Tertiary education fees in Australia - Wikipedia Tertiary education fees in Australia Jump to : navigation , search People attending a tertiary institution in Australia as a percentage of the local population at the 2011 census , geographically subdivided by statistical local area Tertiary education fees in Australia are payable for courses at tertiary education institutions . The central government , also known as the Commonwealth government , provides loans and subsidies to relieve the cost of tertiary education for some students . Some students are supported by the government and are required to pay only part of the cost of tuition , called the `` student contribution '' , and the government pays the balance . Some government supported students can defer payment of their contribution as a HECS - HELP loan . Other domestic students are full fee - paying ( non-Commonwealth supported ) and do not receive direct government contribution to the cost of their education . Some domestic students in full fee courses can obtain a FEE - HELP loan from the Australian government up to a lifetime limit of $112,134 for medicine , dentistry and veterinary science programs and $89,706 for all other programs . Australian citizens ( and in some cases overseas professionals completing bridging studies in order to be accredited permanent residents ) are able to obtain interest free loans from the government under the Higher Education Loan Programme ( HELP ) which replaced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme ( HECS ) . As of April 2016 , the amount of money owed to the Australian government under the HECS scheme was AUD $60 billion and is expected to increase to $180 billion by 2026 . HELP is jointly administered by the Australian Department of Education and Training and the Australian Taxation Office ( ATO ) . In addition , qualified students may be entitled to Youth Allowance or Austudy Payment to assist them financially while they are studying . These support payments are means and assets tested . Further assistance is available in the form of scholarships . Overseas students are charged fees for the full cost of their education and are ineligible for HELP loans , but may apply for international scholarships . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Abolition of university fees 1.2 Introduction of HECS 1.3 Howard government reforms - 1996 - 2012 1.4 2017 changes 2 University fees 3 Commonwealth supported students 3.1 Total Funding 4 Full fee - paying students 5 OS - HELP 6 HELP loans 6.1 HELP loan management 6.2 Repayments 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Sources 9 External links History ( edit ) In 1940 , the Curtin Labor Government saw a need for the country to increase the number of university graduates and for more civil and military research . To do this , it dramatically increased the number of scholarships it offered to enter university and allowed women to apply for these scholarships ( they were previously exclusive to men ) . The Menzies Liberal Government also supported and extended the ability of ordinary Australians to attend university . In the 1960s , the Menzies Government encouraged and funded the establishment of new universities to cater for increasing demand . These universities were built in outlying suburbs and offered special research scholarships to encourage students to undertake postgraduate research studies . Many of the universities that were established under this scheme are members of Innovative Research Universities Australia . In 1967 , the Government created a category of non-university tertiary institution ( called College of Advanced Education ( CAE ) ) that would be funded by the Commonwealth . These CAEs were easier to access and cheaper to attend than the traditional university , while delivering many university - equivalent bachelor 's degrees . Abolition of university fees ( edit ) During the early 1970s , there was a significant push to make tertiary education in Australia more accessible to working and middle class Australians . The Whitlam Labor Government abolished university fees on 1 January 1974 . By the mid-1980s , however , there was consensus between both major parties that the concept of ' free ' tertiary education in Australia was untenable due to the increasing participation rate . Introduction of HECS ( edit ) In 1989 , the Hawke Labor Government began gradually re-introducing fees for university study . It set up the Higher Education Contributions Scheme ( HECS ) , which was first proposed by Professor Murray Wells and subsequently developed by economist and lecturer at the Australian National University , Bruce Chapman and championed by Education Minister John Dawkins ( see Dawkins Revolution ) . Under the original HECS , a $1,800 fee was charged to all university students , and the Commonwealth paid the balance . A student could defer payment of this HECS amount ( in which case it was called a HECS debt ) and repay the debt through the tax system , when the student 's income exceeds a threshold level . As part of the reforms , Colleges of Advanced Education entered the University sector by various means . The HECS system was accepted by both federal political parties and has survived until today , though with a number of changes . Howard government reforms - 1996 - 2012 ( edit ) In 1996 , the new Howard Coalition Government , while otherwise retaining the HECS system , created a three - tier HECS fee structure . Fees were charged on the basis of the perceived value of courses . Courses considered to have most likelihood of generating higher income for students in the future ( e.g. Law and Medicine ) were the most expensive and those least likely to generate higher income ( e.g. Nursing and Arts ) were the least expensive . At the same time , HECS charges increased by an average of 40 % . From 2007 , HECS places became known as Commonwealth supported places ( CSP ) . A student in a CSP was only entitled to study for a maximum of 7 years full - time ( 16 years part - time ) at CSP rates . This was known as a student learning entitlement ( SLE ) . After that period the student had to take either a post-graduate FEE - HELP load ( if available ) or study at full - fee rates . SLE was abolished from 1 January 2012 . The HECS debt became a pre-2005 debt , while a post-2005 debt is called HECS - HELP , which operates on the same principles as HECS . If a student receives a HECS - HELP loan , the Commonwealth government pays the loan amount directly to the higher education provider on behalf of the student . An alternative option is FEE - HELP ( formerly PELS ) which provides eligible fee - paying students with a loan to cover their postgraduate fees . This option is only available for post-graduate students attempting an eligible post-graduate course . In 2012 , the FEE - HELP lifelong limit was $89,706 , and $112,134 for students studying dentistry , medicine or veterinary science . Prior to 2012 , when a student had used up SLE , he or she could enrol on a full - fee basis . Full - fee courses are relatively expensive because the student must pay the total cost or if eligible , defer the fee on FEE - HELP , resulting in a significantly larger debt than a HECS - HELP debt for the student contribution portion of a Commonwealth supported course . From 1 January 2012 , SLE was abolished and students could continue to study for more than 7 years full - time or equivalent part - time in Commonwealth supported courses . FEE - HELP courses are available at a post-graduate level ( and occasionally for some undergraduate full - fee places ) ; however , they are not available at every institution or in every course . The only remaining option is a full - fee place paid upfront . The discount for voluntary repayments of a pre-2005 HECS debt was reduced from 15 % to 10 % from 1 January 2005 . On 1 January 2012 , the voluntary repayment discount was reduced to 5 % , and was removed completely from 1 January 2017 . 2017 changes ( edit ) Changes to funding of universities and the HECS scheme were made as part of the 2017 Australian federal budget . University funding is to be a reduced by 2.5 % , and university fees are to go up by $2,000 to $3,600 for a four - year course , an increase of 1.8 % in 2018 , and 7.5 % by 2022 . From 1 July 2018 , the income level at which HECS debt repayments start will be reduced , from $55,000 to $42,000 . University fees ( edit ) In 1996 , the Howard government permitted universities to create full - fee places on which they could charge full up - front fees to students who missed out on a HECS place ( with the notable exception of medical degrees ) . In 2005 , the Howard government permitted universities to increase fees by up to 25 % . During the term of the Abbott Government , Education Minister Christopher Pyne consistently sought to fully deregulate university fees . Pyne 's proposal would have allowed universities to set their own fees according to the student demand , and graduates who moved offshore to start paying through the tax system . The proposed reforms were unsuccessful , being rejected by the Senate in 2015 . University tuition fee and regulation reform remain part of the Liberal - National Coalition Government 's policy . The Government released the Driving Innovation Fairness and Excellence in Australian Higher Education consultation paper , in May 2016 proposing a new set of reforms ( for consultation ) . In the 2017 Australian federal budget , University funding will be a reduced by 2.5 % . University fees will go up by $2,000 to $3,600 for a four - year course , an increase of 1.8 % in 2018 , and 7.5 % by 2022 . From 1 July 2018 , the income level at which HECS debt repayments start will be reduced , from $55,000 to $42,000 . Commonwealth supported students ( edit ) In 2007 , HECS places became known as Commonwealth supported places ( CSP ) . The Commonwealth government determines the number and allocation of undergraduate Commonwealth supported places with each public higher education provider each year , through the Commonwealth Grant Scheme ( CGS ) . A CSP is a higher education place for which the Commonwealth government makes a contribution to the higher education provider towards the cost of a student 's education . The student makes a contribution towards the cost of education , known as the student contribution . Commonwealth supported places are available to citizens of Australia and New Zealand and Australian permanent residents . The majority of CSPs are managed through the tertiary admissions centre in each state or territory ( although universities make the selections , deciding which students they will make offers to ) : Universities Admissions Centre ( UAC ) in NSW and ACT Queensland Tertiary Admissions Centre South Australian Tertiary Admissions Centre in South Australia and the Northern Territory University of Tasmania in Tasmania Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre ( VTAC ) in Victoria Tertiary Institutions Service Centre in Western Australia . The allocation is usually based on secondary school results ( through the ATAR or OP scores ) , TAFE qualifications and previous university results . The student contribution varies between courses , and is based on the expected earnings following a students ' graduation , not the cost of providing the course . Higher education providers can set the student contribution level for each unit of study , up to a maximum level set by the government . It is said that , due to government underfunding of universities , universities almost always charge the highest level allowable . Student contribution Band Curriculum areas CSP students HECS students 2010 -- 2005 -- 09 1997 -- 2004 Pre-1997 National priority Mathematics , Statistics , Science $0 -- $4,429 $0 -- $4,162 $0 -- $4,077 $0 -- $3,061 Band 1 Education , Nursing , Humanities , Behavioural science , Social studies , Foreign languages , Visual and Performing arts , Nursing , Education , Clinical Psychology $0 -- $5,310 $0 -- $5,201 Band 2 Computing , Built Environment , Health sciences , Engineering , Surveying , Agriculture $0 -- $7,567 $0 -- $7,412 $0 -- $5,807 Band 3 Law , Dentistry , Medicine , Pharmacy , Veterinary science , Accounting , Administration , Economics , Commerce $0 -- $8,859 $0 -- $8,677 $0 -- $6,798 Notes : Jump up ^ Maximum contribution per EFTSL ^ Jump up to : Added 2010 reform ^ Jump up to : Removed 2010 reform Since 2012 , an eligible student who pays the entire or a part of the student contribution upfront receives a 10 % HECS discount on the amount paid ( prior to 2012 , the HECS discount was 20 % ) or defer payment of the balance of the contribution through a HECS - HELP loan . Only Australian citizens and permanent humanitarian visa holders are eligible for the up - front 10 % HECS discount and the HECS - HELP loan . Students who are New Zealand citizens or Australian permanent residents must pay the entire contribution upfront and are not eligible to receive the HECS discount . Total Funding ( edit ) The total funding available to institutions per equivalent full - time student is the combination of the student contribution ( divided into 3 different amounts / bands ) and the Commonwealth government contribution ( divided into 8 different amounts / clusters ) . For 2017 these are : Total Funding Commonwealth Funding Student contribution Discipline Full fee $ Commonwealth contribution $ Student contribution $ cluster 1 Band 3 Law , accounting , commerce , economics , administration 12685 2089 10596 cluster 2 Band 1 Humanities 12158 5809 6349 cluster 3 Band 1 Behavioural science or social studies 16627 10278 6349 cluster 3 Band 2 Mathematics , statistics , computing , built environment or other health 19328 10278 9050 cluster 4 Band 1 Education 17044 10695 6349 cluster 5 Band 1 Clinical psychology , foreign languages , or visual and performing arts 18990 12641 6349 cluster 5 Band 2 Allied health 21691 12641 9050 cluster 6 Band 1 Nursing 20462 14113 6349 cluster 7 Band 2 Engineering , science , surveying Engineering , science , surveying 27021 17971 9050 cluster 8 Band 2 Agriculture 31859 22809 9050 cluster 8 Band 3 Dentistry , medicine or veterinary science 33405 22809 10596 Full fee - paying students ( edit ) Students who do not receive a Commonwealth supported place may obtain a full fee place ( FFP ) , as long as their ATAR tertiary admissions rank or other qualifications exceed a certain minimum . Most postgraduate courses do not have Commonwealth supported places available and therefore , all these students are full fee - paying . Fee - paying students are charged the full cost of their course , with no Commonwealth contribution . Some fee - paying students can obtain loans under the Higher Education Loan Programme , called FEE - HELP loans , to cover all or part of their fees . This is available to Australian citizens , New Zealand citizens and permanent humanitarian visa holders . Undergraduate students who obtain these loans are charged a 20 % loan fee on top of the amount borrowed . This does not apply to post graduate courses . Students are able to borrow a lifetime maximum FEE - HELP loan of $112,134 for medicine , dentistry and veterinary science programs and $89,706 for all other programs ( adjusted for inflation ) . In 2005 , FEE - HELP loans replaced the Open Learning Deferred Payment Scheme ( OLDPS ) , the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme ( PELS ) and the Bridging for Overseas - Trained Professionals Loan Scheme ( BOTPLS ) . OS - HELP ( edit ) OS - HELP is a loan scheme to assist some undergraduate domestic students to undertake some , but not all , of their course of study overseas . Students are able to obtain a loan up to $6,470 ( if the student will not be studying in Asia ) or $7764 ( if the student will be studying in Asia ) for every six months , but can only receive a total of two loans throughout their lifetime . Unlike other loans in the HELP , the loan amount is paid directly to the student and the terms for the loans are set out by the tertiary providers . As in the FEE - HELP loan scheme , a 20 % fee applies on the amount borrowed . This 20 % `` administration fee '' was removed for OS - HELP loans received after 1 January 2010 . HELP loans ( edit ) HELP loan management ( edit ) HELP debts do not attract interest ( in the normal sense ) , but are instead indexed to the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) on 1 June each year , based on the annual CPI to March of that year . The indexation rate applied on 1 June 2006 was 2.8 % and 3.4 % on 1 June 2007 . Indexation applies to the part of the debt that has been unpaid for 11 months or more . Thus , indexation is calculated on the opening HELP debt balance on 1 July of the previous year plus any debt incurred in the first half of the current year ( usually for first semester courses ) less any compulsory and voluntary repayments , with bonus . Any HELP debt incurred on second semester courses ( usually determined in June ) will not be subject to indexation until the next year . After indexation , the new balance is rounded down to a whole dollar amount . HELP account debtors can make voluntary repayments . These repayments attract a 5 % bonus ( reduced from 10 % from January 2012 ) for repayments over $500 . If the remaining debt is less than $500 the bonus still applies on repayment of their balance of the debt . As making voluntary repayments does not exempt the person from compulsory repayments , if the person intends to pay off the total debt voluntarily , it is financially advantageous for them to do it before lodging the tax return . This will attract the 5 % bonus on the repayment , and there would be no balance on the debt to which the compulsory repayment provisions can apply . Better still , if the voluntary repayment is made before the indexation date of 1 June , the avoiding of the indexation adjustment is an additional bonus . Even factoring in the 5 % bonus on voluntary repayments , many people elect not to pay off their debt in advance of the required repayments because it still works out to be one of the cheapest loans most people will ever receive . As of 1 January 2017 the Commonwealth Government removed the 5 % voluntary repayment bonus on all HELP debt repayments . If a person with an accumulated HELP debt dies , any compulsory repayment included on their income tax notice of assessment relating to the period prior to their death must be paid from their estate , but the remainder of their debt is cancelled . Repayments ( edit ) HELP debts are administered by the Australian Taxation Office and will be repaid compulsorily over time through the taxation system . If the HELP Repayment Income ( HRI ) of a person with a HELP debt exceeds a certain threshold , which for the 2014 / 15 financial year is $53,345 , a compulsory payments will be deducted from the person 's tax for the year . To work out the HRI , the ATO will add back to the person 's taxable income any net rental loss claimed against that taxable income and add fringe benefits and exempt foreign income received , which have not been included in the taxable income . Unlike marginal tax rates , the repayment rate applies on the full HRI , so that a person with a HRI of $39,500 in the 2007 / 08 tax year would not have to make any compulsory HELP repayment , but a person with a HRI of $40,000 would make a payment of $1,600 . This is 4 % of the HRI ( not taxable income or the debt balance ) of $40,000 . The compulsory repayment amount can not exceed the balance of the HELP debt . The rates for compulsory repayment for the 2015 / 16 financial year , also compared with previous years , are : HELP Repayment Income ( HRI ) compulsory repayment 2006 - 2012 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 Repayment rate Below $38,149 Below $39,825 Below $41,595 Below $43,151 Below $44,912 Below $47,196 Nil $38,149 -- $42,494 $39,825 -- $44,360 $41,595 -- $46,333 $43,151 -- $48,066 $44,912 -- $50,028 $47,196 -- $52,572 4 % of HRI $42,495 -- $46,938 $44,360 -- $48,896 $46,334 -- $51,070 $48,067 -- $52,980 $50,029 -- $55,143 $52,573 -- $57,947 4.5 % of HRI $46,839 -- $49,300 $48,897 -- $51,466 $51,071 -- $53,754 $52,981 -- $55,764 $55,144 -- $58,041 $57,948 -- $60,993 5 % of HRI $49,301 -- $52,994 $51,466 -- $55,322 $53,755 -- $57,782 $55,765 -- $59,943 $58,042 -- $62,390 $60,994 -- $65,563 5.5 % of HRI $52,995 -- $57,394 $55,323 -- $59,915 $57,783 -- $62,579 $59,944 -- $64,919 $62,391 -- $67,570 $65,564 -- $71,006 6 % of HRI $57,395 -- $60,414 $59,916 -- $63,068 $62,580 -- $65,873 $64,920 -- $68,336 $67,571 -- $71,126 $71,007 -- $74,743 6.5 % of HRI $60,415 -- $66,485 $63,069 -- $69,405 $65,874 -- $72,492 $68,337 -- $75,203 $71,127 -- $78,273 $74,744 -- $82,253 7 % of HRI $66,486 -- $70,846 $69,406 -- $73,959 $72,493 -- $77,247 $75,204 -- $80,136 $78,274 -- $83,407 $82,254 -- $87,649 7.5 % of HRI $70,847 and above $73,960 and above $77,248 and above $80,137 and above $83,408 and above $87,650 and above 8 % of HRI HELP Repayment Income ( HRI ) compulsory repayment 2012 - 2016 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 - 16 Repayment rate Below $49,096 Below $51,309 Below $53,345 Below $54,126 Nil $49,096 -- $54,688 $51,309 -- $57,153 $53,345 -- $59,421 $54,126 -- $60,292 4 % of HRI $54,689 -- $60,279 $57,154 -- $62,997 $59,422 -- $65,497 $60,293 -- $66,456 4.5 % of HRI $60,280 -- $63,448 $62,998 -- $66,308 $65,498 -- $68,939 $66,457 -- $69,949 5 % of HRI $63,449 -- $68,202 $66,309 -- $71,277 $68,940 -- $74,105 $69,950 -- $75,190 5.5 % of HRI $68,203 -- $73,864 $71,278 -- $77,194 $74,106 -- $80,257 $75,191 -- $81,432 6 % of HRI $73,865 -- $77,751 $77,195 -- $81,256 $80,258 -- $84,481 $81,433 - $85,718 6.5 % of HRI $77,752 -- $85,564 $81,257 -- $89,421 $84,482 -- $92,970 $85,719 -- $94,331 7 % of HRI $85,565 -- $91,177 $89,422 -- $95,287 $92,971 -- $99,069 $94,332 -- $100,519 7.5 % of HRI $91,178 and above $95,288 and above $99,070 and above $100,520 and above 8 % of HRI It is also possible to make voluntary payments to further reduce the debt . Until 31 December 2004 voluntary payments over $500 earned a 15 % bonus , from 1 January 2005 this was reduced to 10 % and from 1 January 2012 this was reduced to 5 % . From 1 January 2017 the Government removed the 5 % repayment bonus . See also ( edit ) Tertiary education in Australia Education in Australia Taxation in Australia References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ How much can I borrow ? accessed 12 Jan 2012 Jump up ^ `` Holder of a permanent visa ( other than a permanent humanitarian visa ) '' . Information for pre-2005 HECS students . Government of Australia Department of Education , Science and Training . Archived from the original on 7 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Federal budget 2016 : $180 billion HECS bombshell paves way for major education shakeup Jump up ^ Higher Education Support Act 2003 ( HESA ) Jump up ^ `` Higher Education Funding Act 1988 '' . Austlii.edu.au. 1 January 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Australian , 15 April 1987 , page 15 ) Jump up ^ `` details HECS - HELP '' . Goingtouni.gov.au . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HECS voluntary repayment changes '' . Ato.gov.au . Archived from the original on 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Budget 2015 : The Abbott government is still banking on its controversial education changes getting passed '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Government , Australian . `` Driving Innovation , Fairness and Excellence in Australian Higher Education '' . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queensland Tertiary Admissions Centre '' . Qtac.edu.au . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` South Australian Tertiary Admissions Centre '' . Satac.edu.au . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tertiary Institutions Service Centre '' . Tisc.edu.au . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` What you pay '' . Goingtouni.gov.au. 1 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . ( This content removed and replaced with a message , `` The Website you requested is no longer available . '' , viewed on 2014 - 06 - 01 . ) Jump up ^ EFTSL stands for Equivalent Full - Time Student Load . It is a measure of the study load , for a year , of a student undertaking a course of study on a full - time basis . Jump up ^ `` Fee - HELP booklet '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://docs.education.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/2017_indexed_rates.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` OS - HELP loans and overseas study '' . Jump up ^ ATO ( May 2006 ) Understanding your 2006 HELP information statement , Australian Taxation Office , Australian Government Jump up ^ `` Changes to the HECS - HELP discount and voluntary repayment bonus '' . Study Assist . Australian Government . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` HELP and HECS repayment thresholds and rates '' . Ato.gov.au . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ ATO website HECS voluntary repayment changes Retrieved on 10 May 2017 Jump up ^ Going to Uni website ( 1 ) Archived 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 3 August 2011 Sources ( edit ) StudyAssist website Department of Education , Employment and Workplace Relations website ( previously Department of Education , Science and Training ) ATO Higher education loan schemes essentials site `` International student funding comparisons : Australia and New Zealand '' by Professor Nicholas Barr . The Guardian , 9 October 2001 . External links ( edit ) StudyAssist website Department of Education and Training website ATO Higher education loan schemes essentials site Education in Australia Overview National overview States and territories ACT NSW NT Queensland SA Tasmania Victoria WA Australian Qualifications Framework Primary Australian Curriculum List of schools Secondary Australian Curriculum List of schools NAPLAN Leaving certificates ACT NSW NT Queensland SA Tasmania Victoria WA International Baccalaureate Tertiary Overview Tuition fees Academic grading List of universities TAFE Federal agencies Department of Education and Training Australian Skills Quality Authority State agencies Department of Education and Training ( ACT ) Department of Education and Communities ( NSW ) Board of Studies ( NSW ) Department of Education and Training ( NT ) Department of Education , Training and Employment ( Queensland ) Department of Education and Children 's Services ( SA ) Department of Education ( Tasmania ) Department of Education and Training ( Victoria ) Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority ( Victoria ) Department of Education ( WA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tertiary_education_fees_in_Australia&oldid=836430238 '' Categories : Universities in Australia Student loan systems Taxation in Australia Education economics Education finance in Australia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2011 Use Australian English from August 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 19 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: when did university stop being free in australia


Hypertext Transfer protocol - wikipedia Hypertext Transfer protocol This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Internet protocol suite Application layer BGP DHCP DNS FTP HTTP IMAP LDAP MGCP MQTT NNTP NTP POP ONC / RPC RTP RTSP RIP SIP SMTP SNMP SSH Telnet TLS / SSL XMPP more ... Transport layer TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP more ... Internet layer IP IPv4 IPv6 ICMP ICMPv6 ECN IGMP IPsec more ... Link layer ARP NDP OSPF Tunnels L2TP PPP MAC Ethernet DSL ISDN FDDI more ... The Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) is an application protocol for distributed , collaborative , and hypermedia information systems . HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web . Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links ( hyperlinks ) between nodes containing text . HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext . Development of HTTP was initiated by Tim Berners - Lee at CERN in 1989 . Standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) and the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) , culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments ( RFCs ) . The first definition of HTTP / 1.1 , the version of HTTP in common use , occurred in RFC 2068 in 1997 , although this was obsoleted by RFC 2616 in 1999 and then again by the RFC 7230 family of RFCs in 2014 . A later version , the successor HTTP / 2 , was standardized in 2015 , and is now supported by major web servers and browsers over TLS using ALPN extension where TLS 1.2 or newer is required . Contents ( hide ) 1 Technical overview 2 History 3 HTTP session 4 HTTP authentication 4.1 Authentication realms 5 Request methods 5.1 Safe methods 5.2 Idempotent methods and web applications 5.3 Security 5.4 Summary table 6 Status codes 7 Persistent connections 8 HTTP session state 9 Encrypted connections 10 Message format 10.1 Request message 10.2 Response message 10.3 Example session 10.3. 1 Client request 10.3. 2 Server response 11 Similar protocols 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Technical overview ( edit ) URL beginning with the HTTP scheme and the WWW domain name label . HTTP functions as a request -- response protocol in the client -- server computing model . A web browser , for example , may be the client and an application running on a computer hosting a website may be the server . The client submits an HTTP request message to the server . The server , which provides resources such as HTML files and other content , or performs other functions on behalf of the client , returns a response message to the client . The response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body . A web browser is an example of a user agent ( UA ) . Other types of user agent include the indexing software used by search providers ( web crawlers ) , voice browsers , mobile app s , and other software that accesses , consumes , or displays web content . HTTP is designed to permit intermediate network elements to improve or enable communications between clients and servers . High - traffic websites often benefit from web cache servers that deliver content on behalf of upstream servers to improve response time . Web browsers cache previously accessed web resources and reuse them when possible to reduce network traffic . HTTP proxy servers at private network boundaries can facilitate communication for clients without a globally routable address , by relaying messages with external servers . HTTP is an application layer protocol designed within the framework of the Internet protocol suite . Its definition presumes an underlying and reliable transport layer protocol , and Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) is commonly used . However HTTP can be adapted to use unreliable protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) , for example in HTTPU and Simple Service Discovery Protocol ( SSDP ) . HTTP resources are identified and located on the network by Uniform Resource Locators ( URLs ) , using the Uniform Resource Identifiers ( URI 's ) schemes http and https . URIs and hyperlinks in HTML documents form inter-linked hypertext documents . HTTP / 1.1 is a revision of the original HTTP ( HTTP / 1.0 ) . In HTTP / 1.0 a separate connection to the same server is made for every resource request . HTTP / 1.1 can reuse a connection multiple times to download images , scripts , stylesheets , etc after the page has been delivered . HTTP / 1.1 communications therefore experience less latency as the establishment of TCP connections presents considerable overhead . History ( edit ) Tim Berners - Lee The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project , which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush 's 1930s vision of the microfilm - based information retrieval and management `` memex '' system described in his 1945 essay `` As We May Think '' . Tim Berners - Lee and his team at CERN are credited with inventing the original HTTP along with HTML and the associated technology for a web server and a text - based web browser . Berners - Lee first proposed the `` WorldWideWeb '' project in 1989 -- now known as the World Wide Web . The first version of the protocol had only one method , namely GET , which would request a page from a server . The response from the server was always an HTML page . The first documented version of HTTP was HTTP V0. 9 ( 1991 ) . Dave Raggett led the HTTP Working Group ( HTTP WG ) in 1995 and wanted to expand the protocol with extended operations , extended negotiation , richer meta - information , tied with a security protocol which became more efficient by adding additional methods and header fields . RFC 1945 officially introduced and recognized HTTP V1. 0 in 1996 . The HTTP WG planned to publish new standards in December 1995 and the support for pre-standard HTTP / 1.1 based on the then developing RFC 2068 ( called HTTP - NG ) was rapidly adopted by the major browser developers in early 1996 . By March 1996 , pre-standard HTTP / 1.1 was supported in Arena , Netscape 2.0 , Netscape Navigator Gold 2.01 , Mosaic 2.7 , Lynx 2.5 , and in Internet Explorer 2.0 . End - user adoption of the new browsers was rapid . In March 1996 , one web hosting company reported that over 40 % of browsers in use on the Internet were HTTP 1.1 compliant . That same web hosting company reported that by June 1996 , 65 % of all browsers accessing their servers were HTTP / 1.1 compliant . The HTTP / 1.1 standard as defined in RFC 2068 was officially released in January 1997 . Improvements and updates to the HTTP / 1.1 standard were released under RFC 2616 in June 1999 . In 2007 , the HTTPbis Working Group was formed , in part , to revise and clarify the HTTP / 1.1 specification . In June 2014 , the WG released an updated six - part specification obsoleting RFC 2616 : RFC 7230 , HTTP / 1.1 : Message Syntax and Routing RFC 7231 , HTTP / 1.1 : Semantics and Content RFC 7232 , HTTP / 1.1 : Conditional Requests RFC 7233 , HTTP / 1.1 : Range Requests RFC 7234 , HTTP / 1.1 : Caching RFC 7235 , HTTP / 1.1 : Authentication HTTP / 2 was published as RFC 7540 in May 2015 . Year HTTP Version 1991 0.9 1.0 1.1 2015 2.0 HTTP session ( edit ) An HTTP session is a sequence of network request - response transactions . An HTTP client initiates a request by establishing a Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) connection to a particular port on a server ( typically port 80 , occasionally port 8080 ; see List of TCP and UDP port numbers ) . An HTTP server listening on that port waits for a client 's request message . Upon receiving the request , the server sends back a status line , such as `` HTTP / 1.1 200 OK '' , and a message of its own . The body of this message is typically the requested resource , although an error message or other information may also be returned . HTTP authentication ( edit ) HTTP provides multiple authentication schemes such as basic access authentication and digest access authentication which operate via a challenge - response mechanism whereby the server identifies and issues a challenge before serving the requested content . HTTP provides a general framework for access control and authentication , via an extensible set of challenge - response authentication schemes , which can be used by a server to challenge a client request and by a client to provide authentication information . Authentication realms ( edit ) The HTTP Authentication specification also provides an arbitrary , implementation specific construct for further dividing resources common to a given root URI . The realm value string , if present , is combined with the canonical root URI to form the protection space component of the challenge . This in effect allows the server to define separate authentication scopes under one root URI Request methods ( edit ) An HTTP 1.1 request made using telnet . The request message , response header section , and response body are highlighted . HTTP defines methods ( sometimes referred to as verbs ) to indicate the desired action to be performed on the identified resource . What this resource represents , whether pre-existing data or data that is generated dynamically , depends on the implementation of the server . Often , the resource corresponds to a file or the output of an executable residing on the server . The HTTP / 1.0 specification defined the GET , POST and HEAD methods and the HTTP / 1.1 specification added 5 new methods : OPTIONS , PUT , DELETE , TRACE and CONNECT . By being specified in these documents their semantics are well known and can be depended on . Any client can use any method and the server can be configured to support any combination of methods . If a method is unknown to an intermediate it will be treated as an unsafe and non-idempotent method . There is no limit to the number of methods that can be defined and this allows for future methods to be specified without breaking existing infrastructure . For example , WebDAV defined 7 new methods and RFC 5789 specified the PATCH method . Main article : List of HTTP header fields GET The GET method requests a representation of the specified resource . Requests using GET should only retrieve data and should have no other effect . ( This is also true of some other HTTP methods . ) The W3C has published guidance principles on this distinction , saying , `` Web application design should be informed by the above principles , but also by the relevant limitations . '' See safe methods below . HEAD The HEAD method asks for a response identical to that of a GET request , but without the response body . This is useful for retrieving meta - information written in response headers , without having to transport the entire content . POST The POST method requests that the server accept the entity enclosed in the request as a new subordinate of the web resource identified by the URI . The data POSTed might be , for example , an annotation for existing resources ; a message for a bulletin board , newsgroup , mailing list , or comment thread ; a block of data that is the result of submitting a web form to a data - handling process ; or an item to add to a database . PUT The PUT method requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied URI . If the URI refers to an already existing resource , it is modified ; if the URI does not point to an existing resource , then the server can create the resource with that URI . DELETE The DELETE method deletes the specified resource . TRACE The TRACE method echoes the received request so that a client can see what ( if any ) changes or additions have been made by intermediate servers . OPTIONS The OPTIONS method returns the HTTP methods that the server supports for the specified URL . This can be used to check the functionality of a web server by requesting ' * ' instead of a specific resource . CONNECT The CONNECT method converts the request connection to a transparent TCP / IP tunnel , usually to facilitate SSL - encrypted communication ( HTTPS ) through an unencrypted HTTP proxy . See HTTP CONNECT tunneling . PATCH The PATCH method applies partial modifications to a resource . All general - purpose HTTP servers are required to implement at least the GET and HEAD methods , and , whenever possible , also the OPTIONS method . Safe methods ( edit ) Some of the methods ( for example , HEAD , GET , OPTIONS and TRACE ) are , by convention , defined as safe , which means they are intended only for information retrieval and should not change the state of the server . In other words , they should not have side effects , beyond relatively harmless effects such as logging , caching , the serving of banner advertisements or incrementing a web counter . Making arbitrary GET requests without regard to the context of the application 's state should therefore be considered safe . However , this is not mandated by the standard , and it is explicitly acknowledged that it can not be guaranteed . By contrast , methods such as POST , PUT , DELETE and PATCH are intended for actions that may cause side effects either on the server , or external side effects such as financial transactions or transmission of email . Such methods are therefore not usually used by conforming web robots or web crawlers ; some that do not conform tend to make requests without regard to context or consequences . Despite the prescribed safety of GET requests , in practice their handling by the server is not technically limited in any way . Therefore , careless or deliberate programming can cause non-trivial changes on the server . This is discouraged , because it can cause problems for web caching , search engines and other automated agents , which can make unintended changes on the server . For example , a website might allow deletion of a resource through a URL such as http://example.com/article/1234/delete , which , if arbitrarily fetched , even using GET , would simply delete the article . One example of this occurring in practice was during the short - lived Google Web Accelerator beta , which prefetched arbitrary URLs on the page a user was viewing , causing records to be automatically altered or deleted en masse . The beta was suspended only weeks after its first release , following widespread criticism . Idempotent methods and web applications ( edit ) Methods PUT and DELETE are defined to be idempotent , meaning that multiple identical requests should have the same effect as a single request ( note that idempotence refers to the state of the system after the request has completed , so while the action the server takes ( e.g. deleting a record ) or the response code it returns may be different on subsequent requests , the system state will be the same every time ) . Methods GET , HEAD , OPTIONS and TRACE , being prescribed as safe , should also be idempotent , as HTTP is a stateless protocol . In contrast , the POST method is not necessarily idempotent , and therefore sending an identical POST request multiple times may further affect state or cause further side effects ( such as financial transactions ) . In some cases this may be desirable , but in other cases this could be due to an accident , such as when a user does not realize that their action will result in sending another request , or they did not receive adequate feedback that their first request was successful . While web browsers may show alert dialog boxes to warn users in some cases where reloading a page may re-submit a POST request , it is generally up to the web application to handle cases where a POST request should not be submitted more than once . Note that whether a method is idempotent is not enforced by the protocol or web server . It is perfectly possible to write a web application in which ( for example ) a database insert or other non-idempotent action is triggered by a GET or other request . Ignoring this recommendation , however , may result in undesirable consequences , if a user agent assumes that repeating the same request is safe when it is n't . Security ( edit ) The TRACE method can be used as part of a class of attacks known as cross-site tracing ; for that reason , common security advice is for it to be disabled in the server configuration . Microsoft IIS supports a proprietary `` TRACK '' method , which behaves similarly , and which is likewise recommended to be disabled . Summary table ( edit ) HTTP Method RFC Request Has Body Response Has Body Safe Idempotent Cacheable GET RFC 7231 Optional Yes Yes Yes Yes HEAD RFC 7231 No No Yes Yes Yes POST RFC 7231 Yes Yes No No Yes PUT RFC 7231 Yes Yes No Yes No DELETE RFC 7231 No Yes No Yes No CONNECT RFC 7231 Yes Yes No No No OPTIONS RFC 7231 Optional Yes Yes Yes No TRACE RFC 7231 No Yes Yes Yes No PATCH RFC 5789 Yes Yes No No No Status codes ( edit ) See also : List of HTTP status codes In HTTP / 1.0 and since , the first line of the HTTP response is called the status line and includes a numeric status code ( such as `` 404 '' ) and a textual reason phrase ( such as `` Not Found '' ) . The way the user agent handles the response primarily depends on the code and secondarily on the other response header fields . Custom status codes can be used since , if the user agent encounters a code it does not recognize , it can use the first digit of the code to determine the general class of the response . The standard reason phrases are only recommendations and can be replaced with `` local equivalents '' at the web developer 's discretion . If the status code indicated a problem , the user agent might display the reason phrase to the user to provide further information about the nature of the problem . The standard also allows the user agent to attempt to interpret the reason phrase , though this might be unwise since the standard explicitly specifies that status codes are machine - readable and reason phrases are human - readable . HTTP status code is primarily divided into five groups for better explanation of request and responses between client and server as named : Informational 1XX , Successful 2XX , Redirection 3XX , Client Error 4XX and Server Error 5XX . Persistent connections ( edit ) Main article : HTTP persistent connection In HTTP / 0.9 and 1.0 , the connection is closed after a single request / response pair . In HTTP / 1.1 a keep - alive - mechanism was introduced , where a connection could be reused for more than one request . Such persistent connections reduce request latency perceptibly , because the client does not need to re-negotiate the TCP 3 - Way - Handshake connection after the first request has been sent . Another positive side effect is that in general the connection becomes faster with time due to TCP 's slow - start - mechanism . Version 1.1 of the protocol also made bandwidth optimization improvements to HTTP / 1.0 . For example , HTTP / 1.1 introduced chunked transfer encoding to allow content on persistent connections to be streamed rather than buffered . HTTP pipelining further reduces lag time , allowing clients to send multiple requests before waiting for each response . Another addition to the protocol was byte serving , where a server transmits just the portion of a resource explicitly requested by a client . HTTP session state ( edit ) HTTP is a stateless protocol . A stateless protocol does not require the HTTP server to retain information or status about each user for the duration of multiple requests . However , some web applications implement states or server side sessions using for instance HTTP cookies or hidden variables within web forms . Encrypted connections ( edit ) The most popular way of establishing an encrypted HTTP connection is HTTP Secure . Two other methods for establishing an encrypted HTTP connection also exist : Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol , and using the HTTP / 1.1 Upgrade header to specify an upgrade to TLS . Browser support for these two is , however , nearly non-existent . Message format ( edit ) The client and server communicate by sending plain - text ( ASCII ) messages . The client sends requests to the server and the server sends responses . Request message ( edit ) The request message consists of the following : A request line ( e.g. , GET / images / logo. png HTTP / 1.1 , which requests a resource called / images / logo. png from the server ) . Request header fields ( e.g. , Accept - Language : en ) . An empty line . An optional message body . The request line and other header fields must each end with < CR > < LF > ( that is , a carriage return character followed by a line feed character ) . The empty line must consist of only < CR > < LF > and no other whitespace . In the HTTP / 1.1 protocol , all header fields except Host are optional . A request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP / 1.0 specification in RFC 1945 . Response message ( edit ) The response message consists of the following : A status line which includes the status code and reason message ( e.g. , HTTP / 1.1 200 OK , which indicates that the client 's request succeeded ) . Response header fields ( e.g. , Content - Type : text / html ) . An empty line . An optional message body . The status line and other header fields must all end with < CR > < LF > . The empty line must consist of only < CR > < LF > and no other whitespace . This strict requirement for < CR > < LF > is relaxed somewhat within message bodies for consistent use of other system linebreaks such as < CR > or < LF > alone . Example session ( edit ) Below is a sample conversation between an HTTP client and an HTTP server running on www.example.com , port 80 . As mentioned in the previous sections , all the data is sent in a plain - text ( ASCII ) encoding , using a two - byte CR LF ( ' \ r \ n ' ) line ending at the end of each line . Client request ( edit ) GET / index. html HTTP / 1.1 Host : www.example.com A client request ( consisting in this case of the request line and only one header field ) is followed by a blank line , so that the request ends with a double newline , each in the form of a carriage return followed by a line feed . The `` Host '' field distinguishes between various DNS names sharing a single IP address , allowing name - based virtual hosting . While optional in HTTP / 1.0 , it is mandatory in HTTP / 1.1 . Server response ( edit ) HTTP / 1.1 200 OK Date : Mon , 23 May 2005 22 : 38 : 34 GMT Content - Type : text / html ; charset = UTF - 8 Content - Encoding : UTF - 8 Content - Length : 138 Last - Modified : Wed , 08 Jan 2003 23 : 11 : 55 GMT Server : Apache / 1.3. 3.7 ( Unix ) ( Red - Hat / Linux ) ETag : `` 3f80f - 1b6 - 3e1cb03b '' Accept - Ranges : bytes Connection : close < html > < head > < title > An Example Page < / title > < / head > < body > Hello World , this is a very simple HTML document . < / body > < / html > The ETag ( entity tag ) header field is used to determine if a cached version of the requested resource is identical to the current version of the resource on the server . Content - Type specifies the Internet media type of the data conveyed by the HTTP message , while Content - Length indicates its length in bytes . The HTTP / 1.1 webserver publishes its ability to respond to requests for certain byte ranges of the document by setting the field Accept - Ranges : bytes . This is useful , if the client needs to have only certain portions of a resource sent by the server , which is called byte serving . When Connection : close is sent , it means that the web server will close the TCP connection immediately after the transfer of this response . Most of the header lines are optional . When Content - Length is missing the length is determined in other ways . Chunked transfer encoding uses a chunk size of 0 to mark the end of the content . Identity encoding without Content - Length reads content until the socket is closed . A Content - Encoding like gzip can be used to compress the transmitted data . Similar protocols ( edit ) The Gopher protocol was a content delivery protocol that was displaced by HTTP in the early 1990s . The SPDY protocol is an alternative to HTTP developed at Google , it is superseded by the new HTTP protocol , HTTP / 2 . See also ( edit ) HTTP Persistence Compression HTTPS Request methods OPTIONS GET HEAD POST PUT DELETE TRACE CONNECT PATCH Header fields Cookie ETag Location HTTP referer DNT X-Forwarded - For Status codes 301 Moved Permanently 302 Found 303 See Other 403 Forbidden 404 Not Found 451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons Basic access authentication Constrained Application Protocol -- A semantically similar protocol to HTTP but used UDP or UDP - like messages targeted for devices with limited processing capability . Re-uses HTTP and other internet concepts like Internet media type and web linking ( RFC 5988 ) Content negotiation Curl - loader -- HTTP / S loading and testing open - source software Digest access authentication Fiddler ( software ) HTTP compression HTTP / 2 -- developed by the IETF 's Hypertext Transfer Protocol Bis ( httpbis ) working group . HTTP - MPLEX -- A backwards compatible enhancement to HTTP to improve page and web object retrieval time in congested networks proposed by Robert Mattson HTTPS List of file transfer protocols List of HTTP header fields List of HTTP status codes Representational state transfer ( REST ) Variant object Waka ( protocol ) -- An HTTP replacement proposed by Roy Fielding Web cache WebSocket Wireshark YXORP , a reverse proxy for the HTTP protocol Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fielding , Roy T. ; Gettys , James ; Mogul , Jeffrey C. ; Nielsen , Henrik Frystyk ; Masinter , Larry ; Leach , Paul J. ; Berners - Lee , Tim ( June 1999 ) . Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP / 1.1 . IETF . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 7301 - Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) Application - Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension '' . IETF . July 2014 . Jump up ^ Belshe , M. ; Peon , R. ; Thomson , M. `` Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 , Use of TLS Features '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Operation '' . p. 12 . sec . 1.4 . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-1.4 . Jump up ^ Berners - Lee , Tim . `` HyperText Transfer Protocol '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Tim Berners - Lee . `` The Original HTTP as defined in 1991 '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Raggett , Dave . `` Dave Raggett 's Bio '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Raggett , Dave ; Berners - Lee , Tim . `` Hypertext Transfer Protocol Working Group '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Raggett , Dave . `` HTTP WG Plans '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Simon Spero . `` Progress on HTTP - NG '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HTTP / 1.1 '' . Webcom.com Glossary entry . Archived from the original on 2001 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Fielding , Roy T. ; Reschke , Julian F. ( June 2014 ) . Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP / 1.1 ) : Authentication . IETF . RFC 7235 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7235 . Jump up ^ Berners - Lee , Tim ; Fielding , Roy T. ; Nielsen , Henrik Frystyk . `` Method Definitions '' . Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP / 1.0 . IETF . pp. 30 -- 32 . sec. 8 . RFC 1945 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1945#section-8 . Jump up ^ `` Method Definitions '' . pp. 51 -- 57 . sec. 9 . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ian ( 2004 ) . `` URIs , Addressability , and the use of HTTP GET and POST '' . Technical Architecture Group finding . W3C . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` POST '' . p. 54 . sec . 9.5 . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.5 . Jump up ^ `` PUT '' . p. 55 . sec . 9.6 . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.6 . Jump up ^ `` CONNECT '' . Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP / 1.1 . IETF . June 1999 . p. 57 . sec . 9.9 . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.9 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Khare , Rohit ; Lawrence , Scott ( May 2000 ) . Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP / 1.1 . IETF . RFC 2817 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2817 . Jump up ^ `` Vulnerability Note VU # 150227 : HTTP proxy default configurations allow arbitrary TCP connections '' . US - CERT. 2002 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dusseault , Lisa ; Snell , James M. ( March 2010 ) . PATCH Method for HTTP . IETF . RFC 5789 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5789 . Jump up ^ `` Method '' . p. 36 . sec. 5.1. 1 . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-5.1.1 . ^ Jump up to : Ediger , Brad ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) . Advanced Rails : Building Industrial - Strength Web Apps in Record Time . O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 188 . ISBN 0596519729 . A common mistake is to use GET for an action that updates a resource . ( ... ) This problem came into the Rails public eye in 2005 , when the Google Web Accelerator was released . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Christian ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) . `` What Have We Learned From the Google Web Accelerator ? '' . Adobe Blogs . Adobe . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cross Site Tracing '' . OWASP . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Status - Line '' . p. 39 . sec . 6.1 . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-6.1 . Jump up ^ Canavan , John ( 2001 ) . Fundamentals of Networking Security . Norwood , MA : Artech House . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 9781580531764 . Jump up ^ Zalewski , Michal . `` Browser Security Handbook '' . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chromium Issue 4527 : implement RFC 2817 : Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP / 1.1 '' . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mozilla Bug 276813 -- ( RFE ) Support RFC 2817 / TLS Upgrade for HTTP 1.1 '' . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` HTTP Message '' . p. 31 . sec. 4 . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-4 . Jump up ^ `` Apache Week . HTTP / 1.1 '' . 090502 apacheweek.com Jump up ^ `` Canonicalization and Text Defaults '' . sec. 3.7. 1 . RFC 2616 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-3.7.1 . Jump up ^ Luotonen , Ari ; Franks , John ( February 22 , 1996 ) . Byte Range Retrieval Extension to HTTP . IETF . I-D draft - ietf - http - range - retrieval - 00 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-http-range-retrieval-00 . Jump up ^ Nottingham , Mark ( October 2010 ) . Web Linking . IETF . RFC 5988 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988 . Jump up ^ `` Hypertext Transfer Protocol Bis ( httpbis ) -- Charter '' . IETF. 2012 . References ( edit ) HTTP 0.9 -- As Implemented in 1991 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to HTTP . `` Change History for HTTP '' . W3.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . A detailed technical history of HTTP . `` Design Issues for HTTP '' . W3.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Design Issues by Berners - Lee when he was designing the protocol . `` Classic HTTP Documents '' . W3.org. 1998 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . list of other classic documents recounting the early protocol history HTTP / 2 Website Online Tester Semantic Web Background Databases Hypertext Internet Ontologies Semantic networks World Wide Web Sub-topics Data Web Dataspaces Hyperdata Linked data Rule - based systems Applications Semantic analytics Semantic broker Semantic computing Semantic mapper Semantic matching Semantic publishing Semantic reasoner Semantic search Semantic service - oriented architecture Semantic wiki Related topics Collective intelligence Description logic Folksonomy Geotagging Information architecture Knowledge extraction Knowledge management Knowledge representation and reasoning Library 2.0 Metadata Mind mapping ODBC References Topic map Web 2.0 Web engineering Web Science Trust Standards Syntax and supporting technologies HTTP IRI URI RDF triples RDF / XML JSON - LD Turtle TriG Notation3 N - Triples TriX ( no W3C standard ) RRID SPARQL XML Schemas , ontologies and rules Common Logic OWL RDFS Rule Interchange Format Semantic Web Rule Language ALPS Semantic annotation eRDF GRDDL Microdata Microformats RDFa SAWSDL Facebook Platform Common vocabularies DOAP Dublin Core FOAF Schema.org SIOC SKOS Microformat vocabularies hAtom hCalendar hCard hProduct hRecipe hResume hReview Uniform Resource Identifier ( URI ) schemes Official about acct crid data file geo gopher http https info ldap mailto sip / sips tag tel urn view - source wais ws / wss Unofficial coffee ed2k feed irc / irc6 / ircs ldaps magnet ymsgr Protocol list Web interfaces Server - side Protocols HTTP CGI SCGI FCGI AJP WSRP WebSocket Server APIs C NSAPI C ASAPI C ISAPI COM ASP Java servlet container CLI OWIN ASP.NET Handler Python WSGI Ruby Rack JavaScript JSGI Perl PSGI Lua WSAPI Portlet container Apache modules mod_jk mod_lisp mod_mono mod_parrot mod_perl mod_php mod_proxy mod_python mod_wsgi mod_ruby Phusion Passenger Topics Web resource vs. Web service Open API Webhook Application server comparison Scripting Client - side Browser APIs C NPAPI LiveConnect XPConnect C NPRuntime C PPAPI NaCl ActiveX BHO XBAP WebAssembly Web APIs W3C Audio Canvas CORS DOM DOM events EME File Geolocation IndexedDB MSE SSE SVG Video WebRTC WebSocket Web messaging Web storage Web worker XMLHttpRequest Khronos WebCL WebGL Others Gears Web SQL Database ( formerly W3C ) Topics Ajax vs. DHTML Mashup Web IDL Scripting Topics Dynamic web page Open Web Platform Rich Internet application Web application LCCN : sh97000529 GND : 4479982 - 2 BNF : cb12556450f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol&oldid=819450409 '' Categories : Hypertext Transfer Protocol Application layer protocols Internet protocols Network protocols World Wide Web World Wide Web Consortium standards Computer - related introductions in 1991 Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 12 : 50 . 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Question: the first line of http request message is called ____