Convention on the Rights of the Child - Wikipedia Convention on the Rights of the Child Jump to : navigation , search Convention on the Rights of the Child Parties to the convention Only signed , but not ratified Non-signatory Signed 20 November 1989 Location New York City Effective 2 September 1990 Condition 20 ratifications Signatories 140 Parties 196 ( all eligible states except the United States ) Depositary UN Secretary - General Languages Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian , Spanish UN Convention on the Rights of the Child at Wikisource Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC ) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil , political , economic , social , health and cultural rights of children . The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen , unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation . Nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law . Compliance is monitored by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , which is composed of members from countries around the world . Once a year , the Committee submits a report to the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly , which also hears a statement from the CRC Chair , and the Assembly adopts a Resolution on the Rights of the Child . Governments of countries that have ratified the Convention are required to report to , and appear before , the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child periodically to be examined on their progress with regards to the advancement of the implementation of the Convention and the status of child rights in their country . Their reports and the committee 's written views and concerns are available on the committee 's website . The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989 ( the 30th anniversary of its Declaration of the Rights of the Child ) . It came into force on 2 September 1990 , after it was ratified by the required number of nations . Currently , 196 countries are party to it , including every member of the United Nations except the United States . Two optional protocols were adopted on 25 May 2000 . The First Optional Protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflicts , and the Second Optional Protocol prohibits the sale of children , child prostitution and child pornography . Both protocols have been ratified by more than 160 states . A third optional protocol relating to communication of complaints was adopted in December 2011 and opened for signature on 28 February 2012 . It came into effect on 14 April 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contents 1.1 Global standards and cultural relativism 1.2 Child marriage and slavery 2 States party and signatories 2.1 Canada 2.2 India 2.3 Iran 2.4 Ireland 2.5 Israel 2.6 New Zealand 2.7 Saudi Arabia 2.8 United Kingdom 2.9 United States 2.10 Azerbaijan 3 Optional protocols 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Contents ( edit ) The Convention deals with the child - specific needs and rights . It requires that the `` nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law '' . Ratifying states must act in the best interests of the child . In all jurisdictions implementing the Convention requires compliance with child custody and guardianship laws as that every child has basic rights , including the right to life , to their own name and identity , to be raised by their parents within a family or cultural grouping , and to have a relationship with both parents , even if they are separated . The Convention obliges states to allow parents to exercise their parental responsibilities . The Convention also acknowledges that children have the right to express their opinions and to have those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate , to be protected from abuse or exploitation , and to have their privacy protected , and it requires that their lives not be subject to excessive interference . The Convention also obliges signatory states to provide separate legal representation for a child in any judicial dispute concerning their care and asks that the child 's viewpoint be heard in such cases . The Convention forbids capital punishment for children . In its General Comment 8 ( 2006 ) the Committee on the Rights of the Child stated that there was an `` obligation of all state parties to move quickly to prohibit and eliminate all corporal punishment and all other cruel or degrading forms of punishment of children '' . Article 19 of the Convention states that state parties must `` take all appropriate legislative , administrative , social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence '' , but it makes no reference to corporal punishment . The Committee 's interpretation of this section to encompass a prohibition on corporal punishment has been rejected by several state parties to the Convention , including Australia , Canada and the United Kingdom . The European Court of Human Rights has referred to the Convention when interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights . Global standards and cultural relativism ( edit ) Global human rights standards were challenged at the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna ( 1993 ) when a number of governments ( prominently China , Indonesia , Malaysia and Iran ) raised serious objections to the idea of universal human rights . There are unresolved tensions between `` universalistic '' and `` relativistic '' approaches in the establishment of standards and strategies designed to prevent or overcome the abuse of children 's capacity to work . Child marriage and slavery ( edit ) Some scholars link slavery and slavery - like practices for many child marriages . Child marriage as slavery is not directly addressed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child . States party and Signatories ( edit ) Currently 196 countries are parties to the treaty ( some with stated reservations or interpretations ) . This includes every member of the United Nations ( except the United States ) , plus the Cook Islands , Niue , the State of Palestine , and the Holy See . The United States has not ratified it . South Sudan did not sign the convention , however ratification was complete in January 2015 . Somalia 's domestic ratification finished in January 2015 and the instrument was deposited with the United Nations in October 2015 . All successor states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Czech Republic , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , Slovenia , and Slovakia ) made declarations of succession to the treaty and currently apply it . The convention does not apply in the territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia , Gibraltar , Guernsey and Tokelau . Canada ( edit ) Canada became a signatory to the Convention on 28 May 1990 and ratified in 1991 . Youth criminal laws in Canada underwent major changes resulting in the Youth Criminal Justice Act ( YCJA ) which went into effect on 1 April 2003 . The Act specifically refers to Canada 's different commitments under the Convention . The convention was influential in the administrative Law decision of Baker v Canada ( Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ) . India ( edit ) India ratified UNCRC on 11 December 1992 , agreeing in principles all articles except with certain reservations on issues relating to child labor . In India there is law that children under the age of 18 should not work , but there is no outright ban on child labor , and the practice is generally permitted in most industries except those deemed `` hazardous '' . Although a law in October 2006 banned child labor in hotels , restaurants , and as domestic servants , there continues to be high demand for children as hired help in the home . Current estimates as to the number of child laborers in the country range from the government 's conservative estimate of 4 million children under 14 years of age to the much higher estimates of children 's rights activists , which hover around 60 million . Little is being done to address the problem since the economy is booming and the nuclear family is spreading , thereby increasing demand for child laborers . In India many people are still suffering from non-nutritious food , many parents are still leaving their children on riverside , in trains etc . Under the auspices of the Unicef financed Odisha initiative the Government of India is specifying the outline of a means of change and improvement in child care , and many trusts such as childLine , Plan India and savethechildren too are taking efforts to outdate child labor from India . A few of the organisations who work with children 's rights in India are Plan India , CRY ( Child Rights and You ) , Save the Children , Bal Vikas Dhara - New Delhi , Bachpan Bachao Andolan , CHORD - Hyderabad . Iran ( edit ) See also : The Rights of the Child in Iran Iran has adhered to the convention ( except for alleged child slavery ) since 1991 and ratified it in the Parliament in 1994 . Upon ratification , Iran made the following reservation : `` If the text of the Convention is or becomes incompatible with the domestic laws and Islamic standards at any time or in any case , the Government of the Islamic Republic shall not abide by it . '' Iran has also signed the both optional protocols which relate to the special protection of children against involvement in armed conflict and the sale of children and sexual exploitation . Although Iran is a state party to the Convention , international human rights organisations and foreign governments routinely denounced executions of Iranian child offenders as a violation of the treaty . But on 10 February 2012 , Iran 's parliament changed the controversial law of executing juveniles . In the new law , the age of 18 ( solar year ) would be for both genders considered the cut - off for adulthood and offenders under this age will be sentenced under a separate law . Based on the previous Islamic law , which was revised , girls at the age of 9 and boys at 15 ( lunar year , 11 days shorter than a solar year ) were fully responsible for their crimes . `` According to Islamic sources , the criterion for criminal responsibility is reaching the age of maturity which , according to the Shi'ite School of the IRI , is 9 lunar years ( 8 years and 9 months ) for girls and 15 lunar years ( 14 years and 7 months ) for boys . '' Ireland ( edit ) Ireland signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 30 September 1990 and ratified it , without reservation , on 28 September 1992 . In response to criticisms expressed in the 1998 review by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child in Geneva , the Irish government established the office of Ombudsman for Children and drew up a national children 's strategy . In 2006 , following concerns expressed by the committee that the wording of the Irish Constitution does not allow the State to intervene in cases of abuse other than in very exceptional cases , the Irish government undertook to amend the constitution to make a more explicit commitment to children 's rights . Israel ( edit ) Israel ratified the Convention in 1991 . In 2010 , UNICEF criticized Israel for its failure to create a government - appointed commission on children 's rights or to adopt a national children 's rights strategy or program in order to implement various Israeli laws addressing children 's rights . The report criticizes Israel for holding that the Convention does not apply in the West Bank and for defining as Palestinians under the age of 16 in the occupied territories as children , even though Israeli law defines a child as being under 18 , in line with the Convention . A contemporaneous report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development found that Israel 's investment in children is below the international average and the actual investment had fallen between 1995 and 2006 . In 2012 , the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child criticized Israel for its bombing attacks on Palestinians in the Gaza Strip , stating , `` Destruction of homes and damage to schools , streets and other public facilities gravely affect children '' and called them `` gross violations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , its Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict and international humanitarian law '' . It also criticized Palestinian rocket attacks from Gaza on southern Israel which traumatized Israeli children , calling on all parties to protect children . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand ratified the Convention on 6 April 1993 with reservations concerning the right to distinguish between persons according to the nature of their authority to be in New Zealand , the need for legislative action on economic exploitation -- which it argued was adequately protected by existing law , and the provisions for the separation of juvenile offenders from adult offenders . In 1994 , the Court of Appeal of New Zealand dismissed the suggestion that the Minister for Immigration and his department were at liberty to ignore the convention , arguing that this would imply that the country 's adherence was `` at least partly window - dressing '' . The Children 's Commissioner Act 2003 enhanced the office of Children 's Commissioner , giving it significantly stronger investigative powers . In May 2007 , New Zealand passed the Crimes ( Substituted Section 59 ) Amendment Act 2007 , which removed the defence of `` reasonable force '' for the purpose of correction . In its third and final vote , Parliament voted 113 to eight in favour of the legislation . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Saudi Arabia ratified the Convention in 1996 , with a reservation `` with respect to all such articles as are in conflict with the provisions of Islamic law '' which is the national law . The Committee on the Rights of the Child , which reviewed Saudi Arabia 's treatment of children under the Convention in January 2005 , strongly condemned the government for its practice of imposing the death penalty on juveniles , calling it `` a serious violation of the fundamental rights '' . The committee said it was `` deeply alarmed '' over the discretionary power judges hold to treat juveniles as adults : In its 2004 report the Saudi Arabian government had stated that it `` never imposes capital punishment on persons ... below the age of 18 '' . The government delegation later acknowledged that a judge could impose the death penalty whenever he decided that the convicted person had reached his or her majority , regardless of the person 's actual age at the time of the crime or at the time of the scheduled execution . United Kingdom ( edit ) The United Kingdom ratified the Convention on 16 December 1991 , with several declarations and reservations , and made its first report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in January 1995 . Concerns raised by the Committee included the growth in child poverty and inequality , the extent of violence towards children , the use of custody for young offenders , the low age of criminal responsibility , and the lack of opportunities for children and young people to express views . The 2002 report of the Committee expressed similar concerns , including the welfare of children in custody , unequal treatment of asylum seekers , and the negative impact of poverty on children 's rights . In September 2008 , the UK government decided to withdraw its reservations and agree to the Convention in these respects . The 2002 report 's criticism of the legal defence of `` reasonable chastisement '' of children by parents , which the Committee described as `` a serious violation of the dignity of the child '' , was rejected by the UK Government . The Minister for Children , Young People and Families commented that while fewer parents are using smacking as a form of discipline , the majority said they would not support a ban . In evidence to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights , the Committee was criticised by the Family Education Trust for `` adopting radical interpretations of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in its pursuit of an agenda '' . The Joint Committee 's report recommended that `` the time has come for the Government to act upon the recommendations of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child concerning the corporal punishment of children and the incompatibility of the defence of reasonable chastisement with its obligations under the Convention . '' The UK Government responded that `` the use of physical punishment is a matter for individual parents to decide '' . Although child slavery is difficult to gauge within the UK , child slaves are imported into the UK and sold . United states ( edit ) Main article : U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child The United States government played an active role in the drafting of the Convention and signed it on 16 February 1995 , but has not ratified it . It has been claimed that American opposition to the Convention stems primarily from political and religious conservatives . For example , The Heritage Foundation sees `` a civil society in which moral authority is exercised by religious congregations , family , and other private associations is fundamental to the American order '' . and the Home School Legal Defense Association ( HSLDA ) argues that the CRC threatens homeschooling . The United States had permitted the execution and life imprisonment of juvenile offenders , in contravention of the Article 37 of the Convention . In 2005 , a Supreme Court decision declared juvenile executions to be unconstitutional as `` cruel and unusual punishment '' ; in 2012 , the Court held that mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders . State laws regarding the practice of closed adoption may also require overhaul in light of the Convention 's position that children have a right to identity from birth . During his 2008 campaign for President , Senator Barack Obama described the failure to ratify the Convention as `` embarrassing '' and promised to review the issue but he never did . No President of the United States has submitted the treaty to the United States Senate requesting its advice and consent to ratification since the US signed it in 1995 . The United States has ratified two of the optional protocols to the Convention , the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict , and the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children , Child Prostitution and Child Pornography . Azerbaijan ( edit ) Azerbaijan ratified Convention on the Rights of the Child on 21 July 1992 . In terms of the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , a significant number of laws , decrees and resolutions were approved in Azerbaijan by the President and the Cabinet of Ministers focusing on the development of the child welfare system . In this regard , the Convention No 182 on `` Elimination of the worst forms of child labour '' and Recommendation No 190 of the International Labour Organization and the Hague Convention on International adoption of children were ratified by Milli Majlis in 2004 . There is a concern over the administration of juvenile justice in Azerbaijan , mostly regarding compliance with articles 37 , 39 and 40 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , as well as other relevant standards such as the Beijing Rules , the Riyadh Guidelines and the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty . Therefore , international organizations assisted Azerbaijan to improve the situation in the field of juvenile justice . Juvenile offenders have been added to the Presidential pardons on a regular basis . Azerbaijan has built cooperation with many international organizations , in particular with UNICEF in the field of child protection . In 1993 , UNICEF began its activity in Azerbaijan . In 2005 , Azerbaijan and UNICEF signed a 5 - year country program . The country program for 2005 - 2009 was implemented in the field of child protection , children 's health and nutrition , children 's education and youth health , their development and participation . In addition , UNICEF supports Azerbaijan in developing juvenile justice system , establishing alternative care system and raising awareness among youth about HIV / AIDS . Optional protocols ( edit ) Two optional protocols were adopted by the UN General Assembly . The first , the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict requires parties to ensure that children under the age of 18 are not recruited compulsorily into their armed forces , and calls on governments to do everything feasible to ensure that members of their armed forces who are under 18 years do not take part in hostilities . This protocol entered into force on 12 July 2002 . As of 24 January 2018 , 167 states are party to the protocol and another 14 states have signed but not ratified it . The second , the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children , Child Prostitution and Child Pornography , requires parties to prohibit the sale of children , child prostitution and child pornography . It entered into force on 18 January 2002 . As of 24 January 2018 , 173 states are party to the protocol and another 9 states have signed but not ratified it . A third , the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure , which would allow children or their representatives to file individual complaints for violation of the rights of children , was adopted in December 2011 and opened for signature on 28 February 2012 . The protocol currently has 51 signatures and 45 ratifications : it entered into force on 14 April 2014 following the tenth ratification three months beforehand . See also ( edit ) Adultcentrism Cartoons for Children 's Rights Child advocacy Child custody Child labor Child laundering Child survival revolution Children 's rights Children 's Rights Education Children 's rights movement CRY America Declaration of the Rights of the Child Evolving capacities Execution of Rizana Nafeek iRights Framework Intergenerational equity International child abduction International Play Association Save the Children Stop Child Executions Student voice Youth voice Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention , 1999 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : United Nations Treaty Collection . Convention on the Rights of the Child Archived 11 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 49 . ( Deadlink ) Jump up ^ Article 47 . Jump up ^ `` Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . ^ Jump up to : Child Rights Information Network ( 2008 ) . Convention on the Rights of the Child . 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Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Treaty Collection '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Joint statement on Somalia 's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Countries Compared by People > Rights of the Child Convention > Signatories . International Statistics at NationMaster.com '' . Jump up ^ http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncd-jne/bck-info-un-eng.php Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collections. `` 11 . Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . treaties.un.org . UN . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNTC '' . treaties.un.org . Archived from the original on 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census Data on Child Labour '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Labour & Employment , GoI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Children suffering devastating and lasting impact of Gaza crisis , says UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , United Nations Commission on Human Rights , 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collection Archived 11 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Tavita v Minister of Immigration , 17 December 1993 ( 1994 ) 2 NZLR 257 at 265 , cited in Ferdinandusse , Ward N. , Direct Application of International Criminal Law in National Courts , Cambridge University Press , 2006 , p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6704 - 207 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Children 's Commissioner Act 2003 No 121 ( as at 29 November 2007 ) , Public Act -- New Zealand Legislation '' . legislation.govt.nz. 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Children 's Commissioner Act 2003 Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Anti-smacking legislation '' . TVNZ . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Saudi Arabia : Follow U.N. Call to End Juvenile Death Penalty , Human Rights Watch , 28 January 2006 . 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Jump up ^ House of Lords and House of Commons Joint Committee on Human Rights , The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child , Tenth Report of Session 2002 -- 03 , page 55 . Jump up ^ `` Government Responses to Reports from the Committee '' , Session 2005 - 06 , paras. 82 , 85 , 86 : HL 104 , HC 850 . Jump up ^ Smolin , David M. `` Overcoming Religious Objections to the Convention on the Rights of the Child '' , Emory International Law Review , vol. 20 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights and Social Issues at the U.N. : A Guide for U.S. Policymakers '' , Heritage Foundation Jump up ^ `` HSLDA.org '' . Jump up ^ US Supreme Court : Roper v. Simmons , No. 03 - 633 : 1 March 2005 Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers on the UN Special Session on Children ( Human Rights Watch , May 2 , 2002 ) '' . hrw.org . Jump up ^ `` U.S. : Supreme Court Ends Child Executions ( Human Rights Watch , March 1 , 2005 ) '' . Jump up ^ Miller v. Alabama certiori to the Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama , No. 10 - 9646 ( Argued 20 March 2012 - Decided 25 June 2012 ) Jump up ^ Walden University Presidential Youth Debate Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Child Rights Information Network '' . Jump up ^ Podgers , `` The Last Holdout , '' ABA Journal at 84 ( March 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` UNICEF Azerbaijan - Media centre - UNICEF Azerbaijan launched special edition of State of the World 's Children to mark the 20th Anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the Parliament '' . www.unicef.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Child Protection System in Azerbaijan : Situation Analysis '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : FS . `` Rights of children '' . www.mfa.gov.az . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Protection of children rights in Azerbaijan '' . 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Signatures and ratifications , at depositary UNICEF web site Procedural history , related documents and photos on the Convention on the Rights of the Child ( with protocols ) in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law NGO Alternative Reports submitted to the Committee on the Rights of the Child . Biography of Eglantyne Jebb , author of the original Declaration Section related to the CRC on the Children 's Rights Portal `` everychild.ca '' Child Rights Public Awareness Campaign of British Columbia , Canada . Resources include links and publications related to the Convention on the Rights of the Child . International human rights instruments Declarations Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Cairo Declaration of Human Rights Declaration of the Rights of the Child Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Universal Declaration of Human Rights American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Paris Principles International law United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 ( XV ) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples UN Convention Against Torture Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Political Rights of Women Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Convention on the Rights of the Child United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention , 1989 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights Regional law African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights European Convention on Human Rights Convention for the Prevention of Torture European Convention on Nationality Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Social Charter American Convention on Human Rights Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities International humanitarian law Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Convention relating to the Status of Refugees Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Youth empowerment Elements Evolving capacities Free - 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History of the world 's tallest buildings - wikipedia History of the world 's tallest buildings Jump to : navigation , search This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The tallest building in the world as of 2018 is Burj Khalifa . Before Burj Khalifa , the title of `` world 's tallest building '' has been borne by various buildings , such as Rouen Cathedral and the Empire State Building . The skyscraper was invented in Chicago in 1884 . For the next hundred years , the world 's tallest building was always in the United States with New York City accumulating 86 years , and Chicago accumulating 30 years . After just over a century ( 1885 -- 1998 ) the distinction moved to the Eastern Hemisphere . Malaysia was the first country to break United States ' record of building tallest buildings in the world by building Petronas Twin Towers in 1998 , which held the record for 6 years before losing it to Taipei 101 in 2004 . Before the current era of commercial skyscrapers , there was an era where the tallest buildings were Christian churches / cathedrals ( c. 1250 -- 1901 ) , dominated by England and Germanic territories . Before this time , it is not possible to conclusively state what was the tallest building in the world . For instance , the Lighthouse of Alexandria ( completed about 280 BC ) was very tall , but its true height is not known . For thousands of years , the Great Pyramid in Egypt was the tallest structure in the world , but the Great Pyramid is not considered a building since it was not habitable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of terms 1.1 Meaning of `` building '' 1.2 Determination of height 2 Tallest buildings ( 13th century -- 1901 ) 2.1 Churches and cathedrals 2.2 Skyscrapers 3 Tallest buildings ( from 1908 ) 4 Charts 4.1 1870 -- present 4.2 1300 -- present 5 History of increment in height of skyscrapers 6 History of supertall skyscrapers by location 7 Increment in usage of skyscrapers 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Definition of terms ( edit ) Meaning of `` building '' ( edit ) The earliest structures now known to be the tallest in the world were the Egyptian pyramids , with the Great Pyramid of Giza , at an original height of 146.5 metres ( 481 ft ) , being the tallest man -- made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1300 . From then until the completion of the Washington Monument ( capped in 1884 ) the world 's tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals . Later , the Eiffel Tower and , still later , some radio masts and television towers were the world 's tallest structures . However , though all of these are structures , some are not buildings in the sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied . It is in this sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied that the term `` building '' is generally understood to mean when determining what is the world 's tallest building . The non-profit international organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , which maintains a set of criteria for determining the height of tall buildings , defines a `` building '' as `` ( A ) structure that is designed for residential , business or manufacturing purposes '' and `` has floors '' . Tall churches and cathedrals occupy a middle ground : their lower areas are regularly occupied , but much of their height is in bell towers and spires which are not . Whether a church or cathedral is a `` building '' or merely a `` structure '' for the purposes of determining the title of `` world 's tallest building '' is a subjective matter of definition ( this article treats churches and cathedrals as buildings ) . Determination of height ( edit ) The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat based in Chicago uses three different criteria for determining the height of a tall building , each of which may give a different result . `` Height of the highest floor '' is one criterion , and `` height to the top of any part of the building '' is another , but the default criterion used by the CTBUH is `` height of the architectural top of the building '' , which includes spires but not antennae , masts or flag poles . Tallest buildings ( 13th century -- 1901 ) ( edit ) Churches and cathedrals ( edit ) Tallest buildings diagram from 1850 From the 13th century until 1901 , the world 's tallest building was always a church or cathedral . In the 13th century Old St Paul 's Cathedral with its spire was completed . Completed in the early 14th century , the central spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed it . In 1549 this spire collapsed , beginning a long sequence where the status of world 's tallest building was borne by shorter and shorter buildings . On the collapse of Lincoln Cathedral 's spire , then St. Mary 's Church in Stralsund became the world 's tallest building . In 1647 , the bell tower of St. Mary 's burned down , thus making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the world 's tallest building . It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the world 's tallest building was again also the tallest building ever , surpassing the original configuration of Lincoln Cathedral . Note : all percentages are calculated on the difference in metres , not feet . Years tallest Name Location Height Increase 13th century -- 1300 Old St Paul 's Cathedral * London 149 metres ( 489 ft ) 0 1300 -- 1549 Lincoln Cathedral * Lincoln 159.7 metres ( 524 ft ) 7.2 % 1549 -- 1569 St. Mary 's Church Stralsund 151 metres ( 495 ft ) - 5.4 % 1569 -- 1573 St. Pierre 's Cathedral Beauvais 153 metres ( 502 ft ) - 5.4 % 1573 -- 1647 St. Mary 's Church Stralsund 151 metres ( 495 ft ) - 5.4 % 1647 -- 1874 Strasbourg Cathedral Strasbourg 142 metres ( 466 ft ) - 6 % 1874 -- 1876 Church of St. Nicholas Hamburg 147 metres ( 482 ft ) 3.5 % 1876 -- 1880 Rouen Cathedral Rouen 151 metres ( 495 ft ) 2.7 % 1880 -- 1890 Cologne Cathedral Cologne 157.38 metres ( 516.3 ft ) 4.2 % 1890 -- 1901 Ulm Minster * Ulm 161.53 metres ( 530.0 ft ) 2.6 % * -- Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built . The 524 feet ( 160 m ) height of Lincoln Cathedral is disputed by some , but accepted by most sources . The completion date for the spire is given as 1311 rather than 1300 by some sources . Also the 489 feet ( 149 m ) height of the spire of Old St Paul 's Cathedral , destroyed by lightning in 1561 , is disputed , for example Christopher Wren ( 1632 -- 1723 ) judged that an overestimate and gave a height of 460 feet ( 140 m ) . The spire of Mole Antonelliana in Turin , completed in 1889 , is claimed to have been 167.5 metres ( 550 ft ) tall ; however , the upper part of the structure was destroyed by a 1953 tornado and rebuilt . If the original spire was 167.5 metres tall , then the Mole Antonelliana was the world 's tallest building from 1889 to 1908 , surpassing Philadelphia City Hall by just 0.5 metres ( 2 ft ) . Skyscrapers ( edit ) Main article : Early skyscrapers The buildings that were the tallest secular skyscrapers , which excludes religious buildings , were : Years tallest Name Location Height Increase 1797 -- 1885 Ditherington Flax Mill Shrewsbury 16 metres ( 52 ft ) 0 1885 -- 1890 Home Insurance Building Chicago 42 metres ( 138 ft ) 162.5 % 1890 -- 1894 New York World Building New York 94 metres ( 308 ft ) 123.8 % 1894 -- 1908 Philadelphia City Hall Philadelphia 167 metres ( 548 ft ) 77.7 % Note : all percentages are calculated on the difference in metres , not feet . Tallest buildings ( from 1908 ) ( edit ) Years tallest Name Location Height Increase 1908 -- 1909 Singer Building New York City 186.57 metres ( 612.1 ft ) 11.7 % 1909 -- 1913 Metropolitan Life Tower New York City 213.36 metres ( 700.0 ft ) 14.4 % 1913 -- 1930 Woolworth Building New York City 241.4 metres ( 792 ft ) 13.1 % 1930 Bank of Manhattan Trust Building New York City 283 metres ( 928 ft ) 17.2 % 1930 -- 1931 Chrysler Building New York City 318.8 metres ( 1,046 ft ) 12.65 % 1931 -- 1972 Empire State Building New York City 381 metres ( 1,250 ft ) 19.5 % 1972 -- 1974 World Trade Center New York City 417 metres ( 1,368 ft ) 9.45 % 1974 -- 1998 Sears Tower Chicago 442 metres ( 1,450 ft ) 6 % 1998 -- 2004 Petronas Towers Kuala Lumpur 451.9 metres ( 1,483 ft ) 2.24 % 2004 -- 2010 Taipei 101 Taipei 509.2 metres ( 1,671 ft ) 12.68 % 2010 -- present Burj Khalifa United Arab Emirates 828 metres ( 2,717 ft ) 62.61 % The list of tallest buildings is based on the default metric of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , that of measuring to the highest architectural element . Other criteria would generate a different list . Shanghai World Financial Center is not on the above list , but it surpassed Taipei 101 in 2008 to become the building with the highest occupied floor . Using the criteria of highest tip ( including antennae ) , the World Trade Center in New York City was the world 's tallest building from 1972 to 2000 , until the Sears Tower in Chicago ( which already had a higher occupied floor than the World Trade Center ) had its antenna extended to give that building the world 's tallest tip ; a title it held until the 2010 completion of Burj Khalifa . Petronas Towers and Taipei 101 were never the world 's tallest buildings by the highest -- tip criteria . Since 2010 , Burj Khalifa has been the tallest building by any criteria . It has the highest architectural element , tip and occupied floor , and is indeed the tallest structure of any kind ever built , surpassing the ( now destroyed ) 646.38 metres ( 2,120.7 ft ) Warsaw Radio Mast . Since the completion of the Washington Monument in 1884 , the world 's tallest building has not usually also been the world 's tallest structure . The exceptions are 1930 -- 1954 , when the Chrysler Building and then the Empire State building surpassed the Eiffel Tower ( to be surpassed in turn by a succession of broadcast masts , starting with the Griffin Television Tower in Oklahoma ) , and from 2010 with the completion of Burj Khalifa . Charts ( edit ) 1870 -- present ( edit ) 1300 -- present ( edit ) In this chart , time progresses from right to left . Note the early buildings that lost the title as their spires collapsed . History of increment in height of skyscrapers ( edit ) After the construction of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago in the 19th century , the incrementation in the height of skyscrapers began with the construction of the Chrysler Building , followed by the Empire State Building , in New York City . The Chrysler Building was the first building in the world to break the 300 metres ( 984 ft ) barrier , and the Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors . It stands at 381 metres ( 1,250 ft ) and has 102 floors . The next tallest skyscraper was the World Trade Center , which was completed in 1971 . The north tower was 417 m ( 1,368 ft ) and the south 415 m ( 1,362 ft ) tall . It surpassed the height of the Empire State Building by 36 m ( 118 ft ) . Two years later the Sears Tower was built in Chicago , standing at 442 m ( 1,450 ft ) with 110 floors , surpassing the height of the World Trade Center by 25 metres ( 82 ft ) . The Petronas Towers rose 10 meters above the Sears Tower , standing at a height of 452 m ( 1,483 ft ) and each having 88 floors . In 2004 , the construction of Taipei 101 brought the height of skyscrapers to a new level , standing at 509 m ( 1,670 ft ) with 101 floors . It is 59 metres ( 194 ft ) taller than the previous record holders , the Petronas Towers . Burj Khalifa surpassed the height of Taipei 101 by 319 metres ( 1,047 ft ) in 2009 , making it 60 % taller . It has broken several skyscraper records , and it is almost twice as tall as the Empire State Building . Burj Khalifa has also broken the record of the world 's tallest structure . NOTE : The CTBUH defines a building as a supertall if it is 300 metres ( 984 ft ) or taller . History of supertall skyscrapers by location ( edit ) Since the early skyscraper boom that took place in North America , the significant number of skyscrapers in North America have dominated the 100 tallest buildings in the world . In 1930 , 99 of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were located in North America . In the future , this percentage is expected to decline to only 22 percent . The predominance of skyscrapers in North America is decreasing due to the building of skyscraper construction in other parts of the world , especially in Asia , that are finally catching up to progress that began in North America in the 19th century . In Asia , there has been an increase in the number of supertall skyscrapers beginning with the construction of Petronas Twin Towers . There are currently sixty buildings in the world 's 100 tallest that are located in Asia ( including the Middle East ) . However , skyscraper construction is still prevalent in the United States . Increment in usage of skyscrapers ( edit ) Since the skyscraper boom , the great majority of skyscrapers in the world were used predominantly as office space . From 1930 to 2000 the percentage of office towers never fell below 86 percent , but in the future it is expected to be as low as 46 percent . In 2010 less than half of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were office towers with the majority utilized as residential and mixed use . Today , only four out of the ten tallest buildings in the world , and twenty eight out of the fifty tallest in the world , are used primarily as offices . A mixed - use tall building contains two or more functions ( uses ) , where each of the functions occupies a significant proportion of the tower 's total space . Support areas such as car parks and mechanical plant space do not contribute towards mixed - use status . Skyscrapers used as hotels and as residential space are generally smaller . There are only a few super tall skyscrapers of that type among the 100 tallest skyscrapers in the world . The tallest residential building in the world is 432 Park Avenue . There are few supertall hotel skyscrapers in the world . The Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa , Rose Tower and Burj Al Arab are the only three supertall hotels standing , while the topped - out Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa is currently the tallest hotel in the world at 377 m ( 1,237 ft ) . See also ( edit ) History portal Architecture portal History of tallest skyscrapers List of tallest buildings and structures List of Egyptian pyramids List of tallest buildings List of tallest churches List of tallest structures built before the 20th century Notes ( edit ) A . This significant proportion can be judged as 15 % or greater of either the total floor area , or the total building height in terms of number of floors occupied for the function . However , care should be taken in the case of supertall buildings . For example , a 20 - story hotel function as part of a 150 - story tower does not comply with the 15 % rule , though this would clearly constitute mixed use . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall Gerometta . `` Height : The History of Measuring Tall Buildings '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A.F.K. `` The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cathedral Church of LINCOLN , by A.F. KENDRICK , B.A '' . Gwydir.demon.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Haughton , Brian ( 2007 ) , Hidden History : Lost Civilizations , Secret Knowledge , and Ancient Mysteries , p. 167 Jump up ^ Michael Woods , Mary B. Woods ( 2009 ) , Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , p. 41 Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Cathedral '' . Jump up ^ Darwin Porter , Danforth Prince ( 2010 ) , Frommer 's England 2010 , p. 588 Jump up ^ Mary Jane Taber ( 1905 ) , The cathedrals of England : an account of some of their distinguishing characteristics , p. 100 Jump up ^ A Brief History of the World 's Tallest Buildings Time magazine Jump up ^ `` Cathedrals and the birth of freedom - Institute of Public Affairs Australia '' . Jump up ^ Benham , William ( 1902 ) . Old St. Paul 's Cathedral . London : Seeley & Co at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ `` Mole Antonelliana '' . Museo Nazionale del Cinema ( Italian National Film Museum ) website . Maria Adriana Prolo Foundation . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Construction was completed in 1889 ... At the time of its completion , at 167.5 meters in height , it was the tallest masonry building in all of Europe . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Measuring Tall Buildings '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat , CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings. 2009 Jump up ^ Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat , Tallest Single - Function Office Buildings in the World External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Former world 's tallest buildings . CTBUH.org Tallest buildings past , present and future Illinois.edu Capital-chronicle.com Tallestbuildingintheworld.com Skyscraper.org Information of Skyscrapers fredmanonthemillhill.com Geography.about.com : Worlds Tallest Skyscrapers Shift of Skyscrapers from USA to Asia A Brief History of the World 's Tallest Skyscrapers Facts About Worlds tallest Buildings The History of Skyscrapers , A Race at the Top Timeline of Worlds Tallest Buildings ( hide ) Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia South Southeast Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Central America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia , Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Eastern Orthodox Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Wood Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Kosovo Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Crosses Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_buildings&oldid=833619142 '' Categories : History of construction History of structural engineering Lists of tallest buildings Record progressions Hidden categories : Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia external links cleanup from December 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from December 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 16 : 49 . 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