Vincenzo Peruggia - wikipedia Vincenzo Peruggia Jump to : navigation , search Vincenzo Peruggia A police photograph of Vincenzo Peruggia in 1911 . ( 1881 - 10 - 08 ) October 8 , 1881 Dumenza , Varese , Italy October 8 , 1925 ( 1925 - 10 - 08 ) ( aged 44 ) Saint - Maur - des - Fossés , France Nationality Italian Known for theft of the Mona Lisa Vincenzo Peruggia ( October 8 , 1881 -- October 8 , 1925 ) was an Italian thief , most famous for stealing the Mona Lisa on 21 August 1911 . Born in Dumenza , Varese , Italy , he died in Saint - Maur - des - Fossés , France . Contents ( hide ) 1 Patriot 2 Later life and personal life 3 Death 4 Motivations 5 In art , entertainment , and media 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Patriot ( edit ) In 1911 , Peruggia perpetrated what has been described as the greatest art theft of the 20th century . It was a police theory that the former Louvre worker hid inside the museum on Sunday , August 20 , knowing the museum would be closed the following day . But , according to Peruggia 's interrogation in Florence after his arrest , he entered the museum on Monday , August 21 around 7 am , through the door where the other Louvre workers were entering . He said he wore one of the white smocks that museum employees customarily wore and was indistinguishable from the other workers . When the Salon Carré , where the Mona Lisa hung , was empty , he lifted the painting off the four iron pegs that secured it to the wall and took it to a nearby service staircase . There , he removed the protective case and frame . Some people report that he concealed the painting ( which Leonardo painted on wood ) under his smock . But Peruggia was only 5'3 `` , and the Mona Lisa measures approx. 21 '' x 30 `` , so it would not fit under a smock worn by someone his size . Instead , he said he took off his smock and wrapped it around the painting , tucked it under his arm , and left the Louvre through the same door he had entered . Peruggia hid the painting in his apartment in Paris . Supposedly , when police arrived to search his apartment and question him , they accepted his alibi that he had been working at a different location on the day of the theft . After keeping the painting hidden in a trunk in his apartment for two years , Peruggia returned to Italy with it . He kept it in his apartment in Florence , Italy but grew impatient , and was finally caught when he contacted Alfredo Geri , the owner of an art gallery in Florence . Geri 's story conflicts with Peruggia 's , but it was clear that Peruggia expected a reward for returning the painting to what he regarded as its `` homeland '' . Geri called in Giovanni Poggi , director of the Uffizi Gallery , who authenticated the painting . Poggi and Geri , after taking the painting for `` safekeeping '' , informed the police , who arrested Peruggia at his hotel . After its recovery , the painting was exhibited all over Italy with banner headlines rejoicing its return and then returned to the Louvre in 1913 . While the painting was famous before the theft , the notoriety it received from the newspaper headlines and the large scale police investigation helped the artwork become one of the best known in the world . Later life and personal life ( edit ) Peruggia was released from jail after a short time and served in the Italian army during World War I. He later married , had one daughter , Celestina , returned to France , and continued to work as a painter decorator using his birth name Pietro Peruggia . Death ( edit ) He died on October 8 , 1925 ( his 44th birthday ) in the town of Saint - Maur - des - Fossés , France . His death was not widely reported by the media ; obituaries appeared mistakenly only when another Vincenzo Peruggia died in Haute - Savoie in 1947 . Motivations ( edit ) There are currently two predominant theories regarding the theft of the Mona Lisa . Patriotism Peruggia said he did it for a patriotic reason : he wanted to bring the painting back for display in Italy `` after it was stolen by Napoleon '' . Although perhaps sincere in his motive , Vincenzo may not have known that Leonardo da Vinci took this painting as a gift for Francis I when he moved to France to become a painter in his court during the 16th century , 250 years before Napoleon 's birth . Experts have questioned the ' patriotism ' motive on the grounds that -- if ' patriotism ' was the true motive -- Peruggia would have donated the painting to an Italian museum , rather than have attempted to profit from its sale . The question of money is also confirmed by letters that Peruggia sent to his father after the theft . On December 22 , 1911 , four months after the theft , he wrote that Paris was where `` I will make my fortune and that his ( fortune ) will arrive in one shot . '' The following year ( 1912 ) , he wrote : `` I am making a vow for you to live long and enjoy the prize that your son is about to realize for you and for all our family . '' Put on trial , the court agreed , to some extent , that Peruggia committed his crime for patriotic reasons and gave him a lenient sentence . He was sent to jail for one year and 15 days , but was hailed as a great patriot in Italy and served only seven months in jail . Criminal conspiracy Another theory emerged later . The theft may have been encouraged or masterminded by Eduardo de Valfierno , a con - man who had commissioned the French art forger Yves Chaudron to make copies of the painting so he could sell them as the missing original . The copies would have gone up in value if the original were stolen . This theory is based entirely on a 1932 article by former Hearst journalist Karl Decker in The Saturday Evening Post . Decker claimed to have known `` Valfierno '' and heard the story from him in 1913 , promising not to print it until he learned of Valfierno 's death . There is no external confirmation for this tale . In art , Entertainment , and media ( edit ) In Der Raub der Mona Lisa ( 1931 ) , an early German soundfilm , he was portrayed by Willi Forst In The Man Who Stole La Gioconda ( 2006 ) , a television - miniseries he was portrayed by Alessandro Preziosi In an April 1956 episode of the TV - show You Are There , called `` The Recovery of the Mona Lisa ( December 10 , 1913 ) '' , Peruggia is played by Vito Scotti , who reprised the role in yet another TV - reconstruction of the famous theft , this time for the TV - show G.E. True . The episode was called `` The Tenth Mona Lisa '' and aired in March 1963 . Art Historian Noah Charney 's monograph , `` The Theft of the Mona Lisa : On Stealing the Worlds Most Famous Painting '' ( 2011 , ARCA Publications ) , is an account of the theft and its ramifications . In 2012 , the full - length documentary Mona Lisa Is Missing ( formerly The Missing Piece ) was released . Directed by filmmaker Joe Medeiros , it tells the complete story of Vincenzo Peruggia 's theft of the Mona Lisa , using original source documents from the French and Italian archives as well as interviews with Celestina Peruggia , the daughter of the thief In April 2013 , Larry A. Thompson Entertainment optioned Missing Mona Lisa , a screenplay by Mark Hudelson based on the Mona Lisa 's theft . In the film The Art of the Steal ( 2013 ) , Guy de Cornet ( played by Chris Diamantopoulos ) narrates the story of Vincenzo Peruggia 's stealing the painting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( in Italian ) Mio padre , il ladro della Gioconda Jump up ^ Extrait du Proces - Verbal de la confrontation de M. Vignolle avec Peruggia , Dec. 20 . 1913 , Archives Nationales , Paris Jump up ^ Peruggia mugshot , January 25 , 1909 , Archives Nationales , Paris Jump up ^ Mona Lisa Is Missing , 2013 , Virgil Films , dir . Joe Medeiros ^ Jump up to : Chua - Eoan , Howard ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` STEALING THE MONA LISA , 1911 '' . The Top 25 Crimes of the Century . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Theft That Made The ' Mona Lisa ' A Masterpiece '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Who stole the Mona Lisa ? , FT.com , August 2011 Jump up ^ Peruggia Letter Dec. 22 , 1911 , Archivio di Stato , Florence Jump up ^ Nilsson , Jeff . `` 100 Years Ago : The Mastermind Behind the Mona Lisa Heist '' . Saturday Evening Post . Curtis Publishing . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Tenth Mona Lisa '' . IMDb.com. 31 March 1963 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Missing Piece : Mona Lisa , Her Thief , the True Story '' . IMDb.com. 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Art of the Steal '' . IMDb.com. 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Hoobler , Dorothy and Thomas , The Crimes of Paris New York : Little , Brown , 2009 , pp. 3 -- 7 , 305 - 314 . Kuper , Simon , `` Who Stole the Mona Lisa ? The World 's Most Famous Art Heist , 100 Years On , '' Slate , Aug. 7 , 2011 . Newsweek , `` The Mona Lisa Thief , '' September 29 , 1947 , p. 97 . External links ( edit ) Vanity Fair - May 2009 . `` Stealing Mona Lisa '' by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler Saturday Evening Post : 100 Years Ago : The Mastermind Behind the Mona Lisa Heist ( hide ) Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa Subject Lisa del Giocondo Replicas Isleworth Mona Lisa ( 16th century ) Mona Lisa ( Prado , c. 1503 -- 16 ) L.H.O.O.Q. ( 1919 ) Mini Lisa ( 2013 ) Related Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Speculations about Mona Lisa Timeline of fictional stories about the Mona Lisa 1911 theft Eduardo de Valfierno Yves Chaudron Vincenzo Peruggia On screen The Theft of the Mona Lisa ( 1931 ) The Mona Lisa Has Been Stolen ( 1966 ) City of Death ( 1979 ) Mona Lisa 's Revenge ( 2009 ) Music Mona Lisa ( 1915 opera ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( 1950 song ) `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' ( 1984 song ) `` Lisa Mona Lisa '' ( 1988 song ) `` The Mona Lisa '' ( 2013 song ) Literature The Second Mrs. Giaconda ( 1975 ) I , Mona Lisa ( 2006 ) The Smile ( 2008 ) Other `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' VIAF : 255017832 ISNI : 0000 0003 7764 1298 BNF : cb123892052 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Peruggia&oldid=835617527 '' Categories : Art thieves Italian thieves People convicted of theft 1881 births 1925 deaths Mona Lisa 20th - century Italian painters Italian male painters Italian expatriates in France 20th - century Italian criminals Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 19 : 35 . 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Question: who stole the mona lisa from the louvre in 1911


List of stock market crashes and bear markets - wikipedia List of stock market crashes and bear markets Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of stock market crashes and bear markets in Europe and United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Table ( edit ) Name Date Country Causes Ref Kipper und Wipper 000000001623 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1623 A financial crisis caused by debased ( fraudulent ) foreign coins minted in the Holy Roman Empire from 1621 -- 1623 , done to raise funds at the start of the Thirty Years ' War Tulip mania Bubble 000000001637 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1637 A bubble ( 1633 -- 37 ) in the Netherlands during which contracts for bulbs of tulips reached extraordinarily high prices , and suddenly collapsed The Mississippi Bubble 000000001720 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1720 Banque Royale by John Law stopped payments of its note in exchange for specie and as result caused economic collapse in France . South Sea Bubble of 1720 000000001720 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1720 Affected early European stock markets , during early days of chartered joint stock companies Bengal Bubble of 1769 000000001769 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1769 Primarily caused by the British East India Company , whose shares fell from £ 276 in December 1768 to £ 122 in 1784 Credit crisis of 1772 000000001772 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1772 Financial Crisis of 1791 -- 92 000000001791 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1791 Shares of First bank of US boom and bust in Aug and Sept 1791 . Groundwork of Alexander Hamilton 's cooperation with the Bank of New York to end this event would be crucial in ending the Panic of 1792 next year . Panic of 1796 -- 97 000000001796 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1796 A series of downturns in Atlantic credit markets led to broader commercial downturns in Great Britain and the United States . Panic of 1819 000000001819 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1819 Panic of 1825 000000001825 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1825 Panic of 1837 000000001837 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 1837 Panic of 1847 000000001847 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1847 Panic of 1857 000000001857 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1857 Panic of 1866 000000001866 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1866 Black Friday 000000001869 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 Sep 1869 Panic of 1873 000000001873 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 1873 Initiated the Long Depression in the United States and much of Europe Paris Bourse crash of 1882 000000001882 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 Jan 1882 Panic of 1884 000000001884 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1884 Encilhamento 000000001890 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1890 Lasting 3 years , 1890 -- 1893 , a boom and bust process that boomed in late 1880s and burst on early 1890s , causing a collapse in the Brazilian economy and aggravating an already unstable political situation . Panic of 1893 000000001893 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1893 Panic of 1896 000000001896 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1896 Panic of 1901 000000001901 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 1901 Lasting 3 years , the market was spooked by the assassination of President McKinley in 1901 , coupled with a severe drought later the same year . Panic of 1907 000000001907 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 1907 Lasting over a year , markets took fright after U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt had threatened to rein in the monopolies that flourished in various industrial sectors , notably railways . Wall Street Crash of 1929 000000001929 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 Oct 1929 Lasting over 4 years , the bursting of the speculative bubble in shares led to further selling as people who had borrowed money to buy shares had to cash them in , when their loans were called in . Also called the Great Crash or the Wall Street Crash , leading to the Great Depression . Recession of 1937 -- 38 000000001937 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1937 Lasting around a year , this share price fall was triggered by an economic recession within the Great Depression and doubts about the effectiveness of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal policy . Kennedy Slide of 1962 000000001962 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1962 Also known as the ' Flash Crash of 1962 ' Brazilian Markets Crash of 1971 000000001971 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1971 Lasting through the 1970s and early - 1980s , this was the end of a boom that started in 1969 , compounded by the 1970s energy crisis coupled with early 1980s Latin American debt crisis . 1973 -- 74 stock market crash 000000001973 - 01 - 01 - 0000 Jan 1973 Lasting 23 months , dramatic rise in oil prices , the miners ' strike and the downfall of the Heath government . Souk Al - Manakh stock market crash 000000001982 - 08 - 01 - 0000 Aug 1982 Black Monday 000000001987 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 Oct 1987 Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash 000000001989 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1989 Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash , due to its weak internal controls and absence of credit discipline , that led to its collapse , and of which it never recovered Friday the 13th mini-crash 000000001989 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 Oct 1989 Failed leveraged buyout of United Airlines causes crash Early 1990s recession 000000001990 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait in July 1990 , causing oil prices to increase . The Dow dropped 18 % in three months , from 2,911.63 on July 3 to 2,381.99 on October 16 , 1990 . This recession lasted approximately 8 months . Japanese asset price bubble 000000001991 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1991 Lasting approximately twenty years , through at least the end of 2011 , share and property price bubble bursts and turns into a long deflationary recession . Some of the key economic events during the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble include the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the Dot - com bubble . In addition , more recent economic events , such as the late - 2000s financial crisis and August 2011 stock markets fall have prolonged this period . Black Wednesday 000000001992 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 Sep 1992 The Conservative government was forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) after they were unable to keep sterling above its agreed lower limit . 1997 Asian financial crisis 000000001997 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 July 1997 Investors deserted emerging Asian shares , including an overheated Hong Kong stock market . Crashes occur in Thailand , Indonesia , South Korea , Philippines , and elsewhere , reaching a climax in the October 27 , 1997 mini-crash . October 27 , 1997 , mini-crash 000000001997 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 Oct 1997 Global stock market crash that was caused by an economic crisis in Asia . 1998 Russian financial crisis 000000001998 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 Aug 1998 The Russian government devalues the ruble , defaults on domestic debt , and declares a moratorium on payment to foreign creditors . Dot - com bubble 000000002000 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2000 Collapse of a technology bubble . Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks 000000002001 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 Sep 2001 The September 11 attacks caused global stock markets to drop sharply . The attacks themselves caused approximately $40 billion in insurance losses , making it one of the largest insured events ever . See world economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks . Stock market downturn of 2002 000000002002 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 Oct 2002 Downturn in stock prices during 2002 in stock exchanges across the United States , Canada , Asia , and Europe . After recovering from lows reached following the September 11 attacks , indices slid steadily starting in March 2002 , with dramatic declines in July and September leading to lows last reached in 1997 and 1998 . See stock market downturn of 2002 . Chinese stock bubble of 2007 000000002007 - 02 - 27 - 0000 27 Feb 2007 The SSE Composite Index of the Shanghai Stock Exchange tumbles 9 % from unexpected selloffs , the largest drop in 10 years , triggering major drops in worldwide stock markets . United States bear market of 2007 -- 09 000000002007 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 Oct 2007 Till June 2009 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average , Nasdaq Composite and S&P 500 all experienced declines of greater than 20 % from their peaks in late 2007 . Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 000000002008 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 Sep 2008 On September 16 , 2008 , failures of large financial institutions in the United States , due primarily to exposure of securities of packaged subprime loans and credit default swaps issued to insure these loans and their issuers , rapidly devolved into a global crisis resulting in a number of bank failures in Europe and sharp reductions in the value of equities ( stock ) and commodities worldwide . The failure of banks in Iceland resulted in a devaluation of the Icelandic króna and threatened the government with bankruptcy . Iceland was able to secure an emergency loan from the IMF in November . Later on , U.S. President George W. Bush signs the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law , creating a Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) to purchase failing bank assets . Had disastrous effects on the world economy along with world trade . 2009 Dubai debt standstill 000000002009 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 Nov 2009 Dubai requests a debt deferment following its massive renovation and development projects , as well as the Great Recession . The announcement causes global stock markets to drop . European sovereign debt crisis 000000002010 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2010 Standard & Poor 's downgrades Greece 's sovereign credit rating to junk four days after the activation of a € 45 - billion EU -- IMF bailout , triggering the decline of stock markets worldwide and of the Euro 's value , and furthering a European sovereign debt crisis . 2010 Flash Crash 000000002010 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2010 The Dow Jones Industrial Average suffers its worst intra-day point loss , dropping nearly 1,000 points before partially recovering . August 2011 stock markets fall 000000002011 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 Aug 2011 S&P 500 entered a short - lived bear market between 02nd May 2011 ( intraday high : 1,370.58 ) and 04th October 2011 ( intraday low : 1,074.77 ) , a decline of 21.58 % . The stock market rebounded thereafter and ended the year flat . 2015 -- 16 Chinese stock market crash 000000002015 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2015 China stock market crash starts in June and continues into July and August . In January 2016 , Chinese stock market experiences a steep sell - off which sets off a global rout . 2015 -- 16 stock market selloff 000000002015 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 August 2015 The Dow Jones fell 588 points during a two - day period , 1,300 points from August 18 -- 21 . On Monday , August 24 , world stock markets were down substantially , wiping out all gains made in 2015 , with interlinked drops in commodities such as oil , which hit a six - year price low , copper , and most of Asian currencies , but the Japanese yen , losing value against the United States dollar . With this plunge , an estimated ten trillion dollars had been wiped off the books on global markets since June 3 . See also ( edit ) List of recessions in the United States List of economic crises List of recessions in the United Kingdom Economic bubble List of banking crises List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` `` Kipper und Wipper '' : Rogue Traders , Rogue Princes , Rogue Bishops and the German Financial Meltdown of 1621 - 23 '' by Mike Dash , Smithsonian , March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Dash , Mike `` Tulipomania : The Story of the World 's Most Coveted Flower & the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused '' 2001 Jump up ^ James D. Henderson , Helen Delpar & Maurice P. Brungardt `` A Reference Guide to Latin American History '' Richard Weldon Editor -- M.E. Sharpe Inc. 2000 , ISBN I563247445 page 172 , 2nd column , `` 1890 '' ( 2nd paragraph ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Needell ; `` A Tropical Belle Epoque : Elite Culture and Society in Turn - of - the - Century '' Cambridge University Press 1987 Pages 10 & 12 Jump up ^ Gail D. Triner ; `` Banking and economic development : Brazil , 1889 -- 1930 '' Palgrave TM 2000 ISBN 0 - 312 - 23399 - X Pages 44 -- 74 Jump up ^ Viscount of Taunay ; `` O Encilhamento ; scenas contemporaneas da Bolsa do Rio de Janeiro em 1890 , 1891 e 1892 '' ( in Portuguese ) ( `` The Encilhamento : contemporary scenes of Rio Stock Exchange in 1890 , 1891 & 1892 '' ) Editora Melhoramentos , Rio 1893 Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future : Lessons From the Forgotten ' Flash Crash ' of 1962 '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gary Previts , Peter Walton & Peter Wolnizer `` A Global History of Accounting , Financial Reporting And Public Policy ; Americas -- Volume 14B '' The University of Sydney / The Accounting Foundation , Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 85724 - 811 - 4 Page 41 , from the last paragraph Jump up ^ Detailed PDF Archived 2012 - 12 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Academic work about the subject ( in Portuguese ) UNICAMP june 2007 Jump up ^ Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo ; `` Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil '' ( `` Histories of Financial Markets in Brazil '' ) ( in Portuguese ) Campus Elsevier Brazil 2011 ISBN 85 - 352 - 3994 - 4 Introduction and Chapter 4 Jump up ^ Markham , Jeffrey W. `` A Financial History of the United States ; Volume III ( 1970 -- 2001 ) '' M.E. Sharpe 2002 ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0730 - 1 page 147 , from last paragraph Jump up ^ Article Archived 2013 - 10 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . about the decline of Rio Stock Exchange . Last 3 paragraphs are about the 1989 crash Jump up ^ Barcellos & Azevedo 2011 , Pages 141 - 142 ; 149 to 151 , and 154 Jump up ^ Chen , Shu - Ching Jean ; Kwok , Vivian Wai - yin ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` Black Tuesday In China '' . Forbes . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Share sale knocks Chinese market '' . BBC News . 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Han , Pliny ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` Chinese shares slump sharply , down 8.84 % '' . Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Browning , E.S. ( 28 June 2008 ) . `` Dow Hits Bear - Market Territory , Signaling Woe for Economy '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Korkki , Phyllis ( 4 March 2007 ) . `` A Scary Tuesday Was No Black Monday '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMF approves $2.1 bn Iceland loan '' . BBC News . 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , Jeanne ( 4 October 2008 ) . `` Bailout is law '' . CNN . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Robertson , David ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Investors face huge losses as debt - ridden Dubai World is abandoned by government '' . The Times . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Greek bonds rated ' junk ' by Standard & Poor 's '' . BBC News . 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Greece crisis : Euro markets hit again '' . BBC News . 2010 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Greece crisis deepens on global market sell - off '' . CNN . 2010 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Moyer , Liz ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Was The Market Mayhem A Mistake ? Maybe Not '' . Forbes . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese stock market beats Wall Street and FTSE by closing up in 2015 '' . telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Today 's Stock Market News and Analysis from Nasdaq.com '' . nasdaq.com . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Shanghai stocks poised to end 2015 up nearly 10 pct , beating Wall Street '' . reuters.com . Jump up ^ `` Shanghai Composite Index ends year up nearly 10 % '' . atimes.com . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Mark ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Chinese consumers ' laugh off ' stock market gyrations '' . smh.com.au . Jump up ^ Shan Li ; Andrea Chang ; Paresh Dave ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stock market suffers worst one - day drop since 2008 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` customRangeStart '' : 1440054000 , `` customRangeEnd '' : 1440399600 , `` range '' : `` custom '' , `` allowChartStacking '' : true ) `` DJI Interactive Stock Quote '' . Yahoo Finance . Yahoo ! Inc . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Popper , Nathaniel ; Gough , Neil ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Global Stocks Tumble Further Amid Doubts About China '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Popper , Nathaniel ; Gough , Neil ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Global Stocks Tumble Further Amid Doubts About China '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Sobel , Robert ( 1988 ) . Panic on Wall Street : A Classic History of America 's Financial Disasters with a New Exploration of the Crash of 1987 . New York : Truman Talley Books / Dutton . ISBN 0 - 525 - 48404 - 3 . ( hide ) Stock market crashes 17th century Early stock market crashes in the Dutch Republic 18th century The Mississippi Bubble South Sea Bubble of 1720 Panic of 1792 Panic of 1796 -- 97 19th century Panic of 1819 Panic of 1825 Panic of 1837 Panic of 1847 Panic of 1857 Black Friday ( 1869 ) Panic of 1873 Paris Bourse crash of 1882 Panic of 1884 Encilhamento Panic of 1893 Panic of 1896 20th century Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Depression of 1920 -- 21 Wall Street Crash of 1929 Recession of 1937 -- 38 1971 Brazilian markets crash 1973 -- 74 stock market crash Souk Al - Manakh stock market crash ( 1982 ) Japanese asset price bubble ( 1986 -- 1991 ) Black Monday ( 1987 ) Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange collapse Friday the 13th mini-crash ( 1989 ) 1990s Japanese stock market crash Dot - com bubble ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1997 Asian financial crisis October 27 , 1997 , mini-crash 1998 Russian financial crisis 21st century Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks ( 2001 ) Stock market downturn of 2002 Chinese stock bubble of 2007 United States bear market of 2007 -- 09 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Dubai debt standstill European debt crisis 2010 Flash Crash 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami ( Aftermath ) August 2011 stock markets fall 2011 Bangladesh share market scam 2015 -- 16 Chinese stock market turbulence 2015 -- 16 stock market crash 2016 United Kingdom EU referendum ( Aftermath ) See also : List of stock market crashes and bear markets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets&oldid=838544678 '' Categories : Finance lists Financial problems Stock market Stock market crashes Hidden categories : Articles with Portuguese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 17 : 54 . 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Question: when was the last time stock market crashed


Fiddler on the Roof - wikipedia Fiddler on the Roof Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1964 musical . For the film , see Fiddler on the Roof ( film ) . Fiddler on the Roof Playbill from the Original Broadway Production Music Jerry Bock Lyrics Sheldon Harnick Book Joseph Stein Basis Tevye and His Daughters by Sholem Aleichem Productions 1964 Broadway 1967 West End 1971 film 1976 Broadway revival 1981 Broadway revival 1983 West End revival 1990 Broadway revival 1994 West End revival 2003 UK tour 2004 Broadway revival 2007 West End revival 2008 UK tour 2009 US Tour 2015 Broadway revival Awards Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Score Tony Award for Best Book Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock , lyrics by Sheldon Harnick , and book by Joseph Stein , set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in 1905 . It is based on Tevye and his Daughters ( or Tevye the Dairyman ) and other tales by Sholem Aleichem . The story centers on Tevye , the father of five daughters , and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family 's lives . He must cope both with the strong - willed actions of his three older daughters , who wish to marry for love -- each one 's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith -- and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from their village . The original Broadway production of the show , which opened in 1964 , had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances . Fiddler held the record for the longest - running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until Grease surpassed its run . It remains the sixteenth longest - running show in Broadway history . The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed . It won nine Tony Awards , including Best Musical , score , book , direction and choreography . It spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation , and the show has enjoyed enduring international popularity . It is also a very popular choice for school and community productions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 3 Musical numbers 4 Principal characters 5 Productions 5.1 Original productions 5.2 Broadway revivals 5.3 London revivals 5.4 UK tours 5.5 Australian productions 5.6 US tours 5.7 International and amateur productions 6 Film adaptation and recordings 7 Cultural influence 7.1 Parodies 7.2 Covers 7.3 Other song versions 8 Awards 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Fiddler on the Roof is based on Tevye and his Daughters ( or Tevye the Dairyman ) , a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century . It is also influenced by Life Is with People , by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog . Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death , but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s . In the late 1950s , a musical based on the stories , called Tevye and his Daughters , was produced Off - Broadway by Arnold Perl . Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea . Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered `` too Jewish '' to attract mainstream audiences . Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized , `` middlebrow '' and superficial ; Philip Roth , writing in The New Yorker , called it shtetl kitsch . For example , it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic , instead of brutal and cruel , as Sholom Aleichem had described him . Aleichem 's stories ended with Tevye alone , his wife dead and his daughters scattered ; at the end of Fiddler , the family members are alive , and most are emigrating together to America . The show found the right balance for its time , even if not entirely authentic , to become `` one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry '' . Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director / choreographer Jerome Robbins . The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye , before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall that also inspired the original set design . Contrary to popular belief , the `` title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting '' . During rehearsals , one of the stars , Jewish actor Zero Mostel , feuded with Robbins , whom he held in contempt because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and hid his Jewish heritage from the public . Other cast members also had run - ins with Robbins , who reportedly `` abused the cast , drove the designers crazy ( and ) strained the good nature of Hal Prince '' . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) Tevye , a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters , explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905 , where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ( `` Tradition '' ) . At Tevye 's home , everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal . His sharp - tongued wife , Golde , orders their daughters , Tzeitel , Hodel , Chava , Shprintze and Bielke , about their tasks . Yente , the village matchmaker , arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf , the wealthy butcher , a widower older than Tevye , wants to wed Tzeitel , the eldest daughter . The next two daughters , Hodel and Chava , are excited about Yente 's visit , but Tzeitel is unenthusiastic ( `` Matchmaker , Matchmaker '' ) . A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings , but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend , Motel the tailor . The Fiddler by Marc Chagall , from which the musical takes its name Tevye is delivering milk , pulling the cart himself , as his horse is lame . He asks God : Whom would it hurt `` If I Were a Rich Man '' ? Avram , the bookseller , has news from the outside world about pogroms and expulsions . A stranger , Perchik , hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk . The men dismiss Perchik as a radical , but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters . Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why , knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar . Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand . But Motel resists : he is afraid of Tevye 's temper , and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages . Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye , to show that he can support a wife . The family gathers for the `` Sabbath Prayer . '' After the Sabbath , Tevye meets Lazar at Mordcha 's inn , assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow . Once the misunderstanding is cleared up , Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel -- with a rich butcher , his daughter will never want for anything . All join in the celebration of Lazar 's good fortune ; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ( `` To Life '' ) . Outside the inn , Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable , who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town . The Constable warns him that there is going to be a `` little unofficial demonstration '' in the coming weeks ( a euphemism for a minor pogrom ) . The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence . The next morning , after Perchik 's lessons with her young sisters , Tevye 's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik 's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story . He , in turn , criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism , noting that the world is changing . To illustrate this , he dances with her , defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together . The two begin to fall in love . Later , a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf . Golde is overjoyed , but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her . Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry . He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife . Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition , but impressed at the timid tailor 's display of backbone . After some soul - searching ( `` Tevye 's Monologue '' ) , Tevye agrees to let them marry , but he worries about how to break the news to Golde . An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ( `` Miracle of Miracles '' ) . In bed with Golde , Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare . Golde offers to interpret his dream , and Tevye `` describes '' it ( `` Tevye 's Dream '' ) . Golde 's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake , but to Motel , not to Lazar Wolf . Lazar 's formidable late wife , Fruma - Sarah , rises from her grave to warn , in graphic terms , of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar . The superstitious Golde is terrified , and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel . While returning from town , Tevye 's third daughter , the bookish Chava , is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths . One , Fyedka , protects her , dismissing the others . He offers Chava the loan of a book , and a secret relationship begins . The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives , and all the Jews join the ceremony ( `` Sunrise , Sunset '' ) and the celebration ( `` The Wedding Dance '' ) . Lazar gives a fine gift , but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement . Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition : he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye 's daughter Hodel . The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the `` demonstration '' . They disrupt the party , damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik , who attempts to fight back , and wreak more destruction in the village . Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess . Act ii ( edit ) Fiddler On the Roof by Lev Segal in Netanya , Israel Months later , Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kiev to work for the revolution . He proposes marriage , admitting that he loves her , and says that he will send for her . She agrees ( `` Now I Have Everything '' ) . They tell Tevye that they are engaged , and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match , especially as Perchik is leaving . When he forbids the marriage , Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission , only his blessing . After more soul searching , Tevye relents -- the world is changing , and he must change with it ( `` Tevye 's Rebuttal '' ) . He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing and his permission . Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde . `` Love , '' he says , `` it 's the new style . '' Tevye asks Golde , despite their own arranged marriage , `` Do You Love Me ? '' After dismissing Tevye 's question as foolish , she eventually admits that , after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters , she does . Meanwhile , Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka . News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia ( `` The Rumor / I Just Heard '' ) , and Hodel is determined to join him there . At the railway station , she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved , wherever he may be , although she will always love her family ( `` Far From the Home I Love '' ) . Time passes . Motel has purchased a used sewing machine , and he and Tzeitel have had a baby . Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka . Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul , but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross . He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again . When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka , Tevye wonders where he went wrong ( `` Chavaleh Sequence '' ) . Chava returns and tries to reason with him , but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead . Meanwhile , rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages . While the villagers are gathered , the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town . In shock , they reminisce about `` Anatevka '' and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long . As the Jews leave Anatevka , Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Kraków , unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others . Tevye still will not talk to her , but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava , Tevye prompts her to add `` God be with you . '' Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money . As Tevye , Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America , the fiddler begins to play . Tevye beckons with a nod , and the fiddler follows them out of the village . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Prologue : Tradition '' -- Tevye and the Company `` Matchmaker , Matchmaker '' -- Tzeitel , Hodel and Chava `` If I Were a Rich Man '' -- Tevye `` Sabbath Prayer '' -- Tevye , Golde and the Company `` To Life '' -- Tevye , Lazar Wolf and the Company `` Tevye 's Monologue '' -- Tevye `` Miracle of Miracles '' -- Motel `` Tevye 's Dream '' -- Tevye , Golde , Grandma Tzeitel , Fruma - Sarah and the Company `` Sunrise , Sunset '' -- Tevye , Golde , Perchik , Hodel and the Company `` The Bottle Dance '' -- Instrumental Act II `` Entr'acte '' -- Orchestra `` Now I Have Everything '' -- Perchik and Hodel `` Tevye 's Rebuttal '' -- Tevye `` Do You Love Me ? '' -- Tevye and Golde `` The Rumor / I Just Heard '' -- Yente and villagers § `` Far From the Home I Love '' -- Hodel `` Chavaleh ( Little Bird ) '' -- Tevye `` Anatevka '' -- The Company § The 2004 revival featured a song for Yente and some women of the village ( Rivka and Mirala ) titled `` Topsy Turvy '' , discussing the disappearing role of the matchmaker in society . The number replaced `` The Rumor / I Just Heard '' . Principal characters ( edit ) All of the characters are Jewish , except as noted : Tevye , a poor milkman with five daughters . A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith , he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters . Golde , Tevye 's sharp - tongued wife . Tzeitel , their oldest daughter , about nineteen . She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him , even though he 's poor , begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf . Hodel , their daughter , about seventeen . Intelligent and spirited , she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia . Chava , their daughter , about fifteen . A shy book lover , who falls in love with Fyedka . Shprintze , their daughter , about twelve . Bielke , their youngest daughter , about nine . Motel Kamzoil , a poor but hardworking tailor who loves , and later marries , Tzeitel . Perchik , a scholar and Bolshevik revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel . He leaves for Kiev and is exiled to Siberia . Fyedka , a young Christian man . He shares Chava 's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians ' treatment of the Jews . Lazar Wolf , the wealthy village butcher . Widower of Fruma - Sarah . Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel . Yente , the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar . Fruma - Sarah , Lazar Wolf 's dead wife , who rises from the grave in Tevye 's `` nightmare '' . Grandma Tzeitel , Golde 's dead grandmother , also featured in the `` nightmare '' . Mordcha , the innkeeper . Rabbi , the wise village rabbi . Constable , a Christian man ; the head of the local Russian police . Productions ( edit ) Original productions ( edit ) Zero Mostel as Tevye in the original Broadway production , 1964 Following its tryout at Detroit 's Fisher Theatre in July and August 1964 , then Washington in August to September , the original Broadway production opened on September 22 , 1964 , at the Imperial Theatre , transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to The Broadway Theatre , and ran for a record - setting total of 3,242 performances . The production was directed and choreographed by Robbins -- his last original Broadway staging . The set , designed in the style of Marc Chagall 's paintings , was by Boris Aronson . A colorful logo for the production , also inspired by Chagall 's work , was designed by Tom Morrow . Chagall reportedly did not like the musical . The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman , Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde ( each of whom won a Tony for their performances ) , Beatrice Arthur as Yente the matchmaker , Austin Pendleton as Motel , Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary , Gino Conforti as the fiddler , and Julia Migenes as Hodel . Mostel ad - libbed increasingly as the run went on , `` which drove the authors up the wall . '' Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel , which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run . Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah , Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel , and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter , Bielke . Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde , while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi , Theodore Bikel and Harry Goz ( in the original Broadway run ) , and Leonard Nimoy . Mostel 's understudy in the original production , Paul Lipson , went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor ( until Chaim Topol ) , clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals . Florence Stanley took over the role of Yente nine months into the run . The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it . It was nominated for ten Tony Awards , winning nine , including Best Musical , score , book , direction and choreography , and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova . The original London West End production opened on February 16 , 1967 , at Her Majesty 's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances . It starred Topol as Tevye , a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv , and Miriam Karlin as Golde . Alfie Bass , Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye . Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award , and in several revivals over the next four decades . The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at the London Palladium . Broadway revivals ( edit ) The first Broadway revival opened on December 28 , 1976 , and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre . Zero Mostel starred as Tevye . Robbins directed and choreographed . A second Broadway revival opened on July 9 , 1981 , and played for a limited run ( 53 performances ) at Lincoln Center 's New York State Theater . It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde . Other cast members included Liz Larsen , Fyvush Finkel , Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson . Robbins directed and choreographed . The third Broadway revival opened on November 18 , 1990 , and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre . Topol starred as Tevye , and Marcia Lewis was Golde . Robbins ' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes . The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival . A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26 , 2004 , and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre . Alfred Molina , and later Harvey Fierstein , starred as Tevye , and Randy Graff , and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell , was Golde . Barbara Barrie and later Nancy Opel played Yente , Laura Michelle Kelly played Hodel and Lea Michele played Sprintze . It was directed by David Leveaux . This production replaced Yente 's song `` The Rumor '' with a song for Yente and two other women called `` Topsy - Turvy '' . The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any . In June 2014 , to celebrate the show 's 50th anniversary , a gala celebration and reunion was held at The Town Hall in New York City to benefit The National Yiddish Theatre -- Folksbiene , with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film . The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20 , 2015 at the Broadway Theatre , with concept and choreography based on the original by Jerome Robbins . Bartlett Sher directed , and Hofesh Shechter choreographed . The cast starred Danny Burstein as Tevye , with Jessica Hecht as Golde , Alexandra Silber as Tzeitel , Adam Kantor as Motel , Ben Rappaport as Perchik , Samantha Massell as Hodel and Melanie Moore as Chava . Judy Kuhn replaced Hecht as Golde on November 22 , 2016 , for the last five weeks of the run . Designers include Michael Yeargan ( sets ) , Catherine Zuber ( costumes ) and Donald Holder ( lighting ) . Initial reviews were mostly positive , finding Burstein and the show touching . The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none . It closed on December 31 , 2016 after 463 performances . London revivals ( edit ) Fiddler was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre ( a four - month season starring Topol ) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour , again starring Topol , and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes , recreating the Robbins production . After a two - month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield , England , a London revival opened on May 19 , 2007 , at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye , Beverley Klein as Golde , Alexandra Silber as Hodel , Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf . The production was directed by Lindsay Posner . Robbins ' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes ( who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival ) , with additional choreography by Kate Flatt . UK tours ( edit ) A 2003 national tour played for seven months , with a radical design , directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking . The production 's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic , and Fruma - Sarah was represented by a 12 - foot puppet . This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann . The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starring Paul Michael Glaser as Tevye with direction and choreography by Craig Revel Horwood . Australian productions ( edit ) The original Australian production opened on June 16 , 1967 , at Her Majesty 's Theatre in Sydney . It starred Hayes Gordon as Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde . The production ran for two years . The first professional revival tour was staged by the Australian Opera in 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye . A young Anthony Warlow played Fyedka . For two years , beginning in 2005 , Topol recreated his role as Tevye in an Australian production , with seasons in Sydney , Brisbane , Melbourne , Perth , Wellington and Auckland . The musical was revived in Melbourne in December 2015 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye , Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel . The production is scheduled to move to Sydney in March 2016 . US tours ( edit ) Topol in ' Fiddler on the Roof ' : The Farewell Tour opened on January 20 , 2009 , in Wilmington , Delaware . Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles in his arms . He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein . International and amateur productions ( edit ) 2006 production at the Brno City Theatre in the Czech Republic The musical was an international hit , with early productions playing throughout Europe , in South America , Africa and Australia ; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical 's premiere , and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall , 23 productions were staged in the former East Germany ; and it was the longest - running musical ever seen in Tokyo . A Hebrew language staging was produced in Tel Aviv by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s . This version was so successful that Godik soon produced a Yiddish version translated by Shraga Friedman . A 2008 Hebrew language production ran at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv for more than six years . It was directed by Moshe Kepten , choreographed by Dennis Courtney and starred Natan Datner . Un violon sur le toît was produced in French at Paris 's théâtre Marigny from November 1969 to May 1970 , resuming from September to January 1971 ( a total of 292 performances ) with Ivan Rebroff as Tevye and Maria Murano as Golde . Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye and Isabelle Ferron as Golde . The Stratford Shakespeare Festival produced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore . It starred Scott Wentworth as Tevye . The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone . Film adaptation and recordings ( edit ) Main article : Fiddler on the Roof ( film ) The film version was released in 1971 , directed and produced by Norman Jewison , and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay . The casting of Chaim Topol over Zero Mostel for the role of Tevye caused controversy at first . The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics and became the highest - grossing film of 1971 . Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director for Jewison , Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol , and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey ( as Motel ; in the original Broadway production , Frey was the rabbi 's son ) . It won three , including best score / adaptation for arranger - conductor John Williams . In the film version , the character of Yente is reduced , and Perchik 's song to Hodel `` Now I Have Everything '' is cut and replaced by a scene in Kiev . The `` Chagall color palette '' of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier , more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka . Theatre writer John Kenrick writes that the original Broadway cast album released by RCA Victor in 1964 , `` shimmers -- an essential recording in any show lover 's collection '' , praising the cast . The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album , the bottle dance from the wedding scene and `` Rumor '' performed by Beatrice Arthur . Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical , he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye ; the film soundtrack , although he feels that the pace drags a bit ; and some of the numerous foreign versions , including the Israeli , German and Japanese casts . Cultural influence ( edit ) Statue of Tevye , his horse , wagon , and passenger in Birobidzhan , Russia The musical 's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere . The show or its songs have been parodied and covered widely : Parodies ( edit ) Parodies relating to the show have included Antenna on the Roof ( Mad Magazine # 156 , January 1973 ) , which speculated about the lives of Tevye 's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America . The H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody of Fiddler on the Roof called A Shoggoth on the Roof , which incorporates the works of H.P. Lovecraft . In the film Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) , Robin Williams parodies `` Matchmaker '' . References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of Gilmore Girls titled `` Jews and Chinese Food '' , involving a production of the musical . A skit by The Electric Company about a village fiddler with a fear of heights , so he is deemed `` Fiddler on the Chair '' . In the Family Guy episode `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' ( 2003 ) , William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler . The second episode of Muppets Tonight , in 1996 , featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of `` If I were a Rich Man '' in which he kicks several chickens off the roof . `` The Rosie Show '' , a 1996 episode of The Nanny , parodied the dream scene , when Mr. Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show . A 2011 episode of NBC 's Community , entitled `` Competitive Wine Tasting '' , included a parody of Fiddler titled , `` Fiddler , Please ! '' , with an all - black cast dressed in Fiddler on the Roof costumes singing `` It 's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia , Yo '' . Chabad.org kicked off their 2008 `` To Life '' Telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical . Broadway references have included Spamalot , where a `` Grail dance '' sends up the `` bottle dance '' in Fiddler 's wedding scene . The Producers ( 2001 ) includes a musical number in the style of Jerry Bock that features an actual fiddler on a roof . Also in 2001 , Chicago 's Improv Olympic produced a well - received parody , `` The Roof Is on Fiddler '' , that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980 's pop songs . The original Broadway cast of the musical Avenue Q and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of Fiddler on the Roof collaborated for a Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10 - minute - long show , `` Avenue Jew '' , that incorporated characters from both shows , including puppets . Covers ( edit ) Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists . For example , in 1964 , jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof , which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical . AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars and states `` Cannonball plays near his peak ; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet '' . That same year , Eydie Gormé released a single of `` Matchmaker '' . In 1999 , Knitting Factory Records released Knitting on the Roof , a compilation CD featuring covers of Fiddler songs by alternative bands such as The Residents , Negativland , and The Magnetic Fields . Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of `` Sunrise , Sunset '' on their 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors . Allmusic gave the album a favorable review , and the online music magazine Pitchfork Media ranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s . In 2005 , Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called Fiddling on Ya Roof . Gwen Stefani and Eve covered `` If I Were a Rich Man '' as `` Rich Girl '' for Stefani 's 2004 debut solo album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . in 2004 . The song was inspired by the 1993 British Louchie Lou & Michie One ragga version of the same name . Stefani 's version reached # 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , where it remained for over six months . It was certified gold by the RIAA and nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration . It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps , poking fun at Illinois politics , especially then - Governor Rod Blagojevich . The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the `` Bottle Dance '' from Fiddler as a `` recurring trademark '' , including at the Drum Corps International World Championships . Other song versions ( edit ) The song `` Sunrise , Sunset '' is often played at weddings , and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song , suitable for same - sex weddings , with minor word changes . For example , for male couples , changes include `` When did they grow to be so handsome '' . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof Fiddler 's original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards , winning nine , including Best Musical , score , and book , and Robbins won for best direction and choreography . Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress . In 1972 , the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest - running musical in Broadway history . Its revivals have also been honored . At the 1981 Tony Awards , Bernardi was nominated as best actor . Ten years later , the 1991 revival won for best revival , and Topol was nominated as best actor . The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none . The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival , and Goodman was nominated as best actor . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ TIME magazine reported in its May 26 , 2008 , issue , p. 51 , that this musical ranked as the seventh most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007 . Jump up ^ Joselit , Jenna Weissman . `` Fiddler on the Roof Distorted Sholem Aleichem '' , The New Republic , June 7 , 2014 , accessed November 3 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Alisa . `` How Fiddler Became Folklore '' , The Jewish Daily Forward , September 1 , 2006 , accessed January 29 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Brustein , Robert . `` Fiddle Shtick '' , The New York Review of Books , December 18 , 2014 , vol. 61 , No. 20 , pp. 82 -- 83 Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof . Additional Facts , MTI , accessed May 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ Wecker , Menachem . `` Marc Chagall : The French painter who inspired the title Fiddler on the Roof '' , The Washington Post , October 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Show Archive '' Archived 2014 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , Broadway in Detroit , accessed January 15 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Henneberger , Melinda . `` 50th anniversary of Fiddler on the Roof reunites Tevye 's many daughters '' , The Washington Post , June 14 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Ernio . `` Fiddler on the Roof -- 1964 '' Archived 2004 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , February 26 , 2004 , accessed June 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ He staged Jerome Robbins ' Broadway , a `` greatest hits '' collection of some of his most famous stagings , at the Imperial Theatre on February 26 , 1989 , which ran for 633 performances . Jump up ^ Rich , p. 172 Jump up ^ Gussow , Mel . `` Paul Lipson , 82 , Who Appeared As Tevye Over 2,000 Times '' . The New York Times , January 5 , 1996 , accessed October 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Florence Stanley '' , PlaybillValult.com , accessed July 29 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kantor , p. 302 : `` The 1960s was the decade that nurtured long - running blockbusters in unprecedented quantities : ten musicals passed the rarefied 1,000 performance mark , three of them passed the 2,000 mark ( Hello , Dolly ! , a Merrick smash , grossed $27 million on Broadway ) , and one , Fiddler on the Roof , passed the 3,000 mark , earning back $1,574 for every dollar put into it . '' Jump up ^ Fiddler On The Roof , Guide to Musical Theatre , accessed July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heller , Aron . `` Iconic Israeli Actor Chaim Topol Reflects Upon His Long Career '' , Haaretz , April 21 , 2015 , accessed August 4 , 2016 ; and Propst , Andy . `` Harvey Fierstein Replaces Topol in Fiddler on the Roof Tour '' , TheaterMania.com , November 11 , 2009 , accessed July 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof ( 2004 ) , IBDB database , accessed July 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gans . Andrew . `` Broadway 's Fiddler on the Roof Welcomes Judy Kuhn Tonight '' , Playbill , November 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Simoes , Monica . `` To Life ! Watch Danny Burstein , Alexandra Silber and Company Give a Spirited Sneak Peek at Fiddler on the Roof '' , Playbill , October 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Review Roundup : L'Chaim ! Danny Burstein Leads Fiddler on the Roof Revival '' , broadwayworld.com , December 20 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Fiddler on the Roof Ends Broadway Run December 31 '' , playbill.com , December 31 , 2016 Jump up ^ Information on the 1994 production Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Information about the 2007 London production of Fiddler on the Roof Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof Archived December 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Thisistheatre.com , April 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fiddler on the Roof official UK tour page '' , Music & Lyrics , accessed December 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Hayes Gordon OBE AO 1920 - 1999 '' , Live Performance Australia ( 2007 ) , accessed January 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Contrasts for opening of Australian Opera season '' . The Canberra Times . 58 , ( 17,792 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 15 June 1984 . p. 13 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` ' Fiddler ' received with enthusiasm '' . The Canberra Times . 58 , ( 17,799 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 22 June 1984 . p. 13 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Nye , Monica ( 24 August 2005 ) . `` Topol 's Model Role '' . The Age . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Munro - Wallis , Nigel ( 7 April 2006 ) . `` Fiddler on the Roof '' . ABC Radio Brisbane . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chaim Topol '' . AusStage. 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Manning , Selwyn ( 10 May 2007 ) . `` Topol -- Auckland Has In Its Midst A Champion '' . Scoop News . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Sally . `` Anthony Warlow returns to Australian stage for Fiddler on the Roof '' , Herald - Sun , September 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Harvey Fierstein to Replace Topol in Touring Fiddler on the Roof '' , playbill.com , November 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Whitfield , pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Nahshon , Edna . `` Israeli Theater : The revival of the Hebrew Language '' Archived 2014 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , All About Jewish Theatre , accessed January 14 , 2011 Jump up ^ Almagor , Dan ( translated to English by Jay Shir ) . `` Musical Plays on the Hebrew Stage '' ) . All About Jewish Theater , Ariel 103 ( 1996 ) , pp. 19 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` Cameri Theatre Repertoire : Fiddler on the Roof '' Archived 2015 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , www.cameri.co.il , accessed July 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kae , Helen . `` Theatre Review : Fiddler On The Roof '' , Jerusalem Post , 2008 , accessed July 26 , 2015 ; Izso , Lauren . `` L'Chaim ! Fiddler on the Roof to return to Broadway '' , Jerusalem Post , March 10 , 2014 , accessed July 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ Un violon sur le toît , Opérette -- Théâtre Musical , accessed September 17 , 2016 ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Fiddler on the Roof at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival '' Archived 2013 - 07 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed August 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Whitfield , p. 107 Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) , Rottentomatoes.com , accessed August 2 , 2015 Jump up ^ Tino Balio , United Artists : The Company That Changed the Film Industry , University of Wisconsin Press ( 1987 ) , p. 194 Jump up ^ `` The 44th Academy Awards ( 1972 ) Nominees and Winners '' , Oscars.org , accessed August 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Huttner , Jan Lisa . `` Fiddler : Stage versus Screen '' , JUF.org , November 14 , 2011 , accessed September 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof , AFI.com , accessed September 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` Comparative Cast CD Reviews II : Fiddler on the Roof '' , Musicals101.com , accessed June 5 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Alisa . `` Tevye , Today and Beyond '' , Part 2 of 2 , The Jewish Daily Forward , September 8 , 2006 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ A Shoggoth on the Roof Archived 2012 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society , March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Willistein , Paul . `` Mrs. Doubtfire Offers Williams At His Best '' , The Morning Call , November 25 , 1993 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Episode Recap : Gilmore Girls : ' Jews and Chinese Food ' '' , TV.com , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' Archived 2014 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , San Francisco Jewish Film Festival , 2009 , accessed April 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Bottle Dancers Kick Off the 2008 Chabad Telethon ! '' , Bottledancers.com , 2008 , accessed October 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ Demers , Ben . `` Monty Python 's Spamalot '' , DCTheatreScene.com , March 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jones , Chris . `` Parody hits the Roof '' , Chicago Tribune , June 28 , 2001 , accessed January 25 , 2012 Jump up ^ Yanow , S. `` Cannonball Adderley 's Fiddler on the Roof '' , Allmusic , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Sobel , Robert . `` For Eydie and Steve , It 's Fun and Songs -- Marriage Style '' , Billboard magazine , October 15 , 1966 , p. 18 , accessed October 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Kim , Wook . `` Music Review : Knitting on the Roof '' , Entertainment Weekly , January 7 , 2000 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Layne , Joslyn . `` Review : Knitting on the Roof '' , Allmusic , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Fevers and Mirrors , Allmusic , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s : 200 -- 151 '' , Pitchfork Media , September 28 , 2009 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Shand , John . `` Yidcore : Eighth Day Slice / Fiddlin ' on Ya Roof '' , Sydney Morning Herald , October 20 , 2005 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ives , Brian and C. Bottomley . `` Gwen Stefani : The Solo Express '' , VH1 , MTV Networks , January 5 , 2005 , accessed May 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Rich Girl -- Gwen Stefani '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' , Recording Industry Association of America , March 29 , 2005 , accessed Jump up ^ `` Complete list of 2006 Grammy winners '' , The Baltimore Sun , Tribune Company , February 9 , 2006 , accessed March 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Lariviere , John . `` The Capitol Steps '' , Talkin ' Broadway , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Boo , Michael . `` Fanfare : Five great DCI color guard moments '' , Drum Corps International News , April 6 , 2011 , accessed March 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jones , Arnold Wayne . `` ' Sunrise , Sunset ' gets gay lyric '' , Dallas Voice , October 6 , 2011 , accessed August 5 , 2013 References ( edit ) Kantor , Michael ; Laurence Maslon ( 2004 ) . Broadway : the American musical . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2905 - 2 . Rich , Frank . The Theatre Art of Boris Aronson ( 1987 ) , Knopf ISBN 0 - 394 - 52913 - 8 Whitfield , Stephen J ( 2003 ) . `` Fiddling with Sholem Aleichem : A History of Fiddler on the Roof '' . Key texts in American Jewish culture . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3221 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Altman , Richard ( 1971 ) . The Making of a Musical : Fiddler on the Roof . Crown Publishers . Isenberg , Barbara ( 2014 ) . Tradition ! : The Highly Improbable , Ultimately Triumphant Broadway - to - Hollywood Story of Fiddler on the Roof , the World 's Most Beloved Musical . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 59142 - 7 . Solomon , Alisa ( 2013 ) . Wonder of Wonders : A Cultural History of Fiddler on the Roof . Metropolitan Books . ISBN 0805092609 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fiddler on the Roof Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fiddler on the Roof . Fiddler on the Roof at the Internet Broadway Database Fiddler on the Roof JR . at the Music Theatre International website Fiddler on the Roof at Ovrtur YouTube video : `` Sunrise , Sunset , '' from the Japanese stage production . Longest - running plays on Broadway , Off - Broadway , London , Toronto , Melbourne , Paris , Vienna , and Berlin List of longest - running Broadway productions from Playbill.com Preceded by Life with Father Longest - running Broadway show 1970 -- 1979 Succeeded by Grease Fiddler on the Roof Characters Tevye Inspiration Sholem Aleichem 's Tevye and his Daughters Adaptations Fiddler on the Roof ( 1964 musical ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 film ) Songs Act 1 Tradition Matchmaker , Matchmaker If I Were a Rich Man Sabbath Prayer To Life Miracle of Miracles Tevye 's Dream Sunrise , Sunset Act 2 Now I Have Everything Do You Love Me ? The Rumor / I Just Heard Far From the Home I Love Chavaleh ( Little Bird ) Anatevka Any Day Now Miscellaneous List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof A Shoggoth on the Roof ( parody musical ) Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1949 -- 1975 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) Complete list ( 1949 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score ( 1947 -- 1975 ) Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) Kiss Me , Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) Oliver ! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! by Jule Styne , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) Complete list ( 1947 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical ( 1950 -- 1975 ) South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) Complete list ( 1950 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Revival Porgy and Bess ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1978 ) no award ( 1979 ) Morning 's at Seven ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Othello ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) Sweet Charity ( 1986 ) All My Sons ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Anna Christie ( 1993 ) Musicals by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick The Body Beautiful Fiorello ! Tenderloin To Broadway With Love She Loves Me Fiddler on the Roof The Apple Tree Baker Street The Rothschilds Works of Joseph Stein Lend an Ear Mrs. Gibbons ' Boys Alive and Kicking Plain and Fancy Mr. Wonderful The Body Beautiful Take Me Along Juno Enter Laughing Fiddler on the Roof Zorba Irene The Baker 's Wife King of Hearts Carmelina Rags All About Us Before the Dawn VIAF : 180236915 LCCN : n83042589 GND : 300022344 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiddler_on_the_Roof&oldid=822224001 '' Categories : 1964 musicals Broadway musicals Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Jewish theatre Musicals based on short fiction Musicals directed by Jerome Robbins Musicals choreographed by Jerome Robbins Tony Award for Best Musical West End musicals Yiddish culture Plays set in the 1900s Plays set in Russia Jews and Judaism in fiction Adaptations of works by Sholem Aleichem Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 03 : 13 . 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Question: who sings far from the home i love in fiddler on the roof


Billy Do n't be a Hero - wikipedia Billy Do n't be a Hero Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' Single by Paper Lace from the album Paper Lace ( US version ) B - side `` Celia '' Released Format 7 '' single Recorded Genre Pop Length 3 : 59 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Mitch Murray , Peter Callander Producer ( s ) Mitch Murray , Peter Callander Paper Lace singles chronology `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` The Night Chicago Died '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` The Night Chicago Died '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy , Do n't Be a Hero '' Single by Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods from the album Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods B - side `` Do n't Ever Look Back '' Released April 1974 Format 7 '' single Recorded Genre Pop Length 3 : 25 Label ABC Songwriter ( s ) Mitch Murray , Peter Callander Producer ( s ) Steve Barri Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods singles chronology `` Deeper and Deeper '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy , Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` Who Do You Think You Are '' ( 1974 ) `` Deeper and Deeper '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` Who Do You Think You Are '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' is a 1974 pop song that was first a UK hit for Paper Lace and then , some months later , a US hit for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods . The song was written and composed by two British songwriters , Mitch Murray and Peter Callander . Because the song was released in 1974 , it was associated by some listeners with the Vietnam War , though the war to which it actually refers is never identified in the lyrics . It has been suggested that the drum pattern , references to a marching band leading soldiers in blue , and `` riding out '' ( cavalry ) refer to the American Civil War . However the drum beat and cavalry `` riding out '' is not specific to the American Civil War , and blue uniforms were common in the 19th century . That being said , Paper Lace themselves performed the song on Top of the Pops wearing Union - style uniforms , as can be seen on YouTube . A young woman is distraught that her fiancé chooses to enlist with Army recruiters passing through the town , causing her to implore him : Billy , do n't be a hero , Do n't be a fool with your life Billy , do n't be a hero , Come back and make me your wife And as he started to go , she said , ' Billy keep your head low ' Billy , do n't be a hero , Come back to me . The song goes on to describe how Billy is killed in action in a pitched battle after volunteering to ride out and seek reinforcements . ( This suggests mounted infantry and a lack of modern two - way radio communications . ) In the end , the heartbroken woman throws away the official letter notifying her of Billy 's `` heroic '' death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performances 1.1 Paper Lace version 1.2 Weekly charts 1.3 Year - end charts 1.4 Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods version 1.5 Weekly charts 1.6 Year - end charts 2 Use in media 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Chart performances ( edit ) Paper Lace 's version of `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 16 March 1974 , and did likewise in Australia , where it spent eight weeks at the top spot . Thereafter , Bo Donaldson 's and the Heywoods 's version reached number one in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 on 15 June 1974 , and number one in Canada on 7 July . The US version sold over three and a half million copies , and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in June 1974 . Donaldson 's and the Heywoods 's version was a massive hit in North America , but it remained largely unknown elsewhere as of late July 2017 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 21 song for 1974 . Paper Lace version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia KMR Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Listener ) UK ( OCC ) US Billboard Hot 100 96 US Cash Box Top 100 68 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia UK 6 Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 20 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Canada 13 US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Cash Box 30 Use in media ( edit ) The song is mentioned as having played on K - Billy 's Super Sounds of the ' 70s Weekend in the film Reservoir Dogs . The song features in the 1993 film The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert . The Mystery Science Theater 3000 characters often use the line `` Billy , do n't be a hero ! '' when riffing on movies , one example being the episode The Creeping Terror . In the first episode of Friends , Ross ( David Schwimmer ) is sad because it has been so long since he last picked up a woman , saying , `` Do the words ' Billy , Do n't Be a Hero ' mean anything to you ? '' Massive Attack 's 1991 track `` Blue Lines '' ( from the album of the same name ) features the lyrics `` take a walk , Billy , do n't be a hero . '' In Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story , the song is briefly heard during a montage in a disco cover by Dewey Cox ( John C. Reilly ) performing on rollerblades during `` The Dewey Cox Show . '' A much longer cut of this scene can be seen in the director 's cut , and the whole performance was included in the extras for the 2 - Disc editions . In The Powerpuff Girls , the leader of the Gang Green Gang , Ace , says to another member , Billy , `` Billy , do n't be a hero ! '' when he decides to save the Powerpuff Girls from a subway train . In The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack , the episode `` K'nuckles , Do n't Be a Hero '' is named after the song . In The Justice Friends ( Cartoon Network , 1996 ) , Major Glory says `` Billy , do n't be a hero ! '' to William , Valhallen 's pet goat , when it jumps to save Krunk from the attack of Valhallen 's living clothes . In an episode of ALF , the title character , Gordon `` Alf '' Shumway ( voice by Paul Fusco ) , uses the line `` Willie , do n't be a hero , do n't be a fool with your life , '' referring to the head of the household , Wille Tanner ( Max Wright ) , after Willie comes up with a bad idea . The Doug Anthony Allstars performed a comedic cover of this song , featuring the altered line , `` Where did Billy 's head go ? '' in place of `` Billy , keep your head low . '' Dav Pilkey , creator of Captain Underpants , named the hero of The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby Billy solely to make possible a passing homage to `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero . '' Since then , the `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' homage has been applied to other characters whose names rhyme with `` Billy '' in several Captain Underpants spin - off comics . In the season 4 episode of Dinosaurs , the episode title was referenced , `` Earl , Do n't Be A Hero . '' See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 298 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Billy , Do n't Be a Hero '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 8 June 1974 ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 5 / 25 / 74 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1974 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 75 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 7 / 06 / 74 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1974 / Top 100 Songs of 1974 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Pages : Super Diaper Baby '' . Pilkey.com . Dav Pilkey . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Jealous Mind '' by Alvin Stardust UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Paper Lace version ) 16 March 1974 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Seasons in the Sun '' by Terry Jacks Preceded by `` Band on the Run '' by Paul McCartney and Wings Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods version ) 15 June 1974 - 22 June 1974 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Sundown '' by Gordon Lightfoot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Don%27t_Be_a_Hero&oldid=819406152 '' Categories : 1974 singles Paper Lace songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Anti-war songs Songs about the military Songs written by Mitch Murray Songs written by Peter Callander Debut singles 1974 songs Mercury Records singles ABC Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use dmy dates from September 2012 Use British English from September 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Norsk Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 05 : 26 . 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Question: when did billy don't be a hero come out