Financial accounting - wikipedia Financial accounting Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( hide ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( hide ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( hide ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( hide ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( hide ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( hide ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( hide ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( hide ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( hide ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Financial accounting ( or financial accountancy ) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary , analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business . This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption . Stockholders , suppliers , banks , employees , government agencies , business owners , and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes . Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards . Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction . It includes the standards , conventions and rules that accountants follow in recording and summarizing and in the preparation of financial statements . On the other hand , International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) is a set of passionable accounting standards stating how particular types of transactions and other events should be reported in financial statements . IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . With IFRS becoming more widespread on the international scene , consistency in financial reporting has become more prevalent between global organizations . While financial accounting is used to prepare accounting information for people outside the organization or not involved in the day - to - day running of the company , managerial accounting provides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage the business . Contents ( hide ) 1 Objectives 2 Qualities 3 Three components of financial statements 3.1 Statement of cash flows 3.2 Statement of profit or loss ( income statement or statement of operations ) 3.3 Statement of financial position ( balance sheet ) 3.3. 1 Statement of retained earnings ( statement of changes in equity ) 4 Basic concepts 5 Graphic definition 6 Versus cost accounting 7 Related qualification 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Objectives ( edit ) Financial accounting and financial reporting are often used as synonyms . 1 . According to International Financial Reporting Standards , the objective of financial reporting is : - To provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors , lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity . 2 . According to the European Accounting Association : Capital maintenance is a competing objective of financial reporting . Qualities ( edit ) Financial accounting is the preparation of financial statements that can be consumed by the public and the relevant stakeholders using either Historical Cost Accounting ( HCA ) or Constant Purchasing Power Accounting ( CPPA ) . When producing financial statements , they must comply to the following : Relevance : Financial accounting which is decision - specific . It must be possible for accounting information to influence decisions . Unless this characteristic is present , there is no point in cluttering statements . Materiality : information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements . Reliability : accounting must be free from significant error or bias . It should be easily relied upon by managers . Often information that is highly relevant is n't very reliable , and vice versa . Understandability : accounting reports should be expressed as clearly as possible and should be understood by those to whom the information is relevant . Comparability : financial reports from different periods should be comparable with one another in order to derive meaningful conclusions about the trends in an entity 's financial performance and position over time . Comparability can be ensured by applying the same accounting policies over time ... Three components of financial statements ( edit ) Statement of cash flows ( edit ) The statement of cash flows considers the inputs and outputs in concrete cash within a stated period . The general template of a cash flow statement is as follows : Cash Inflow - Cash Outflow + Opening Balance = Closing Balance Example 1 : in the beginning of September , Ellen started out with $5 in her bank account . During that same month , Ellen borrowed $20 from Tom . At the end of the month , Ellen bought a pair of shoes for $7 . Ellen 's cash flow statement for the month of September looks like this : Cash inflow : $20 Cash outflow : $7 Opening balance : $5 Closing balance : $20 -- $7 + $5 = $18 Example 2 : in the beginning of June , WikiTables , a company that buys and resells tables , sold 2 tables . They 'd originally bought the tables for $25 each , and sold them at a price of $50 per table . The first table was paid out in cash however the second one was bought in credit terms . WikiTables ' cash flow statement for the month of June looks like this : Cash inflow : $50 - How much WikiTables received in cash for the first table . They did n't receive cash for the second table ( sold in credit terms ) . Cash outflow : $50 - How much they 'd originally bought the 2 tables for . Opening balance : $0 Closing balance : $50 -- 2 * $25 + $0 = $50 -- 50 = $0 - Indeed , the cash flow for the month of June for WikiTables amounts to $0 and not $50 . Important : the cash flow statement only considers the exchange of actual cash , and ignores what the person in question owes or is owed . Statement of profit or loss ( income statement or statement of operations ) ( edit ) The statement of profit or income statement reports the changes in value of a company 's accounts over a set period ( most commonly one fiscal year ) , and may compare the changes to changes in the same accounts over the previous period . All changes are summarized on the `` bottom line '' as net income , often reported as `` net loss '' when income is less than zero . The net profit or loss is determined by : Sales ( revenue ) -- cost of goods sold -- selling , general , administrative expenses ( SGA ) -- depreciation / amortization = earnings before interest and taxes ( EBIT ) -- interest and tax expenses = profit / loss Statement of financial position ( balance sheet ) ( edit ) The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm 's assets , liabilities and equity ( capital ) at a set point in time , usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement . The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount . This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity . The statement can be used to help show the status of a company . Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets . International Financial Reporting Standards normally require that companies report current assets and liabilities separately from non-current amounts . Current assets are the most liquid assets of a firm , which can be realized in 12 months period . Current assets include : cash - physical money accounts receivable - revenues earned but not yet collected Merchandise inventory - consists of goods and services a firm currently owns until it ends up getting sold marketable securities - Stocks and bonds a firm has invested in other firms prepaid expenses - expenses paid for in advance for use during that year Non-current assets include fixed or long - term assets and intangible assets : fixed ( long term ) assets property building equipment ( such as factory machinery ) intangible assets copyrights trademarks patents goodwill Liabilities include : current liabilities trade accounts payable dividends payable employee salaries payable interest ( e.g. on debt ) payable long term liabilities mortgage notes payable bonds payable Owner 's equity , sometimes referred to as net assets , is represented differently depending on the type of business ownership . Business ownership can be in the form of a sole proprietorship , partnership , or a corporation . For a corporation , the owner 's equity portion usually shows common stock , and retained earnings ( earnings kept in the company ) . Retained earnings come from the retained earnings statement , prepared prior to the balance sheet . Statement of retained earnings ( statement of changes in equity ) ( edit ) This statement is additional to the three main statements described above . It shows how the distribution of income and transfer of dividends affects the wealth of shareholders in the company . The concept of retained earnings means profits of previous years that are accumulated till current period . Basic proforma for this statement is as follows : Retained earnings at the beginning of period + Net Income for the period - Dividends = Retained earnings at the end of period . Basic concepts ( edit ) THE STABLE MEASURING ASSUMPTION One of the basic principles in accounting is `` The Measuring Unit principle : The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency . This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable ; that is , changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements . '' Historical Cost Accounting , i.e. , financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units , is based on the stable measuring unit assumption under which accountants simply assume that money , the monetary unit of measure , is perfectly stable in real value for the purpose of measuring ( 1 ) monetary items not inflation - indexed daily in terms of the Daily CPI and ( 2 ) constant real value non-monetary items not updated daily in terms of the Daily CPI during low and high inflation and deflation . UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER The stable monetary unit assumption is not applied during hyperinflation . IFRS requires entities to implement capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies . Financial accountants produce financial statements based on the accounting standards in a given jurisdiction . These standards may be the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of a respective country , which are typically issued by a national standard setter , or International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) , which are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . Financial accounting serves the following purposes : producing general purpose financial statements producing information used by the management of a business entity for decision making , planning and performance evaluation producing financial statements for meeting regulatory requirements . Objectives of Financial Accounting Systematic recording of transactions : basic objective of accounting is to systematically record the financial aspects of business transactions ( i.e. book - keeping ) . These recorded transactions are later on classified and summarized logically for the preparation of financial statements and for their analysis and interpretation . Ascertainment of result of above recorded transactions : accountant prepares profit and loss account to know the result of business operations for a particular period of time . If expenses exceed revenue then it is said that the business is running under loss . The profit and loss account helps the management and different stakeholders in taking rational decisions . For example , if business is not proved to be remunerative or profitable , the cause of such a state of affairs can be investigated by the management for taking remedial steps . Ascertainment of the financial position of business : businessman is not only interested in knowing the result of the business in terms of profits or loss for a particular period but is also anxious to know that what he owes ( liability ) to the outsiders and what he owns ( assets ) on a certain date . To know this , accountant prepares a financial position statement of assets and liabilities of the business at a particular point of time and helps in ascertaining the financial health of the business . Providing information to the users for rational decision - making : accounting as a ' language of business ' communicates the financial result of an enterprise to various stakeholders by means of financial statements . Accounting aims to meet the financial information needs of the decision - makers and helps them in rational decision - making . To know the solvency position : by preparing the balance sheet , management not only reveals what is owned and owed by the enterprise , but also it gives the information regarding concern 's ability to meet its liabilities in the short run ( liquidity position ) and also in the long - run ( solvency position ) as and when they fall due . Graphic Definition ( edit ) The accounting equation ( Assets = Liabilities + Owners ' Equity ) and financial statements are the main topics of financial accounting . The trial balance , which is usually prepared using the double - entry accounting system , forms the basis for preparing the financial statements . All the figures in the trial balance are rearranged to prepare a profit & loss statement and balance sheet . Accounting standards determine the format for these accounts ( SSAP , FRS , IFRS ) . Financial statements display the income and expenditure for the company and a summary of the assets , liabilities , and shareholders ' or owners ' equity of the company on the date to which the accounts were prepared . Assets and expenses have normal debit balances , i.e. , debiting these types of accounts increases them . Liabilities , revenues , and capital have normal credit balances , i.e. , crediting these increases them . 0 = Dr Assets Cr Owners ' Equity Cr Liabilities . _____________________________ / \ ____________________________ ... / Cr Retained Earnings ( profit ) Cr Common Stock \ ... _________________ / \ _______________________________ ... / Dr Expenses Cr Beginning Retained Earnings \ ... Dr Dividends Cr Revenue ... \ ________________________ / \ ______________________________________________________ / increased by debits increased by credits Crediting a credit Thus -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - > account increases its absolute value ( balance ) Debiting a debit Debiting a credit Thus -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - > account decreases its absolute value ( balance ) Crediting a debit When the same thing is done to an account as its normal balance it increases ; when the opposite is done , it will decrease . Much like signs in math : two positive numbers are added and two negative numbers are also added . It is only when there is one positive and one negative ( opposites ) that you will subtract . Versus cost accounting ( edit ) See also : Cost accounting Financial accounting aims at finding out results of accounting year in the form of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet . Cost Accounting aims at computing cost of production / service in a scientific manner and facilitate cost control and cost reduction . Financial accounting reports the results and position of business to government , creditors , investors , and external parties . Cost Accounting is an internal reporting system for an organisation 's own management for decision making . In financial accounting , cost classification based on type of transactions , e.g. salaries , repairs , insurance , stores etc . In cost accounting , classification is basically on the basis of functions , activities , products , process and on internal planning and control and information needs of the organization . Financial accounting aims at presenting ' true and fair ' view of transactions , profit and loss for a period and Statement of financial position ( Balance Sheet ) on a given date . It aims at computing ' true and fair ' view of the cost of production / services offered by the firm . Related qualification ( edit ) Many professional accountancy qualifications cover the field of financial accountancy , including Certified Public Accountant ( CPA ) , Chartered Accountant ( CA or other national designations ) and Chartered Certified Accountant ( ACCA ) . See also ( edit ) Constant item purchasing power accounting Historical cost accounting Philosophy of accounting Accounting analyst , whose job involves evaluating public company financial statements Management accounting , the other main division of accounting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Financial Accounting - Definition from KWHS '' . Wharton Business School . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are - January 2015 '' ( PDF ) . IFRS.org . IFRS Foundation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ IFRS Conceptual Framework ( 2010 ) Par . OB2 Jump up ^ European Accounting Association , Response to Question 26 , Comment Letter to the Discussion Paper regarding the Review of the Conceptual Framework , on Page 2 of comment letters , dated 2014 - 01 - 24 Archived 2014 - 07 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chew , Lynsie ; Parkinson , Alan ( 2013 ) . Making Sense of Accounting for Business . Harlow : Pearson . ISBN 9781782369295 . Jump up ^ `` IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements '' . Deloitte Global . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larry M. Walther , Christopher J. Skousen , `` Long - Term Assets '' , Ventus Publishing ApS , 2009 Jump up ^ Malhotra , DK ; Poteau , Ray ( 2016 ) . Financial Accounting I. Academic Publishing . ISBN 1627517308 . Jump up ^ Fred. , Phillips , ( 2011 ) . Fundamentals of financial accounting . Libby , Robert. , Libby , Patricia A. ( 3rd ed ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill Irwin . ISBN 9780073527109 . OCLC 457010553 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Paul H. Walgenbach , Norman E. Dittrich and Ernest I. Hanson , ( 1973 ) , Financial Accounting , New York : Harcourt Grace Javonovich , Inc . Page 429 . Jump up ^ `` Basic accounting principles you should know '' , Cleverism Jump up ^ Cost and Management Accounting . Intermediate . The Institute of Cost Accountants of India . p. 17 . Further reading ( edit ) David Annand , Introduction to Financial Accounting , Athabasca University , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9953266 - 4 - 4 Financial Accounting ( 2015 ) doi : 10.24926 / 8668.0701 ISBN 978 - 1 - 946135 - 10 - 0 Johnny Jackson , Introduction to Financial Accounting , Thomas Edison State University . Alexander , D. , Britton , A. , Jorissen , A. , `` International Financial Reporting and Analysis '' , Second Edition , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84480 - 201 - 2 ( hide ) Accounting Type Financial accounting Cost accounting Statements Balance sheet Income statement Cash flow statement Terms Revenue Cost of goods sold Operating expenses Capital expenditure Depreciation Gross profit Net profit GND : 4113562 - 3 NDL : 00966445 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_accounting&oldid=837991864 '' Categories : Financial accounting Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Shqip Slovenčina Basa Sunda Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 08 : 01 . 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Question: which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting equation


Hyderabad state ( 1948 -- 56 ) - Wikipedia Hyderabad state ( 1948 -- 56 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a State of the Indian Union 1948 -- 1956 . For other uses , see Hyderabad ( disambiguation ) . Hyderabad State ( 1948 - 1956 ) State of India ← 1948 -- 1956 → 1956 map of Southern India showing Hyderabad state in yellowish green . After the States reorganisation in 1956 , regions west of the red and blue lines merged with Bombay and Mysore states respectively and the remaining part ( Telangana ) was merged with Andhra state to form Andhra Pradesh . History Hyderabad State formed from Hyderabad Princely State 1948 Reorganized and renamed Andhra Pradesh 1956 States of India since 1947 Hyderabad state until 1956 Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India , formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949 . It existed from 1948 to 1956 . Following the States Reorganisation Act Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State in 1956 and renamed Andhra Pradesh . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Military Governor 3 Rajpramukh 4 First Appointed Chief Minister 5 First Elected Chief Minister 6 Districts of Hyderabad State 7 Merger with Andhra State 8 Chief Ministers of Hyderabad State 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Operation Polo Operation Polo is the code name of the Hyderabad `` police action '' in September 1948 , by the newly independent India against the Hyderabad State . It was a military operation in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the Nizam - ruled princely state , annexing it into the Indian Union . At the time of Partition in 1947 , the princely states of India , who in principle had self - government within their own territories , were subject to subsidiary alliances with the British , giving them control of their external relations . In the Indian Independence Act 1947 the British abandoned all such alliances , leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence . However , by 1948 almost all had acceded to either India or Pakistan . One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality , Hyderabad , where the Nizam , Osman Ali Khan , Asif Jah VII , a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population , chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an irregular army recruited from the Muslim aristocracy , known as the Razakars . The Nizam was also beset by the Telangana uprising , which he was unable to subjugate . The Indian government , anxious to avoid what it termed a Balkanization of what had been the Indian Empire , was determined to effect the integration of Hyderabad into the new Indian Union . Amidst atrocities by the Razakars , the Indian Home Minister Sardar Patel decided to annex Hyderabad in what was termed a `` police action '' . The operation itself took five days , in which the Razakars and the Hyderabadi Military were defeated swiftly . The operation led to massive violence on communal lines . The Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission known as the Sunderlal Committee . Its report , which was not released until 2013 , concluded that `` as a very reasonable & modest estimate ... the total number of deaths in the state ... somewhere between 30,000 & 40,000 . '' Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher . Military Governor ( edit ) Major General El Edroos ( at right ) offers his surrender of the Hyderabad State Forces to Major General ( later General and Army Chief ) J.N. Chauhuri at Secunderabad . After the Annexation into the Indian Union , Major General J.N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo stayed on as Military Governor till December 1949 . The state witnessed Mulkhi agitation in 1952 by the locals after a government jobs meant for the locals were given to non-locals . Rajpramukh ( edit ) telanagana movement Hyderabad State had its last Nizam , HEH Mir Osman Ali Khan ( b . 1886 - d . 1967 ) as Rajpramukh from 26 January 1950 to 31 October 1956 . First appointed Chief minister ( edit ) After the Annexation of Hyderabad State into India , M.K. Vellodi was appointed the Chief Minister of the state on 26 January 1950 . He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India . He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras state and Bombay state . The Nizam was given the ceremonial position of `` Raj Pramukh '' or `` Governor '' . First elected Chief minister ( edit ) In the first State Assembly election in India , 1952 , Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State . During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state , and to strictly implement ' Mulki - rules ' ( Local jobs for locals only ) , which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919 . Districts of Hyderabad state ( edit ) Administratively , Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts , grouped into four divisions : Aurangabad Division included Aurangabad , Beed , Nanded , and Parbhani districts ; Gulbarga Division included Bidar District , Gulbarga , Osmanabad , and Raichur District ; Gulshanabad Division or Medak Division included Atraf - i - Baldah ( Hyderabad ) , Mahbubnagar district , Medak district , Nalgonda district ( Nalgundah ) , and Nizamabad districts , and Warangal Division included Adilabad , Karimnagar , and Warangal districts ( present Khammam district was part of Warangal district ) . Merger with Andhra state ( edit ) In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguistic lines , the Telugu - speaking region of the state of Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State . The Marathi speaking region was merged with Bombay state and Kannada speaking region with Mysore State . The States Reorganisation Commission ( SRC ) was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telugu speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad state with Andhra state , despite their common language . Para 378 of the SRC report said One of the principal causes of opposition of Vishalandhra also seems to be the apprehension felt by the educationally backward people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal areas . Andhra state and Hyderabad State were merged to form Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956 , after providing safeguards to Telangana in the form of Gentlemen 's agreement . But in June 2014 , Telangana re-emerged as a separate state . Hyderabad City will continue to be the capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for 10 years . Chief Ministers of Hyderabad State ( edit ) Major General Choudhary - Military Governor 1948 - 1949 M.K. Vellodi - 1950 - 1952 ( appointed by Government of India ) Burgula Ramakrishna Rao - 1953 - 56 ( elected ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` States Reorganization Act 1956 '' . Commonwealth Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Police Action '' . Indian Army . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ B. Cohen ( 2007 ) . Kingship and Colonialism in India 's Deccan : 1850 - 1948 . Springer . pp. 159 -- 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60344 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2006 ) . A Concise History of India ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521682251 . Jump up ^ Kate , P.V. , Marathwada Under the Nizams , 1724 -- 1948 , Delhi : Mittal Publications , 1987 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Thomson , Mike ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` Hyderabad 1948 : India 's hidden massacre '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Noorani 2014 , Appendix 15 : Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report , pp. 372 - 373 Jump up ^ Smith 1950 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state '' . Hinduonnet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` ShermanLSE '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Benichou , Lucien D. ( 2000 ) , From Autocracy to Integration : Political Developments in Hyderabad State , 1938 - 1948 , Orient Blackswan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 1847 - 6 Hyder , Mohammed ( 2012 ) , October Coup , A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad , Roli Books , ISBN 8174368507 Hodson , H.V. ( 1969 ) , The Great Divide : Britain , India , Pakistan , London : Hutchinson Menon , V.P. ( 1956 ) , The Story of Integration of the Indian States ( PDF ) , Orient Longman Muralidharan , Sukumar ( 2014 ) . `` Alternate Histories : Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India 's Independence and Partition '' . History and Sociology of South Asia . 8 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 138 . doi : 10.1177 / 2230807514524091 . Noorani , A.G. ( 2014 ) , The Destruction of Hyderabad , Hurst & Co , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84904 - 439 - 4 Raghavan , Srinath ( 2010 ) , War and Peace in Modern India , Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 00737 - 7 Smith , Wilfred Cantwell ( January 1950 ) , `` Hyderabad : Muslim Tragedy '' , Middle East Journal , 4 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 51 , JSTOR 4322137 Zubrzycki , John ( 2006 ) , The Last Nizam : An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback , Australia : Pan Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42321 - 2 External links ( edit ) Picture of VII Nizam with Sardar Patel after his surrender From the Sundarlal Report , Frontline , 3 -- 16 March 2001 Exclusive Sundar Lal report on Hyderabad police action , Deccan Chronicle , 30 November 2013 . In the Nizam 's dominion , by Bret Wallach , University of Oklahoma A Blog by Narendra Luther on Operation Polo Armchair Historian -- Operation Polo ( Monday , 18 September 2006 ) -- Contributed by Sidin Sunny Vadukut -- Last Updated ( Monday , 18 September 2006 ) Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force States of India on 26 January 1950 Part A States Assam Bihar Bombay East Punjab Madhya Pradesh Madras Orissa Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Part B States Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir Madhya Bharat Mysore Patiala and East Punjab States Union Rajasthan Saurashtra Travancore - Cochin Vindhya Pradesh Part C States Ajmer Coorg Cooch - Behar Bhopal Bilaspur Delhi Himachal Pradesh Kutch Manipur Tripura Part D States Andaman and Nicobar Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad_State_(1948 -- 56 ) &oldid = 806500451 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1948 States and territories disestablished in 1956 Conflicts in 1948 Hyderabad State Wars involving India Political integration of India 1948 in India Military history of the princely states of India Nehru administration History of Telangana History of Andhra Pradesh ( 1947 -- 2014 ) Operations involving Indian special forces Religiously motivated violence in India Anti-Muslim violence in India Persecution of Hindus History of Marathwada Annexation September 1948 events History of Hyderabad , India 1956 disestablishments in India Former states and territories of India Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2016 Andhra Pradesh articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Use dmy dates from May 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 മലയാളം Norsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 12 : 41 . 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Question: when did hyderabad became a part of india


Groundhog Day - wikipedia Groundhog Day Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Groundhog Day ( disambiguation ) . Groundhog Day Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , U.S. Observed by United States Canada Type Cultural Significance Supposedly predicts the arrival of spring Celebrations Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow Date February 2 Frequency Annual Related to Candlemas Groundhog Day , ( Pennsylvania German : Grund'sau dåk , Grundsaudaag , Grundsow Dawg , Murmeltiertag ; Nova Scotia : Daks Day ) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2 . It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog ( Deitsch : Grundsau , Grunddax , Dax ) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather , it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks , and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness , spring will arrive early . While the tradition remains popular in modern times , studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring - like weather . The weather lore was brought from German - speaking areas where the badger ( German : dachs ) is the forecasting animal . This appears to be an enhanced version of the lore that clear weather on Candlemas forebodes a prolonged winter . The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania , centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil , has become the most attended . Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well . Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event . The 1993 film Groundhog Day helped boost recognition of the custom , and the celebration has spread even further afield . In 2009 , Quebec began to mark the day ( Canadian French : Jour de la Marmotte ) with its own groundhog . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Punxsutawney beginnings 1.2 Punxsutawney today 2 Other locations 3 Origins 3.1 Protestant Germany 3.1. 1 Groundhog as badger 3.2 Bear - rat 3.3 Simpler Candlemas lore 3.4 British Isles 4 Accuracy 4.1 Statistics 4.2 Pseudoscientific evaluation 5 Characteristics of groundhogs 6 Similar customs 7 Explanatory notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The groundhog ( Marmota monax ) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrels . The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania , according to known records . The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is a February 2 , 1840 entry in the diary of James L. Morris of Morgantown , Pennsylvania , in Pennsylvania Dutch Country , according to the book on the subject by Don Yoder . This was a Welsh enclave but the diarist was commenting on his neighbors who were of German stock . Punxsutawney beginnings ( edit ) The first reported news of a Groundhog Day observance was arguably made by the Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper of Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania in 1886 : `` up to the time of going to press , the beast has not seen its shadow '' . However , it was not until the following year in 1887 that the first Groundhog Day considered `` official '' was commemorated here , with a group making a trip to the Gobbler 's Knob part of town to consult the groundhog . People have gathered annually at the spot for the event ever since . Clymer Freas ( 1867 -- 1942 ) who was city editor at the Punxsutawney Spirit is credited as the `` father '' who conceived the idea of `` Groundhog Day '' . It has also been suggested that Punxsutawney was where all the Groundhog Day events originated , from where it spread to other parts of the United States and Canada . The Groundhog Day celebrations of the 1880s were carried out by the Punxsutawney Elks Lodge . The lodge members were the `` genesis '' of the Groundhog Club formed later , which continued the Groundhog Day tradition . But the lodge started out being interested in the groundhog as a game animal for food . It had started to serve groundhog at the lodge , and had been organizing a hunting party on a day each year in late summer . The chronologies given are somewhat inconsistent in the literature . The first `` Groundhog Picnic '' was held in 1887 according to a book for popular reading by an academic , but given as post-circa - 1889 by a local historian in a journal . The historian states that around 1889 the meat was served in the lodge 's banquet , and the organized hunt started after that . Either way , the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club was formed in 1899 , and continued the hunt and `` Groundhog Feast '' , which took place annually in September . The `` hunt '' portion of it became increasingly a ritualized formality , because the practical procurement of meat had to occur well ahead of time for marinating . A drink called the `` groundhog punch '' was also served . The flavor has been described as a `` cross between pork and chicken '' . The hunt and feast did not attract enough outside interest , and the practice discontinued . Punxsutawney Today ( edit ) The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , where crowds as large as 40,000 gather each year ( nearly eight times the year - round population of the town ) . The average draw had been about 2,000 until the year after the movie screened in 1993 , after which attendance rose to about 10,000 . The official Phil is pretended to be a supercentenarian , having been the same forecasting beast since 1887 . Other locations ( edit ) Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva ( Groundhog Lodge Number Seven ) , of Pennsburg , Pennsylvania The Slumbering Groundhog Lodge , which was formed in 1907 , has carried out the ceremonies that take place in Quarryville , Pennsylvania . It used to be a contending rival to Punxsutawney over the Groundhog Day fame . It employs a taxidermic specimen ( stuffed woodchuck ) . In southeastern Pennsylvania , Groundhog Lodges ( Grundsow Lodges ) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge , social events in which food is served , speeches are made , and one or more g'spiel ( plays or skits ) are performed for entertainment . The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event , and those who speak English pay a penalty , usually in the form of a nickel , dime , or quarter per word spoken , with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table . Staten Island Chuck is the official weather - forecasting woodchuck for New York City . Dunkirk Dave ( a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960 ) is the local groundhog for Western New York , handled by Bob Will , a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs . In Washington , DC , the Dupont Circle Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil , another taxidermic specimen . In addition to the spring prediction , if Potomac Phil sees its shadow , it portents six more months of political gridlock . In the American South , the General Beauregard Lee of Lilburn , Georgia is known to have the most accurate prediction , standing at 94 % . The University of Dallas in Irving , Texas has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world . The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States , including Wiarton Willie of Wiarton , Ontario , and Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia which , due to Nova Scotia 's Atlantic Time Zone , makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America . `` Daks Day '' ( from the German dachs ) is Groundhog Day in the dialect of Lunenburg , Nova Scotia . In French Canada , Fred la marmotte of Val - d'Espoir has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009 . A study also shows that in Quebec , the marmot or groundhog ( siffleux ) are regarded as Candlemas weather - predicting beasts in some scattered spots , but the bear is the more usual animal . In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Samara , Russia . Origins ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German - speaking areas of Europe . The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas ( February 2 ) as `` Badger Day '' ( Dachstag ) , where if a badger emerging found it to be a sunny day thereby casting a shadow , it foreboded the prolonging of winter by four more weeks . Protestant Germany ( edit ) The Candlemas was a Catholic festival officially eliminated by the Protestant Reformers , but it had been retained and continued to be celebrated by the folk . The weather - predicting animal on Candlemas was usually the badger , although regionally the animal was the bear or the fox . The original weather - predicting animal in Germany had been the bear , another hibernating mammal , but when they grew scarce the lore became altered . Similarity to the groundhog lore has been noted for the German formula `` Sonnt sich der Dachs in der Lichtmeßwoche , so geht er auf vier Wochen wieder zu Loche '' ( If the badger sunbathes during Candlemas - week , for four more weeks he will be back in his hole ) . A slight variant is found in a collection of weather lore ( bauernregeln , lit . `` farmers ' rules '' ) printed in Austria in 1823 . Groundhog as badger ( edit ) So the same tradition as the Germans , except that winter 's spell would be prolonged for six weeks instead of four , was maintained by the Pennsylvanians on Groundhog Day . In Germany , the animal was dachs or badger . For the Pennsylvania Dutch , it became the dox which in Deitsch referred to `` groundhog '' . The standard term for `` groundhog '' was grun ′ daks ( from German dachs ) , with the regional variant in York County being grundsau , a direct translation of the English name , according to a 19th - century book on the dialect . The form was a regional variant according to one 19th century source . However , the weather superstition that begins `` Der zwet Hær ′ ning is Grund ′ sau dåk . Wânn di grundau îr schâtte sent ... ( '' February second is Groundhog day . If the groundhog sees its shadow ... ) '' is given as common to all 14 counties in Dutch Pennsylvania Country , in a 1915 monograph . The form grundsow has been used by the lodge in Allentown and elsewhere . Bear - rat ( edit ) The groundhog was once also known by the obsolete Latin alias Arctomys monax . The genus name signified `` bear - rat '' . The European marmot is of the same genus and was formerly called Arctomys alpinus . It was speculated that the European counterpart might have lore similar to the groundhog attached to it . Simpler Candlemas lore ( edit ) See also : weather lore The German version , with the introduction of the badger ( or other beasts ) was an expansion on a more simple tradition that if the weather was sunny and clear on Candlemas Day people expected winter to continue . The simpler version is summarized in the English ( Scots dialect ) couplet that runs `` If Candlemas is fair and clear / There 'll be twa winters in the year '' , with equivalent phrases in French and German . And the existence of a corresponding Latin couplet has been suggested as evidence of the great antiquity of this tradition . In fact , the Christian Candlemas itself was an assimilation of the Roman rite for the goddess Februa with a procession on February 2 , to honor her , according to Yoder . The Roman calendar , in turn , had Celtic origins . Candlemas concurs with Imbolc , one of the Celtic ' cross-quarter days ' , the four days which marked the midpoints between solstice and equinox . British Isles ( edit ) Scholar Rhys Carpenter in 1946 emphasized that the Badger Day tradition was strong in Germany , but absent in the British Isles ( England , Scotland , or Ireland ) , and he referred to this as a reason that the U.S. Groundhog Day was not brought by immigrants from these places . There did exist a belief among Roman Catholics in Britain that the hedgehog predicted the length of winter , or so it has been claimed , but without demonstration of its age , in a publication by the Scotland - born American journalist Thomas C. MacMillan in 1886 , and American writer / journalist Samuel Adams Drake 's book published in 1900 . There are also claims of Irish lore that the hedgehog emerging out of hibernation on Brigid 's Day ( February 1 ) is a predictor of weather , and a few Celtic scholars advocate this modern Christian Irish lore to be the source of the Groundhog Day tradition in the United States . Accuracy ( edit ) In Pennsylvania , Punxsutawney Phil has become a popular tradition . On February 2nd , people within the city will gather to find out whether or not Phil 's shadow is revealed . With that , he will allegedly determine whether spring will soon begin by not seeing his shadow , or if winter will ensue for six more weeks . Statistics ( edit ) Punxsutawney Phil 's statistics are kept by the Pennsylvania 's Groundhog Club which cares for the animal . Phil has predicted 103 forecasts for winter and just 17 for an early spring . Most assessments of Phil 's accuracy have given accuracy lower than would be expected with random chance , with Stormfax Almanac giving an estimate of 39 % , and meteorologist Tim Roche of Weather Underground giving a 36 % accuracy rate between 1969 and 2016 ( a range chosen because local weather data was most reliable from 1969 onward ) and a 47 % record in that time span when predicting early spring . Other poor results from analysis are reported by the Farmer 's Almanac ( which itself has been known for forecasts of questionable accuracy ) as `` exactly 50 percent '' accuracy , and The National Geographic Society reporting only 28 % success . But a Middlebury College team found that a long - term analysis of temperature high / low predictions were 70 % accurate , although when the groundhog predicted early spring it was usually wrong . Canadian meteorologist Cindy Day has estimated that Nova Scotia 's `` Shubenacadie Sam '' has an accuracy rate of about 45 % compared to 25 % for Wiarton Willy in Ontario . Part of the problem with pinning down an accuracy rate for the groundhog is that what constitutes an early spring is not clearly defined . Other groundhogs such as Staten Island Chuck do use an objective formula ( in Chuck 's case , a majority of days that reach 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in New York City between Groundhog Day and the March equinox ) to assess accuracy . Pseudoscientific evaluation ( edit ) Prediction based on an animal 's behavior , which may seem ridiculous nowadays , used to be given more credence in the past when stores of food became scarce as winter progressed . One theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature . Under this theory , if German settlement had been centered further north , Groundhog Day would take place at a later date . However , the observed behavior of groundhogs in central New Jersey was that they mostly come out of their burrows in mid-March , regardless of Groundhog Day weather . Characteristics of groundhogs ( edit ) Further information : Groundhog Groundhogs are creatures within the rodent family that weigh between 12 and 15 pounds and can live up to 8 years . These animals are omnivores , but commonly feast on grass , vegetables , and fruit . Groundhogs have the ability to climb trees and , much like beavers , swim . Each fall , groundhogs go into hibernation until March . When the animals emerge from hibernation , their initial purpose is to find a mate . Similar customs ( edit ) See also : Weather lore § animal signs , and Weather lore § February In Croatia and Serbia , Orthodox Christians have a tradition that on February 2 ( Candlemas ) or February 15 ( Sretenje , The Meeting of the Lord ) , the bear will awaken from winter dormancy , and if it sees ( meets ) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state , it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days , thus prolonging the winter . Thus , if it is sunny on Sretenje , it is a sign that the winter is not over yet . If it is cloudy , it is a good sign that the winter is about to end . Similarly in Germany , on the 27th of June , they recognize the Seven Sleepers ' Day ( Siebenschläfertag ) . If it rains that day , the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy . As well , in the United Kingdom , the 15th of July is known as St. Swithin 's day . It was traditionally believed that , if it rained on that day , it would rain for the next 40 days and nights . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ February 2 , 1840 read : `` Today the Germans say the groundhog comes out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he returns in and remains there 40 days . '' Jump up ^ Some sources stated that Morris 's February 4 , 1841 entry was the oldest . It read : `` Last Tuesday , the 2nd , was Candlemas day , the day on which , according to the Germans , the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap , but if the day be cloudy he remains out , as the weather is to be moderate . '' Jump up ^ Some books attribute this positively to Clymer Freas . Jump up ^ Also styled H.C. Freas , H. Clymer Freas , or Clymer H. Freas Jump up ^ Other contemporaries of Freas ( his colleagues at the paper and fellow - members of the club , etc . ) have been given credit for the promotion of Groundhog Day : W.O. Smith , another editor of the paper and later elected to U.S. Congress , cartoonist C.M. Payne , and John P. Cowan of the Pittsburgh Gazette . Jump up ^ a combination of vodka , milk , eggs and orange juice , among many other ingredients . Jump up ^ There were beliefs in Switzerland and France that the marmot predicted the weather , according to MacMillan . `` S.S.R. '' also speculated there might be similar lore for the European marmot , Arctomys alpinus . Jump up ^ Noted by Uwe Johnson ; the formula was printed in the Voß un Haas ( nds ) `` Fox and Hare '' calendars of Mecklenburg . Jump up ^ `` Of course everybody knows that February 2 is groundhog day . If the dox ( the dialect word for groundhog ) sees its shadow on this day , the belief is that six weeks of bad weather will follow '' . Jump up ^ The letter `` â '' is actually `` a with circumflex below '' . Jump up ^ Signed `` S.S.R. '' of Lancaster , Pennsylvania . Note that S.S. Rathvon wrote the editorial `` The Ground - Hog '' and `` More of the Ground - hogs '' where he refers to the creature as `` Old Arctomyx '' in the editorial in the March 1884 issue of the Lancaster Farmer XV :3 . Jump up ^ A couplet the same as this except `` two winters '' in standard English is given in Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 103 , alongside two other variants . Jump up ^ `` Second Winter '' appears to be a neologism that paraphrases `` two winters '' . Jump up ^ `` Si Sol splenescat Maria purificante / Major erit glacies post festum quam fuit ante '' . Note that Maria purificante or The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the reference to Candlemas day , since this is the biblical event that Candlemas is supposed to commemorate . Jump up ^ Drake also states that the German lore about the badger predicting the winter 's duration was firmly accepted in New England . The groundhog , badger / bear , and hedgehog are all noted as paralleling each other . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ https://www.livescience.com/49665-groundhog-day-predictions.html ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Alfred L. ( February 1 , 1954 ) , February Lore , 5 ( 11 ) ( download ) ^ Jump up to : Kruesi , Margaret ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Reviewed Work : Groundhog Day by Don Yoder '' . Journal of American Folklore. 120 ( 477 ) : 367 -- 368 . JSTOR 20487565 Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 49 , 54 , 143 , diary printed in `` Folklore from the Diary of James L. Morris , 1845 -- 1646 '' , Pennsylvania Dutchman 3 : 17 ( February 1 , 1952 ) '' Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Is the Story Behind Groundhog Day '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , Chapter II , `` Punxsutawney to the World '' ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Peter ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` His Moment In the Sun '' . The Washington Post . 23 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Original Groundhog Day Involved Eating the Groundhog '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Gazette , September 27 , 1903 , cited by Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 , note 12 . Jump up ^ Park , PhD , David ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Happy Groundhog Day to You ! '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. xii . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , Homer Tope ( 1966 ) . The Pennsylvania Germans : 1891 -- 1965 . Lancaster , PA : Pennsylvania German Society . pp. 194 -- 199 . OCLC 1745108 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Eli ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Staten Island Groundhog Makes Star Turn , This Year Without de Blasio '' . N.Y. / Region . New York , New York : The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Punxsutawney Phil and seven other famous groundhogs you should know '' . Fox News . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Sean Kirst : For Dunkirk Dave 's caretaker , every day is Groundhog Day '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colleges in the Midwest : Compare Colleges in Your Region ( 24 ed . ) . Peterson 's . 2009 . p. 298 . ISBN 9780768926903 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Hopeful Canadians look to Groundhog Day for predictions of an early spring '' . Canadian Press . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shubenacadie Sam prepping for Groundhog Day '' . King 's County Register . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day : Quebec groundhog disagrees with Shubenacadie Sam , Wiarton Willie '' . The Gazette . Montreal , CA . February 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le jour de la marmotte , science ou folklore ? '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred la marmotte : encore six semaines d'hiver ! '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . la marmotte officielle du Québec Jump up ^ Rodrigue , Denise ( 1983 ) . Le cycle de Pâques au Québec et dans l'Ouest de la France . Presses Université Laval . pp. 34 , 36 . ISBN 9782763769035 . ^ Jump up to : MacMillan , Thomas C. , ed. ( 1886 ) . Ground - Hog Day ― Candlemas . The Inter Ocean Curiosity Shop for the year 1885 ( 3 ed . ) . Chicago : The Inter Ocean Publishing Company . pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : S.S.R. ( February 15 , 1890 ) , `` Arctomyx monax '' , American Notes and Queries , 4 : 188 Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day 2017 : Furry Forecasters Around the World '' . sputniknews.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Uwe Johnson , cited by Grambow , Jürgen ( 1994 ) , `` Möglichkeiten einer intellektuellen Kritik an diesem Mecklenburg '' , Johnson - Jahrbuch , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Lewenau , Joseph Arnold Ritter von ( 1823 ) , Der angewandte Fresenius ; oder , Sammlung geordneter allgemeiner Witterungs - und sogenannter Bauernregeln , Vienna , J.G. Mösle , p. 20 : `` Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt , so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch . ( If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas , he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks ) '' ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ dachs is glossed as meaning `` raccoon , groundhog , or short - legged dog '' in : Lambert , Marcus Bachman ( 1924 ) , `` Pennsylvania - German Dictionary '' , Pennsylvania - German Society : 35 ^ Jump up to : Haldeman , Samuel Stehman ( 1872 ) , Pennsylvania Dutch : A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English , Reformed Church Publication Board , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Fogel , Edwin Miller ( 1915 ) . Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans . 18 . Philadelphia : American Germanica Press . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 67 , 76 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1900 ) . The Myths and Fables of To - day . Frank T. Merill ( illustr . ) . Boston : Lee and Shepard . pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Minard , Antone ( 2012 ) , `` Imbolc '' , The Celts , ABC - CLIO , 1 , p. 444 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5988 - 4964 - 6 Jump up ^ Danaher , Kevin ( 1972 ) The Year in Ireland , Cork / Dublin , Mercier Press , pp. 13 -- 14 , cited by MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2003 ) . `` Oenach Aimsire na mBan : Early Irish Seasonal Celebrations , Gender Roles and Mythological Cycles '' . Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 23 : 274 . and note 81. JSTOR 25660739 : `` To see a hedgehog come out of its hole was a good sign . If the animal stayed out , this indicated the return of good weather '' . `` This custom was transformed into Groundhog Day in the United States '' . ^ Jump up to : `` How Accurate Are Punxsutawney Phil 's Groundhog Day Forecasts ? '' . Live Science . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stormfax . `` Groundhog Day History from Stormfax ® 2016 '' . www.stormfax.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thomas , R.B. ( 1998 ) , The Farmer 's Almanac , p. 67 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Allison , Christine ( 1995 ) , 365 days of gardening , p. 353 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Aaron , Michael A. ; Boyd , Brewster B. , Jr. ; Curtis , Melanie J. ; Sommers , Paul M. ( January 2001 ) , `` Punxsutawney 's Phenomenal Phorecaster '' , The College Mathematics Journal , 32 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 2687216 . Jump up ^ Tom Ayers , `` Shubenacadie Sam unlikely to see his shadow '' , Chronicle Herald , January 31 , 2018a Jump up ^ Groundhog Day 2017 : Staten Island Chuck calls for an early spring Jump up ^ Lewis , Danny . `` A Short History of Groundhog Day '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coin , Glenn ( February 1 , 2015 ) . Groundhog Day 2016 : Do you trust a rodent to predict the weather ? Syracuse Post-Standard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Groundhog Day ... again ? '' . caucus99percent.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Groundhog Day -- Feb 02 , 1887 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Olive ( 1942 ) , Peasant Life in Yugoslavia , Ams Press Inc , p. 142 ^ Jump up to : Keever , Homer M. ( 1976 ) , Iredell , Piedmont County , Iredell County Bicentennial Commission , p. 26 Bibliography Davis , Christopher R. ( April 1985 ) , `` Totemism and Civic Boosterism in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , 1899 - 1909 '' , The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine , 68 ( 2 ) Yoder , Don ( 2003 ) . Groundhog Day . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0811700291 . OCLC 52542605 . Further reading ( edit ) Old , W.C. , and P. Billin - Frye ( 2004 ) . The Groundhog Day Book of Facts and Fun . Morton Grove , IL : Albert Whitman . Pulling , A.F. ( 2001 ) . Around Punxsutawney . Charleston , S.C. : Arcadia . External links ( edit ) Gobblers Knobb Punxsatawney 's Mascot Groundhog Day -- The Official Website of the Punxsatawney Groundhog Club Groundhogstuff.com . The Official Punxsutawney Phil Souvenir Shop located in Punxsutawney , PA . Short Punxsutawney Groundhog Day Documentary : A Holiday for Everyone Groundhog Days in Woodstock , IL Wiarton Willie Festival -- Wiarton , Ontario Groundhog Day ( 1993 ) movie on IMDb Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&oldid=835904093 '' Categories : February observances Public holidays in Canada Public holidays in the United States Pennsylvania culture Pennsylvania German culture Superstitions Weather lore Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from February 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Azərbaycanca Català Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 13 : 42 . 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Question: what does it mean groundhog sees his shadow