Jnanpith Award - Wikipedia Jnanpith Award Jump to : navigation , search Jnanpith Award Award for individual contributions to Literature Instituted in 1961 Awarded for Literary award in India Sponsored by Bharatiya Jnanpith Reward ( s ) ₹ 11 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 12 lakh or US $19,000 in 2017 ) First awarded 1965 Last awarded 2017 Most recent winner Krishna Sobti Highlights Total awarded 58 First winner G. Sankara Kurup Website Official website The Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for their `` outstanding contribution towards literature '' . Instituted in 1961 , the award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English , with no posthumous conferral . From 1965 till 1981 , the award was given to the authors for their `` most outstanding work '' and consisted of a citation plaque , a cash prize of ₹ 1 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 48 lakh or US $75,000 in 2017 ) , and a bronze replica of Saraswati , the Hindu goddess of knowledge and wisdom . The first recipient of the award was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup who received the award in 1965 for his collection of poems , Odakkuzhal ( The Bamboo Flute ) , published in 1950 . The rules were revised in subsequent years to consider only works published during the preceding twenty years , excluding the year for which the award was to be given and the cash prize was increased to ₹ 1.5 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 22 lakh or US $34,000 in 2017 ) from 1981 . As of 2015 , the cash prize has been revised to ₹ 11 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 12 lakh or US $19,000 in 2017 ) and out of twenty - three eligible languages the award has been presented for works in fifteen languages : Hindi ( eleven ) , Kannada ( eight ) , Bengali ( six ) , Malayalam ( five ) , Gujarati , Marathi , Odia , and Urdu ( four each ) , Telugu ( three ) , Assamese , Punjabi , and Tamil ( two each ) , Kashmiri , Konkani , and Sanskrit ( one each ) . The award has been conferred upon fifty - seven writers including seven women authors . In 1976 , Bengali novelist Ashapoorna Devi became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1965 novel Pratham Pratisruti ( The First Promise ) , the first in a trilogy . The most recent recipient of the award is Hindi fiction writer and essayist Krishna Sobti who was awarded for the year 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Rules and selection process 3 List of recipients 4 Explanatory notes 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) The Bharatiya Jnanpith , a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain family , conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme `` commanding national prestige and of international standard '' to `` select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages '' . Later in November , Rama Jain , the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith , invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme . Jain along with Kaka Kalelkar , Harivansh Rai Bachchan , Ramdhari Singh Dinkar , Jainendra Kumar , Jagdish Chandra Mathur , Prabhakar Machwe , Akshaya Kumar Jain , and Lakshmi Chandra Jain presented the initial draft to the then President of India Rajendra Prasad who had shown interest in the scheme 's implementation . The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad . On 2 April 1962 , around 300 writers of various Indian languages were invited to Delhi for the two sessions conducted by Dharamvir Bharati in which the draft was finalised and later presented to Prasad . The first award selection committee meeting was scheduled on 16 March 1963 and Prasad was appointed as its president . However , Prasad died on 28 February 1963 and thus the scheduled meeting was chaired by Kalelkar and Sampurnanand acted as president of the committee . The first Selection Board consisted of Kalelkar , Niharranjan Ray , Karan Singh , R.R. Diwakar , V. Raghavan , B. Gopal Reddy , Harekrushna Mahatab , Rama Jain , and Lakshmi Chandra Jain and was headed by Sampurnanand . Works that were published between 1921 and 1951 were considered for the first award . The nine language committees that were formed were to submit to the board nominations along with translations of the work into Hindi or English . The final round had four authors ; Kazi Nazrul Islam ( Bengali ) , D.V. Gundappa ( Kannada ) , Viswanatha Satyanarayana ( Telugu ) , and G. Sankara Kurup ( Malayalam ) . On 19 November 1966 , Kurup was presented with the citation , statue of Saraswati , and a cheque for prize of ₹ 1 lakh ( US $1,600 ) at a ceremony held at Vigyan Bhavan , Delhi . In his acceptance speech , Kurup appreciated the concept of the new award and thanked it for bringing `` integration of the diverse people of this land on a spiritual plane '' . Rules and Selection process ( edit ) The nominations for the award are received from various literary experts , teachers , critics , universities , and numerous literary and language associations . Every three years , an advisory committee is constituted for each of the languages . The language of the most recent recipient 's work is not eligible for consideration for the next two years . Each committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages . All the nominations are scrutinised by the committee and their recommendations are submitted to the Jnanpith Award Selection Board ( Pravara Parishad ) . The Selection Board consists of between seven and eleven members of `` high repute and integrity '' . Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms . The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the board based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or English . The recipient for a particular year is announced by the Selection Board , which has final authority in selection . List of recipients ( edit ) Key † Indicates a joint award for the given year G. Sankara Kurup was the first recipient of the award . Krishna Sobti is the most recent recipient of the award . List of award recipients , showing the year , and language ( s ) Year Recipient ( s ) Language ( s ) Refs. / Notes 1965 ( 1st ) Kurup , G. Sankara G. Sankara Kurup Malayalam ! Malayalam 1966 ( 2nd ) Bandyopadhyay , Tarasankar Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay Bengali ! Bengali 1967 ( 3rd ) † Joshi , Umashankar Umashankar Joshi Gujarati ! Gujarati 1967 ( 3rd ) † Puttappa ' Kuvempu ' , Kuppali Venkatappa Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa ' Kuvempu ' Kannada ! Kannada 1968 ( 4th ) Pant , Sumitranandan Sumitranandan Pant Hindi ! Hindi 1969 ( 5th ) Gorakhpuri , Firaq Firaq Gorakhpuri Urdu ! Urdu 1970 ( 6th ) Satyanarayana , Viswanatha Viswanatha Satyanarayana Telugu ! Telugu 1971 ( 7th ) Dey , Bishnu Bishnu Dey Bengali ! Bengali 1972 ( 8th ) Singh ' Dinkar ' , Ramdhari Ramdhari Singh ' Dinkar ' Hindi ! Hindi 1973 ( 9th ) † Bendre , D.R. D.R. Bendre Kannada ! Kannada 1973 ( 9th ) † Mohanty , Gopinath Gopinath Mohanty Odia ! Odia ( 10th ) Khandekar , Vishnu Sakharam Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar Marathi ! Marathi ( 11th ) , Akilan Akilan Tamil ! Tamil 1976 ( 12th ) Devi , Ashapoorna Ashapoorna Devi Bengali ! Bengali 1977 ( 13rd ) Karanth , K. Shivaram K. Shivaram Karanth Kannada ! Kannada 1978 ( 14th ) Vatsyayan , Sachchidananda Sachchidananda Vatsyayan Hindi ! Hindi 1979 ( 15th ) Bhattacharya , Birendra Kumar Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya Assamese ! Assamese 1980 ( 16th ) Pottekkatt , S.K. S.K. Pottekkatt Malayalam ! Malayalam 1981 ( 17th ) Pritam , Amrita Amrita Pritam Punjabi ! Punjabi 1982 ( 18th ) Varma , Mahadevi Mahadevi Varma Hindi ! Hindi ( 19th ) Iyengar , Masti Venkatesha Masti Venkatesha Iyengar Kannada ! Kannada 1984 ( 20th ) Pillai , Thakazhi Sivasankara Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Malayalam ! Malayalam 1985 ( 21st ) Patel , Pannalal Pannalal Patel Gujarati ! Gujarati 1986 ( 22nd ) Routray , Sachidananda Sachidananda Routray Odia ! Odia ( 23rd ) Shirwadkar ' Kusumagraj ' , Vishnu Vaman Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar ' Kusumagraj ' Marathi ! Marathi ( 24th ) Reddy , C. Narayana C. Narayana Reddy Telugu ! Telugu ( 25th ) Hyder , Qurratulain Qurratulain Hyder Urdu ! Urdu ( 26th ) Gokak , Vinayaka Krishna Vinayaka Krishna Gokak Kannada ! Kannada 1991 ( 27th ) Mukhopadhyay , Subhash Subhash Mukhopadhyay Bengali ! Bengali ( 28th ) Mehta , Naresh Naresh Mehta Hindi ! Hindi ( 29th ) Mahapatra , Sitakant Sitakant Mahapatra Odia ! Odia ( 30th ) Ananthamurthy , U.R. U.R. Ananthamurthy Kannada ! Kannada 1995 ( 31st ) Nair , M.T. Vasudevan M.T. Vasudevan Nair Malayalam ! Malayalam ( 32nd ) Devi , Mahasweta Mahasweta Devi Bengali ! Bengali ( 33rd ) Jafri , Ali Sardar Ali Sardar Jafri Urdu ! Urdu 1998 ( 34th ) Karnad , Girish Girish Karnad Kannada ! Kannada 1999 ( 35th ) † Verma , Nirmal Nirmal Verma Hindi ! Hindi 1999 ( 35th ) † Singh , Gurdial Gurdial Singh Punjabi ! Punjabi 2000 ( 36th ) Goswami , Mamoni Raisom Mamoni Raisom Goswami Assamese ! Assamese ( 37th ) Shah , Rajendra Rajendra Shah Gujarati ! Gujarati 2002 ( 38th ) Jayakanthan , Jayakanthan Tamil ! Tamil 2003 ( 39th ) Karandikar , Vinda Vinda Karandikar Marathi ! Marathi ( 40th ) Rahi , Rehman Rehman Rahi Kashmiri ! Kashmiri 2005 ( 41st ) Narayan , Kunwar Kunwar Narayan Hindi ! Hindi 2006 ( 42nd ) † Kelekar , Ravindra Ravindra Kelekar Konkani ! Konkani 2006 ( 42nd ) † Shastri , Satya Vrat Satya Vrat Shastri Sanskrit ! Sanskrit 2007 ( 43rd ) Kurup , O.N.V. O.N.V. Kurup Malayalam ! Malayalam 2008 ( 44th ) Khan ' Shahryar ' , Akhlaq Mohammed Akhlaq Mohammed Khan ' Shahryar ' Urdu ! Urdu 2009 ( 45th ) † Amarkant , Amarkant Hindi ! Hindi 2009 ( 45th ) † Sukla , Sri Lal Sri Lal Sukla Hindi ! Hindi ( 46th ) Kambara , Chandrashekhara Chandrashekhara Kambara Kannada ! Kannada 2011 ( 47th ) Ray , Pratibha Pratibha Ray Odia ! Odia 2012 ( 48th ) Bharadhwaja , Ravuri Ravuri Bharadhwaja Telugu ! Telugu 2013 ( 49th ) Singh , Kedarnath Kedarnath Singh Hindi ! Hindi 2014 ( 50th ) Nemade , Bhalchandra Bhalchandra Nemade Marathi ! Marathi 2015 ( 51st ) Chaudhari , Raghuveer Raghuveer Chaudhari Gujarati ! Gujarati 2016 ( 52nd ) Ghosh , Shankha Shankha Ghosh Bengali ! Bengali 2017 ( 53rd ) Sobti , Krishna Krishna Sobti Hindi ! Hindi Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India consists of twenty - two languages viz . Assamese , Bengali , Bodo , Dogri , Gujarati , Hindi , Kannada , Kashmiri , Konkani , Maithili , Malayalam , Manipuri , Marathi , Nepali , Odia , Punjabi , Sanskrit , Santhali , Sindhi , Tamil , Telugu , and Urdu . Jump up ^ The trilogy consists of Pratham Pratisruti , Subarnalata , and Bakul Katha . Jump up ^ The Malayalam language committee headed by N.V. Krishna Warrier submitted an undisputed nomination of Kurup 's work Odakkuzhal although the Kerala Sahitya Akademi opined that no work in Malayalam language was worthy of the inaugural prize . Jump up ^ Awarded for Odakkuzhal . Jump up ^ Awarded for Ganadevta . Jump up ^ Awarded for Nishitha . Jump up ^ Awarded for Sri Ramayana Darshanam . Jump up ^ Awarded for Chidambara . Jump up ^ Awarded for Gul - e-Naghma . Jump up ^ Awarded for Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu . Jump up ^ Awarded for Smriti Satta Bhavishyat . Jump up ^ Awarded for Urvashi . Jump up ^ Awarded for Nakutanti . Jump up ^ Awarded for Matimatal . Jump up ^ Awarded for Yayati . Jump up ^ Awarded for Chitttrappavai . Jump up ^ Awarded for Pratham Pratisruti . Jump up ^ Awarded for Mookajjiya Kanasugalu . Jump up ^ Awarded for Kitni Navon Men Kitni Bar . Jump up ^ Awarded for Mrityunjay . Jump up ^ Awarded for Oru Desathinte Katha . Jump up ^ Awarded for Kagaj te Canvas . See also ( edit ) Moortidevi Award , another annual literary award conferred by the Bharatiya Jnanpith . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India : Eighth Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . p. 1 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Proposal for the 52nd Jnanpith Award '' ( PDF ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 18 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jnanpith Award @ Bharatiya Jnanpith '' . Bharatiya Jnanpith . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarati writer Raghuveer Chaudhary chosen for Jnanpith Award '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 30 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Bhattacharji , Jaya Rose ( 31 January 2015 ) . `` The prize is right ? '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vasant Panchami , a celebration of Goddess Saraswati '' ( PDF ) . Government of Odisha . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Natarajan , Nalini ; Nelson , Emmanuel Sampath ( 1996 ) . Natarajan , Nalini ; Nelson , Emmanuel Sampath , eds . Handbook of Twentieth - century Literatures of India . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28778 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Datta , Amaresh ( 1987 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature . Sahitya Akademi . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 1803 - 1 . Jump up ^ Surendran , K.V. ( 1999 ) . Indian Women Writers : Critical Perspectives . Sarup & Sons . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 072 - 6 . Ames , Roger T. ; Kasulis , Thomas P. ; Dissanayake , Wimal ( 1998 ) . Ames , Roger T. ; Kasulis , Thomas P. ; Dissanayake , Wimal , eds . Self as Image in Asian Theory and Practice . SUNY Press . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2725 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Nation honours Dr Rajendra Prasad on his 53rd death anniversary '' . Rediff.com. 28 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Krishnakumar , Bhaskaramenon ( 2001 ) . Sweet , Gentle , Radiant : Selected Poems of G. Sankara Kurup . Sahitya Akademi . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 1341 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Jnanpith Laureates '' . Bharatiya Jnanpith . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jnanpith Award : All the past awardees from 1965 to now '' . Outlook India . 25 July 2003 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Das Soumitra , Dey Sreyoshi , Chakraborty , Showli ( 5 May 2013 ) . `` Poet 's visual expression '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Vasudev , Chetana Divya ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Literary Trust Launches Programme to Honour Masti '' . The New Indian Express . Gavipuram . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Sreedhar ( 4 January 2014 ) . `` Crowning achievement '' . India Today . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ `` Sachidananda Routray passes away '' . The Hindu . Bhubaneswar. 22 August 2004 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ `` Telugu writer Ravuri Bharadwaja honoured with Jnanpith award '' . Deccan Chronicle . Hyderabad . Archived from the original on 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Naim , C.M. ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Aini Apa ( 1927 -- 2007 ) '' . Outlook India . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jnanpith for 1990 awarded to well - known Kannada writer Vinayak Krishna Gokak '' . India Today . 30 November 1991 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everyman 's poet bids final farewell : Obituary ( Subhas Mukhopadhyay ) '' . The Telegraph ( Calcutta ) . 9 July 2003 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , K.K. ( 1 March 2015 ) . `` The Spirit of Poetry '' . The Pioneer . Bangalore . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rao , Sunitha . R. ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` UR Ananthamurthy , renowned Kannada writer , dies in Bangalore '' . The Times of India . Bangalore . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` Mahasweta Devi and Habib Tanvir appointed as National Research Professors '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 2 March 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Prime Minister Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee presenting the 33rd Jnanpith Award '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 5 June 1998 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee presenting the prestigious Jnanpith Award for the year 1998 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 27 March 1999 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Menon , Parvathi ( 1999 ) . `` The multi-faceted playwright '' . Frontline . Vol. 16 no . 3 . Bangalore : The Hindu . ^ Jump up to : `` Nirmal Verma , Gurdial Singh jointly get Jnanpith Award '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 11 March 2000 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Vice President Shri Krishan Kant presenting the 36th Bhartiya Jnanpith Award '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 24 February 2002 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Third Gujarati to win Jnanpith '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 18 July 2003 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jnanpith award for Jayakanthan '' . The Times of India . New Delhi / Chennai. 20 March 2005 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President 's address at the conferment of 39th Jnanpith Award for 2003 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 10 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 40th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Kashmiri Poet Shri Rahman Rahi '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 9 March 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 41st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Hindi Poet Shri Kunwar Narayan and 42nd Jnanpith Award jointly to Eminent Konkani Poet and Author Shri Ravindra Kelekar and Sanskrit Poet and Scholar Shri Satya Vrat Shastri '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 22 November 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister 's Speech at The Conferment of 43rd Jnanpith Award at Thiruvananthapuram '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doyen of Urdu poetry Shahryar presented Jnanpith Award '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amar Kant , Shrilal Shukla , Kambar win Jnanpith Award '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 20 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Address of the Hon'ble President on the Occasion of Conferring the Jnanapith Award for the Year 2010 on Dr. Chandrashekhara Kambar '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Speech by the President of India , Shri Pranab Mukherjee at the presentation of 47th Jnanpith Award to Dr. Pratibha Ray '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 48th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Telugu Littérateur Shri Ravuri Bharadhwaja '' ( PDF ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kedarnath Singh chosen for Jnanpith '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . 21 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Marathi Littérateur Shri Bhalchandra Nemade '' ( PDF ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 51st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Gujarati Littérateur Shri Raghuveer Chaudhari '' ( PDF ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith. 29 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Bengali poet Shankha Ghosh to get 2016 Jnanpith Award '' . Daily News Analysis . 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hindi writer Krishna Sobti chosen for Jnanpith Award '' . The Hindu . 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Sabharwal , Gopa ( 2007 ) . India Since 1947 : The Independent Years . Penguin Books India . p. 392 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 310274 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Bandyopadhyay , Tarasankar ( 2009 ) . Ganadevta ( in Hindi ) ( 17 ed . ) . Bhartiya Jnanpith . ISBN 978 - 81 - 263 - 1675 - 5 . Pant , Sumitranandan ( 1991 ) . Chidambara ( in Hindi ) . Rajkamal Prakashan . p. 353 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 267 - 0491 - 0 . Gorakhpuri , Firaq ( 2008 ) . Gul - e-Naghma ( in Hindi ) . Translated by Raza , Jafar . Rajkamal Prakashan . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8031 - 285 - 4 . Dinkar , Ramdhari Singh ( 2014 ) . उर्वशी : खण्ड काव्य ( Urvashi : Poetic Novel ) ( in Hindi ) . Bhartiya Sahitya . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61301 - 343 - 4 . Khandekar , Vishnu Sakharam ( 1978 ) . Yayati : A Classic Tale of Lust . Translated by Kulkarni , Y.P. Orient Paperbacks . p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 222 - 0428 - 5 . Devi , Ashapurna ( 2004 ) . Pratham Pratisruti ( The First Promise ) . Translated by Chowdhury , Indira . Orient Blackswan . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2650 - 1 . Karanth , K. Shivarama ( 2014 ) . Mookajjiya Kanasugalu ( Dreams of Mookajji ) ( in Kannada ) . Sapna Book House . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7285 - 062 - 3 . Vatsyayan , Sachchidananda ( 2000 ) . Kitni Navon Mein Kitni Baar ( in Hindi ) . Bharatiya Jnanpith . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 263 - 0073 - 0 . Pritam , Amrita ( 1989 ) . Kagaz Aur Canvas ( Paper and Canvas ) ( in Hindi ) . Translated by Shanta . Rajkamal Prakashan . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 267 - 0492 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jnanpith Award . Official website Jnanpith Award recipients 1965 -- 1985 G. Sankara Kurup ( 1965 ) Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay ( 1966 ) Kuvempu and Umashankar Joshi ( 1967 ) Sumitranandan Pant ( 1968 ) Firaq Gorakhpuri ( 1969 ) Viswanatha Satyanarayana ( 1970 ) Bishnu Dey ( 1971 ) Ramdhari Singh Dinkar ( 1972 ) D.R. Bendre and Gopinath Mohanty ( 1973 ) Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar ( 1974 ) Akilan ( 1975 ) Ashapoorna Devi ( 1976 ) K. Shivaram Karanth ( 1977 ) Sachchidananda Vatsyayan ( 1978 ) Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya ( 1979 ) S.K. Pottekkatt ( 1980 ) Amrita Pritam ( 1981 ) Mahadevi Varma ( 1982 ) Masti Venkatesha Iyengar ( 1983 ) Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai ( 1984 ) Pannalal Patel ( 1985 ) 1986 -- 2000 Sachidananda Routray ( 1986 ) Kusumagraj ( 1987 ) C. Narayana Reddy ( 1988 ) Qurratulain Hyder ( 1989 ) Vinayaka Krishna Gokak ( 1990 ) Subhas Mukhopadhyay ( 1991 ) Naresh Mehta ( 1992 ) Sitakant Mahapatra ( 1993 ) U.R. Ananthamurthy ( 1994 ) M.T. Vasudevan Nair ( 1995 ) Mahasweta Devi ( 1996 ) Ali Sardar Jafri ( 1997 ) Girish Karnad ( 1998 ) Gurdial Singh and Nirmal Verma ( 1999 ) Mamoni Raisom Goswami ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Rajendra Shah ( 2001 ) Jayakanthan ( 2002 ) Vinda Karandikar ( 2003 ) Rehman Rahi ( 2004 ) Kunwar Narayan ( 2005 ) Ravindra Kelekar and Satya Vrat Shastri ( 2006 ) O.N.V. Kurup ( 2007 ) Akhlaq Mohammed Khan ( 2008 ) Amarkant and Sri Lal Sukla ( 2009 ) Chandrashekhara Kambara ( 2010 ) Pratibha Ray ( 2011 ) Ravuri Bharadhwaja ( 2012 ) Kedarnath Singh ( 2013 ) Bhalchandra Nemade ( 2014 ) Raghuveer Chaudhari ( 2015 ) Shankha Ghosh ( 2016 ) Krishna Sobti ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jnanpith_Award&oldid=819820848 '' Categories : Awards established in 1961 Events of The Times Group Indian literary awards Recipients of the Jnanpith Award Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) CS1 Kannada - language sources ( kn ) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Esperanto ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar മലയാളം मराठी नेपाल भाषा Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 12 : 53 . 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Question: the recipient of first jnanpith award was an author which language


Jennifer Jareau - wikipedia Jennifer Jareau Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Jareau Criminal Minds character A.J. Cook as Jennifer Jareau First appearance `` Compulsion '' 1x02 , September 28 , 2005 Created by Jeff Davis Portrayed by A.J. Cook Information Nickname ( s ) JJ Occupation FBI Special Agent Title FBI BAU Supervisory Special Agent Family Rosaline Jareau ( sister , deceased ) Unnamed niece Sandy Jareau ( mother ) Unnamed sibling Significant other ( s ) William LaMontagne ( Husband ) Children Henry Jareau LaMontagne Michael Jareau LaMontagne Seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau is a fictional character from the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds , portrayed by A.J. Cook . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character background 2 Storylines 2.1 Promotion to Pentagon and brief return 2.2 Return to the BAU 2.3 Relationships and family 3 Characterization 3.1 Fears and obsessions 4 References 5 External links Character background ( edit ) During various episodes , Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . When she was eleven , her seventeen - year - old sister Rosaline committed suicide by cutting . Rosaline 's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline , until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain . A high school athlete , Jareau graduated valedictorian from East Allegheny High School , where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh . She also attended Georgetown , presumably for graduate studies . JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then - Unit Chief Agent David Rossi . She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading , which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college . The next fall , she applied to the FBI Academy . Storylines ( edit ) In the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) , JJ acted as the team 's liaison with the media and local police agencies . Though talented and helpful , she was not actually a profiler , having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner 's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis . She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits . However , she does accompany the team on raids , and is proficient with firearms . This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage - taker , Jason Clark Battle , with a single shot ( Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide , who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date , and then shot her , in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered ) . During season six , JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon ; however , she returns in season seven as a full - time profiler , having received the necessary training . In season 9 ( `` 200 '' ) , she is then kidnapped , and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story . It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan , in search for Bin Laden . The team saves her , and in season 10 , it is revealed she has PTSD , and has n't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped , as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan , one of which includes her having a miscarriage , after a convoy was attacked . She tries to work through it with the help of Reid , who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day , for almost a half - hour , after seeing herself on the table , in place of the victim . Promotion to Pentagon and brief return ( edit ) It is revealed in `` JJ '' , that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors . However , she is finally forced to transfer by `` the brass . '' JJ 's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six , for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin - off Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior . JJ 's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine . Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster ( Agent Emily Prentiss ) . In the episode titled `` Lauren '' , JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle . The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach . It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ 's help , providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each `` to keep her comfortable '' . In the season six finale , JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is `` coming back '' . In `` 200 '' , it was revealed that JJ 's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz ( who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss 's death ) . During this time , she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force 's informants dead . In February 2011 , while overseas , she discovered that she was pregnant . However , in April 2011 , following the events of `` Lauren '' , during an attack on the task force , she was wounded and miscarried the baby . She did n't initially tell Will of the pregnancy , and it remained a secret between her and Cruz . In `` The Forever People '' , when she starts showing signs of PTSD , Reid calls her on it , and he tries to help her and talk to her . She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy , and asks him to keep it between them . Return to the BAU ( edit ) The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit , having received the training to become a full - time profiler , instead of the Media Liaison , a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia . She is initially against summoning Prentiss `` back from the dead , '' but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth . Also , she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception , as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word , and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again . In season nine , the events during her departure in 2010 -- 11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief . In `` The Road Home '' , while waiting to meet Cruz , she is suddenly kidnapped . In `` 200 '' , it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari , who was a traitor in the task force , in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East . She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code . She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage , revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings , a man she worked with on the task force . He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code . She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss , and she proceeds to chase after Hastings . Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings , resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death . JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth . A year after her kidnapping and torture , she starts experiencing PTSD , something that Reid notices . When she is confronted by him , she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation , saying that it 's more than PTSD . She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid . She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak , which could have resulted the deaths of herself , the UnSub , and a hostage . Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he could n't find a term to describe JJ 's condition , he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari 's file , revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit , Iraq , and his criminal background . JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her . He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself . He also tells her that he will take her sleep , her smile , and her safety away , as well as change her so that her husband and son wo n't even recognise her . He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear , but JJ snarls a harsh `` No '' to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination . Relationships and family ( edit ) Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will , JJ displayed little interest in dating . She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game , but little came of it romantically , although the two became very good friends . In the season 2 episode `` Jones '' , JJ first meets William `` Will '' LaMontagne , Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces . It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues , which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship . When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open , it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them . In `` The Crossing '' , JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child . He later asked her to marry him , and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective 's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job , though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child . JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave , and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry . Will transfers to the MPDC , and the family live together in Washington . In later seasons , toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A.J. Cook 's real - life son Mekhai Andersen . JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry 's godparents . When JJ returned from maternity leave , she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry 's birthstone , but did not seem to be officially engaged , as she wore her ring on her right hand , not the left . In the season seven finale , JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again , and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi 's backyard . Characterization ( edit ) JJ is very loyal to her family and friends , as well as very protective . She is also known to be a crack shot . This was demonstrated in many episodes such as `` Nanny Dearest '' by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance . In `` Revelations '' , she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn . In `` Penelope '' , she kills Garcia 's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him . Despite her petite frame , she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed . In the season 7 finale , she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage . She is best friends with Spencer ( and is the only one who calls him `` Spence '' ) , Penelope , and Emily . Fears and obsessions ( edit ) In `` The Boogeyman '' , JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods . When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why , she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss 's murdered body in his cabin . After telling the story , she admits she was joking , and says she does n't know why she is afraid of the woods . In the same episode , JJ also states that she has a niece who , at the time , is about 8 years old . When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode `` The Big Game '' , and split up to apprehend the suspect , JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs . Although JJ shot and killed the dogs , saving her own life , Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime , and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him . After this traumatic experience , it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs . In the episode `` Penelope '' , it 's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill , and who continued to threaten the life of , Penelope Garcia . She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos . She can be seen eating them often , and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was `` Cheeto - breath '' when she was playing Emily ( who was hiding in Paris at the time ) . In `` Mr. Scratch '' , JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If the Shoe Fits '' . Criminal Minds . Season 10 . Episode 6 . November 5 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 '' . Criminal Minds . Season 9 . Episode 5 . October 23 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Painless '' . Criminal Minds . Season 7 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ CBS Corporation . `` About Criminal Minds - CBS.com '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` North Mammon '' . Criminal Minds . Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 1 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ' Criminal Minds ' update : Cook and Brewster returning -- but for how long ? Jump up ^ A.J. Cook Returns to ' Criminal Minds ' for Paget Brewster 's Final Episode Jump up ^ `` In Heat '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 17 . April 30 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Crossing '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 18 . May 7 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Lo - Fi '' . Criminal Minds . Season 3 . Episode 20 . May 21 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Catching Out '' . Criminal Minds . Season 4 . Episode 5 . October 29 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Memoriam '' . Criminal Minds . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2008 . CBS . External links ( edit ) Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau on IMDb ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Matt Simmons Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Penelope Garcia Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Jareau&oldid=814835737 '' Categories : Criminal Minds characters Fictional characters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Fictional characters from Pittsburgh Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 05 : 46 . 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Question: criminal minds episode where jj becomes a profiler


NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament bids by school - wikipedia NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament bids by school Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament bids by school and is updated through 2018 . There are currently 68 bids possible each year ( 32 automatic qualifiers , 36 at - large ) . Schools not currently in Division I are in italics ( e.g. CCNY ) and some appear under prior names ( e.g. UTEP went by Texas Western in 1966 ) . Vacated appearances are excluded from the Bids table and noted below it . Bids ( edit ) As the tournament field started with only 8 teams in 1939 ( all `` Elite 8 '' by default ) , it was not until 1975 that all teams needed to win to advance to an alliteratively - named round ( e.g. Elite 8 , Sweet 16 ) , hence some gaps may appear in the table for bids prior to 1951 . 1939 -- 1950 : 8 teams 1951 -- 1952 : 16 teams 1953 -- 1974 : varied from 22 to 25 teams 1975 -- present : 32 or more teams Please , note list is ordered by Bids then School when updating . Bids by school Most recent Sweet 16 Elite 8 Final 4 Finals Champions # School Bid Win Last # Last # Last # Last # Last # 57 Kentucky 2018 2018 2018 43 2017 37 2015 17 2014 12 2012 8 49 North Carolina 2018 2018 2017 33 2017 28 2017 20 2017 11 2017 6 47 Kansas 2018 2018 2018 31 2018 24 2018 15 2012 9 2008 47 UCLA 2018 2017 2017 33 2008 21 2008 17 2006 12 1995 11 42 Duke 2018 2018 2018 30 2018 21 2015 16 2015 11 2015 5 39 Indiana 2016 2016 2016 22 2002 11 2002 8 2002 6 5 38 Louisville 2017 2017 2009 24 2009 11 2005 8 1986 1986 37 Villanova 2018 2018 2018 17 2018 13 2018 5 2018 2018 36 Notre Dame 2017 2017 2016 17 2016 7 1978 35 Syracuse 2018 2018 2018 23 2016 10 2016 6 2003 2003 34 Texas 2018 2014 2008 10 2008 7 2003 33 Arizona 2018 2017 2017 19 2015 11 2001 2001 1997 32 Arkansas 2018 2017 11 1995 10 1995 6 1995 1994 32 Cincinnati 2018 2018 2012 13 8 1992 6 1963 1962 32 Connecticut 2016 2016 2014 17 2014 11 2014 5 2014 2014 32 Marquette 2017 2013 2013 16 2013 7 2003 1977 1977 32 Michigan State 2018 2018 2015 19 2015 13 2015 9 2009 2000 32 Temple 2016 2013 2001 7 2001 8 1958 31 Oklahoma 2018 2016 2016 10 2016 9 2016 5 1988 30 Georgetown 2015 2015 2007 11 2007 9 2007 5 1985 1984 30 Illinois 2013 2013 2005 11 2005 9 2005 5 2005 30 Kansas State 2018 2018 2018 17 2018 13 1964 1951 29 BYU 2015 2012 2011 7 1981 29 Purdue 2018 2018 2018 11 2000 1980 1969 29 Utah 2016 2016 2015 16 1998 6 1998 1998 1944 29 West Virginia 2018 2018 2018 11 1959 28 Ohio State 2018 2018 2013 14 2012 14 2012 10 2007 5 1960 28 Oklahoma State 2017 2009 2005 11 11 6 1949 1946 28 St. John 's 2015 2000 1999 9 1999 6 1985 1952 28 Xavier 2018 2018 2017 8 2017 26 Maryland 2017 2016 2016 14 2002 2002 2002 2002 26 Missouri 2018 2009 6 2009 26 Pittsburgh 2016 2014 2009 7 2009 1941 25 Iowa 2016 2016 1999 8 1980 1956 25 North Carolina State 2018 2015 2015 11 1986 6 25 Princeton 2017 1998 1967 6 1965 1965 24 Michigan 2018 2018 2018 14 2018 13 2018 6 2018 1989 24 Pennsylvania 2018 1994 1979 5 1979 1979 23 Wake Forest 2017 9 6 1962 23 Wisconsin 2017 2017 2017 10 2015 6 2015 2015 1941 22 Virginia 2018 2017 2016 9 2016 6 1984 22 Western Kentucky 2013 2012 2008 6 1940 21 Creighton 2018 2014 1941 21 Gonzaga 2018 2018 2018 9 2017 2017 2017 21 LSU 2015 2009 2006 9 2006 6 2006 21 New Mexico State 2018 1993 1992 1970 1970 21 Tennessee 2018 2018 2014 7 20 Alabama 2018 2018 7 20 Houston 2018 2018 1984 10 1984 5 1984 5 1984 20 Memphis 2014 2014 2009 6 2007 1973 1973 20 Providence 2018 2016 1997 5 1997 20 Saint Joseph 's 2016 2016 6 20 UNLV 2013 2008 2007 10 1991 5 1991 1990 1990 20 Utah State 2011 2001 1970 1970 19 Florida 2018 2018 2017 10 2017 9 2014 5 2007 2007 19 Iowa State 2017 2017 2016 5 2000 1944 18 Boston College 2009 2007 2006 9 1994 18 California 2016 2013 1997 1960 1960 1960 1959 18 Dayton 2017 2015 2014 7 2014 1967 1967 18 DePaul 1984 8 1979 1979 17 Miami ( OH ) 2007 1999 1999 17 Southern California 2017 2017 2007 2001 1954 17 Stanford 2014 2014 2014 5 2001 1998 1942 1942 17 UTEP 1992 1992 1966 1966 1966 1966 16 Butler 2018 2018 2017 6 2011 2011 2011 16 Florida State 2018 2018 2018 5 2018 1972 1972 16 Georgia Tech 7 16 Murray State 2018 2012 16 Oregon 2017 2017 2017 6 2017 7 2017 1939 1939 16 San Francisco 1998 1979 1979 12 7 1957 1956 1956 16 Tulsa 2016 2003 2000 2000 16 VCU 2017 2016 2011 2011 2011 16 Washington 2011 2011 7 1953 1953 16 Weber State 2016 1999 1972 15 New Mexico 2014 2012 15 Texas Tech 2018 2018 2018 2018 15 UAB 2015 2015 1982 15 Vanderbilt 2017 2012 2007 6 1965 15 Wichita State 2018 2017 2015 6 2013 2013 15 Wyoming 2015 2002 1952 5 1943 1943 1943 14 Arizona State 2018 2009 14 Colorado 2016 2012 1969 5 1963 6 1955 14 Davidson 2018 2008 2008 2008 14 Oregon State 2016 5 5 1963 14 Texas A&M 2018 2018 2018 5 13 Holy Cross 2016 2016 1953 1953 1948 1947 1947 13 Ohio 2012 2012 2012 1964 13 Pepperdine 2002 2000 1976 12 Iona 2018 12 La Salle 2013 2013 2013 1955 1955 1955 1954 12 Old Dominion 2011 12 San Diego State 2018 2015 2014 12 Seton Hall 2018 2018 2000 1991 1989 1989 12 SMU 2017 1988 1967 6 1967 1956 11 Baylor 2017 2017 2017 2012 1950 1948 11 Charlotte 2005 2001 1977 1977 1977 11 Chattanooga 2016 1997 1997 11 Clemson 2018 2018 2018 1980 11 George Washington 2014 2006 1993 11 Idaho State 1977 1977 5 1977 11 Montana 2018 2006 11 Navy 1998 1986 1986 1986 11 Oklahoma City 1973 1973 1965 5 1957 11 Santa Clara 1970 7 1969 5 1952 11 Seattle 1969 1964 1964 5 1958 1958 1958 10 Colorado State 2013 2013 1969 1969 10 East Tennessee State 2017 1992 1968 10 Georgia 2015 2002 10 Miami ( FL ) 2018 2016 2016 10 Mississippi State 2009 2008 10 North Carolina A&T 2013 2013 10 Rhode Island 2018 2018 1998 1998 10 Southern Illinois 2007 2007 2007 10 Virginia Tech 2018 2007 1967 1967 10 Winthrop 2017 2007 9 Auburn 2018 2018 2003 1986 9 Middle Tennessee 2017 2017 9 Minnesota 2017 2013 1990 1990 9 Pacific 2013 2005 1971 1967 9 Penn State 2011 2001 2001 1954 1954 9 Richmond 2011 2011 2011 9 Saint Louis 2014 2014 1957 1952 9 Saint Mary 's 2017 2017 1959 9 South Carolina 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 9 Southern 2016 1993 9 Valparaiso 2015 1998 1998 8 Bradley 2006 2006 2006 1955 1954 1954 8 Bucknell 2018 2006 8 Eastern Kentucky 2014 8 Manhattan 2015 1958 8 Massachusetts 2014 1995 1995 1995 8 Mississippi 2015 2015 2001 8 Morehead State 2011 2011 1961 8 Nevada 2018 2018 2018 8 Northeastern 2015 1984 8 Northern Iowa 2016 2016 8 Robert Morris 2015 2015 8 South Alabama 2008 1989 8 TCU 2018 1968 1968 8 Texas Southern 2018 2018 7 Ball State 2000 1990 1990 7 Belmont 2015 7 Boise State 2015 7 Boston University 2011 1959 1959 1959 7 Dartmouth 1959 1958 1958 1958 5 1944 1944 7 LIU Brooklyn 2018 7 Louisiana - Monroe 7 Nebraska 2014 7 St. Bonaventure 2018 2018 1970 1970 1970 6 Alcorn State 2002 1984 6 Austin Peay 2016 6 Detroit 2012 1999 1977 6 Furman 1980 6 George Mason 2011 2011 2006 2006 2006 6 Hampton 2016 2015 6 Illinois State 1998 1998 6 Kent State 2017 2002 2002 2002 6 Lamar 2012 1980 6 Long Beach State 2012 1970 1970 6 Louisiana - Lafayette 2014 1992 6 Loyola - Chicago 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 1963 1963 6 Missouri State 1999 1999 1999 6 NYU 1963 1963 1963 1960 1960 1945 6 Rutgers 1991 1979 1976 1976 6 Siena 2009 6 UNC Wilmington 2017 2002 6 Vermont 2017 2012 6 Washington State 2008 2008 2008 1941 1941 1941 5 Albany 2015 2014 5 Charleston 2018 1997 5 Cornell 5 Delaware 2014 5 Duquesne 1977 1969 1969 1952 1940 5 Evansville 1999 1989 5 Fairleigh Dickinson 2016 5 Fresno State 2016 2001 1982 5 Green Bay 2016 1994 5 Harvard 2015 2014 1946 5 Hawai ʻi 2016 2016 5 Jacksonville 1986 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 5 James Madison 2013 2013 5 Lehigh 2012 2012 5 Little Rock 2016 2016 5 Louisiana Tech 1991 1989 1985 5 Marshall 2018 2018 5 Mississippi Valley State 2012 5 Mount Saint Mary 's 2017 2017 5 New Orleans 2017 5 Oral Roberts 2008 5 South Carolina State 2003 5 South Dakota State 2018 5 Stephen F. Austin 2018 2016 5 UC Santa Barbara 2011 1990 Air Force 2006 Akron 2013 Alabama State 2011 Bowling Green 1968 1963 1963 Canisius 1957 1957 1956 Central Florida 2005 Central Michigan 2003 2003 Coastal Carolina 2015 Coppin State 2008 1997 Drake 2008 1971 1971 1971 1969 Drexel Eastern Michigan 1998 1991 Fordham 1992 1971 1971 Georgia State 2018 2015 Hofstra 2001 Idaho 1990 1982 1982 Indiana State 2011 2001 1979 1979 1979 1979 Lafayette 2015 1957 1957 Loyola Marymount 1990 1990 1990 1990 Milwaukee 2014 2006 2005 Monmouth 2006 2006 Rice 1970 1954 1954 1942 San Diego 2008 2008 Toledo 1980 1979 1979 UNC Asheville 2016 2011 UTSA 2011 2011 Western Michigan 2014 1998 1976 Wofford 2015 Yale 2016 2016 1949 American 2014 Buffalo 2018 2018 Cal State Fullerton 2018 1978 1978 1978 Central Connecticut State 2007 Columbia 1968 1968 1968 1948 Fairfield 1997 Florida A&M 2007 Florida Gulf Coast 2017 2016 2013 Georgia Southern 1992 Jackson State 2007 Liberty 2013 Loyola ( LA ) 1958 Mercer 2014 2014 Montana State 1951 Niagara 2007 2007 1970 North Carolina Central 2018 North Dakota State 2015 2014 North Texas Northern Illinois Northwestern State 2013 2006 Oakland 2011 2005 Radford 2018 2018 Rider 1994 Saint Peter 's 2011 San José State 1951 South Florida 2012 2012 Southern Miss 2012 Tulane 1995 1995 UIC UNC Greensboro 2018 VMI 1977 1977 1977 1976 Wright State 2018 Appalachian State 2000 Brown 1986 1939 Cal State Northridge 2009 CCNY 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 Cleveland State 2009 2009 1986 Colgate East Carolina 1993 Eastern Illinois 2001 Eastern Washington 2015 Hardin - Simmons 1957 Howard 1992 Loyola ( MD ) 2012 Marist McNeese State 2002 Morgan State Nicholls State 1998 Northern Arizona 2000 Portland Portland State 2009 Sam Houston State Samford 2000 Tennessee State 1994 Tennessee Tech 1963 Texas State 1997 Towson 1991 Troy 2017 UMBC 2018 2018 Alabama A&M 2005 Arkansas State 1999 Binghamton 2009 Cal Poly 2014 2014 Cal State Bakersfield 2016 Cal State LA Campbell 1992 Catholic 1944 1944 Charleston Southern 1997 Delaware State 2005 Florida Atlantic 2002 Florida International 1995 Houston Baptist 1984 IUPUI 2003 Jacksonville State 2017 Lebanon Valley 1953 1953 1953 Lipscomb 2018 Norfolk State 2012 2012 North Dakota 2017 North Florida 2015 Northern Colorado 2011 Northern Kentucky 2017 Northwestern 2017 2017 Prairie View A&M 1998 Saint Francis ( PA ) 1991 Southeast Missouri State 2000 Southeastern Louisiana 2005 Southern Utah 2001 Springfield 1940 1940 Stony Brook 2016 Texas A&M - Corpus Christi 2007 Texas - Arlington 2008 Trinity 1969 Tufts 1945 1945 UC Davis 2017 2017 UC Irvine 2015 Wagner 2003 Wayne State ( MI ) 1956 1956 1956 West Texas A&M 1955 Western Carolina Williams 1955 # School Bid Win Last # Last # Last # Last # Last # Bids by school Most recent Sweet 16 Elite 8 Final 4 Finals Champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 MEN 'S FINAL FOUR RECORDS BOOK '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kentucky vacated the results of its 1988 NCAA tournament appearance in which it reached the Sweet Sixteen . Jump up ^ UCLA vacated the results of its 1980 and 1999 NCAA tournament appearances as well as its finals appearance in 1980 . Jump up ^ On February 20 , 2018 , the NCAA announced that Louisville had to vacate wins and records from the 2011 - 12 , 2012 - 13 , 2013 - 14 , and 2014 - 15 seasons . Jump up ^ Villanova vacated the results of its 1971 NCAA tournament appearance along with its championship game appearance that year . Jump up ^ Syracuse vacated 4 appearances in the 2005 , 2006 , 2011 and 2012 NCAA Tournaments Jump up ^ `` Syracuse University Public Infractions Decision '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arizona vacated the results of its 1999 and 2008 NCAA tournament appearances . Jump up ^ Connecticut vacated the results of the 1996 NCAA tournament appearance and its Sweet Sixteen appearance that season . Jump up ^ Marquette turned down an invite to the NCAA tournament in 1970 that would make 33 appearances . Jump up ^ Purdue vacated the results of the 1996 NCAA tournament which it reached the round of 32 . Jump up ^ Ohio State vacated the results of its 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 NCAA tournament appearances , in which it reached the Final Four in 1999 and the round of 32 in 2000 and 2002 . Jump up ^ St. John 's vacated the results of its 2002 NCAA tournament appearance . Jump up ^ Maryland vacated the results of its 1988 NCAA tournament appearance in which it reached the round of 32 . Jump up ^ Missouri vacated the results of its 1994 NCAA tournament appearance in which it reached the Elite Eight . Jump up ^ NC State vacated the results of the 1987 and 1988 NCAA tournament appearances . Jump up ^ Michigan vacated the results of 113 games won while four players were not eligible , including the 1992 and 1993 Final Fours , and NCAA tournament appearances in 1992 , 1993 , 1996 and 1998 . Jump up ^ Western Kentucky vacated the results of the 1971 tournament , in which it reached the Final Four . Jump up ^ New Mexico State vacated the results of the 1992 , 1993 and 1994 NCAA tournaments which it reached the Sweet Sixteen ( 1992 and round of 32 ( 1993 . Jump up ^ Alabama vacated the results of the 1987 tournament . Jump up ^ Memphis vacated tournament appearances for 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 and 2008 for NCAA violations . This included Final Fours in 1985 and 2008 and the 2008 Finals appearance . Jump up ^ Saint Joseph 's vacated the results of its 1961 NCAA tournament which it reached the Final Four Jump up ^ Florida vacated the results of the 1987 and 1988 NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ California vacated the results of its 1996 NCAA tournament appearance . Jump up ^ DePaul vacated the results of NCAA tournament appearances in 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , and 1989 . It reached the Sweet Sixteen during the first two tournaments and the round of 32 for the last two tournaments . Jump up ^ USC vacated the results of the 2008 tournament . Jump up ^ Texas Tech vacated the results of the 1996 NCAA tournament Jump up ^ Oregon State vacated the results of the 1980 , 1981 and 1982 NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ Iona vacated the results of the 1980 NCAA tournament . Jump up ^ Clemson vacated the results of the 1990 NCAA tournament . Jump up ^ Georgia vacated the results of the 1985 and 2002 NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ Minnesota vacated the results of the 1972 , 1994 , 1995 , and 1997 NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ Massachusetts vacated the results of the 1996 NCAA tournament , in which it advanced to the Final Four . Jump up ^ Austin Peay vacated the results of the 1973 tournament . Jump up ^ Long Beach State vacated the results of the 1971 , 1972 and 1973 NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ ULL vacated the results of NCAA tournament appearances in 1972 , 1973 , 2004 , and 2005 . Jump up ^ Fresno State vacated the results of the 2000 tournament . Jump up ^ Marshall vacated the results of the 1987 tournament . Jump up ^ Loyola Maryount vacated the results of the 1980 tournament . See also ( edit ) NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament bids by school NIT bids by school CBI bids by school CIT bids by school NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament_bids_by_school&oldid=836509281 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship College men 's basketball records and statistics in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 06 : 18 . 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Question: who has the most ncaa basketball tournament appearances


Gestalt psychology - wikipedia Gestalt psychology Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types ( show ) Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology ( show ) Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists ( show ) Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Gestalt psychology or gestaltism ( German : Gestalt ( ɡəˈʃtalt ) `` shape , form '' ) is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology . Gestalt psychology is an attempt to understand the laws behind the ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world . The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self - organizing tendencies . The assumed physiological mechanisms on which Gestalt theory rests are poorly defined and support for their existence is lacking . The Gestalt theory of perception has been criticized as being descriptive of the end products of perception without providing much insight into the processes that lead to perception . In the introduction to a 2016 special issue of the journal Vision Research on Gestalt perception , the authors concluded that `` even though they study the same phenomena as earlier Gestaltists , there is little theoretical coherence . What happened to the Gestalt school that always aspired to provide a unified vision of psychology ? Perhaps there is , in fact , little that holds the classic phenomena of Gestalt psychology together . '' This principle maintains that when the human mind ( perceptual system ) forms a percept or `` gestalt '' , the whole has a reality of its own , independent of the parts . The original famous phrase of Gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka , `` The whole is other than the sum of the parts '' is often incorrectly translated as `` The whole is greater than the sum of its parts '' , and thus used when explaining gestalt theory , and further incorrectly applied to systems theory . Koffka did not like the translation . He firmly corrected students who replaced `` other '' with `` greater '' . `` This is not a principle of addition '' he said . The whole has an independent existence . In the study of perception , Gestalt psychologists stipulate that perceptions are the products of complex interactions among various stimuli . Contrary to the behaviorist approach to focusing on stimulus and response , gestalt psychologists sought to understand the organization of cognitive processes ( Carlson and Heth , 2010 ) . The gestalt effect is the capability of our brain to generate whole forms , particularly with respect to the visual recognition of global figures instead of just collections of simpler and unrelated elements ( points , lines , curves , etc . ) . In psychology , gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism . Gestalt theory , it is proposed , allows for the deconstruction of the whole situation into its elements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Gestalt therapy 2 Theoretical framework and methodology 3 Support from cybernetics and neurology 4 Properties 4.1 Emergence 4.2 Reification 4.3 Multistability 4.4 Invariance 5 Prägnanz 6 Criticisms 7 Gestalt views in psychology 7.1 Fuzzy - trace theory 8 Use in design 9 Music 10 Quantum cognition modeling 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Origins ( edit ) The concept of gestalt was first introduced in philosophy and psychology in 1890 by Christian von Ehrenfels ( a member of the School of Brentano ) . The idea of gestalt has its roots in theories by David Hume , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Immanuel Kant , David Hartley , and Ernst Mach . Max Wertheimer 's unique contribution was to insist that the `` gestalt '' is perceptually primary , defining the parts it was composed from , rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts , as von Ehrenfels 's earlier Gestalt - Qualität had been . Both von Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach 's work Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen ( Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations , 1886 ) , in formulating their very similar concepts of gestalt and figural moment , respectively . On the philosophical foundations of these ideas see Foundations of Gestalt Theory ( Smith , ed. , 1988 ) . Early 20th century theorists , such as Kurt Koffka , Max Wertheimer , and Wolfgang Köhler ( students of Carl Stumpf ) saw objects as perceived within an environment according to all of their elements taken together as a global construct . This ' gestalt ' or ' whole form ' approach sought to define principles of perception -- seemingly innate mental laws that determined the way objects were perceived . It is based on the here and now , and in the way things are seen . Images can be divided into figure or ground . The question is what is perceived at first glance : the figure in front , or the background . These laws took several forms , such as the grouping of similar , or proximate , objects together , within this global process . Although gestalt has been criticized for being merely descriptive , it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects ( Carlson et al. 2000 ) , and of research into behavior , thinking , problem solving and psychopathology . Gestalt therapy ( edit ) The founders of Gestalt therapy , Fritz and Laura Perls , had worked with Kurt Goldstein , a neurologist who had applied principles of Gestalt psychology to the functioning of the organism . Laura Perls had been a Gestalt psychologist before she became a psychoanalyst and before she began developing Gestalt therapy together with Fritz Perls . The extent to which Gestalt psychology influenced Gestalt therapy is disputed , however . In any case it is not identical with Gestalt psychology . On the one hand , Laura Perls preferred not to use the term `` Gestalt '' to name the emerging new therapy , because she thought that the gestalt psychologists would object to it ; on the other hand Fritz and Laura Perls clearly adopted some of Goldstein 's work . Thus , though recognizing the historical connection and the influence , most gestalt psychologists emphasize that gestalt therapy is not a form of gestalt psychology . Mary Henle noted in her presidential address to Division 24 at the meeting of the American Psychological Association ( 1975 ) : `` What Perls has done has been to take a few terms from Gestalt psychology , stretch their meaning beyond recognition , mix them with notions -- often unclear and often incompatible -- from the depth psychologies , existentialism , and common sense , and he has called the whole mixture gestalt therapy . His work has no substantive relation to scientific Gestalt psychology . To use his own language , Fritz Perls has done ' his thing ' ; whatever it is , it is not Gestalt psychology '' With the Gestalt theory however , she restricts herself explicitly to only three of Perls ' books from 1969 and 1972 , leaving out Perls ' earlier work , and Gestalt therapy in general . There are clinical applications of Gestalt psychology in the psychotherapeutic field , foremost in Europe , e.g. Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy . Theoretical framework and methodology ( edit ) The school of gestalt practiced a series of theoretical and methodological principles that attempted to redefine the approach to psychological research . This is in contrast to investigations developed at the beginning of the 20th century , based on traditional scientific methodology , which divided the object of study into a set of elements that could be analyzed separately with the objective of reducing the complexity of this object . The theoretical principles are the following : Principle of Totality -- The conscious experience must be considered globally ( by taking into account all the physical and mental aspects of the individual simultaneously ) because the nature of the mind demands that each component be considered as part of a system of dynamic relationships . Principle of psychophysical isomorphism -- A correlation exists between conscious experience and cerebral activity . Based on the principles above the following methodological principles are defined : Phenomenon experimental analysis -- In relation to the Totality Principle any psychological research should take phenomena as a starting point and not be solely focused on sensory qualities . Biotic experiment -- The school of gestalt established a need to conduct real experiments that sharply contrasted with and opposed classic laboratory experiments . This signified experimenting in natural situations , developed in real conditions , in which it would be possible to reproduce , with higher fidelity , what would be habitual for a subject . Support from cybernetics and neurology ( edit ) In the 1940s and 1950s , laboratory research in neurology and what became known as cybernetics on the mechanism of frogs ' eyes indicate that perception of ' gestalts ' ( in particular gestalts in motion ) is perhaps more primitive and fundamental than ' seeing ' as such : A frog hunts on land by vision ... He has no fovea , or region of greatest acuity in vision , upon which he must center a part of the image ... The frog does not seem to see or , at any rate , is not concerned with the detail of stationary parts of the world around him . He will starve to death surrounded by food if it is not moving . His choice of food is determined only by size and movement . He will leap to capture any object the size of an insect or worm , providing it moves like one . He can be fooled easily not only by a piece of dangled meat but by any moving small object ... He does remember a moving thing provided it stays within his field of vision and he is not distracted . The lowest - level concepts related to visual perception for a human being probably differ little from the concepts of a frog . In any case , the structure of the retina in mammals and in human beings is the same as in amphibians . The phenomenon of distortion of perception of an image stabilized on the retina gives some idea of the concepts of the subsequent levels of the hierarchy . This is a very interesting phenomenon . When a person looks at an immobile object , `` fixes '' it with his eyes , the eyeballs do not remain absolutely immobile ; they make small involuntary movements . As a result the image of the object on the retina is constantly in motion , slowly drifting and jumping back to the point of maximum sensitivity . The image `` marks time '' in the vicinity of this point . Properties ( edit ) The key principles of gestalt systems are emergence , reification , multistability and invariance . Emergence ( edit ) This is demonstrated by the dog picture , which depicts a Dalmatian dog sniffing the ground in the shade of overhanging trees . The dog is not recognized by first identifying its parts ( feet , ears , nose , tail , etc . ) , and then inferring the dog from those component parts . Instead , the dog appears as a whole , all at once . Gestalt theory does not have an explanation for how this perception of a dog appears . Reification ( edit ) See also : Reification ( fallacy ) Reification Reification is the constructive or generative aspect of perception , by which the experienced percept contains more explicit spatial information than the sensory stimulus on which it is based . For instance , a triangle is perceived in picture A , though no triangle is there . In pictures B and D the eye recognizes disparate shapes as `` belonging '' to a single shape , in C a complete three - dimensional shape is seen , where in actuality no such thing is drawn . Reification can be explained by progress in the study of illusory contours , which are treated by the visual system as `` real '' contours . Multistability ( edit ) the Necker cube and the Rubin vase , two examples of multistability Multistability ( or multistable perception ) is the tendency of ambiguous perceptual experiences to pop back and forth unstably between two or more alternative interpretations . This is seen , for example , in the Necker cube and Rubin 's Figure / Vase illusion shown here . Other examples include the three - legged blivet and artist M.C. Escher 's artwork and the appearance of flashing marquee lights moving first one direction and then suddenly the other . Again , gestalt does not explain how images appear multistable , only that they do . Invariance ( edit ) Invariance Invariance is the property of perception whereby simple geometrical objects are recognized independent of rotation , translation , and scale ; as well as several other variations such as elastic deformations , different lighting , and different component features . For example , the objects in A in the figure are all immediately recognized as the same basic shape , which are immediately distinguishable from the forms in B. They are even recognized despite perspective and elastic deformations as in C , and when depicted using different graphic elements as in D. Computational theories of vision , such as those by David Marr , have provided alternate explanations of how perceived objects are classified . Emergence , reification , multistability , and invariance are not necessarily separable modules to model individually , but they could be different aspects of a single unified dynamic mechanism . Prägnanz ( edit ) Main article : Principles of grouping The fundamental principle of gestalt perception is the law of prägnanz ( in the German language , pithiness ) , which says that we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular , orderly , symmetrical , and simple . Gestalt psychologists attempt to discover refinements of the law of prägnanz , and this involves writing down laws that , hypothetically , allow us to predict the interpretation of sensation , what are often called `` gestalt laws '' . Law of proximity Law of similarity Law of closure A major aspect of Gestalt psychology is that it implies that the mind understands external stimuli as whole rather than the sum of their parts . The wholes are structured and organized using grouping laws . The various laws are called laws or principles , depending on the paper where they appear -- but for simplicity 's sake , this article uses the term laws . These laws deal with the sensory modality of vision . However , there are analogous laws for other sensory modalities including auditory , tactile , gustatory and olfactory ( Bregman -- GP ) . The visual Gestalt principles of grouping were introduced in Wertheimer ( 1923 ) . Through the 1930s and ' 40s Wertheimer , Kohler and Koffka formulated many of the laws of grouping through the study of visual perception . Law of Proximity -- The law of proximity states that when an individual perceives an assortment of objects they perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a group . For example , in the figure that illustrates the Law of proximity , there are 72 circles , but we perceive the collection of circles in groups . Specifically , we perceive that there is a group of 36 circles on the left side of the image , and three groups of 12 circles on the right side of the image . This law is often used in advertising logos to emphasize which aspects of events are associated . Law of Similarity -- The law of similarity states that elements within an assortment of objects are perceptually grouped together if they are similar to each other . This similarity can occur in the form of shape , colour , shading or other qualities . For example , the figure illustrating the law of similarity portrays 36 circles all equal distance apart from one another forming a square . In this depiction , 18 of the circles are shaded dark and 18 of the circles are shaded light . We perceive the dark circles as grouped together , and the light circles as grouped together forming six horizontal lines within the square of circles . This perception of lines is due to the law of similarity . Law of Closure -- The law of closure states that individuals perceive objects such as shapes , letters , pictures , etc. , as being whole when they are not complete . Specifically , when parts of a whole picture are missing , our perception fills in the visual gap . Research shows that the reason the mind completes a regular figure that is not perceived through sensation is to increase the regularity of surrounding stimuli . For example , the figure that depicts the law of closure portrays what we perceive as a circle on the left side of the image and a rectangle on the right side of the image . However , gaps are present in the shapes . If the law of closure did not exist , the image would depict an assortment of different lines with different lengths , rotations , and curvatures -- but with the law of closure , we perceptually combine the lines into whole shapes . Law of Symmetry -- The law of symmetry states that the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point . It is perceptually pleasing to divide objects into an even number of symmetrical parts . Therefore , when two symmetrical elements are unconnected the mind perceptually connects them to form a coherent shape . Similarities between symmetrical objects increase the likelihood that objects are grouped to form a combined symmetrical object . For example , the figure depicting the law of symmetry shows a configuration of square and curled brackets . When the image is perceived , we tend to observe three pairs of symmetrical brackets rather than six individual brackets . Law of Common Fate -- The law of common fate states that objects are perceived as lines that move along the smoothest path . Experiments using the visual sensory modality found that movement of elements of an object produce paths that individuals perceive that the objects are on . We perceive elements of objects to have trends of motion , which indicate the path that the object is on . The law of continuity implies the grouping together of objects that have the same trend of motion and are therefore on the same path . For example , if there are an array of dots and half the dots are moving upward while the other half are moving downward , we would perceive the upward moving dots and the downward moving dots as two distinct units . Law of Continuity -- The law of continuity states that elements of objects tend to be grouped together , and therefore integrated into perceptual wholes if they are aligned within an object . In cases where there is an intersection between objects , individuals tend to perceive the two objects as two single uninterrupted entities . Stimuli remain distinct even with overlap . We are less likely to group elements with sharp abrupt directional changes as being one object . Law of Good Gestalt -- The law of good gestalt explains that elements of objects tend to be perceptually grouped together if they form a pattern that is regular , simple , and orderly . This law implies that as individuals perceive the world , they eliminate complexity and unfamiliarity so they can observe a reality in its most simplistic form . Eliminating extraneous stimuli helps the mind create meaning . This meaning created by perception implies a global regularity , which is often mentally prioritized over spatial relations . The law of good gestalt focuses on the idea of conciseness , which is what all of gestalt theory is based on . This law has also been called the law of Prägnanz . Prägnanz is a German word that directly translates to mean `` pithiness '' and implies the ideas of salience , conciseness and orderliness . Law of Past Experience -- The law of past experience implies that under some circumstances visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience . If two objects tend to be observed within close proximity , or small temporal intervals , the objects are more likely to be perceived together . For example , the English language contains 26 letters that are grouped to form words using a set of rules . If an individual reads an English word they have never seen , they use the law of past experience to interpret the letters `` L '' and `` I '' as two letters beside each other , rather than using the law of closure to combine the letters and interpret the object as an uppercase U . Criticisms ( edit ) Some of the central criticisms of Gestaltism are based on the preference Gestaltists are deemed to have for theory over data , and a lack of quantitative research supporting Gestalt ideas . This is not necessarily a fair criticism as highlighted by a recent collection of quantitative research on Gestalt perception . Other important criticisms concern the lack of definition and support for the many physiological assumptions made by gestaltists and lack of theoretical coherence in modern Gestalt psychology . In some scholarly communities , such as cognitive psychology and computational neuroscience , gestalt theories of perception are criticized for being descriptive rather than explanatory in nature . For this reason , they are viewed by some as redundant or uninformative . For example , Bruce , Green & Georgeson conclude the following regarding gestalt theory 's influence on the study of visual perception : The physiological theory of the gestaltists has fallen by the wayside , leaving us with a set of descriptive principles , but without a model of perceptual processing . Indeed , some of their `` laws '' of perceptual organisation today sound vague and inadequate . What is meant by a `` good '' or `` simple '' shape , for example ? -- Bruce , Green & Georgeson , Visual perception : Physiology , psychology and ecology Gestalt views in psychology ( edit ) Gestalt psychologists find it is important to think of problems as a whole . Max Wertheimer considered thinking to happen in two ways : productive and reproductive . Productive thinking is solving a problem with insight . This is a quick insightful unplanned response to situations and environmental interaction . Reproductive thinking is solving a problem with previous experiences and what is already known . ( 1945 / 1959 ) . This is a very common thinking . For example , when a person is given several segments of information , he / she deliberately examines the relationships among its parts , analyzes their purpose , concept , and totality , he / she reaches the `` aha ! '' moment , using what is already known . Understanding in this case happens intentionally by reproductive thinking . Another gestalt psychologist , Perkins , believes insight deals with three processes : Unconscious leap in thinking . The increased amount of speed in mental processing . The amount of short - circuiting that occurs in normal reasoning . Views going against the gestalt psychology are : Nothing - special view Neo-gestalt view The Three - Process View Gestalt psychology should not be confused with the gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls , which is only peripherally linked to gestalt psychology . A strictly gestalt psychology - based therapeutic method is Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy , developed by the German gestalt psychologist and psychotherapist Hans - Jürgen Walter and his colleagues in Germany , Austria and Switzerland . Other countries , especially Italy , have seen similar developments . Fuzzy - trace theory ( edit ) Fuzzy - trace theory , a dual process model of memory and reasoning , was also derived from Gestalt psychology . Fuzzy - trace theory posits that we encode information into two separate traces : verbatim and gist . Information stored in verbatim is exact memory for detail ( the individual parts of a pattern , for example ) while information stored in gist is semantic and conceptual ( what we perceive the pattern to be ) . The effects seen in Gestalt psychology can be attributed to the way we encode information as gist . Use in design ( edit ) The gestalt laws are used in user interface design . The laws of similarity and proximity can , for example , be used as guides for placing radio buttons . They may also be used in designing computers and software for more intuitive human use . Examples include the design and layout of a desktop 's shortcuts in rows and columns . Music ( edit ) An example of the Gestalt movement in effect , as it is both a process and result , is a music sequence . People are able to recognise a sequence of perhaps six or seven notes , despite them being transposed into a different tuning or key . Quantum cognition modeling ( edit ) Main article : Quantum cognition § Gestalt perception Similarities between Gestalt phenomena and quantum mechanics have been pointed out by , among others , chemist Anton Amann , who commented that `` similarities between Gestalt perception and quantum mechanics are on a level of a parable '' yet may give useful insight nonetheless . Physicist Elio Conte and co-workers have proposed abstract , mathematical models to describe the time dynamics of cognitive associations with mathematical tools borrowed from quantum mechanics and has discussed psychology experiments in this context . A similar approach has been suggested by physicists David Bohm , Basil Hiley and philosopher Paavo Pylkkänen with the notion that mind and matter both emerge from an `` implicate order '' . The models involve non-commutative mathematics ; such models account for situations in which the outcome of two measurements performed one after the other can depend on the order in which they are performed -- a pertinent feature for psychological processes , as it is obvious that an experiment performed on a conscious person may influence the outcome of a subsequent experiment by changing the state of mind of that person . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Amodal perception Cognitive grammar Fuzzy - trace theory Gestaltzerfall Graz School Hans Wallach Hermann Friedmann Important publications in Gestalt psychology James J. Gibson James Tenney Kurt Goldstein Laws of association Mereology Optical illusion Pál Schiller Harkai Pattern recognition ( machine learning ) Pattern recognition ( psychology ) Phenomenology Principles of grouping Rudolf Arnheim Solomon Asch Structural information theory Topological data analysis Wolfgang Metzger References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schultz , Duane ( 2013 ) . A History of Modern Psychology . Burlington : Elsevier Science . p. 291 . ISBN 1483270084 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , V. , Green , P. & Georgeson , M. ( 1996 ) . Visual perception : Physiology , psychology and ecology ( 3rd ed . ) . LEA . p. 110 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jäkel , F. , Singh , M. , Wichmann , F.A. , & Herzog , M.H. ( 2016 ) , `` An overview of quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception . '' , Vision Research , 126 : 3 -- 8 , doi : 10.1016 / j. visres. 2016.06. 004 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tuck , Michael ( Aug 17 , 2010 ) . `` Gestalt Principles Applied in Design '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ David Hothersall : History of Psychology , chapter seven , ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Heider , F. 1977 . Cited in Dewey , R.A. 2007 . Psychology : An introduction : Chapter four - The Whole is Other than the Sum of the Parts . Retrieved 4 / 12 / 2014 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , G ( 1924 ) . `` The psychology of the gestalt '' . Journal of Educational Psychology . 15 ( 7 ) : 401 -- 412 . doi : 10.1037 / h0070207 . Jump up ^ Bernd Bocian : Fritz Perls in Berlin 1893 -- 1933 . Expressionism -- Psychonalysis -- Judaism , 2010 , p. 190 , EHP Verlag Andreas Kohlhage , Bergisch Gladbach . Jump up ^ Joe Wysong / Edward Rosenfeld ( eds ) : An Oral History of Gestalt Therapy , Highland , New York 1982 , The Gestalt Journal Press , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Allen R. Barlow , `` Gestalt - Antecedent Influence or Historical Accident '' , The Gestalt Journal , Volume IV , Number 2 , ( Fall , 1981 ) Jump up ^ See Barlow criticizing Henle : Allen R. Barlow : Gestalt Therapy and Gestalt Psychology . Gestalt -- Antecedent Influence or Historical Accident , in : The Gestalt Journal , Volume IV , Number 2 , Fall , 1981 . Jump up ^ William Ray Woodward , Robert Sonné Cohen -- World views and scientific discipline formation : science studies in the German Democratic Republic : papers from a German - American summer institute , 1988 Jump up ^ Lettvin , J.Y. , Maturana , H.R. , Pitts , W.H. , and McCulloch , W.S. ( 1961 ) . Two Remarks on the Visual System of the Frog . In Sensory Communication edited by Walter Rosenblith , MIT Press and John Wiley and Sons : New York Jump up ^ Valentin Fedorovich Turchin -- The phenomenon of science -- a cybernetic approach to human evolution -- Columbia University Press , 1977 Jump up ^ Steven. , Lehar , ( 2003 ) . The World in your Head : A Gestalt View of the Mechanism of Conscious Experience . Mahwah , N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Publishers . ISBN 0805841768 . OCLC 52051454 . Jump up ^ `` Gestalt Isomorphism '' . Sharp.bu.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sternberg , Robert , Cognitive Psychology Third Edition , Thomson Wadsworth © 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Herb . `` Emergence : The Gestalt Approach to Change '' . Unleashing Executive and Orzanizational Potential . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Soegaard , Mads . `` Gestalt Principles of form Perception '' . Interaction Design . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2013/05/why-your-brain-thinks-these-dots-are-a-dog/ ^ Jump up to : Todorovic , Dejan . `` Gestalt Principles '' . Scholarpedia.org . Scholarpedia . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Sternberg , Robert , Cognitive Psychology Fourth Edition , Thomas Wadsworth © 2006 . Jump up ^ Langley& associates , 1987 ; Perkins , 1981 ; Weisberg , 1986 , 1995 '' Jump up ^ Reyna , Valerie ( 2012 ) . `` A new institutionism : Meaning , memory , and development in Fuzzy - Trace Theory '' . Judgment and Decision Making . 7 ( 3 ) : 332 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Barghout , Lauren ( 2014 ) . `` Visual Taxometric Approach to Image Segmentation Using Fuzzy - Spatial Taxon Cut Yields Contextually Relevant Regions '' . Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge - Based Systems : 163 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Soegaard , Mads . `` Gestalt principles of form perception '' . Interaction-design.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Willis D. ( 1999 ) . A source book of Gestalt psychology ( Vol 2 ed . ) . Psychology Press . Jump up ^ Conte , Elio ; Todarello , Orlando ; Federici , Antonio ; Vitiello , Francesco ; Lopane , Michele ; Khrennikov , Andrei ; Zbilut , Joseph P. ( 2007 ) . `` Some remarks on an experiment suggesting quantum - like behavior of cognitive entities and formulation of an abstract quantum mechanical formalism to describe cognitive entity and its dynamics '' . Chaos , Solitons & Fractals. 31 ( 5 ) : 1076 -- 1088 . arXiv : 0710.5092 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chaos. 2005.09. 061 . Jump up ^ Elio Conte , Orlando Todarello , Antonio Federici , Francesco Vitiello , Michele Lopane , Andrei Khrennikov : A Preliminary Evidence of Quantum Like Behavior in Measurements of Mental States , arXiv : quant - ph / 0307201 ( submitted 28 July 2003 ) Jump up ^ B.J. Hiley : Particles , fields , and observers , Volume I The Origins of Life , Part 1 Origin and Evolution of Life , Section II The Physical and Chemical Basis of Life , pp. 87 -- 106 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Basil J. Hiley , Paavo Pylkkänen : Naturalizing the mind in a quantum framework . In Paavo Pylkkänen and Tere Vadén ( eds . ) : Dimensions of conscious experience , Advances in Consciousness Research , Volume 37 , John Benjamins B.V. , 2001 , ISBN 90 - 272 - 5157 - 6 , pages 119 - 144 Carlson , Neil R. and Heth , C. Donald ( 2010 ) Psychology the Science of Behaviour Ontario , CA : Pearson Education Canada . pp 20 -- 22 . Smith , Barry ( ed . ) ( 1988 ) Foundations of Gestalt Theory , Munich and Vienna : Philosophia Verlag , 1988 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Gestalt psychology Resources in your library Gestalt psychology on Encyclopædia Britannica Gestalt principles article in Scholarpedia , by Dejan Todorović Journal `` Gestalt Theory - An International Multidisciplinary Journal '' in full text ( open source ) International Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications -- GTA Embedded Figures in Art , Architecture and Design On Max Wertheimer and Pablo Picasso On Esthetics and Gestalt Theory The World In Your Head -- by Steven Lehar Gestalt Isomorphism and the Primacy of Subjective Conscious Experience -- by Steven Lehar The new gestalt psychology of the 21st century The Pennsylvania Gestalt Center Gestalt Society of Croatia Gestalt Theory Ecological Approach to Visual Perception James J. 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Question: today gestalt psychology ideas are part of which branch of psychology