Null hypothesis - wikipedia Null hypothesis Jump to : navigation , search For the publication , see Null Hypothesis : The Journal of Unlikely Science . Ronald Fisher Jerzy Neyman In inferential statistics , the term `` null hypothesis '' is a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena , or no association among groups . Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis -- and thus concluding that there are grounds for believing that there is a relationship between two phenomena ( e.g. that a potential treatment has a measurable effect ) -- is a central task in the modern practice of science ; the field of statistics gives precise criteria for rejecting a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is generally assumed to be true until evidence indicates otherwise . In statistics , it is often denoted H ( read `` H - nought '' , `` H - null '' , `` H - oh '' , or `` H - zero '' ) . The concept of a null hypothesis is used differently in two approaches to statistical inference . In the significance testing approach of Ronald Fisher , a null hypothesis is rejected if the observed data are significantly unlikely to have occurred if the null hypothesis were true . In this case the null hypothesis is rejected and an alternative hypothesis is accepted in its place . If the data are consistent with the null hypothesis , then the null hypothesis is not rejected . In neither case is the null hypothesis or its alternative proven ; the null hypothesis is tested with data and a decision is made based on how likely or unlikely the data are . This is analogous to the legal principle of presumption of innocence , in which a suspect or defendant is assumed to be innocent ( null is not rejected ) until proven guilty ( null is rejected ) beyond a reasonable doubt ( to a statistically significant degree ) . In the hypothesis testing approach of Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson , a null hypothesis is contrasted with an alternative hypothesis and the two hypotheses are distinguished on the basis of data , with certain error rates . Proponents of each approach criticize the other approach . Nowadays , though , a hybrid approach is widely practiced and presented in textbooks . The hybrid is in turn criticized as incorrect and incoherent -- for details , see Statistical hypothesis testing . Statistical inference can be done without a null hypothesis , by specifying a statistical model corresponding to each candidate hypothesis and using model selection techniques to choose the most appropriate model . ( The most common selection techniques are based on either Akaike information criterion or Bayes factor . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Principle 2 Basic definitions 3 Example 4 Terminology 5 Goals of null hypothesis tests 6 Choice of the null hypothesis 6.1 Directionality 6.1. 1 Tailedness of the null - hypothesis test 6.1. 2 Discussion 7 History of statistical tests 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Principle ( edit ) Hypothesis testing requires constructing a statistical model of what the data would look like , given that chance or random processes alone were responsible for the results . The hypothesis that chance alone is responsible for the results is called the null hypothesis . The model of the result of the random process is called the distribution under the null hypothesis . The obtained results are then compared with the distribution under the null hypothesis , and the likelihood of finding the obtained results is thereby determined . Hypothesis testing works by collecting data and measuring how likely the particular set of data is , assuming the null hypothesis is true , when the study is on a randomly selected representative sample . The null hypothesis assumes no relationship between variables in the population from which the sample is selected . If the data - set of a randomly selected representative sample is very unlikely relative to the null hypothesis ( defined as being part of a class of sets of data that only rarely will be observed ) , the experimenter rejects the null hypothesis concluding it ( probably ) is false . This class of data - sets is usually specified via a test statistic which is designed to measure the extent of apparent departure from the null hypothesis . The procedure works by assessing whether the observed departure measured by the test statistic is larger than a value defined so that the probability of occurrence of a more extreme value is small under the null hypothesis ( usually in less than either 5 % or 1 % of similar data - sets in which the null hypothesis does hold ) . If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis , then only a weak conclusion can be made : namely , that the observed data set provides no strong evidence against the null hypothesis . In this case , because the null hypothesis could be true or false , in some contexts this is interpreted as meaning that the data give insufficient evidence to make any conclusion ; in other contexts it is interpreted as meaning that there is no evidence to support changing from a currently useful regime to a different one . For instance , a certain drug may reduce the chance of having a heart attack . Possible null hypotheses are `` this drug does not reduce the chances of having a heart attack '' or `` this drug has no effect on the chances of having a heart attack '' . The test of the hypothesis consists of administering the drug to half of the people in a study group as a controlled experiment . If the data show a statistically significant change in the people receiving the drug , the null hypothesis is rejected . Basic definitions ( edit ) The null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis are types of conjectures used in statistical tests , which are formal methods of reaching conclusions or making decisions on the basis of data . The hypotheses are conjectures about a statistical model of the population , which are based on a sample of the population . The tests are core elements of statistical inference , heavily used in the interpretation of scientific experimental data , to separate scientific claims from statistical noise . `` The statement being tested in a test of statistical significance is called the null hypothesis . The test of significance is designed to assess the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis . Usually , the null hypothesis is a statement of ' no effect ' or ' no difference ' . '' It is often symbolized as H . The statement that is being tested against the null hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis . Symbols include H and H . Statistical significance test : `` Very roughly , the procedure for deciding goes like this : Take a random sample from the population . If the sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis , then do not reject the null hypothesis ; if the sample data are inconsistent with the null hypothesis , then reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the alternative hypothesis is true . '' The following sections add context and nuance to the basic definitions . Example ( edit ) Given the test scores of two random samples of men and women , does one group differ from the other ? A possible null hypothesis is that the mean male score is the same as the mean female score : H : μ = μ where H = the null hypothesis , μ = the mean of population 1 , and μ = the mean of population 2 . A stronger null hypothesis is that the two samples are drawn from the same population , such that the variances and shapes of the distributions are also equal . Terminology ( edit ) Main article : Statistical hypothesis testing § Definition of terms Simple hypothesis Any hypothesis which specifies the population distribution completely . For such a hypothesis the sampling distribution of any statistic is a function of the sample size alone . Composite hypothesis Any hypothesis which does not specify the population distribution completely . Example : A hypothesis specifying a normal distribution with a specified mean and an unspecified variance . The simple / composite distinction was made by Neyman and Pearson . Exact hypothesis Any hypothesis that specifies an exact parameter value . Example : μ = 100 . Synonym : point hypothesis . Inexact hypothesis Those specifying a parameter range or interval . Examples : μ ≤ 100 ; 95 ≤ μ ≤ 105 . Fisher required an exact null hypothesis for testing ( see the quotations below ) . A one - tailed hypothesis ( tested using a one - sided test ) is an inexact hypothesis in which the value of a parameter is specified as being either : above or equal to a certain value , or below or equal to a certain value . A one - tailed hypothesis is said to have directionality . Fisher 's original ( lady tasting tea ) example was a one - tailed test . The null hypothesis was asymmetric . The probability of guessing all cups correctly was the same as guessing all cups incorrectly , but Fisher noted that only guessing correctly was compatible with the lady 's claim . ( See the quotations below about his reasoning . ) Goals of null hypothesis tests ( edit ) There are many types of significance tests for one , two or more samples , for means , variances and proportions , paired or unpaired data , for different distributions , for large and small samples ; all have null hypotheses . There are also at least four goals of null hypotheses for significance tests : Technical null hypotheses are used to verify statistical assumptions . For example , the residuals between the data and a statistical model can not be distinguished from random noise . If true , there is no justification for complicating the model . Scientific null assumptions are used to directly advance a theory . For example , the angular momentum of the universe is zero . If not true , the theory of the early universe may need revision . Null hypotheses of homogeneity are used to verify that multiple experiments are producing consistent results . For example , the effect of a medication on the elderly is consistent with that of the general adult population . If true , this strengthens the general effectiveness conclusion and simplifies recommendations for use . Null hypotheses that assert the equality of effect of two or more alternative treatments , for example , a drug and a placebo , are used to reduce scientific claims based on statistical noise . This is the most popular null hypothesis ; It is so popular that many statements about significant testing assume such null hypotheses . Rejection of the null hypothesis is not necessarily the real goal of a significance tester . An adequate statistical model may be associated with a failure to reject the null ; the model is adjusted until the null is not rejected . The numerous uses of significance testing were well known to Fisher who discussed many in his book written a decade before defining the null hypothesis . A statistical significance test shares much mathematics with a confidence interval . They are mutually illuminating . A result is often significant when there is confidence in the sign of a relationship ( the interval does not include 0 ) . Whenever the sign of a relationship is important , statistical significance is a worthy goal . This also reveals weaknesses of significance testing : A result can be significant without a good estimate of the strength of a relationship ; significance can be a modest goal . A weak relationship can also achieve significance with enough data . Reporting both significance and confidence intervals is commonly recommended . The varied uses of significance tests reduce the number of generalizations that can be made about all applications . Choice of the null hypothesis ( edit ) The choice of the null hypothesis is associated with sparse and inconsistent advice . Fisher mentioned few constraints on the choice and stated that many null hypotheses should be considered and that many tests are possible for each . The variety of applications and the diversity of goals suggests that the choice can be complicated . In many applications the formulation of the test is traditional . A familiarity with the range of tests available may suggest a particular null hypothesis and test . Formulating the null hypothesis is not automated ( though the calculations of significance testing usually are ) . Sir David Cox has said , `` How ( the ) translation from subject - matter problem to statistical model is done is often the most critical part of an analysis '' . A statistical significance test is intended to test a hypothesis . If the hypothesis summarizes a set of data , there is no value in testing the hypothesis on that set of data . Example : If a study of last year 's weather reports indicates that rain in a region falls primarily on weekends , it is only valid to test that null hypothesis on weather reports from any other year . Testing hypotheses suggested by the data is circular reasoning that proves nothing ; It is a special limitation on the choice of the null hypothesis . A routine procedure is as follows : Start from the scientific hypothesis . Translate this to a statistical alternative hypothesis and proceed : `` Because H expresses the effect that we wish to find evidence for , we often begin with H and then set up H as the statement that the hoped - for effect is not present . '' This advice is reversed for modeling applications where we hope not to find evidence against the null . A complex case example is as follows : The gold standard in clinical research is the randomized placebo - controlled double - blind clinical trial . But testing a new drug against a ( medically ineffective ) placebo may be unethical for a serious illness . Testing a new drug against an older medically effective drug raises fundamental philosophical issues regarding the goal of the test and the motivation of the experimenters . The standard `` no difference '' null hypothesis may reward the pharmaceutical company for gathering inadequate data . `` Difference '' is a better null hypothesis in this case , but statistical significance is not an adequate criterion for reaching a nuanced conclusion which requires a good numeric estimate of the drug 's effectiveness . A `` minor '' or `` simple '' proposed change in the null hypothesis ( ( new vs old ) rather than ( new vs placebo ) ) can have a dramatic effect on the utility of a test for complex non-statistical reasons . Directionality ( edit ) Main article : One - and two - tailed tests This section is too long . Consider splitting it into new pages , adding subheadings , or condensing it . ( September 2014 ) The choice of null hypothesis ( H ) and consideration of directionality ( see `` one - tailed test '' ) is critical . Tailedness of the null - hypothesis test ( edit ) Consider the question of whether a tossed coin is fair ( i.e. that on average it lands heads up 50 % of the time ) and an experiment where you toss the coin 5 times . A possible result of the experiment that we consider here is 5 heads . Let outcomes be considered unlikely with respect to an assumed distribution if their probability is lower than a significance threshold of 0.05 . A potential null hypothesis implying a one - tail test is `` this coin is not biased toward heads '' . Beware that , in this context , the word `` tail '' takes two meanings : either as outcome of a single toss , or as region of extremal values in a probability distribution . Indeed , with a fair coin the probability of this experiment outcome is 1 / 2 = 0.031 , which would be even lower if the coin were biased in favour of tails . Therefore , the observations are not likely enough for the null hypothesis to hold , and the test refutes it . Since the coin is ostensibly neither fair nor biased toward tails , the conclusion of the experiment is that the coin is biased towards heads . Alternatively , a null hypothesis implying a two - tailed test is `` this coin is fair '' . This one null hypothesis could be examined by looking out for either too many tails or too many heads in the experiments . The outcomes that would tend to refuse this null hypothesis are those with a large number of heads or a large number of tails , and our experiment with 5 heads would seem to belong to this class . However , the probability of 5 tosses of the same kind , irrespective of whether these are head or tails , is twice as much as that of the 5 - head occurrence singly considered . Hence , under this two - tailed null hypothesis , the observation receives a probability value of 0.063 . Hence again , with the same significance threshold used for the one - tailed test ( 0.05 ) , the same outcome is not statistically significant . Therefore , the two - tailed null hypothesis will be preserved in this case , not supporting the conclusion reached with the single - tailed null hypothesis , that the coin is biased towards heads . This example illustrates that the conclusion reached from a statistical test may depend on the precise formulation of the null and alternative hypotheses . Discussion ( edit ) Fisher said , `` the null hypothesis must be exact , that is free of vagueness and ambiguity , because it must supply the basis of the ' problem of distribution , ' of which the test of significance is the solution '' , implying a more restrictive domain for H. According to this view , the null hypothesis must be numerically exact -- it must state that a particular quantity or difference is equal to a particular number . In classical science , it is most typically the statement that there is no effect of a particular treatment ; in observations , it is typically that there is no difference between the value of a particular measured variable and that of a prediction . Most statisticians believe that it is valid to state direction as a part of null hypothesis , or as part of a null hypothesis / alternative hypothesis pair . However , the results are not a full description of all the results of an experiment , merely a single result tailored to one particular purpose . For example , consider an H that claims the population mean for a new treatment is an improvement on a well - established treatment with population mean = 10 ( known from long experience ) , with the one - tailed alternative being that the new treatment 's mean > 10 . If the sample evidence obtained through x-bar equals − 200 and the corresponding t - test statistic equals − 50 , the conclusion from the test would be that there is no evidence that the new treatmnent is better than the existing one : it would not report that it is markedly worse , but that is not what this particular test is looking for . To overcome any possible ambiguity in reporting the result of the test of a null hypothesis , it is best to indicate whether the test was two - sided and , if one - sided , to include the direction of the effect being tested . The statistical theory required to deal with the simple cases of directionality dealt with here , and more complicated ones , makes use of the concept of an unbiased test . The directionality of hypotheses is not always obvious . The explicit null hypothesis of Fisher 's Lady tasting tea example was that the Lady had no such ability , which led to a symmetric probability distribution . The one - tailed nature of the test resulted from the one - tailed alternate hypothesis ( a term not used by Fisher ) . The null hypothesis became implicitly one - tailed . The logical negation of the Lady 's one - tailed claim was also one - tailed . ( Claim : Ability > 0 ; Stated null : Ability = 0 ; Implicit null : Ability ≤ 0 ) . Pure arguments over the use of one - tailed tests are complicated by the variety of tests . Some tests ( for instance the χ goodness of fit test ) are inherently one - tailed . Some probability distributions are asymmetric . The traditional tests of 3 or more groups are two - tailed . Advice concerning the use of one - tailed hypotheses has been inconsistent and accepted practice varies among fields . The greatest objection to one - tailed hypotheses is their potential subjectivity . A non-significant result can sometimes be converted to a significant result by the use of a one - tailed hypothesis ( as the fair coin test , at the whim of the analyst ) . The flip side of the argument : One - sided tests are less likely to ignore a real effect . One - tailed tests can suppress the publication of data that differs in sign from predictions . Objectivity was a goal of the developers of statistical tests . It is a common practice to use a one - tailed hypotheses by default . However , `` If you do not have a specific direction firmly in mind in advance , use a two - sided alternative . Moreover , some users of statistics argue that we should always work with the two - sided alternative . '' One alternative to this advice is to use three - outcome tests . It eliminates the issues surrounding directionality of hypotheses by testing twice , once in each direction and combining the results to produce three possible outcomes . Variations on this approach have a history , being suggested perhaps 10 times since 1950 . Disagreements over one - tailed tests flow from the philosophy of science . While Fisher was willing to ignore the unlikely case of the Lady guessing all cups of tea incorrectly ( which may have been appropriate for the circumstances ) , medicine believes that a proposed treatment that kills patients is significant in every sense and should be reported and perhaps explained . Poor statistical reporting practices have contributed to disagreements over one - tailed tests . Statistical significance resulting from two - tailed tests is insensitive to the sign of the relationship ; Reporting significance alone is inadequate . `` The treatment has an effect '' is the uninformative result of a two - tailed test . `` The treatment has a beneficial effect '' is the more informative result of a one - tailed test . `` The treatment has an effect , reducing the average length of hospitalization by 1.5 days '' is the most informative report , combining a two - tailed significance test result with a numeric estimate of the relationship between treatment and effect . Explicitly reporting a numeric result eliminates a philosophical advantage of a one - tailed test . An underlying issue is the appropriate form of an experimental science without numeric predictive theories : A model of numeric results is more informative than a model of effect signs ( positive , negative or unknown ) which is more informative than a model of simple significance ( non-zero or unknown ) ; in the absence of numeric theory signs may suffice . History of statistical tests ( edit ) Main article : Statistical hypothesis testing § Origins and early controversy The history of the null and alternative hypotheses is embedded in the history of statistical tests . Before 1925 : There are occasional transient traces of statistical tests for centuries in the past , which provide early examples of null hypotheses . In the late 19th century statistical significance was defined . In the early 20th century important probability distributions were defined . Gossett and Pearson worked on specific cases of significance testing . 1925 : Fisher published the first edition of Statistical Methods for Research Workers which defined the statistical significance test and made it a mainstream method of analysis for much of experimental science . The text was devoid of proofs and weak on explanations , but it was filled with real examples . It placed statistical practice in the sciences well in advance of published statistical theory . 1933 : In a series of papers ( published over a decade starting in 1928 ) Neyman & Pearson defined the statistical hypothesis test as a proposed improvement on Fisher 's test . The papers provided much of the terminology for statistical tests including alternative hypothesis and H as a hypothesis to be tested using observational data ( with H , H ... as alternatives ) . Neyman did not use the term null hypothesis in later writings about his method . 1935 : Fisher published the first edition of the book `` The Design of Experiments '' which introduced the null hypothesis ( by example rather than by definition ) and carefully explained the rationale for significance tests in the context of the interpretation of experimental results ; see The Design of Experiments # Quotations regarding the null hypothesis . Following : Fisher and Neyman quarreled over the relative merits of their competing formulations until Fisher 's death in 1962 . Career changes and World War II ended the partnership of Neyman and Pearson . The formulations were merged by relatively anonymous textbook writers , experimenters ( journal editors ) and mathematical statisticians without input from the principals . The subject today combines much of the terminology and explanatory power of Neyman & Pearson with the scientific philosophy and calculations provided by Fisher . Whether statistical testing is properly one subject or two remains a source of disagreement . Sample of two : One text refers to the subject as hypothesis testing ( with no mention of significance testing in the index ) while another says significance testing ( with a section on inference as a decision ) . Fisher developed significance testing as a flexible tool for researchers to weigh their evidence . Instead testing has become institutionalized . Statistical significance has become a rigidly defined and enforced criterion for the publication of experimental results in many scientific journals . In some fields significance testing has become the dominant and nearly exclusive form of statistical analysis . As a consequence the limitations of the tests have been exhaustively studied . Books have been filled with the collected criticism of significance testing . See also ( edit ) Statistics portal Bayes factor Burden of proof Counternull Estimation statistics Likelihood - ratio test Presumption of innocence Statistical hypothesis testing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everitt , Brian ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics . Cambridge , UK New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521593468 . Jump up ^ Burnham , K.P. ; Anderson , D.R. ( 2002 ) , Model Selection and Multimodel Inference : A Practical Information - Theoretic Approach ( 2nd ed . ) , Springer - Verlag , ISBN 0 - 387 - 95364 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stockburger D.W. ( 2007 ) , `` Hypothesis and hypothesis testing '' , Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics ( editor -- Salkind N.J. ) , Sage Publications . ^ Jump up to : Moore , David ; McCabe , George ( 2003 ) . Introduction to the Practice of Statistics ( 4 ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Co. p. 438 . ISBN 9780716796572 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Neil A. ( 1999 ) . Introductory Statistics ( 5th ed . ) . p. 494 . ISBN 9780201598773 . ^ Jump up to : Neyman , J ; Pearson , E.S. ( January 1 , 1933 ) . `` On the Problem of the most Efficient Tests of Statistical Hypotheses '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 231 ( 694 -- 706 ) : 289 -- 337 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1933.0009 . Jump up ^ Winkler , Robert L ; Hays , William L ( 1975 ) . Statistics : probability , inference , and decision . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . p. 403 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 014011 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Significance Tests '' . Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 14 : 325 -- 331 . 1982 . Jump up ^ Statistical Methods for Research Workers ( 11th Ed ) : Chapter IV : Tests of Goodness of Fit , Independence and Homogeneity ; With Table of χ . Regarding a significance test supporting goodness of fit : If the calculated probability is high then `` there is certainly no reason to suspect that the ( null ) hypothesis is tested . If it is ( low ) it is strongly indicated that the ( null ) hypothesis fails to account for the whole of the facts . '' Jump up ^ Cox , D.R. ( 2006 ) . Principles of Statistical Inference . Cambridge University Press . p. 197 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 68567 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jones , B ; P Jarvis ; JA Lewis ; AF Ebbutt ( 6 July 1996 ) . `` Trials to assess equivalence : the importance of rigorous methods '' . BMJ. 313 : 36 -- 39 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 313.7048. 36 . It is suggested that the default position ( the null hypothesis ) should be that the treatments are not equivalent . Conclusions should be made on the basis of confidence intervals rather than significance . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.A. ( 1966 ) . The Design of Experiments ( 8th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Hafner . Jump up ^ For example see Null hypothesis Jump up ^ Lombardi , Celia M. ; Hurlbert , Stuart H. ( 2009 ) . `` Misprescription and misuse of one - tailed tests '' . Austral Ecology. 34 : 447 -- 468 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1442 - 9993.2009. 01946. x . Discusses the merits and historical usage of one - tailed tests in biology at length . Jump up ^ Bland , J Martin ; Altman , Douglas G ( 23 July 1994 ) . `` One and two sided tests of significance '' . BMJ. 309 : 248 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 309.6949. 248 . With respect to medical statistics : `` In general a one sided test is appropriate when a large difference in one direction would lead to the same action as no difference at all . Expectation of a difference in a particular direction is not adequate justification . '' `` Two sided tests should be used unless there is a very good reason for doing otherwise . If one sided tests are to be used the direction of the test must be specified in advance . One sided tests should never be used simply as a device to make a conventionally non-significant difference significant . '' Jump up ^ Jones , Lyle V. ; Tukey , John W. ( 2000 ) . `` A Sensible Formulation of the Significance Test '' . Psychological Methods. 5 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 414 . doi : 10.1037 / 1082 - 989X. 5.4. 411 . Test results are signed : significant positive effect , significant negative effect or insignificant effect of unknown sign . This is a more nuanced conclusion than that of the two - tailed test . It has the advantages of one - tailed tests without the disadvantages . Jump up ^ Hurlbert , S.H. ; Lombardi , C.M. ( 2009 ) . `` Final collapse of the Neyman - Pearson decision theoretic framework and rise of the neoFisherian '' . Ann . Zool . Fennici. 46 : 311 -- 349 . doi : 10.5735 / 086.046. 0501 . ISSN 1797 - 2450 . ^ Jump up to : Gigerenzer , Gerd ; Zeno Swijtink ; Theodore Porter ; Lorraine Daston ; John Beatty ; Lorenz Kruger ( 1989 ) . `` Part 3 : The Inference Experts '' . The Empire of Chance : How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life . Cambridge University Press . pp. 70 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39838 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lehmann , E.L. ( 2011 ) . Fisher , Neyman , and the creation of classical statistics . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 1441994998 . Jump up ^ Aldrich , John . `` Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Probability & Statistics '' . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Last update 12 march 2003 . From Jeff Miller . Jump up ^ Lehmann , E.L. ( December 1993 ) . `` The Fisher , Neyman - Pearson Theories of Testing Hypotheses : One Theory or Two ? '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association . 88 ( 424 ) : 1242 -- 1249 . doi : 10.1080 / 01621459.1993. 10476404 . Further reading ( edit ) Adèr , H.J. ; Mellenbergh , G.J. & Hand , D.J. ( 2007 ) . Advising on research methods : A consultant 's companion . Huizen , The Netherlands : Johannes van Kessel Publishing . ISBN 90 - 79418 - 01 - 3 . Efron , B. ( 2004 ) . `` Large - Scale Simultaneous Hypothesis Testing '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association . 99 ( 465 ) : 96 . doi : 10.1198 / 016214504000000089 . The application of significance testing in this paper is an outlier . Tests to find a null hypothesis ? Not trying to show significance , but to find interesting cases ? Rice , William R. ; Gaines , Steven D. ( June 1994 ) . `` ' Heads I win , tails you lose ' : testing directional alternative hypotheses in ecological and evolutionary research '' . TREE. 9 ( 6 ) : 235 -- 237 . doi : 10.1016 / 0169 - 5347 ( 94 ) 90258 - 5 . Directed tests combine the attributes of one - tailed and two - tailed tests . `` ... directed tests should be used in virtually all applications where one - sided tests have previously been used , excepting those cases where the data can only deviate from H , in one direction . 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Question: the value in the null hypothesis comes from what

defined so that the probability of occurrence of a more extreme value is small under the null hypothesis (usually in less than either 5% or 1% of similar data-sets in which the null hypothesis does hold)


The Good Doctor ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Good Doctor ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2013 South Korean TV series on which this series is based , see Good Doctor ( TV series ) . The Good Doctor Genre Medical Drama Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae - bum Developed by David Shore Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita Composer ( s ) Dan Romer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 11 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran Lindsay Goffman Producer ( s ) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Surrey , British Columbia Campbell River , British Columbia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia Sony Pictures Television ABC Studios Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Good Doctor External links Official website abc.go.com/shows/the-good-doctor The Good Doctor is an American medical - drama television series based on the 2013 award winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor , first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network in 2015 . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama , House , to develop the series . The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . The Good Doctor began airing on ABC on September 25 , 2017 . It has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise given to Highmore 's performance , and strong television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from a small town , Casper , Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to join the prestigious surgical department at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy : A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents . He is also engaged to Jessica Preston . Antonia Thomas as Claire Browne : A surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Jared Kalu : A surgical resident from a wealthy family . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman . She is also engaged to Dr. Melendez . Irene Keng as Elle McLean : A resident ( appeared only in the pilot ) Hill Harper as Marcus Andrews : Chief of surgery and board member . Richard Schiff as Aaron Glassman : President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki : Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital . Recurring ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Paige Spara as Lea : Shaun 's Love interest / neighbor . Eric Winter as Matt Coyle : A suave doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he makes explicit advances towards one of them . Notable guests ( edit ) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Marsha Thomason as Isabel Andrews : Marcus ' wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . Another doctor is first on the scene and begins applying pressure to the child 's neck . Shaun tells him that he 's pressing on the wrong part of the neck for a child . With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . On the way to the hospital , Shaun notices that the boy 's vitals have changed . Hospital staff are alerted to the arrival of the boy . Shaun tries to tell the doctors about the boy 's vitals , stating that he needs an echo - cardiogram . The doctors disagree and begin surgery . While operating , something goes wrong and Claire Browne , a surgical resident , recalls Shaun mentioning an echo . Thanks to Shaun 's diagnosis , the boy 's life is saved . Meanwhile , in a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 Dr. Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Browne and Dr. Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day . A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain . Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor . Melendez assigns Browne as his number two for the surgery while giving Shaun `` scut work '' - all the work that residents hate doing . On the operating table , the doctors find the tumor is much bigger than expected and has encased all of her arteries . Looking at biopsy results , the residents find out that she is suffering from leiomyosarcoma , making surgery seemingly impossible . Shaun 's ability to visualize the internal organs allows him to figure out that removing one of her kidneys would allow a better look , enough to view and possibly remove the mass . To Browne 's dismay , Kalu suggests Shaun 's idea to Melendez , getting the credit for the idea . Meanwhile , Shaun 's attention to detail in his scut work gets him into trouble . Instead of releasing patients ready for discharge , Shaun rechecks them and orders additional tests . Upon learning this , Melendez assigns Nurse Freydey as Shaun 's `` boss '' for the day . Later , after rechecking a discharged young girl 's test results , Shaun races to her home . The parents are annoyed that he 's bothering them after midnight and at first refuse to let him in . Shaun insists he will not leave before seeing their daughter . His diagnosis is correct and they must rush her to the hospital for surgery to save her life . `` Oliver '' John Dahl Bill Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a patient a liver . They ca n't fly on their way back due to fog and are forced to use a police escort . Problems keep coming one after the other ; first , the liver 's temperature went above the required maximum , forcing them to have a sudden stop at a local store , where they cool it by submerging it in slush . As they proceed with their journey , Shaun discovers that the liver has a clot . With only two hours of viability left , the duo decide to perform an operation on the way in order to remove the clot and flash the left lobe , to protect it from the ice bath . Back at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system ; a likelihood that he might be moved to the bottom of the list . Chuck later confesses that he actually took a drink on his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and the future patients , the hospital decides to move Chuck to the bottom of the list . To their dismay , Shaun and Claire arrive back , only to find out that the liver has to be taken to another patient in another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Through an ultrasound , an expectant woman 's baby is diagnosed with a tumor at his tail bone ; the mom has Antiphospholipid syndrome , making surgery a high risk . Dr. Melendez suggests termination of the pregnancy but Shaun interjects by suggesting clotting pre-operatively with an infusion of unfractionated heparin . Things are further complicated when the woman and eventually her husband refuse to terminate the baby . During surgery , there is a complication ; a blood clot at the artery in her heart . Dr. Kalu has an idea that they should stop her heart and put her on a bypass machine for the duration of the surgery ; that way she wo n't have an heart attack , which turns out to be successful and the doctors reveal she 's carrying a baby boy . With a patient needing a boil lanced , Dr. Melendez assigns Shaun and Dr. Browne on the case , as a punishment for being late . The patient turns out to be a pornographic actress ; she does n't have a boil but a large Bartholin gland abscess and they prep her for surgery the following day . They successfully drain the abscess but discover that she has a Perineal myoma underneath . The fibroid tumor is wrapped around the nerve that facilitates feeling in her genitals . Therefore , the doctors have to remove the tumor but they have to sever the nerve ; hence , losing all feeling in her genitals . Shaun comes up the idea of grafting the distal end of the pudendal nerve to the branch of the femoral cutaneous nerve from her inner thigh ; this will lead to her losing feeling in her thigh while preserving feeling in her genitals . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve , forming a bond with him . The boy 's name is actually Evan and was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm ; unbeknownst to Evan , he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Shaun later suspects that he might have been misdiagnosed with cancer but indeed was suffering from Langerhans cell histiocytosis . In order not to give both Evan and his parents false hopes , Shaun decides to lie , attempting to perform a bone marrow aspiration , but he is caught red - handed by the parents . Subsequently , Evan starts coughing out blood , sending him to the OR . While on the operating table , Dr. Neil Menendez and Dr. Claire Browne discover that the cancer had metastasized , undoubtable proof that he is indeed suffering with terminal cancer . The other doctors are trying to find a prognosis of a 66 - year old man , brought to the hospital by his estranged son , with an allergy causing him to have convulsions . Dr. Browne later finds out that the man is suffering from Echinococcus , a cyst form of tapeworms . Saddened by Evan 's fate , which Evan has in fact known about the whole time , Shaun reads Evan the final few pages of To Kill a Mockingbird , a book of Steve 's that he never finished reading before he died . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Dr. Kalu tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a damaged leg who can either have it amputated , or have an artificial bone inserted . The relative newness of the latter procedure causes a conflict between the man 's parent and his soon - to - be bride . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues her therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over the death of a patient she inadvertently caused in the previous episode . On the other hand , Dr. Kalu gets a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker but his desire is to die ; in order to give him hope on life , Dr. Kalu does everything he can to have him accept treatment , to no avail in which the latter finally lets him sign the DNR . 8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to a fight between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim . 9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Dr. Browne and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Dr. Browne along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer . 10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03 In Dr. Glassman 's office , Shaun sees the therapist hired to help him with in - home visits . He reluctantly agrees to meet with her , but changes his mind after meeting a new patient , Bobby Ato , who convinces him to stop letting people tell him what he can and ca n't do . Ato is a champion gamer , who is in St. Bonaventure for surgery to repair torn ligaments in his left arm . After an MRI , cancer is discovered , making an additional surgery much more complicated and results in doubt . Shaun avoids meeting with his therapist by sleeping in the hospital custodian 's closet at night . Finally , a confrontation with Glassman in the hospital lobby leads to Shaun having a meltdown , causing him to strike Glassman in the face and run out of the hospital . Meanwhile , Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with a new doctor , Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her . After telling Jared about this , he confronts the doctor and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . Later , Dr. Melendez and Jessica have dinner with her father . In a tense situation , Melendez criticizes Mr. Preston as living off his father 's money instead of contributing to society . When Preston offers to pay for their wedding so Jessica can quit her job and start a family , an angry Melendez calls him a `` parasite . '' The next day , Melendez apologizes to Jessica for his remarks and learns that she does n't want to have children . 11 `` Islands Part One '' Bill D'Elia Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) 8.30 12 `` Islands Part Two '' Cherie Nowlan Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) TBD 13 `` Seven Reasons '' TBA TBA January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim . ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Unger ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Horace Andrews ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Ira Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and mentor to Shaun . He was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . With the series order in May , Modu 's character was revealed to have changed to Dr. Jared Kalu ; Harper 's character changed to Dr. Marcus Andrews ; and Schiff 's character changed to Dr. Aaron Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki . Filming ( edit ) The Surrey , British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots . Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and is set to conclude on March 1 , 2018 . Although The Good Doctor is set in San Jose , California , the real San Jose is rarely seen . In one of those scenes , a helicopter supposedly bound for San Francisco was clearly headed in the wrong direction . Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia . Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay - per - view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) A full length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.6 / 7 9.03 1.8 6.67 3.4 15.74 11 `` Islands Part One '' January 8 , 2018 1.6 / 6 8.30 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Islands Part Two '' January 15 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Seven Reasons '' January 22 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . According to TV Guide 's November 13 - 26 issue , the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers , beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 58 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.49 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum '' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice '' . The New York Times television critic , James Poniewozik notes in his Critic 's Notebook column , that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz - bang medical science , a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality . '' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman ( Richard Schiff ) and Dr. Shaun Murphy ( Freddie Highmore ) , however , Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his . '' Speaking of Freddie Highmore 's Golden Globe nomination on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley , writing for Vanity Fair ( magazine ) says : `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him ... '' Bradley feels that Highmore 's perfomance has been `` the central key '' to the show 's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews , most critics have praised Highmore 's work . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pizarro , Sal ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor ' compares to the real thing '' . The Mercury News . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` How ABC Found a surprise Hit in `` The Good Doctor '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM 's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Good Doctor ( @ GoodDoctorABC ) ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` # TheGoodDoctor cast at their first table read ! # TBT '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor ' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot Casts Chuku Modu '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Preston '' . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Beau Garrett Joins ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot ; Sawyer Barth In Fox 's ' Amy 's Brother ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Hill Harper & Irene Keng Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Schedule : Primetime Fall 2017 - 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Richard Schiff Cast In ABC Medical Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 Lead Sheet '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Tamlyn Tomita Upped To Series Regular On ABC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Eric Winter Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mount Rushmore '' . The Good Doctor . Event occurs at 42 : 49 . ABC . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marsha Thomason Scrubs In For ' The Good Doctor ' ; Bahram Khosraviani Joins ' The Brave ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' and ' Supergirl ' rerun adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 111 ) `` Islands Part Two '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Shows A-Z - good doctor , the on abc `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Dae Kim Wants to Bring North Korean Defector Story to Screen ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dae Kim to remake ' Good Doctor ' for CBS '' . The Korea Times . August 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Good Doctor ' to be adapted '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Lands ' The Good Doctor ' Medical Drama From David Shore & Daniel Dae Kim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders Drama Pilots ' The Good Doctor ' & ' Doomsday ' From David Shore , Daniel Dae Kim & Carol Mendesohn '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Drama Starring Freddie Highmore Picked Up To Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Gets Full - Season Order From ABC After 2 Airings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Filming Locations Archive '' . What 's Filming ? . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Liam Neeson , Jeremy Piven , Sandra Oh , Freddie Highmore , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pizarro , Sal ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor ' compares to the real thing '' . The Mercury News . Digital First Media . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romer , Dan ( @ Dan_romer ) ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` I scored @ GoodDoctorABC and it 's premiering tonight at 10 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New US drama The Good Doctor coming exclusively to Sky Living in the UK and Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Sky plc . August 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Patrick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is Giving Australia All Sorts of Feels Right Now '' . Yahoo7 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Wowow acquires ' The Good Doctor ' for Japan '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Trailers for ABC 's New 2017 - 2018 Shows : ' Roseanne ' Returns , Zach Braff Forms ' Alex , Inc . ' & More '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's New Show Trailers : A Critic 's Ranking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ; Greene , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor , ' ' The Gospel of Kevin , ' ' Alex , Inc . ' : ABC Fall TV Trailers , Ranked and Reviewed '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Trailer : 33 Million Views And Counting '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Jeff ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` PaleyFest Fall TV Previews 2017 Lineup Announced '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' & ' Good Doctor ' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( November 2017 ) . `` Off the Charts '' . TV Guide . Vol . November 13 - 26 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's The Good Doctor : Our Fall TV First Impression '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` On ' The Good Doctor , ' the Anti-Antihero Is In '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor finally won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . vanityfair.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . 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Question: when does the good doctor episode 8 air