' . Amith praised its sophisticated storylines , edginess , humor , and action . Franco `` Cricket '' Te of Nerd Society described Avatar : The Last Airbender as `` one of the best cartoon ( s ) '' he had ever seen , recommending the series for its characters and plot . Scott Thill of Wired called the series engaging and its setting , influenced by the Eastern world , `` fantastic '' . Kirk Hamilton of Kotaku said the series should be part of the golden age of television , and recommended `` the sophisticated kids show '' to others . The show 's writing and theme have been widely praised by critics . Michael S. Mammano of Den of Geek called the plot `` smartly - written '' and praised the animation . Jenifer Rosenberg of ComicMix liked the program 's emphasis on family , friends , community , and education . According to Nick Hartel , the series touches on themes of `` genocide and self - doubt '' without frightening younger children ; rogue characters are redeemable , sending an important message that people can change and are not bonded to `` destiny '' . Chris Mitchell called the plot `` fantastic '' . D.F. Smith compared the series ' plot to Japanese action cartoons , calling its tone and dialogue `` very American '' and praising the humor leavening an epic , dramatic theme suitable for all ages . Rob Keyes also praised the series ' humor and affecting plot : `` ( It ) will capture your hearts '' . According to Mike Noyes , the series amalgamates elements of `` classic fantasy epics '' . Todd Douglass , Jr. called the plot engaging , well - thought - out , and meaningful . The series ' concept is `` well - realized '' , with a consistent story . Douglass wrote that the characters `` ( have ) a real sense of progression '' , and praised the writers for their humor , drama , and emotion . Joshua Miller called the series surprisingly dark despite its `` silly '' theme ; the plot is livelier than that of Lost and , similar to the latter show , emphasizes character development . According to Miller , its writing was `` true adult levels of storytelling '' . Tim Janson described the series as more than fantasy - and superhero - themed , seeing the characters as central and relateable . `` Cricket '' Te praised the series ' use of Buddhist philosophies and the diverse presentation of its themes of courage and life . Kirk Hamiltion praises the series for expressing towards its audience to be themselves and for its quiet progressivism . Critics also praised Avatar : The Last Airbender 's character development , art , animation , and choreography ; Eric Amaya enjoyed the expressive animation that complements the writing . According to Amaya , the elements were influenced by Hayao Miyazaki . Todd Douglass , Jr. called the character development interesting . Jenifer Rosenburg praised the series ' portrayal of females as `` strong , responsible , ( and ) intelligent '' . According to Joshua Miller , the bender characters ' use of bending for everyday activities brings `` depth and believability '' to the avatar world . Miller called the series ' designs `` rich and immersive '' , with each nation having its own , detailed look . He praised the action scenes as `` well rendered '' , comparing the development of the avatar world to that of The Lord of the Rings , and the fight choreography as `` wonderful in its most minor details '' . D.F. Smith enjoyed the series ' painstaking backgrounds . `` Cricket '' Te praised each episode 's color palette and the choreography 's combination of martial arts and magic . Nick Hartel criticized the animation , although he found it an improvement over previous Nickelodeon shows . Chris Mitchell called the animation fluid . `` Cricket '' Te agreed , noting its manga influence . According to Brittany Lovely , non-bender characters in battle are `` overshadowed '' by their bender counterparts . Joe Corey called the animation 's action and environments a `` great achievement '' , and Rob Keyes praised the series ' fight choreography . According to Kirk Hamilton , the action sequences in the series are amazing while being child - appropriate and exciting . Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Status 2005 Pulcinella Awards Best Action Adventure TV Series Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Best TV Series Avatar : The Last Airbender Won 2006 33rd Annie Awards Best Animated Television Production Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production Lauren MacMullan for `` The Deserter '' Won Writing for an Animated Television Production Aaron Ehasz and John O'Bryan for `` The Fortuneteller '' Nominated 2007 Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Fave Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated 34th Annie Awards Character Animation in a Television Production Yu Jae Myung for `` The Blind Bandit '' Won Directing in an Animated Television Production Giancarlo Volpe for `` The Drill '' Won Genesis Awards Outstanding Children 's Programming `` Appa 's Lost Days '' Won 59th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program `` City of Walls and Secrets '' Nominated Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Sang - Jin Kim for `` Lake Laogai '' Won 2008 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Annecy International Animated Film Festival TV series Joaquim Dos Santos for `` The Day of Black Sun , Part 2 : The Eclipse '' Nominated Peabody Awards N / A Avatar : The Last Airbender Won 13th Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Book 3 Fire , Volume 4 Nominated 2009 36th Annie Awards Best Animated Television Production for Children Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Directing in an Animated Television Production Joaquim Dos Santos for `` Sozin 's Comet , Part 3 : Into the Inferno '' Won Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : Television Animation `` Sozin 's Comet , Part 4 : Avatar Aang '' Nominated Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2009 Fave Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2010 Top Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated References Jump up ^ `` Japanese animation creates a stir '' . 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Official website Avatar : The Last Airbender on IMDb Avatar : The Last Airbender at the Big Cartoon DataBase Avatar Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko The Last Airbender Episodes Book 1 : Water Book 2 : Earth Book 3 : Fire `` Sozin 's Comet '' Comics The Promise The Search The Rift Smoke and Shadow North and South Characters Aang Appa Zuko Katara Sokka Toph Beifong Iroh Azula Video games Avatar : The Last Airbender The Burning Earth Into the Inferno Other Lego Roller coaster ride Trading card game The Legend of Korra Episodes Book 1 : Air `` Welcome to Republic City '' Book 2 : Spirits `` Rebel Spirit '' `` The Southern Lights '' `` Civil Wars '' Book 3 : Change Book 4 : Balance Comics Turf Wars Characters Korra Asami Sato Bolin Mako Tenzin Lin Beifong Zaheer Kuvira Video games The Legend of Korra A New Era Begins Film The Last Airbender video game soundtrack Zuko 's Story Related Nicktoons Nitro Nicktoons MLB Book Category Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... 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Ummah - wikipedia Ummah Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Umrah . Ummah ( Arabic : أمة  ) is an Arabic word meaning `` community '' . It is distinguished from Sha'b ( Arabic : شعب  ) which means a nation with common ancestry or geography . Thus , it can be said to be a supra - national community with a common history . It is a synonym for ummat al - Islamiyah ( Arabic : الأمة الإسلامية  ) ( the Islamic Community ) , and it is commonly used to mean the collective community of Islamic peoples . In the Quran the ummah typically refers to a single group that shares common religious beliefs , specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation . In the context of Pan-Islamism and politics , the word Ummah can be used to mean the concept of a Commonwealth of the Believers ( أمة المؤمنين ummat al - mu'minīn ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 General usage 2 Islamic usage and origin 3 Emergence of the Ummah 4 Usage of Ummah in the Qur'an 5 Mecca 6 Medina 6.1 Constitution of Medina 7 Back to Mecca 8 See also 9 References 10 External links General usage ( edit ) The word Ummah ( pl . umam ) means Nation in Arabic . For example the Arabic term for the United Nations in Arabic is الأمم المتحدة Al - Umam Al - Mutahedah , and the term الأمة العربية Al - Ummah Al - Arabeyah is used to refer to `` The Arabic Nation '' . The Word Ummah differs from the concept of a country or people . In it is greater context it is used to describe a larger group of people . For example , in Arabic the world شعب Sha'ab ( `` people '' ) would be used to describe the citizens of Turkey . However , the term Ummah is used to describe the Turkic Nation as a whole , which includes Turkey , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan , and other countries and ethnic groups in Central Asia . Islamic usage and Origin ( edit ) The phrase Ummah Wāhidah in the Quran ( أمة واحدة , `` One Nation '' ) refers to all of the Islamic world as it existed at the time . The Quran says : `` You ( Muslims ) are the best nation brought out for Mankind , commanding what is righteous ( معروف Ma'rūf , lit . `` recognized ( as good ) '' ) and forbidding what is wrong ( منكر Munkar , lit . `` recognized ( as evil ) '' ) '' ( 3 : 110 ) . The usage is further clarified by the Constitution of Medina , an early document said to have been negotiated by Muhammad in CE 622 with the leading clans of Medina , explicitly refers to Jewish , Christians and pagan citizens of Medina as members of the Ummah . Emergence of the ummah ( edit ) At the time of Muhammad , before the conception of the ummah , Arab communities were typically governed by kinship . In other words , the political ideology of the Arabs centered around tribal affiliations and blood - relational ties . In the midst of a tribal society , the religion of Islam emerged and along with it the concept of the ummah . The ummah emerged according to the idea that a messenger or prophet has been sent to a community . But unlike earlier messengers who had been sent to various communities in the past ( as can be found among the Prophets in the Old Testament ) , Muhammad had been given the task to develop a universal ummah and not only for the Arabs . Muhammad 's purpose as messenger to them was to transmit a divine message , and lead the Islamic community to salvation . Since Muhammad is the messenger for the ummah , it indicates there is a divine message , which further implies that God is directing the life affairs of the ummah . Accordingly , the purpose of the ummah was to be based on religion , following the commands of God , rather than kinship . Usage of ummah in the Qur'an ( edit ) ( hide ) Part of a series on : Islamism Fundamentals ( show ) Islam History Culture Economics Politics Secularism Ideology ( show ) Islamism Qutbism Salafism Shia Islamism Islamic fundamentalism Concepts ( hide ) Caliphate Islamic democracy Islamic socialism Islamic state Islamic monarchy Islamic republic Islamization ( of knowledge ) Jihad Pan-Islamism Post-Islamism Sharia Shura Slavery Two - nation theory Ummah Influences ( show ) Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Islamic Golden Age Islamic revival Movements ( show ) Scholastic Ahl - i Hadith Deobandi Madkhalism Sahwa movement Wahhabism Political Hizb ut - Tahrir Iranian Revolution Jamaat - e-Islami Millî Görüş Muslim Brotherhood List of Islamic political parties Militant Militant Islamism based in MENA region South Asia Southeast Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Key texts ( show ) Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam ( Iqbal 1930s ) Principles of State and Government ( Asad 1961 ) Ma'alim fi al - Tariq ( `` Milestones '' ) ( Qutb 1965 ) Islamic Government : Governance of the Jurist ( `` Velayat - e faqih '' ) ( Khomeini 1970 ) Heads of state ( show ) Ali Khamenei Omar al - Bashir Muammar Gaddafi Ruhollah Khomeini Mohamed Morsi Mohammad Omar House of Saud House of Thani Zia - ul - Haq Key ideologues ( show ) Muhammad Abduh Jamāl al - Dīn al - Afghānī Qazi Hussain Ahmad Muhammad Nasiruddin al - Albani Muhammad Asad Hassan al - Banna Necmettin Erbakan Rached Ghannouchi Safwat Hegazi Muhammad Iqbal Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Abul A'la Maududi Taqi al - Din al - Nabhani Yusuf al - Qaradawi Sayyid Qutb Tariq Ramadan Ata Abu Rashta Rashid Rida Navvab Safavi Ali Shariati Haji Shariatullah Hassan Al - Turabi Ahmed Yassin Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islamism Islam and other religions Islamophobia Reform movements Modernity ( Modernism ) Islam portal Politics portal There are a total of sixty - two instances that the term ummah is mentioned in the Qur'an . The use of ummah in the Qur'an almost always refers to ethical , linguistic , or religious bodies of people who are subject to the divine plan of salvation . The meaning of the term ummah in the Qur'an appears to transform throughout the chronology of the Qur'an . When it is first used in the Qur'an it is hardly distinguishable from the term qawm which can be translated to ' people ' . The Qur'an recognizes that each ummah has a messenger that has been sent to relay a divine message to the community and that all ummahs await God 's ultimate judgment . Although the meaning of the ummah begins simply with a general application of the word , it gradually develops to reference a general religious community and then evolves to specifically refer to the Muslim community . Before it refers exclusively to Muslims , the ummah encompasses Jewish and Christian communities as one with the Muslims and refers to them as the People of the Book . This is supplemented by the Constitution of Medina which declares all members of the ummah , regardless of religion , to be of ' one ummah . ' In these passages of the Qur'an , ummah may be referring to a unity of mankind through the shared beliefs of the monotheistic religions . However , Denny points out that the most recent ummah that receives a messenger from God is the Arab ummah . As the Muslims became stronger during their residence in Medina , the Arab ummah narrowed into an ummah exclusively for Muslims . This is evidenced by the resacralization of the Kaaba and Muhammad 's command to take a pilgrimage to Mecca , along with the redirection of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca . The period in which the term ummah is used most often is within the Third Meccan Period followed by the Medinian period . The extensive use of the term during these two time periods indicates that Muhammad was beginning to arrive at the concept of the ummah to specify the genuine Muslim community . Furthermore , the early Meccan passages generally equate ummah as religion , whereas in the Medinan period the passages of the Qur'an refer more specifically to the relation of the ummah and religion . The final passage that refers to ummah in the Qur'an refers to the Muslims as the `` best community '' and accordingly led to ummah as an exclusive reference to Islam . A verse in the Qur'an also mentions the ummah , in the context of all of the messengers , that this ummah ( nation ) of theirs is one ummah and that God is their Lord entirely . `` O messengers , eat from the good foods and work righteousness . Indeed , I , of what you do , am Knowing . And indeed this , your ummah ( nation ) , is one ummah ( nation ) , and I am your Lord , so fear Me . '' ( Qur'an , Surah Al - Mu'minun ( The believers ) ( 23 : 51 - 52 ) ) Mecca ( edit ) Initially it did not appear that the new Muslim community would oppose the tribes that already existed in Mecca . The first Muslims did not need to make a break with traditional Quraysh customs since the vision for the new community included moral norms that were not unfamiliar to the tribal society of Mecca . However , what distinguished this community from the tribes was its focus of the place of those morals within a person 's life . Medina ( edit ) After Muhammad and the first converts to Islam were forced to leave Mecca , the community was welcomed in Medina by the Ansar , a group of Pagans who had converted to Islam . Despite Medina already being occupied by numerous Jewish and polytheistic tribes , the arrival of Muhammad and his followers provoked no opposition from Medina 's residents . Upon arriving in Medina , Muhammad established the Constitution of Medina with the various tribal leaders in order to form the Meccan immigrants and the Medinan residents into a single community , the ummah . Rather than limiting members of the ummah to a single tribe or religious affiliation as had been the case when the ummah first developed in Mecca , the Constitution of Medina ensured that the ummah was composed of a variety of people and beliefs essentially making it to be supra - tribal . Islam historian , Tabari , suggested that Muhammad 's initial intentions upon arriving in Medina was to establish a mosque , however this is unlikely Tabari also claimed that Muhammad observed the first Friday prayer in Medina . It occurred on Friday because Friday served as a market day in Medina to enable Jews to observe the sabbath . Membership to the ummah was not restricted to adhering to the Muslim faith but rather encompassed all of the tribes as long as they vowed to recognize Muhammad as the community and political figure of authority . The Constitution of Medina declared that the Jewish tribes and the Muslims from Medina formed ' one ummah . ' It is possible that the Medinan ummah was purely secular ( compared to the later transformation of the ummah in Mecca ) due to its variety of beliefs and practices of its members . The purpose of the Constitution of Medina was to uphold political obligations and social relations between the various tribes . The community members in Medina , although not derived from the same faith , were committed to each other through a desire to defend the common good of the community . In other words , the community was united according to preserve its shared interests . The people of other religious beliefs , particularly those that are considered to be `` People of the Book '' were granted the special protection of God through the dhimmah contract . These other religious groups were guaranteed security by God and Muhammad because of their common religious history as being the `` People of the Book . '' The dhimmah served as a sort of alliance between Muslims and non-Muslims . In the earlier treaties of the dhimmah , both groups were viewed as equal in status and both were obligated to help the other . However , in later treaties , after Islam had gained more power throughout Arabia , the dhimmah was perceived as the fulfilment of the religious duties of Muslims along with the payment of zakat . With the new contract of dhimmah , non-Muslims ' protection by God and Muhammad became dependent on their payment . Constitution of Medina ( edit ) The Constitution of Medina is a document created by Muhammad to regulate social and political life in Medina . It deals with various tribal issues such as the organization and leadership of the participating tribal groups , warfare , blood money , ransom of captives , and war expenditures . It is at the beginning of the document that the Muslims from the Quraysh ( those from Mecca ) and the Muslims from Yathrib ( those from Medina ) are declared to be an ummah or one community . The word ummah appears again when the document refers to the treaty of the Jews and states that the Yahūd Banī ' Awf , or Jews , are an ummah that exists alongside the ummah of the Muslims or may be included in the same ummah as the Muslims . The document does state that the Jews who join the Muslims will receive aid and equal rights . In addition , the Jews will be guaranteed security from the Muslims , and are granted to maintain their own religion just as the Muslims will maintain theirs . This implies that the ummah is not strictly a religious community in Medina . The Constitution of Medina lists the various Medinan tribes derived from the Aws and Khazraj as well as the several Jewish tribes that are granted to keep their tribal organization and leadership . The document also reveals that each group , the Muslims and the Jews , is responsible for its own finances except during time of war , when the two are able to share expenses . Back to Mecca ( edit ) After the Muslim takeover of Mecca , membership in the ummah required a commitment to Islam . This happened as a result of Islam beginning to distinguish itself not just from Paganism but also Judaism and Christianity by emphasizing a model of community based on Abraham . The membership of the ummah was now based on two main principles ; the first is to worship God alone and secondly , in order to worship God properly one must be in a guided community . The essentials of the new society were the new relations between human beings and God and between human beings and one another . The society was held together by the Prophet . Feuding among Muslim clans was forbidden . Muhammad 's community was designed to transform the world itself through action in the world . See also ( edit ) Islam portal Caliphate Constitution of Medina Divisions of the world in Islam Islamic missionary activity List of countries by Muslim population Muslim population growth Pan-Islamism Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Muslim world Kafir References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Houtsma , M. Th ( 1987 ) . E.J. Brill 's First Encyclopaedia of Islam , 1913 - 1936 . BRILL . pp. 125 -- 126 . ISBN 9004082654 . Jump up ^ Houtsma , M. Th. ( 1987 ) . E.J. Brill 's First Encyclopedia of Islam , 1913 - 1936 . E.J. Brill . Jump up ^ Team , Almaany . `` ترجمة و معنى nation في قاموس المعاني . قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1 '' . www.almaany.com . Jump up ^ Firestone , Reuven ( 1999 ) . Jihād : The Origin of Holy War in Islam . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 0195125800 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammad '' . Encyclopedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1956 ) . Muhammad at Medina . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Serjeant , R.B. ( 1964 ) . `` The Constitution of Medina '' . Islamic Quarterly . 8 : 4 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1972 ) . Muhammad at Medina . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ^ Jump up to : Bearman , P. ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs ( 2013 ) . `` '' Umma `` '' . Encyclopedia of Islam ( Second ed . ) . Brill Online . ^ Jump up to : Denny , Frederick Mathewson ( August 1975 ) . `` The Meaning of `` Ummah '' in the Qur'an `` . History of Religions . The University of Chicago Press . 15 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 70 . doi : 10.1086 / 462733 . Jump up ^ Team , Almaany . `` Translation and Meaning of qawm ( people ) in English Arabic Dictionary of terms Page 2 '' . www.almaany.com . Jump up ^ `` Surat Al - Mu'minun ( 23 : 51 - 52 ) - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . legacy.quran.com . ^ Jump up to : Hodgson , Marshall G.S. ( 1974 ) . The Venture of Islam : Conscience and History in a World Civilization . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago . ^ Jump up to : Ye'or , Bat ( 1985 ) . The Dhimmi : Jews and Christians under Islam . Cranberry , NJ : Associated University Press . Jump up ^ Goitein , S.D. ( 1968 ) . Studies in Islamic History and Institutions . Leiden , Netherlands : E.J. Brill . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Francis E. ; Esposito , John L. ( 2006 ) . The children of Abraham : Judaism , Christianity , Islam . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12769 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , W. Montgomery ; M.V. McDonald ( 1987 ) . `` The History of al - Tabari : The Foundation of the Community '' . VII . Albany , NY : State University of New York . Jump up ^ Peters , F.E. ( 1994 ) . Muhammad and the Origins of Islam . Albany , NY : State University of New York . Jump up ^ Esposito , John L. ( 2004 ) . `` '' Ummah `` '' . The Islamic World : Past and Present . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Lecker , Michael ( 2013 ) . `` Constitution of Medina '' . Encyclopedia of Islam . Three . External links ( edit ) The definition of ' Ummah ' is the unity of the Muslims Online Islamic Learning Resource Islamic philosophy Fields Alchemy Aqidah ( theology ) ' Aql ( intellect ) Cosmology astrology medieval astronomy Eschatology Ethics Kalam ( dialectic ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Logic Metaphysics Natural philosophy ( physics ) Peace Madrasah ( education ) Medieval science Medieval psychology Sufism ( mysticism ) Schools Early Farabism Avicennism Averroism Illuminationism Sufi cosmology metaphysics Transcendent theosophy Traditionalist Contemporary Concepts ʻAṣabīya Ḥāl Iʻjaz ʼIjtihād ʻlm ʻIrfān Ijmāʿ Maslaha Nafs Qadar Qalb Qiyās Shūrā Tawḥīd Ummah Philosophers by century ( CE ) 9th -- 10th Al - Kindi Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al - Tabari Abu al - Abbas Iranshahri Zakariya Razi Apharabius Abu Hatim al - Razi Al Amiri Ikhwan al - Safa Abu Sulayman Sijistani Ibn Masarrah Abu Yaqub al - Sijistani 11th Al - Ghazali Ibn Miskawayh Avicenna Ibn Hazm Bahmanyār Mu'ayyad fi'l - Din al - Shirazi Nasir Khusraw 12th Abu'l - Barakāt al - Baghdādī Afdal al - Din Kashani Ahi Evren Ahmad Yasavi Ayn - al - Quzat Averroes Ibn Tufail Omar Khayyám Suhrawardi Shams Tabrizi 13th Hajji Bektash Wali Jalal ad - Din Muhammad Rumi Ibn Sab'in Ibn Arabi al - Abharī Nasir al - Din Tusi Fakhr ad - Din ar - Razi Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi Sadr al - Din al - Qunawi 14th -- 16th Ibn Khaldun Yunus Emre Hajji Bayram Jalaladdin Davani Sadr ad - Din Dashtaki Aziz Mahmud Hudayi Qadi Mir Husayn al - Maybudi Mahmud Shabistari Sayyid Haydar Amuli Dawūd al - Qayṣarī Jami 17th -- 19th Mir Damad Mir Fendereski Mulla Sadra Mohsen Fayz Kashani Abd al - Razzaq Lahiji Mujaddid Alf - i - Sani Rajab Ali Tabrizi Qazi Sa'id Qumi Shah Waliullah Dehlawi Hādī Sabzavārī 20th -- present Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei Muhammad Iqbal Gohar Shahi Mohammad Baqir al - Sadr René Guénon Frithjof Schuon Martin Lings Hossein Nasr Naquib al - Attas Abdolkarim Soroush Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani Taha Abdurrahman Mohammed Abed al - Jabri Mohammed Arkoun Fouad Zakariyya Reza Davari Ardakani Ahmad Fardid Mostafa Malekian Hasanzadeh Amoli Javadi Amoli Partawi Shah GND : 4426061 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ummah&oldid=815589022 '' Categories : Arabic words and phrases in Sharia Pan-Islamism Islamic concepts of religious geography Islamic terminology Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 19 : 40 . 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Question: islamic term for the community of the faithful