NCAA Division II - Wikipedia NCAA Division II Jump to : navigation , search Main logo used by the NCAA in Division I , II , and III . Division II is an intermediate - level division of competition in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . It offers an alternative to both the larger and better - funded Division I and to the scholarship - free environment offered in Division III . Before 1973 , the NCAA 's smaller schools were grouped together in the College Division . In 1973 , the College Division split in two when the NCAA began using numeric designations for its competitions . The College Division members who wanted to offer athletic scholarships or compete against those who did became Division II , while those who chose not to offer athletic scholarships became Division III . Nationally , ESPN televises the championship game in football , CBS televises the men 's basketball championship , and ESPN2 televises the women 's basketball championship . CBS Sports Network broadcasts six football games on Thursdays during the regular season , and one men 's basketball game per week on Saturdays during that sport 's regular season . The official slogan of NCAA Division II , implemented in 2015 , is `` Make It Yours . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Membership 2 Overview 2.1 Men 's team sports 2.2 Men 's individual sports 2.3 Women 's team sports 2.4 Women 's individual sports 3 Requirements 3.1 Conferences competing in Division II 3.2 Independents 4 Scholarship limits by sport 5 Interaction with other divisions 5.1 NAIA 5.2 Division I 5.3 Non-revenue sports competition 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links Membership ( edit ) There are currently 300 full and 20 provisional members of Division II with seven institutions moving to full membership in September 2015 . Division II schools tend to be smaller public universities and many private institutions . A large minority of Division II institutions ( 133 schools / 42 % ) have fewer than 2,499 students . Only 12 institutions have more than 15,000 undergraduates , and only UC San Diego ( which is set to move to Division I in 2020 ) has more than 25,000 . Division II has a diverse membership , with two active member institutions in Alaska and four in Hawaii . Additionally , it is the only division that has member institutions in Puerto Rico and the only division that has expanded its membership to include an international member institution . Simon Fraser University became the first institution outside the US to enter the NCAA membership process . This occurred after the Division II Membership Committee accepted the institution 's application during a July 7 -- 9 meeting in Indianapolis , Indiana . Simon Fraser , located in the Vancouver suburb of Burnaby , British Columbia , began a two - year candidacy period September 1 , 2009 . Prospective members also must complete at least one year of provisional status before being accepted as full - time Division II members . In the fall of 2012 , the NCAA President 's Council officially approved Simon Fraser University as the organization 's first international member . In April 2017 , the NCAA made permanent the pilot program under which Simon Fraser was admitted to the NCAA , allowing each division to determine whether to allow Canadian or Mexican schools to join . In January 2018 , Division II became the first NCAA division to officially allow Mexican schools to apply for membership , provided that they meet the same standards as US - based D - II members , including US regional accreditation . The Mexican school CETYS , which is fully accredited in both countries , is seeking to join the NCAA with the backing of the California Collegiate Athletic Association . Overview ( edit ) Men 's team sports ( edit ) Number Sport Teams Conferences Scholarships per team Season Most Championships Football 173 16 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36.0 Fall Disputed Basketball 320 24 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10.0 Winter Kentucky Wesleyan ( 8 ) Baseball 270 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9.0 Spring Florida Southern ( 9 ) Soccer 215 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9.0 Fall Southern Connecticut State University ( 6 ) 5 Lacrosse 65 24 7001108000000000000 ♠ 10.8 Spring Adelphi ( 7 ) 6 Volleyball * 24 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 Spring UCLA ( 19 ) 7 Water polo * 7 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 Fall California ( 13 ) * Championships are combined with DI Sports are ranked according to total possible scholarships ( number of teams x number of scholarships per team ) . Scholarship numbers for head - count sports are indicated without a decimal point . Numbers for equivalency sports are indicated with a decimal point , with a trailing zero if needed . Men 's individual sports ( edit ) No . Sport Teams Athletes Season Track ( outdoor ) 210 7,189 Spring Track ( indoor ) 166 5,826 Winter Cross country 280 3,679 Fall Swimming & diving 73 1,500 Winter 5 Golf 237 2,470 Spring 6 Tennis 174 1,749 Spring 7 Wrestling 60 1,946 Winter Women 's team sports ( edit ) No . Sport Teams Conferences Scholarships per team Season Most Championships Basketball 321 24 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10.0 Winter Cal Poly Pomona and North Dakota State ( 5 ) Soccer 267 24 7000990000000000000 ♠ 9.9 Fall Grand Valley State and Franklin Pierce ( 5 ) Volleyball 308 24 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8.0 Fall Concordia St. Paul ( 8 ) Softball 299 24 7000720000000000000 ♠ 7.2 Spring Cal State Northridge ( 4 ) 5 Rowing 16 24 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20.0 Spring Western Washington ( 8 ) 6 Lacrosse 100 24 7000990000000000000 ♠ 9.9 Spring Adelphi ( 8 ) 7 Field Hockey 30 24 7000630000000000000 ♠ 6.3 Fall Bloomsburg ( 13 ) 8 Water Polo * 10 6 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8.0 Spring UCLA ( 7 ) Championships are combined with D-I Women 's individual sports ( edit ) No . Sport Teams Athletes Season Track ( outdoor ) 236 7,104 Spring Track ( indoor ) 189 5,921 Winter Cross country 307 3,897 Fall Swimming & diving 94 1,853 Winter 5 Golf 195 1,561 Spring 6 Tennis 232 2,067 Spring 7 Gymnastics 7 130 Winter Requirements ( edit ) Division II institutions have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women ( or four for men and six for women ) , with two team sports for each sex , and each playing season represented by each sex . Teams that consist of both men and women are counted as men 's teams for sports sponsorship purposes . There are contest and participant minimums for each sport , as well as scheduling criteria -- football and men 's and women 's basketball teams must play at least 50 percent of their games against Division II or Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) or Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I - AA ) opponents . For sports other than football and basketball there are no scheduling requirements , as long as each contest involves full varsity teams . The only NCAA sport in which contests against club teams can count toward a team 's contest minimum is women 's rugby , in which two such contests per school year can be counted . There are not attendance requirements for football , nor arena size requirements for basketball . There are maximum financial aid awards for each sport , as well as a separate limit on financial aid awards in men 's sports , that a Division II school must not exceed . Division II teams usually feature a number of local or in - state student - athletes . Many Division II student - athletes pay for school through a combination of scholarship money , grants , student loans and employment earnings . Division II athletics programs are financed in the institution 's budget like other academic departments on campus . Traditional rivalries with regional institutions dominate schedules of many Division II athletics programs . Athletic scholarships are offered in most sponsored sports at most institutions , but with more stringent limits as to the numbers offered in any one sport than at the Division I level . For example , Division II schools may give financial aid in football equivalent to 36 full scholarships ( whereas each school in Division I FBS , the highest level , is allowed 85 individuals receiving financial aid for football ) , although some Division II conferences limit the number of scholarships to a lower level . Division II scholarship programs are frequently the recipients of student - athletes transferring from Division I schools ; a transfer student does not have to sit out a year before resuming sports participation as would usually be the case in the event of transferring from one Division I institution to another . Several exceptions to this rule currently exist , of which three are the most significant . First , football players transferring from a Division I FBS school to a Division I FCS school do not have to sit out a year , provided that the player has at least two remaining seasons of athletic eligibility . The same also applies to players transferring from scholarship - granting FCS schools to non-scholarship FCS schools . Second , in sports other than football , baseball , men 's and women 's basketball , and men 's ice hockey , a first - time transfer does not have to sit out a year , provided that the player 's former institution grants a scholarship release . Additionally , student - athletes in any sport who complete a bachelor 's degree and still have athletic eligibility remaining can transfer to another school and be immediately eligible , provided that they enroll in a graduate or professional degree program at the new institution . Conferences competing in Division II ( edit ) California Collegiate Athletic Association Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association ^ Conference Carolinas East Coast Conference Great American Conference ^ Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ^ Great Lakes Valley Conference ^ Great Midwest Athletic Conference Great Northwest Athletic Conference ^ Gulf South Conference ^ Heartland Conference Lone Star Conference ^ Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association ^ Mountain East Conference ^ Northeast Ten Conference ^ Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference ^ Pacific West Conference Peach Belt Conference Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference ^ Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference ^ South Atlantic Conference ^ Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ^ Sunshine State Conference ^ Conferences that sponsor football The newest D - II conference is the Mountain East Conference , formed in 2012 after the football - sponsoring schools in the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( WVIAC ) announced that they would leave to form a new league , a move that led to the demise of the WVIAC . The Mountain East was approved by the NCAA Division II Membership Committee in February 2013 , and became an official conference on September 1 of that year . Independents ( edit ) Division II Independent schools Scholarship limits by sport ( edit ) The NCAA imposes limits on the total financial aid each Division II member may award in each sport that the school sponsors . All Division II sports are classified as `` equivalency '' sports , meaning that the NCAA restricts the total financial aid that a school can offer in a given sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships . This differs from Division I , in which some sports are `` head - count '' sports in which the NCAA limits the total number of individuals who can receive athletic aid . In another practice that differs from Division I , Division II members are limited to a combined total of 60 scholarship equivalents for men 's sports apart from football and basketball . Scholarship limits in bold are identical to those for Division I members in the same sport for the same sex . Most , but not all , of these sports have a single championship open to schools from all divisions ( for example bowling and rifle ) , or a combined Division I / II national championship and a separate Division III championship ( as in women 's ice hockey and men 's volleyball ) . Examples of sports with identical scholarship numbers in the two divisions , but separate national championships for each , include men 's cross-country and women 's rowing . In sports that conduct `` National Collegiate '' championships open to schools from multiple divisions , Division II schools are allowed to award the same number of scholarships as Division I members . If the Division I scholarship limit is higher than the Division II limit , the D - II member must annually file a declaration of intent to compete under Division I rules with the NCAA prior to June 1 . Additionally , if the NCAA sponsors a Division I championship but not a Division II championship in a given sport , D - II members are allowed to compete in the D-I championship , and are also allowed to operate under D-I scholarship limits . An example of this situation can be seen in men 's ice hockey , which has not had a Division II championship in the 21st century . Several schools in the Northeast - 10 Conference compete under Division II scholarship limits ; other Division II schools with programs in that sport choose to play as Division I programs under the higher Division I scholarship limits . Rifle is classified by the NCAA as a men 's sport , but allows competitors of both sexes . Sport Men 's Women 's Baseball 9.0 - Basketball 10.0 10.0 Beach volleyball - 5.0 Bowling - 5.0 Cross-country / track & field 12.6 12.6 Equestrian - 15.0 Fencing 4.5 4.5 Field hockey - 6.3 Football 36.0 - Golf 3.6 5.4 Gymnastics 5.4 6.0 Ice hockey 13.5 18.0 Lacrosse 10.8 9.9 Rifle 3.6 - Rowing - 20.0 Rugby - 12.0 Skiing 6.3 6.3 Soccer 9.0 9.9 Softball - 7.2 Swimming and diving 8.1 8.1 Tennis 4.5 6.0 Triathlon - 5.0 Volleyball 4.5 8.0 Water polo 4.5 8.0 Wrestling 9.0 - Notes Jump up ^ Schools that do not sponsor men 's indoor or outdoor track , but do sponsor men 's cross-country , are allowed 5.0 equivalents . Jump up ^ Schools that do not sponsor women 's indoor or outdoor track , but do sponsor women 's cross-country , are allowed 6.0 equivalents . Interaction with other divisions ( edit ) The NCAA does not strictly prevent its member institutions from playing outside of their own division , or indeed playing against schools that are not members of the NCAA , but it is discouraged in many sports . NAIA ( edit ) Many Division II schools frequently schedule matches against members of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , which consists of colleges and universities across the United States and Canada that promote competitive and character - based athletics that is controlled by its membership , as opposed to the NCAA that serves as a regulating body . Division I ( edit ) Division II schools also frequently schedule `` money games '' , usually in football and men 's basketball , against Division I schools . In football , D - II teams once occasionally played games against schools that are now in Division I FBS , but this practice has ended because under current NCAA rules , FBS schools can not use victories over schools below FCS level for establishing bowl eligibility . Today , D - II `` money games '' are exclusively against FCS schools , whose postseason eligibility is less seriously impacted by scheduling a D - II opponent . In basketball , where conference tournaments play a large role in determining postseason participants , D-I schools have less of a penalty for scheduling an occasional D - II opponent , resulting in more `` money games '' . In any event , the D - II school is almost invariably the visiting team , and is invited to play with knowledge that it will likely be defeated but will receive a substantial ( at least by Division II standards ) monetary reward which will help to finance much of the rest of the season and perhaps other sports as well . Such games are funded by Division I schools which can afford such games . In recent years , `` money games '' in men 's basketball have also included preseason exhibitions against D-I programs , typically in the same region , that do not count in official statistics for either team . Under NCAA rules , Division I teams are allowed to play two exhibition games in a season , and must host these games . The University of Kansas helps the state 's four Division II members by rotating them onto the Jayhawks ' exhibition schedule annually . Milwaukee , which has been a Division I member since 1990 , has continued its series with their former Division II rival Wisconsin - Parkside as part of their exhibition schedule . When these exhibition games do happen , there are times when the Division II team does win , and against a well - respected Division I program . In 2009 , a Division II team beat the eventual Big East regular season champion . In 2010 , two other Division II teams beat teams that reached the NCAA Division I tournament . In 2011 , another Division II team defeated a Division I team that finished in the top half of the Pac - 12 Conference . In 2012 , another Division II team beat eventual Atlantic Coast Conference regular - season and tournament champion Miami . Also in basketball , one of the best - known early - season tournaments for D-I men 's teams , the Maui Invitational , is hosted by D - II member Chaminade . Through the 2017 edition , Chaminade competed in every tournament , but in the future will compete only in odd - numbered years . The now - defunct Great Alaska Shootout , which had men 's and women 's tournaments , was also hosted by a D - II member , namely Alaska -- Anchorage . Chaminade typically loses all games it plays in Maui ; Alaska -- Anchorage also typically lost all of its men 's Shootout games , but was frequently competitive in the women 's version . Non-revenue sports competition ( edit ) Matches between the different collegiate divisions in non-revenue sports are often quite competitive . Indeed , in some sports , among them ice hockey and men 's volleyball , there is no Division II national championship . In hockey , many schools whose athletic programs are otherwise Division II compete in Division I , and men 's volleyball has a truncated divisional structure with a Division III championship but no Division II championship ( as opposed to the NAIA , which fully includes men 's volleyball in its divisional structure ) . In any sport that does not have a Division II national championship , Division II members are allowed to award the same number of scholarships as Division I members . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division II institutions Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Most FCS members award football scholarships , but the following programs do not award football scholarships : Members of the Ivy League , which prohibits its members from awarding athletic scholarships in any sport . Members of the Pioneer Football League , a football - only league that also bans athletic scholarships ( though only in that sport ) . Georgetown , which chose to remain a non-scholarship football program after its football home of the Patriot League began allowing football scholarships in 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ smeyers@ncaa.org ( 2015 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Division II begins rollout of ' Make It Yours ' logo '' . NCAA.org - The Official Site of the NCAA . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Division II Facts and Figures NCAA.org - The Official Site of the NCAA '' . NCAA.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ August 21 , 2012 6 : 03 PM ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) . `` NCAA makes it official : SFU is admitted as first Canadian member - Public Affairs and Media Relations - Simon Fraser University '' . Sfu.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Tracy , Marc ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Looking to Cross the Border From Mexico , Into the N.C.A.A. '' The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division II votes to permit membership applications from schools in Mexico '' ( Press release ) . NCAA . January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Report , October 2016 , http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/PR1516.pdf Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 20.10. 3 Sports Sponsorship '' ( PDF ) . 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division II Manual . p. 316 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 20.10. 3.3 Minimum Contests and Participants Requirements for Sports Sponsorship '' ( PDF ) . 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division II Manual . pp. 317 -- 19 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 20.10. 3.3. 7.1 Exception -- Women 's Rugby '' ( PDF ) . 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division II Manual . p. 318 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Differences and the History of Multidivision Classification NCAA.org - The Official Site of the NCAA '' . NCAA.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bylaw 14.5. 5.2. 10 : Transfer Regulations , One - Time Transfer Exception '' ( PDF ) . 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I Manual . NCAA . p. 170 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 14.6. 1 : Graduate Student / Postbaccalaureate Participation , One - Time Transfer Exception '' ( PDF ) . 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I Manual . NCAA . p. 173 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UVa -- Wise Accepts Charter Membership in Mountain East Conference '' . Hazard , KY : WYMT - TV . August 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rine , Shawn ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Cards , Toppers Set To Jump Into New League '' . The Intelligencer & Wheeling News Register . Wheeling , WV . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Adds Mountain East Conference As Newest DIvision II League '' ( Press release ) . Mountain East Conference . February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 15.4. 2 Equivalency Sports '' ( PDF ) . 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division II Manual . NCAA . pp. 165 -- 66 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 15.4. 2.1. 1.1 Overall Limit '' ( PDF ) . 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division II Manual . NCAA . p. 166 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 20.7. 1.1 Maximum Awards Exception '' ( PDF ) . 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division II Manual . NCAA . p. 298 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 20.7. 1.1. 1 Declaration of Intent to be Exempt '' ( PDF ) . 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division II Manual . NCAA . p. 298 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 20.7. 2 Options When No Division II Championship Is Conducted '' ( PDF ) . 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division II Manual . NCAA . p. 298 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 20.7. 2.1 Participation in Division I Championship '' ( PDF ) . 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division II Manual . NCAA . p. 298 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bylaw 15.4. 2.1. 4 Maximum Equivalency Limits -- Institutions That Sponsor Cross Country but Do Not Sponsor Track and Field '' ( PDF ) . 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division II Manual . NCAA . p. 166 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bolen , Erin ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Missouri State men 's basketball to play Missouri Southern in exhibition '' . Springfield News - Leader . Springfield , Missouri . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is Miami 's exhibition loss to Division II St. Leo an aberration or an omen ? '' . Yahoo Sports . 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miami ( FL ) Hurricanes Basketball 2013 - 14 Schedule - Hurricanes Home and Away - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Official website National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_II&oldid=832249969 '' Categories : NCAA Division II Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 19 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: how many scholarships do division 2 football teams get


Limited government - wikipedia Limited government Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Liberalism Schools ( show ) History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas ( show ) Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Libertarianism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Jewish Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism People ( show ) Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio Ludwig Joseph Brentano John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Auberon Herbert Thomas Hobbes Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse John A. Hobson Qin Hui Wilhelm von Humboldt Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Zef Jubani Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Baruch Spinoza Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) European Party for Individual Liberty ( EPIL ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties ( IALP ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal In political philosophy , limited government is where the government is empowered by law from a starting point of having no power , or where governmental power is restricted by law , usually in a written constitution . It is a key concept in the history of liberalism . The United States Constitution presents an example of the federal government not possessing any power except what is delegated to it by the Constitution - with the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution specifically stating that powers not specifically delegated to the federal government is reserved for the people and the states . The Magna Carta and the United States Constitution also represents important milestones in the limiting of governmental power . The earliest use of the term limited government dates back to King James VI and I in the late 16th century . Limited government put into practice often involves the protection of individual liberty from government intrusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Limited government and the United States 1.1 Justification 1.2 The Bill of Rights 1.3 Republicanism 1.4 Checks and balances 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Limited government and the United States ( edit ) Justification ( edit ) The reasons why the authors of the Constitution saw fit to limit the power of the government are set forth in the Declaration of Independence , written by Thomas Jefferson . Here , Jefferson outlines three basic assumptions widely held in the American colonies that supporters of the Declaration believed were not held by the English monarchy . In other words , Colonists felt that the British had treated them unfairly . In order to prevent this from happening again the framers made limited government a principle in the constitution . These assumptions are that all men are created equal , they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights and governments are instituted in order to preserve these rights . It was the fact that the English government was not adhering to these premises that the colonies saw fit to establish their own government in which all three would be respected . The Preamble to the Constitution serves to communicate the goals sought to be accomplished by specifically enumerating the powers of the United States government -- the promotion of `` the general Welfare '' is one of these goals . The Preamble does not grant any power to the government , rather it serves to explain the limits of the delegated powers listed later in the Constitution . This is to say , in the case of the general welfare clause , that the government is not allowed to exercise its powers on a whim , rather they must be exercised for the general welfare of the country . The Bill of rights ( edit ) With the ratification of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights came a new era of government in which the powers and restrictions of government were both explicitly outlined . The Bill of Rights added to the American Constitution , along with other constitutional amendments , limits the power of government in two ways . First , it restricts the range of governmental authority by prohibiting the government from intruding in certain areas , like religious worship or freedom of speech , and grants the government authority over specifically enumerated aspects of life , like regulating the economy and collecting taxes . Second , it sets certain procedures the government must follow when dealing with the people . Examples of this include the protection from unreasonable search and seizure of property and protection from cruel and unusual punishment for crimes for which one is convicted . The explicit outline of what the government is permitted to do and barred from doing combined with the power of common people to seek repairs for breaches of their constitutional rights is what protects the rights of the people . The Ninth and Tenth Amendments to the Constitution are examples of how the government acknowledges it does n't have complete dominion over every facet of the people 's lives , and that the federal government is not the only entity with governmental power in the United States . The Ninth Amendment reads `` The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others held by the people . '' This shows the federal government does n't have the ability to infringe upon the rights of the people in any circumstance , even if the rights are n't explicitly protected by the Constitution . The Tenth Amendment states `` The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' This limits the authority of the United States government to those powers listed in the Constitution and concedes the premise that individual States retain the powers not granted to the national government but that are also not barred to the States by the Constitution . Also , it grants that the people themselves retain power under this system of government as well . These are key points of the concept of limited government established by the Constitution in the United States because they overtly state the power of the federal government is not unlimited . Republicanism ( edit ) Where the government oversteps its authority , the people have the right , as listed in the Constitution , to make their grievances known through petition and through public elections for government office . It is the implementation of republicanism that allows citizens to perpetuate the idea that the government must not only adhere to the Constitution , it must also listen to the will of the people . If the public becomes disenchanted with the actions of those in power and the rules that have been created , they have the ability to put new people in power who will better represent the public interest . Since , under the Constitution , the government is ultimately held accountable by the people , the public always has the opportunity to keep the government 's power in check . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution also partially prevents the government from expanding its own power by creating a system of checks and balances through the separation of powers . Articles One , Two , and Three of the Constitution create three separate branches of government , equal in level power , but different in responsibility , that all control the government . In assuming each branch would want to expand its powers , it was necessary that each have the ability to fend off power grabs from other branches . The three branches -- legislative , executive , and judicial -- compete with each other through certain powers that allow them to `` check '' the others and `` balance '' the government . Examples of this include the legislative branch 's power to override Presidential Vetoes and the judicial branch 's power to declare laws created by the legislative branch unconstitutional . James Madison writes in Federalist No. 51 `` But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department , consists in giving to those who administer each department , the necessary constitutional means , and personal motives , to resist encroachments of the others . '' Without the capacity of each branch to check the others , power would concentrate with a small minority and could potentially allow the minority to infringe upon the rights of the people . This would be antithetical to the purpose of the Constitution , hence a system of checks and balances was set in place . See also ( edit ) Social contract Natural and legal rights Constitutionalism Enumerated powers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` limited government '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cima , Lawrence R. ; Cotter , Patrick S. ( 1985 ) . `` The Coherence of the Concept of Limited Government '' . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management . 4 ( 2 ) : 266 . doi : 10.2307 / 3324630 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Barth , Alan . `` The Roots of Limited Government '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Jump up ^ Jay , John ; Madison , James ; Hamilton , Alexander . The Federalist Papers . Jump up ^ Barth , Alan . `` The Roots of Limited Government '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office . `` Unenumerated Rights -- Ninth Amendment '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office . `` Tenth Amendment -- Reserved Powers -- Contents '' ( PDF ) . GPO.gov . Jump up ^ Madison , James . Federalist No. 51 . p. 268 . External links ( edit ) Barth , Alan , 1991 , The Roots of Limited Government Unknown , Limited Government Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limited_government&oldid=836885802 '' Categories : Classical liberalism Political ideologies Libertarian theory Minarchism Paleoconservatism Paleolibertarianism Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2016 USA - centric Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی 日本 語 Simple English தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 12 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: the main idea of limited government is that

the government is empowered by law from a starting point of having no power, or where governmental power is restricted by law, usually in a written constitution


Sweet Caroline - wikipedia Sweet Caroline Jump to : navigation , search For the Prison Break episode , see Sweet Caroline ( Prison Break episode ) . For the Status Quo song , see Caroline ( Status Quo song ) . `` Sweet Caroline '' Single by Neil Diamond B - side `` Dig In '' Released June 1969 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 21 Label Uni / MCA Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Tommy Cogbill Neil Diamond Chips Moman Neil Diamond singles chronology `` Brother Love 's Traveling Salvation Show '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' ( 1969 ) `` Holly Holy '' ( 1969 ) `` Brother Love 's Traveling Salvation Show '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' ( 1969 ) `` Holly Holy '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' is a song written and performed by American recording artist Neil Diamond and released in June 1969 as a single with the title `` Sweet Caroline ( Good Times Never Seemed So Good ) '' . It was arranged by Charles Calello , and recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis , Tennessee . The song reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart the week ending August 16 , 1969 , and was certified gold by the RIAA on August 18 , 1969 , for sales of one million singles . `` Sweet Caroline '' was also the first of fifty - eight entries on the US Easy Listening chart , peaking at # 3 . In the autumn of 1969 , Diamond performed `` Sweet Caroline '' on several television shows . It later reached No. 8 on the UK singles chart in 1971 . In a 2007 interview , Diamond stated the inspiration for his song was John F. Kennedy 's daughter , Caroline , who was eleven years old at the time it was released . Diamond sang the song to her at her 50th birthday celebration in 2007 . On December 21 , 2011 , in an interview on CBS 's The Early Show , Diamond said that a magazine cover photo of Caroline Kennedy as a young child on a horse with her parents in the background created an image in his mind , and the rest of the song came together about five years after seeing the picture . However , in 2014 Diamond said the song was about his then - wife Marsha , but he needed a three - syllable name to fit the melody . The song has proven to be enduringly popular and , as of November 2014 , has sold over two million digital downloads in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Versions 3 Use at sporting events 4 Personnel 5 Cover versions 6 References 7 External links Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Germany 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 16 UK ( OCC ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 37 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Cash Box 26 Versions ( edit ) There are three distinct mixes of this song . The original mono 45 mix had a louder orchestra and glockenspiel compared to the stereo version on the Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show LP . The third version was a remix found only on the initial CD release of Diamond 's His 12 Greatest Hits . This version has the orchestra mixed down and has the background vocals mixed up . It has a longer fade as well . A live version of the song is on his Hot August Night LP . Use at sporting events ( edit ) The playing of `` Sweet Caroline '' has become a fixture at many sporting events in the United States . In this version , the horn figure after Diamond sings `` Sweet Caroline '' in the chorus is replaced by the crowd singing `` Bap Bap Bah '' , and after he sings `` Good times never seemed so good , '' the crowd sings `` So good , so good , so good . '' This pattern is repeated whenever the chorus is played . The song has been played at Fenway Park , home of Major League Baseball 's Boston Red Sox , since at least 1997 , and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002 . On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park , the song was performed by Diamond himself . `` Sweet Caroline '' was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012 , halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal . Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013 , however . The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field . In response , West Virginia University students and fans will yell `` eat shit , Pitt '' during the refrain if heard played . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies . On April 16 , 2013 , the day after the Boston Marathon bombing , the New York Yankees -- longtime rivals of the Red Sox -- announced they would play the song during their home game , preceded by a moment of silence , as a tribute to the victims . On Saturday , April 20 , 2013 , during the 8th inning of the Red Sox - Kansas City game in Fenway Park , Neil Diamond led the crowd in a rendition of the song . The song was sung at sporting events across the country after the Boston Marathon bombings , in efforts to show solidarity with those affected by the tragedy . It was also played right before the start of the Hamburg Marathon in Hamburg , Germany , on Sunday , April 21 , 2013 , subsequent to a minute of silence . The song was also played before the start of the Stockholm Marathon in Stockholm , Sweden , on Saturday , June 1 , 2013 , as a tribute to those affected by the Boston Marathon bombings . On April 25 , 2013 , `` Sweet Caroline '' was played following a tribute to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing during the NFL Draft . Diamond has announced that he will donate all royalties from sales of the song since the marathon bombings to the One Fund Boston charity to help the people most affected by the bombings . Diamond said that sales of the song surged nearly 600 percent in the week after the bombings , to 19,000 copies , up from 2,800 the week before . The song is played after every Carolina Panthers home win . The song is used by the Northern Ireland national football team fans at major tournaments . It is also used by the Castleford Tigers rugby league club after a win at the Mend a hose stadium . It is also used by Northern Irish darts player Daryl Gurney in his walk - on prior to matches which he plays in . The song is also played during the quarter time break of Sydney Swans AFL home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The song has also been adopted by Oxford United . The song 's introduction , first verse and chorus are one of the regular songs played at English T20 cricket matches , getting particular coverage on televised matches , especially when David `` Bumble '' Lloyd is part of the commentary team . It is also played at the Olympia Horse Show . At the 2018 Australian Open Women 's Final , Sweet Caroline was played when Caroline Wozniacki won her maiden Grand Slam Title . English Championship Football Team Bolton Wanderers use the song Sweet Caroline when the teams are coming out of the tunnel . Personnel ( edit ) Neil Diamond - vocals , guitar Cover versions ( edit ) Roy Orbison covered the song on his 1973 album Milestones , primarily a covers album . Claude Gray in 1986 released a cover version . It peaked at # 77 on the Billboard country charts , making it his last charted single to date . In November 2001 , Dustin the Turkey took the song to number one on the Irish Singles Chart . DJ Ötzi , an Austrian entertainer and singer released it in 2009 finding great success in German - speaking charts peaking at number 19 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Austrian charts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calello , Charles . `` Calello 's Billboard Magazine Top 100 '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard , Hot 100 , August 16 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . www.riaa.com . RIAA . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Glaister , Dan ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals secret of Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beggy , Carol ; Shanahan , Mark ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` ' Sweet Caroline ' revealed '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Diamond Reveals ` Caroline ' Inspiration '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Respers , Lisa ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals story behind ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Appel , Rich ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Revisionist History , Part 5 : Bon Jovi 's ' Prayer ' Answered , ' Caroline ' Is Sweeter Than ' Sugar ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 8 / 30 / 69 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Sweet Caroline '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top Singles of 1969 '' . Library and Archives Canada . RPM . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1969 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond Album Overview Part 4 : 1981 - 2003 The Compilation - Mania Years '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Fenway Park 's anthem started innocuously '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vosk , Stephanie ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Another mystery of the Diamond , explained at last '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Clark , Lauren ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Penn State Kills ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Sweet Caroline ' at Penn State games , no public allowed in most athletic facilities -- This Just In - CNN.com Blogs '' . News.blogs.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Horne , Kevin ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Sweet Caroline Returns to Beaver Stadium '' . Onward State . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` WVU College Gameday ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . YouTube . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Summer Ratcliff ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) , WVU College GameDay `` Sweet Caroline '' , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Yankees Twitter '' . New York Yankees. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 15,000 expected at Hamburg Marathon '' . TheLocal. April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Bombing Charity '' . The New York Times . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Charity '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andy ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Set of Six : Why Castleford Tigers fans are singing Neil Diamond 's Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Song for Wembley '' . Jump up ^ Austriancharts.at : DJ ÖTZI - `` Sweet Caroline '' External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Neil Diamond singles discography Singles 1960s 1962 `` You Are My Love at Last '' `` I 'm Afraid '' 1963 `` At Night '' 1966 `` Solitary Man '' `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' 1967 `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` Some Day Baby '' 1968 `` New Orleans '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Brooklyn Roads '' `` Two - Bit Manchild '' `` Shilo '' `` Sunday Sun '' 1969 `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Holly Holy '' Singles 1970s 1970 `` Shilo '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Soolaimon '' `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Do It '' 1971 `` I Am ... I Said '' `` Done Too Soon '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Stones '' 1972 `` Song Sung Blue '' `` Play Me '' `` Walk on Water '' 1973 `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` The Long Way Home '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Be '' `` Skybird '' `` Longfellow Serenade '' `` Morningside '' `` I 've Been This Way Before '' `` The Last Picasso '' 1976 `` If You Know What I Mean '' `` Do n't Think ... Feel '' `` Beautiful Noise '' 1977 `` Stargazer '' `` Lady - Oh '' `` Desiree '' 1978 `` God Only Knows '' `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' 1979 `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' `` Say Maybe '' `` The American Popular Song '' `` September Morn '' Singles 1980s 1980 `` That Kind '' `` The Good Lord Loves You '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Love on the Rocks '' 1981 `` Hello Again '' `` America '' `` Yesterday 's Songs '' 1982 `` On the Way to the Sky '' `` Be Mine Tonight '' `` Rainy Day Song '' `` Heartlight '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Turn Around '' Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Carolina Panthers Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records and statistics Broadcasters Stadiums Memorial Stadium ( Clemson ) Bank of America Stadium Culture and lore Jerry Richardson Sir Purr Cardiac Cats Carolina Topcats `` Sweet Caroline '' ( song ) Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Seattle Seahawks Hall of Honor Mike McCormack Sam Mills PSL Owners Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2005 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2003 2015 Retired numbers 51 Media Broadcasters Mick Mixon Eugene Robinson Bill Rosinski TV : WCCB Radio : WBT Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 24 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Caroline&oldid=838401715 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1971 singles 2001 singles Songs written by Neil Diamond Baseball music Neil Diamond songs Checkmates , Ltd. songs Bobby Womack songs Andy Williams songs Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Football songs and chants Boston Red Sox Carolina Panthers Uni Records singles MCA Records singles 1969 songs Schlager songs Songs about women Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 19 : 29 . 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Question: when did sweet caroline start at red sox games


Epistle to the Philippians - wikipedia Epistle to the Philippians Jump to : navigation , search For the Russian sect , see Filippians . `` Philippians '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Philippines . Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship Paul the Apostle Related literature Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians , often referred to simply as Philippians , is the eleventh book in the New Testament . Paul and Timothy first visited Philippi in Greece during Paul 's second missionary journey , which occurred between approximately 49 and 51 AD . Philippi was the location of the first Christian community established in Europe . Biblical scholars are in general agreement that the letter was indeed written by Paul of Tarsus . The estimated date of the letter is 62 AD , about 10 years after Paul 's first visit to Philippi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Authorship 3 Outline 4 Composition 5 Christology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Historical background ( edit ) The historical background of Philippians is traditionally gathered from two main primary New Testament sources : informative internal data from the letter itself , and related information garnered from the rest of the New Testament Canon , especially from the Acts of the Apostles and the other Pauline Epistles . Other primary information is also derived from external historical sources related to the chronological connections between Paul 's association with Philippi , its political and economical setting , and its social and religio - philosophical context . According to the document itself , the Philippians had sent Epaphroditus , their envoy ( `` messenger ( apostolon ) and minister ( leitourgon ) '' Phil 2 : 25 ) , with contributions as an expression of their `` partnership '' and `` concern '' to meet the needs of Paul ( Phil 1 : 3 -- 5 , Phil 2 : 30 , and Phil 4 : 10 -- 19 ) . During the execution of his responsibilities of travel to deliver their `` gift '' ( Phil 4 : 17 ) , Epaphroditus contracted some life - threatening debilitating illness ( esthenese , cf . Phil 2 : 26 -- 27 ) . At some point he recovers . It is at this time , whether premeditated or due to an extended stay with the apostle , various internal matters are revealed to Paul on the part of Epaphroditus ( Phil 1 : 27 -- 30 , Phil 2 : 19 -- 24 , Phil 3 : 2 -- 3 , Phil 3 : 17 -- 20 , Phil 4 : 2 -- 3 , and Phil 4 : 9 ) . Upon Epaphroditus ' return to health , Paul sends word to the Philippians through Epaphroditus of his upcoming sentence in Rome and of his optimism in the face of death ( 1 : 18b -- 26 ) , along with exhortations to imitate his capacity to rejoice in the Lord despite one 's circumstances ( 2 : 14 -- 18 ) . Moreover , Paul sends counsel regarding spiritual adversaries among the Philippians ( 3 : 1 -- 21 ) , and conflicts within their fellowship ( 4 : 2 -- 3 ) . Lastly , he provides receipt of both Epaphroditus ' heroism ( 2 : 25 -- 30 ) and the arrival of `` the gift '' ( 4 : 10 ) , along with his promise of a divine accounting ( 4 : 17 -- 20 ) . Within the letter is also found an optimism where Paul 's belief of his release is the basis upon which he promises to send Timothy to them for ministry ( 3 : 19 -- 23 ) , and an anticipation to also pay them a personal visit ( 2 : 24 ) . With this communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward journey ( 2 : 28 -- 29 ) . There has been ongoing debate regarding where Paul was when he wrote this letter ( and therefore the date of the letter 's composition ) . Internal evidence in the letter itself points clearly to it being composed while Paul was in custody ( Philippians 1 : 7 , 13 ) , but which period of imprisonment is highly debated . Some suggest the Roman imprisonment at the end of the Book of Acts ( chapter 28 : 30 , 31 ) . Others suggest the earlier Caesarean imprisonment ( Acts 23 -- 26 ) . Still others suggest an earlier imprisonment again , and postulate an Ephesian imprisonment during Paul 's lengthy stay in that city ( Acts 19 ) . Until recently no one seems to have advocated the second period of Roman imprisonment ( after the end of the book of Acts , but attested to in the writings of early church fathers ) . Jim Reiher considered and speculated on this theory in a 2012 article . The main reasons suggested for a later date , include : The letter 's highly developed Ecclesiology An impending sense of death permeating the letter The absence of any mention of Luke in a letter to Luke 's home church ( when the narrative in Acts clearly suggests that Luke was with Paul in his first Roman imprisonment ) A harsher imprisonment than the open house arrest of his first Roman imprisonment A similar unique expression that is shared only with 2 Timothy A similar disappointment with co-workers shared only with 2 Timothy . This second Roman imprisonment theory is still to be rigorously debated in the wider theological community . Authorship ( edit ) The letter begins in standard form for an ancient Hellenistic letter structure , with author -- or senders -- first , then recipients with a greeting ( Phil . 1.1 -- 2 ) . The address and the greeting is clear : `` Paul and Timothy , servants of Christ Jesus . To all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi , with the overseers and deacons. Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ . '' ( English Standard Version ) Outline ( edit ) I. Preface ( 1 : 1 -- 11 ) A. Salutation ( 1 : 1 -- 2 ) B. Thanksgiving for the Philippians ' Participation in the Gospel ( 1 : 3 -- 8 ) C. Prayer for the Philippians ' Discerning Love to Increase until the Day of Christ ( 1 : 9 -- 11 ) II . Paul 's Present Circumstances ( 1 : 12 -- 26 ) A. Paul 's Imprisonment ( 1 : 12 -- 13 ) B . The Brothers ' Response ( 1 : 14 -- 17 ) C. Paul 's Attitude ( 1 : 18 -- 26 ) III . Practical Instructions in Sanctification ( 1 : 27 -- 2 : 30 ) A. Living Boldly as Citizens of Heaven ( 1 : 27 -- 1 : 30 ) B. Living Humbly as Servants of Christ ( 2 : 1 -- 11 ) 1 . The Motivation to Live Humbly ( 2 : 1 -- 4 ) 2 . The Model of Living Humbly ( 2 : 5 -- 11 ) a . Christ 's Emptying ( 2 : 5 -- 8 ) b . Christ 's Exaltation ( 2 : 9 -- 11 ) C. Living Obediently as Children of God ( 2 : 12 -- 18 ) 1 . The Energizing of God ( 2 : 12 -- 13 ) 2 . The Effect on the Saints ( 2 : 14 -- 18 ) D. Examples of Humble Servants ( 2 : 19 -- 30 ) 1 . The Example of Timothy ( 2 : 19 -- 24 ) 2 . The Example of Epaphroditus ( 2 : 25 -- 30 ) IV . Polemical Doctrinal Issues ( 3 : 1 -- 4 : 1 ) A . The Judaizers Basis : The Flesh ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) B. Paul 's Goal : The Resurrection ( 3 : 7 -- 11 ) C. Perfection and Humility ( 3 : 12 -- 16 ) D. Paul as an Example of Conduct and Watchfulness ( 3 : 17 -- 4 : 1 ) V. Postlude ( 4 : 2 -- 23 ) A. Exhortations ( 4 : 2 -- 9 ) 1 . Being United ( 4 : 2 -- 3 ) 2 . Rejoicing without Anxiety ( 4 : 4 -- 7 ) 3 . Thinking and Acting Purely ( 4 : 8 -- 9 ) B. A Note of Thanks ( 4 : 10 -- 20 ) 1 . Paul 's Contentment ( 4 : 10 -- 13 ) 2 . The Philippians ' Gift ( 4 : 14 -- 18 ) 3 . God 's Provision ( 4 : 19 -- 20 ) C. Final Greetings ( 4 : 21 -- 23 ) Composition ( edit ) Philippians 2 : 5 -- 11 : Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus , who , although He existed in the form of God , did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped , but emptied Himself , taking the form of a bond - servant , and being made in the likeness of men . Being found in appearance as a man , He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death , even death on a cross . For this reason also , God highly exalted Him , and bestowed on Him the name which is above every name , so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow , of those who are in heaven and on earth and under the earth , and that every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord , to the glory of God the Father . The letter was written to the church at Philippi , one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe . They were very attached to Paul , just as he was very fond of them . Of all the churches , their contributions ( which Paul gratefully acknowledges ) are among the only ones he accepts . ( Acts 20 : 33 -- 35 ; 2 Cor. 11 : 7 -- 12 ; 2 Thess. 3 : 8 ) . The generosity of the Philippians comes out very conspicuously ( Phil . 4 : 15 ) . `` This was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions , as 2 Cor. 8 and 9 amply and beautifully prove . It is remarkable that the Macedonian converts were , as a class , very poor ( 2 Cor. 8 : 2 ) , though the very first converts were of all classes ( Acts 16 ) ; and the parallel facts , their poverty and their open - handed support of the great missionary and his work , are deeply harmonious . '' ( Moule ) . As with all epistles , the original was composed in Greek . Christology ( edit ) Philippians has been the subject of much research and Ralph P. Martin argues that Philippians 2 may be considered the beginning of the field of Christology , specifically referring to the rich analysis that Apostle Paul began in Philippians 2 : 5 -- 6 . Veronica Koperski views Philippians 3 : 10 as the beginning of the analysis of the knowledge of Christ . While Paul 's opening prayer is for love ( 1 : 9 ) , based on knowledge of Christ , his final prayer is for the peace of God ( 4 : 7 ) , which surpasses all understanding . Thus the concepts of love , knowledge and peace are jointly developed in the Epistle . See also ( edit ) Textual variants in the Epistle to the Philippians Cupio dissolvi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto : Mayfield. 1985 . Jump up ^ Frederick F. Bruce , 1989 , Philippians , NIBC , NT Series , edited by W. Ward Gasque ( Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson ) , 4 . Jump up ^ Wayne Jackson , 1987 , The Book of Philippians : A Grammatical and Practical Study ( Abilene , Tex. : Quality Publications ) , 13 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Clement of Rome ( late 1st century ) makes a reference to the ministry of Paul after the end of Acts . Clement , To the Corinthians , 5 . In J.B. Lightfoot ( ed ) , The Apostolic Fathers ( Michigan : Baker Book House , 1978 ) 15 . The author of the Muratorian Canon ( late 2nd century ) says that Luke recorded mostly that which he himself witnessed and therefore that is why he did not include ' the journey of Paul , when he went from the city -- Rome -- to Spain . ' The Muratoriun Canon . 2 . The apocryphal Acts of Peter makes reference to the tradition that Paul reached Spain . Paul is described in prison in Rome , receiving a vision from God that he would go to Spain . Acts of Peter , Verscelli Acts 1 and 3 . Eusebius ( early 300 's ) recorded that Paul did more ministry after his first jail time in Rome . Eusebius , Ecclesiastical History , II , 22 , 1 -- 8 , in Philip Schaff and Henry Wace ( editors ) , A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church 2nd series . Vol. 1 . Eusebius : Church History , Life of Constantine the Great , and Oration in Praise of Constantine ( Edinburgh : Eerdmans , 1997 ) 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Jim Reiher , `` Could Philippians have been written from the Second Roman Imprisonment ? '' Evangelical Quarterly . Vol . LXXXIV . No. 3 July 2012 . pp. 213 -- 233 . This article summarises the other theories , and offers examples of different scholars who adhere to different theories , but presents a different option for consideration Jump up ^ Ronald Russell , 1982 , `` Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians , '' Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25.3 ( Sept . ) : 297 -- 298 . Jump up ^ `` 11 . Philippians : Introduction , Argument , and Outline '' . Bible.org . Jump up ^ Philippians 2 : 5 -- 11 : Scripture taken from the New American Standard Bible , Copyright © 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1995 by The Lockman Foundation . Used by permission . Jump up ^ Section X . Testimonies to the Canonical Authority of the Fourteen Epistles of Paul . Canon of the Old and New Testaments Ascertained , or The Bible Complete without the Apocrypha and Unwritten Traditions . Alexander , Archibald ( 1772 -- 1851 ) . Jump up ^ Where Christology began : essays on Philippians 2 by Ralph P. Martin , Brian J. Dodd 1998 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25619 - 8 pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 ISBN 90 - 390 - 0132 - 4 pp. 5 -- 17 Jump up ^ The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 ISBN 90 - 390 - 0132 - 4 pp. 291 -- 293 References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` `` . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Further Reading ( edit ) Abrahamsen , Valerie ( March 1988 ) . `` Christianity and the Rock Reliefs at Philippi '' . Biblical Archaeologist. 51 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 3210038 . JSTOR 3210038 . Barclay , William . 1975 . The Letters to the Philippians , Colossians , and Thessalonians. Rev. ed . Daily Bible Study Series . Louisville , Ky. : Westminster . Barnes , Albert . 1949 . Ephesians , Philippians , and Colossians . Enlarged type edition . Edited by Robert Frew . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Baker . Black , David A. 1995 . `` The Discourse Structure of Philippians : A Study in Textlinquistics . '' Novum Testamentum 37.1 ( Jan . ) : 16 -- 49 Blevins , James L. 1980 . `` Introduction to Philippians . '' Review and Expositor 77 ( Sum . ) : 311 -- 325 . Brooks , James A. 1980 . `` Introduction to Philippians . '' Southwestern Journal of Theology 23.1 ( Fall ) : 7 -- 54 . Bruce , Frederick F. 1989 . Philippians . New International Biblical Commentary . New Testament Series . Edited by W. Ward Gasque . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , 2002 . Burton , Ernest De Witt. 1896 . `` The Epistles of the Imprisonment . '' Biblical World 7.1 : 46 -- 56 . Elkins , Garland. 1976 . `` The Living Message of Philippians . '' pp. 171 -- 180 in The Living Messages of the Books of the New Testament . Edited by Garland Elkins and Thomas B. Warren . Jonesboro , Ark. : National Christian . Garland , David E. 1985 . `` The Composition and Unity of Philippians : Some Neglected Literary Factors . '' Novum Testamentum 27.2 ( April ) : 141 -- 173 . Hagelberg , Dave . 2007 . Philippians : An Ancient Thank You Letter -- A Study of Paul and His Ministry Partners ' Relationship . English ed . Metro Manila : Philippine Challenge . Hawthorne , Gerald F. 1983 . Philippians . Word Biblical Commentary 43 . Edited by Bruce Metzger . Nashville , Tenn. : Nelson . Herrick , Greg . `` Introduction , Background , and Outline to Philippians . '' Bible.org . Jackson , Wayne . 1987 . The Book of Philippians : A Grammatical and Practical Study . Abilene , Tex. : Quality . Kennedy , H.A.A. 1900 . `` The Epistle to the Philippians . '' Expositor 's Greek Testament . Vol. 3 . Edited by W. Robertson Nicoll . New York , NY : Doran . Lenski , Richard C.H. 1937 . The Interpretation of St. Paul 's Epistles to the Galatians , to the Ephesians , and to the Philippians . Repr . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , 2001 . Lipscomb , David and J.W. Shepherd. 1968 . Ephesians , Philippians , and Colossians. Rev. ed . Edited by J.W. Shepherd . Gospel Advocated Commentary . Nashville , Tenn. : Gospel Advocate . Llewelyn , Stephen R. 1995 . `` Sending Letters in the Ancient World : Paul and the Philippians . '' Tyndale Bulletin 46.2 : 337 -- 356 . Mackay , B.S. 1961 . `` Further Thoughts on Philippians . '' New Testament Studies 7.2 ( Jan . ) : 161 -- 170 . Martin , Ralph P. 1959 . The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians . Tyndale New Testament Commentaries . Ed . By R.V.G. Tasker . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans , 1977 . Martin , Ralph P. 1976 . Philippians . New Century Bible Commentary . New Testament . Edited by Matthew Black . Repr . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans . McAlister , Bryan . 2011 . `` Introduction to Philippians : Mindful of How We Fill Our Minds . '' Gospel Advocate 153.9 ( Sept . ) : 12 -- 13 Mule , D.S.M. ( 1981 ) . The Letter to the Philippians . Cook Book House . Müller , Jacobus J. 1955 . The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians . New International Commentary on the New Testament . Ed . By Frederick F. Bruce . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans , 1991 . Pelaez , I.N. ( 1970 ) . A Epistle on the Philippians . Angel & Water ; reprint , Angels new books , ed . Michael Angelo . ( 1987 ) . Peabody , MA : Hendrickson . Dictionary of Paul and His Letters , s.v. `` Philippians , Letter to the '' Reicke , Bo. 1970 . `` Caesarea , Rome , and the Captivity Epistles . '' pp. 277 -- 286 in Apostolic History and the Gospel : Biblical and Historical Essays Presented to F.F. Bruce . Edited by W. Ward Gasque and Ralph P. Martin . Exeter : Paternoster Press . Roper , David . 2003 . `` Philippians : Rejoicing in Christ . '' BibleCourses.com . Accessed : 3 Sept. 2011 . Russell , Ronald . 1982 . `` Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians . '' Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25.3 ( Sept . ) : 295 -- 306 . Sanders , Ed . 1987 . `` Philippians . '' pp. 331 -- 339 in New Testament Survey . Edited by Don Shackelford . Searcy , Ark. : Harding University . Sergio Rosell Nebreda , Christ Identity : A Social - Scientific Reading of Philippians 2.5 -- 11 ( Göttingen , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 2011 ) ( Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments , 240 ) . Swift , Robert C. 1984 . `` The Theme and Structure of Philippians . '' Bibliotheca Sacra 141 ( July ) : 234 -- 254 . Synge , F.C. 1951 . Philippians and Colossians . Torch Bible Commentaries . Edited by John Marsh , David M. Paton , and Alan Richardson . London : SCM , 1958 . Thielman , Frank . 1995 . Philippians . NIV Application Commentary . General Editor . Terry Muck . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Zondervan . Vincent , Marvin R. 1897 . The Epistle to the Philippians and to Philemon . International Critical Commentary . Ed . By Samuel R. Driver , Alfred Plummer , Charles A. Briggs . Edinburgh : Clark , 1902 . Vincent , Marvin R. Vincent 's Word Studies in the New Testament . 4 vols . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , n.d. Wallace , Daniel B. `` Philippians : Introductions , Argument , and Outline . '' Bible.org . Walvoord , John F. 1971 . Philippians : Triumph in Christ . Everyman 's Bible Commentary . Chicago , Ill. : Moody . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle to the Philippians Online translations of the Epistle to the Philippians : Online Bible at GospelHall.org Bible : Philippians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Online Study of Philippians : Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( Tyndale Seminary ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( BiblicalStudies.org.uk ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( NTGateway.com ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( TextWeek.com ) Related articles : Bible.org introduction to Philippians Sermons on Philippians Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Epistle to the Philippians '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . 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Question: who was the book of philippians written to

to the church at Philippi, one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe


Sinus rhythm - wikipedia Sinus rhythm Jump to : navigation , search Schematic representation of normal sinus rhythm showing standard waves , segments , and intervals A sinus rhythm is any cardiac rhythm where depolarization of the cardiac muscle begins at the sinus node . It is characterised by the presence of correctly oriented P waves on the electrocardiogram ( ECG ) . Sinus rhythm is necessary , but not sufficient , for normal electrical activity within the heart . The term normal sinus rhythm ( NSR ) is sometimes used to denote a specific type of sinus rhythm where all other measurements on the ECG also fall within designated normal limits , giving rise to the characteristic appearance of the ECG when the electrical conduction system of the heart is functioning normally . However , other sinus rhythms can be entirely normal in particular patient groups and clinical contexts , so the term is sometimes considered a misnomer and its use is sometimes discouraged . Example of a sinus rhythm with bifascicular block . Other types of sinus rhythm which can be normal include sinus tachycardia , sinus bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia . Sinus rhythms may be present together with various other cardiac arrhythmias on the same ECG . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Characteristics of normal sinus rhythm 2 References 3 External links Characteristics ( edit ) For an ECG to be described as showing a sinus rhythm , the shape of the P wave in each of the 12 standard ECG leads should be consistent with a `` typical P vector '' of + 50 ° to + 80 ° . This means that the P wave should be : always positive in lead I always negative in lead aVR usually positive in leads II , aVF and III , but may be biphasic ( + / - ) any of biphasic ( - / + ) , positive or negative in lead aVL positive in all chest leads , except for V1 which may be biphasic ( + / - ) If the P waves do not meet these criteria , they must be originating from an abnormal site elsewhere in the atria and not from the sinus node ; the ECG can not therefore be classed as showing a sinus rhythm . In general , each P wave in a sinus rhythm is followed by a QRS complex , and the sinus rhythm therefore gives rise to the whole heart 's depolarisation . Exceptions to this include complete heart block and certain ventricular artificial pacemaker rhythms , where the P waves may be completely normal in shape , but ventricular depolarisation bears no relation to them ; in these cases , the speed of the `` sinus rhythm of the atria '' and the speed of the ventricular rhythm must be calculated separately . Characteristics of normal sinus rhythm ( edit ) By convention , the term `` normal sinus rhythm '' is taken to imply that not only are the P waves ( reflecting activity of the sinus node itself ) normal in morphology , but that all other ECG measurements are also normal . Criteria therefore include : Normal heart rate ( classically 60 to 100 beats per minute for an adult ) . Regular rhythm , with less than 0.16 second variation in the shortest and longest durations between successive P waves . The sinus node should pace the heart -- therefore , P waves must be round , all the same shape , and present before every QRS complex in a ratio of 1 : 1 . Normal P wave axis ( 0 to + 75 degrees ) Normal PR interval , QRS complex and QT interval . QRS complex positive in leads I , II , aVF and V3 - V6 , and negative in lead aVR . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hampton , John R ( 2013 ) . The ECG Made Easy ( 8th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone . p. 4 . ISBN 9780702046421 . ^ Jump up to : Gertsch , Marc ( 2004 ) . `` 3 . The Normal ECG and its ( Normal ) Variants '' . The ECG : A Two - Step Approach to Diagnosis ( 1 ed . ) . Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg . pp. 19 -- 21 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 10315 - 9 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 00869 - 9 . OCLC 942900796 . ^ Jump up to : Conover , Boudreau Conover ( 2003 ) . Understanding Electrocardiography ( 8th ed . ) . St Louis : Mosby . p. 46 . ISBN 9780323019057 . Jump up ^ Geiter , Henry B. ( 2006 ) . E-Z ECG Rhythm Interpretation ( 1st ed . ) . Philadelphia : F.A. Davis . p. 106 . ISBN 9780803620353 . Jump up ^ Acar , RD ; Bulut , M ; Acar , Ş ; Izci , S ; Fidan , S ; Yesin , M ; Efe , SC . `` Evaluation of the P Wave Axis in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus '' . J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 7 : 154 -- 7 . doi : 10.15171 / jcvtr. 2015.33 . PMC 4685281 . PMID 26702344 . External links ( edit ) `` Normal Sinus Rhythm '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinus_rhythm&oldid=809672427 '' Categories : Cardiology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska ไทย 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 17 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Question: what is the meaning of sinus rhythm in ecg