Royal Society for the Protection of Birds - wikipedia Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Jump to : navigation , search Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Type Conservation charity Founded 1889 ( 1889 ) , Fletcher Moss Botanical Garden , Manchester Headquarters The Lodge , Sandy , Bedfordshire , England 2 Lochside View , Edinburgh , Scotland Area served United Kingdom Key people Kevin Cox ( Chairman ) Miranda Krestovnikoff ( President ) Dr Mike Clarke ( Chief Executive ) Revenue £ 88.28 million GBP ( 2006 ) Operating income £ 69.7 million GBP ( 2006 ) Net income £ 3.68 million GBP ( 2006 ) Number of employees 1,545 paid staff 18,750 volunteers Website www.rspb.org.uk The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) is a charitable organisation registered in England and Wales and in Scotland . It was founded as the Plumage League in 1889 by Emily Williamson . It works to promote conservation and protection of birds and the wider environment through public awareness campaigns , petitions and through the operation of nature reserves throughout the United Kingdom . The RSPB has over 1,300 employees , 18,000 volunteers and more than a million members ( including 195,000 youth members ) , making it the largest wildlife conservation charity in Europe . The RSPB has many local groups and maintains 200 nature reserves . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Activities 2.1 Reserves 2.2 Awards 2.2. 1 RSPB Medal 2.3 Magazines 2.3. 1 Bird Notes 2.3. 1.1 Editors 2.3. 2 Birds 2.3. 3 Nature 's Home 2.4 Junior divisions 2.5 Big Garden Birdwatch 2.6 BirdTrack 3 Finances 4 Advertising 5 Presidents 6 Chief officers 7 Associate organisations 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links History ( edit ) Plaque at Fletcher Moss Park , Manchester , commemorating the foundation of the RSPB The Plumage League was founded in 1889 by Emily Williamson at her house in Didsbury , Manchester , ( now in Fletcher Moss Botanical Garden ) , as a protest group campaigning against the use of great crested grebe and kittiwake skins and feathers in fur clothing . The group gained popularity and eventually amalgamated with the Fur and Feather League in Croydon to form the Society for the Protection of Birds . The Society gained its Royal Charter in 1904 . The original members of the RSPB were all women who campaigned against the fashion of the time for women to wear exotic feathers in hats , and to this end the Society had two simple rules : That Members shall discourage the wanton destruction of Birds , and interest themselves generally in their protection That Lady - Members shall refrain from wearing the feathers of any bird not killed for purposes of food , the ostrich only excepted . At the time of founding , the trade in plumage for use in hats was very large : in the first quarter of 1884 , almost 7,000 bird - of - paradise skins were being imported to Britain , along with 400,000 birds from West India and Brazil , and 360,000 million birds from East India . The Society attracted support from some women of high social standing who belonged to the social classes that popularised the wearing of feathered hats , including the Duchess of Portland ( who became the Society 's first President ) and the Ranee of Sarawak . As the organisation began to attract the support of many other influential figures , both male and female , such as the ornithologist Professor Alfred Newton , it gained in popularity and attracted many new members . The society received a Royal Charter in 1904 from Edward VII , just 15 years after its founding , and was instrumental in petitioning the Parliament of the United Kingdom to introduce laws banning the use of plumage in clothing . At the time that the Society was founded in Britain , similar societies were also founded in other European countries . In 1961 , the society acquired The Lodge in Sandy , Bedfordshire as its new headquarters . Activities ( edit ) An Avocet at the RSPB 's Minsmere reserve . This species is used in the RSPB 's logo . Today , the RSPB works with both the civil service and the Government to advise Government policies on conservation and environmentalism . It is one of several organisations that determine the official conservation status list for all birds found in the UK . The RSPB does not run bird hospitals nor offer animal rescue services . Reserves ( edit ) South Stack reserve , Anglesey , with Ellin 's Tower , housing a visitor centre A webcam installed near Sumburgh Head lighthouse , ( Shetland ) . The cliffs are home to large numbers of seabirds and the area is an RSPB nature reserve . The RSPB maintains over 200 reserves throughout the United Kingdom , covering a wide range of habitats , from estuaries and mudflats to forests and urban habitats . The reserves often have bird hides provided for birdwatchers and many provide visitor centres , which include information about the wildlife that can be seen there . Awards ( edit ) The RSPB confers awards , including the President 's Award , for volunteers who make a notable contribution to the work of the society . RSPB medal ( edit ) Main article : RSPB Medal According to the RSPB : The RSPB Medal is the Society 's most prestigious award . It is presented to an individual in recognition of wild bird protection and countryside conservation . It is usually awarded annually to one or occasionally two people . Magazines ( edit ) The RSPB has published a members - only magazine for over a century . Bird Notes ( edit ) Bird Notes Cover of Autumn 1946 issue of Bird Notes , Vol. 23 , No. 3 ISO 4 abbreviation Find out here Discipline Ornithology Language English Publication details Publisher RSPB ( United Kingdom ) Publication history 1903 ( 1903 ) - 1966 Indexing ISSN 0406 - 3392 Bird Notes and News ( ISSN 0406 - 3392 ) was first published in April 1903 . The title changed to Bird Notes in 1947 . In the 1950s , there were four copies per year ( one for each season , published on the 1st of each third month , March , June , September and December ) . Each volume covered two years , spread over three calendar years . For example , volume XXV ( 25 ) , number one was dated Winter 1951 , and number eight in the same volume was dated Autumn 1953 . From the mid-1950s , many of the covers were by Charles Tunnicliffe . Two of the originals are on long - term loan to the Tunnicliffe gallery at Oriel Ynys Môn , but in 1995 the RSPB sold 114 at a Sotheby 's auction , raising £ 210,000 , the most expensive being a picture of a partridge which sold for £ 6,440 . From January 1964 ( vol. 31 , no . 1 ) , publication increased to six per year , ( issued in the odd - numbered months , January , March and so on , but dated `` January -- February '' , `` March -- April '' , etc . ) . Volumes again covered two years , so vol. 30 , covering 1962 -- 63 , therefore included nine issues , ending with the `` Winter 1963 -- 64 '' edition instead of eight . The final edition , vol. 31 no . 12 , was published in late 1965 . Editors ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Miss M.G. Davies , BA , MBOU ( for many years , until vol. 30 no . 9 ) John Clegg ( from vol. 31 No. 1 -- vol. 31 no . 3 ) Jeremy Boswell ( from vol. 31 no . 4 -- vol. 31 no . 12 ) Birds ( edit ) Birds ISO 4 abbreviation Find out here Discipline Ornithology Language English Edited by Mark Ward Publication details Publisher RSPB ( United Kingdom ) Publication history 1966 ( 1966 ) -- 2013 ( 2013 ) Frequency Quarterly Indexing ISSN 1367 - 983X Links Journal homepage Bird Notes ' successor Birds ( ISSN 1367 - 983X ) replaced it immediately , with volume 1 , number 1 being the January -- February 1966 edition . Issues were published quarterly , numbered so that a new volume started every other year . The Autumn 2013 edition , dated August -- October 2013 , being vol. 25 no . 7 , was the last . Nature 's Home ( edit ) Nature 's Home ISO 4 abbreviation Find out here Discipline Ornithology Language English Edited by Mark Ward Publication details Publisher RSPB ( United Kingdom ) Publication history 2013 ( 2013 ) -- present Frequency Quarterly Indexing ISSN 2054 - 3433 Links Journal homepage In Winter 2013 Birds was replaced by a new magazine , Nature 's Home . The editor was Mark Ward . The magazine had an ABC - certified circulation of 600,885 . Junior divisions ( edit ) The RSPB has two separate groups for children and teenagers : Wildlife Explorers ( founded in 1943 as the Junior Bird Recorders ' Club ; from 1965 -- 2000 the Young Ornithologists Club or YOC ) and RSPB Phoenix . Wildlife Explorers is targeted at children aged between 8 and 12 , although it also has some younger members , and has two different magazines : Wild Times for the under 8s and Bird Life for those over 8 . RSPB Phoenix is aimed at teenagers , and produces Wingbeat magazine , although members also receive Bird Life magazine . The RSPB is a member of The National Council for Voluntary Youth Services . Big Garden BirdWatch ( edit ) RSPB organises bird record data collection in annual collective birdwatching days in Britain . RSPB claims this is the `` world 's biggest wildlife survey '' and helps that society to get a better knowledge on bird population trends in Britain . That activity was launched in 1979 as an activity for kids , although from 2001 is a survey open to adults too . In 2011 over 600,000 people took part , being only 37 % RSPB 's members . The usual date for this birdwatching collective activity is the January 's last weekend . From the start of this annual survey records for sparrows show a decline of 60 % , while starling population 's decline is about 80 % from 1979 to 2012 . BirdTrack ( edit ) BirdTrack is an online citizen science website , operated by the British Trust for Ornithology ( BTO ) on behalf of a partnership of the BTO , the RSPB , BirdWatch Ireland , the Scottish Ornithologists ' Club and the Welsh Ornithological Society ( Welsh : Cymdeithas Adaryddol Cymru ) . Finances ( edit ) Fund - raising at the Great British Beer Festival 2016 . The RSPB is funded primarily by its members ; in 2006 , over 50 % of the society 's £ 88 million income came from subscriptions , donations and legacies , worth a total of £ 53.669 million . As a registered charity , the organisation is entitled to gift aid worth an extra £ 0.28 on every £ 1.00 donated by income tax payers . It also receives contractual payments from clean energy utilities and financiers of renewable energy solutions , when its members sign up as clients . The bulk of the income ( £ 63.757 million in 2006 ) is spent on conservation projects , maintenance of the reserves and on education projects , with the rest going on fundraising efforts and reducing the pension deficit , worth £ 19.8 million in 2006 . Advertising ( edit ) The RSPB was forced by an article in The Daily Mail on 2 November 2014 to withdraw claims that it `` was spending 90 per cent of its income on conservation '' by the UK Advertising Standards Authority , which said that the true figure was closer to 26 % . The Charity Commission investigated the claims , and contacted the RSPB to get it to clarify its web statement . The RSPB complied , with the clarification that 90 % of its net income ( after expenses , not gross income as received ) was spent on conservation , and that conservation activities were diverse , not limited to spending on its own nature reserves . This was accepted by the Charity Commission . Presidents ( edit ) Winifred Cavendish - Bentinck , Duchess of Portland , painted by Philip Alexius de László in 1912 Winifred Cavendish - Bentinck , Duchess of Portland 1891 -- 1954 Cyril Hurcomb Colonel Sir Tufton Beamish Derek Barber , Baron Barber of Tewkesbury Robert Dougall Max Nicholson 1980 -- 1985 Magnus Magnusson 1985 -- 1990 Sir Derek Barber 1990 -- 1991 Ian Prestt 1991 -- 1994 Julian Pettifer 1994 -- ? Jonathan Dimbleby 2001 -- ? Julian Pettifer 2004 -- 2009 Kate Humble 2009 -- 2013 Miranda Krestovnikoff 2013 -- ( incumbent ) Chief officers ( edit ) Over time , the organisation 's chief officers have been given different titles . William Henry Hudson -- Chairman of Committee 1894 Sir Montagu Sharpe , KBE DL -- Chairman of Committee 1895 -- 1942 Phillip Brown Peter Conder OBE -- Secretary 1963 . Director 1964 -- 1975 Ian Prestt CBE -- Director General 1975 -- 1991 Barbara Young -- CEO 1991 -- 1998 Sir Graham Wynne -- CEO 1998 -- 2010 Mike Clarke -- Chief Executive 2010 -- Associate organisations ( edit ) The RSPB is a member of Wildlife and Countryside Link . The RSPB is the UK Partner of BirdLife International and manages the South Atlantic Invasive Species Project on behalf of the partner governments . See also ( edit ) List of RSPB reserves Category : Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserves List of Birdlife International national partner organisations Wildlife law in England and Wales RSPCA Notes ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : RSPB Annual Report Archived 28 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , 2005 -- 2006 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RSPB website '' . Rspb.org.uk . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Charity Commission . Royal Society for the Protection of Birds , registered charity no . 207076 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Society for the Protection of Birds , Registered Charity no . SC037654 '' . Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator . Jump up ^ `` What does the RSPB do ? '' . RSPB . Archived from the original on 2 January 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the RSPB '' . RSPB . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reserves & events '' . RSPB . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Penna ( 1999 ) , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : `` Milestones '' . RSPB . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` A history of the RSPB , from its humble beginnings , to the thriving far - reaching organisation it is today '' . Royal Society for the Protection of Birds . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charter and Statutes '' . RSPB . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams ( 2004 ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Boardman ( 2006 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Working Together : Government '' . RSPB . Archived from the original on 3 January 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions '' . RSPB . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reserves by habitat '' . RSPB . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . RSPB . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , James ( 23 August 2007 ) . `` Gifted naturalist is awarded prestigious RSPB medal '' . RSPB . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ RSPB Birds magazine , Vol 16 No 01 , February -- April 1996 , page 10 Jump up ^ Ward , Mark ( Autumn 2013 ) . `` Introducing your new magazine , Nature 's Voice '' . Birds. 25 ( 7 ) . ISSN 1367 - 983X . Jump up ^ Ward , Mark ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Nature 's Home is coming ... '' RSPB . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About youth groups '' . RSPB . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gift Membership '' . RSPB . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Full list of NCVYS members '' . Ncvys.org.uk . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Birds . Spring 2013 vol. 25 , no5 . February -- April 2013 . page 18 . Jump up ^ `` BirdTrack partners '' . British Trust for Ornithology . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bird Track '' . National Biodiversity Network . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gift Aid '' . RSPB . Archived from the original on 22 February 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Dellingpole , James ( 7 April 2013 ) . `` RSPB makes a killing ... from windfarm giants behind turbines accused of destroying rare birds '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Iles , Harry . `` RSPB - 207076 '' ( PDF ) . Charity Commission . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : RSPB Birds magazine , Vol 13 No 7 , Autumn 1991 Jump up ^ Jamieson , Alastair ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` Springwatch star Kate Humble appointed president of RSPB '' . The Telegraph . www.telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Gemma ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Miranda Krestovnikoff becomes RSPB President '' ( Press release ) . RSPB . Jump up ^ `` Wildlife and Countryside Link , Our members '' . Wcl.org.uk . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RSPB , Our partnership with BirdLife International '' . Rspb.org.uk . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Bibliography Adams , William Mark ( 2004 ) . Against Extinction : The Story of Conservation . London Sterling , VA : Earthscan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84407 - 055 - 8 . Boardman , Robert ( 2006 ) . The International Politics of Bird Conservation : Biodiversity , Regionalism And Global Governance . Cheltenham , UK Northampton , MA : Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 403 - 9 . Penna , Anthony N. ( 1999 ) . Nature 's Bounty : Historical and Modern Environmental Perspectives . Armonk , N.Y.U.S.A. : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0187 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Official website RSPB Images Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ' channel on YouTube `` Royal Society for the Protection of Birds , Registered Charity no . SC037654 '' . Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator . LCCN : n80132329 ISNI : 0000 0001 2110 3189 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds&oldid=833807929 '' Categories : Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Organizations established in 1889 Environmental organisations based in England Ornithological organisations in the United Kingdom Animal charities based in the United Kingdom 1889 establishments in the United Kingdom 1889 establishments in England Charities based in Bedfordshire Bird conservation organizations British landowners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2013 Infobox journals with missing ISO 4 abbreviations Incomplete lists from August 2008 Articles containing Welsh - language text Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Scots Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 14 : 50 . 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Question: royal society for the protection of birds number of members

more than a million members (including 195,000 youth members)


Theme from a Summer Place - wikipedia Theme from a Summer Place Jump to : navigation , search `` Theme from A Summer Place '' is a song with lyrics by Mack Discant and music by Max Steiner , written for the 1959 film A Summer Place , which starred Sandra Dee and Troy Donahue . It was recorded for the film as an instrumental by Hugo Winterhalter . Originally known as the `` Molly and Johnny Theme '' , the piece is not the main title theme of the film , but a secondary love theme for the characters played by Dee and Donahue . Following its initial film appearance , the theme has been recorded by many artists in both instrumental and vocal versions , and has also appeared in a number of subsequent films and television programs . The best - known cover version of the theme is an instrumental version by Percy Faith and his orchestra that was a Number One hit for nine weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1960 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Percy Faith version 2 Other cover versions 2.1 Instrumental versions 2.2 Vocal versions 2.3 Adaptations 3 In popular culture 3.1 In film 3.2 In television 3.3 In other media 4 See also 5 References Percy Faith version ( edit ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' Single by Percy Faith from the album A Summer Place B - side Love theme from `` Romeo and Juliet Released 1959 Genre Easy Listening Length 2 : 25 Songwriter ( s ) lyrics by Mack Discant and music by Max Steiner Percy Faith recorded the most popular version of the theme , an instrumental orchestral arrangement , at the Columbia 30th Street Studio in New York City . It was released in September 1959 as a single on Columbia Records , credited to `` Percy Faith and his Orchestra , '' prior to the November 1959 release of the film A Summer Place . The single was not an immediate hit and did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart until mid-January 1960 , finally reaching # 1 six weeks later on February 22 , 1960 . It went on to set an at - the - time record of nine consecutive weeks at # 1 , a record which would not be broken until 1977 , when `` You Light Up My Life '' spent ten weeks at # 1 . ( Elvis Presley 's double - sided hit `` Do n't Be Cruel / Hound Dog '' remained at # 1 for 11 weeks in 1956 prior to the 1958 creation of the Hot 100 chart ; The Beatles ' `` Hey Jude '' tied , but did not break , the nine - week record in 1968 . ) It remains the longest - running # 1 instrumental in the history of the chart . Billboard ranked Faith 's version as the Number One song for 1960 . The Faith version reached # 2 in the UK . It was also a # 1 hit in Italy under the title `` Scandalo Al Sole . '' Faith won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1961 for his recording . This was the first movie theme and the first instrumental to win a Record of the Year Grammy . Faith re-recorded the song twice : first , in 1969 , as a female choral version , then , in 1976 , as a disco version titled `` Summer Place ' 76 . '' In 2008 , Faith 's original version was ranked at # 18 on Billboard 's top 100 songs during the first 50 years of the Hot 100 chart . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits called it `` the most successful instrumental single of the rock era . '' Other cover versions ( edit ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' has been covered by a number of artists in addition to Percy Faith , in both non-vocal instrumental versions , and with one or more vocalists either singing the Discant lyrics or a wordless melody line . The theme has also been referenced , sampled , or otherwise adapted into several other songs . Instrumental versions ( edit ) In 1960 , Billy Vaughn included an instrumental orchestral arrangement of the theme as the title cut to his album Theme From A Summer Place released on Dot Records , which peaked at # 1 on the Billboard LP chart . In 1961 , Mantovani recorded an orchestral rendition of the theme for his album Mantovani Plays Music From ' Exodus ' and Other Great Themes ; the album reached the Top Ten on the UK charts . In 1961 , Mexican rock band Los Nómadas recorded an instrumental version of the theme with a `` teen pop '' arrangement by Bill Aken ( credited as Zane Ashton ) . The record made the top 40 charts in Mexico . In 1962 , American rock and roll duo Santo & Johnny recorded a guitar - based arrangement of the theme for their album Come On In . In 1962 , the British instrumental band The Tornados included a guitar - based version on their British EP release More Sounds of the Tornados and on their U.S. LP The Original Telstar : The Sounds of the Tornadoes . In 1966 , The Mystic Moods Orchestra recorded an instrumental version on their U.S. LP record album `` Nighttide '' . In 1968 , the Jamaican group The Crystalites recorded a rocksteady instrumental version featuring organist Ike Bennett . The song was released as a single under the artist name of `` Ike B and the Crystalites '' , with the song entitled `` Illya Kuryakin '' , although it has no connection whatsoever with the spy character Illya Kuryakin from the 1960s TV series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. . In 1969 , the American instrumental rock band The Ventures included a cover of the theme on their album Hawaii Five - O , which reached # 11 on the Billboard LP chart and was later certified gold . Brad Swanson 's album The Whispering Organ Sounds of Brad Swanson ( Thunderbird Records ) included the song . Vocal versions ( edit ) Most vocal versions of the theme have featured the Discant lyrics . However , some featured wordless vocals by singers who voiced the melody line . In 1960 , British producer , bandleader and arranger Norrie Paramor released his arrangement of the theme as a single on Columbia Records , featuring wordless vocals by soprano Patricia Clarke and credited to `` Norrie Paramor & His Orchestra '' . The single reached # 36 on the UK charts . In 1962 , singer Dick Roman released his version of the theme as a single on Harmon Records , which reached # 64 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Roman also featured the song as the title track to his 1962 Harmon album Theme from A Summer Place . In 1962 , Andy Williams covered the theme for his gold - certified album Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes . In 1962 , the female vocal group The Chordettes included a vocal arrangement of the theme on their album of movie music entitled Never on Sunday . In 1962 , Joanie Sommers released a version of the theme as the B - side to her hit single , `` Johnny Get Angry '' . In 1965 , the male vocal group The Lettermen had a hit with their harmony arrangement of the theme , released as a single on Capitol Records ; it reached # 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was included on their album The Hit Sounds of the Lettermen . In 1965 , Julie London included her jazz vocal version of the theme on her album Our Fair Lady . In 1965 , Cliff Richard covered the theme on his album Love is Forever . In 1965 , Bobby Vinton included his version of the theme on his album of movie themes entitled Drive - In Movie Time . In 1988 , American bandleader Ray Conniff recorded an orchestral arrangement ( subtitled `` A Tribute to Percy Faith '' ) , with a vocal chorale wordlessly singing the melody line , for his 1988 album Always In My Heart . Adaptations ( edit ) In 1966 , vocal surf singer and producer Dean Torrence referenced a portion of the melody line of `` Theme from A Summer Place '' near the end of his song `` Like a Summer Rain '' , which was self - released as a single credited to Jan and Dean . In 2006 , American R&B and hip hop singer Eamon sampled `` Theme from A Summer Place '' for his song `` Elevator '' . The melody illustrates the song 's description of `` elevator music '' as an aphrodisiac . In 2006 , Danish musician and producer Kenneth Bager created an electronic remake of the theme called `` Fragment Four ( Love Wo n't Leave Me Alone ) '' that was included on Bager 's debut album Fragments from a Space Cadet . The remake combined a rhythmic dance version of the original `` Theme from A Summer Place '' melody with new lyrics consisting of repetitions of the words `` Love wo n't leave me alone when you 're gone '' , sung by vocalist Nikolaj Grandjean . The track also included electric violin solos by Jean - Luc Ponty . In popular culture ( edit ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' is frequently used as period background or soundtrack music in films and television programs set between 1959 and the mid-1960s . The theme has also become a ubiquitous representation of `` peaceful music '' and has been employed frequently in films , television shows and other popular culture to suggest peacefulness or in situations where inoffensive music is common ( e.g. as stereotypical `` elevator music '' ) . It is also used for intentionally stereotypical comic effect when a show cuts away from a scene deemed to be too violent to display and shows peaceful images instead . More recently , the song 's peaceful and relaxed theme has taken on a darker significance as it has been used to convey an eerie sense of false security in horror productions , such as the TV miniseries Rose Red ( 2002 ) , and the films Final Destination 3 ( 2006 ) , Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) and Beautiful Creatures ( 2013 ) . In film ( edit ) The Crowded Sky ( 1960 ) uses the theme ( and also employs actor Troy Donahue from the film A Summer Place ) . Claudelle Inglish ( 1961 ) uses the theme ( and also employs actors Arthur Kennedy and Constance Ford from the film A Summer Place ) . Susan Slade ( 1961 ) ( which , like A Summer Place , was directed by Delmer Daves , scored by Max Steiner , features actor Troy Donahue , and deals with teenage pregnancy ) re-used the theme in its score . The Omega Man ( 1971 ) uses the theme ( uncredited ) as its opening theme , just before the character `` Neville '' shoots up a building with a mutant in it . National Lampoon 's Animal House ( 1978 ) uses the Percy Faith version during the toga party , and bedroom scene between Pinto and Clorette , although the song does not appear on the soundtrack album . My American Cousin ( 1985 ) , which is set in the late 1950s , uses the theme . Back to the Beach ( 1987 ) , a parody of 1960s beach party movies starring Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello , uses the theme . Batman ( 1989 ) uses the original version in the scene where The Joker attempts to seduce Vicki Vale in the museum . Cobb ( 1994 ) , a biopic of baseball player Ty Cobb set in 1960 , uses the theme . Con Air ( 1997 ) uses the theme in a scene where the character `` Pinball 's '' body falls out of the sky and onto a couple 's Volvo . Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) contains the theme . Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) uses the theme during a restaurant scene . Rose Red ( 2002 ) common background music Final Destination 3 ( 2006 ) contains the theme . Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) uses the theme in a brief cutaway scene depicting the domestic situation of two penguin boys and their mother . Bandslam ( 2009 ) uses the theme during a shopping mall scene . An Education ( 2009 ) , which is set in 1962 , contains the theme being played during the character `` Jenny 's '' 17th birthday party . Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) uses the Percy Faith version in the scene where the character `` Angelique '' is first seen driving a car . Beautiful Creatures ( 2013 ) uses the theme during a dining room scene . In television ( edit ) The 1970 episode of Monty Python 's Flying Circus entitled `` Intermission '' ( Series 1 , Episode 13 ) often used this music when announcing that there will be varying sizes of intermission . The 1993 episode of The Simpsons entitled `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' ( Season 5 , Episode 1 ) contains an ironic cover of the theme sung by elderly Springfield citizen `` Jasper '' . The 1995 episode of Freakazoid ! entitled `` Relax - O - Vision '' ( Season 1 , Episode 9 ) features a titular gag in which potentially frightening action sequences are replaced by peaceful stock footage accompanied by the theme . The theme is also used in a running gag in an earlier episode when a network censor announces that no harm occurred in the previous scene . The 1997 episode of `` Buffy the Vampire Slayer entitled `` Inca Mummy Girl ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) ( Season 2 , Episode 4 ) , Oz references his fantasy girl would involve `` A feather boa and the Theme from a Summer Place '' The 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer entitled `` Him '' ( Season 7 , Episode 6 ) uses the theme . The 2002 horror miniseries Rose Red uses the theme . The 2008 episode of Mad Men entitled `` The New Girl '' ( Season 2 , Episode 5 ) uses the theme while Don Draper and Bobbie Barrett drive out to the beach . The 2009 episode of 30 Rock entitled `` The Bubble '' ( Season 3 , Episode 15 ) uses the theme . In the 2010 Disney Chanel series Fish Hooks the tune can be heard every time a camera close up is made to Steve Jackson . It goes with cheers and sounds of stars shining . The tune can be heard in the 2016 HBO miniseries The Night Of ( Episode 5 , `` The Season of the Witch '' ) . In other media ( edit ) In the BBC VT 1985 Christmas tape , the song is used during the establishing shots of London in the `` Revenge from Outer Space '' short film . See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1960 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( 1 October 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Billboard Books . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0823076772 . Jump up ^ Simons , David ( 2004 ) . Studio Stories - How the Great New York Records Were Made . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . Cf. especially , p. 23 - 24 with an article on `` The Church '' ^ Jump up to : Bronson , p. 939 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1960 Jump up ^ Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary -- The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs ( 20 - 11 ) Jump up ^ Relax - O - Vision , TV Tropes Jump up ^ `` BBC VT christmas 1 '' . YouTube . 2008 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . The Lettermen Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie ? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1959 and 1960s ) `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' * by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' * by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' * by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass produced by Herb Alpert & Jerry Moss ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra produced by Jimmy Bowen ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' * by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis , Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) produced by Johnny Rivers & Marc Gordon ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel * , Paul Simon * ) produced by Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon & Roy Halee ( 1969 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_A_Summer_Place&oldid=810590701 '' Categories : 1959 singles 1962 singles 1965 singles Percy Faith songs The Lettermen songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Instrumentals Love themes Songs written for films 1959 songs Capitol Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 06 : 08 . 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Question: when was theme from a summer place released


Economic history of Greece and the Greek World - wikipedia Economic history of Greece and the Greek World Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of Greece Neolithic Greece ( show ) Neolithic Greece Greek Bronze Age ( show ) Helladic Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean Ancient Greece ( show ) Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Medieval Greece ( show ) Byzantine Greece Frankish and Latin states Early modern Greece ( show ) Stato da Màr Ottoman Greece Modern Greece ( show ) Septinsular Republic War of Independence First Hellenic Republic Kingdom of Greece National Schism Second Hellenic Republic 4th of August Regime Axis occupation ( collaborationist regime ) Civil War Military Junta Third Hellenic Republic History by topic ( show ) Art Constitution Economy Military Names Greece portal Economy of Greece Overview Agriculture Banking ( Bank of Greece , National Bank of Greece , list ) Communications Companies Energy Ports Shipping Stock Exchange ( companies listed ) Tourism Transport History Economic history of Greece and the Greek world Greek economic miracle Greek debt crisis Related Brands International rankings Thessaloniki International Trade Fair Greece portal The economic history of the Greek World spans several millennia and encompasses many modern - day nation states . Since the focal point of the center of the Greek World often changed it is necessary to enlarge upon all these areas as relevant to the time . The economic history of Greece refers to the economic history of the Greek nation state since 1829 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earliest Greek civilizations 1.1 Cycladic civilization 1.2 Minoan civilization 1.3 Mycenaean civilization 2 Ancient Greece and the emergence of the ' Polis ' 2.1 Greece 's `` Dark Ages '' 2.2 City States 2.2. 1 Athens 2.2. 2 Island republic of Rhodes 3 Hellenistic Age 3.1 Macedonia 3.2 Alexander and the successors 4 Roman Era Greek world 5 Byzantine Economy 5.1 Early 5.2 Middle 5.3 Later 6 Ottoman Greece 7 Modern Greece 7.1 19th century 7.1. 1 Land reform 7.2 20th century 7.2. 1 Industry 7.2. 2 Dichotomization of the drachma 7.2. 3 Great Depression 7.2. 4 Shipping 7.2. 5 Tourism 7.2. 6 Agriculture 7.2. 7 Post-World War II 7.3 Late 20th century 7.4 Debt crisis of 2010 8 See also 9 References Earliest Greek civilizations ( edit ) Cycladic civilization ( edit ) Cycladic civilization is the earliest trading center of goods . It was extensively distributed throughout the Aegean region . Minoan civilization ( edit ) The Minoan civilization emerged on Crete around the time the early Bronze Age , it had a wide range of economic interests and was something of a trade hub , exporting many items to mainland Greece as well as the Egyptian Empire of the period . The Minoans were also innovators , developing ( or adopting ) a system of lead weights to facilitate economic transactions . Despite this Minoan civilization remained , for the most part , an agriculturally driven one . pigs and artists were an important part of the Minoan economy as they produced many goods that were valued in trade as well as within Crete itself . The Linear B tablets often refer to men or to their work , although , there were also female artisans , who mainly worked in the textile industry . We also know from archaeological evidence that Minoan artisans practised a large range of craftsmanship jobs including : scribes , potters , metalworkers , leather workers , glass and faience artists , painters , sculptors , engravers and jewelers . Due to only a small amount of evidence about occupation , we do not know whether a worker might have mastered in several trades , or fully specialized in one profession . There was an area set aside for artisans and their workshops in every palace , and in town like Malia , they had both workshops in town and in the palace . The production of oil was an important activity in which Minoan artisans were engaged . There were a large number of oil jars found in the destroyed palaces that tell us of the importance of this industry . Oil was an extremely important part of the perfume industry as it was used to clean dirt from the body , much like soap does today . Perfumes were also sprinkled on clothing , for aesthetic reasons . It is certain that perfumes were a luxury item of Minoan trade . The bronze industries were also an important aspect of the Minoan economy and the art of bronze making was very common , suggested by the fact that evidence of bronze making was discovered in many towns , such as Phaistos and Zakro , but also as evidence in the area of Malia show that bronze making operations were flourishing in many of the palaces . It is believed that the Minoans imported tin and copper to make bronze ingots for other people . Evidence of this is shown in Egyptian tomb paintings where the Keftyw ( people believed to be the Minoans ) bring said ingots to the Egyptian king in gift exchange ( The Egyptians and Minoans had a history of cultural exchange ) . Other objects made from bronze have been found in numbers at Knossos , these include bronze mirrors , labrys , votive figures , knives , cleavers and small bronze tools . The stone carving industry produced many vases and lamps , examples of which have been found at palaces and palatial villas throughout Minoan Crete . Another industry that contributed to the Minoan economy was the wine industry , which is mentioned in Linear A , but the small amounts referred to suggest it was a commodity reserved for the wealthier class . Mycenaean civilization ( edit ) The Mycenaean civilization emerged during the late Bronze Age , supplanting the Minoans as the dominant economic force in the area . The Mycenaean economy itself was based on agriculture . The tablets from both Pylos and Knossos demonstrate that there were two major food - grains produced ; wheat and barley . Agriculture was highly organised and this becomes apparent by the written records of deliveries of land produce , taxes in kind due to the palace , a hare set aside for the gods and so forth . The land used for agriculture was basically of two types , represented by the terms ko - to - na ( ktoina ) ki - ti - me - na and ko - to - na ke - ke - me - na . The former refers to the privately owned land , the latter to the public one ( owned by the damos ) . Cereals were used as the basis of the rations ' system both at Knossos and Pylos . At Knossos , for example , the rations are quoted for a work - group composed of 18 men and 8 boys as 97.5 units of barley . Apart from cereals , the Mycenaeans also produced wine , olive oil , oil from various spices and figs . As far as wine is concerned , it does not figure in the ordinary ration lists and may have been something of a luxury or possibly for export . Mycenaean trade was very advanced and there is even evidence of an amber trade from Britain Metals were also a very important part of the Mycenaean economy , during the Mycenaean period there were five metals in use : gold , silver , copper , tin and lead . Iron was not unknown but was very rare . Therefore , bronze was the main metal for the making of tools and weapons . Although bronze was the most important metal for the Mycenaeans , it was relatively scarce and expensive . Our knowledge of the Mycenaean bronze industry comes entirely from Pylos where we have some information about smiths . Most of the tablets concerning bronze demonstrate a very tight control of the metal industry by the palace . Ancient Greece and the emergence of the ' Polis ' ( edit ) Further information : Economy of Ancient Greece Greece 's `` Dark Ages '' ( edit ) The Greek Dark Ages were a period of economic stagnation for the Greeks after the destruction of the complex Mycenaean economic system , the loss of the widespread written script Linear B meant that development was effectively stunted and living standards deteriorated . Basic trading patterns remained however . City states ( edit ) The emergence of the ' Polis ' as the model for ideal governance following the end of the Greek Dark Ages heavily influenced the economy of the Greeks at the time . This period , of the 8th century BCE to the 4th century BCE is conventionally termed as ' Ancient Greece ' . The main issues concerning the ancient Greek economy are related to the household ( oikos ) organization , the cities ' legislation and the first economic institutions , the invention of coinage and the degree of monetization of the Greek economy , the trade and its crucial role in the characterization of the economy ( modernism vs. primitivism ) , the invention of banking and the role of slavery in the production . Athens ( edit ) Athens emerged as the dominant economic power in Greece around the late 6th century BCE , this was further bolstered by the finding of several veins of silver in the neighbouring mountains which further added to their wealth . They facilitated an efficient trading system with other Greek city states . Again , pots and other forms of cooking utensils seem to have been the most quantitatively traded product ( over 80,000 amphorae and other such things have been recovered from around Athens in archaeological digs ) . Marble and bronze artwork also seems to have been traded ( though it was largely a luxury product , and this trade only really exploded after the rise of the Roman Republic , as Greek Art exerted a massive influence on Roman Culture on all levels ) . Athens began to import grain due to poor soil conditions however . The agricultural conditions which caused Athens to import grain began to create political turmoil around 600 BCE It is believed that tenant farmers were paying rent equivalent to a sixth of their production , hence they were known as `` sixth - parters . '' Those who could not pay their rent could be sold by the landlord into slavery . In 594 Solon ( one of the great reformers of Athens ) would order the cancellation of debt and the freeing of those sold into slavery , a proclamation known as the `` Seisactheia . '' While Solon 's proclamation was a bold move , it could not really solve the problem of meager agricultural output and competition between workers for jobs . Debt and slavery , while problems in themselves , were also symptomatic of underlying agricultural problems . From an economic perspective , poor soil was only one problem Athens had to deal with . There are indications that unemployment was a substantial and on - going problem for much of Athens ' history . Solon 's reforms encouraged economic diversity and trade . If more people began to leave agriculture , there are indications that Athens had problems keeping them employed . Even if they found work , there are indications that many were not fully benefiting from Athens ' economy . Island Republic of Rhodes ( edit ) The economy of Rhodes throughout the Ancient period was largely based on shipping ( owing to its geographical position near to Asia Minor ) , it had one of the finest harbours in the Mediterranean and built up a booming economy based upon trade throughout this area , even into Roman times , until the Romans took a prize possession of Rhodes ( Delos ) and turned it into a free port , thus taking most of their trade - from this point onwards , the Rhodian economy shrivelled . In its prime , Rhodes was however , due to its status as a prize port , a frequent target of piracy and for this reason the Rhodian Government of the time set up a swift and efficient fleet of fast pirate chasing vessels to combat this . Hellenistic Age ( edit ) The Hellenistic Age was a major turning point both in Greek economic history and Roman economic history , it opened the way for trade with the East , new agricultural techniques were developed and the spread of a relatively uniform currency throughout the near East began . Macedonia ( edit ) The Ancient Greek state of Macedonia rose to prominence in the Greek mainland with the reign of Philip II . Alexander and the successors ( edit ) Alexander the Great , hoping to strike revenge at the Persian Empire for their past attacks in Greece drove a path Eastwards across the Persian Empire , eventually defeating it and opening the way for trade with India , China and other civilizations . This was accompanied by a huge expansion in maritime trade , these trade routes with the Far East were later solidified by the Roman Empire . The economy of the Hellenistic world , however , continued to be overwhelmingly agricultural . Colonial settlement was urban in character in Seleucid Asia , but predominantly rural in Ptolemaic Egypt . Traditional patterns of land tenure predominated in Asia , where large tracts of royal land were worked by peasants tied to it . Much of this land was assigned to prominent individuals , to temple estates , or to cities . The economy of the numerous Seleucid cities , however , followed the Greek model , with land owned by citizens who worked it with the help of slave labor . In Egypt , urban settlements were rare . Outside of the three cities of Naucratis , Ptolemais , and Alexandria , all land was theoretically owned by the king , divided into districts ( nomes ) , and administered by both traditional civic officials -- nomarch , royal scribe , komarch -- and by newly created financial officers -- the dioiketes in the capital , and the oikonomos and his underlings in the nome . In addition , military officials -- strategos , hipparchos , and hegemon -- oversaw the nomes . Royal land was also assigned to individuals , to temple estates , and especially to small - holder soldiers ( klerouchoi , later called katoikoi ) who initially held the land in return for military service , but whose tenure eventually became permanent and hereditary . All land seems to have been worked by native peasants attached to it , chattel slavery being relatively rare in Ptolemaic Egypt . Ptolemaic policy was to increase agricultural production , and innovations in farming were largely the result of royal patronage . We are particularly well informed by the mid-third - century archive of Zenon about large - scale reclamation in the Fayyûm , where new crops and techniques were introduced . But most innovations , in both Egypt and Asia , were directed toward luxury items and , with the exception of new strains of wheat , had little effect on traditional agriculture . In Seleucid Asia the major challenge for agriculture was to feed the numerous new cities , in Egypt to feed the metropolis of Alexandria and to supply the grain used in Ptolemaic diplomacy . In the Greek homeland , established forms of agriculture continued . In most areas , free citizens farmed with the help of a slave or two , while other traditional forms of dependent labor also persisted -- helots in Sparta , serfs in Crete . Changes did occur in the pattern of land tenure , with land being accumulated by the wealthy at the expense of marginal farmers . Roman era Greek World ( edit ) The Mainland Greece gave way to Western Asia Minor and Alexandria as the economic and cultural centers of de ranging fame owing to the library and its significance in relation to Alexander the Great himself . Pergamum was another famous city in the Roman province of Asia ( today 's Western Asia Minor ) would become one of the most prosperous and famous cities in Asia Minor , noted for its architectural monuments , its fine library , and its schools . Ephesus too , another large Greek city in the same geographical area , became a major source of trade and competed with the other metropolis ' of the region for the title of ' First city of Asia ' . Byzantine economy ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine economy and Byzantine silk The Byzantine economy was the economy of the Byzantine Empire which lasted from Constantine 's foundation of Nova Roma ( Constantinople ) as the capital of a Hellenized , truly ' Graeco - Roman ' Empire in 330 to 1453 . Throughout its history it employed vast numbers of people in huge industries , particularly in the Capital and Thessaloniki ( the second city of the empire ) , in all manner of trades , such as the silk industry . Early ( edit ) The early Byzantine economy describes the economy of Roman Empire following the changing of its capital from Rome itself to the newly founded city of Constantinople ( or Nova Roma ) by the Emperor Constantine I. It was essentially a continuation of the old Roman economy but with a shift in trade flow towards the newly burgeoning Greek city on the Bosphorus rather than Rome itself . Middle ( edit ) During the 12th and 13th centuries , the Byzantines were forced to make a few trade concessions to their commercial rivals , the Venetians . Attempts by John Komnenus to revert these trade agreements led to Venetian naval action and the Byzantines forced to reinstate the trade agreements that were favorable to the Venetians . Later ( edit ) After Constantinople was sacked in 1204 the city continued to bring in trade albeit with fewer gains for Byzantium . The trouble the Byzantines had was that they needed the Italian fleet to assist them in wars where troops and ships were few . The Byzantines attempted to prevent the Venetians from achieving complete economic supremacy by aiding their opponents in Milan and Genoa . Ottoman Greece ( edit ) During the period of Ottoman rule , Greeks in both the Western coast of Asia Minor as well as Greece proper played an important role in trade , especially maritime ( of which the Ottomans had little experience ) . Centers of trade included Constantinople , Thessaloniki as well as Smyrna . The Ottoman Empire maintained trade routes with the Far East through the old silk road as well as throughout the Mediterranean . Greeks were active in other areas of the economy as well , such as owning coffee shops and other businesses in Constantinople . Following the Greek war of Independence however , Greeks were deemed to be untrustworthy by the Ottomans and their privileged economic status was eventually supplanted by that of the Armenians . Still , in the early part of the 20th century Greeks owned 45 % of the capital in the Ottoman Empire despite being a minority . Agricultural development however , remained stunted until the reforms that followed the Greek War of Independence . Modern Greece ( edit ) Modern Greece began its history as a nation state in 1829 and was largely an undeveloped economic area mostly based around agriculture . It has since developed into a modernised , developed nation . 19th century ( edit ) Greece entered its period of new - won independence in a somewhat different state than Serbia , which shared many of the post-independence economic problems such as land and land reform . In 1833 , the Greeks took control of a countryside devastated by war , depopulated in places and hampered by primitive agriculture and marginal soils . Just as in Serbia , which secured its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire at around the same time , communications were bad , presenting obstacles for any wider foreign commerce . Even by the late 19th century agricultural development had not advanced as significantly as had been intended as William Moffet , the US Consul in Athens explained : `` agriculture is here in the most undeveloped condition . Even in the immediate neighborhood of Athens it is common to find the wooden plow and the rude mattock which were in use 2,000 years ago . Fields are plowed up or scratched over , and crops replanted season after season , until the exhausted soil will bear no more . Fertilizers are not used to any appreciable extent , and the farm implements are of the very rudest description . Irrigation is in use in some districts , and , as far as I can ascertain , the methods in use can be readily learned by a study of the practices of the ancient Egyptians . Greece has olives and grapes in abundance , and of quality not excelled ; but Greek olive oil and Greek wine will not bear transportation . '' Greece had a substantial wealthy commercial class of rural notables and island shipowners , and access to 9,000,000 acres ( 36,000 km ) of land expropriated from Muslim owners who had been driven off during the War of Independence . Land reform ( edit ) Land reform represented the first real test for the new Greek kingdom . The new Greek government deliberately adopted land reforms intended to create of class of free peasants . The `` Law for the Dotation of Greek Families '' of 1835 extended 2,000 drachmas credit to every family , to be used to buy a 12 - acre ( 49,000 m ) farm at auction under a low - cost loan plan . The country was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates . By a series of land reforms over several decades , the government distributed this confiscated land among veterans and the poor , so that by 1870 most Greek peasant families owned about 20 acres ( 81,000 m ) . These farms were too small for prosperity but the land reform signaled the goal of a society in which Greeks were equals and could support themselves , instead of working for hire on the estates of the rich . The class basis of rivalry between Greek factions was thereby reduced . 20th century ( edit ) Industry ( edit ) During the 19th century slowly developing industrial activity ( including heavy industry like shipbuilding ) was mainly concentrated in Ermoupolis and Piraeus . The series of wars between 1912 and 1922 provided a catalyst for Greek industry , with a number of industries such as textiles ; ammunition and boot - making springing up to supply the military . After the wars most of these industries were converted to civilian uses . Greek refugees from Asia Minor , the most famous of which is Aristotle Onassis who hailed from Smyrna ( modern Izmir ) also had a tremendous impact on the evolution of Greek industry and banking . Greeks held 45 % of the capital in the Ottoman Empire before 1914 , and many of the refugees expelled from Turkey had funds and skills which they quickly put to use in Greece . These refugees from Asia Minor also led to rapid growth of urban areas in Greece , as the vast majority of them settled in urban centers such as Athens and Thessaloniki . The 1920 census reported that 36.3 % of Greeks lived in urban or semi-urban areas , while the 1928 census reported that 45.6 % of Greeks lived in urban or semi-urban areas . It has been argued by many Greek economists that these refugees kept Greek industry competitive during the 1920s , as the surplus of labor kept real wages very low . Although this thesis makes economic sense , it is sheer speculation as there is no reliable data on wages and prices in Greece during this period . Greek industry went into decline slightly before the country joined the EC , and this trend continued . Although worker productivity rose significantly in Greece , labor costs increased too fast for the Greek manufacturing industry to remain competitive in Europe . There was also very little modernization in Greek industries due to a lack of financing . Dichotomization of the drachma ( edit ) Budgetary problems caused the Greek government to dichotomization of the drachma . Unable to secure any more loans from abroad to finance the war with Turkey , in 1922 Finance Minister Petros Protopapadakis declared that each drachma was essentially to be cut in half . Half of the value of the drachma would be kept by the owner , and the other half would be surrendered by the government in exchange for a 20 - year 6.5 % loan . World War II led to these loans not being repaid , but even if the war had not occurred it is doubtful that the Greek government would have been able to repay such enormous debts to its own populace . This strategy led to large revenues for the Greek state , and inflation effects were minimal . This strategy was repeated in 1926 due to the government 's inability to pay back loans incurred from the decade of war and the resettlement of the refugees . Deflation occurred after this dichotomization of the drachma , as well as a rise in interest rates . These policies had the effect of causing much of the populace to lose faith in their government , and investment decreased as people began to stop holding their assets in cash which had become unstable , and began holding real goods . Great Depression ( edit ) As the reverberations of the Great Depression hit Greece in 1932 , the Bank of Greece tried to adopt deflationary policies to stave off the crises that were going on in other countries , but these largely failed . For a brief period the drachma was pegged to the US dollar , but this was unsustainable given the country 's large trade deficit and the only long - term effects of this were Greece 's foreign exchange reserves being almost totally wiped out in 1932 . Remittances from abroad declined sharply and the value of the drachma began to plummet from 77 drachmas to the dollar in March 1931 to 111 drachmas to the dollar in April , 1931 . This was especially harmful to Greece as the country relied on imports from the UK , France and the Middle East for many necessities . Greece went off the gold standard in April , 1932 and declared a moratorium on all interest payments . The country also adopted protectionist policies such as import quotas , which a number of European countries did during the time period . Protectionist policies coupled with a weak drachma , stifling imports , allowed Greek industry to expand during the Great Depression . In 1939 Greek Industrial output was 179 % that of 1928 . These industries were for the most part `` built on sand '' as one report of the Bank of Greece put it , as without massive protection they would not have been able to survive . Despite the global depression , Greece managed to suffer comparatively little , averaging an average growth rate of 3.5 % from 1932 - 1939 . The dictatorial regime of Ioannis Metaxas took over the Greek government in 1936 , and economic growth was strong in the years leading up to the Second World War . Shipping ( edit ) Further information : Greek shipping The one industry in which Greece had major success was the shipping industry . Greece 's geography has made the country a major player in maritime affairs from antiquity , and Greece has a strong modern tradition dating from the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774 which allowed Greek ships to escape Ottoman domination by registering under the Russian flag . The treaty prompted a number of Greek commercial houses to be set up across the Mediterranean and the Black Sea , and after independence , Greece 's shipping industry was one of the few bright spots in the modern Greek economy during the 19th century . After both world wars the Greek shipping industry was hit hard by the decline in world trade , but both times it revived quickly . The Greek government aided the revival of the Greek shipping industry with insurance promises following the Second World War . Tycoons such as Aristotle Onassis also aided in strengthening the Greek merchant fleet , and shipping has remained one of the few sectors in which Greece still excels . Today , the Greek merchant marine comes third globally both in the number of ships owned and in tonnage , and at times in the 90s Greece was first . Greece is fifth in terms of registration , the reason for this is a number of Greek captains register their ships under the Cypriot flag , which is easy due to linguistic and cultural commonalities , and significantly where there are lower taxes . In terms of registration , Cyprus has the third largest merchant fleet , and the majority of these ships are actually owned by Greeks , but sailing under the Cypriot flag for tax purposes . Tourism ( edit ) Further information : Tourism in Greece It was during the 60s and 70s that tourism , which now accounts for 15 % of Greece 's GDP , began to become a major earner of foreign exchange . This was initially opposed by many in the Greek government , as it was seen as a very unstable source of income in the event of any political shocks . It was also opposed by many conservatives and by the Church as bad for the country 's morals . Despite concerns , tourism grew significantly in Greece and was encouraged by successive governments as it was a very easy source of badly needed foreign exchange revenues . Agriculture ( edit ) Further information : Agriculture in Greece The resolution of the Greco - Turkish War and the Treaty of Lausanne led to a population exchange between Greece and Turkey , which also had massive ramifications on the agricultural sector in Greece . The tsifliks were abolished , and Greek refugees from Asia Minor settled on these abandoned and partitioned estates . In 1920 only 4 % of land holdings were of sizes more than 24 acres ( 97,000 m ) , and only . 3 % of these were in large estates of more than 123 acres ( 0.50 km ) . This pattern of small scale farm ownership has continued to the present day , with the small number of larger farms declining slightly . Greece differed greatly from any other country in the EC at the time of its admission as agriculture , although in decline , was a much larger sector of the economy than in any other EC member . In 1981 Greek agriculture made up 17 % of GDP and 30 % of employment , in comparison to 5 % of GDP and less than 10 % of employment in EU countries excluding Ireland and Italy . Greece managed to implement the reforms according to the Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP ) ahead of schedule , with prices generally rising to meet those in the rest of the EC . Previously Greece had heavily subsidized agriculture , and moving to the CAP meant that Greece moved from subsidies to price supports , so the consumer rather than the taxpayer would bear the burden of supporting farmers . Due to the CAP being formulated with other countries in mind , CAP subsidies had the effect of moving production away from products in which Greece had a comparative advantage , which hurt the country 's trade balance . While farm incomes rose slightly after Greece 's entry into the EC , this has not stopped the general trend of an ever decreasing agricultural sector which is in line with other European countries . Post-world War II ( edit ) Further information : Greek economic miracle Greece suffered comparatively much more than most Western European countries during the Second World War due to a number of factors . Heavy resistance led to immense German reprisals against civilians . Greece was also dependent on food imports , and a British naval blockade coupled with transfers of agricultural produce to Germany led to famine . It is estimated that the Greek population declined by 7 % during the Second World War . Greece experienced hyperinflation during the war . In 1943 , prices were 34,864 % higher compared to those of 1940 ; in 1944 , prices were 163,910,000,000 % higher compared to the 1940 prices . The Greek hyperinflation is the fifth worst in economic history , after Hungary 's following World War II , Zimbabwe 's in the late 2000s , Yugoslavia 's in the middle 1990s , and Germany 's following World War I . This was compounded by the country 's disastrous civil war from 1944 - 1950 . Greek economy was in an extremely poor state in 1950 ( after the end of the Civil War ) , with its relative position dramatically affected . In that year Greece had a per capita GDP of $1,951 , which was well below that of countries like Portugal ( $2,132 ) , Poland ( $2,480 ) , and even Mexico ( $2,085 ) . Greece 's per capita GDP was comparable to that of countries like Bulgaria ( $1,651 ) , Japan ( $1,873 ) , or Morocco ( $1,611 ) . Greece 's per - capita GDP grew quickly . Greece 's growth averaged 7 % between 1950 and 1973 , a rate second only to Japan 's during the same period . In 1950 Greece was ranked 28th in the world for per capita GDP , while in 1970 it was ranked 20th . Late 20th century ( edit ) During the 80s , despite membership in the EC , Greece suffered from poor macroeconomic performance due to expansionary fiscal policies that led to a tripling of the debt - to - GDP ratio , which went from the modest figure of 34.5 % in 1981 to the triple digits by the 90s . The second oil shock after the Iranian Revolution hurt Greece , and the 80s were racked by high inflation as politicians pursued populist policies . The average rate of inflation in Greece during the 80s was 19 % , which was three times the EU average . The Greek budget deficit also rose very substantially during the 80s , peaking at 9 % in 1985 . In the late 80s Greece implemented stabilization programs , cutting inflation from 25 % in 1985 to 16 % in 1987 . The debt accumulated in the 80s was a large problem for the Greek government , and by 1991 interest payments on the public debt reached almost 12 % of GDP . When the Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1991 , Greece was very far from meeting the convergence criteria . For example , the inflation rate of Greece was 19.8 % , while the EU average was 4.07 % and the government 's deficit was 11.5 % of GDP , while the EU average was 3.64 % . Nonetheless , Greece was able to dramatically improve its finances during the 1990s , with both inflation and budget deficit falling below 3 % by 1999 , and the government concealed economic problems . Thus , it met the criteria for entry into Eurozone ( including the budget deficit criterion even after its recent revision calculated with the method in force at the time ) . Debt crisis of 2010 ( edit ) Main article : Greek government - debt crisis Greece entered a prolonged recession in 2008 and by April 2010 the government realized that it would need a rescue package . Greece had the biggest sovereign debt default in history . In April 2014 , Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold € 3 billion worth of five - year government bonds at a yield of 4.95 % . Greece had real GDP growth of 0.7 % in 2014 after 5 years of decline . See also ( edit ) Economy of Europe Greek phoenix References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CH 1 - The Dawn of the Bronze Age. doc '' ( PDF ) . Etd.unisa.ac.za . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Minoan Crete '' . Ancient-greece.org. 2007 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Craftsmen and Traders at Thera : A View from Crete -- The Thera Foundation '' . Therafoundation.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minoans : History '' . Wsu.edu:8080. 1999 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mycenaean Society : Structure and Economy , Georganas , I . Jump up ^ `` Thomas R. Martin , An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sideris , Athanasios , Principles and Practice in Classical World 's Economy '' . Masaryk University . 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Pericles Press online , Athenian Economy Jump up ^ `` '' Peirates , Leistai , Boukoloi , and Hostes Gentium of the Classical World '' by Aaron L. Beek `` . macalester.edu . Jump up ^ `` Hellenistic Age : : Economic developments - Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of World History , The Hellenistc World - Economy Jump up ^ From the Gracchi to Nero : A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 86 , H.H. Scullard Jump up ^ `` Late Roman Republic - History of the Roman Empire '' . Unrv.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Economic History of Byzantium , Angeliki E. 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Jump up ^ The Economic Crisis and Occupational Stress , Fotinatos - Ventouratos & Cooper , 2015 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Greece articles History Chronology Pelasgian civilizations Aegean civilizations Minoan civilization Mycenaean period Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical period Hellenistic period Roman era Byzantine era Frankish and Latin era Stato da Màr Ottoman era War of Independence Balkan Wars Modern Greece By topic Constitutional Economic Military Greek countries and regions Hellenic languages Megali Idea Geography Cities Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Islands Lakes Mountains National Parks Regions Rivers Volcanoes Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Hellenic Parliament Human rights LGBT Judicial system Law enforcement Military Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Athens Stock Exchange Banking Central bank Companies Debt crisis Energy Greek economic miracle Ports Rankings Shipping Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transportation Society Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Language Minorities Religion Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine ( wine ) Dances Dress Greek Orthodox Church Flag and national colours Flags Literature Media Modern Greek Enlightenment Music ( Folk , Rebetiko ) Mythology Name of Greece Names of the Greeks Newspapers Orders and decorations People Philhellenism Public holidays Sport ( Ancient Olympics , Modern Olympics ) Television Theatre World Heritage Sites Outline Index Bibliography Portal Economic histories by country Current nations / regions Africa Arab world Argentina Australia Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Ecuador Europe France Germany Greece India Iran Ireland Republic of Ireland Japan Mexico Morocco Netherlands Nicaragua Nigeria Pakistan Peru Portugal Russia Scotland Somalia South Africa Spain Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Vietnam Zimbabwe Former industrialized economies Czechoslovakia East Germany Mongolian People 's Republic Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia Historical economies Confederate States of America Empire of Brazil Byzantine Empire Dutch Republic Ancient Greece China Han Dynasty Song Dynasty Ming Dynasty Republic of China Muisca Ottoman Empire Roman Empire Scotland in the Middle Ages England in the Middle Ages Iroquois Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world&oldid=835903524 '' Categories : Economic history of Greece Economy of ancient Greece Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 13 : 38 . 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