The Old Man and the Sea - wikipedia The Old Man and the Sea Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Old Man and the Sea ( disambiguation ) . The Old Man and the Sea Original book cover Author Ernest Hemingway Country United States Language English Genre Literary Fiction Published 1952 ( Charles Scribner 's Sons ) Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 127 Awards Pulitzer Prize for fiction ( 1953 ) ISBN 0 - 684 - 80122 - 1 OCLC 19793 Dewey Decimal 813.52 LC Class PS3515. E37 The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Bimini , Bahamas , and published in 1952 . It was the last major work of fiction by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime . One of his most famous works , it tells the story of Santiago , an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba . In 1953 , The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction , and it was cited by the Nobel Committee as contributing to their awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Hemingway in 1954 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background and publication 3 Literary significance and criticism 4 Legacy 5 References 5.1 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The Old Man and the Sea tells the story of a battle between an aging , experienced fisherman , Santiago , and a large marlin . The story opens with Santiago having gone 84 days without catching a fish , and now being seen as `` salao , '' the worst form of unluckiness . He is so unlucky that his young apprentice , Manolin , has been forbidden by his parents to sail with him and has been told instead to fish with successful fishermen . The boy visits Santiago 's shack each night , hauling his fishing gear , preparing food , talking about American baseball and his favorite player , Joe DiMaggio . Santiago tells Manolin that on the next day , he will venture far out into the Gulf Stream , north of Cuba in the Straits of Florida to fish , confident that his unlucky streak is near its end . On the eighty - fifth day of his unlucky streak , Santiago takes his skiff into the Gulf Stream , sets his lines and , by noon , has his bait taken by a big fish that he is sure is a marlin . Unable to haul in the great marlin , Santiago is instead pulled by the marlin , and two days and nights pass with Santiago holding onto the line . Though wounded by the struggle and in pain , Santiago expresses a compassionate appreciation for his adversary , often referring to him as a brother . He also determines that , because of the fish 's great dignity , no one shall deserve to eat the marlin . On the third day , the fish begins to circle the skiff . Santiago , worn out and almost delirious , uses all his remaining strength to pull the fish onto its side and stab the marlin with a harpoon . Santiago straps the marlin to the side of his skiff and heads home , thinking about the high price the fish will bring him at the market and how many people he will feed . On his way in to shore , sharks are attracted to the marlin 's blood . Santiago kills a great mako shark with his harpoon , but he loses the weapon . He makes a new harpoon by strapping his knife to the end of an oar to help ward off the next line of sharks ; five sharks are slain and many others are driven away . But the sharks keep coming , and by nightfall the sharks have almost devoured the marlin 's entire carcass , leaving a skeleton consisting mostly of its backbone , its tail and its head . Santiago knows that he is defeated and tells the sharks of how they have killed his dreams . Upon reaching the shore before dawn on the next day , Santiago struggles to his shack , carrying the heavy mast on his shoulder , leaving the fish head and the bones on the shore . Once home , he slumps onto his bed and falls into a deep sleep . A group of fishermen gather the next day around the boat where the fish 's skeleton is still attached . One of the fishermen measures it to be 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) from nose to tail . Pedrico is given the head of the fish , and the other fishermen tell Manolin to tell the old man how sorry they are . Tourists at the nearby café mistakenly take it for a shark . The boy , worried about the old man , cries upon finding him safe asleep and at his injured hands . Manolin brings him newspapers and coffee . When the old man wakes , they promise to fish together once again . Upon his return to sleep , Santiago dreams of his youth -- of lions on an African beach . Background and publication ( edit ) No good book has ever been written that has in it symbols arrived at beforehand and stuck in ... I tried to make a real old man , a real boy , a real sea and a real fish and real sharks . But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things . Ernest Hemingway in 1954 Written in 1951 , and published in 1952 , The Old Man and the Sea is Hemingway 's final full - length work published during his lifetime . The book , dedicated to `` Charlie Scribner '' and to Hemingway 's literary editor `` Max Perkins '' , was featured in Life magazine on September 1 , 1952 , and five million copies of the magazine were sold in two days . The Old Man and the Sea became a Book of the Month Club selection , and made Hemingway a celebrity . Published in book form on September 1 , 1952 , the first edition print run was 50,000 copies . The illustrated edition featured black and white pictures by Charles Tunnicliffe and Raymond Sheppard . In May 1953 , the novel received the Pulitzer Prize and was specifically cited when in 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature which he dedicated to the Cuban people . The success of The Old Man and the Sea made Hemingway an international celebrity . The Old Man and the Sea is taught at schools around the world and continues to earn foreign royalties . Literary significance and criticism ( edit ) The Old Man and the Sea served to reinvigorate Hemingway 's literary reputation and prompted a reexamination of his entire body of work . The novel was initially received with much popularity ; it restored many readers ' confidence in Hemingway 's capability as an author . Its publisher , Scribner 's , on an early dust jacket , called the novel a `` new classic , '' and many critics favorably compared it with such works as William Faulkner 's short story The Bear and Herman Melville 's novel Moby - Dick . Ernest Hemingway and Henry ( `` Mike '' ) Strater with the remaining 500 lbs of an estimated 1000 lb marlin that was half - eaten by sharks before it could be landed in the Bahamas in 1935 . See Pilar for details of this episode . Gregorio Fuentes , who many critics believe was an inspiration for Santiago , was a blue - eyed man born on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands . After going to sea at age ten on ships that called in African ports , he migrated permanently to Cuba when he was 22 . After 82 years in Cuba , Fuentes attempted to reclaim his Spanish citizenship in 2001 . Critics have noted that Santiago was also at least 22 when he immigrated from Spain to Cuba , and thus old enough to be considered an immigrant -- and a foreigner -- in Cuba . Hemingway at first planned to use Santiago 's story , which became The Old Man and the Sea , as part of an intimacy between mother and son . Relationships in the book relate to the Bible , which he referred to as `` The Sea Book '' . Some aspects of it did appear in the posthumously published Islands in the Stream . Hemingway mentions the real life experience of an old fisherman almost identical to that of Santiago and his marlin in On the Blue Water : A Gulf Stream Letter ( Esquire , April 1936 ) . Joseph Waldmeir 's essay `` Confiteor Hominem : Ernest Hemingway 's Religion of Man '' is a favorable critical reading of the novel -- and one which has defined analytical considerations since . Perhaps the most memorable claim is Waldmeir 's answer to the question -- What is the book 's message ? The answer assumes a third level on which The Old Man and the Sea must be read -- as a sort of allegorical commentary on all his previous work , by means of which it may be established that the religious overtones of The Old Man and the Sea are not peculiar to that book among Hemingway 's works , and that Hemingway has finally taken the decisive step in elevating what might be called his philosophy of Manhood to the level of a religion . Waldmeir considered the function of the novel 's Christian imagery , made most evident through Hemingway 's obvious reference to the crucifixion of Christ following Santiago 's sighting of the sharks that reads : `` Ay , '' he said aloud . There is no translation for this word and perhaps it is just a noise such as a man might make , involuntarily , feeling the nail go through his hands and into the wood . One of the most outspoken critics of The Old Man and the Sea is Robert P. Weeks . His 1962 piece `` Fakery in The Old Man and the Sea '' presents his claim that the novel is a weak and unexpected divergence from the typical , realistic Hemingway ( referring to the rest of Hemingway 's body of work as `` earlier glories '' ) . In juxtaposing this novel against Hemingway 's previous works , Weeks contends : The difference , however , in the effectiveness with which Hemingway employs this characteristic device in his best work and in The Old Man and the Sea is illuminating . The work of fiction in which Hemingway devoted the most attention to natural objects , The Old Man and the Sea , is pieced out with an extraordinary quantity of fakery , extraordinary because one would expect to find no inexactness , no romanticizing of natural objects in a writer who loathed W.H. Hudson , could not read Thoreau , deplored Melville 's rhetoric in Moby Dick , and who was himself criticized by other writers , notably Faulkner , for his devotion to the facts and his unwillingness to ' invent . ' Some critics suggest Hemingway wrote The Old Man and the Sea in reaction against the overtly negative criticism he received for Across the River and into the Trees . Legacy ( edit ) In 1954 Hemingway donated his Nobel prize gold medal in Literature to the venerated Marian image of Our Lady of Charity . The Swedish medal was stolen in 1986 , but was returned later upon the threat of Raul Castro . The Old Man and the Sea has been adapted for the screen three times : a 1958 film starring Spencer Tracy , a 1990 miniseries starring Anthony Quinn , and a 1999 animated short film . It is often taught in high schools as a part of the American Literature curriculum . In 2003 the book was listed at number 173 on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's 200 `` best - loved novels . '' The book is featured in a 2007 episode of American animated comedy series South Park . The plot is recounted in the style of Wade Wilson ( Ryan Reynolds ) in a text crawl at the end of the teaser trailer for Deadpool 2 that played before the movie Logan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Editors ( 25 August 1952 ) . `` From Ernest Hemingway to the Editors of Life '' . Life . Time Inc. 33 ( 8 ) : 124 . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Hemingway 's work is a 27,000 - word novel called The Old Man and the Sea . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 '' . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved January 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Books : An American Storyteller '' . TIME . December 13 , 1954 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hemingway . The Old Man and the Sea . p. 5 Jump up ^ Perkins , Maxwell ( 2004 ) . Bruccoli , Matthew J. ; Baughman , Judith , eds . The sons of Maxwell Perkins : letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald , Ernest Hemingway , Thomas Wolfe , and their editor . University of South Carolina Press . p. xxvii . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 548 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` A Hemingway timeline Any man 's life , told truly , is a novel '' . The Kansas City Star . KansasCity.com . June 27 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Desnoyers , p. 13 Jump up ^ Oliver 1999 , p. 247 ^ Jump up to : Meyers 1985 , p. 489 Jump up ^ `` Heroes : Life with Papa '' . TIME . November 8 , 1954 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Meyers 1985 , p. 485 Jump up ^ `` El pescador que inspiró a Hemingway ' El viejo y el mar ' recupera la nacionalidad española '' . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Herlihy , Jeffrey . `` Eyes the same color as the sea : Santiago 's Expatriation from Spain and Ethnic Otherness and in Hemingway 's the Old Man and the Sea '' ( PDF ) . Hemingway Review . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Old Man and the Sea . Introduction : The Ripening of a Masterpiece . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hemingway , Ernest ( edited by William White ) ( 1967 ) . By - Line : Ernest Hemingway . Selected articles and dispatches of four decades . New York : Scribner 's . Jump up ^ Joseph Waldmeir ( 1957 ) . `` Confiteor Hominem : Ernest Hemingway 's Religion of Man '' . Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences , Arts , and Letters . XLII : 349 -- 356 . Jump up ^ Hemingway . The Old Man and the Sea . p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Robert P. Weeks , Robert P. ( 1962 ) . `` Fakery in The Old Man and the Sea '' . College English . XXIV ( 3 ) : 188 -- 192 . doi : 10.2307 / 373283 . JSTOR 373283 . Jump up ^ `` Huffington Post '' . The Huffington Post . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved August 23 , 2017 Sources ( edit ) Desnoyers , Megan Floyd . `` Ernest Hemingway : A Storyteller 's Legacy '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Online Resources . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Meyers , Jeffrey ( 1985 ) . Hemingway : A Biography . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 42126 - 4 . Oliver , Charles M. ( 1999 ) . Ernest Hemingway A to Z : The Essential Reference to the Life and Work . New York : Checkmark . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3467 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Baker , Carlos ( 1972 ) . Hemingway : The Writer as Artist ( 4th ed . ) . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01305 - 5 . Jobes , Katharine T. , ed. ( 1968 ) . Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Old Man and the Sea . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 633917 - 4 . Mellow , James R. ( 1992 ) . Hemingway : A Life Without Consequences . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 37777 - 3 . Young , Philip ( 1952 ) . Ernest Hemingway . New York : Holt , Rinehart , & Winston . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0191 - 7 . External links ( edit ) The Old Man and the Sea at Faded Page ( Canada ) Rare , Unseen : Hemingway in Cuba -- slideshow by Life magazine `` Michael Palin 's Hemingway Adventure : Cuba '' . PBS . Retrieved January 21 , 2006 . Awards and achievements Preceded by Winston Churchill 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 Succeeded by Halldór Laxness 1955 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 ) Dragon 's Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King 's Men by Robert Penn Warren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A.B. Guthrie Jr. ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Town by Conrad Richter ( 1951 ) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk ( 1952 ) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway ( 1953 ) A Fable by William Faulkner ( 1955 ) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor ( 1956 ) A Death in the Family by James Agee ( 1958 ) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor ( 1959 ) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury ( 1960 ) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee ( 1961 ) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor ( 1962 ) The Reivers by William Faulkner ( 1963 ) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau ( 1965 ) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter ( 1966 ) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud ( 1967 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron ( 1968 ) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday ( 1969 ) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford ( 1970 ) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner ( 1972 ) The Optimist 's Daughter by Eudora Welty ( 1973 ) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Humboldt 's Gift by Saul Bellow ( 1976 ) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson ( 1978 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1979 ) The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer ( 1980 ) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) Ironweed by William Kennedy ( 1984 ) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie ( 1985 ) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ( 1986 ) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor ( 1987 ) Beloved by Toni Morrison ( 1988 ) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler ( 1989 ) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos ( 1990 ) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike ( 1991 ) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley ( 1992 ) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler ( 1993 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1994 ) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields ( 1995 ) Independence Day by Richard Ford ( 1996 ) Martin Dressler : The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser ( 1997 ) American Pastoral by Philip Roth ( 1998 ) The Hours by Michael Cunningham ( 1999 ) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon ( 2001 ) Empire Falls by Richard Russo ( 2002 ) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides ( 2003 ) The Known World by Edward P. Jones ( 2004 ) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson ( 2005 ) March by Geraldine Brooks ( 2006 ) The Road by Cormac McCarthy ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz ( 2008 ) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout ( 2009 ) Tinkers by Paul Harding ( 2010 ) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan ( 2011 ) No award given ( 2012 ) The Orphan Master 's Son by Adam Johnson ( 2013 ) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt ( 2014 ) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr ( 2015 ) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead ( 2017 ) Ernest Hemingway Bibliography Novels The Torrents of Spring ( 1926 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1926 ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1929 ) To Have and Have Not ( 1937 ) For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1940 ) Across the River and into the Trees ( 1950 ) The Old Man and the Sea ( 1952 ) Non-fiction Death in the Afternoon ( 1932 ) Green Hills of Africa ( 1935 ) Posthumous A Moveable Feast ( 1964 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1970 ) The Dangerous Summer ( 1985 ) The Garden of Eden ( 1986 ) True at First Light ( 1999 ) Under Kilimanjaro ( 2005 ) Short stories `` Indian Camp '' ( 1925 ) `` The Doctor and the Doctor 's Wife '' ( 1925 ) `` The End of Something '' ( 1925 ) `` The Three - Day Blow '' ( 1925 ) `` The Battler '' ( 1925 ) `` A Very Short Story '' ( 1925 ) `` Soldier 's Home '' ( 1925 ) `` The Revolutionist '' ( 1925 ) `` Mr. and Mrs. Elliot '' ( 1925 ) `` Cat in the Rain '' ( 1925 ) `` Out of Season '' ( 1925 ) `` Cross Country Snow '' ( 1925 ) `` My Old Man '' ( 1925 ) `` Big Two - Hearted River '' ( 1925 ) `` A Clean , Well - Lighted Place '' ( 1926 ) `` A Canary for One '' ( 1926 ) `` Fifty Grand '' ( 1927 ) `` Hills Like White Elephants '' ( 1927 ) `` The Killers '' ( 1927 ) `` The Undefeated '' ( 1927 ) `` Che Ti Dice La Patria ? '' ( 1927 ) `` In Another Country '' ( 1927 ) `` On the Quai at Smyrna '' ( 1930 ) `` Fathers and Sons '' ( 1932 ) `` A Day 's Wait '' ( 1933 ) `` The Gambler , the Nun , and the Radio '' ( 1933 ) `` A Way You 'll Never Be '' ( 1933 ) `` The Snows of Kilimanjaro '' ( 1936 ) `` The Capital of the World '' ( 1936 ) `` The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber '' ( 1936 ) Short story collections Three Stories and Ten Poems ( 1923 ) In Our Time ( 1925 ) Men Without Women ( 1927 ) Winner Take Nothing ( 1933 ) The Fifth Column and the First Forty - Nine Stories ( 1938 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1961 ) The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War ( 1969 ) The Nick Adams Stories ( 1972 ) The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway ( 1987 ) Ernest Hemingway : The Collected Stories ( 1995 ) Story fragments `` On Writing '' Poetry 88 Poems ( 1979 ) Complete Poems Letters and journalism Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917 -- 1961 ( 1981 ) Dateline : Toronto ( 1985 ) The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway ( 2011 ) Adaptations The Sun Also Rises 1957 film 1984 film Opera The Select ( The Sun Also Rises ) Ballet `` The Killers '' 1946 film 1956 film 1964 film Bukowski short story A Farewell to Arms 1932 film 1957 film 1966 TV series To Have and Have Not 1944 film The Breaking Point ( 1950 ) The Gun Runners ( 1958 ) Captain Khorshid ( 1987 ) For Whom the Bell Tolls 1943 film 1965 TV series Metallica song The Old Man and the Sea 1958 film 1990 miniseries 1999 film Other film adaptations The Macomber Affair ( 1947 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1952 ) Hemingway 's Adventures of a Young Man ( 1962 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1977 ) See also Nick Adams Michigan cottage Idaho house Key West home Hotel Ambos Mundos , Havana home Finca Vigía , Cuba home Pilar ( boat ) The Spanish Earth ( 1937 film ) Bacall to Arms ( 1946 cartoon ) Hello Hemingway ( 1990 film ) In Love and War ( 1996 film ) Hemingway & Gellhorn ( 2012 film ) Cooper & Hemingway : The True Gen ( 2013 documentary ) Papa : Hemingway in Cuba ( 2015 film ) Hemingway Foundation / PEN Award Kennedy Library Hemingway collection Family Elizabeth Hadley Richardson ( first wife ) Jack Hemingway ( son ) Pauline Pfeiffer ( second wife ) Patrick Hemingway ( son ) Gregory Hemingway ( son ) Martha Gellhorn ( third wife ) Mary Welsh Hemingway ( fourth wife ) Grace Hall Hemingway ( mother ) Leicester Hemingway ( brother ) GND : 4099230 - 5 BNF : cb122159627 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea&oldid=815419424 '' Categories : 1952 American novels American novels adapted into films Books by Ernest Hemingway Charles Scribner 's Sons books Novels about animals Novels by Ernest Hemingway Pulitzer Prize for Fiction - winning works Novels set in the Caribbean Fish in popular culture Works about old age Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from June 2011 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 18 : 49 . 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The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) - wikipedia The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Leonardo da Vinci painting . For other uses , see The Last Supper ( disambiguation ) . The Last Supper Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena Artist Leonardo da Vinci Year 1490s ( Julian ) Medium fresco - secco 460 cm ( 180 in ) × 880 cm ( 350 in ) Location Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Coordinates 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E  /  45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E  / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E  /  45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E  / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Website legraziemilano.it/il-cenacolo/ ( edit on Wikidata ) The Last Supper ( Italian : Il Cenacolo ( il tʃeˈnaːkolo ) or L'Ultima Cena ( ˈlultima ˈtʃeːna ) ) is a late 15th - century mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan . It is one of the world 's most recognizable paintings . The work is presumed to have been started around 1495 -- 96 and was commissioned as part of a plan of renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo 's patron Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan . The painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with his apostles , as it is told in the Gospel of John , 13 : 21 . Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Disciples when Jesus announced that one of them would betray him . Due to the methods used , a variety of environmental factors , and intentional damage , very little of the original painting remains today despite numerous restoration attempts , the last being completed in 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Painting 1.1 Important copies 2 Medium 3 Damage and restorations 3.1 Major restoration 4 The Last Supper in culture 4.1 Painting , mosaic , and photography 4.2 Modern art 4.3 Literature 4.4 Film and television 5 Other speculation 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Painting ( edit ) Crucifixion , opposite Leonardo 's Last Supper The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , by Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli , called Giampietrino ( active 1508 -- 1549 ) , after Leonardo da Vinci , oil on canvas , in the collection of The Royal Academy of Arts , London ; full - scale copy that was the main source for the twenty - year restoration of the original ( 1978 - 1998 ) . It includes several lost details such as Christ 's feet and the salt cellar spilled by Judas . Giampietrino is thought to have worked closely with Leonardo when he was in Milan . The painting hung in the chapel of Magdalen College , Oxford from 1992 . The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , Andrea Solari , after Leonardo da Vinci , oil on canvas , in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum , Tongerlo Abbey . The Last Supper measures 460 cm × 880 cm ( 180 in × 350 in ) and covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan , Italy . The theme was a traditional one for refectories , although the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo painted it . The main church building had only recently been completed ( in 1498 ) , but was remodeled by Bramante , hired by Ludovico Sforza to build a Sforza family mausoleum . The painting was commissioned by Sforza to be the centerpiece of the mausoleum . The lunettes above the main painting , formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory , are painted with Sforza coats - of - arms . The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by the Crucifixion fresco by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano , to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera . ( These figures have deteriorated in much the same way as has The Last Supper . ) Leonardo began work on The Last Supper in 1495 and completed it in 1498 -- he did not work on the painting continuously . The beginning date is not certain , as the archives of the convent for the period have been destroyed , and a document dated 1497 indicates that the painting was nearly completed at that date . One story goes that a prior from the monastery complained to Leonardo about the delay , enraging him . He wrote to the head of the monastery , explaining he had been struggling to find the perfect villainous face for Judas , and that if he could not find a face corresponding with what he had in mind , he would use the features of the prior who complained . A study for The Last Supper from Leonardo 's notebooks showing nine apostles identified by names written above their heads The Last Supper specifically portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him . All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news , with various degrees of anger and shock . The apostles are identified from a manuscript ( The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci p. 232 ) with their names found in the 19th century . ( Before this , only Judas , Peter , John and Jesus were positively identified . ) From left to right , according to the apostles ' heads : Bartholomew , James , son of Alphaeus , and Andrew form a group of three ; all are surprised . Judas Iscariot , Peter , and John form another group of three . Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow , looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan . He is clutching a small bag , perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus , or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer . He is also tipping over the salt cellar . This may be related to the near - Eastern expression to `` betray the salt '' meaning to betray one 's Master . He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting . Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ , perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus ' arrest . The youngest apostle , John , appears to swoon . Jesus Apostle Thomas , James the Greater , and Philip are the next group of three . Thomas is clearly upset ; the raised index finger foreshadows his incredulity of the Resurrection . James the Greater looks stunned , with his arms in the air . Meanwhile , Philip appears to be requesting some explanation . Matthew , Jude Thaddeus , and Simon the Zealot are the final group of three . Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon , perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions . In common with other depictions of the Last Supper from this period , Leonardo seats the diners on one side of the table , so that none of them has his back to the viewer . Most previous depictions excluded Judas by placing him alone on the opposite side of the table from the other eleven disciples and Jesus , or placing halos around all the disciples except Judas . Leonardo instead has Judas lean back into shadow . Jesus is predicting that his betrayer will take the bread at the same time he does to Saints Thomas and James to his left , who react in horror as Jesus points with his left hand to a piece of bread before them . Distracted by the conversation between John and Peter , Judas reaches for a different piece of bread not noticing Jesus too stretching out with his right hand towards it ( Matthew 26 : 23 ) . The angles and lighting draw attention to Jesus , whose turned right cheek is located at the vanishing point for all perspective lines ; his hands are located at the golden ratio of half the height of the composition . The painting contains several references to the number 3 , which represents the Christian belief in the Holy Trinity . The Apostles are seated in groupings of three ; there are three windows behind Jesus ; and the shape of Jesus ' figure resembles a triangle . The painting can also be interpreted using the Fibonacci series : 1 table , 1 central figure , 2 side walls , 3 windows and figures grouped in threes , 5 groups of figures , 8 panels on the walls and 8 table legs , and 13 individual figures . There may have been other references that have since been lost as the painting deteriorated . Important copies ( edit ) Two early copies of The Last Supper are known to exist , presumed to be work by Leonardo 's assistants . The copies are almost the size of the original , and have survived with a wealth of original detail still intact . One copy , by Giampietrino , is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts , London , and the other , by Cesare da Sesto , is installed at the Church of St. Ambrogio in Ponte Capriasca , Switzerland . A third copy ( oil on canvas ) is painted by Andrea Solari ( ca . 1520 ) and is on display in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of the Tongerlo Abbey , Belgium . Medium ( edit ) For this work , Leonardo sought a greater detail and luminosity than could be achieved with traditional fresco . He painted The Last Supper on a dry wall rather than on wet plaster , so it is not a true fresco . Because a fresco can not be modified as the artist works , Leonardo instead chose to seal the stone wall with a double layer of dried plaster . Then , borrowing from panel painting , he added an undercoat of white lead to enhance the brightness of the oil and tempera that was applied on top . This was a method that had been described previously , by Cennino Cennini in the 14th century . However , Cennini had recommended the use of secco for the final touches alone . These techniques were important for Leonardo 's desire to work slowly on the painting , giving him sufficient time to develop the gradual shading or chiaroscuro that was essential in his style . Damage and restorations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A protective structure was built in front of the da Vinci wall fresco . This photo shows the bombing damage in 1943 , suggesting the magnitude of the greater damage that was averted . Because the painting was on a thin exterior wall , the effects of humidity were felt more keenly , and the paint failed to properly adhere to the wall . Because of the method used , soon after the painting was completed on February 9 , 1498 it began to deteriorate . As early as 1517 , the painting was starting to flake , and in 1532 Gerolamo Cardano described it as `` blurred and colorless compared with what I remember of it when I saw it as a boy '' . By 1556 -- fewer than sixty years after it was finished -- Leonardo 's biographer Giorgio Vasari described the painting as already `` ruined '' and so deteriorated that the figures were unrecognizable . By the second half of the sixteenth century Gian Paolo Lomazzo stated that `` the painting is all ruined '' . In 1652 , a doorway was cut through the ( then unrecognisable ) painting , and later bricked up ; this can still be seen as the irregular arch shaped structure near the center base of the painting . It is believed , through early copies , that Jesus ' feet were in a position symbolizing the forthcoming crucifixion . In 1768 , a curtain was hung over the painting for the purpose of protection ; it instead trapped moisture on the surface , and whenever the curtain was pulled back , it scratched the flaking paint . A first restoration was attempted in 1726 by Michelangelo Bellotti , who filled in missing sections with oil paint then varnished the whole mural . This repair did not last well and another restoration was attempted in 1770 by an otherwise unknown artist named Giuseppe Mazza . Mazza stripped off Bellotti 's work then largely repainted the painting ; he had redone all but three faces when he was halted due to public outrage . In 1796 , French revolutionary anti-clerical troops used the refectory as an armory ; they threw stones at the painting and climbed ladders to scratch out the Apostles ' eyes . The refectory was then later used as a prison ; it is not known if any of the prisoners may have damaged the painting . In 1821 , Stefano Barezzi , an expert in removing whole frescoes from their walls intact , was called in to remove the painting to a safer location ; he badly damaged the center section before realizing that Leonardo 's work was not a fresco . Barezzi then attempted to reattach damaged sections with glue . From 1901 to 1908 , Luigi Cavenaghi first completed a careful study of the structure of the painting , then began cleaning it . In 1924 , Oreste Silvestri did further cleaning , and stabilised some parts with stucco . During World War II , on August 15 , 1943 , the refectory was struck by Allied bombing ; protective sandbagging prevented the painting from being struck by bomb splinters , but it may have been damaged further by the vibration . From 1951 to 1954 , another clean - and - stabilise restoration was undertaken by Mauro Pelliccioli . Major restoration ( edit ) The painting as it looked in the 1970s The painting 's appearance by the late 1970s had become badly deteriorated . From 1978 to 1999 , Pinin Brambilla Barcilon guided a major restoration project which undertook to stabilize the painting , and reverse the damage caused by dirt and pollution . The 18th - and 19th - century restoration attempts were also reverted . Since it had proved impractical to move the painting to a more controlled environment , the refectory was instead converted to a sealed , climate - controlled environment , which meant bricking up the windows . Then , detailed study was undertaken to determine the painting 's original form , using scientific tests ( especially infrared reflectoscopy and microscopic core - samples ) , and original cartoons preserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle . Some areas were deemed unrestorable . These were re-painted using watercolor in subdued colors intended to indicate they were not original work , while not being too distracting . This restoration took 21 years and , on 28 May 1999 , the painting was returned to display . Intending visitors were required to book ahead and could only stay for 15 minutes . When it was unveiled , considerable controversy was aroused by the dramatic changes in colors , tones , and even some facial shapes . James Beck , professor of art history at Columbia University and founder of ArtWatch International , had been a particularly strong critic . Michael Daley , director of ArtWatch UK , has also complained about the restored version of the painting . He has been critical of Christ 's right arm in the image which has been altered from a draped sleeve to what Daley calls `` muff - like drapery '' . The Last Supper in culture ( edit ) The Last Supper made in salt in Wieliczka Salt Mine ( Poland ) The Last Supper has frequently been referenced , reproduced , or parodied in Western culture . Some of the more notable examples are : Painting , mosaic , and photography ( edit ) A 16th - century oil on canvas copy is conserved in the abbey of Tongerlo , Antwerp , Belgium . It reveals many details that are no longer visible on the original . The Roman mosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli made another life - sized copy ( 1809 -- 1814 ) in the Viennese Minoritenkirche . Modern art ( edit ) In 1955 , Salvador Dalí painted The Sacrament of the Last Supper , with Jesus portrayed as blond and clean shaven , pointing upward to a spectral torso while the apostles are gathered around the table heads bowed so that none may be identified . It is reputed to be one of the most popular paintings in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. In 1986 , Andy Warhol was commissioned to produce a series of paintings based on The Last Supper that were exhibited initially in Milan . This was his last series of paintings before his death . Sculptor Marisol Escobar rendered The Last Supper as a life - sized , three - dimensional , sculptural assemblage using painted and drawn wood , plywood , brownstone , plaster , and aluminum . This work , Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper , ( 1982 -- 84 ) is in New York 's Metropolitan Museum of Art . In 1988 , Susan Dorothea White painted The First Supper showing 13 women from all regions of the world , with the woman in the position of Leonardo 's Christ figure being an Australian aboriginal . In 2001 , Chinese artist Zeng Fanzhi painted Last Supper , showing 13 mask - wearing people seated at a table strewn with watermelon fragments . The oil painting was sold for $23.3 million at Sotheby 's auction on October 7 , 2013 , setting a new record for contemporary Asian artwork . In 1998 , modern artist Vik Muniz displayed a recreation of The Last Supper , made entirely out of Bosco Chocolate Syrup . Literature ( edit ) Author Mary Shelley describes her impression of the painting in her travel narrative , Rambles in Germany and Italy published in 1844 : First we visited the fading inimitable fresco of Leonardo da Vinci . How vain are copies ! not in one , nor in any print , did i ever see the slightest approach to the expression in our Savior 's face , such as it is in the original . Majesty and love -- these are the words that would describe it -- joined to an absence of all guile that expresses the divine nature more visibly than I ever saw it in any other picture . -- Mary Shelley , Travel Writing ( 1996 ) , Pages 131 -- 132 Film and television ( edit ) In Luis Buñuel 's Spanish film Viridiana , a tableau vivant of Leonardo 's painting is staged with beggars . Another beggar ' photographs ' the scene by flashing them . This scene contributed to its refusal by the Vatican who called it `` blasphemous . '' In Norman Jewison 's 1973 film version of `` Jesus Christ Superstar '' , in the Last Supper sequence , Jesus and the 12 apostles briefly mimic the posture of each character in Da Vinci 's painting The painting is parodied in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World , Part I , making Leonardo a contemporary of Jesus . It is also parodied in the original movie MASH , in the scene where Hawkeye Pierce stages a `` last supper '' for Walt ( Painless ) Waldowski before his planned suicide . The various doctors , all in surgical scrubs , pose in imitation of the painting . Many parodies of the painting appear on the small screen , including The Simpsons ' Season 16 episode `` Thank God , It 's Doomsday , '' with Homer as Jesus and Moe and his other patrons as the disciples ; That ' 70s Show 's first - season episode `` Streaking , '' with Eric flanked by his friends ( and Jackie wondering why everyone is sitting on the same side of the table ) ; and South Park 's Season 13 episode `` Margaritaville , '' with Kyle and his friends eating at a pizza parlor . In one episode of the CBC drama Murdoch Mysteries called Barenaked Ladies , the suspects recreate the poses of Peter , Judas and Thomas in their victims . Other speculation ( edit ) The Last Supper has been the target of much speculation by writers and historical revisionists alike , usually centered on purported hidden messages or hints found within the painting , especially since the publication of the novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown in 2003 . Dan Brown proposed that the person to Jesus ' right ( left of Jesus from the viewer 's perspective ) , was not John the Apostle , but Mary Magdalene . This speculation originated in earlier books The Templar Revelation ( 1997 ) by Lynn Picknett and The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail by Michael Baigent , Henry Lincoln and Richard Leigh ( 1982 ) . These claims have been contested by other writers , such as Carl E. Olsen and Sandra Miesel in The Da Vinci Hoax , as well as by art historians . Christopher Hodapp and Alice Von Kannon commented `` If he ( John ) looks effeminate and needs a haircut , so does James , the second figure on the left , the one with the sort of Bette Midler look about him '' . Giovanni Maria Pala , an Italian musician , has indicated that the positions of hands and loaves of bread can be interpreted as notes on a musical staff and , if read from right to left , as was characteristic of Leonardo 's writing , form a musical composition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leonardo Da Vinci 's ' The Last Supper ' reveals more secrets '' . sciencedaily.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci -- . `` Santa Maria delle Grazie -- Milan '' . Inexhibit . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chapel with return Renaissance painrefting '' . Oxford Times . 14 September 2017 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria delle Grazie & The Last Supper '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Itinerary : Early maturity in Milan ( 1482 - 1499 ) '' . Museo Galileo . 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Clark. Leonardo da Vinci , Penguin Books 1939 , 1993 , p144 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . lairweb.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` DaVinci '' . The Mark Steel Lectures . Series 2 . Episode 2 . The Open University . 7 October 2003 . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci -- Complete by Leonardo da Vinci '' . Gutenberg.org. 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cfr . Matthew 26 : 15 ; John 12 : 6 and 13 : 29 . ^ Jump up to : White , Susan D. ( 2006 ) . Draw Like Da Vinci . London : Cassell Illustrated , p. 132 . ISBN 9781844034444 . Jump up ^ `` Last Supper ( copy after Leonardo ) '' . University of the Arts , London . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smart history presented by the Khan Academy . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . The Last Supper . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wykes , Alan ( 1969 ) . Doctor Cardano , physician extraordinary . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Phillip William ( 24 May 1999 ) . `` The Last Supper or a dog 's dinner ? '' . The Guardian . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dayla Alberge ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Have art restorers ruined Leonardo 's masterpiece ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haden - Guest , Anthony ( 3 August 1999 ) . `` Warhol 's Last Supper '' . Artnet . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Susan White - veelzijdig werk , Kunstbeeld ( Amsterdam ) Oct. 1990 , vol. 14 ( 10 ) p. 62 ( translation ) Jump up ^ Allen , Christopher . ' Ludicrous Leonardo ' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 23 December 1988 , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Zeng 's ' Last Supper ' Sells for Record $23.3 Million at Sotheby 's Auction '' . WSJ.com . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Vicki ( 25 September 1998 ) . `` ART REVIEW ; It 's a Leonardo ? It 's a Corot ? Well , No , It 's Chocolate Syrup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Mary ( 1996 ) . Travel Writing . London : Pickering . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 1 - 85196 - 084 - 8 . Jump up ^ Christopher Hodapp , Alice Von Kannon , The Templar Code For Dummies , page 257 ( Wiley Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12765 - 0 ) . Jump up ^ Rossella Lorenzi ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` Leonardo 's ' Last Supper ' Hides True Da Vinci Code '' . Discovery News . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Da Vinci 's `` Last Supper '' has hidden music ( includes link to recording ) `` . Extra.beloblog.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ mp3 file of the composition , hosted.ap.org Further reading ( edit ) Steinberg , Leo . Leonardo 's Incessant ' Last Supper ' `` . New York : Zone Books , 2001 . Detailed review of Steinberg 's ' Incessant Last Supper ' at 3 Pipe Problem Bertelli , Carlo ( November 1983 ) . `` Restoration Reveals The Last Supper '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 5 . pp. 664 -- 684 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci . Official website External video Leonardo 's Last Supper , video , Smarthistory Leonardo 's Last Supper and the three layers John the Apostle in Art Leonardo da Vinci : anatomical drawings from the Royal Library , Windsor Castle , exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art , which contains material on The Last Supper ( see index ) Zoomable version Tourist Information Tickets Last Supper in Christian art Barocci del Castagno Cranach Dali Ghirlandaio Perugino Rosselli Rubens Tintoretto da Vinci Visual arts portal Christianity portal Leonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Paintings Medusa The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de ' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi St. Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician Lady with an Ermine La Belle Ferronnière Salvator Mundi Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Virgin and Child with St. Anne Mona Lisa Head of a Woman ( La Scapigliata ) Leda and the Swan St. John the Baptist Works on walls The Last Supper Sala delle Asse The Battle of Anghiari Sculptures Sforza monument ( unexecuted ) Horse and Rider Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior Works on paper Vitruvian Man Portrait of a Young Fiancée The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist Self - portrait Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Other projects De divina proportione Architonnerre Leonardo 's crossbow Leonardo 's fighting vehicle Leonardo 's robot Leonardo 's self - propelled cart Viola organista Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Posthumous fame Cultural references Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Things named after da Vinci Tourism in Milan Religious sites Cathedral Milan Cathedral Basilica di Santa Tecla Basilicas S Ambrogio S Calimero S Carlo al Corso S. 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Oh bej ! Triennale Districts of Milan Trams in Milan VIAF : 175915680 GND : 4195043 - 4 SUDOC : 02850223X BNF : cb12032553h ( data ) Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)&oldid=837890581 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in Milan 1498 paintings Last Supper Food and drink paintings Fresco paintings Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci Paintings depicting Jesus Roman Catholic Church paintings Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using Infobox artwork / wikidata using locally defined parameters Articles containing Italian - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano IsiZulu Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 17 : 05 . 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Question: who painted the world famous painting the last supper


India -- Pakistan border - wikipedia India -- Pakistan border Jump to : navigation , search The India and Pakistan Border , known locally as the International Border ( IB ) , is an international border running between India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states and the four provinces of Pakistan . The border runs from the Line of Control ( LoC ) , which separates the Indian controlled Kashmir from Pakistan controlled Kashmir , in the north , to Wagah , which partitioned the Indian Punjab state and Punjab Province of Pakistan , in the east . The Zero Point separates the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to Sindh province of Pakistan , in the south . Drafted and created based upon the Radcliffe line in 1947 , the border , which divides Pakistan and India from each other , traverses a variety of terrains ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts . From the Arabian sea , the naval border follows the course of Manora Island of Pakistan to the course of the Mumbai Harbour , in the South east . Since independence of India and Pakistan ( see British India ) , the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and wars between each country , and is one of the most complex borders in the world . The border 's total length is 2,900 km ( 1,800 mi ) , according to the figures given by the PBS ; it is also one of the most dangerous borders in the world , based on an article written in the Foreign Policy in 2011 . It can be seen from space at night due to the 150,000 flood lights installed by India on about 50 thousand poles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Working Boundary , Line of Control , and International Boundary 2 Border crossings 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Working boundary , line of Control , and international boundary ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The border between the two Nations is an internationally recognised frontier from Gujarat / Sindh only with exemption to the Line of Control that is not internationally accepted . The Kashmir disputed region is divided by the 1949 UN ceasefire line , established after the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 , into two main parts and the de facto demarcation dividing Pakistan - administered Kashmir from Indian - administered Kashmir has been called the Line of Control since 1972 . Between Pakistan and India lies the Pakistani territories of AJK & Gilgit - Baltistan and , also the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . On the other side where the internal borders of the Pakistan 's Punjab provincial border , is officially called the Working Boundary by Pakistan ( which is a recent term ) and international border by the Government of India . Working boundary : The line between state of Pakistan along Sialkot and Indian held Kashmir . It is called a working boundary because on one side is an internationally recognised land ( Sialkot ) while on the other is a disputed territory ( J&K ) . LOC : Line of control is the boundary between the Pakistani Azad Kashmir and Indian Jammu and Kashmir . It was demarcated after the Simla pact in 1972 . International boundary : The demarcated line between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognised internationally . Sir Cyril Radcliffe Demarcated the land in 1947 . Border crossings ( edit ) Main articles : Designated border crossings of India , Borders of India , and Transport between India and Pakistan ICP Border crossings with designated Integrated Check Posts ( ICP ) with immigration and customs facilities are : Attari at Wagah , Punjab Munabao Other crossings ( closed ) Longewala Gallery ( edit ) Baba Chamliyal Mela '' at Indo - Pak international Border , Ramgarh sector , 45 km from Jammu , where people from both the nations take part . Evening flag lowering ceremony at the Wagah border . Nighttime panorama of the border , stretching from the Arabian Sea to the foothills of the Himalayas The floodlit border zone between India and Pakistan has a distinctly orange hue in this astronaut photograph . Trucks on National Highway 1 ( India ) , waiting to cross Wagah border . Punjab Rangers at the Wagah border . Women personnel of BSF taking part in the ceremonial retreat at the India - Pakistan border at Wagah , 2010 . See also ( edit ) Borders of India Radcliffe Line Wagah border ceremony 2014 -- 15 India -- Pakistan border skirmishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Khan , MH ( 5 March 2006 ) . `` Back on track '' . Dawn News archives . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : PBS Release ( July 26 , 2005 ) . `` Border Jumpers The World 's Most Complex Borders : Pakistan / India '' . PBS . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ PHILIP WALKER ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` The World 's Most Dangerous Borders '' . The Foreign Policy . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dailymail '' . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India - Pakistan Borderlands at Night '' . India - Pakistan Border at Night . NASA . 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Annotated image from NASA External links ( edit ) Media related to Indo - Pakistani border at Wikimedia Commons India -- Pakistan relations Diplomacy High Commission of India to Pakistan High Commissioner of India to Pakistan High Commission of Pakistan to India High Commissioner of Pakistan to India Treaties and summits Jinnah -- Mountbatten Talks ( 1947 ) Karachi Agreement ( 1949 ) Liaquat - Nehru Treaty ( 1950 ) Indus Waters Treaty ( 1960 ) Tashkent Declaration ( 1965 ) Simla Agreement ( 1972 ) Delhi Agreement ( 1974 ) Islamabad Agreement ( 1988 ) Lahore summit ( 1999 ) Agra Summit ( 2001 ) Events and conflicts Partition of India Kashmir conflict Integration of Junagadh 1947 - 1948 War Sir Creek Operation Gibraltar 1965 War 1971 War Bangladesh Liberation War Pokhran -- I Kirana -- I Nuclear race Line of Control Maritime trespassing Siachen conflict Operation Brasstacks Pokhran - II / Chagai - I / Chagai - II Violence against Muslims in India Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Balochistan conflict Kargil conflict Atlantique incident Iran -- Pakistan -- India gas pipeline 2001 Indian Parliament attack 2001 -- 2002 military standoff 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 2008 Mumbai attacks 2008 military standoff 2011 border skirmishes 2013 border skirmishes Sarabjit / Sanaullah murder incidents 2013 Pakistan Embassy attack 2014 - 2015 border skirmishes 2016 Kulbhushan Jadhav interception 2016 -- 17 unrest in Jammu and Kashmir 2016 Uri attack 2016 military confrontation Initiatives Aman ki Asha Hotline Transport Samjhauta Express Delhi -- Lahore Bus Srinagar -- Muzaffarabad Bus Thar Express Indo - Pak Confederation Indo - Pak Joint Judicial Committee Hindi in Pakistan Sports India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry India -- Pakistan field hockey rivalry Related templates Foreign relations of India Foreign relations of Pakistan Borders of Pakistan Afghanistan barrier China India Iran Borders of India Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan China Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India -- Pakistan_border&oldid = 832214428 '' Categories : India -- Pakistan border Borders of India Borders of Pakistan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata India articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் ไทย اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 15 : 04 . 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Question: what is the name of india pakistan border

known locally as the International Border (IB)


The Rime of the Ancient mariner - wikipedia The Rime of the Ancient mariner Jump to : navigation , search For the 1975 film , see Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( film ) . For the 1925 silent film , see The Ancient Mariner ( film ) . The mariner up on the mast in a storm . One of the wood - engraved illustrations by Gustave Doré of the poem . The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( originally The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere ) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge , written in 1797 -- 98 and published in 1798 in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads . Some modern editions use a revised version printed in 1817 that featured a gloss . Along with other poems in Lyrical Ballads , it is often considered a signal shift to modern poetry and the beginning of British Romantic literature . The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( 1800 edition ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Rime of the Ancient Mariner relates the experiences of a sailor who has returned from a long sea voyage . The mariner stops a man who is on the way to a wedding ceremony and begins to narrate a story . The wedding - guest 's reaction turns from bemusement to impatience to fear to fascination as the mariner 's story progresses , as can be seen in the language style : Coleridge uses narrative techniques such as personification and repetition to create a sense of danger , the supernatural , or serenity , depending on the mood in different parts of the poem . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Inspiration for the poem 3 Coleridge 's comments 4 Wordsworth 's comments 5 Early criticisms 6 Interpretations 7 In popular culture 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The mariner 's tale begins with his ship departing on its journey . Despite initial good fortune , the ship is driven south by a storm and eventually reaches Antarctic waters . An albatross appears and leads them out of the ice jam where they are stuck , but even as the albatross is praised by the ship 's crew , the mariner shoots the bird : With my cross-bow , I shot the albatross . The crew is angry with the mariner , believing the albatross brought the south wind that led them out of the Antarctic . However , the sailors change their minds when the weather becomes warmer and the mist disappears : ' Twas right , said they , such birds to slay , That bring the fog and mist . They soon find that they made a grave mistake in supporting this crime , as it arouses the wrath of spirits who then pursue the ship `` from the land of mist and snow '' ; the south wind that had initially led them from the land of ice now sends the ship into uncharted waters near the equator , where it is becalmed . Day after day , day after day , We stuck , nor breath nor motion ; As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean . Water , water , every where , And all the boards did shrink ; Water , water , every where , Nor any drop to drink . The very deep did rot -- Oh Christ ! That ever this should be . Yea , slimy things did crawl with legs , Upon the slimy sea . Engraving by Gustave Doré for an 1876 edition of the poem . `` The Albatross , '' depicts 17 sailors on the deck of a wooden ship facing an albatross . Icicles hang from the rigging . The sailors change their minds again and blame the mariner for the torment of their thirst . In anger , the crew forces the mariner to wear the dead albatross about his neck , perhaps to illustrate the burden he must suffer from killing it , or perhaps as a sign of regret : Ah ! Well a-day ! What evil looks Had I from old and young ! Instead of the cross , the albatross About my neck was hung . Eventually , the ship encounters a ghostly hulk . On board are Death ( a skeleton ) and the `` Night - mare Life - in - Death '' , a deathly - pale woman , who are playing dice for the souls of the crew . With a roll of the dice , Death wins the lives of the crew members and Life - in - Death the life of the mariner , a prize she considers more valuable . Her name is a clue to the mariner 's fate : he will endure a fate worse than death as punishment for his killing of the albatross . One by one , all of the crew members die , but the mariner lives on , seeing for seven days and nights the curse in the eyes of the crew 's corpses , whose last expressions remain upon their faces . Eventually , this stage of the mariner 's curse is lifted after he appreciates the sea creatures swimming in the water . Despite his cursing them as `` slimy things '' earlier in the poem , he suddenly sees their true beauty and blesses them ( `` a spring of love gush 'd from my heart , and I bless 'd them unaware '' ) ; suddenly , as he manages to pray , the albatross falls from his neck and his guilt is partially expiated . The bodies of the crew , possessed by good spirits , rise again and help steer the ship . In a trance , the mariner hears two spirits discussing his voyage and penance , and learns that the ship is being powered preternaturally : The air is cut away before , And closes from behind . Finally the mariner comes in sight of his homeland , but is initially uncertain as to whether or not he is hallucinating . Oh ! Dream of joy ! Is this indeed The light - house top I see ? Is this the hill ? Is this the kirk ? Is this mine own countree ? We drifted o'er the harbour - bar , And I with sobs did pray -- O let me be awake , my God ! Or let me sleep alway . The rotten remains of the ship sink in a whirlpool , leaving only the mariner behind . A hermit on the mainland had seen the approaching ship and had come to meet it with a pilot and his boy , in a boat . When they pull him from the water , they think he is dead , but when he opens his mouth , the pilot has a fit . The hermit prays , and the mariner picks up the oars to row . The pilot 's boy goes crazy and laughs , thinking the mariner is the devil , and cries , `` The Devil knows how to row '' . As penance for shooting the albatross , the mariner , driven by guilt , is forced to wander the earth , telling his story over and over , and teaching a lesson to those he meets : He prayeth best , who loveth best All things both great and small ; For the dear God who loveth us , He made and loveth all . After relaying the story , the mariner leaves , and the wedding guest returns home , and wakes the next morning `` a sadder and a wiser man '' . The poem received mixed reviews from critics , and Coleridge was once told by the publisher that most of the book 's sales were to sailors who thought it was a naval songbook . Coleridge made several modifications to the poem over the years . In the second edition of Lyrical Ballads , published in 1800 , he replaced many of the archaic words . Inspiration for the poem ( edit ) Commemorative statue at Watchet , Somerset : the albatross hangs on a rope looped around the ancient mariner 's neck . `` Ah ! well a-day ! what evil looks Had I from old and young ! Instead of the cross , the Albatross About my neck was hung . '' The poem may have been inspired by James Cook 's second voyage of exploration ( 1772 -- 1775 ) of the South Seas and the Pacific Ocean ; Coleridge 's tutor , William Wales , was the astronomer on Cook 's flagship and had a strong relationship with Cook . On this second voyage Cook crossed three times into the Antarctic Circle to determine whether the fabled great southern continent existed . Critics have also suggested that the poem may have been inspired by the voyage of Thomas James into the Arctic . According to William Wordsworth , the poem was inspired while Coleridge , Wordsworth , and Wordsworth 's sister Dorothy were on a walking tour through the Quantock Hills in Somerset . The discussion had turned to a book that Wordsworth was reading , A Voyage Round The World by Way of the Great South Sea ( 1726 ) by Captain George Shelvocke . In the book , a melancholy sailor , Simon Hatley , shoots a black albatross : We all observed , that we had not the sight of one fish of any kind , since we were come to the Southward of the streights of le Mair , nor one sea - bird , except a disconsolate black Albatross , who accompanied us for several days ... till Hattley , ( my second Captain ) observing , in one of his melancholy fits , that this bird was always hovering near us , imagin 'd , from his colour , that it might be some ill omen ... He , after some fruitless attempts , at length , shot the Albatross , not doubting we should have a fair wind after it . As they discussed Shelvocke 's book , Wordsworth proffers the following developmental critique to Coleridge , which importantly contains a reference to tutelary spirits : `` Suppose you represent him as having killed one of these birds on entering the south sea , and the tutelary spirits of these regions take upon them to avenge the crime . '' By the time the trio finished their walk , the poem had taken shape . Bernard Martin argues in The Ancient Mariner and the Authentic Narrative that Coleridge was also influenced by the life of Anglican clergyman John Newton , who had a near - death experience aboard a slave ship . The poem may also have been inspired by the legends of the Wandering Jew , who was forced to wander the earth until Judgement Day for a terrible crime , found in Charles Maturin 's Melmoth the Wanderer , M.G. Lewis ' The Monk ( a novel Coleridge reviewed ) and the Flying Dutchman . It is claimed that the harbour at Watchet in Somerset was the primary inspiration for the poem , although some time before , John Cruikshank , a local acquaintance of Coleridge 's , had related a dream about a skeleton ship manned by spectral sailors . In September 2003 , a commemorative statue , by Alan B Herriot of Penicuik , Scotland , was unveiled at Watchet harbour . Coleridge 's comments ( edit ) `` The Albatross about my Neck was Hung , '' etching by William Strang . Poem illustration published 1896 . In Biographia Literaria , Coleridge wrote : The thought suggested itself ( to which of us I do not recollect ) that a series of poems might be composed of two sorts . In the one , incidents and agents were to be , in part at least , supernatural , and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions , as would naturally accompany such situations , supposing them real . And real in this sense they have been to every human being who , from whatever source of delusion , has at any time believed himself under supernatural agency . For the second class , subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life ... In this idea originated the plan of the ' Lyrical Ballads ' ; in which it was agreed , that my endeavours should be directed to persons and characters supernatural , or at least Romantic ; yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to procure for these shadows of imagination that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment , which constitutes poetic faith ... With this view I wrote the ' Ancient Mariner ' . In Table Talk , Coleridge wrote : Mrs Barbauld once told me that she admired The Ancient Mariner very much , but that there were two faults in it -- it was improbable , and had no moral . As for the probability , I owned that that might admit some question ; but as to the want of a moral , I told her that in my own judgement the poem had too much ; and that the only , or chief fault , if I might say so , was the obtrusion of the moral sentiment so openly on the reader as a principle or cause of action in a work of such pure imagination . It ought to have had no more moral than the Arabian Nights ' tale of the merchant 's sitting down to eat dates by the side of a well , and throwing the shells aside , and lo ! a genie starts up , and says he must kill the aforesaid merchant , because one of the date shells had , it seems , put out the eye of the genie 's son . Wordsworth 's comments ( edit ) Wordsworth wrote to Joseph Cottle in 1799 : From what I can gather it seems that the Ancient Mariner has upon the whole been an injury to the volume , I mean that the old words and the strangeness of it have deterred readers from going on . If the volume should come to a second Edition I would put in its place some little things which would be more likely to suit the common taste . However , when Lyrical Ballads was reprinted , Wordsworth included it despite Coleridge 's objections , writing : The Poem of my Friend has indeed great defects ; first , that the principal person has no distinct character , either in his profession of Mariner , or as a human being who having been long under the control of supernatural impressions might be supposed himself to partake of something supernatural ; secondly , that he does not act , but is continually acted upon ; thirdly , that the events having no necessary connection do not produce each other ; and lastly , that the imagery is somewhat too laboriously accumulated . Yet the Poem contains many delicate touches of passion , and indeed the passion is every where true to nature , a great number of the stanzas present beautiful images , and are expressed with unusual felicity of language ; and the versification , though the metre is itself unfit for long poems , is harmonious and artfully varied , exhibiting the utmost powers of that metre , and every variety of which it is capable . It therefore appeared to me that these several merits ( the first of which , namely that of the passion , is of the highest kind ) gave to the Poem a value which is not often possessed by better Poems . Early criticisms ( edit ) Illustration by Gustave Doré , 1878 Upon its release , the poem was criticized for being obscure and difficult to read . The use of archaic spelling of words was seen as not in keeping with Wordsworth 's claims of using common language . Criticism was renewed again in 1815 -- 16 , when Coleridge added marginal notes to the poem that were also written in an archaic style . These notes or glosses , placed next to the text of the poem , ostensibly interpret the verses much like marginal notes found in the Bible . There were many opinions on why Coleridge inserted the gloss . Charles Lamb , who had deeply admired the original for its attention to `` Human Feeling '' , claimed that the gloss distanced the audience from the narrative , weakening the poem 's effects . The entire poem was first published in the collection of Lyrical Ballads . Another version of the poem was published in the 1817 collection entitled Sibylline Leaves ( see 1817 in poetry ) . Interpretations ( edit ) On a surface level the poem explores a violation of nature and the resulting psychological effects on the mariner and on all those who hear him . According to Jerome McGann the poem is like a salvation story . The poem 's structure is multi-layered text based on Coleridge 's interest in Higher Criticism . `` Like the Iliad or Paradise Lost or any great historical product , the Rime is a work of transhistorical rather than so - called universal significance . This verbal distinction is important because it calls attention to a real one . Like The Divine Comedy or any other poem , the Rime is not valued or used always or everywhere or by everyone in the same way or for the same reasons . '' George Whalley , in his 1946 -- 47 essay , `` The Mariner and the Albatross '' , suggests that the Ancient Mariner is an autobiographical portrait of Coleridge himself , comparing the mariner 's loneliness with Coleridge 's own feelings of loneliness expressed in his letters and journals . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in popular culture In addition to being referred to in several other notable works , due to the popularity of the poem the phrase `` albatross around one 's neck '' has become an English language idiom referring to `` a heavy burden of guilt that becomes an obstacle to success '' . The phrase `` Water , water , every where , Nor any drop to drink '' has appeared widely in popular culture , but usually given in a more natural modern phrasing as `` Water , water , everywhere But not a drop to drink '' ; some such appearances have , in turn , played on the frequency with which these lines are misquoted . The poem is referenced in the script of the 1939 film The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes . The Iron Maiden song `` The Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' from their fifth studio album Powerslave , was inspired by and based on the poem . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andrew C.F. David , ' Cook , James ( 1728 -- 1779 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 ; online edn , Jan 2008 : ' On 26 January 1774 he crossed into the Antarctic Circle for the third time ( having done so a second time the previous month ) and four days later , at 71 ° 10 ' S , 106 ° 54 ' W , achieved his farthest south . ' Jump up ^ Cooke , Alan ( 2000 ) . `` Thomas James '' . Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online . Retrieved 5 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Keach , William ( ed . ) : `` The Complete Poems / Samuel Taylor Coleridge '' , pages 498 -- 99 . Penguin , 1997 . Jump up ^ Fulmer , O. Bryan ( October 1969 ) . `` The Ancient Mariner and the Wandering Jew '' . Studies in Philology. 66 ( 5 ) : 797 -- 815 . JSTOR 4173656 . ( pay site ) Jump up ^ John Clute and John Grant , eds. ( 1999 ) . The encyclopedia of fantasy . Macmillan . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 19869 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Excerpt available at Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Samuel Taylor Coleridge '' . poetryfoundation.org. 11 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coleridge and Watchet -- Watchet Museum '' . watchetmuseum.co.uk . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Samuel Taylor . `` Chapter XIV '' . Biographia Literaria . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ TableTalks , p. 106 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Duncan Wu , A Companion to Romanticism , Blackwell Publishing , 1998 , p 137 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21877 - 7 Jump up ^ `` GradeSaver : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Study Guide -- About The Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' . Jump up ^ McGann , Jerome J. The Beauty of Inflections : Clarendon Press , 1985 . Jump up ^ Whalley , George ( July 1947 ) . `` The Mariner and the Albatross '' . The University of Toronto Quarterly . 16 : 381 -- 398 . doi : 10.3138 / utq. 16.4. 381 . Reprinted in Kathleen Coburn , eds. ( 1967 ) . Coleridge : A Collection of Critical Essays . Prentice - Hall . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` albatross around one 's neck '' . Houghton Mifflin. 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Ten literary quotes we all get wrong '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) References ( edit ) Gardner , Martin , The Annotated Ancient Mariner , New York : Clarkson Potter , 1965 ; Reprinted by Prometheus Books , 19 ? ? , ISBN 1 - 59102 - 125 - 1 John Livingston Lowes , The Road to Xanadu -- A Study in the Ways of the Imagination , Houghton Mifflin , 1927 Scott , Grant F. `` ' The Many Men so Beautiful ' : Gustave Doré 's Illustrations to ' The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , ' '' Romanticism 16.1 ( 2010 ) : 1 -- 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Rime of the Ancient Mariner . Illustrations from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , Gustave Doré illustrations from the University at Buffalo Libraries ' Rare & Special Books collection The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , text from Project Gutenberg The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , audiobook ( Jane Aker ) from Project Gutenberg The Rime of the Ancient Mariner : Critical Analysis and Summary The Rime of the Ancient Mariner public domain audiobook at LibriVox Abstracts of literary criticism of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( hide ) Samuel Taylor Coleridge Topics Early life Opium use Albatross metaphor Lake Poets Pantisocracy Coleridge 's theory of life Early poetry `` The Destruction of the Bastile '' `` Dura Navis '' `` Easter Holidays '' `` Monody on the Death of Chatterton '' `` On Quitting School '' `` Pain : Composed in Sickness '' `` Songs of the Pixies '' Plays The Fall of Robespierre Remorse ( Osorio ) Zapolya Cambridge and Bristol poetry The Destiny of Nations Lines on an Autumnal Evening Lines Written at Shurton Bars On Receiving an Account Ode on the Departing Year Religious Musings To a Young Ass To Fortune To the River Otter Eminent Characters `` To Erskine '' `` To Burke '' `` To Priestley '' `` To Fayette '' `` To Kosciusko '' `` To Pitt '' `` To Bowles '' `` To Mrs Siddons '' `` To Godwin '' `` To Southey '' `` To Sheridan '' `` To Lord Stanhope '' Conversation poems Dejection : An Ode The Eolian Harp Fears in Solitude Frost at Midnight The Nightingale : A Conversation Poem Reflections on Having Left a Place of Retirement This Lime - Tree Bower My Prison To William Wordsworth Late poetry and Lyrical Ballads Christabel `` France : An Ode '' `` Hymn Before Sunrise '' `` Kubla Khan '' The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Biographical and other works Biographia Literaria The Watchman Notebooks Family Sara Coleridge ( daughter ) Derwent Coleridge ( son ) Hartley Coleridge ( son ) Christabel Rose Coleridge ( granddaughter ) Ernest Hartley Coleridge ( grandson ) Herbert Coleridge ( grandson ) James Coleridge ( brother ) Henry Nelson Coleridge ( nephew and son - in - law ) John Taylor Coleridge ( nephew ) Arthur Coleridge ( great - nephew ) Henry James Coleridge ( great - nephew ) John Coleridge , 1st Baron Coleridge ( great - nephew ) BNE : XX2171367 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner&oldid=821720723 '' Categories : Poetry by Samuel Taylor Coleridge British poems Maritime folklore 1798 poems Antarctica in fiction Narrative poems Birds in popular culture Poems adapted into films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Pages containing citation needed template with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Asturianu Български Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 06 : 12 . 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Currencies of the European Union - wikipedia Currencies of the European Union Jump to : navigation , search EU GDP by currency group Eurozone ( 72.9 % ) Non-Eurozone ( Minus UK ) ( 12 % ) United Kingdom ( 15.1 % ) There are eleven currencies of the European Union as of 2015 used officially by member states . The euro accounts for the majority of the member states with the remainder operating independent monetary policies . Those European Union states that have adopted it are known as the eurozone and share the European Central Bank ( ECB ) . The ECB and the national central banks of all EU countries , including those who operate an independent currency , are part of the European System of Central Banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Euro 2 Current currencies 3 Historic currencies 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Euro ( edit ) Further information : Eurozone , Opt - outs in the European Union , and Enlargement of the eurozone The euro is the result of the European Union 's project for economic and monetary union which came fully into being on 1 January 2002 and it is now the currency used by the majority of European Union 's member states , with all but two bound to adopt it . It is the currency used by the institutions of the European Union and in the failed European Constitution it was to be included with the symbols of Europe as the formal currency of the European Union . The euro is also widely used by other states outside the EU . Except for the two states with opt outs , all current and future members of the EU are obliged to adopt the Euro as their currency , thus replacing their current ones . The relationship between euro and non-euro states has been on debate both during the UK 's membership ( as a large opt - out state ) and in light of withdrawal from the EU and how that impacts the balance of power between those in and out of the euro ; namely avoiding a eurozone caucus out - voting non-euro states . The UK had called for the EU treaties to recognise the EU as a `` multicurrency union '' , which sparked concerns about undermining euro adoption in remaining countries . Current currencies ( edit ) Map of currencies used within the EU and dates of Euro adoption States which used the euro from 1999 ( currency entered circulation 2002 ) States which subsequently adopted the euro States using other currencies The following are official and unofficial currencies used within the borders of the European Union ; Currency Region Symbol ISO Peg Notes Bulgarian lev Bulgaria лв BGN Currency board British pound sterling Gibraltar pound United Kingdom Gibraltar £ GBP GIP Floating Pegged to pound sterling Croatian kuna Croatia kn HRK Floating Czech koruna Czech Republic Kč CZK Floating Danish krone Denmark kr DKK ERM II Euro Eurozone ( show ) Austria Belgium Cyprus Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain € EUR Floating Also used by EU institutions Hungarian forint Hungary Ft HUF Floating Polish złoty Poland zł PLN Floating Romanian leu Romania Leu RON Floating Swedish krona Sweden kr SEK Floating Swiss franc Campione d'Italia ( Italy ) Büsingen am Hochrhein ( Germany ) Fr . CHF Floating Swiss franc is issued by Switzerland . Turkish lira Northern Cyprus ( Cyprus ) TL TRY Floating Turkish lira is issued by Turkey Note that there are other currencies used in overseas territories of member states . Those territories however are not part of the European Union proper ( legally subject to all its law ) so are not listed here . Historic currencies ( edit ) Further information : History of the euro Currency State Symbol ISO Completely Yielded on Rate to euro Notes Austrian schilling Austria S or öS ( ATS ) 1999 / 2002 13.7603 Belgian franc Belgium fr . ( BEF ) 1999 / 2002 40.3399 Interchangeable with Luxembourgian franc ( BLEU ) Cypriot pound Cyprus £ ( CYP ) 2008 0.585274 Dutch guilder Netherlands ƒ or fl . ( NLG ) 1999 / 2002 2.20371 Estonian kroon Estonia Kr ( EEK ) 2011 15.6466 Finnish markka Finland mk ( FIM ) 1999 / 2002 5.94573 French franc France ₣ , F or FF ( FRF ) 1999 / 2002 6.55957 Linked to Monegasque franc , both valid in France , Andorra and Monaco . German mark Germany DM ( DEM ) 1999 / 2002 1.95583 Greek drachma Greece Δρχ. , Δρ. or ₯ ( GRD ) 2001 / 2002 340.75 Irish pound Ireland £ ( IEP ) 1999 / 2002 0.787564 Italian lira Italy ₤ , L. or LIT ( ITL ) 1999 / 2002 1,936.27 Linked to Sammarinese & Vatican lira , all valid in Italy , San Marino and the Vatican City . Latvian lats Latvia Ls ( LVL ) 2014 0.702804 Lithuanian litas Lithuania Lt ( LTL ) 2015 3.4528 Luxembourgian franc Luxembourg fr. or F ( LUF ) 1999 / 2002 40.3399 Interchangeable with Belgian franc ( BLEU ) . Maltese lira Malta ₤ or Lm ( MTL ) 2008 0.4293 Portuguese escudo Portugal S ‖ ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( S ) \ ! \ ! \ ! \ Vert ) or $ ( PTE ) 1999 / 2002 200.482 Slovak koruna Slovakia Sk ( SKK ) 2009 30.126 Slovenian tolar Slovenia SIT ( SIT ) 2007 239.64 Spanish peseta Spain ₧ ( ESP ) 1999 / 2002 166.386 European Currency Unit Accounting only ₠ , ECU or XEU ( XEU ) 1999 / 2002 Accounting currency alongside national currencies until the euro introduction . See also ( edit ) Economy of the European Union List of currencies in Europe Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Eurozone seeks a post-Brexit balance , European Data Journalism Network 15 December 2017 Jump up ^ The euro , European Commission Jump up ^ UK call for ' multicurrency ' EU triggers ECB alarm , Financial Times 4 December 2015 Jump up ^ The Great British Euro Conundrum , Handelsblatt 20 June 2016 Jump up ^ What a fair relationship between ' euro ins ' and ' euro outs ' could look like , London School of Economics 26 January 2016 Jump up ^ Swiss franc is the official currency and euro is widely accepted . Jump up ^ The euro is the official currency but the Swiss franc is more widely used due to it being a Swiss enclave . Jump up ^ EU law is suspended in Northern Cyprus , and the Turkish Cypriot government who use the Turkish lira are not recognised as the legitimate government of the region . Nevertheless , the euro does circulate widely . 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