Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Flight '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Featherstone '' `` Graveyard '' Original air date May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren James LeGros as Jerry Episode chronology ← Previous `` Migration '' Next → `` Going , Going , Gone '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged . The episode marked Leigh 's and Raver 's final appearance to the series . Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake , California . Jason George reprised his role as a guest star , whereas James LeGros made his first appearance . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , with some criticizing the death of Lexie , but praising Leigh 's performance , in addition to Ellen Pompeo ( Dr. Meredith Grey ) 's and Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) 's . `` Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people , garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership , and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching . Lexie 's death devastates Meredith , who is still desperately trying to find her husband . Eventually , she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can . Meanwhile , back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents , which Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , and Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) are dreading . Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center , and he and Kepner share a moment . Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) decide to get married , even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles . After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , the chief of surgery , fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died . As the episode ends , Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise . The residents , finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner , are left waiting for their stranded friends . The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out . In the closing monologue , Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series . Production ( edit ) `` It was so hard . It was physically and emotionally challenging because you 're constantly at extremely high stakes . The physicality for Cristina , she had to do a lot of things with one arm , and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe . You 're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way . And it 's like we 've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital . But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating ; you can not beat location work . I 've done very little greenscreen work , but it 's just a pooper . I do n't care how much you blow that fan on my face , there 's not a helicopter coming at me . It 's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is , but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing , you 're freezing . '' -- Oh 's impressions on shooting in the mountains The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . Featured music included The Paper Kites ' `` Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard `` . Filming took place in Big Bear Lake , California , a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip . Commenting on the filming conditions , Leigh said : `` It would rain and be sunny and hot . I never died before ( on camera ) . That sounds funny saying that . I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung . Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew , cast . And I opted to stay underneath ( the wreckage ) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out . '' In regard to the episode , Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write , largely because of the death of a main character . She compared it to writing the season six finale , by explaining that the former was `` more painful '' to write . After the episode aired , Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale , adding : `` I did not enjoy it . It made me sick and it made me sad . '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh , whose character died after the plane crash , by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie , after extensive discussion . Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM , Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal , but declined . Reception ( edit ) Chyler Leigh 's performance was deemed `` phenomenal '' . The episode received mixed reviews among television critics , and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings . `` Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people , a 16.5 % ( 1.62 million ) increase from the previous episode `` Migration '' , which garnered 9.82 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Flight '' ranked fourth for the night , behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol , and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist . In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales , the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale , just behind the seventh season 's , which garnered 9.89 million viewers . The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership , but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night , registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic . Its rating lost to American Idol , but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , Person of Interest , and The Mentalist . In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night , it was an increase from the previous episode , which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale , which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances `` phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane . He described the moment the two actors shared as `` truly poignant '' . To him , Lexie 's death felt like a finale , which was thus too early . As for what was happening in Seattle Grace , he thought it was `` a bit pointless '' and `` uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure , which he deemed `` the most significant moment at the hospital '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death : `` It was an intense death . I mean , how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously ? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die . Could it have been someone less important somehow ? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner . And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan , right ? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode , but enjoyed Bailey 's story . In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year , Lexie 's death was voted the `` Top Tissue Moment '' , while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the `` Most Disturbing Image '' . The ending of the episode was also considered as the `` Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season '' . Lexie 's death was also nominated under the `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' category , while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' , and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012 . In TVLine 's review of 2012 , Lexie 's death was runner - up for `` Biggest Tearjerker '' . The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sandra Oh on Cristina 's Emotional Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Season 8 , Episode : 24 `` Flight '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Spoiler Chat Daily : American Horror Story Season Two Scoop ! Plus , Grey 's , True Blood and More ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Describes Filming Deets Behind Grey 's Anatomy Death ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes on the Deadly Finale : ' We 're Literally Saying Goodbye to People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator Shonda Rhimes : ' Finale made me sick and sad ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Tanya ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : Tears and Gore Galore '' . Poptimal . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale recap : A Grey Goes Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chyler Leigh , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 9 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo TV Season Finales TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 12 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : The crying game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's 2012 in Review , Part 2 : Best Cliffhanger , Worst New Character and 38 More Categories '' . TVLine . PMC . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th NAACP Image Awards - Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Naacpimageawards.net . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Flight '' at ABC.com `` Flight '' on IMDb `` Flight '' at TV.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=804214813 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 48 . 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Question: who died in the plane crash greys anatomy


Hops - wikipedia Hops Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see hop ( disambiguation ) . Hop flower in a hop yard in the Hallertau , Germany Cross-section drawing of a hop Hops are the flowers ( also called seed cones or strobiles ) of the hop plant Humulus lupulus . They are used primarily as a flavouring and stability agent in beer , to which they impart bitter , zesty , or citric flavours ; though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine . The hop plant is a vigorous , climbing , herbaceous perennial , usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield , hop garden ( nomenclature in the South of England ) , or hop yard ( in the West Country and U.S. ) when grown commercially . Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world , with different types used for particular styles of beer . The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century , though Hildegard of Bingen , 300 years later , is often cited as the earliest documented source . Before this period , brewers used a `` gruit '' , composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers , including dandelion , burdock root , marigold , horehound ( the old German name for horehound , Berghopfen , means `` mountain hops '' ) , ground ivy , and heather . Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagne 's father , Pepin III . Hops are also used in brewing for their antibacterial effect over less desirable microorganisms and for purported benefits including balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness and a variety of flavours and aromas . Historically , traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 World production 2.1 Cultivation and harvest 2.2 Migrant labor and social impact 3 Chemical composition 3.1 Alpha acids 3.2 Beta acids 3.3 Essential oils 3.4 Flavonoids 4 Brewing 5 Varieties 5.1 Breeding programs 5.2 Noble hops 6 Other uses 7 Toxicity 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The first documented hop cultivation was in 736 , in the Hallertau region of present - day Germany , although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was 1079 . However , in a will of Pepin the Short , the father of Charlemagne , hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint - Denis in 768 . Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of gruit for flavouring . Gruit was used when taxes were levied by the nobility on hops . Whichever was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other . In Britain , hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400 , yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a `` wicked and pernicious weed '' . In 1471 , Norwich , England , banned use of the plant in the brewing of ale ( `` beer '' was the name for fermented malt liquors bittered with hops ; only in recent times are the words often used as synonyms ) . In Germany , using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century . There was no tax on hops to be paid on the Catholic church , unlike on gruit , for which the Protestant preferred hopped beer . Hops used in England were imported from France , Holland and Germany with import duty paid for those ; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England ( Kent ) when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by Dutch farmers . Therefore , in the hop industry there are many words which originally were Dutch words ( see oast house ) . Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen , near breweries for infrastructure convenience . According to Thomas Tusser 's 1557 Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry : `` The hop for his profit I thus do exalt , It strengtheneth drink and it flavoureth malt ; And being well - brewed long kept it will last , And drawing abide , if ye draw not too fast . '' In England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops , the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks , sand or straw to increase their weight . As a result , in 1603 , King James I approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which `` the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £ 20,000 yearly , besides the Danger of their Healths '' . Hop cultivation was begun in the present - day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers . Before prohibition , cultivation was mainly centred around New York , California , Oregon , and Washington state . Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New York 's production by the 1920s , and California only produces hops on a small scale . Hop bars were used before modern machinery was invented to make the holes for the hop poles . World production ( edit ) Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates , with much of the world 's production occurring near the 48th parallel north . Hop plants prefer the same soils as potatoes and the leading potato - growing states in the United States are also major hops - producing areas ; however , not all potato - growing areas can produce good hops naturally : soils in the Maritime Provinces of Canada , for example , lack the boron that hops prefer . Historically , hops were not grown in Ireland , but were imported from England . In 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone . Important production centres today are the Hallertau in Germany ( more hop - growing area than any other country as of 2006 ) , the Yakima ( Washington ) and Willamette ( Oregon ) valleys , and western Canyon County , Idaho ( including the communities of Parma , Wilder , Greenleaf , and Notus ) . The principal production centres in the UK are in Kent ( which produces Kent Goldings hops ) , Herefordshire , and Worcestershire . Essentially all of the harvested hops are used in beer making . Early season hop growth in a hop yard in the Yakima River Valley of Washington with Mount Adams in the distance Hop producing country 2012 hop output in tonnes ( t ) Germany 34,434 United States 27,782 China 11,000 Czech Republic 4,338 Poland 2,206 North Korea 2,000 Albania 1,650 United Kingdom 1,650 Slovenia 1,338 Cultivation and harvest ( edit ) A superstructure of overhead wires supports strings that in turn support bines Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada , cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment . As hops are a climbing plant , they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile . In this way , energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth . The hop plant 's reproduction method is that male and female flowers develop on separate plants , although occasionally a fertile individual will develop which contains both male and female flowers . Because pollinated seeds are undesirable for brewing beer , only female plants are grown in hop fields , thus preventing pollination . Female plants are propagated vegetatively , and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds . Hop plants are planted in rows about 2 to 2.5 metres ( 7 to 8 ft ) apart . Each spring , the roots send forth new bines that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis . The cones grow high on the bine , and in the past , these cones were picked by hand . Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator , patented by Emil Clemens Horst in 1909 . Harvest comes near the end of summer when the bines are pulled down and the flowers are taken to a hop house or oast house for drying . Hop houses are two - story buildings , of which the upper story has a slatted floor covered with burlap . Here the flowers are poured out and raked even . A heating unit on the lower floor is used to dry the hops . When dry , the hops are moved to a press , a sturdy box with a plunger . Two long pieces of burlap are laid into the hop press at right angles , the hops are poured in and compressed into bales . Hop cones contain different oils , such as lupulin , a yellowish , waxy substance , an oleoresin , that imparts flavour and aroma to beer . Lupulin contains lupulone and humulone , which possess antibiotic properties , suppressing bacterial growth favoring brewer 's yeast to grow . After lupulin has been extracted in the brewing process the papery cones are discarded . Migrant labor and social impact ( edit ) Hops harvest in the Kingdom of Bohemia ( 1898 ) Hops harvest in Skåne , Sweden in 1937 The need for massed labor at harvest time meant hop - growing had a big social impact . Around the world , the labor - intensive harvesting work involved large numbers of migrant workers who would travel for the annual hop harvest . Whole families would partake and live in hoppers ' huts , with even the smallest children helping in the fields . The final chapters of W. Somerset Maugham 's Of Human Bondage and a large part of George Orwell 's A Clergyman 's Daughter contain a vivid description of London families participating in this annual hops harvest . In England , many of those picking hops in Kent were from eastern areas of London . This provided a break from urban conditions that was spent in the countryside . People also came from Birmingham and other Midlands cities to pick hops in the Malvern area of Worcestershire . Some photographs have been preserved . Particularly in Kent , because of a shortage of small - denomination coin of the realm , many growers issued their own currency to those doing the labor . In some cases , the coins issued were adorned with fanciful hops images , making them quite beautiful . In the US , Prohibition had a major impact on hops productions , but remnants of this significant industry in West and Northwest US are still noticeable in the form of old hop kilns that survive throughout Sonoma County , among others . Florian Dauenhauer , of Santa Rosa in Sonoma County , became a manufacturer of hop - harvesting machines in 1940 , in part because of the hop industry 's importance to the county . This mechanization helped destroy the local industry by enabling large - scale mechanized production , which moved to larger farms in other areas . Dauenhauer Manufacturing remains a current producer of hop harvesting machines . Chemical composition ( edit ) In addition to water , cellulose , and various proteins , the chemical composition of hops consists of compounds important for imparting character to beer . Alpha acids ( edit ) Isomerization scheme of humulone Probably the most important chemical compound within hops are the alpha acids or humulones . During wort boiling , the humulones are thermally isomerized into iso - alpha acids or isohumulones , which are responsible for the bitter taste of beer . Beta acids ( edit ) Structure of lupulone ( beta acid ) Hops contain beta acids or lupulones sensitive to oxidative decomposition which may be detrimental to the taste of beer . For this reason , beta acids are considered a negative factor in brewing and many brewers usually choose hops with a low beta acid content . Essential oils ( edit ) The main components of hops essential oils are terpene hydrocarbons consisting of myrcene , humulene and caryophyllene . Myrcene is responsible for the pungent smell of fresh hops . Humulene and its oxidative reaction products may give beer its prominent hop aroma . Together , myrcene , humulene , and caryophyllene represent 80 to 90 % of the total hops essential oil . Flavonoids ( edit ) Chemical structure of 8 - prenylnaringenin Xanthohumol is the principal flavonoid in hops . The other well - studied prenylflavonoids are 8 - prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol . Xanthohumol is under basic research for its potential properties , while 8 - prenylnaringenin is a potent phytoestrogen . Brewing ( edit ) Hops are used for beer brewing . The sample at the brewery Moscow Brewing Company . Hops are usually dried in an oast house before they are used in the brewing process . Undried or `` wet '' hops are sometimes ( since ca. 1990 ) used . The wort ( sugar - rich liquid produced from malt ) is boiled with hops before it is cooled down and yeast is added , to start fermentation . The effect of hops on the finished beer varies by type and use , though there are two main hop types : bittering and aroma . Bittering hops have higher concentrations of alpha acids , and are responsible for the large majority of the bitter flavour of a beer . European ( so - called `` noble '' ) hops typically average 5 -- 9 % alpha acids by weight ( AABW ) , and the newer American cultivars typically range from 8 -- 19 % AABW . Aroma hops usually have a lower concentration of alpha acids ( ~ 5 % ) and are the primary contributors of hop aroma and ( nonbitter ) flavour . Bittering hops are boiled for a longer period of time , typically 60 -- 90 minutes , to maximize the isomerization of the alpha acids . They often have inferior aromatic properties , as the aromatic compounds evaporate off during the boil . The degree of bitterness imparted by hops depends on the degree to which alpha acids are isomerized during the boil , and the impact of a given amount of hops is specified in International Bitterness Units . Unboiled hops are only mildly bitter . On the other hand , the nonbitter flavour and aroma of hops come from the essential oils , which evaporate during the boil . Aroma hops are typically added to the wort later to prevent the evaporation of the essential oils , to impart `` hop taste '' ( if during the final 30 minutes of boil ) or `` hop aroma '' ( if during the final 10 minutes , or less , of boil ) . Aroma hops are often added after the wort has cooled and while the beer ferments , a technique known as `` dry hopping '' , which contributes to the hop aroma . Farnesene is a major component in some hops . The composition of hop essential oils can differ between varieties and between years in the same variety , having a significant influence on flavour and aroma . Today , a substantial amount of `` dual - use '' hops are used , as well . These have high concentrations of alpha acids and good aromatic properties . These can be added to the boil at any time , depending on the desired effect . Hop acids also contribute to and stabilize the foam qualities of beer . Flavours and aromas are described appreciatively using terms which include `` grassy '' , `` floral '' , `` citrus '' , `` spicy '' , `` piney '' , `` lemony '' , `` grapefruit '' , and `` earthy '' . Many pale lagers have fairly low hop influence , while lagers marketed as Pilsener or brewed in the Czech Republic may have noticeable noble hop aroma . Certain ales ( particularly the highly hopped style known as India Pale Ale , or IPA ) can have high levels of hop bitterness . Brewers may use software tools to control the bittering levels in the boil and adjust recipes to account for a change in the hop bill or seasonal variations in the crop that may lead to the need to compensate for a difference in alpha acid contribution . Data may be shared with other brewers via BeerXML allowing the reproduction of a recipe allowing for differences in hop availability . Varieties ( edit ) Main article : List of hop varieties This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Breeding programs ( edit ) There are many different varieties of hops used in brewing today . Historically , hops varieties were identified by geography ( such as Hallertau , Spalt , and Tettnang from Germany ) , by the farmer who is recognized as first cultivating them ( such as Goldings or Fuggles from England ) , or by their growing habit ( e.g. , Oregon Cluster ) . Around 1900 , a number of institutions began to experiment with breeding specific hop varieties . The breeding program at Wye College in Wye , Kent was started in 1904 and rose to prominence through the work of Prof. E.S. Salmon . Salmon released Brewer 's Gold and Brewer 's Favorite for commercial cultivation in 1934 , and went on to release more than two dozen new cultivars before his death in 1959 . Brewer 's Gold has become the ancestor of the bulk of new hop releases around the world since its release . Wye College continued its breeding program and again received attention in the 1970s , when Dr. Ray A. Neve released Wye Target , Wye Challenger , Wye Northdown , Wye Saxon and Wye Yeoman . More recently , Wye College and its successor institution Wye Hops Ltd. , have focused on breeding the first dwarf hop varieties , which are easier to pick by machine and far more economical to grow . Wye College have also been responsible for breeding hop varieties that will grow with only 12 hours of daily light for the South African hop farmers . Wye College was closed in 2009 but the legacy of their hop breeding programs , particularly that of the dwarf varieties , is continuing as already the U.S.A. private and public breeding programs are using their stock material . Particular hop varieties are associated with beer regions and styles , for example pale lagers are usually brewed with European ( often German , Polish or Czech ) noble hop varieties such as Saaz , Hallertau and Strissel Spalt . British ales use hop varieties such as Fuggles , Goldings and W.G.V. North American beers often use Cascade hops , Columbus hops , Centennial hops , Willamette , Amarillo hops and about forty more varieties as the U.S.A. have lately been the more significant breeders of new hop varieties , including dwarf hop varieties . Hops from New Zealand , such as Pacific Gem , Motueka and Nelson Sauvin , are used in a `` Pacific Pale Ale '' style of beer with increasing production in 2014 . Noble hops ( edit ) Mature hops growing in a hop yard in Germany The term `` noble hops '' traditionally refers to varieties of hops which are low in bitterness and high in aroma . They are the European cultivars or races Hallertau , Tettnanger , Spalt , and Saaz . Their low relative bitterness but strong aroma are often distinguishing characteristics of European - style lagers , such as Pilsener , Dunkel , and Oktoberfest / Märzen . In beer , they are considered aroma hops ( as opposed to bittering hops ) ; see Pilsner Urquell as a classic example of the Bohemian Pilsener style , which showcases noble hops . As with grapes , the location where hops are grown affects the hops ' characteristics . Much as Dortmunder beer may within the EU be labelled `` Dortmunder '' only if it has been brewed in Dortmund , noble hops may officially be considered `` noble '' only if they were grown in the areas for which the hop varieties ( races ) were named . Hallertau or Hallertauer -- The original German lager hop ; named after Hallertau or Holledau region in central Bavaria . Due to susceptibility to crop disease , it was largely replaced by Hersbrucker in the 1970s and 1980s . ( Alpha acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % / beta acid 3 -- 4 % ) Žatec ( Saaz ) -- Noble hop , named after Žatec town , used extensively in Bohemia to flavour pale Czech lagers such as Pilsner Urquell . Soft aroma and bitterness . ( Alpha acid 3 -- 4.5 % / Beta acid 3 -- 4.5 % ) Spalt -- Traditional German noble hop from the Spalter region south of Nuremberg . With a delicate , spicy aroma . ( Alpha acid 4 -- 5 % / beta acid 4 -- 5 % ) Tettnang -- Comes from Tettnang , a small town in southern Baden - Württemberg in Germany . The region produces significant quantities of hops , and ships them to breweries throughout the world . Noble German dual - use hop used in European pale lagers , sometimes with Hallertau . Soft bitterness . ( Alpha acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % / beta acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % ) English noble varieties are Fuggle , East Kent Goldings and Goldings . They are characterized through analysis as having an alpha : beta ratio of 1 : 1 , low alpha - acid levels ( 2 -- 5 % ) with a low cohumulone content , low myrcene in the hop oil , high humulene in the oil , a ratio of humulene : caryophyllene above three , and poor storability resulting in them being more prone to oxidation . In reality , this means they have a relatively consistent bittering potential as they age , due to beta - acid oxidation , and a flavour that improves as they age during periods of poor storage . Other Uses ( edit ) 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol In addition to beer , hops are used in herbal teas and in soft drinks . These soft drinks include Julmust ( a carbonated beverage similar to soda that is popular in Sweden during December ) , Malta ( a Latin American soft drink ) and kvass . Hops can be eaten , the young shoots of the bine are edible and can be cooked similar to asparagus . Hops may be used in herbal medicine in a way similar to valerian , as a treatment for anxiety , restlessness , and insomnia . A pillow filled with hops is a popular folk remedy for sleeplessness , and animal research has shown a sedative effect . The relaxing effect of hops may be due , in part , to the specific degradation product from alpha acids , 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol , as demonstrated from nighttime consumption of non-alcoholic beer . 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol is structurally similar to tert - amyl alcohol which was historically used as an anesthetic . Hops tend to be unstable when exposed to light or air and lose their potency after a few months ' storage . Hops are of interest for hormone replacement therapy and are under basic research for potential relief of menstruation - related problems . In preliminary veterinary research , hops compounds are under study for potential activity against pasture - associated laminitis in horses . Toxicity ( edit ) Dermatitis sometimes results from harvesting hops . Although few cases require medical treatment , an estimated 3 % of the workers suffer some type of skin lesions on the face , hands , and legs . Hops are toxic to dogs . See also ( edit ) Beer portal Gruit , an old - fashioned herb mixture used for bittering and flavouring beer , popular before the extensive use of hops Mugwort , a herb historically used as a bitter in beer production Oast house , a building designed for drying hops Rhamnus prinoides , a plant whose leaves are used in the Ethiopian variety of mead called tej Humulus lupulus , the hop plant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University of Minnesota Libraries : The Transfer of Knowledge . Hops - ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' '' . Lib.umn.edu. 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Schönberger C , Kostelecky T ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` 125th Anniversary Review : The Role of Hops in Brewing '' . Journal of the Institute of Brewing ( Wiley Online Library ) . 117 ( 3 ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hornsey , Ian S. ( 2003 ) . A History of Beer and Brewing . Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 305 . ISBN 9780854046300 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Beer - A Broad Overview of Brewing , Tasting and Analyzing Beer - October 12th , 2006 , Beer & Brewing , The Brewing Process '' . Jongriffin.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Jackson ( 1988 ) . The New World World Guide to Beer . Running Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 89471 - 884 - 3 . Jump up ^ F.G. Priest ; Iain Campbell ( 2003 ) . Brewing microbiology . Springer . pp. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 47288 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ian Hornsey . Brewing . p. 58 . Jump up ^ H.S. Corran ( 23 Jan 1975 ) . History of Brewing . David and Charles PLC . p. 303 . ISBN 0715367358 . Jump up ^ Richard W. Unger ( 2004 ) . Beer in the Middle Ages and Renaissance . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 100 . Jump up ^ Mika Rissanen . `` The Reformation had some help from hops '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Charles Knight ( 1832 ) . Antiquity of Beer . The Penny Magazine . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Adam Anderson ( 1764 ) . An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce . 1 . p. 461 . Jump up ^ Charles W. Bamforth ( 1998 ) . Beer : tap into the art and science of brewing . Plenum Press . p. 245 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 45797 - 0 . Jump up ^ Knight , Paul D. `` HOPS IN BEER '' . USA Hops . Hop Growers of America . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents , Part 2 ; Part 4 . US Patent office . 1858 . p. 291 . ^ Jump up to : Peicanada Jump up ^ `` The London magazine , 1752 '' , page 332 Jump up ^ Summary of Reports : Nürnberg , Germany , 14 November 2006 , International Hop Growers ' Convention : Economic Committee Jump up ^ `` NCGR - Corvallis Humulus Genetic Resources '' . Ars-grin.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Norman Moss , A Fancy to Worcesters Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Agricultural research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture Jump up ^ `` Herefordshire Through Time - Welcome '' . Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . FAOSTAT Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Rome , Italy : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . Jump up ^ `` Humulus lupulus L. common hop '' . USDA Plants database . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Keegstra , Kenneth ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Plant Cell Walls '' . Plant Physiology. 154 ( 2 ) : 483 -- 486 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 110.161240 . ISSN 1532 - 2548 . PMC 2949028 . PMID 20921169 . Jump up ^ C.C. Ainsworth ( 15 Jun 1999 ) . Sex Determination in Plants . Garland Science . p. 146 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries . Economic Plants and their Diseases , Pests and Weeds . ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' '' . Agroatlas.ru . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Sewalish . `` Hops : Anatomy and Chemistry 101 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Connie 's Homepage - Hop Picking in Kent '' . Btinternet.com . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` George Orwell : Hop - picking '' . Theorwellprize.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Smith , Keith . Around Malvern in old photographs ... Alan Sutton Publishing , Gloucester . ISBN 0 - 86299 - 587 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Levett Hop Tokens , 60 Bushels Denomination , The Fitzwilliam Museum , fitzmuseum.cam.ack.uk '' . Fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gaye LeBaron ( 29 June 2008 ) . `` Hops , once king of county 's crops , helped put region on map '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : M. Verzele ( 1986 - 01 - 02 ) . `` 100 Years of Hop Chemistry and Its Relevance to Brewing '' . Journal of the Institute of Brewing . 92 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 48 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 2050 - 0416.1986. tb04372. x . ISSN 2050 - 0416 . ^ Jump up to : Denis De Keukeleire . `` Fundamentals of beer and hop chemistry '' . Química Nova . 23 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 112 . doi : 10.1590 / S0100 - 40422000000100019 . ISSN 0100 - 4042 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Jan F ; Page , Jonathan E ( 2004 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer : to your good health ! '' . Phytochemistry. 65 ( 10 ) : 1317 -- 1330 . doi : 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2004.04. 025 . PMID 15231405 . Jump up ^ Milligan , S ; Kalita , J ; Pocock , V ; Heyerick , A ; Cooman , L De ; Rong , H ; Keukeleire , D De . `` Oestrogenic activity of the hop phyto - oestrogen , 8 - prenylnaringenin '' . Reproduction. 123 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 242 . doi : 10.1530 / rep. 0.1230235 . Jump up ^ James S Hough ( 1991 ) . The Biotechnology of Malting and Brewing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39553 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Aguilera ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Hop harvest yields hip beer for brewer '' . Denver Post . Jump up ^ Kristin Underwood It 's Harvest Time at the Sierra Nevada Brewery . Treehugger. 6 August 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ John Palmer ( 2006 ) . How to Brew . Boulder , CO : Brewers Publications . pp. 41 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 937381 - 88 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hough JS , Briggs DE , Stevens R , Young TW ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . Malting and Brewing Science : Volume II Hopped Wort and Beer . Springer . pp. 867 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4615 - 1799 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Brewery History : 121 , pp. 94 - 112 '' . www.breweryhistory.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Capper , Allison ; Darby , Peter ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` What makes British Hops Unique in the world of Hop Growing ? '' ( PDF ) . British Hop Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Hops '' . British Hop Association . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On Trade Preview 2014 '' ( PDF ) . www.ontrade.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Hop growers union of the Czech Republic '' . Czhops.cz . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hop Chemistry : Homebrew Science '' . Byo.com. 2000 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Perennial Vegetables You Can Plant Once , Harvest Forever ... And Never Worry About Again '' . 8 March 2017 . torageprepper.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexi Duggins ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` ' It 's like eating a hedgerow ' : why do hop shoots cost € 1,000 a kilo ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Plants for a Future : Humulus lupulus Plants for a Future . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Franco L , Sánchez C , Bravo R , Rodriguez A , Barriga C , Juánez JC ( 2012 ) . `` The sedative effects of hops ( Humulus lupulus ) , a component of beer , on the activity / rest rhythm '' . Acta Physiol Hung. 99 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 9 . doi : 10.1556 / APhysiol. 99.2012. 2.6 . PMID 22849837 . Jump up ^ Franco L , Sánchez C , Bravo R , Rodríguez AB , Barriga C , Romero E , Cubero J ( 2012 ) . `` The sedative effect of non-alcoholic beer in healthy female nurses '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 7 ) : e37290 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0037290 . PMC 3399866 . PMID 22815680 . Jump up ^ Keiler AM , Zierau O , Kretzschmar G ( 2013 ) . `` Hop extracts and hop substances in treatment of menopausal complaints '' . Planta Med. 79 ( 7 ) : 576 -- 9 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0032 - 1328330 . PMID 23512496 . Jump up ^ `` Beer Breakthrough : Hops May Prevent Pasture - Associated Laminitis '' . Horse Collaborative. 1 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue University : Center for New Crops and Plant Products . ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' L '' . Hort.purdue.edu. 1998 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Poison Control Center . Hops '' . ASPCA . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humulus lupulus . `` Hop '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hops&oldid=836763018 '' Categories : Brewing ingredients Crops originating from Europe Medicinal plants Medieval agriculture Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Ελληνικά Esperanto Gaeilge Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Bahasa Melayu Scots Simple English 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 18 : 14 . 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Question: where do they grow hops in the us

the Yakima (Washington) and Willamette (Oregon) valleys


What Ifs - wikipedia What Ifs Jump to : navigation , search `` What Ifs '' Single by Kane Brown featuring Lauren Alaina from the album Kane Brown Released February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 3 : 08 Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Kane Brown Matthew McGinn Jordan Schmidt Producer ( s ) Dann Huff Kane Brown singles chronology `` Thunder in the Rain '' ( 2016 ) `` What Ifs '' ( 2017 ) `` Heaven '' ( 2017 ) `` Thunder in the Rain '' ( 2016 ) `` What Ifs '' ( 2017 ) `` Heaven '' ( 2017 ) Lauren Alaina singles chronology `` Road Less Traveled '' ( 2016 ) Road Less Traveled 2016 `` What Ifs '' ( 2017 ) What Ifs2017 `` Doin ' Fine '' ( 2017 ) Doin ' Fine 2017 `` What Ifs '' is a song recorded by American country music singer Kane Brown featuring Lauren Alaina for his self - titled debut album . The song was released with the album through RCA Nashville and was serviced to radio as the third single on February 6 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications and sales 7 References Background ( edit ) The song was written by Brown with Matthew McGinn and Jordan Schmidt . The song is about a couple where the question `` what if '' is asked repeatedly about what would happen in their relationship . It features a duet with Lauren Alaina , a school friend from Lakeview - Fort Oglethorpe High School when he was living in Fort Oglethorpe , Georgia . According to Brown , the song was initially not intended to be a duet , he said : `` Once we decided on adding a woman to `` What Ifs , '' I knew that I wanted Lauren to sing it , and , of course , she killed it . '' According to Brown , another song was going to be used in the album , however , he was asked so much about `` What Ifs '' on social media that it was then decided that the song should be included in the album . Composition ( edit ) The song is in the key of G minor with a moderately fast tempo of approximately 126 beats per minute . It follows the chord progression Gm - B ♭ - F. Brown 's vocals range from F - B ♭ . Commercial performance ( edit ) The song sold 6,000 downloads in the US the week the album was released on December 2 , 2016 , allowing it to chart at number 37 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart . The song first entered the US Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of March 4 , 2017 at number 60 . It reached No. 1 on Hot Country Songs in October 2017 , ending the record breaking 34 - week reign of Sam Hunt 's `` Body Like a Back Road '' . The song is the first No. 1 on the chart for both Brown and Alaina . The following week , for charts dated October 28 , 2017 , `` What Ifs '' stayed at number one , as well as topping the Country Airplay and Country Streaming Songs charts . Together with the release of the deluxe edition of the album which also reached number on Top Country Albums , and another number one for a new track `` Heaven '' on digital sales , Brown became the first artist to have simultaneous number ones on all five main country charts . The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA on October 2 , 2017 . It was the third most - consumed country song of 2017 , with 1,551,000 including streams ( 599,000 in pure sale ) sold in the year . It has sold 679,000 copies in the US as of March 2018 . Music video ( edit ) The official music video for the song was directed by P.R. Brown and produced by Steve Lamar . The video was filmed along the Californian coast at The Inn at Newport Ranch , a resort and cattle ranch to the north of San Francisco . It features Brown and his duet partner Lauren Alaina singing along the coast . It was released on May 14 , 2017 . An earlier lyric video was first released on May 4 , 2017 , and shows Brown and Alaina cruising down a road . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 45 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position US Billboard Country Airplay 7 US Billboard Hot Country Songs US Billboard Hot 100 72 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 679,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown ( Feat . Lauren Alaina ) , ' What Ifs ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . ^ Jump up to : Konicki , Lisa ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown 's Current Single , `` What Ifs , '' With Lauren Alaina Almost Did n't Make The Album `` . Nash Country Daily . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jon ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Kane Brown on Personal New Album , Why He Wo n't Sing First Hit : Ram Report '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : Asker , Jim ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown Becomes First Artist To Simultaneously Lead Five Country Charts '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ' What Ifs ' sheet music '' . MusicNotes.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : December 13 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay '' . Billboard . March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown 's ' What Ifs ' Featuring Lauren Alaina Tops Hot Country Songs , Stopping Sam Hunt 's Record Run '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Chart : October 17 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Kane Brown -- What Ifs '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Rau , , Nate ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Revealed : Country music 's most listened to artists in 2017 '' . Tennessean . USA Today . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Country Digital Singles Chart : January 3 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Singles : March 5 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Kane Brown , Lauren Alaina 's Picturesque ' What Ifs ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` From Middle School Chorus to Nashville , Kane Brown and Lauren Alaina Team Up for Duet ' What Ifs ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Kane Brown -- What Ifs '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Preceded by `` Body Like a Back Road '' by Sam Hunt Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single October 21 -- November 11 , 2017 Succeeded by `` When It Rains It Pours '' by Luke Combs Preceded by `` All the Pretty Girls '' by Kenny Chesney Billboard Country Airplay number - one single October 28 , 2017 Kane Brown Studio albums Kane Brown ( 2016 ) EPs Closer ( 2015 ) Chapter 1 ( 2016 ) Singles `` Do n't Go City on Me '' `` Used to Love You Sober '' `` What Ifs '' `` Heaven '' Lauren Alaina Studio albums Wildflower Road Less Traveled EPs Lauren Alaina Singles `` Like My Mother Does '' `` Georgia Peaches '' `` Eighteen Inches '' `` Barefoot and Buckwild '' `` Next Boyfriend '' `` Road Less Traveled '' `` Doin ' Fine '' Other singles `` My Grown Up Christmas List '' `` What Ifs '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Ifs&oldid=838232791 '' Categories : 2016 songs 2017 singles Kane Brown songs Lauren Alaina songs RCA Records Nashville singles Vocal duets Song recordings produced by Dann Huff Songs written by Jordan Schmidt Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 18 : 59 . About Wikipedia

Question: where was the music video what ifs filmed

along the Californian coast at The Inn at Newport Ranch, a resort and cattle ranch to the north of San Francisco


List of National Animals - wikipedia List of National Animals Jump to : navigation , search This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( June 2017 ) This is a list of national animals . National animals Country Name of animal Scientific name Pictures Ref . Algeria Fennec fox Vulpes zerda Angola Red - crested turaco ( national bird ) Tauraco erythrolophus Anguilla Zenaida dove Zenaida aurita Antigua and Barbuda Fallow deer ( national animal ) Dama dama Frigate ( national bird ) Fregata magnificens Hawksbill turtle ( national sea creature ) Eretmochelys imbricata Argentina Rufous hornero Furnarius rufus Australia Red kangaroo ( national animal ) Macropus rufus Emu ( national bird ) Dromaius novaehollandiae Austria Black eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis Azerbaijan Karabakh horse Equus ferus caballus Bangladesh Royal Bengal tiger ( national animal ) Panthera tigris tigris Magpie robin ( national bird ) Copsychus saularis Ilish ( national fish ) Tenualosa ilisha Belarus European bison Bison bonasus Belgium Lion ( heraldic Leo Belgicus ) Panthera leo Belize Baird 's tapir ( national animal ) Tapirus bairdii Keel - billed toucan ( national bird ) Ramphastos sulfuratus Bhutan Druk Mythical Takin Budorcas taxicolor Brazil Rufous - bellied thrush Turdus rufiventris Cambodia Kouprey Bos sauveli Canada North American beaver ( sovereignty animal symbol ) Castor canadensis Canadian horse ( national horse ) Equus ferus caballus China Giant panda ( national animal ) Ailuropoda melanoleuca Chinese dragon ( national animal ) Mythical Red - crowned crane ( national bird ) Grus japonensis Democratic Republic of the Congo Okapi Okapia johnstoni Colombia Andean condor Vultur gryphus Costa Rica Yigüirro ( national bird ) Turdus grayi White - tailed deer ( national animal ) Odocoileus virginianus West Indian manatee ( national aquatic animal ) Trichechus manatus Croatia Pine marten Martes martes Cuba Cuban trogon Priotelus temnurus Cyprus Cypriot mouflon Ovis orientalis Czech Republic Double - tailed lion Mythical Denmark Mute swan ( national bird ) Cygnus olor Small tortoiseshell ( national butterfly ) Aglais urticae Egypt Steppe eagle Aquila nipalensis Estonia Barn swallow ( national bird ) Hirundo rustica Eritrea Arabian camel Camelus dromedarius Ethiopia Lion Panthera leo Faroe Islands Eurasian oystercatcher ( national bird ) Haematopus ostralgus Finland Brown bear ( national animal ) Ursus arctos Whooper swan ( national bird ) Cygnus cygnus Holly blue ( national butterfly ) Celastrina argiolus European perch ( national fish ) Perca fluviatilis Seven - spot ladybird ( national insect ) Coccinella septempunctata France Gallic rooster Gallus gallus domesticus Germany Unspecified Eagle Members of Accipitridae Greece Phoenix Mythical Dolphins Delphinus Guatemala Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno Haiti Hispaniolan Trogan Priotelus roseigaster Honduras White - tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Hungary Turul Mythical ( most probably Falco cherrug ) Iceland Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus India Bengal tiger ( National predator ) Panthera tigris tigris Indian peafowl ( National bird ) Pavo cristatus King cobra ( National reptile ) Ophiophagus hannah Ganges river dolphin ( National aquatic animal ) Platanista gangetica gangetica Indian elephant ( National heritage animal ) Elephas maximus indicus Indonesia Komodo dragon ( national animal ) Varanus komodoensis Garuda ( historic national animal ) Mythical Iran Persian lion Panthera leo persica Iraq Chukar partridge Alectoris chukar Goat ( KRG ) Capra aegagrus Israel Hoopoe ( national bird ) Upupa epops Jamaica Red - billed streamertail Trochilus polytmus Japan Green pheasant ( national bird ) Phasianus versicolor Carp ( national fish ) Cyprinus carpio Latvia White wagtail ( national bird ) Motacilla alba Two - spotted ladybird ( national insect ) Adalia bipunctata Lithuania White stork Ciconia ciconia Macedonia Lion ( in Macedonian heraldry ) Panthera leo Madagascar Zebu ( in Malagasy heraldry ) Bos primigenius indicus Ring - tailed lemur ( national animal ) Lemur catta Malaysia Malayan tiger ( national animal ) Panthera tigris jacksoni Malta Pharaoh Hound ( national animal ) Canis lupus familiaris ( 1 ) Moldova Aurochs ( national animal ) Bos primigenius Mauritius Dodo Raphus cucullatus Mexico Golden eagle ( national animal ) Aquila chrysaetos Xoloitzcuintli ( national dog ) Canis lupus familiaris Jaguar ( national mammal ) Panthera onca Grasshopper ( national arthropod ) Sphenarium purpurascens Vaquita ( national marine mammal ) Phocoena sinus Nepal Cow ( national animal ) Bos taurus indicus Danphe ( national bird ) Lophophorus impejanus Netherlands Lion ( heraldic symbol ) Panthera leo Black - tailed godwit ( national bird ) Limosa limosa New Zealand Kiwi Apteryx sp . North Korea Chollima Mythical Norway Lion ( royal national animal ) Panthera leo White - throated dipper ( national bird ) Cinclus cinclus Fjord horse ( national horse ) Equus ferus caballus Oman Arabian oryx ( national animal ) Oryx leucoryx Pakistan Markhor ( National animal ) Capra falconeri Indus river dolphin ( National aquatic mammal ) Platanista indicus minor minor Chukar ( National bird ) Alectoris chukar Indus crocodile ( National reptile ) Crocodylus palustris Shaheen falcon ( Heritage bird ) Falco peregrinus peregrinator Snow leopard ( National predator ) Panthera uncia Panama Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja Papua New Guinea Dugong ( national marine mammal ) Dugong dugon Peru Vicuña ( national animal ) Vicugna vicugna Philippines Carabao ( national animal ) Bubalus bubalis Philippine eagle ( national bird ) Pithecophaga jefferyi Poland White - tailed eagle ( national bird ) Haliaeetus albicilla White stork ( national bird ) Ciconia ciconia European bison ( national animal ) Bison bonasus Qatar Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx Romania Lynx Lynx lynx Russia Eurasian brown bear Ursus arctos arctos Rwanda Leopard Panthera pardus Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent amazon Amazona guildingii Serbia Wolf Canis lupus lupus White eagle Mythical Lynx Lynx lynx Somalia Leopard ( national animal ) Panthera pardus South Africa Springbok ( national animal ) Antidorcas marsupialis Blue crane ( national bird ) Anthropoides paradiseus Galjoen ( national fish ) Dichistius capensis South Korea Siberian tiger Panthera tigris altaica Korean magpie ( national bird ) Pica ( pica ) sericea Sri Lanka Sri Lankan junglefowl ( national bird ) Gallus lafayettii Tanzania Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis Thailand Elephant Elephas maximus United Arab Emirates Arabian oryx ( national animal ) Oryx leucoryx Peregrine falcon ( national bird ) Falco peregrinus United Kingdom Lion ( United Kingdom , England , Scotland , Wales ) Panthera leo Bulldog ( Britain as `` British Bulldog '' ) Canis lupus familiaris Red kite ( Wales ) Milvus milvus Unicorn ( Scotland ) Mythical Y Ddraig Goch ( Welsh Dragon Wales ) Mythical United States Bald eagle ( national bird ) Haliaeetus leucocephalus American bison ( national mammal ) Bison bison See also Animals portal Lists portal State animal List of national birds Animals as heraldic charges Floral emblem National personification References Jump up ^ `` The Fennec Fox : Algeria 's National Animal '' . algeria.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` THE NATIONAL BIRD OF ANGOLA '' . BIRDS ANGOLA . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atributos Nacionales : Anguila '' ( National Attributes : Anguilla ) ( in Spanish ) . CaribeInsider.com. 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Government of Antigua and Barbuda . `` Official Website for the Government of Antigua and Barbuda '' . ab.gov.ag . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Info about Hornero '' ( in Spanish ) . Redargentina.com. 24 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Herbert E. ( 1916 ) . `` Lonely Australia : The Unique Continent '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . XXX ( 6 ) : 497 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Emu Bird , from Australian Outback to American ranches '' . emufacts.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` National Animal Of Austria '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Emily Wither ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Azerbaijan fights to protect horse from extinction '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : `` NATIONAL SYMBOLS '' . Bangladesh Tourism Board . Bangladesh : Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism . ^ Jump up to : `` 6 Extremely Rare National Animals '' . mentalfloss.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heraldic emblem and motto - About Belgium - Portal Belgian Government '' . www.belgium.be . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stallings , Douglas ( 2006 ) . Fodor 's Caribbean Ports of Call 2007 . New York : Random House . p. 204 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 1698 - 3 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The National Symbols '' . Government of Belize . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 3 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn - 5 of 10 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy of Brazil in Washington '' . http://washington.itamaraty.gov.br . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Forestry.gov.kh '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` National Emblems : The Beaver '' . Canadian Heritage . 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Symbols of Canada '' . Canadian Heritage . 2016 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols of China '' . 123independenceday.com . Jump up ^ `` China National Symbols '' . worldatlast.com. 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` China Considers Red - crowned Crane for National Bird '' . www.china.org.cn . Jump up ^ `` El cóndor , ave nacional - banrepcultural.org '' . Jump up ^ `` 16 de diciembre : Declaración del yigüirro como ave nacional de Costa Rica '' . Jump up ^ `` El Venado Cola Blanca , Símbolo Nacional de la Fauna Silvestre '' . Jump up ^ `` Manatee Now Costa Rica 's New National Symbol '' . QCOSTARICA . 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Jump up ^ `` Majestic steppe eagle photographed in India . They are the national animal of Egypt '' . nationalgeographic.com . Jump up ^ `` National symbols of Estonia '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Eritrea State Symbols , Song , Flags , and More '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia State Symbols , Song , Flag , and More '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Get an impression '' . visitfaroeislands.com/ . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Karhu on Suomen kansalliseläin '' ( in Finnish ) . yle.fi . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Laulujoutsen , kansallislintu '' ( in Finnish ) . yle.fi . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's national butterfly is the holly blue '' . suomifinland100.fi . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iconic Finnish nature symbols stand out '' . This is Finland . Finland Promotion Board . 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Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 6 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Riksvåpenet er mer hellig enn flagget '' . www.aftenposten.no . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Nasjonalfugl '' . www.snl.no . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Fjordingene på Langedrag '' . www.langedrag.no . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Oman Flag , Oman Map , Oman Culture : SphereInfo.com '' . www.sphereinfo.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Symbols of Pakistan '' . Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols of Pakistan '' . Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Brydget E.T. ( 1981 ) . `` Interview and Aerial Survey Data in Relation to Resource Management of the Dugong in Manus Province , Papua New Guinea '' . Bulletin of Marine Science . University of Miami . 31 ( 3 ) : 662 -- 672 . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn - 9 of 10 '' . smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Aquino , Dante M. ; Persoon , Gerald A. ( 2013 ) . `` Tradition and Change : Beer Consumption in Northeast Luzon , Philippines '' . In Schiefenhovel , Wulf ; Macbeth , Helen . Liquid Bread : Beer and Brewing in Cross-Cultural Perspective . Volume 7 of Anthropology of Food & Nutrition . Berghahn Books . p. 197 . ISBN 9781782380344 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation No. 615 , s . 1995 '' . gov.ph . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Birds Directory : White - tailed Eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) '' . birds.poland.pl . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` symbols of Poland : The White Eagle '' . buffalo.edu . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Poland salutes the white stork '' . thenews.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jon Eldridge . `` Primeval Poland : where the bison roam '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Poland '' . allaboutbison.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tamra Orr ( 30 June 2008 ) . Qatar . Marshall Cavendish . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2566 - 3 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animalul national - Rasul - Sapte simboluri nationale ale Romaniei mai putin cunoscute '' . 9AM . Jump up ^ `` Birobidjan , Russia Beaverton 's sister city since 1990 '' . The City of Beaverton . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Rwanda State Symbols , Song , Flag , and More '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The National Bird : '' . foreign.gov.vc . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` СРПСКА НАРОДНА ИНТЕЛИГЕНЦИЈА '' . badnjak.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ James Minahan ( 23 December 2009 ) . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems ( 2 Volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . pp. 525 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34497 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Kathimerini - `` The lynx is one of the most endangered wild species and is considered as a national symbol of the country '' `` . Ekathimerini.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 2009 ) . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems : Volume 2 . Greenwood Press . p. 908 . ISBN 0313345007 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa 's national symbols '' . SouthAfrica.info . Brand South Africa . Archived from the original on 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Korean Symbols '' . worldatlas . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka National Bird '' . Government of Sri Lanka Official Web Portal . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols : National Animal '' . tanzania.go.tz . Tanzania Government Portal . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Foley , Charles ; Foley , Lara ; Lobora , Alex ; De Luca , Daniela ; Msuha , Maurus ; Davenport , Tim R.B. ; Durant , Sarah M. ( 8 June 2014 ) . A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania . Princeton University Press . pp. 179 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 5280 - 2 . Jump up ^ Knappert , Jan ( 1987 ) . East Africa : Kenya , Tanzania & Uganda . New Delhi : Vikas Pub . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 7069 - 2822 - 9 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The government gazette about National symbols of Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Royal Thai Government Gazette. 118 ( 99D ) : 1 . 11 December 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` The UAE National Symbols ... '' TEACH United Arab Emirates . Jess Jumeira School . 2 ( 2 ) . Nov -- Dec 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Garai , Jana ( 1973 ) . The Book of Symbols . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 21773 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What images are associated with England ? '' . projectbritain.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The British Bulldog '' . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` National symbols of Wales '' . visitwales.com . Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 2 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish fact of the week : Scotland 's official animal , the Unicorn '' . scotsman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystical Unicorn Of Scotland '' . scottish-at-heart.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . 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Jump up ^ A symbol of hope : US government designates bison as the national mammal Jump up ^ Obama Makes North American Bison National Mammal National symbols ( list ) Topics Coat of arms Colour Dish Emblem Epic Flower Myth Patron saint Personification National poetry Poets Sport Lists Animals Birds Anthems Dances Founders Fruits Instruments Liquors Mottos Parks Trees Galleries Country coats of arms State flags Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_animals&oldid=837910587 '' Categories : Lists of national symbols Lists of animals Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : external links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles to be expanded from June 2017 Talk View source About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Esperanto Français Italiano Кырык мары Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Simple English Suomi తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 19 : 27 . 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Question: panda is a national animal of which country