The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1992 soundtrack album . For other uses , see The Last of the Mohicans ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Last of the Mohicans Soundtrack album by Trevor Jones & Randy Edelman Released 1992 ( Reissued 2000 ) Genre Film score Label Morgan Creek ( 1992 ) Varèse Sarabande ( 2000 ) 2000 Reissue Re-recording by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Last of the Mohicans is the soundtrack album of the film of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Credits 2 Background 3 Rerecording in 2000 4 Commercial usage 5 Track listing 5.1 1992 5.2 2000 6 References 7 External links Credits ( edit ) Composers : Trevor Jones and Randy Edelman Conductor : Daniel A. Carlin and Randy Edelman Manufacturer : Morgan Creek Background ( edit ) Director Michael Mann initially asked Trevor Jones to provide an electronic score for the film , but late in the game , it was decided an orchestral score would be more appropriate for this historic epic . Jones hurried to re-fashion the score for orchestra in the limited time left , while the constant re-cutting of the film meant music cues sometimes had to be rewritten several times to keep up with the new timings . Finally , with the release date looming , composer Randy Edelman was called in to score some minor scenes which Jones did not have time to do . Jones and Edelman received co-credit on the film ( thus making the score ineligible for Oscar consideration ) . The main theme of the movie is the tune `` The Gael '' by Scottish singer - songwriter Dougie MacLean from his 1990 album The Search . Rerecording in 2000 ( edit ) The score was re-recorded and re-released in 2000 to address some perceived problems with its original incarnation . The tracks were reordered into their onscreen chronology ( the original album separated the Jones material from that composed by Edelman ) , some additional cues were added , and Clannad 's `` I Will Find You '' was no longer included . Commercial usage ( edit ) Music from the track `` Promontory '' was used for a fall 2007 Nike television commercial featuring NFL players Shawne Merriman and Steven Jackson , also directed by Michael Mann . Track listing ( edit ) 1992 ( edit ) Tracks 1 -- 9 are composed by Trevor Jones except for the main theme which is composed by Dougie MacLean ; tracks 10 -- 15 are by Randy Edelman . `` Main Title '' -- 1 : 44 `` Elk Hunt '' -- 1 : 49 `` The Kiss '' -- 2 : 47 `` The Glade Part II '' -- 2 : 34 `` Fort Battle '' -- 4 : 22 `` Promentory '' -- 6 : 15 `` Munro 's Office / Stockade '' -- 2 : 30 `` Massacre / Canoes '' -- 6 : 52 `` Top of the World '' -- 2 : 43 `` The Courier '' -- 2 : 27 `` Cora '' -- 2 : 30 `` River Walk and Discovery '' -- 5 : 30 `` Parlay '' -- 3 : 46 `` The British Arrival '' -- 2 : 00 `` Pieces of a Story '' -- 4 : 58 `` I Will Find You '' ( performed by Clannad ) -- 1 : 42 Note : Clannad did a full version of  ̈ I Will Find You  ̈ on their album  ̈ Banba  ̈ 2000 ( edit ) `` Main Title '' -- 1 : 52 `` Elk Hunt '' -- 1 : 50 `` Bridge at Lacrosse '' -- 1 : 23 `` Garden Scene '' -- 3 : 20 `` Ambush '' -- 2 : 35 `` The Glade '' -- 3 : 16 `` Fort Battle '' -- 4 : 18 `` The Courier '' -- 2 : 30 `` The Kiss '' -- 2 : 49 `` Stockade '' -- 2 : 47 `` Massacre '' -- 6 : 54 `` Ascent / Pursuit '' -- 3 : 06 `` Promontory '' -- 5 : 38 `` Top of the World '' -- 3 : 01 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Last of the Mohicans at AllMusic External links ( edit ) The Last of the Mohicans at MusicBrainz ( hide ) James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans Fictional characters Magua Chingachgook Natty Bumppo Historical characters Colonel Munro Daniel Webb Marquis de Montcalm Tamenund Films Leather Stocking ( 1909 American ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 American ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 German ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1932 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1936 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1968 ) Last of the Redmen ( 1947 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1971 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Related Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans Leatherstocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_(soundtrack)&oldid=803954490 '' Categories : Film soundtracks 1992 soundtracks Varèse Sarabande soundtracks James Fenimore Cooper Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with MusicBrainz release links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 18 : 57 . 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Question: who wrote the theme to last of the mohicans


Fight - or - flight response - wikipedia Fight - or - flight response Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fight or Flight . Fight or flight ? The fight - or - flight response ( also called hyperarousal , or the acute stress response ) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event , attack , or threat to survival . It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon . His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system , preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing . More specifically , the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines , especially norepinephrine and epinephrine . The hormones estrogen , testosterone , and cortisol , as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin , also affect how organisms react to stress . This response is recognised as the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 1.1 Autonomic nervous system 1.1. 1 Sympathetic nervous system 1.1. 2 Parasympathetic nervous system 1.2 Reaction 1.3 Function of physiological changes 2 Emotional components 2.1 Emotion regulation 2.2 Emotional reactivity 3 Cognitive components 3.1 Content specificity 3.2 Perception of control 3.3 Social information processing 4 Other animals 4.1 Evolutionary perspective 4.2 Examples 4.3 Varieties of responses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Physiology ( edit ) Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates heart rate , digestion , respiratory rate , pupillary response , urination , and sexual arousal . This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight - or - flight response and its role is mediated by two different components : the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system . Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Sympathetic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord and its main function is to activate the physiological changes that occur during the fight - or - flight response . This component of the autonomic nervous system utilises and activates the release of norepinephrine in the reaction . Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Parasympathetic nervous system The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla , physically surrounding the sympathetic origin , and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system . Its main function is to activate the `` rest and digest '' response and return the body to homeostasis after the fight or flight response . This system utilises and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Reaction ( edit ) The fight - or - flight response The reaction begins in the amygdala , which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus . The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH . The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously , via the sympathetic nervous system , and releases the hormone epinephrine . The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol , which increases blood pressure , blood sugar , and suppresses the immune system . The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy . This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to liver cells and the subsequent production of glucose . Additionally , the circulation of cortisol functions to turn fatty acids into available energy , which prepares muscles throughout the body for response . Catecholamine hormones , such as adrenaline ( epinephrine ) or noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ) , facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action and : Acceleration of heart and lung action Paling or flushing , or alternating between both Inhibition of stomach and upper - intestinal action to the point where digestion slows down or stops General effect on the sphincters of the body Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body Liberation of metabolic energy sources ( particularly fat and glycogen ) for muscular action Dilation of blood vessels for muscles Inhibition of the lacrimal gland ( responsible for tear production ) and salivation Dilation of pupil ( mydriasis ) Relaxation of bladder Inhibition of erection Auditory exclusion ( loss of hearing ) Tunnel vision ( loss of peripheral vision ) Disinhibition of spinal reflexes Shaking . Function of physiological changes ( edit ) The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running . Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include : Increased blood flow to the muscles activated by diverting blood flow from other parts of the body . Increased blood pressure , heart rate , blood sugars , and fats in order to supply the body with extra energy . The blood clotting function of the body speeds up in order to prevent excessive blood loss in the event of an injury sustained during the response . Increased muscle tension in order to provide the body with extra speed and strength . Emotional components ( edit ) Emotion regulation ( edit ) See also : Emotional self - regulation In the context of the fight or flight response , emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal . Emotional reactivity ( edit ) During the reaction , the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response . Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity may be prone to anxiety and aggression , which illustrates the implications of appropriate emotional reaction in the fight or flight response . Cognitive components ( edit ) Content specificity ( edit ) The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative . These negative cognitions may be characterised by : attention to negative stimuli , the perception of ambiguous situations as negative , and the recurrence of recalling negative words . There also may be specific negative thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction . Perception of control ( edit ) See also : Control ( psychology ) Perceived control relates to an individual 's thoughts about control over situations and events . Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual 's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities . Therefore , overestimation or underestimation of perceived control can lead to anxiety and aggression . Social information processing ( edit ) See also : Social information processing ( cognition ) The social information processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts . The attribution of hostility , especially in ambiguous situations , seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the fight or flight response because of its implications towards aggression . Other animals ( edit ) Evolutionary perspective ( edit ) An evolutionary psychology explanation is that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves . The fight or flight response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival . Examples ( edit ) A typical example of the stress response is a grazing zebra . If the zebra sees a lion closing in for the kill , the stress response is activated as a means to escape its predator . The escape requires intense muscular effort , supported by all of the body 's systems . The sympathetic nervous system 's activation rarely provides for these needs . A similar example involving fight is of a cat about to be attacked by a dog . The cat shows accelerated heartbeat , piloerection ( hair standing on end , normally to dissipate heat ) , and pupil dilation , all signs of sympathetic arousal . Note that the zebra and cat still maintain homeostasis in all states . Varieties of responses ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bison hunted by dogs Animals respond to threats in many complex ways . Rats , for instance , try to escape when threatened , but will fight when cornered . Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them . Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest . Other animals have alternative self - protection methods . Some species of cold - blooded animals change color swiftly , to camouflage themselves . These responses are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system , but , in order to fit the model of fight or flight , the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way . Thus , flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place . And often both fight and flight are combined in a given situation . The fight or flight actions also have polarity -- the individual can either fight or flee against something that is threatening , such as a hungry lion , or fight for or fly towards something that is needed , such as the safety of the shore from a raging river . A threat from another animal does not always result in immediate fight or flight . There may be a period of heightened awareness , during which each animal interprets behavioral signals from the other . Signs such as paling , piloerection , immobility , sounds , and body language communicate the status and intentions of each animal . There may be a sort of negotiation , after which fight or flight may ensue , but which might also result in playing , mating , or nothing at all . An example of this is kittens playing : each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal , but they never inflict real damage . See also ( edit ) Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis Coping ( psychology ) Defense physiology Emotional dysregulation Freezing behavior Escape distance The Relaxation Response Rest and digest Vasoconstriction Workplace bullying Yerkes -- Dodson law Acute stress reaction Anxiety Anxiety disorder Panic attack Phobia Social anxiety Social anxiety disorder Tend and befriend Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some references say he first described the response in 1914 in The American Journal of Physiology . Others in the 1915 edition of Bodily Changes in Pain , Hunger , Fear and Rage . Other sources say that he first used the term in 1929 or in 1932 edition of the same book . The issue needs further research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cannon , Walter ( 1932 ) . Wisdom of the Body . United States : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393002055 . Jump up ^ Walter Bradford Cannon ( 1929 ) . Bodily changes in pain , hunger , fear , and rage . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ Jansen , A ; Nguyen , X ; Karpitsky , V ; Mettenleiter , M ( 27 October 1995 ) . `` Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System : Basis of the Fight - or - Flight Response '' . Science Magazine . 5236 ( 270 ) . Jump up ^ Walter Bradford Cannon ( 1915 ) . Bodily Changes in Pain , Hunger , Fear and Rage : An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement . Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ `` Adrenaline , Cortisol , Norepinephrine : The Three Major Stress Hormones , Explained '' . Hufflington Post . April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gozhenko , A ; Gurkalova , I.P. ; Zukow , W ; Kwasnik , Z ( 2009 ) . PATHOLOGY -- Theory . Medical Student 's Library . Radom . pp. 270 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , A ; Thews , G ( 1989 ) . `` Autonomic Nervous System '' . In Janig , W. Human Physiology ( 2 ed . ) . New York , NY : Springer - Verlag . pp. 333 -- 370 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Chudler , Eric . `` Neuroscience For Kids '' . University of Washington . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Margioris , Andrew ; Tsatsanis , Christos ( April 2011 ) . `` ACTH Action on the Adrenal '' . Endotext.org . Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Padgett , David ; Glaser , R ( August 2003 ) . `` How stress influences the immune response '' . Trends in Immunology. 24 ( 8 ) : 444 -- 448 . doi : 10.1016 / S1471 - 4906 ( 03 ) 00173 - X . PMID 12909458 . Jump up ^ King , Michael . `` PATHWAYS : GLYCOGEN & GLUCOSE '' . Washington University , St. Louis . Jump up ^ `` HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE '' . University of Utah . Archived from the original on 8 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Gleitman , Alan J. Fridlund and Daniel Reisberg ( 2004 ) . Psychology ( 6 ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97767 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stress Management for Health Course . `` The Fight Flight Response '' . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Olpin , Michael . `` The Science of Stress '' . Weber State University . Jump up ^ Cistler , Josh ; Bunmi O. Olatunji ; Matthew T. Feldner ; John P. Forsyth ( 2010 ) . `` Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders : An Integrative Review '' . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment . 32 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s10862 - 009 - 9161 - 1 . PMC 2901125 . PMID 20622981 . Jump up ^ Gross , James ( 1998 ) . `` Sharpening the Focus : Emotion Regulation , Arousal , and Social Competence '' . Psychological Inquiry. 9 ( 4 ) : 287 -- 290 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327965pli0904_8 . Jump up ^ Avero , Pedro ; Calvo , M ( 1 July 1999 ) . `` Emotional reactivity to social - evaluative stress : genderdifferences in response systems concordance '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 27 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 170 . doi : 10.1016 / S0191 - 8869 ( 98 ) 00229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carthy , T ; Horesh N ; Apter A ; Edge MD ; Gross JJ ( May 2010 ) . `` Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children '' . Behavior Research and Therapy . 48 ( 5 ) : 384 -- 393 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brat. 2009.12. 013 . Jump up ^ Valiente , C ; Eisenberg N ; Smith CL ; Reiser M ; Fabes RA ; Losoya S ; Guthrie IK ; Murphy BC ( December 2003 ) . `` The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children 's externalising problems : A longitudinal assessment '' . Personality . 71 ( 6 ) : 1171 -- 1196 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.7106011 . PMID 14633062 . Jump up ^ Reid , Sophie C. ; Salmon , Karen ; Peter F. Lovibond ( October 2006 ) . `` Cognitive Biases in Childhood Anxiety , Depression , and Aggression : Are They Pervasive or Specific ? '' . Cognitive Therapy and Research . 30 ( 5 ) : 531 -- 549 . doi : 10.1007 / s10608 - 006 - 9077 - y . Jump up ^ Beck , Aaron ( 1979 ) . Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders . United States : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Weems , CF ; Silverman , WK ( April 2006 ) . `` An integrative model of control : implications for understanding emotion regulation and dysregulation in childhood anxiety '' . Journal of Affective disorders . 91 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 124 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jad. 2006.01. 009 . Jump up ^ Brendgen , M ; Vitaro F ; Turgeon L ; Poulin F ; Wanner B ( June 2004 ) . `` Is there a dark side of positive illusions ? Overestimation of social competence and subsequent adjustment in aggressive and nonaggressive children '' . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology . 32 ( 3 ) : 305 -- 320 . doi : 10.1023 / B : JACP.0000026144.08470.cd . PMID 15228179 . Jump up ^ Crick , Nicki ; Dodge , Kenneth ( January 1994 ) . `` A review and reformulation of social information - processing mechanisms in children 's social adjustment '' . Psychological Bulletin . 115 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 101 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.115. 1.74 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Kenneth ( March 1980 ) . `` Social cognition and children 's aggressive behavior '' . Journal of Child Development . 51 ( 1 ) : 162 -- 170 . doi : 10.2307 / 1129603 . Jump up ^ Grohol , John . `` What 's the purpose of the fight or flight response ? '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , David ; Kopin , I ( 2007 ) . `` Evolution of concepts of stress '' . Stress. 10 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 20 . doi : 10.1080 / 10253890701288935 . PMID 17514579 . Jump up ^ Gill , A.C. ( 2004 ) . Revision of the Indo - Pacific dottyback fish subfamily Pseudochrominae ( Perciformes : Pseudochromidae ) . Smithiana Monographs . pp. 1 -- 123 . Further reading ( edit ) Sapolsky , Robert M. , 1994 . Why Zebras Do n't Get Ulcers . W.H. Freeman and Company . This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter4/sec2_1.html '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight-or-flight_response&oldid=832446496 '' Categories : Sympathetic nervous system Aggression Fear Dichotomies Psychological theories Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Scots Simple English Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Question: where is fight or flight in the brain


Gods and Generals ( film ) - wikipedia Gods and Generals ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Gods and Generals Theatrical release poster Directed by Ronald F. Maxwell Produced by Moctesuma Esparza Robert Katz Mace Neufield Robert Rehme Screenplay by Ronald F. Maxwell Based on Gods and Generals by Jeff Shaara Starring Jeff Daniels Stephen Lang Robert Duvall Music by John Frizzell Randy Edelman Production company Ted Turner Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date February 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 21 ) Running time 219 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $56 million Box office $12.8 million Gods and Generals is a 2003 American period war drama film written and directed by Ronald F. Maxwell . It is an adaptation of the 1996 novel of the same name by Jeffrey Shaara and prequel to Maxwell 's 1993 film Gettysburg . The film stars Stephen Lang as Stonewall Jackson , Jeff Daniels as Lieutenant Colonel Joshua Chamberlain and Robert Duvall as General Robert E. Lee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Director 's cut 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Historical response 6.3 Author 's response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Colonel Robert E. Lee resigns from the Union Army as the south secedes from the Union and both sides prepare for war . Major Jackson , who is a professor at Virginia Military Institute in Lexington at the outset of the war , leaves his family behind to do battle at Manassas Junction . Jackson is asked by a retreating General Barnard Bee for assistance against the Federal army who is pursuing them after a brief stand on Matthews Hill . In rallying his shaken troops , Bee launches the name of Stonewall into history and the Confederates rout the Federals at Henry House Hill . Jackson maintains steadfast discipline in his ranks during the battle despite suffering a wound to his left hand from a spent ball . Meanwhile , Chamberlain makes his transition from teacher to military officer and practices drilling his soldiers , and is taught military tactics by Col. Adelbert Ames , the commander of the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment . He is called to battle at the Union invasion of Fredericksburg . The Southern forces lead a fighting retreat as the Union army crosses the river and storms the town , and there are scenes of the subsequent looting of Fredricksburg by the Union Army . Outside the city , Lee , James Longstreet and Jackson have prepared an elaborate defense on Marye 's Heights outside the town , and the movie focuses on Confederate defenses behind a formidable stone wall . Several Union brigades , including the Irish Brigade , attempt to cross an open field and attack the wall , but are thrown back with heavy losses by Confederate rifle and artillery fire . At one point , two Irish units are forced into battle against one another , to the anguish of a Southern Irishman who believes he is killing his kin . Chamberlain leads an unsuccessful attack against Longstreet 's defenses , led by Brig. Gen. Lewis Armistead and finds his unit pinned down in the open field . He survives by shielding himself with a corpse until nightfall ; eventually he and surviving members of 20th Maine are ordered to retreat and spend 2 nights on the battlefield , sleeping with the dead . Chamberlain and the defeated Union soldiers depart Fredericksburg . Jackson and Lee return to the city , and Lee is confronted by an angry citizen whose house has been destroyed by Union artillery . Jackson spends the rest of the winter at a local plantation , Moss Neck Manor , where he develops a friendship with a girl who lives there . Later , Jackson discovers the child has died from scarlet fever and he begins to cry . A soldier asks why he weeps for this child but not for the thousands of dead soldiers , and another soldier states that Jackson is weeping for everyone . Jackson is soon reunited with his wife and newborn child just before the Battle of Chancellorsville . Outside Chancellorsville , Lee identifies that the southern army faces an opposing force almost twice their size . Jackson calls upon his chaplain , Beverly Tucker Lacy who knows the area , and asks him to find a route by which the southern forces can infiltrate in secret . Jackson then leads his forces in a surprise attack on an unprepared Union 11th Corps . Although his men initially rout the opponents , they quickly become confused in the melee , and Jackson 's attack is stalled . While scouting a path at night , Jackson is caught in no - mans - land between the 2 armies and badly wounded by his own men , who had mistaken him and his staff for Union cavalry . During his evacuation , his litter bearers are targeted by artillery and drop Jackson on the ground . He is then taken to a field hospital where his arm is amputated. Lee remarks that while Jackson has lost his left arm , he ( Lee ) has lost his right . Jackson dies shortly after , of pneumonia he had contracted during recovery . Jackson 's body is returned to Lexington , accompanied by VMI Cadets and covered by the new Confederate flag . Cast ( edit ) Stephen Lang as Lieutenant General Stonewall Jackson ( CSA ) Jeff Daniels as Lieutenant Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain ( 20th Maine , USA ) Robert Duvall as General Robert E. Lee ( CSA ) Kevin Conway as Sergeant Buster Kilrain ( 20th Maine ) C. Thomas Howell as Lieutenant Thomas Chamberlain ( 20th Maine ) Jeremy London as Captain Alexander `` Sandie '' Pendleton ( CSA ) Matt Letscher as Colonel Adelbert Ames ( 20th Maine ) Brian Mallon as Major General Winfield Scott Hancock ( USA ) Bo Brinkman as Major Walter H. Taylor ( CSA ) Bruce Boxleitner as Lieutenant General James Longstreet ( CSA ) William Sanderson as Major General A.P. Hill ( CSA ) Billy Campbell as Major General George Pickett ( CSA ) Alex Hyde - White as Major General Ambrose E. Burnside ( USA ) Joseph Fuqua as Major General J.E.B. Stuart ( CSA ) John Prosky as Brigadier General Lewis A. Armistead ( CSA ) Royce D. Applegate as Brigadier General James L. Kemper ( CSA ) Patrick Gorman as Major General John Hood ( CSA ) W. Morgan Sheppard as Major General Isaac R. Trimble ( CSA ) James Patrick Stuart as Colonel Edward Porter Alexander ( CSA ) Jonathon Demers as Brigadier General Richard S. Ewell ( CSA ) Andrew Prine as Brigadier General Richard B. Garnett ( CSA ) James Garrett as Brigadier General John C. Caldwell ( USA ) J. Scott Watkins as Brigadier General Raleigh E. Colston ( CSA ) Fred Griffith as Brigadier General Robert Rodes ( CSA ) Tim O'Hare as Colonel St. Clair Augustine Mulholland ( USA ) John Castle as Brigadier General William N. Pendleton ( CSA ) Matt Lindquist as Prussian Lieutenant Colonel Heros von Borcke ( CSA ) Ted Turner as Lieutenant Colonel Waller T. Patton ( CSA ) Lester Kinsolving as Brigadier General William Barksdale ( CSA ) Cooper Huckabee as Henry Thomas Harrison Mira Sorvino as Fanny Chamberlain Kali Rocha as Anna Jackson Donzaleigh Abernathy as Martha Karen Hochstetter as Roberta Corbin Martin Clark as Dr. George Junkin Christie Lynn Smith as Catherine Corbin Production ( edit ) Ted Turner has a cameo in the film as Colonel Waller T. Patton . Colonel Patton , the great uncle of George S. Patton , was mortally wounded at Gettysburg , a scene depicted in the movie Gettysburg . United States Senators George Allen ( R - Virginia ) and Robert Byrd ( D - West Virginia ) also have cameo roles , both playing Confederate officers , Phil Gramm ( R - Texas ) appears as a member of the Virginia Legislature early in the film and Congressman Ed Markey ( D - Massachusetts ) also appeared as an Irish Brigade officer . Most of the extras were American Civil War reenactors , who provided their own equipment and worked without pay . In exchange , Ted Turner agreed to donate $500,000 to Civil War battlefield preservation . The movie was filmed in Virginia 's Shenandoah Valley , western Maryland and in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia . Actual historic locations in the film include Virginia Military Institute and Washington & Lee University , known as Washington College during the Civil War . Russell Crowe was the original choice to play Stonewall Jackson , but scheduling conflicts prevented his availability in the summer and fall of 2001 when the movie was filmed . Stephen Lang had begun to reprise his role as George Pickett , but instead was asked to fill in the role of Jackson . Billy Campbell , who had played a 44th New York lieutenant in Gettysburg was called in to hastily replace Lang in the role of Pickett . Although Tom Berenger desired to reprise his Gettysburg role as James Longstreet ( which he called his favorite role ) he was unavailable because of scheduling difficulties . Bruce Boxleitner was instead cast in the role . Darius N. Couch was portrayed by actor Carsten Norgaard . Martin Sheen was prevented from reprising his role as Lee due to contractual obligations to The West Wing . During post-production , Maxwell , Warner Bros. executives and Turner debated on whether to release the film as two parts over two years or as a single film . Maxwell decided to focus on Stonewall Jackson 's history in one film . God and Generals closes with an ending sequence stating that the Civil War story will be concluded with a third film Last Full Measure . As of 2015 , there have been no efforts to produce this final feature film . Director 's cut ( edit ) The director 's cut was released for Blu - ray Disc on May 24 , 2011 . Among the footage edited includes a sub-plot which follows John Wilkes Booth , the famous actor who would eventually assassinate President Abraham Lincoln . One scene towards the end of the extended cut of the film features Chamberlain and his wife , Fanny , attending a production of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar in which Booth plays Marcus Junius Brutus . Chamberlain and his wife have a conversation with Booth and his fellow actors following the end of the play . Another scene cut from the film features a performance in Washington , D.C. in which Booth plays the role of Macbeth , which is being seen by President Lincoln . When he gives the famous `` dagger of the mind '' soliloquy , he looks directly at Lincoln while reciting it . Later , when Booth is offered the chance to meet with Lincoln , he refuses . A sequence dealing with the Battle of Antietam was removed from the film . The battle was seen mostly from the perspectives of Jackson ( who played a major strategic role in the battle ) and Chamberlain ( whose corps was held in reserve ) . In the Director 's Cut the entire sequence at Antietam is shown ; the Antietam battle scenes mostly depict the fighting in Miller 's Cornfield , where soldiers from the opposite sides fired at each other from just a few meters away . Soundtrack ( edit ) In 2003 , the film score was composed by John Frizzell , with some minor contributions by Randy Edelman , who composed the score for the previous Gettysburg . The soundtrack is notable for containing a new song commissioned for the movie and written and performed by Bob Dylan , Cross the Green Mountain . The track was later included on the compilation album The Bootleg Series Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes lists an 8 % approval rating while Metacritic lists a score of 30 , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The critical consensus on Rotten Tomatoes reads , `` Filled with two - dimensional characters and pompous self - righteousness , Gods and Generals is a long , tedious sit . Some may also take offense at the pro-Confederate slant . '' Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars . He described it as `` a Civil War movie that Trent Lott might enjoy '' and said of its Lost Cause themes , `` If World War II were handled this way , there 'd be hell to pay . '' He also faulted the film for its music and `` pithy quotations . '' Historical response ( edit ) Gods and Generals is widely viewed as championing the Lost Cause ideology by creating a presentation more favorable to the Confederacy . Writing in the Journal of American History , historian Steven E. Woodworth derided the movie as a modern - day telling of Lost Cause mythology . Woodworth called the movie `` the most pro-Confederate film since Birth of a Nation , a veritable celluloid celebration of slavery and treason . '' He summed up his reasons for disliking the movie by saying : Gods and Generals brings to the big screen the major themes of Lost Cause mythology that professional historians have been working for half a century to combat . In the world of Gods and Generals , slavery has nothing to do with the Confederate cause . Instead , the Confederates are nobly fighting for , rather than against , freedom , as viewers are reminded again and again by one white southern character after another . Woodworth criticized the portrayal of slaves as being `` generally happy '' with their condition . He also criticizes the relative lack of attention given to the motivations of Union soldiers fighting in the war . He excoriates the film for allegedly implying , in agreement with Lost Cause mythology , that the South was more `` sincerely Christian . '' Woodworth concludes that the film , through `` judicial omission , '' presents `` a distorted view of the Civil War . '' Historian William B. Feis similarly criticized the director 's decision `` to champion the more simplistic - and sanitized - interpretations found in post-war `` Lost Cause '' mythology `` . Author 's response ( edit ) Author Jeff Shaara originally liked the movie , but his opinion on it has since changed . He said , `` It 's enormously different , it 's radically different from the book . There are characters in the film that do not exist in the book , and a great many characters in the book that never made it to the film . It 's just an entirely different story , and I have to tell you , I 've heard from literally thousands of people through my website , and I get emails every day and try to be as accessible as I can , and the overwhelming percentage of those that wrote me said , ' How could you let them butcher your book like that ? ' I have no answer to that because I had no control or power to change what came up on the screen . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gods and Generals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods and Generals '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaara , Jeffrey ( 1998 ) . Gods and Generals : A Novel of the Civil War ( Civil War Trilogy ) . New York City : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0345422477 . Jump up ^ Robert Duvall claimed that he is related to Robert E. Lee on his mother 's side of the family ( Interview on CNN , February 15 , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wertz , Jay ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Ron Maxwell Interview - ' Gods and Generals ' Extended Directors Cut '' . Historynet . Weider Media Group . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gods and Generals '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GODS AND GENERALS ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Gods and Generals '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woodworth , Steven E. `` Film Review : Gods and Generals '' . Teaching History . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feis , William B. `` '' Movie Review : Gods and Generals `` '' . The Society for Military History . Jump up ^ `` In Depth with Jeff Shaara '' . In Depth with Jeff Shaara. C - Span . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Caggiano , Greg . `` Interview with Best - Selling Author Jeff Shaara '' . Reel to Real . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gods and Generals ( film ) Gods and Generals at AllMovie Gods and Generals on IMDb Gods and Generals at Rotten Tomatoes Gods and Generals at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Ronald F. Maxwell Verna : USO Girl ( 1978 ) Little Darlings ( 1980 ) The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia ( 1981 ) Kidco ( 1984 ) The Parent Trap II ( 1986 ) Gettysburg ( 1993 ) Gods and Generals ( 2003 ) Copperhead ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gods_and_Generals_(film)&oldid=828018206 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films American Civil War films Films based on American novels Films based on military novels Films shot in Virginia Films set in Maryland Films set in 1861 Films set in 1862 Films set in 1863 Films set in Virginia Films directed by Ronald F. Maxwell Films shot in West Virginia 2000s drama films American drama films American films Warner Bros. films Epic films based on actual events Films scored by Randy Edelman Cultural depictions of Robert E. Lee Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Euskara Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 02 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: who played stonewall jackson in gods and generals


Golden Gate Bridge - wikipedia Golden Gate Bridge Jump to : navigation , search Golden Gate Bridge A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from Fort Point Coordinates 37 ° 49 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W  /  37.81972 ° N 122.47861 ° W  / 37.81972 ; - 122.47861 Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W  /  37.81972 ° N 122.47861 ° W  / 37.81972 ; - 122.47861 Carries 6 lanes of US 101 / SR 1 ( see below ) , pedestrians and bicycles . Crosses Golden Gate Locale San Francisco , California and Marin County , California , U.S. Official name Golden Gate Bridge Maintained by Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Characteristics Design Art Deco , Suspension , truss arch & truss causeways Material Steel Total length 8,981 ft ( 2,737.4 m ) , about 1.7 mi ( 2.7 km ) Width 90 ft ( 27.4 m ) Height 746 ft ( 227.4 m ) Longest span 4,200 ft ( 1,280.2 m ) Clearance above 14 ft ( 4.3 m ) at toll gates , Trucks can not pass Clearance below 220 ft ( 67.1 m ) at high tide History Architect Irving Morrow Engineering design by Joseph Strauss , and Charles Ellis Construction start January 5 , 1933 ( 1933 - 01 - 05 ) Construction end April 19 , 1937 ( 1937 - 04 - 20 ) Opened May 27 , 1937 ; 80 years ago ( 1937 - 05 - 27 ) Statistics Daily traffic 110,000 Toll Cars ( southbound only ) $7.50 ( Pay by plate ) , $6.50 ( FasTrak ) , $4.50 ( carpools during peak hours , FasTrak only ) California Historical Landmark Designated June 18 , 1987 Reference no . 974 San Francisco Designated Landmark Designated May 21 , 1999 Reference no . 222 Golden Gate Bridge Bridges in the San Francisco Bay The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate , the one - mile - wide ( 1.6 km ) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean . The structure links the American city of San Francisco , California -- the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula -- to Marin County , carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait . The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco , California , and the United States . It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The Frommer 's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as `` possibly the most beautiful , certainly the most photographed , bridge in the world . '' It opened in 1937 and was , until 1964 , the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ferry service 1.2 Conception 1.3 Design 1.4 Finance 1.5 Construction 1.6 Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries 2 Structural specifications 3 Aesthetics 4 Traffic 4.1 Usage and tourism 4.2 Tolls 4.3 Congestion pricing 5 Issues 5.1 Suicides 5.2 Wind 5.3 Seismic vulnerability and improvements 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Ferry service Golden Gate with Fort Point in foreground , c. 1891 Before the bridge was built , the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay . A ferry service began as early as 1820 , with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco . The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service , launched in 1867 , eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company , a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary , the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s . Once for railroad passengers and customers only , Southern Pacific 's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy . The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost US $1.00 per vehicle , a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge . The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes . Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County . San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats . Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay , the city 's growth rate was below the national average . Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft ( 2,042 m ) strait , which had strong , swirling tides and currents , with water 372 ft ( 113 m ) deep at the center of the channel , and frequent strong winds . Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation . Conception Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new , the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins . San Francisco 's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million , which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 , and impractical for the time . He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less . One who responded , Joseph Strauss , was an ambitious engineer and poet who had , for his graduate thesis , designed a 55 - mile - long ( 89 km ) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait . At the time , Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges -- most of which were inland -- and nothing on the scale of the new project . Strauss 's initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait , connected by a central suspension segment , which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million . Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts . A suspension - bridge design was considered the most practical , because of recent advances in metallurgy . Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California . The bridge faced opposition , including litigation , from many sources . The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic . The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors . Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs . Southern Pacific Railroad , one of the most powerful business interests in California , opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project , leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service . In May 1924 , Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction . Deakyne , on behalf of the Secretary of War , approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the `` Bridging the Golden Gate Association '' and both San Francisco County and Marin County , pending further bridge plans by Strauss . Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry , which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles . The bridge 's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy , city engineer of San Francisco , and Strauss . The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923 , creating a special district to design , build and finance the bridge . San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District , with the exception being Humboldt County , whose residents opposed the bridge 's construction and the traffic it would generate . Design South tower seen from walkway , with Art Deco elements Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project . However , because he had little understanding or experience with cable - suspension designs , responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts . Strauss 's initial design proposal ( two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment ) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint . The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff , the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City . Irving Morrow , a relatively unknown residential architect , designed the overall shape of the bridge towers , the lighting scheme , and Art Deco elements , such as the tower decorations , streetlights , railing , and walkways . The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge . The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships . Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis , collaborating remotely with Moisseiff , was the principal engineer of the project . Moisseiff produced the basic structural design , introducing his `` deflection theory '' by which a thin , flexible roadway would flex in the wind , greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers . Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound , a later Moisseiff design , the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge , collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed , because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter . Ellis was also tasked with designing a `` bridge within a bridge '' in the southern abutment , to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point , a pre -- Civil War masonry fortification viewed , even then , as worthy of historic preservation . He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge 's southern anchorage . Below Golden Gate Bridge Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree . He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University . He became an expert in structural design , writing the standard textbook of the time . Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge , but he received none of the credit in his lifetime . In November 1931 , Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate , Clifford Paine , ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff . Ellis , obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression , continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis , eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations . With an eye toward self - promotion and posterity , Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who , despite receiving little recognition or compensation , are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge . He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge . Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated . In May 2007 , the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge . The height , depth , and length of the span from end to end , looking west The Golden Gate Bridge at sunset , as seen from just north of Alcatraz Island Finance The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District , authorized by an act of the California Legislature , was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design , construct , and finance the Golden Gate Bridge . However , after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the District was unable to raise the construction funds , so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure . The bonds were approved in November 1930 , by votes in the counties affected by the bridge . The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million . However , the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932 , when Amadeo Giannini , the founder of San Francisco -- based Bank of America , agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy . Construction Construction began on January 5 , 1933 . The project cost more than $35 million , completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget . The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic - Marshall Construction Co. , a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall , both of Lehigh University . 1.2 million steel rivets hold the bridge together . This is a segment of one of those replaced during the seismic retrofit of the bridge after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . Strauss remained head of the project , overseeing day - to - day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions . A graduate of the University of Cincinnati , he placed a brick from his alma mater 's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured . He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site , which saved the lives of many otherwise - unprotected ironworkers . Of eleven men killed from falls during construction , ten were killed on February 17 , 1937 , when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen . According to Travel Channel 's Monumental Mysteries , the workers ' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear . The platform fell into the safety net , but was too heavy and the net gave way . Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200 - foot ( 61 m ) fall into the icy waters , including the 37 - year - old foreman , Slim Lambert . Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club . The project was finished and opened May 27 , 1937 . The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012 . The Bridge Round House , an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938 , has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop . The diner was renovated in 2012 and the gift shop was then removed as a new , official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza . During the bridge work , the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge 's road work . With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012 , all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased . Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries View of the Golden Gate Bridge and Fort Point from Marine Drive . The bridge - opening celebration began on May 27 , 1937 and lasted for one week . The day before vehicle traffic was allowed , 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates . On opening day , Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin , then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial `` barriers '' , the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass . An official song , `` There 's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate '' , was chosen to commemorate the event . Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled `` The Mighty Task is Done . '' The next day , President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington , D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon . As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area . Weeks of civil and cultural activities called `` the Fiesta '' followed . A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge . In May 1987 , as part of the 50th anniversary celebration , the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge . However , this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people , and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people , causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight . Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads , and was estimated not to have exceeded 40 % of the yielding stress of the suspension cables , bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday , May 27 , 2012 , because of the additional law enforcement costs required `` since 9 / 11 '' . A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day , 1937 Play media Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge Official invitation to the opening of the bridge . This copy was sent to the City of Seattle Structural specifications On the south side of the bridge a 36.5 - inch - wide ( 93 cm ) cross-section of the cable , containing 27,572 wires , is on display . Until 1964 , the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) . Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges ; it now has the second - longest main span in the United States , after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in New York City . The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet ( 2,737 m ) . The Golden Gate Bridge 's clearance above high water averages 220 feet ( 67 m ) while its towers , at 746 feet ( 227 m ) above the water , were the world 's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1998 when bridges in Denmark and Japan were completed . The weight of the roadway is hung from two cables that pass through the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end . Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire . There are 80,000 miles ( 130,000 km ) of wire in the main cables . The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets . Aesthetics The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange . The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge 's visibility in fog . Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected . Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan , he added details , such as lighting , to outline the bridge 's cables and towers . In 1999 , it was ranked fifth on the List of America 's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects . The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead - based topcoat , which was touched up as required . In the mid-1960s , a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats . Since 1990 , acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air - quality reasons . The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded . A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise View of the northern tower of the bridge Traffic Installation of the movable median barrier system in January 2015 Play media Testing the newly installed movable barrier . Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 . Although part of the National Highway System , the bridge is not officially part of California 's Highway System . For example , under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401 , Route 101 ends at `` the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge '' and then resumes at `` a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco '' . The Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) . The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns . On weekday mornings , traffic flows mostly southbound into the city , so four of the six lanes run southbound . Conversely , on weekday afternoons , four lanes run northbound . During off - peak periods and weekends , traffic is split with three lanes in each direction . From 1968 to 2015 , opposing traffic was separated by small , plastic pylons , and during that time , there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head - on collisions . To improve safety , the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph ( 80 to 72 km / h ) on October 1 , 1989 . Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s , only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier . Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11 , 2015 , following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic , the longest in the bridge 's history . The new barrier system , including the zipper trucks , cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install . Usage and tourism Play media Looking north with traffic and current flow into the bay with sailboats See also : Golden Gate National Recreation Area The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists , and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes . Initially , they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb , but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003 , primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway . The main walkway is on the eastern side , and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays ( 5 am to 3 : 30 pm ) , and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours ( until 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) . The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends ( 5 am to 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) , and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight , when it is closed to pedestrians . The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway . Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies : San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit . Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line , and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week . The southern end of the bridge , near the toll plaza and parking lot , is also accessible daily from 5 : 30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28 . The Marin Airporter , a private company , also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport . A visitor center and gift shop , dubbed the `` Bridge Pavilion '' , is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge , adjacent to the southeast parking lot . It opened in 2012 , in time for the bridge 's 75th anniversary celebration . A cafe , outdoor exhibits , and restroom facilities are located nearby . On the Marin side of the bridge , only accessible from the northbound lanes , is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point , named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways . Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions . Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries / ( re ) colonizations vicinity to the bridge , and researchers study them to strengthen protections , concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby , or to use a local whale watching operator . Tolls The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971 , with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls . In November 2006 , the Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit , projected at $80 million over five years . The District promised that the proposal , which it called a `` partnership program , '' would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself . In October 2007 , the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means , most likely a toll increase . In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years , the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling . Subsequently , this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013 . The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight - year period . In addition to the FasTrak electronic toll collection system , the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling ( branded as `` Pay - by - Plate '' ) , and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge . Twenty - eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan . On April 7 , 2014 , the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6 , while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7 . Bicycle , pedestrian , and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free . For vehicles with more than two axles , the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system , and $6 per axle for FasTrak users . During peak traffic hours , carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4 ; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate . The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015 , and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years . Golden Gate Bridge toll increases ( 2014 -- 18 ) Effective date FasTrak Toll - by - plate Carpool Multi-axle vehicle April 7 , 2014 $6.00 $7.00 $4.00 $7.00 per axle July 1 , 2015 $6.25 $7.25 $4.25 $7.25 per axle July 1 , 2016 $6.50 $7.50 $4.50 $7.50 per axle July 1 , 2017 $6.75 $7.75 $4.75 $7.75 per axle July 1 , 2018 $7.00 $8.00 $5.00 $8.00 per axle Congestion pricing Further information : San Francisco congestion pricing Looking south In March 2008 , the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge , charging higher tolls during the peak hours , but rising and falling depending on traffic levels . This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant . As a condition of the grant , the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009 . The first results of the study , called the Mobility , Access and Pricing Study ( MAPS ) , showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible . The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008 . In August 2008 , transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue . Issues Suicides Main article : Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge As a suicide prevention initiative , this sign promotes a special telephone available on the bridge that connects to a crisis hotline . The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site / suicide bridge in the world , after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge . The deck is about 245 feet ( 75 m ) above the water . After a fall of four seconds , jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km / h . Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma . About 5 % of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water . After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths , suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017 . Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million . Wind Since its completion , the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times : on December 1 , 1951 , because of gusts of 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) ; on December 23 , 1982 , because of winds of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) ; and on December 3 , 1983 , because of wind gusts of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . An anemometer , placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge , has been used to measure wind speeds . Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers . Seismic vulnerability and Improvements South approach sub-structure with seismic isolators ( short black cylinders ) added as part of the Seismic Retrofit Construction Project . Doyle Drive Replacement Project progress in October 2013 Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events . The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake . Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake , the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure ( i.e. , collapse ) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320 - foot ( 98 m ) arch over Fort Point . A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure 's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal ( repairable ) damage . One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic . A complex electro - hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts , transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports . This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac , accomplishing this task without disrupting day - to - day San Francisco commuter traffic . The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012 . The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio , known as Doyle Drive , dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle , President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa , and the man who , more than any other person , made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge . The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north . The road was deemed `` vulnerable to earthquake damage '' , had a problematic 4 - lane design , and lacked shoulders , and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced . Construction on the $1 billion replacement , temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway , began in December 2009 . The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27 -- 30 , 2012 , and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway , until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9 -- 12 , 2015 . As of May 2012 , an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive . In popular culture Main article : Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture Golden Gate Bridge at sunset As a prominent American landmark , the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in numerous media which includes books , films and video games . Comparison of the side elevations of the Golden Gate Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale . ( click for interactive version ) San Francisco with two bridges ( Western section of Bay Bridge in the left background ) , Coit Tower ( in background to the left of north tower ) , and Fort Mason ( on the San Francisco waterfront in the background behind the north tower ) from Marin Golden Gate Bridge at night , with San Francisco in the background See also Bridges portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 25 de Abril Bridge , a bridge with a similar design in Portugal The Bridge , a 2006 documentary on suicides from the Bridge Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks List of longest suspension bridge spans List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks List of tallest bridges San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Suicide bridge Suspension bridge References Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Transportation District '' . Goldengate.org . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Bridge at Structurae ^ Jump up to : Denton , Harry et al. ( 2004 ) `` Lonely Planet San Francisco '' Lonely Planet , United States , ISBN 1 - 74104 - 154 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Annual Vehicle Crossings and Toll Revenues , FY 1938 to FY 2011 '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge '' . Office of Historic Preservation , California State Parks . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` City of San Francisco Designated Landmarks '' . City of San Francisco . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . Asce.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge -- Museum / Attraction View '' . Frommers. 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Bay Area Bridges '' . US Department of Transportation , Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fimrite , Peter ( April 28 , 2005 ) . `` Ferry tale -- the dream dies hard : 2 historic boats that plied the bay seek buyer -- anybody '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harlan , George H. ( 1967 ) . San Francisco Bay Ferryboats . Howell - North Books . ^ Jump up to : Span , Guy ( May 4 , 2002 ) . `` So Where Are They Now ? The Story of San Francisco 's Steel Electric Empire '' . Bay Crossings . ^ Jump up to : Sigmund , Pete ( 2006 ) . `` The Golden Gate : ' The Bridge That Could n't Be Built ' , '' . Construction Equipment Guide . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Hanes , Rubin , Kvitek ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Giant Sand Waves at the Mouth of San Francisco Bay '' ( PDF ) . Eos. 87 ( 29 ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Owens , T.O. ( 2001 ) . The Golden Gate Bridge . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 5016 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Experience : People & Events : Joseph Strauss ( 1870 -- 1938 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bridging the Bay : Bridges That Never Were '' . UC Berkeley Library . 1999 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , John B. ( 2002 ) `` Case Studies in Infrastructure Delivery '' Springer , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 7652 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gudde , Erwin G. ( 1949 ) . California Place Names . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 130 . OCLC 37647557 . Jump up ^ `` Special District Formed -- Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` People and Events : Joseph Strauss ( 1870 -- 1938 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Bridge Design ( goldengatebridge.org ) Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : People & Events : Irving Morrow ( 1884 -- 1952 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience : Leon Moisseiff ( 1872 -- 1943 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Billah , K. ; Scanlan , R. ( 1991 ) . `` Resonance , Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Physics . Undergraduate Physics Textbooks. 59 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 124 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.16590 . Jump up ^ Fort Point , Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Experience : Charles Alton Ellis ( 1876 -- 1949 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Donald C. ( 1995 ) `` Great American Bridges and Dams '' John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 14385 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Bridging the Bay : Bridges That Never Were '' . UC Berkeley Library . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 72 years ago today , iconic Golden Gate Bridge finished construction ahead of schedule & $1.3 million under budget '' . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life On The American Newsfront : Ten Men Fall To Death From Golden Gate Bridge '' . Life : 20 -- 21 . March 1 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : King , John ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge 's Plaza Flawed but Workable '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Kligman , David ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` From Sea to Shining Sea : PG&E 's Earley Joins Tribute to Golden Gate Bridge '' . Currents . PG&E . Jump up ^ San Francisco Examiner . May 27 , 1982 . No. 147 , p. 2 . Golden Gate Bridge -- 45th anniversary of completion . Jump up ^ Tung , Stephen ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Day the Golden Gate Bridge Flattened '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pollalis , Spiro N. ; Otto , Caroline ( 1990 ) . `` THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Design School . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Terrence ( May 26 , 1987 ) . `` Golden Gate Crowd Made Bridge Bend '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Prado , Mark ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge officials nix walk for 75th anniversary '' . Marin Independent Journal . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Festival : : Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary '' . Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Geoffrey A. ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` A Historian 's Long View of Golden Gate Bridge '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A13C . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge Facts '' . Gocalifornia.about.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stamberg , Susan . `` The Golden Gate Bridge 's Accidental Color '' . NPR . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Joseph A. ; Urban Rivalry in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1930s ( 2000 ) . `` Planning '' . Journal of Planning Education and Research . 20 : 66 -- 76 . doi : 10.1177 / 073945600128992609 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Research Library : How Often is the Golden Gate Bridge Repainted ? '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data : Painting The Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data : How Many Ironworkers and Painters Maintain the Golden Gate Bridge ? '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Toll Rates & Traffic Operations '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roadway Configuration / Reversible Lanes '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Additional Information -- Movable Median Barrier Project '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Key Dates '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Nanette ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge work finished early as barrier is installed '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Scott ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Hines Is Still Alive '' . Modern Luxury . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Golden Gate Bridge , Sidewalk Access for Pedestrians and Bicyclists . Goldengatebridge.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 76X Marin Headlands '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Transit bus service '' ( PDF ) . Golden Gate Transit . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 28 19th Avenue '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.marinairporter.com/ Jump up ^ `` Site Improvements '' . Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary . Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H. Dana Bowers Rest Area '' . California Department of Transportation . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2015 Named Freeways , Highways , Structures and Other Appurtenances in California ( PDF ) . California Department of Transportation . pp. 183 , 205 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Animals -- Golden Gate National Recreation Area ( U.S. National Park Service ) . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ The SFGate. 2015 . Whale , sea lions put on a show near Golden Gate Bridge . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ GOLDEN GATE CETACEAN RESEARCH . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Keener B ... 2017 . Ask The Naturalist : Why Are There Humpback Whales In the San Francisco Bay Right Now ? . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Woodrow M ... 2017 . Experts concerned about whale safety in San Francisco Bay . The ABC7 . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Key Dates '' . Research Library . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Curiel , Jonathan ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge directors reject sponsorship proposals '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership Program Status '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge to eliminate toll takers '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Electronic Tolling on the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Goldengate.org . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toll 2014 '' . Goldengate.org. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cabanatuan , Michael ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tolls for crossing Golden Gate Bridge rise $1 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Recommendations , February 27 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Board of Directors . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolling , David ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` GG Bridge tolls could top $7 , June 11 meeting will set new rates '' . Sonoma Index - Tribune . Jump up ^ The San Francisco Chronicle ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Congestion Pricing Approved for Golden Gate Bridge '' . planetizen.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Bridge raises tolls , denies Doyle Dr. funds '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mobility , Access and Pricing Study '' . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wollan , Malia ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge congestion toll plan dies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Bone , James ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate bridge in San Fransico ( sic ) gets safety net to deter suicides '' . The Times . New York . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension Bridges '' ( PDF ) . snu.ac.kr . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Koopman , John , Staff Writer ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death : Suicide by bridge is gruesome , and death is almost certain . The fourth in a seven - part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate . '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bateson , John ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` The suicide magnet that is the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( May 28 , 2007 ) . `` 70 YEARS : Spanning the Golden Gate : New will blend in with the old as part of bridge earthquake retrofit project '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Showing fancy foot work . Roads&Bridges ( December 28 , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit Construction Project . goldengatebridge.org ( February 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Bridge Authority ( May 2008 ) . `` Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonchar , Joann ( January 3 , 2005 ) . `` Famed Golden Gate Span Undergoes Complex Seismic Revamp '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive '' . Presidio Parkway Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doyle Drive Replacement Project '' . Doyle Drive Replacement Project . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Doyle Drive makeover will affect drivers soon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Current Construction Activity '' . Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive . Presidio Parkway . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH : It 's wrecked , but it 's still ' Doyle Drive ' '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Further reading Cassady , Stephen ( 1979 ) . Spanning the Gate ( Commemorative edition , 1987 ed . ) . Squarebooks . Dyble , Louise Nelson ; the Golden Gate Bridge ( 2009 ) . Paying the Toll : Local Power , Regional Politics . University of Pennsylvania Press . Friend , Tad ( October 13 , 2003 ) . `` Jumpers : The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . The New Yorker . 79 ( 30 ) . p. 48 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2006 . Guthman , Edward ; an easy route to death have long made the Golden Gate Bridge a magnet for suicides ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Lethal Beauty / The Allure : Beauty '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Schwartz , Harvey ( 2015 ) . Building the Golden Gate Bridge : A Workers ' Oral History . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0295995069 . Starr , Kevin ( 2010 ) . Golden Gate : The Life and Times of America 's Greatest Bridge . Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 534 - 3 . Steel , Eric ( 2006 ) . The Bridge . ( Documentary film regarding suicides occurring at the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Golden Gate Bridge Natural Frequencies '' . Vibrationdata.com. April 5 , 2006 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Golden Gate Bridge ( category ) Official website Links for Golden Gate Bridge at DMOZ `` Images of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . San Francisco Public Library 's Historical Photograph database . Marshal ' J ' ( Narrator ) ( 1962 ) . `` The Bridge Builders '' . KPIX - TV . ( A documentary film about the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Live Toll Prices for Golden Gate Bridge '' . Batolls.info . `` San Francisco To Have World 's Greatest Bridge '' . Popular Science . March 1931 . `` Golden Gate Bridge facts '' . sftodo.com . ( Educational poster . ) `` End of Land Sadness -- The history of Suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge Movie . 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Question: what color is the golden gate bridge in san francisco