Light - dependent reactions - wikipedia Light - dependent reactions Jump to : navigation , search Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane In photosynthesis , the light - dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes . The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen , and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma , where the light - independent reactions take place . The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions . There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane : Photosystem II ( PSII ) , Cytochrome b6f complex , Photosystem I ( PSI ) , and ATP synthase . These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH . The four photosystems absorb light energy through pigments -- primarily the chlorophylls , which are responsible for the green color of leaves . The light - dependent reactions begin in photosystem II . When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon , an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level . Because this state of an electron is very unstable , the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions , called an electron transport chain ( ETC ) . The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI . In PSI , the electron gets the energy from another photon . The final electron acceptor is NADP . In oxygenic photosynthesis , the first electron donor is water , creating oxygen as a waste product . In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used . Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP . This process is called photophosphorylation , which occurs in two different ways . In non-cyclic photophosphorylation , cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen . The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton - motive force , used by ATP synthase to form ATP . In cyclic photophosphorylation , cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH . Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light - independent reactions . The net - reaction of all light - dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is : 2H O + 2NADP + 3ADP + 3P → O + 2NADPH + 3ATP The two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain . Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function . They use special proteins , called light - harvesting complexes , to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness . If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon , an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center . This reaction , called photoinduced charge separation , is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms . Contents ( hide ) 1 The reaction center 2 Photosynthetic electron transport chains in chloroplasts 2.1 Photosystem II 2.1. 1 The water - splitting complex 2.1. 2 The reaction center 2.1. 3 Link of water - splitting complex and chlorophyll excitation 2.1. 4 Summary 2.2 Cytochrome 2.3 Photosystem I 3 Photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria 3.1 Cyanobacteria 3.2 Purple bacteria 3.3 Green sulfur bacteria 4 History 5 See also 6 References The reaction center ( edit ) Main article : Photosynthetic reaction center The reaction center is in the thylakoid membrane . It transfers light energy to a dimer of chlorophyll pigment molecules near the periplasmic ( or thylakoid lumen ) side of the membrane . This dimer is called a special pair because of its fundamental role in photosynthesis . This special pair is slightly different in PSI and PSII reaction center . In PSII , it absorbs photons with a wavelength of 680 nm , and it is therefore called P680 . In PSI , it absorbs photons at 700 nm , and it is called P700 . In bacteria , the special pair is called P760 , P840 , P870 , or P960 . Where `` P '' means pigment , and the number following it is the wavelength of light absorbed . If an electron of the special pair in the reaction center becomes excited , it can not transfer this energy to another pigment using resonance energy transfer . In normal circumstances , the electron should return to the ground state , but , because the reaction center is arranged so that a suitable electron acceptor is nearby , the excited electron can move from the initial molecule to the acceptor . This process results in the formation of a positive charge on the special pair ( due to the loss of an electron ) and a negative charge on the acceptor and is , hence , referred to as photoinduced charge separation . In other words , electrons in pigment molecules can exist at specific energy levels . Under normal circumstances , they exist at the lowest possible energy level they can . However , if there is enough energy to move them into the next energy level , they can absorb that energy and occupy that higher energy level . The light they absorb contains the necessary amount of energy needed to push them into the next level . Any light that does not have enough or has too much energy can not be absorbed and is reflected . The electron in the higher energy level , however , does not want to be there ; the electron is unstable and must return to its normal lower energy level . To do this , it must release the energy that has put it into the higher energy state to begin with . This can happen various ways . The extra energy can be converted into molecular motion and lost as heat . Some of the extra energy can be lost as heat energy , while the rest is lost as light . ( This re-emission of light energy is called fluorescence . ) The energy , but not the e - itself , can be passed onto another molecule . ( This is called resonance . ) The energy and the e - can be transferred to another molecule . Plant pigments usually utilize the last two of these reactions to convert the sun 's energy into their own . This initial charge separation occurs in less than 10 picoseconds ( 10 seconds ) . In their high - energy states , the special pigment and the acceptor could undergo charge recombination ; that is , the electron on the acceptor could move back to neutralize the positive charge on the special pair . Its return to the special pair would waste a valuable high - energy electron and simply convert the absorbed light energy into heat . In the case of PSII , this backflow of electrons can produce reactive oxygen species leading to photoinhibition . Three factors in the structure of the reaction center work together to suppress charge recombination nearly completely . Another electron acceptor is less than 10 Å away from the first acceptor , and so the electron is rapidly transferred farther away from the special pair . An electron donor is less than 10 Å away from the special pair , and so the positive charge is neutralized by the transfer of another electron The electron transfer back from the electron acceptor to the positively charged special pair is especially slow . The rate of an of electron transfer reaction increases with its thermodynamic favorability up to a point and then decreases . The back transfer is so favourable that it takes place in the inverted region where electron - transfer rates become slower . Thus , electron transfer proceeds efficiently from the first electron acceptor to the next , creating an electron transport chain that ends if it has reached NADPH . Photosynthetic electron transport chains in chloroplasts ( edit ) The photosynthesis process in chloroplasts begins when an electron of P680 of PSII attains a higher - energy level . This energy is used to reduce a chain of electron acceptors that have subsequently lowered redox - potentials . This chain of electron acceptors is known as an electron transport chain . When this chain reaches PS I , an electron is again excited , creating a high redox - potential . The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is often put in a diagram called the z - scheme , because the redox diagram from P680 to P700 resembles the letter z . The final product of PSII is plastoquinol , a mobile electron carrier in the membrane . Plastoquinol transfers the electron from PSII to the proton pump , cytochrome b6f . The ultimate electron donor of PSII is water . Cytochrome b6f proceeds the electron chain to PSI through plastocyanin molecules . PSI is able to continue the electron transfer in two different ways . It can transfer the electrons either to plastoquinol again , creating a cyclic electron flow , or to an enzyme called FNR ( Ferredoxin -- NADP ( + ) reductase ) , creating a non-cyclic electron flow . PSI releases FNR into the stroma , where it reduces NADP to NADPH . Activities of the electron transport chain , especially from cytochrome b6f , lead to pumping of protons from the stroma to the lumen . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The overall process of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in chloroplasts is : H O → PS II → plastoquinone → cyt → plastocyanin → PS I → NADPH Photosystem II ( edit ) Main article : Photosystem II PS II is extremely complex , a highly organized transmembrane structure that contains a water - splitting complex , chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments , a reaction center ( P680 ) , pheophytin ( a pigment similar to chlorophyll ) , and two quinones . It uses the energy of sunlight to transfer electrons from water to a mobile electron carrier in the membrane called plastoquinone : H O → P680 → P680 → plastoquinone Plastoquinone , in turn , transfers electrons to cyt , which feeds them into PS I . The water - splitting complex ( edit ) The step H O → P680 is performed by a poorly understood structure embedded within PS II called the water - splitting complex or the oxygen - evolving complex . It catalyzes a reaction that splits water into electrons , protons and oxygen : 2H O → 4H + 4e + O The actual steps of the above reaction are running in the following way ( Dolai 's diagram of S - states ) : ( I ) 2H2O ( monoxide ) ( II ) OH . H2O ( hydroxide ) ( III ) H2O2 ( peroxide ) ( IV ) HO2 ( super oxide ) ( V ) O2 ( di - oxygen ) . The electrons are transferred to special chlorophyll molecules ( embedded in PS II ) that are promoted to a higher - energy state by the energy of photons . The reaction center ( edit ) The excitation P680 → P680 of the reaction center pigment P680 occurs here . These special chlorophyll molecules embedded in PS II absorb the energy of photons , with maximal absorption at 680 nm . Electrons within these molecules are promoted to a higher - energy state . This is one of two core processes in photosynthesis , and it occurs with astonishing efficiency ( greater than 90 % ) because , in addition to direct excitation by light at 680 nm , the energy of light first harvested by antenna proteins at other wavelengths in the light - harvesting system is also transferred to these special chlorophyll molecules . This is followed by the step P680 → pheophytin , and then on to plastoquinone , which occurs within the reaction center of PS II . High - energy electrons are transferred to plastoquinone before it subsequently picks up two protons to become plastoquinol . Plastoquinol is then released into the membrane as a mobile electron carrier . This is the second core process in photosynthesis . The initial stages occur within picoseconds , with an efficiency of 100 % . The seemingly impossible efficiency is due to the precise positioning of molecules within the reaction center . This is a solid - state process , not a chemical reaction . It occurs within an essentially crystalline environment created by the macromolecular structure of PS II . The usual rules of chemistry ( which involve random collisions and random energy distributions ) do not apply in solid - state environments . Link of water - splitting complex and chlorophyll excitation ( edit ) When the chlorophyll passes the electron to pheophytin , it obtains an electron from P. In turn , P can oxidize the Z ( or Y ) molecule . Once oxidized , the Z molecule can derive electrons from the oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC ) . Dolai 's S - state diagrams show the reactions of water splitting in the oxygen - evolving complex . Summary ( edit ) PS II is a transmembrane structure found in all chloroplasts . It splits water into electrons , protons and molecular oxygen . The electrons are transferred to plastoquinone , which carries them to a proton pump . Molecular oxygen is released into the atmosphere . The emergence of such an incredibly complex structure , a macromolecule that converts the energy of sunlight into potentially useful work with efficiencies that are impossible in ordinary experience , seems almost magical at first glance . Thus , it is of considerable interest that , in essence , the same structure is found in purple bacteria . Cytochrome PS II and PS I are connected by a transmembrane proton pump , cytochrome complex ( plastoquinol -- plastocyanin reductase ; EC 1.10. 99.1 ) . Electrons from PS II are carried by plastoquinol to cyt , where they are removed in a stepwise fashion ( reforming plastoquinone ) and transferred to a water - soluble electron carrier called plastocyanin . This redox process is coupled to the pumping of four protons across the membrane . The resulting proton gradient ( together with the proton gradient produced by the water - splitting complex in PS II ) is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The similarity in structure and function between cytochrome ( in chloroplasts ) and cytochrome ( Complex III in mitochondria ) is striking . Both are transmembrane structures that remove electrons from a mobile , lipid - soluble electron carrier ( plastoquinone in chloroplasts ; ubiquinone in mitochondria ) and transfer them to a mobile , water - soluble electron carrier ( plastocyanin in chloroplasts ; cytochrome c in mitochondria ) . Both are proton pumps that produce a transmembrane proton gradient . Photosystem I ( edit ) The cyclic light - dependent reactions occur only when the sole photosystem being used is photosystem I. Photosystem I excites electrons which then cycle from the transport protein , ferredoxin ( Fd ) , to the cytochrome complex , b6f , to another transport protein , plastocyanin ( Pc ) , and back to photosystem I. A proton gradient is created across the thylakoid membrane ( 6 ) as protons ( 3 ) are transported from the chloroplast stroma ( 4 ) to the thylakoid lumen ( 5 ) . Through chemiosmosis , ATP ( 9 ) is produced where ATP synthase ( 1 ) binds an inorganic phosphate group ( 8 ) to an ADP molecule ( 7 ) . Main article : Photosystem I PS I accepts electrons from plastocyanin and transfers them either to NADPH ( noncyclic electron transport ) or back to cytochrome ( cyclic electron transport ) : plastocyanin → P700 → P700 → FNR → NADPH ↑ ↓ ← plastoquinone PS I , like PS II , is a complex , highly organized transmembrane structure that contains antenna chlorophylls , a reaction center ( P700 ) , phylloquinine , and a number of iron - sulfur proteins that serve as intermediate redox carriers . The light - harvesting system of PS I uses multiple copies of the same transmembrane proteins used by PS II . The energy of absorbed light ( in the form of delocalized , high - energy electrons ) is funneled into the reaction center , where it excites special chlorophyll molecules ( P700 , maximum light absorption at 700 nm ) to a higher energy level . The process occurs with astonishingly high efficiency . Electrons are removed from excited chlorophyll molecules and transferred through a series of intermediate carriers to ferredoxin , a water - soluble electron carrier . As in PS II , this is a solid - state process that operates with 100 % efficiency . There are two different pathways of electron transport in PS I. In noncyclic electron transport , ferredoxin carries the electron to the enzyme ferredoxin NADP reductase ( FNR ) that reduces NADP to NADPH . In cyclic electron transport , electrons from ferredoxin are transferred ( via plastoquinone ) to a proton pump , cytochrome . They are then returned ( via plastocyanin ) to P700 . NADPH and ATP are used to synthesize organic molecules from CO . The ratio of NADPH to ATP production can be adjusted by adjusting the balance between cyclic and noncyclic electron transport . It is noteworthy that PS I closely resembles photosynthetic structures found in green sulfur bacteria , just as PS II resembles structures found in purple bacteria . Photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria ( edit ) PS II , PS I , and cytochrome are found in chloroplasts . All plants and all photosynthetic algae contain chloroplasts , which produce NADPH and ATP by the mechanisms described above . In essence , the same transmembrane structures are also found in cyanobacteria . Unlike plants and algae , cyanobacteria are prokaryotes . They do not contain chloroplasts . Rather , they bear a striking resemblance to chloroplasts themselves . This suggests that organisms resembling cyanobacteria were the evolutionary precursors of chloroplasts . One imagines primitive eukaryotic cells taking up cyanobacteria as intracellular symbionts in a process known as endosymbiosis . Cyanobacteria ( edit ) Cyanobacteria contain structures similar to PS II and PS I in chloroplasts . Their light - harvesting system is different from that found in plants ( they use phycobilins , rather than chlorophylls , as antenna pigments ) , but their electron transport chain O → PS II → plastoquinone → → cytochrome → PS I → ferredoxin → NADPH ↑ ↓ ← plastoquinone is , in essence , the same as the electron transport chain in chloroplasts . The mobile water - soluble electron carrier is cytochrome in cyanobacteria , plastocyanin in plants . Cyanobacteria can also synthesize ATP by oxidative phosphorylation , in the manner of other bacteria . The electron transport chain is NADH dehydrogenase → plastoquinone → → cytochrome → cytochrome → O where the mobile electron carriers are plastoquinone and cytochrome , while the proton pumps are NADH dehydrogenase , and cytochrome . Cyanobacteria are the only bacteria that produce oxygen during photosynthesis . Earth 's primordial atmosphere was anoxic . Organisms like cyanobacteria produced our present - day oxygen - containing atmosphere . The other two major groups of photosynthetic bacteria , purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria , contain only a single photosystem and do not produce oxygen . Purple bacteria ( edit ) Purple bacteria contain a single photosystem that is structurally related to PS II in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts : P870 → P870 → ubiquinone → → cytochrome → P870 This is a cyclic process in which electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule ( bacteriochlorophyll ; P870 ) , passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump ( cytochrome complex , similar but not identical to cytochrome in chloroplasts ) , and then returned to the chlorophyll molecule . The result is a proton gradient , which is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . As in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts , this is a solid - state process that depends on the precise orientation of various functional groups within a complex transmembrane macromolecular structure . To make NADPH , purple bacteria use an external electron donor ( hydrogen , hydrogen sulfide , sulfur , sulfite , or organic molecules such as succinate and lactate ) to feed electrons into a reverse electron transport chain . Green sulfur bacteria ( edit ) Green sulfur bacteria contain a photosystem that is analogous to PS I in chloroplasts : P840 → P840 → ferredoxin → NADH ↑ ↓ cyt c ← ← menaquinone There are two pathways of electron transfer . In cyclic electron transfer , electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule , passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump , and then returned to the chlorophyll . The mobile electron carriers are , as usual , a lipid - soluble quinone and a water - soluble cytochrome . The resulting proton gradient is used to make ATP . In noncyclic electron transfer , electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule and used to reduce NAD to NADH . The electrons removed from P840 must be replaced . This is accomplished by removing electrons from H S , which is oxidized to sulfur ( hence the name `` green sulfur bacteria '' ) . Purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria occupy relatively minor ecological niches in the present day biosphere . They are of interest because of their importance in precambrian ecologies , and because their methods of photosynthesis were the likely evolutionary precursors of those in modern plants . History ( edit ) The first ideas about light being used in photosynthesis were proposed by Colin Flannery in 1779 who recognized it was sunlight falling on plants that was required , although Joseph Priestley had noted the production of oxygen without the association with light in 1772 . Cornelius Van Niel proposed in 1931 that photosynthesis is a case of general mechanism where a photon of light is used to photo decompose a hydrogen donor and the hydrogen being used to reduce CO . Then in 1939 , Robin Hill showed that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen , but not fix CO showing the light and dark reactions occurred in different places . Although they are referred to as light and dark reactions , both of them take place only in the presence of light . This led later to the discovery of photosystems I and II . See also ( edit ) Light - independent reaction Photosynthetic reaction centre Photosystem II Compensation point References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vass , Imre ; Cser , Krisztian ( April 2009 ) . `` Janus - faced charge recombinations in photosystem II photoinhibition '' . Trends in Plant Science . 14 ( 4 ) : 200 -- 205 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tplants. 2009.01. 009 . ISSN 1360 - 1385 . PMID 19303349 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Keren , Nir ; Berg , Alexander ; van Kan , Paul J.M. ; Levanon , Haim ; Ohad , Itzhak ( 1997 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Mechanism of photosystem II photoinactivation and D1 protein degradation at low light : The role of back electron flow '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 94 ( 4 ) : 1579 -- 1584 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 94.4. 1579 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 19834 . PMID 11038602 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rajni Govindjee . `` The Z - Scheme Diagram of Photosynthesis '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dolai , U. ( 2017 ) . `` Chemical Scheme of Water - Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis `` . IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences . 12 ( 6 ) : 65 - 67 . doi : 10.9790 / 3008 - 1206026567 . ISSN 2319 - 7676 . Jump up ^ `` Photosynthesis '' . McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology . 2007 . p. 472 . Jump up ^ Ingenhousz , J ( 1779 ) . Experiments Upon Vegetables . London : Elmsly and Payne . Jump up ^ Priestley , J ( 1772 ) . `` Observations on Different Kinds of Air '' . 62 . London : Phil . Trans . Roy . Soc. : 147 -- 264 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1772.0021 . Jump up ^ van Niel , C.B. ( 1931 ) . `` On the morphology and physiology of the purple and green sulfur bacteria '' . Arch . Microbiol. 3 : 1 -- 114 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00454965 . Jump up ^ Hill , R. ( May 1939 ) . `` Oxygen Produced by Isolated Chloroplasts '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 127 ( 847 ) : 192 -- 210 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1939.0017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light-dependent_reactions&oldid=837057160 '' Categories : Light reactions Photosynthesis Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 13 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: where does the light reaction of photosynthesis occur


Siege of Corinth - wikipedia Siege of Corinth Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American Civil War battle in 1862 . For the larger October 1862 battle , see Second Battle of Corinth . For other uses , see Battle of Corinth . Siege of Corinth Part of the American Civil War `` Crossroads of the Confederacy '' Date April 29 , 1862 ( 1862 - 04 - 29 ) -- May 30 , 1862 ( 1862 - 05 - 30 ) Location Corinth , Mississippi 34 ° 56 ′ 02 '' N 88 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W  /  34.934 ° N 88.522 ° W  / 34.934 ; - 88.522 Coordinates : 34 ° 56 ′ 02 '' N 88 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W  /  34.934 ° N 88.522 ° W  / 34.934 ; - 88.522 Result Union victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) CSA ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Henry Halleck Ulysses S. Grant George H. Thomas Don Carlos Buell John Pope P.G.T. Beauregard Braxton Bragg Earl Van Dorn Units involved Army of the Tennessee Army of the Ohio Army of the Mississippi Army of Tennessee Army of the West Strength 120,000 65,000 Casualties and losses 1,000 1,000 Federal Penetration up the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers Fort Henry Fort Donelson Shiloh Corinth Map of the Siege of Corinth Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program . The Siege of Corinth ( also known as the First Battle of Corinth ) was an American Civil War engagement lasting from April 29 to May 30 , 1862 , in Corinth , Mississippi . A collection of Union forces under the overall command of Major General Henry Halleck engaged in a month - long siege of the city , whose Confederate occupants were commanded by General P.G.T. Beauregard . The siege resulted in the capture of the town by Federal forces . The town was a strategic point at the junction of two vital railroad lines , the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and the Memphis and Charleston Railroad . Former Confederate Secretary of War LeRoy Pope Walker called this intersection `` the vertebrae of the Confederacy '' . General Halleck argued : `` Richmond and Corinth are now the great strategic points of the war , and our success at these points should be insured at all hazards '' . Another reason for the town 's importance was that , if captured by Union forces , it would threaten the security of Chattanooga and render Southern control of the track west of that East Tennessee bastion meaningless . The siege ended when the outnumbered Confederates withdrew on May 29 . This effectively cut off the prospect of further Confederate attempts to regain western Tennessee . The Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant took control and made it the base for Grant 's operations to seize control of the Mississippi River Valley , and especially the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg , Mississippi . Grant later within his memoirs would recall the importance Corinth held in the cause to a Union victory in the region : `` Corinth was a valuable strategic point for the enemy to hold , and consequently a valuable one for us to possess ourselves of '' . General C.S. Hamilton would later recount that the importance of Corinth was summed up as such : `` The Confederate armies had been driven from the Ohio River , almost out of the States of Tennessee and Kentucky a steadying back for a distance of 200 miles Federal occupation reaching the Gulf States where chivalrous foes had been sure Yankee would never set foot '' . Sherman too would later write of the importance that Corinth held after the Second Battle of Corinth was concluded : `` In Memphis I could see its effects upon the citizens , and they openly admitted that their cause had sustained a death - blow '' . With the siege of Corinth completed , Federal troops had the opportunity to strike towards Vicksburg or Chattanooga , but it would be after the Second Battle of Corinth that October that Grant could strike for Vicksburg . The Siege of Corinth was described by General Sherman as a change in the tactics in West Tennessee : `` The effect of the battle of Corinth was very great . It was , indeed , a decisive blow to the Confederate cause in our quarter , and changed the whole aspect of affairs in West Tennessee . From the timid defensive we were at once enabled to assume the bold offensive '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 Farmington 3.2 Russell 's House 3.3 Widow Surratt Farm 3.4 Double Log House 3.5 Surratt 's Hill 3.6 Bridge Creek 4 Retreat 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Memoirs and primary sources 9 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Fort Henry , Battle of Fort Donelson , and Battle of Shiloh Further information : Western Theater of the American Civil War and American Civil War Halleck 's army marches towards Corinth Following the Union Army victory at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6 -- 7 , Maj. Gen. Henry Halleck amassed three Union armies -- the Army of the Tennessee , the Army of the Ohio , and the Army of the Mississippi -- for an advance on the vital rail center of Corinth , Mississippi . Made cautious by the staggering losses at Shiloh , Halleck embarked on a tedious campaign of offensive entrenchment , fortifying after each advance . By May 25 , 1862 , after moving five miles in three weeks , Halleck was in position to lay siege to the town . Confederate morale was low and Beauregard was outnumbered two to one . The water was bad . Typhoid and dysentery had felled thousands of his men . At a council of war , the Confederate officers concluded that they could not hold the railroad crossover . Sickness had claimed the lives of almost as many men as the Confederacy had lost at Shiloh . Opposing forces ( edit ) Battle map of Corinth , excerpt of map prepared and later published by the United States War Department , 1895 Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Battle ( edit ) Farmington ( edit ) Pope 's encampment at Corinth Of Halleck 's wing commanders John Pope proved to be the most aggressive during the campaign . Pope led the army 's Left Wing and was furthest away from Halleck 's headquarters . On May 3 Pope moved forward and captured the town of Farmington only a few miles from Corinth . Instead of moving the Center Wing under Don Carlos Buell forward , Halleck ordered Pope to withdraw and realign with Buell . General Pierre G.T. Beauregard ordered Earl Van Dorn to attack Pope 's advanced wing on May 9 . Pope made a successful withdrawal and rejoined with Buell . General Braxton Bragg of the Confederate States Army ( CSA ) had 25,000 men . The Union Army had 12,000 troops on hand . Van Dorn 's corps , barely engaged , had 9 casualties . Daniel Ruggles 's division on the other hand , which bore the brunt of the fighting , suffered casualties of 8 dead , 89 wounded and two missing or captured . The Union Army had 16 killed , 148 wounded and 14 missing or captured . Charge of the Federals The 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment was ordered to draw the enemy out as to count their numbers and they withdrew to a swamp north of town . Wisconsin 8th reported 5 killed , 14 severely wounded , and 19 slightly wounded . Old Abe the Screaming Eagle accompanied the Wisconsin 8th Infantry . Russell 's house ( edit ) As the wings of Halleck 's army group began to align themselves in front of Corinth , Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman proposed a plan of attack against the Confederate brigade of Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers , which had created a strong defensive position at the Russell house along the Confederate front lines . Sherman met with generals Halleck and George Henry Thomas on May 16 to discuss his plan . Sherman planned for the brigades of Colonel Morgan L. Smith and Brig. Gen. James W. Denver to lead the attack with Maj. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut 's division lending support . On May 17 the attack commenced with Denver on the right , Smith in the center and Hurlbut 's reserve to the right . Chalmers offered a stubborn resistance while some of his men fired from within the Russell house . The Confederates almost succeeded with a flank attack against Smith 's right but were repulsed by Colonel Thomas Kilby Smith and the 54th Illinois Infantry . As soon as a battery from the 1st Illinois Artillery deployed the advantage was in favor of the Union forces . Chalmers retreated beyond Philips Creek near the Russell house property and Morgan Smith 's brigade occupied high ground on which the house stood . Sherman 's losses were 10 killed and 31 wounded all of which were from Smith 's brigade . Confederate losses were unknown but Sherman reported 12 dead left on the field . That same day a division under Brig. Gen. Thomas W. Sherman drove off a Confederate force covering a crossing along Bridge Creek . Widow Surratt farm ( edit ) On May 21 Maj. Gen. William `` Bull '' Nelson ordered Colonel Thomas D. Sedgwick to conduct a reconnaissance - in - force against the Confederate trenches along Bridge Creek near Widow Surratt 's farm Sedgwick moved forward from the Union trenches occupied by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood 's division and deployed the 20th Kentucky infantry at the edge of a clearing and the 1st Kentucky infantry to the left facing a densely wooded area . Shortly after deployment the Kentuckians came under fire . The Confederate resistance was so severe Sedgwick was forced to fall back . Sedgwick brought forward artillery and the 2nd Kentucky infantry while General Wood lent cavalry support from his division . The Confederates attempted a flank attack against the 1st Kentucky but the Union artillery ( personally supervised by Captain Alvan C. Gillem of Buell 's staff ) and the 31st Indiana infantry in reserve stabilized the line . The Confederates made three more attempts to turn the Union flank until retiring to a creek beyond the Surratt farm . General Nelson ordered Sedgwick to hold his position until nightfall , then return to the Union camp . A week later General Buell would mount an attack to gain the high ground surrounding the Surratt farm . Double log house ( edit ) On May 27 Halleck ordered Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman to drive the Confederates from a log house along the Corinth Road and make a strong demonstration against Corinth itself if possible . At the edge of a cotton field along Sherman 's front was a double log house which the Confederates had converted into a block house by removing the chinking between the logs . Sherman formed an attacking column with Morgan L. Smith 's brigade on the left and James W. Denver 's brigade on the right . John A. Logan 's brigade ( from John A. McClernand 's reserve corps ) and James C. Veatch 's brigade ( from Stephen A. Hurlbut 's division ) were also brought up for support . Colonel Ezra Taylor fired several artillery rounds to signal the infantry attack . Denver and Smith quickly overtook the log house by storm and secured the hilltop position . The Confederates rallied and drove in Sherman 's skirmishers but the counterattack was repulsed by the main line of infantry with artillery support . The following day the rest of Sherman 's division and artillery moved forward to the new position which offered a good vantage point into Corinth itself . Generals Ulysses S. Grant and George H. Thomas were both present on the field during this engagement , giving approval for the behavior of operation . Surratt 's hill ( edit ) Confederate infantry had been using a hill in the vicinity of the Widow Surratt farm for picket outposts . With all his wings in line Halleck ordered Buell to clear the Confederates off the Surratt farm hill . Buell chose Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook 's reserve division to seize the hill to be used as a staging point for a further attack against Corinth . On May 27 McCook organized his brigades into line of attack intending to overwhelm the Confederates by surprise and overwhelming force . The brigades of Brig. Gen. Lovell H. Rousseau and Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson would lead the advance , side by side . Colonel Frederick S. Stumbaugh 's brigade followed in support of Johnson and Colonel Robert L. McCook 's brigade ( from Thomas W. Sherman 's division ) in support of Rousseau . Johnson 's brigade encountered some heavy skirmishing but the hill was taken in short time . McCook 's division entrenched and brought heavy artillery to the new position and immediately began to shell the Confederates . Beauregard 's artillery responded with minimal effort . The engagement at the Surratt farm hill allowed Halleck to bring forward siege guns for the bombardment of Corinth . Bridge Creek ( edit ) On May 28 Maj. Gen. Nelson ordered Colonel Sedgwick to seize a Confederate - held crossing of Bridge Creek , a small tributary of the Tuscumbia River . Sedgwick moved his brigade out from the main Union trenches with the 2nd and 20th Kentucky infantry regiments in the lead . Sedgwick drove in the Confederate pickets then encountered a larger force guarding the bridge . The Kentucky infantry managed to gain hold of the eastern end of the bridge while Sedgwick ordered forward the 31st Indiana infantry and Captain John Mendenhall 's artillery battery . These reinforcements and artillery forced the Confederates to abandon the bridge completely . Retreat ( edit ) With the Federal army preparing to lay siege to the town , a Confederate council of war decided to retreat . Confederate commander General P.G.T. Beauregard saved his army by a hoax . Some of the men were given three days ' rations and ordered to prepare for an attack . As expected , one or two went over to the Union with that news . The preliminary bombardment began , and Union forces maneuvered for position . During the night of May 29 , the Confederate army moved out . They used the Mobile and Ohio Railroad to carry the sick and wounded , the heavy artillery , and tons of supplies . When a train arrived , the troops cheered as though reinforcements were arriving . They set up dummy Quaker Guns along the defensive earthworks . Camp fires were kept burning , and buglers and drummers played . The rest of the men slipped away undetected , withdrawing to Tupelo , Mississippi . When Union patrols entered Corinth on the morning of May 30 , they found the Confederate troops gone . The Union forces took control and made it the base for their operations to seize control of the Mississippi River Valley , and especially the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg , Mississippi . Aftermath ( edit ) John Pope , whose aggressiveness exceeded his strategic capabilities , remarked in his memoirs that Halleck 's cautious campaign failed to take full advantage of a glittering array of talented Union officers , including `` Grant , Sherman , Sheridan , Thomas , McPherson , Logan , Buell , Rosecrans and many others I might mention . '' A Confederate army led by Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn attempted to retake the city in October 1862 , but was defeated in the Second Battle of Corinth by a Union army under the command of Rosecrans . At times during the second battle , Confederate forces seemed to have the upper hand but would fail to follow up their successes leading to a devastating defeat for Confederate forces in that region . Rosecrans had the opportunity to crush rebel forces during the battle but failed to follow up his victory , allowing Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn to escape from destruction . Corinth would ultimately lead to the operations that would open the Mississippi River valley which was considered by General Chief Henry W. Halleck as , `` the opening of the Mississippi River will be to us of more advantage than the capture of forty Richmonds '' . Confederate Brigadier General Joseph L. Hogg , father of the famous future Texas governor Jim Hogg , contracted dysentery during the siege and died on May 16 , 1862 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1862 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Siege and Battle of Corinth Sites Corinth National Cemetery Second Battle of Corinth Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Cozzens , Peter ( 1997 ) . The Darkest Days of the War The Battles of Iuka&Corinth . North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5783 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ulysses , Grant ( 1885 -- 86 ) . Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . New York . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Charles Smith ( 1882 ) . `` Correspondence in regard to the battle of Corinth , Miss. , October 3d and 4th , 1862 '' . ^ Jump up to : Memoirs of William T. Sherman Jump up ^ `` The First Battle of Corinth : May 30 , 1862 Jump up ^ `` Determining the facts : The Siege of Corinth '' , National Park Service Jump up ^ History.net : Siege of Corinth by Henry Halleck in 1862 Jump up ^ The Union Army : Cyclopedia of battles . Federal Publishing Company . 1908 . p. 392 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Farmington , May 3 Jump up ^ Farmington MS Jump up ^ Laurier B. McDonald . 14 Letters to a Friend , the Story of the Wartime Ordeal of Capt . De Witt Clinton Fort , C.S.A. Laurier B. McDonald . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60530 - 979 - 8 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Return of casualties in Ruggles ' division in the engagement at Farmington , Miss. , May 9 , 1862 found in Official Records , Vol. 10 , Part I , pg. 811 and featured on the website of Cornell University , found at http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;idno=waro0010;node=waro0010%3A3;view=image;seq=829;size=100;page=root Jump up ^ Return of casualties in the United States troops in the engagement at Farmington , Miss. , May 9 , 1862 found in Official Records , Vol. 10 , Part I , pg. 805 and featured on the website of Cornell University , found at http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;idno=waro0010;node=waro0010%3A3;view=image;seq=823;size=100;page=root ^ Jump up to : Smith p. 164 Jump up ^ Smith p. 165 Jump up ^ Sherman 's report Jump up ^ Clark p. 113 ^ Jump up to : Sedgwick 's official report ^ Jump up to : Fanebust page 106 Jump up ^ Fanebust page 107 ^ Jump up to : Bridge Creek 28 May 1862 Jump up ^ Smith , 2012 Jump up ^ Cozzens & Girardi , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Levine , Bruce ( 2013 ) . The Fall of the House of Dixie . New York : Random House . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6703 - 9 . References ( edit ) Clark , Donald A. , The Notorious `` Bull '' Nelson : Murdered Civil War General , Southern Illinois University Press 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0809330119 Fanebust , Wayne , Major General Alexander M. McCook , USA : A Civil War Biography , McFarland 2012 , ISBN 978 - 0786472413 Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Smih , Timothy B. Corinth 1862 : Siege , Battle , Occupation ( 2012 ) Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Pope , John . The Military Memoirs of General John Pope . Edited by Peter Cozzens and Robert I. Girardi . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2444 - 5 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . External links ( edit ) `` National Park Service battle description '' . CWSAC Battle Summaries . Retrieved June 1 , 2005 . `` Reading 1 : The Siege of Corinth '' . Teaching with Historic Places . Retrieved June 1 , 2005 . 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Question: where did the battle of corinth take place