What Child is this ? - Wikipedia What Child is this ? Jump to : navigation , search `` What Child Is This ? '' The Adoration of the Shepherds by Gerard van Honthorst Song Written 1865 Published 1871 Composer ( s ) Unknown Lyricist ( s ) William Chatterton Dix `` What Child Is This ? '' is a Christmas carol whose lyrics were written by William Chatterton Dix , in 1865 . At the time of composing the carol , Dix worked as an insurance company manager and had been struck by a severe illness . While recovering , he underwent a spiritual renewal that led him to write several hymns , including lyrics to this carol that was subsequently set to the tune of `` Greensleeves '' , a traditional English folk song . Although it was written in Great Britain , the carol is more popular in the United States than in its country of origin today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 1.1 Composition 1.2 Context 2 Background and influence 3 History 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Lyrics ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : What Child Is This ? Tune : Greensleeves Problems playing this file ? See media help . Composition ( edit ) The lyrics of the carol are taken from a poem written by Dix called `` The Manger Throne '' . The part of the poem that was utilized as the song 's lyrics consists of three stanzas in total . The first verse poses a rhetorical question in the first half , with the response coming in the second half . The second verse contains another question that is answered , while the final verse is a universal appeal to everyone urging them `` to accept Christ '' . The carol 's melody has been described as `` soulful '' , `` haunting and beautiful '' in nature . Context ( edit ) The context of the carol centres around the Adoration of the Shepherds , who visited Jesus during his Nativity . The questions posed in the lyrics reflect what the shepherds were possibly pondering to themselves when they encountered him , with the rest of the carol providing a response to their questions . Background and influence ( edit ) At the time he was writing the lyrics to `` What Child Is This ? '' in 1865 , William Chatterton Dix was working as the manager of an insurance company . He was afflicted by an unexpected and severe illness that resulted in him being bedridden and suffering from severe depression . His near - death experience brought about a spiritual renewal in him while he was recovering . During this time , he read the Bible comprehensively and was inspired to author hymns like `` Alleluia ! Sing to Jesus ! '' and `` As with Gladness Men of Old '' . The precise time in 1865 when he wrote the poem `` The Manger Throne '' is disputed . While the St. Petersburg Times details how Dix penned the work after reading the Gospel for Epiphany that year ( Matthew 2 : 1 -- 12 ) recounting the journey of the Biblical Magi ; Singer 's Library of Song : Medium Voice contends that it was actually authored during the Christmas of 1865 . History ( edit ) Although written in 1865 , `` What Child Is This ? '' was only first published six years later in 1871 , when it featured in Christmas Carols Old and New , a `` prestigious '' and `` influential '' collection of carols that was published in the United Kingdom . The hymnal was edited by Henry Ramsden Bramley and John Stainer ; even though it is not known with certainty who paired the three stanzas from `` The Manger Throne '' with the music from `` Greensleeves '' , the third edition of The Christmas Encyclopedia by William D. Crump and Stories of the Great Christmas Carols both suggest that Stainer -- who was also responsible for `` harmoniz ( ing ) the musical setting '' -- may have done so . See also ( edit ) `` Christmas Canon '' , a Christmas song based on `` Pachelbel 's Canon '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stories of the Great Christmas Carols . Alfred Music Publishing . pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Virginia ( June 1 , 2000 ) . Spirit of Christmas : A History of Our Best - Loved Carols . Peter Pauper Press , Inc. p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( September 15 , 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , chloe ed . McFarland . pp. 437 -- 438 . ^ Jump up to : Liebergen , Patrick M. ( ed . ) . Singer 's Library of Song : Medium Voice . Alfred Music Publishing . p. 164 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Mike ( December 19 , 1993 ) . `` Caroling Into Christmas Insurance Salesmen , Teachers Had A Hand In Writing Songs '' . Anchorage Daily News . p . G1 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Favorite carols have evolved over ages '' . St. Petersburg Times . December 20 , 1997 . p. 8 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Flanagan , Mike ( December 19 , 1986 ) . `` The origins of Christmas Songs '' . Ottawa Citizen . p . H1 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oldfield , Molly ; Mitchinson , John ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` QI : some quite interesting facts about Christmas carols '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Free sheet music of What Child Is This ? for SATB from Cantorion.org What Child Is This ? on TradTune.com What Child is This ? by Thomas Hewitt Jones at OUP What Child Is This ? by Sojourn Music What Child is This ? by Jessie Galante & Giuseppe Galante Christmas portal Christianity portal Christian music portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Child_Is_This%3F&oldid=816097087 '' Categories : Christmas carols Christmas songs Burl Ives songs Glen Campbell songs Sissel Kyrkjebø songs 1865 songs Songs written by William Chatterton Dix Songs about Jesus Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Español Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 07 : 10 . 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Question: who wrote the song what child is this


Block ( periodic table ) - wikipedia Block ( periodic table ) Jump to : navigation , search A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups . The term appears to have been first used by Charles Janet . The respective highest - energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same atomic orbital type . Each block is named after its characteristic orbital ; thus , the blocks are : s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block ( hypothetical ) The block names ( s , p , d , f and g ) are derived from the spectroscopic notation for the associated atomic orbitals : sharp , principal , diffuse and fundamental , and then g which follows f in the alphabet . The following is the order for filling the `` subshell '' orbitals , according to the Aufbau principle , which also gives the linear order of the `` blocks '' ( as atomic number increases ) in the periodic table : 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p , 5s , 4d , 5p , 6s , 4f , 5d , 6p , 7s , 5f , 6d , 7p , ... For discussion of the nature of why the energies of the blocks naturally appear in this order in complex atoms , see atomic orbital and electron configuration . The `` periodic '' nature of the filling of orbitals , as well as emergence of the s , p , d and f `` blocks '' is more obvious , if this order of filling is given in matrix form , with increasing principal quantum numbers starting the new rows ( `` periods '' ) in the matrix . Then , each subshell ( composed of the first two quantum numbers ) is repeated as many times as required for each pair of electrons it may contain . The result is a compressed periodic table , with each entry representing two successive elements : 1s 2s 2p 2p 2p 3s 3p 3p 3p 4s 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d 4p 4p 4p 5s 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 5p 5p 5p 6s 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 5d 5d 5d 5d 5d 6p 6p 6p 7s 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 5f 6d 6d 6d 6d 6d 7p 7p 7p Contents ( hide ) 1 Periodic table 1.1 s - block 1.2 p - block 1.2. 1 Metals 1.2. 2 Metalloids 1.2. 3 Noble gases 1.2. 4 Halogens 1.3 d - block 1.4 f - block 1.5 g - block 2 References Periodic table ( edit ) There is an approximate correspondence between this nomenclature of blocks , based on electronic configuration , and groupings of elements based on chemical properties . The s - block and p - block together are usually considered as the main group elements , the d - block corresponds to the transition metals , and the f - block are the lanthanides and the actinides . However , not everyone agrees on the exact membership of each set of elements , so that for example the group 12 elements Zn , Cd and Hg are considered as main group by some scientists and transition metals by others , because they are chemically and physically more similar to the p - block elements than the other d - block elements . Furthermore , the group 3 elements and the f - block are sometimes also considered main group elements due to their similarities to the s - block elements . Groups ( columns ) in the f - block ( between groups 3 and 4 ) are not numbered . Helium is coloured differently from the p - block elements surrounding it because is in the s - block , with its outer ( and only ) electrons in the 1s atomic orbital , although its chemical properties are more similar to the p - block noble gases due to its full shell . In addition to the blocks listed in this table , there is a hypothetical g - block which is not pictured here . The g - block elements can be seen in the expanded extended periodic table . Also , lanthanum and actinium are placed under scandium and yttrium to reflect their status as d - block elements , as they have no electrons in the 4f and 5f orbitals , respectively , while lutetium and lawrencium do . ( hide ) Blocks in the periodic table Group → 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ↓ Period He Li Be 5 6 7 8 O 9 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 16 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 5 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 54 Xe 6 55 Cs 56 Ba 57 La 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 7 87 Fr 88 Ra 89 Ac 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr s - block p - block d - block f - block Background color shows the block of the periodic table Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element S - block ( edit ) The s - block is on the left side of the periodic table and includes elements from the first two columns , the alkali metals ( group 1 ) and alkaline earth metals ( group 2 ) , plus helium . Helium is a controversial element for the scientists as it can be placed in the second group of s block as well as the 18th group of p - block , but most scientists consider it to rest at the top of group 18 i.e. above neon ( atomic number 10 ) as it has many properties similar to the group 18 elements . Most s - block elements are highly reactive metals due to the ease with which their outer s - orbital electrons interact to form compounds . The first period elements in this block , however , are nonmetals . Hydrogen is highly chemically reactive , like the other s - block elements , but helium is a virtually unreactive noble gas . S - block elements are unified by the fact that their valence electrons ( outermost electrons ) are in the s orbital . The s - orbital is a single spherical cloud which can contain only one pair of electrons ; hence , the s - block consists of only two columns in the periodic table . Elements in column 1 , with a single s - orbital valence electron , are the most reactive of the block . Elements in the second column have two s - orbital valence electrons , and , except for helium , are only slightly less reactive . P - block ( edit ) The p - block is on the right side of the periodic table and includes elements from the six columns beginning with column 13 and ending with column 18 . Helium , though being in the top of group 18 , is not included in the p - block . The p - block is home to the biggest variety of elements and is the only block that contains all three types of elements : metals , nonmetals , and metalloids . Generally , the p - block elements are best described in terms of element type or group . P - block elements are unified by the fact that their valence electrons ( outermost electrons ) are in the p orbital . The p orbital consists of six lobed shapes coming off a central point at evenly spaced angles . The p orbital can hold a maximum of six electrons , hence there are six columns in the p - block . Elements in column 13 , the first column of the p - block , have one p - orbital electron . Elements in column 14 , the second column of the p - block , have two p - orbital electrons . The trend continues this way until we reach column 18 , which has six p - orbital electrons . Metals ( edit ) P - block metals have classic metal characteristics : they are shiny , they are good conductors of heat and electricity , and they lose electrons easily . Generally , these metals have high melting points and readily react with nonmetals to form ionic compounds . Ionic compounds form when a positive metal ion bonds with a negative nonmetal ion . Of the p - block metals , several have fascinating properties . Gallium , in the 3rd row of column 13 , is a metal that can melt in the palm of a hand . Tin , in the fourth row of column 14 , is an abundant , flexible , and extremely useful metal . It is an important component of many metal alloys like bronze , solder , and pewter . Sitting right beneath tin is lead , a toxic metal . Ancient people used lead for a variety of things , from food sweeteners to pottery glazes to eating utensils . It has been suspected that lead poisoning is related to the fall of Roman civilization , but further research has shown this to be unlikely . For a long time , lead was used in the manufacturing of paints . It was only within the last century that lead paint use has been restricted due to its toxic nature . Metalloids ( edit ) Metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals , but the term ' metalloid ' lacks a strict definition . All of the elements that are commonly recognized as metalloids are in the p - block : boron , silicon , germanium , arsenic , antimony , and tellurium . Metalloids tend to have lower electrical conductivity than metals , yet often higher than nonmetals . They tend to form chemical bonds similarly to nonmetals , but may dissolve in metallic alloys without covalent or ionic bonding . Metalloid additives can improve properties of metallic alloys , sometimes paradoxically to their own apparent properties . Some may give a better electrical conductivity , higher corrosion resistance , ductility , or fluidity in molten state , etc. to the alloy . Boron has many carbon - like properties , but is very rare . It has many uses , for example a P type semiconductor dopant . Silicon is perhaps the most famous metalloid . It is the second most abundant element in Earth 's crust and one of the main ingredients in glass . It is used to make semiconductor circuits , from large power switches and high current diodes to microchips for computers and other electronic devices . It is also used in certain metallic alloys , e.g. to improve casting properties of alumimium . So valuable is silicon to the technology industry that Silicon Valley in California is named after it . Germanium has properties very similar to silicon , yet this element is much more rare . It was once used for its semiconductor properties pretty much as silicon is now , and it has some superior properties at that , but is now a rare material in the industry . Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that has been used throughout history as an additive to metal alloys , paints , and even makeup . Antimony is used as a constituent in casting alloys such as printing metal . Not always considered as metalloids : Carbon , in the same column with silicon and germanium , electrically fairly conductive unlike most other nonmetals , and to an extent preferred as a trace constituent in certain metallic alloys such as steel Phosphorus has metallurgical uses among others , e.g. a constituent of some copper alloys Selenium , once used as a semiconductor material , and also used to improve properties of metallic alloys Aluminium is generally considered a metal , but it has some metalloid / non-metal properties such as negative oxidation states Polonium Noble gases ( edit ) Previously called inert gases , their name was changed as there are a few other gases that are inert but not noble gases , such as nitrogen . The noble gases are located in the far right column of the periodic table , also known as Group Zero or Group Eighteen . Noble gases are also called as aerogens but this nomenclature of the group is not officially accepted by the IUPAC . All of the noble gases have full outer shells with eight electrons . However , at the top of the noble gases is helium , with a shell that is full with only two electrons . The fact that their outer shells are full means they rarely react with other elements , which led to their original title of `` inert . '' Because of their chemical properties , these gases are also used in the laboratory to help stabilize reactions that would usually proceed too quickly . As the atomic numbers increase , the elements become rarer . They are not just rare in nature , but rare as useful elements , too . Helium is best known for its low density , used to safely produce buoyancy for zeppelins and balloons Neon is notorious as the red to yellow glow medium of old low power signal lamps and signs Argon is used as a protective gas in MIG and TIG welding Xenon is used as a plasma medium in high intensity arc lamps with tungsten electrodes . Automotive xenon lights , however , are mostly mercury vapor bulbs with low pressure xenon to help striking the arc and producing light instantly . Krypton has many uses like arc flash medium . Krypton filled incandescent bulbs were once the most efficient variety , before being replaced by halogen technology . Radon is radioactive , and one of the densest elements to remain in gas state at room temperature Halogens ( edit ) The second column from the right side of the periodic table , group 17 , is the halogen family of elements . These elements are all just one electron shy of having full shells . Because they are so close to being full , they have the trait of combining with many different elements and are very reactive . They are often found bonding with metals and elements from Group One , as these elements in each have one electron . Not all halogens react with the same intensity . Fluorine is the most reactive and combines with most elements from around the periodic table . As with other columns , reactivity decreases as the atomic number increases . When a halogen combines with another element , the resulting compound is called a halide . One of the best examples of a halide is sodium chloride ( NaCl ) . D - block ( edit ) The d - block is on the middle of the periodic table and includes elements from columns 3 through 12 . These elements are also known as the transition metals because they show a transitivity in their properties i.e. they show a trend in their properties in simple incomplete d orbitals . Transition basically means d orbital lies between s and p orbitals and shows a transition from properties of s to p . The d - block elements are all metals which exhibit two or more ways of forming chemical bonds . Because there is a relatively small difference in the energy of the different d - orbital electrons , the number of electrons participating in chemical bonding can vary . This results in the same element exhibiting two or more oxidation states , which determines the type and number of its nearest neighbors in chemical compounds . D - block elements are unified by having in their outermost electrons one or more d - orbital electrons but no p - orbital electrons . The d - orbitals can contain up to five pairs of electrons ; hence , the block includes ten columns in the periodic table . F - block ( edit ) The f - block is in the center - left of a 32 - column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18 - column tables . These elements are not generally considered as part of any group . They are often called inner transition metals because they provide a transition between the s - block and d - block in the 6th and 7th row ( period ) , in the same way that the d - block transition metals provide a transitional bridge between the s - block and p - block in the 4th and 5th rows . The known f - block elements come in two series , the lanthanides of period 6 and the radioactive actinides of period 7 . All are metals . Because the f - orbital electrons are less active in determining the chemistry of these elements , their chemical properties are mostly determined by outer s - orbital electrons . Consequently , there is much less chemical variability within the f - block than within the s - , p - , or d - blocks . F - block elements are unified by having one or more of their outermost electrons in the f - orbital but none in the d - orbital or p - orbital . The f - orbitals can contain up to seven pairs of electrons ; hence , the block includes fourteen columns in the periodic table . G - block ( edit ) The g - block is a hypothetical block of elements in the extended periodic table whose outermost electrons are posited to have one or more g - orbital electrons but no f - , d - or p - orbital electrons . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charles Janet , La classification hélicoïdale des éléments chimiques , Beauvais , 1928 Jump up ^ Lavelle , Laurence . `` Lanthanum ( La ) and Actinium ( Ac ) Should Remain in the d - Block '' ( PDF ) . lavelle.chem.ucla.edu . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ( 17 March 1983 ) . `` ROMAN EMPIRE 'S FALL IS LINKED WITH GOUT AND LEAD POISONING '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Killgrove , Kristina ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Lead Poisoning in Rome - The Skeletal Evidence '' . Powered by Osteons . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Thomas ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Did Lead Poisoning Bring Down Ancient Rome ? '' . Science Magazine . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post -  transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Block_(periodic_table)&oldid=819280490 '' Categories : Periodic table Sets of chemical elements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa Lumbaart Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: where did the s-block p-block d-block and f-block of the periodic table get their names


Grace and Frankie - Wikipedia Grace and Frankie Jump to : navigation , search Grace and Frankie Genre Comedy Created by Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Starring Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Sam Waterston Martin Sheen Brooklyn Decker Ethan Embry June Diane Raphael Baron Vaughn Opening theme `` Stuck in the Middle with You '' performed by Grace Potter Composer ( s ) Sam KS Michael Skloff Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Tate Taylor ( pilot ) Paula Weinstein Dana Goldberg David Ellison Marcy Ross Alexa Junge Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Gale Tattersall Editor ( s ) Lisa Zeno Churgin Michael Jablow Sarah Lucky Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 35 minutes Production company ( s ) Okay Goodnight Skydance Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) -- present External links Official website Grace and Frankie is an American comedy web television series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix . The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin ( who previously starred in the 1980 film 9 to 5 ) in the title roles of Grace and Frankie , two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love and plan to get married . Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles . It premiered on Netflix on May 8 , 2015 , with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously . The second , third , and fourth seasons , also consisting of 13 episodes each , have been released on May 6 , 2016 , March 24 , 2017 , and January 19 , 2018 , respectively . Despite mixed reviews upon its debut , the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations , including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy . On February 15 , 2018 , Grace and Frankie was renewed for a fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production and development 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Controversy 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Grace , a retired cosmetics mogul , and Frankie , a hippie art teacher , whose husbands , Robert and Sol , are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego . Grace and Frankie 's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives . Now , the women , who have never particularly liked each other , are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jane Fonda as Grace Hanson , a retired cosmetics mogul Lily Tomlin as Frances `` Frankie '' Bergstein ( née Mengela ) , a hippie art teacher Martin Sheen as Robert Hanson , a successful divorce lawyer and Grace 's former husband who later becomes Sol 's husband Sam Waterston as Sol Bergstein , a successful divorce lawyer and Frankie 's former husband who later becomes Robert 's husband June Diane Raphael as Brianna Hanson , older daughter of Grace and Robert , head of the company founded and once run by Grace Baron Vaughn as Nwabudike `` Bud '' Bergstein , son of Frankie and Sol , and also a lawyer at Robert & Sol 's firm Brooklyn Decker as Mallory Hanson , younger daughter of Grace and Robert , a wife and mother of four children Ethan Embry as Coyote Bergstein , son of Frankie and Sol , a substitute teacher and recovering addict RuPaul as TBA ( Season 5 ) Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Season Ernie Hudson Jacob Recurring Brittany Ishibashi Erica Guest Recurring Guest Geoff Stults Mitch Recurring Guest Tim Bagley Peter Recurring Guest Recurring Peter Cambor Barry Recurring Guest Recurring Craig T. Nelson Guy Recurring Michael Charles Roman Adam Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Marsha Mason Arlene Guest Recurring Swoosie Kurtz Janet Guest Guest Lindsey Kraft Allison Giampietro - Smikowitz Recurring Megan Ferguson Nadia Guest Recurring Peter Gallagher Nick Skolka Recurring Jack Plotnick Paul Recurring Lisa Kudrow Sheree Recurring Talia Shire Teddie Recurring Sam Elliott Phil Milstein Recurring Mark Deklin Roy Recurring Carrie Preston Krystle Guest Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grace and Frankie episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) 13 May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 13 March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 13 January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Production and Development ( edit ) In March 2014 , Netflix finalized a deal for a 13 - episode straight - to - series order for Grace and Frankie , with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles . The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris , who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda , Tomlin , Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor , and Skydance Productions ' Dana Goldberg , David Ellison and Marcy Ross . On May 26 , 2015 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season which premiered on May 6 , 2016 . On December 10 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on March 24 , 2017 . On April 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on January 19 , 2018 . On February 15 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season , with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements began in June 2014 , with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert , Grace 's husband . The following month , Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol , Frankie 's husband . June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast , with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna , Grace and Robert 's elder daughter , who rebels against Grace 's decorum . Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike , Frankie and Sol 's son . Shortly afterwards , Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series . Embry joined in the role of Coyote , Frankie and Sol 's recovering drug addicted son , while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory , Grace and Robert 's younger daughter . In October 2015 , it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace 's love interest . In April 2017 , it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree , Grace 's manicurist . In February 2018 , the same day as the fifth season was commissioned , RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie . Filming ( edit ) Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles , California , in early August 2014 , and ended in late November . Production on season two of the series began in July 2015 , and ended in November the same year . Reception ( edit ) The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50 % , based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Grace and Frankie 's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal , although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The second season received a more positive reception from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 89 % , based on 9 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favourable reviews '' . Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5 / 5 , calling it `` heartfelt and hilarious '' and `` a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 100 % , based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Lily Tomlin Nominated Dorian Awards TV Comedy of the Year Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Jane Fonda Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Lily Tomlin Nominated LBGTQ TV Show of the Year Nominated 27th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated 19th OFTA Awards Best Comedy Series Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Won Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Sam Waterston Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Writing in a Comedy Series Nominated 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Allyson Fanger , Lori DeLapp Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Contemporary Television Series Allyson B. Fanger Nominated 28th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy Tracy Lilienfield , Emily Towler Nominated 20th OFTA Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Designers ( show ) Allyson B. Fanger , Heather Pain , Lori DeLapp Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program ( Half - Hour or Less ) Designers ( show ) Devorah Herbert , Ben Edelberg , Christopher Carlson Nominated 2018 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Controversy ( edit ) After the show 's release , Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston , even though `` the show is not ' Sol and Robert ' , it 's ' Grace and Frankie , ' '' in the words of Lily Tomlin , and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity . Shortly thereafter , Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars ' demands for a salary increase , with Waterston being quoted as saying : `` I think they 're being cheated '' . After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity , the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism , saying : `` This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews . We appreciate everyone 's support and the attention to this issue , but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair , and we could n't be happier to work with Skydance , Netflix and the great cast of this show . '' Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had `` made a joke in an interview about our salaries , which was taken out of context . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Erik , Pedersen ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 5 On Netflix ; RuPaul To Guest Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Back Together Again in `` Grace and Frankie , '' A New Original Comedy Series on Netflix `` . The Futon Critic . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' Grace and Frankie ' for Season 3 '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Gets Season 3 Premiere Date On Netflix & Teaser '' . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace and Frankie ' Renewed for Season 4 at Netflix , Adds Lisa Kudrow '' . Variety.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 4 : Official Renewal Status and Release Date '' . whats-on-netflix.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ; Goldberg , Lesley ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Martin Sheen to Star in Netflix 's Jane Fonda - Lily Tomlin Comedy ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Waterston and Jane Fonda Reunite for Netflix 's Grace and Frankie '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June Diane Raphael & Baron Vaughn Join Netflix Comedy ' Grace & Frankie ' '' . Deadline.com . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Tuesday , July 29 '' . The Futon Critic . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fonda , Jane ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Grace & Frankie nearing end of Season 2 '' . JaneFonda.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starting the New Series , Grace & Frankie , with Lily Tomlin , Martin Sheen & Sam Waterston '' . JaneFonda.com . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gearing Up for Grace and Frankie Season II '' . JaneFonda.com . July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last day on Season II of Grace & Frankie '' . JaneFonda.com . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisener , Jasef ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 2 Review '' . TVOvermind . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards 2015 : The complete winners list '' . CNN.com . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . IPA . December 2 , 2015 . pressacademy.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Golden Globes : Lady Gaga , Transparent and Orange Is the New Black Leads the Race '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` GALECA 2015 / 16 DORIAN AWARDS '' . GALECA. 2016 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 / 01 / 2016 - glaad - media - award - nominations '' . vulture.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual TV Awards ( 2014 - 15 ) '' . Online Film & Television Association . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Anderson and Lauren Graham to Announce Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://variety.com/2016/film/news/2017-sag-awards-nominations-nominees-list-1201941897/ Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Contemporary TV Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees # glaadawards '' . GLAAD . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2016 Jump up ^ http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/20th-annual-tv-awards-2015-16/ Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All Jump up ^ Kang , Inkoo . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Go Public About Their Unfair ' Grace and Frankie ' Paychecks '' . Women and Hollywood . Indiewire.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vanmetre , Elizabeth ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Martin Sheen , Sam Waterston agree ' Grace and Frankie ' , stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin deserve pay raise '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gennis , Sadie . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Say They 're Okay with Grace and Frankie Gender Pay Disparity '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . 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Question: who plays frankie’s sister teddy on grace and frankie


List of National Football League career receiving yards leaders - wikipedia List of National Football League career receiving yards leaders Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of National Football League ( NFL ) players by total career receiving yards recorded . This list includes all players who have amassed at least 10,000 receiving yards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players with at least 10,000 receiving yards 2 Active players with at least 8,000 receiving yards 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Players with at least 10,000 receiving yards ( edit ) Key Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame * Denotes player who is still active in the NFL Through Week 8 of 2017 season in progress Rank Player Team ( s ) by season Receptions Yards Average Jerry Rice San Francisco 49ers ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2004 ) 1,549 22,895 14.8 Terrell Owens San Francisco 49ers ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Buffalo Bills ( 2009 ) Cincinnati Bengals ( 2010 ) 1,078 15,934 14.8 Randy Moss Minnesota Vikings ( 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2005 -- 2006 ) New England Patriots ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2010 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 2012 ) 982 15,292 15.6 Isaac Bruce Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams ( 1994 -- 2007 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 1,024 15,208 14.9 5 Tony Gonzalez Kansas City Chiefs ( 1997 -- 2008 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 1,325 15,127 11.4 6 Tim Brown L.A. / Oakland Raiders ( 1988 -- 2003 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2004 ) 1,094 14,934 13.7 7 Larry Fitzgerald Arizona Cardinals ( 2004 -- present ) 1,170 14,883 12.7 8 Steve Smith Sr . Carolina Panthers ( 2001 -- 2013 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 1,031 14,731 14.3 9 Marvin Harrison Indianapolis Colts ( 1996 -- 2008 ) 1,102 14,580 13.2 10 Reggie Wayne Indianapolis Colts ( 2001 -- 2014 ) 1,070 14,345 13.5 11 Andre Johnson Houston Texans ( 2003 -- 2014 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2015 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2016 ) 1,062 14,185 13.4 12 James Lofton Green Bay Packers ( 1978 -- 1986 ) Los Angeles Raiders ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Buffalo Bills ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1993 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1993 ) 764 14,004 18.3 13 Cris Carter Philadelphia Eagles ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1990 -- 2001 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2002 ) 1,101 13,899 12.6 14 Anquan Boldin Arizona Cardinals ( 2003 -- 2009 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2010 -- 2012 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Detroit Lions ( 2016 ) 1,076 13,779 12.8 15 Henry Ellard Los Angeles Rams ( 1983 -- 1993 ) Washington Redskins ( 1994 -- 1998 ) New England Patriots ( 1998 ) 814 13,777 16.9 16 Torry Holt St. Louis Rams ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Jacksonville Jaguars ( 2009 ) 920 13,382 14.5 17 Andre Reed Buffalo Bills ( 1985 -- 1999 ) Washington Redskins ( 2000 ) 951 13,198 13.9 18 Steve Largent Seattle Seahawks ( 1976 -- 1989 ) 819 13,089 16.0 19 Irving Fryar New England Patriots ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Miami Dolphins ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Washington Redskins ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 851 12,785 15.0 20 Art Monk Washington Redskins ( 1980 -- 1993 ) New York Jets ( 1994 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1995 ) 940 12,721 13.5 21 Jimmy Smith Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1994 ) Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- 2005 ) 862 12,287 14.3 22 Brandon Marshall Denver Broncos ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Chicago Bears ( 2012 -- 2014 ) New York Jets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) New York Giants ( 2017 -- present ) 959 12,215 12.7 23 Jason Witten Dallas Cowboys ( 2003 -- present ) 1,120 12,171 10.9 24 Charlie Joiner Houston Oilers ( 1969 -- 1972 ) Cincinnati Bengals ( 1972 -- 1975 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1976 -- 1986 ) 750 12,146 16.2 25 Hines Ward Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1998 -- 2011 ) 1,000 12,083 12.1 26 Mason , Derrick Derrick Mason Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2005 -- 2010 ) New York Jets ( 2011 ) Houston Texans ( ( 2011 ) 943 12,061 12.8 27 Michael Irvin Dallas Cowboys ( 1988 -- 1999 ) 750 11,904 15.9 28 Don Maynard New York Giants ( 1958 ) New York Titans / Jets ( 1960 -- 1972 ) 633 11,834 18.7 29 Calvin Johnson Detroit Lions ( 2007 -- 2015 ) 731 11,619 15.9 30 Muhsin Muhammad Carolina Panthers ( 1996 -- 2004 , 2008 -- 2009 ) Chicago Bears ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 860 11,438 13.3 31 Rod Smith Denver Broncos ( 1995 -- 2006 ) 849 11,389 13.4 32 Keenan McCardell Cleveland Browns ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2002 -- 2003 ) San Diego Chargers ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Houston Texans ( 2007 ) Washington Redskins ( 2007 ) 883 11,373 12.9 33 Gates , Antonio Antonio Gates San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( 2003 -- present ) 910 11,311 12.4 34 Chad Johnson Cincinnati Bengals ( 2001 -- 2010 ) New England Patriots ( 2011 ) 766 11,059 14.4 35 Joey Galloway Seattle Seahawks ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2004 -- 2008 ) New England Patriots ( 2009 ) Washington Redskins ( 2010 ) 698 10,918 15.6 36 Roddy White Atlanta Falcons ( 2005 -- 2015 ) 808 10,863 13.4 37 Gary Clark Washington Redskins ( 1985 -- 1992 ) Arizona / Phoenix Cardinals ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Miami Dolphins ( 1995 ) 699 10,856 15.5 38 Stanley Morgan New England Patriots ( 1977 -- 1989 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 1990 ) 557 10,716 19.2 39 Keyshawn Johnson New York Jets ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Carolina Panthers ( 2006 ) 814 10,571 13.0 40 Harold Jackson Los Angeles Rams ( 1968 , 1973 -- 1977 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1969 -- 1972 ) New England Patriots ( 1978 -- 1981 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1982 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1983 ) 579 10,372 17.9 41 Santana Moss New York Jets ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Washington Redskins ( 2005 -- 2014 ) 732 10,283 14.0 42 Lance Alworth San Diego Chargers ( 1962 -- 1970 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1971 -- 1972 ) 542 10,266 18.9 43 Andre Rison Indianapolis Colts ( 1989 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Cleveland Browns ( 1995 ) Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1996 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1996 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2000 ) 743 10,205 13.7 44 Donald Driver Green Bay Packers ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 743 10,137 13.6 45 Shannon Sharpe Denver Broncos ( 1990 -- 1999 , 2002 -- 2003 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2000 -- 2001 ) 815 10,060 12.3 Active players with at least 8,000 receiving yards ( edit ) Through Week 8 of 2017 season in progress . All numbers in yards . DeSean Jackson , 9,179 Antonio Brown , 9,142 Vincent Jackson , 9,080 Demaryius Thomas , 8,093 See also ( edit ) List of National Football League career receiving touchdowns leaders List of National Football League career receptions leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rice was released during the 2004 season ; he played four games for the Raiders and thirteen games for the Seahawks . Jump up ^ Moss was traded during the 2010 season ; he played four games for the Patriots and four for the Vikings . He was then released by the Vikings and was claimed on waivers by the Titans , with whom he played eight games . Jump up ^ In the 1994 season , Bruce 's first , the Rams were based in Los Angeles ; the franchise relocated prior to the start of the 1995 season ; it returned in 2016 . Jump up ^ Between the 1988 and 1994 seasons , the Raiders were based in Los Angeles ; the franchise relocated prior to the start of the 1995 season . Jump up ^ Lofton was traded during the 1993 season ; he played one game for the Rams and nine for the Eagles . Jump up ^ Ellard was released by the Redskins during the 1996 season and was claimed off waivers by the Patriots ; he played in two games for the Redskins and five for the Patriots . Jump up ^ Joiner was traded during the 1972 season ; he played in six games for the Oilers and six for the Bengals . Jump up ^ Prior to 1963 , the Jets were known as the New York Titans Jump up ^ During the 1993 season , the Arizona Cardinals became the Phoenix Cardinals . Jump up ^ Rison was released by the Jaguars during the 1996 season and was claimed off waivers by the Packers ; he played eleven games for the Jaguars and five for the Packers . References ( edit ) NFL Stats : Milestone Tracker Pro-football-reference.com enumeration of career receiving leaders ( hide ) National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_receiving_yards_leaders&oldid=807332984 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 09 : 05 . 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Question: who has the most receiving yards in the nfl history


Vacuum flask - wikipedia Vacuum flask Jump to : navigation , search `` Thermos '' redirects here . For other uses , see Thermos ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the vacuum - insulated flask . For the flask used in filtration under vacuum , see Büchner flask . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The typical design of a Thermos brand vacuum flask , used for maintaining the temperature of fluids such as coffee . Laboratory Dewar flask , Deutsches Museum , Munich Diagram of a vacuum flask A cryogenic storage dewar of liquid nitrogen , used to supply a cryogenic freezer A vacuum flask ( also known as a Dewar flask , Dewar bottle or thermos ) is an insulating storage vessel that greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask 's surroundings . Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892 , the vacuum flask consists of two flasks , placed one within the other and joined at the neck . The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air , creating a near - vacuum which significantly reduces heat transfer by conduction or convection . Vacuum flasks are used domestically to keep beverages hot or cold for extended periods of time and for many purposes in industry . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Research and industry 4 Safety 5 Thermodynamics 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Gustav Robert Paalen , Double Walled Vessel , 1 . Patent June 27 , 1908 , published July 13th 1909 The vacuum flask was designed and invented by Scottish scientist Sir James Dewar in 1892 as a result of his research in the field of cryogenics and is sometimes called a Dewar flask in his honour . While performing experiments in determining the specific heat of the element of palladium , Dewar formed a brass chamber that he enclosed in another chamber to keep the palladium at its desired temperature . He evacuated the air between the two chambers creating a partial vacuum to keep the temperature of the contents stable . Through the need for this insulated container James Dewar created the vacuum flask , which became a significant tool for chemical experiments and also became a common household item . The flask was later developed using new materials such as glass and aluminum ; however , Dewar refused to patent his invention . Dewar 's design was quickly transformed into a commercial item in 1904 as two German glassblowers , Reinhold Burger and Albert Aschenbrenner , discovered that it could be used to keep cold drinks cold and warm drinks warm . The Dewar flask design had never been patented , as stated above . But the German men who discovered the commercial use for the product renamed it `` Thermos , '' and they subsequently claimed both the rights to the commercial product and the trademark to the name . In his subsequent attempt to claim the rights to the invention , Dewar instead lost a court case to the company . The manufacturing and performance of the Thermos bottle was significantly improved and refined by the Viennese inventor and merchant Gustav Robert Paalen , who designed various types for domestic use , which he also patented , and distributed widely , through his Thermos Bottle Companies in the United States and Canada . The name later became a genericized trademark after the term `` thermos '' became the household name for such a liquid container . The vacuum flask went on to be used for many different types of scientific experiments and the commercial `` Thermos '' was transformed into a common item . `` Thermos '' remains a registered trademark in some countries , but it was declared a genericized trademark in the United States in 1963 , since it is colloquially synonymous with vacuum flasks in general . However , there are other vacuum flasks . After the German glassblowers determined the commercial uses for the Dewar flask , the technology was sold to the Thermos company who used it to mass - produce vacuum flasks for at - home use . Over time , the company expanded the size , shapes and materials of these consumer products , primarily used for carrying coffee on the go and carrying liquids on camping trips to keep them either hot or cold . Eventually other manufacturers produced similar products for consumer use . Design ( edit ) The vacuum flask consists of two flasks , placed one within the other and joined at the neck . The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air , creating a partial - vacuum which reduces heat conduction or convection . Heat transfer by thermal radiation may be minimized by silvering flask surfaces facing the gap but can become problematic if the flask 's contents or surroundings are very hot ; hence vacuum flasks usually hold contents below the boiling point of water . Most heat transfer occurs through the neck and opening of the flask , where there is no vacuum . Vacuum flasks are usually made of metal , borosilicate glass , foam or plastic and have their opening stoppered with cork or polyethylene plastic . Vacuum flasks are often used as insulated shipping containers . Extremely large or long vacuum flasks sometimes can not fully support the inner flask from the neck alone , so additional support is provided by spacers between the interior and exterior shell . These spacers act as a thermal bridge and partially reduce the insulating properties of the flask around the area where the spacer contacts the interior surface . Several technological applications , such as NMR and MRI machines , rely on the use of double vacuum flasks . These flasks have two vacuum sections . The inner flask contains liquid helium and the outer flask contains liquid nitrogen , with one vacuum section in between . The loss of precious helium is limited in this way . Other improvements to the vacuum flask include the vapour - cooled radiation shield and the vapour - cooled neck , both of which help to reduce evaporation from the flask . Research and industry ( edit ) See also : Cryogenic storage dewar In laboratories and industry , vacuum flasks are often used to hold liquefied gases ( often LN2 ) for flash freezing , sample preparation and other processes where maintaining an extreme low temperature is desired . Larger vacuum flasks store liquids that become gaseous at well below ambient temperature , such as oxygen and nitrogen ; in this case the leakage of heat into the extremely cold interior of the bottle results in a slow boiling - off of the liquid so that a narrow unstoppered opening , or a stoppered opening protected by a pressure relief valve , is necessary to prevent pressure from building up and eventually shattering the flask . The insulation of the vacuum flask results in a very slow `` boil '' and thus the contents remain liquid for long periods without refrigeration equipment . Vacuum flasks have been used to house standard cells and ovenized Zener diodes , along with their printed circuit board , in precision voltage - regulating devices used as electrical standards . The flask helped with controlling the Zener temperature over a long time span and was used to reduce variations of the output voltage of the Zener standard owing to temperature fluctuation to within a few parts per million . One notable use was by Guildline Instruments , of Canada , in their Transvolt , model 9154B , saturated standard cell , which is an electrical voltage standard . Here a silvered vacuum flask was encased in foam insulation and , using a large glass vacuum plug , held the saturated cell . The output of the device was 1.018 volts and was held to within a few parts per million . The principle of the vacuum flask makes it ideal for storing certain types of rocket fuel , and NASA used it extensively in the propellant tanks of the Saturn launch vehicles in the 1960s and 1970s . The design and shape of the Dewar flask was used as a model for optical experiments based on the idea that the shape of the two compartments with the space in between is similar to the way the light hits the eye . The vacuum flask has also been part of experiments using it as the capacitor of different chemicals in order to keep them at a consistent temperature . The industrial Dewar flask is the base for a device used to passively insulate medical shipments . Most vaccines are sensitive to heat and require a cold chain system to keep them at stable , near freezing temperatures . The Arktek device uses eight one - litre ice blocks to hold vaccines at under 10 ° C . Safety ( edit ) Vacuum flasks are at risk of implosion hazard , and glass vessels under vacuum , in particular , may shatter unexpectedly . Chips , scratches or cracks can be a starting point for dangerous vessel failure , especially when the vessel temperature changes rapidly ( when hot or cold liquid is added ) . Proper preparation of the Dewar vacuum flask by tempering prior to use is advised to maintain and optimize the functioning of the unit . Glass vacuum flasks are usually fitted into a metal base with the cylinder contained in or coated with mesh , aluminum or plastic to aid in handling , protect it from physical damage , and contain fragments should they break . In addition , cryogenic storage dewars are usually pressurized , and they may explode if pressure relief valves are not used . Thermodynamics ( edit ) This section may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rate of heat ( energy ) loss through a vacuum flask can be analyzed thermodynamically , starting from the second TdS relation : T d S = d H − V d P ( \ displaystyle TdS = dH - VdP ) T s u r r Δ S = m c p δ T − V d p ( \ displaystyle T_ ( surr ) \ Delta S = mc_ ( p ) \ delta T - Vdp ) Assuming constant pressure throughout the process , T s u r r Δ S = c p ( T b ′ − T c ) ( \ displaystyle T_ ( surr ) \ Delta S = c_ ( p ) \ left ( T_ ( b ' ) - T_ ( c ) \ right ) ) Rearranging the equation in terms of the temperature of the outside surface of the vacuum flask 's inner wall , T b ′ = T c + T s u r r Δ S c p ( \ displaystyle T_ ( b ' ) = T_ ( c ) + ( \ frac ( T_ ( surr ) \ Delta S ) ( c_ ( p ) ) ) ) Where T is the temperature of the surrounding air ∆ S is the change in specific entropy of stainless steel c is the specific heat capacity of stainless steel T is the temperature of the liquid contained within the flask T is the temperature of the outside surface of the vacuum flask 's inner wall Now consider the general expression for heat loss due to radiation : Q 0 ′ = A ε σ ( T 4 − T 0 4 ) ( \ displaystyle Q'_ ( 0 ) = A \ epsilon \ sigma \ left ( T ^ ( 4 ) - T_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) In the case of the vacuum flask , Q 0 ′ = A i n ε s . s . σ ( T b ′ 4 − T s u r r 4 ) ( \ displaystyle Q'_ ( 0 ) = A_ ( in ) \ epsilon _ ( s.s. ) \ sigma \ left ( T_ ( b ) ' ^ ( 4 ) - T_ ( surr ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) Substituting our earlier expression for T , Q 0 ′ = A i n ε s . s . σ ( ( T c + T s u r r Δ S c p ) 4 − T s u r r 4 ) ( \ displaystyle Q'_ ( 0 ) = A_ ( in ) \ epsilon _ ( s.s. ) \ sigma \ left ( \ left ( T_ ( c ) + ( \ frac ( T_ ( surr ) \ Delta S ) ( c_ ( p ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 4 ) - T_ ( surr ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) Where Q ' is the rate of heat transfer by radiation through the vacuum portion of the flask A is the surface area of the outside of the inner wall of the flask ε is the emissivity of stainless steel σ is the Stefan -- Boltzmann constant Assuming that the outer surface of the inner wall and the inner surface of the outer wall of the vacuum flask are coated with polished silver to minimize heat loss due to radiation , we can say that the rate of heat absorption by the inner surface of the outer wall is equal to the absorptivity of polished silver times the heat radiated by the outer surface of the inner wall , α Q 0 ′ = Q i n ′ ( \ displaystyle \ alpha Q'_ ( 0 ) = Q'_ ( in ) ) In order for energy balance to be maintained , the heat lost through the outer surface of the outer wall must be equal to the heat absorbed by the inner surface of the outer wall , Q i n ′ = Q o u t ′ ( \ displaystyle Q'_ ( in ) = Q'_ ( out ) ) Since the absorptivity of polished silver is the same as its emissivity , we can write Q o u t ′ = ε s . s . Q 0 ′ ( \ displaystyle Q'_ ( out ) = \ epsilon _ ( s.s. ) Q'_ ( 0 ) ) We must also consider the rate of heat loss through the lid of the vacuum flask ( assuming it is made of polypropylene , a common plastic ) where there is no vacuum inside the material . In this area , the three heat transfer modes of conduction , convection , and radiation are present . Therefore , the rate of heat loss through the lid is , Q l i d ′ = Q c o n d ′ + Q c o n v ′ + Q r a d ′ ( \ displaystyle Q'_ ( lid ) = Q'_ ( cond ) + Q'_ ( conv ) + Q'_ ( rad ) ) Q l i d ′ = k A l i d ( T b − T s u r r Δ x ) + h A l i d ( T b − T s u r r ) + A l i d ε p . p . σ ( ( T c + T s u r r Δ S p . p . c p p . p . ) 4 − T s u r r 4 ) ( \ displaystyle Q'_ ( lid ) = kA_ ( lid ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( T_ ( b ) - T_ ( surr ) ) ( \ Delta x ) ) \ right ) + hA_ ( lid ) \ left ( T_ ( b ) - T_ ( surr ) \ right ) + A_ ( lid ) \ epsilon _ ( p.p. ) \ sigma \ left ( \ left ( T_ ( c ) + ( \ frac ( T_ ( surr ) \ Delta S_ ( p.p. ) ) ( c_ ( p ) ^ ( p.p. ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 4 ) - T_ ( surr ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) Where k is the thermal conductivity of air h is the convective heat transfer coefficient of free air ε is the emissivity of polypropylene A is the outer surface area of the lid c is the specific heat capacity of polypropylene ∆ S is the specific entropy of polypropylene ∆ x is the distance over which conduction across the temperature gradient takes place Now we have an expression for the total rate of heat loss , which is the sum of the rate of heat loss through the walls of the vacuum flask and the rate of heat loss through the lid , Q t o t a l ′ = Q o u t ′ + Q l i d ′ ( \ displaystyle Q'_ ( total ) = Q'_ ( out ) + Q'_ ( lid ) ) where we substitute each of the expressions for each component into the equation . The rate of entropy generation of this process can also be calculated , starting from entropy balance : Δ S s y s t e m = S i n − S o u t + S g e n ( \ displaystyle \ Delta S_ ( system ) = S_ ( in ) - S_ ( out ) + S_ ( gen ) ) Written in rate form , Δ S s y s t e m ′ = S i n ′ − S o u t ′ + S g e n ′ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta S'_ ( system ) = S'_ ( in ) - S'_ ( out ) + S'_ ( gen ) ) Assuming a steady - state process , − ∫ d Q ′ T s u r r + S g e n ′ = 0 ( \ displaystyle - \ int ( \ frac ( dQ ' ) ( T_ ( surr ) ) ) + S'_ ( gen ) = 0 ) S g e n ′ = Q 2 ′ − Q 1 ′ T s u r r ( \ displaystyle S'_ ( gen ) = ( \ frac ( Q'_ ( 2 ) - Q'_ ( 1 ) ) ( T_ ( surr ) ) ) ) Since there is no heat added to the system , S g e n ′ = Q t o t a l ′ T s u r r ( \ displaystyle S'_ ( gen ) = ( \ frac ( Q'_ ( total ) ) ( T_ ( surr ) ) ) ) See also ( edit ) Hermetic seal Sunshield ( JWST ) ( the layers of its thermal shield use a vacuum barrier to provide insulation ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Soulen , Robert ( March 1996 ) . `` James Dewar , His Flask and Other Achievements '' . Physics Today . 49 ( 3 ) : 32 -- 37 . Bibcode : 1996PhT ... 49c ... 32S . doi : 10.1063 / 1.881490 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our History '' . Thermos , LLC. 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James Dewar , the man who invented the thermos flask '' . BBC History . 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank A.J.L. James . `` Dewar , James - BRITISH CHEMIST AND PHYSICIST '' . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of Cryogenics : A Cryo Central resource from the CSA '' . Cryogenicsociety.org. 2008 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Cortright , Edgar . `` Apollo Expeditions to the Moon . '' Official NASA publications . 1975 . Jump up ^ Haynes , John and Scott , Jesse . `` A Method for Silvering a Dewar Flask for Optical Experiments . '' Science . Vol. 107 , No. 2777 . March 19 , 1948 . p. 301 Jump up ^ Elliot , Willard . `` A Spectrophotometric Dewar Flask with Integral Light Shield . '' Public Health Records . Vol. 85 , No. 3 . March 1970 . pps. 276 - 279 . Jump up ^ `` This Revolutionary Cooler Could Save Millions of Lives '' . WIRED. 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gates - backed device extends cold chain to rural areas '' . FierceVaccines . Jump up ^ Murhekar , MV ; Dutta , S ; Kapoor , AN ; Bitragunta , S ; Dodum , R ; Ghosh , P ; Swamy , KK ; Mukhopadhyay , K ; Ningombam , S ; Parmar , K ; Ravishankar , D ; Singh , B ; Singh , V ; Sisodiya , R ; Subramanian , R ; Takum , T ( 2013 ) . `` Frequent exposure to suboptimal temperatures in vaccine cold - chain system in India : results of temperature monitoring in 10 states '' . 91 : 906 -- 13 . PMC 3845272 . PMID 24347729 . doi : 10.2471 / BLT. 13.119974 . Jump up ^ Samant , Y ; Lanjewar , H ; Parker , D ; Block , L ; Tomar , GS ; Stein , B ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of the Cold - Chain for Oral Polio Vaccine in a Rural District of India '' . 122 : 112 -- 21 . PMC 1802111 . PMID 17236617 . Jump up ^ `` ARKTEK '' . Jump up ^ `` Thermodynamics eBook : TdS Relations '' . Further reading ( edit ) Burger , R. , U.S. Patent 872,795 , `` Double walled vessel with a space for a vacuum between the walls , '' December 3 , 1907 . Sella , Andrea ( August 2008 ) . `` Dewar 's Flask '' . Chemistry World : 75 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . 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Question: what is the use of silvering the walls of thermos flask