Philippe Petit - wikipedia Philippe Petit Jump to : navigation , search Philippe Petit Petit at the 81st Academy Awards in February 2009 ( 1949 - 08 - 13 ) 13 August 1949 ( age 68 ) Nemours , Seine - et - Marne , France Occupation High - wire artist Philippe Petit ( French pronunciation :  ( filip pəti ) ; born 13 August 1949 ) is a French high - wire artist who gained fame for his high - wire walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City , on the morning of August 7 , 1974 as well as his high wire walk between the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris , 1971 . For his unauthorized feat 400 metres ( 1,000 feet ) above the ground -- which he referred to as `` le coup '' -- he rigged a 200 - kilogram ( 440 - pound ) cable and used a custom - made 8 - metre ( 30 - foot ) long , 25 - kilogram ( 55 - pound ) balancing pole . He performed for 45 minutes , making eight passes along the wire . The following week , he celebrated his 25th birthday . All charges were dismissed in exchange for him doing a performance in Central Park for children . Since then , Petit has lived in New York , where he has been artist - in - residence at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine , also a location of other aerial performances . He has done wire walking as part of official celebrations in New York , across the United States , and in France and other countries , as well as teaching workshops on the art . In 2008 , Man on Wire , a documentary directed by James Marsh about Petit 's walk between the towers , won numerous awards . He was also the subject of a children 's book and an animated adaptation of it , released in 2005 . The Walk , a movie based on Petit 's walk , was released in September 2015 , starring Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Petit and directed by Robert Zemeckis . He also became adept at equestrianism , juggling , fencing , carpentry , rock - climbing , and bullfighting . Spurning circuses and their formulaic performances , he created his street persona on the sidewalks of Paris . In the early 1970s , he visited New York City , where he frequently juggled and worked on a slackline in Washington Square Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 World Trade Center walk 2.1 Planning 2.2 Event 2.3 Aftermath 3 Later life 4 Legacy and honors 5 Works and performances 5.1 Major high - wire performances 5.2 Bibliography 5.3 Filmography 6 In culture 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Further reading 8.3 Articles and interviews 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Petit was born in Nemours , Seine - et - Marne , France ; his father Edmond Petit was an author and an Army pilot . At an early age , Petit discovered magic and juggling . He loved to climb , and at 16 , he took his first steps on a tightrope wire . He told a reporter , Within one year , I taught myself to do all the things you could do on a wire . I learned the backward somersault , the front somersault , the unicycle , the bicycle , the chair on the wire , jumping through hoops . But I thought , `` What is the big deal here ? It looks almost ugly . '' So I started to discard those tricks and to reinvent my art . In June 1971 , Petit secretly installed a cable between the two towers of Notre Dame de Paris . On the morning of June 26 , 1971 , he `` juggled balls '' and `` pranced back and forth '' as the crowd below applauded . World Trade Center walk ( edit ) Before his Twin Towers walk , Petit was known to New Yorkers for his frequent tightrope - walking performances and magic shows in the parks of New York , especially Washington Square Park . Petit 's most famous performance was in August 1974 , conducted on a wire between the roofs of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in Manhattan , a quarter mile above the ground . He performed for 45 minutes , making eight passes along the wire , during which he walked , danced , lay down on the wire , and saluted watchers from a kneeling position . Office workers , construction crews and policemen cheered him on . Planning ( edit ) Petit conceived his `` coup '' when he was 18 , when he first read about the proposed construction of the Twin Towers and saw drawings of the project in a magazine , which he read while sitting at a dentist 's office in 1968 . Petit was seized by the idea of performing there , and began collecting articles on the Towers whenever he could . What was called the `` artistic crime of the century '' took Petit six years of planning , during which he learned everything he could about the buildings and their construction . In the same period , he began to perform high wire walking at other famous places . Rigging his wire secretly , he performed as a combination of circus act and public display . In 1971 , he performed his first such walk between the towers of the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , while priests were simultaneously being ordained inside the building . In 1973 , he walked a wire rigged between the two north pylons of the Sydney Harbour Bridge , in Sydney , Australia . In planning for the Twin Towers walk , Petit had to learn how to accommodate such issues as the swaying of the high towers due to wind , which was part of their design ; effects of wind and weather on the wire at that height , how to rig a 200 ft ( 61 m ) steel cable across the 138 ft ( 42 m ) gap between the towers ( at a height of 1,368 ft ( 417 m ) ) , and how to gain entry with his collaborators , first to scope out the conditions and lastly , to stage the project . They had to get heavy equipment to the rooftops . He traveled to New York on numerous occasions to make first - hand observations . Since the towers were still under construction , Petit and one of his collaborators , New York - based photographer Jim Moore , rented a helicopter to take aerial photographs of the buildings . Jean - François and Jean - Louis helped him practice in a field in France , and accompanied him to take part in the final rigging of the project , as well as to photograph it . Francis Brunn , a German juggler , provided financial support for the proposed project and its planning . Petit and his crew gained entry into the towers several times and hid in upper floors and on the roofs of the unfinished buildings in order to study security measures , in addition to analyzing the construction and identifying places to anchor the wire and cavalletti . Using his own observations , drawings , and Moore 's photographs , Petit constructed a scale model of the towers in order to design the needed rigging to prepare for the wire walk . Working from an ID of an American who worked in the building , Petit made fake identification cards for himself and his collaborators ( claiming that they were contractors who were installing an electrified fence on the roof ) to gain access to the buildings . Prior to this , Petit had carefully observed the clothes worn by construction workers and the kinds of tools they carried . He also took note of the clothing of office workers so that some of his collaborators could pose as white collar workers . He observed what time the workers arrived and left , so he could determine when he would have roof access . As the target date of his `` coup '' approached , he claimed to be a journalist with Metropolis , a French architecture magazine , so that he could gain permission to interview the workers on the roof . The Port Authority allowed Petit to conduct the interviews , which he used as a pretext to make more observations . He was once caught by a police officer on the roof , and his hopes to do the high - wire walk were dampened . He eventually regained the confidence to proceed . On the night of Tuesday , 6 August 1974 , Petit and his crew had a lucky break and got a ride in a freight elevator to the 110th floor with their equipment . They stored it just 19 steps below the roof . In order to pass the cable across the void , Petit and his crew had settled on using a bow and arrow attached to a rope . They had to practice this many times to perfect their technique . They first shot across a fishing line , which was attached to larger ropes , and finally to the 450 - pound steel cable . The team was delayed when the heavy cable sank too fast , and had to be pulled up manually for hours . Petit had already identified points at which to anchor two tiranti ( guy lines ) to other points to stabilize the cable and keep the swaying of the wire to a minimum . Event ( edit ) Shortly after 7 am local time , Petit stepped out on the wire and started to perform . He was 1350 feet ( 411 m ) , a quarter mile , above the ground . He performed for 45 minutes , making eight passes along the wire , during which he walked , danced , lay down on the wire , and knelt to salute watchers . Crowds gathered on the streets below , and he said later he could hear their murmuring and cheers . When NYPD and PAPD officers learned of his stunt , they came up to the roofs of both buildings to try to persuade him to get off the wire . They threatened to pluck him off by helicopter . Petit got off when it started to rain . Aftermath ( edit ) There was extensive news coverage and public appreciation of Petit 's high - wire walk ; the district attorney dropped all formal charges of trespassing and other items relating to his walk . In exchange , he was required to give a free aerial show for children in Central Park . He performed on a high - wire walk in the Park above Belvedere Lake ( known now as Turtle Pond ) . The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey gave Petit a lifetime pass to the Twin Towers ' Observation Deck . He autographed a steel beam close to the point where he began his walk . Petit 's high - wire walk is credited with bringing the Twin Towers much needed attention and even affection , as they initially had been unpopular . Critics such as historian Lewis Mumford had regarded them as ugly and utilitarian in design , and too large a development for the area . The Port Authority was having trouble renting out all of the office space . Mordicai Gerstein wrote and illustrated a children 's book , The Man Who Walked Between The Towers ( 2003 ) , which won a Caldecott Medal for his art . It was adapted and produced as an animated short film by the same title , directed by Michael Sporn and released in 2005 , which won several awards . The documentary film Man on Wire ( 2008 ) by UK director James Marsh is about Petit and his 1974 WTC performance ; it won both the World Cinema Jury and Audience awards at the Sundance Film Festival 2008 . It combines historical footage with re-enactment and has the spirit of a heist film . It also won awards at the 2008 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival in Durham , North Carolina , and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2009 . On stage with Marsh to accept the Oscar award , Petit made a coin vanish in his hands while thanking the Academy `` for believing in magic '' . He balanced the Oscar by its head on his chin to cheers from the audience . Petit 's memoir was adapted into a biographical drama entitled The Walk ( 2015 ) , directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Petit . Later life ( edit ) Petit has made dozens of public high - wire performances in his career ; in 1986 he re-enacted the crossing of the Niagara River by Blondin for an IMAX film . In 1989 , to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution , mayor Jacques Chirac invited him to walk an inclined wire strung from the ground at the Place du Trocadéro to the second level of the Eiffel Tower , crossing the Seine . Petit briefly headlined with the Ringling Brothers Circus , but preferred staging his own performances . During his stint with the circus and a practice walk , he suffered his only fall , from 45 feet ( 14 m ) , breaking several ribs . He says he has never fallen during a performance . `` If I had , I would n't be here talking about it . '' Petit regularly gives lectures and workshops internationally on a variety of topics and subjects . He single - handedly built a barn in the Catskill Mountains using the methods and tools of 18th - century timber framers . He wrote his eighth book , A Square Peg . He has also created an ebook for TED Books , entitled Cheating the Impossible : Ideas and Recipes from a Rebellious High - Wire Artist . Petit divides his time between New York City , where he is an artist in residence at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine , and a hideaway in the Catskill Mountains . Among those who have associated with some of his projects are such artists as : Mikhail Baryshnikov , Werner Herzog , Annie Leibovitz , Miloš Forman , Volker Schlöndorff , Twyla Tharp , Peter Beard , Marcel Marceau , Paul Auster , Paul Winter , Debra Winger , Robin Williams and Sting . Director James Signorelli assisted with the creation of the book To Reach the Clouds ( 2002 ) , about the Twin Towers walk . In the book , Petit not only wrote about his spectacular feat , and the events of his life which led up to it , but also expressed his feelings following the September 11 attacks during which the Twin Towers were destroyed . He wrote that on that morning , `` My towers became our towers . I saw them collapse -- hurling , crushing thousands of lives . Disbelief preceded sorrow for the obliteration of the buildings , perplexity descended before rage at the unbearable loss of life . '' Besides paying tribute to those who were killed , Petit also called for a rebuilding of the towers , promising that `` When the towers again twin - tickle the clouds , I offer to walk again , to be the expression of the builders ' collective voice . Together , we will rejoice in an aerial song of victory . '' Notwithstanding Petit 's wishes , the Twin Towers were eventually replaced by a different complex of buildings , thus precluding the possibility of Petit ( or anyone else ) repeating a similar feat at the World Trade Center site . Legacy and honors ( edit ) James Park Morton Interfaith Award Streb Action Maverick Award The Byrdcliffe Award Works and performances ( edit ) Major high - wire performances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Walk Location Notes 1971 Vallauris Vallauris , Alpes - Maritimes , France performance for artist Pablo Picasso 's 90th birthday Notre Dame Cathedral Notre Dame Cathedral Paris , France staged walk between towers without permission 1973 Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney , Australia staged walk between towers without permission World Trade Center World Trade Center New York City , New York , United States staged walk between towers without permission Central Park Central Park New York City Publicly authorized walk on inclined wire over Turtle Pond Laon Cathedral Laon Cathedral Laon , France performing on wire between the cathedral 's two spires for an international television special Louisiana Superdome Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana , United States walk on wire across interior for the opening of the stadium 1982 Cathedral of Saint John the Divine Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States interior walk in height of nave to celebrate renewal of the cathedral 's construction following a 40 - year hiatus Concert in the Sky Denver , Colorado , United States high - wire play directed and produced by Petit for the opening of the World Theatre Festival Skysong Purchase , New York , United States high - wire play directed and produced by Petit for the opening of `` Summerfare , '' the State University of New York Arts Festival Centre Georges Pompidou Centre Georges Pompidou Paris , France 1984 Corde Raide - Piano Volant Paris , France high - wire play directed and produced by Petit with pop - music singer - songwriter Jacques Higelin Paris Opera Paris Opera Paris , France high - wire improvisation with opera singer Margherita Zimmermann Museum of the City of New York Museum of the City of New York New York City , New York , United States high - wire performance for the opening of the museum 's Daring New York exhibit 1986 Ascent Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States concert for grand piano and high wire on an inclined cable above the nave of the cathedral Lincoln Center Lincoln Center New York City , New York , United States high - wire performance for the reopening of the Statue of Liberty Walking the Harp / A Bridge for Peace Jerusalem , Israel high - wire performance on an inclined cable linking the Jewish and Arab quarters for opening of Israel Festival under Jerusalemite Mayor Teddy Kollek Moondancer Portland Center for the Performing Arts Portland , Oregon , United States high - wire opera for the opening of the center Grand Central Dances Grand Central Terminal New York City , New York , United States high - wire choreography on wire set above the interior concourse of the terminal House of the Dead Paris , France creation of the role of the eagle in a production of From the House of the Dead ( 1930 ) , an opera by Leoš Janáček , directed by Volker Schlöndorff 1989 Tour Eiffel Paris , France spectacular walk -- for an audience of 250,000 -- on an inclined 700 - metre ( 2,300 - foot ) cable linking the Palais de Chaillot with the second story of the Eiffel Tower , commemorating the French Bicentennial and anniversary of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen , under Parisian Mayor Jacques Chirac American Overture American Center Paris , France high - wire play for the ground - breaking ceremony of the center Tokyo Walk Tokyo , Japan Japan 's first high - wire performance , to celebrate the opening of the Plaza Mikado building in Tokyo 's Akasaka district 1991 Viennalewalk Vienna , Austria high - wire performance evoking the history of cinema for the opening of the Vienna International Film Festival , directed by Werner Herzog Namur Namur , Belgium inclined walk to the Citadel of Vauban for a telethon benefiting children with leukemia Farinet Funambule ! Switzerland high - wire walk portraying the 19th - century Robin Hood of the Alps culminated by harvesting the world 's - smallest registered vineyard , to benefit abused children The Monk 's Secret Longing Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States high - wire performance for the Regents ' Dinner , at the centennial celebrations of the cathedral 1994 Historischer Hochseillauf Frankfurt , Germany historic high - wire walk on an inclined cable to celebrate the city 's 1,200 th anniversary , viewed by 500,000 spectators and the subject of a live , nationally broadcast television special 1995 Catenary Curve New York City , New York , United States performance during a conference on suspended structures , led by the architect Santiago Calatrava ACT New York City , New York , United States medieval performance to celebrate the 25th anniversary of a New York City youth program Crescendo Cathedral of Saint John the Divine New York City , New York , United States theatrical , allegorical New Year 's Eve performance on three different wires set in the nave of the cathedral as the farewell tribute to The Very Reverend James Parks Morton , Dean of the Cathedral , and his wife Pamela 1999 Millennium Countdown Walk Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Museum of Natural History New York City , New York , United States Inauguration of the center 2002 Arts on the High Wire January 11 , 2002 Hammerstein Ballroom New York City , New York , United States benefit performance for the New York Arts Recovery Fund on an inclined wire , with clown Bill Irwin and pianist Évelyne Crochet Crystal Palace Jacob K. Javits Convention Center New York City , New York , United States Crossing Broadway New York City , New York , United States inclined walk , fourteen stories high , for the television talk show the Late Show with David Letterman ( performed regularly since 1993 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Philippe Petit , Trois Coups , ( Paris : Herscher , 1983 ) . ISBN 2 - 7335 - 0062 - 7 Philippe Petit , Two towers , I walk , ( New York : Reader 's Digest , 1975 ) , ASIN B00072LQRM Philippe Petit , On The High Wire , Preface by Marcel Marceau , Postface by Werner Herzog ( New York : Random House , 1985 ) . ISBN 0 - 394 - 71573 - X Philippe Petit , Funambule , ( Paris : Albin Michel , 1991 ) ISBN 978 - 2 - 226 - 04123 - 4 Philippe Petit , Traité du funambulisme , Preface by Paul Auster , ( Arles : Actus Sud , 1997 ) , ISBN 2 - 226 - 04123 - 0 , ( in French / en français ) Philippe Petit , Über Mir Der Offene Himmel , ( Stuttgart : Urachhaus , 1998 ) ISBN 978 - 3 - 8251 - 7209 - 1 Philippe Petit , Trattato di Funambolismo , ( Milano : Ponte Alle Grazie , 1999 ) ISBN 88 - 7928 - 450 - 9 Philippe Petit , To Reach The Clouds : My High Wire Walk Between The Twin Towers , ( New York , North Point Press , 2002 ) . ASIN B000UDX0JA , ISBN 0 - 86547 - 651 - 9 Philippe Petit , L'Art du Pickpocket , ( Arles : Actes Sud , 2006 ) ISBN 2 - 7427 - 6106 - 3 Philippe Petit , Alcanzar las nubes , ( Alpha Decay , Barcelona , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 84 - 934868 - 9 - 1 Philippe Petit , Man on Wire , ( Skyhorse Publishing , New York , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 60239 - 332 - 5 Philippe Petit , Why knot ? : how to tie more than sixty ingenious , useful , beautiful , lifesaving , and secure knots ! , ( Abrams Image , New York , 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0676 - 9 Philippe Petit , Creativity : The Perfect Crime , ( Riverhead Hardcover , 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 1594631689 Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Location Role Notes Concert in the Sky Denver Centre Productions , Inc. , directed by Mark Elliot 1984 High Wire New York Prairie Dog Productions , directed by Sandi Sissel 1986 Niagara : Miracles , Myths and Magic Canada Blondin Seventh Man Films for the IMAX System , directed by Kieth Merrill 1989 Tour et Fil France FR3 / Totem Productions , directed by Alain Hattet 1991 Filmstunde Austria Werner Herzog Productions , directed by Werner Herzog Profile of Philippe Petit Washington , D.C. National Geographic Explorer Special 1994 The Man on the Wire Germany Documentary of the rigging and artistic preparations for Historischer Hochseillauf , Hessischer Rundfunk Television 1994 Historischer Hochseillauf Germany Live broadcast of the walk , Hessischer Rundfunk Television , directed by Sacha Arnz 1995 Mondo France Costa Gavras Productions , directed by Tony Gatlif 1995 Secrets of Lost Empires : The Incas Peru PBS / NOVA and BBC co-production , directed by Michael Barnes 2003 The Center of the World of New York City : A Documentary Film , Episode 8 : People & Events : Philippe Petit ( 1948 - ) New York City PBS 2005 The Man Who Walked Between the Towers USA Michael Sporn Animation and Weston Woods Studios 2008 Man on Wire UK Wall to Wall / Red Box Films , directed by James Marsh , Academy Award winning documentary 2015 The Walk US 3D biographical drama directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Petit . In culture ( edit ) The song , `` Man on Wire '' by the band 27 is a tribute to Philippe Petit . The song , `` Sleepwalking , '' by Danish composer Ste van Holm is a tribute to Petit 's World Trade Center walk . The Low Anthem 's song , `` Boeing 737 '' , from their 2011 album Smart Flesh , refers to Petit 's Twin Towers walk . American rock band Incubus used a photo of Petit as the cover art for their album , If Not Now , When ? ( 2011 ) . Colum McCann 's National Book Award - winning novel , Let the Great World Spin ( 2009 ) , features Petit 's Twin Towers walk as its opening passage and a centrepiece to which numerous characters are connected . `` Funambulist '' , a song by American metal band Cormorant , is about his walk between the Twin Towers . The song `` Step Out Of The Void '' by musician Howard Moss is a tribute to Philippe Petit , in the album Outside the Pale ( 2013 ) . The song `` Man On A Wire '' by The Script on their fourth album , No Sound Without Silence , is influenced by Petit 's high - wire legacy . The song `` Stand Up Comedy '' by U2 on their twelfth album , No Line On The Horizon , references `` The wire is stretched in between our two towers '' . Petit was the inspiration for the 5th Anniversary 9 / 11 cover of The New Yorker magazine ( Sep. 11 , 2006 ) , `` Soaring Spirit '' , by John Mavroudis ( concept ) and Owen Smith ( art ) . That cover was named Cover of the Year by the American Society of Magazine Editors ( ASME ) . The two - part cover was a first for The New Yorker . See also ( edit ) Harry Gardiner Dan Goodwin Ivan Kristoff Owen Quinn Alain Robert The Flying Wallendas George Willig References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lichtenstein , Grace ( 8 August 1974 ) . `` Stuntman , Eluding Guards , Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Combining the cunning of a second - story man with the nerve of an Evel Knievel , a French high - wire artist sneaked past guards at the World Trade center , ran a cable between the tops of its twin towers and tightrope - walked across it yesterday morning . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , James ( Director ) ( 2008 ) . Man on Wire ( Documentary ) . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Calvin , `` The Man Who Walks on Air , '' New Yorker Magazine , 1999 , excerpted in Life Story , by David Remnick , Modern Library Paperback edition , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Sneaky Juggler Has Ball Up In Sky At Notre Dame '' . The Ogden - Standard Examiner ( AP story ) . June 27 , 1971 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` WGBH American Experience . New York : The Center of the World - PBS '' . Jump up ^ Man On Wire DVD , `` Philippe Petit 's Sydney Harbor Bridge Crossing '' bonus feature . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Adam ( 19 January 2003 ) . `` The second part of Philippe Petit 's story '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Lichtenstein , Grace ( 8 August 1974 ) . `` Stuntman , Eluding Guards , Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Before & After ; Talking of the Towers '' The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kilgannon , Corey ( 7 August 2005 ) . `` Tightrope Walk Between Twin Towers Is Recalled '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ kingkongphoto123 ( 2009 - 02 - 22 ) . `` My hero Phillipe Petit wins Oscar '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Adam Higginbotham , `` Touching the Void '' , The Observer , 19 January 2003 Jump up ^ `` The House That Came Wired '' . 22 March 2013 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ To Reach the Clouds : My High Wire Walk Between the Twin Towers - Philippe Petit - Google Books . Books.google.com. 2002 - 09 - 04 . ISBN 9781429921862 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : To Reach the Clouds : My High Wire Walk Between the Twin Towers - Philippe Petit - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ ROBERT SHERMAN , `` FESTIVALS ENDING '' , New York Times , 7 August 1993 Jump up ^ `` Edward Suzuki Profile '' . Edward.net . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Press Material - Philippe Petit '' ( PDF ) . cami.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 27 - Man On Wire ( Re-Wire ) '' . YouTube . 1974 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` sleepwalking_lyrics '' . Ste van Holm . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Dan ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` Low Anthem 's Circus High - Wire Act '' . Spin . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gotrich , Lars . `` Cormorant : Follow the Blackened Thread '' . NPR Music . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.howardmoss.com/apps/videos/videos/show/18236967-step-out-of-the-void Jump up ^ `` Best Cover Contest 2007 Winners & Finalists - ASME '' . Further reading ( edit ) Mordicai Gerstein , The Man Who Walked Between the Towers ( Roaring Brook Press , 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 1791 - 3 David Chelsea , 9 - 11 : Artists Respond feature entitled `` He Walks on Air 110 Stories High '' ( DC Comics , 2002 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 881 - 5 Ralph Keyes , Chancing It : Why We Take Risks ( Little , Brown & Company , 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 316 - 49132 - 2 Angus K. Gillespie , Twin Towers : the Life of New York City 's World Trade Center ( Rutgers University Press , 1999 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2742 - 0 James Glanz and Eric Lipton , City in the Sky ( New York : Times Book , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7691 - 3 Colum McCann , Let the Great World Spin ( New York : Random House , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7399 - 0 Articles and interviews ( edit ) Rosenthal , Adam ( 1 September 2012 ) . `` Suspended Reading : Man on Wire , 9 / 11 and the Logic of the High - Wire . '' Screening the Past . Hager , Emily ( 12 August 2010 ) . `` Learning to Walk in the Slippers of a High - Wire Artist '' . New York Times . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Green , Penelope ( 21 September 2006 ) . `` A High - Wire Master Touches Down '' . New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Higginbotham , Adam ( 19 January 2003 ) . `` On top of the world '' . London : The Guardian . Lazarovic , Sarah ( 9 January 2002 ) . `` The Daredevil in the Clouds '' . The National Post . Tomkins , Calvin ( 5 April 1999 ) . `` Onward and Upward with the Arts , `` The Man Who Walk on Air '' `` . The New Yorker . Mason , Anthony ( 3 February 2009 ) . `` The Great Feat Of Philippe Petit , CBS Evening News : Talking With The Man Who Walked The Twin Towers '' . CBS . Colbert , Stephen ( 27 January 2009 ) . `` Philippe Petit '' . Comedy Central . Langston , Bonnie ( 24 April 2009 ) . `` Still Working the Wire '' . Daily Freeman . Tucker , Reed ( 13 April 2008 ) . `` The Man Who Walked Between the Twin Towers Stars in a New Documentary on his High - Wire Act '' . New York Post . Heller , Sabine ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Philippe Petit , Man On Wire : `` I 'm Afraid of Animals With Too Many Legs or No Legs at All '' `` . Huffington Post . Grace , Lichtenstein ( 8 August 1974 ) . `` Stuntman , Eluding Guards , Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers '' . New York Times . `` Not My Job : Philippe Petit '' . NPR. 7 February 2009 . External links ( edit ) Columbia Artists Management Inc . -- Philippe Petit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippe Petit . MSA - The Man Who Walked Between The Towers . Co-produced by Michael Sporn Animation and Weston Woods Studios Philippe Petit Signature visible in the 1980s photos of Philippe Petit crossing the Twin Towers along with others Philippe Petit : The journey across the high wire , TED2012 , Filmed Mar 2012 , Posted May 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Petit&oldid=838182324 '' Categories : 1949 births Living people People from Nemours French emigrants to the United States French magicians French stunt performers Tightrope walkers Jugglers Unicyclists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 12 : 37 . 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Question: who is the guy who walked across the twin towers


Winnie - the - Pooh - wikipedia Winnie - the - Pooh Jump to : navigation , search `` Pooh '' redirects here . For other uses , see Pooh ( disambiguation ) . `` Hunny '' redirects here . For the food , see Honey . This article is about the fictional character . For the songwriter , see Poo Bear . For other uses , see Winnie - the - Pooh ( disambiguation ) . Winnie - the - Pooh Pooh in an illustration by E.H. Shepard First appearance When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) ( As Edward Bear ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( As Winnie - the - Pooh ) Created by A.A. Milne Information Gender Male Winnie - the - Pooh , also called Pooh Bear , is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear created by English author A.A. Milne . The first collection of stories about the character was the book Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) , and this was followed by The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) . Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children 's verse book When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) and many more in Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) . All four volumes were illustrated by E.H. Shepard . The Pooh stories have been translated into many languages , including Alexander Lenard 's Latin translation , Winnie ille Pu , which was first published in 1958 , and , in 1960 , became the only Latin book ever to have been featured on The New York Times Best Seller list . Hyphens in the character 's name were dropped by Disney when the company adapted the Pooh stories into a series of features that became one of its most successful franchises . In popular film adaptations , Pooh Bear has been voiced by actors Sterling Holloway , Hal Smith , and Jim Cummings in English and Yevgeny Leonov in Russian . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Ashdown Forest : the setting for the stories 1.3 First publication 1.4 Character 1.5 Sequel 1.6 Stephen Slesinger 1.7 Red Shirt Pooh 1.8 Disney ownership era ( 1966 -- present ) 1.9 Merchandising revenue dispute 2 Adaptations 2.1 Theatre 2.2 Audio 2.3 Radio 2.4 Film 2.4. 1 Disney adaptations 2.4. 1.1 Theatrical shorts 2.4. 1.2 Theatrical feature films 2.4. 2 Soviet adaptation 2.5 Television 2.5. 1 Television shows 2.5. 2 Holiday TV specials 2.5. 3 Direct - to - video shorts 2.5. 4 Direct - to - video features 3 Legacy 4 References 5 External links History Origin Original Winnie - the - Pooh stuffed toys . Clockwise from bottom left : Tigger , Kanga , Edward Bear ( `` Winnie - the - Pooh '' ) , Eeyore , and Piglet . Roo was lost long ago ; the other characters were made up for the stories . A.A. Milne named the character Winnie - the - Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son , Christopher Robin Milne , who was the basis for the character Christopher Robin . The rest of Christopher Robin Milne 's toys -- Piglet , Eeyore , Kanga , Roo and Tigger -- were incorporated into Milne 's stories . Two more characters , Owl and Rabbit , were created by Milne 's imagination , while Gopher was added to the Disney version . Christopher Robin 's toy bear is on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York City . Harry Colebourn and Winnie , 1914 Christopher Milne had named his toy bear after Winnie , a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo , and `` Pooh '' , a swan they had met while on holiday . The bear cub was purchased from a hunter for $20 by Canadian Lieutenant Harry Colebourn in White River , Ontario , Canada , while en route to England during the First World War . He named the bear `` Winnie '' after his adopted hometown in Winnipeg , Manitoba . `` Winnie '' was surreptitiously brought to England with her owner , and gained unofficial recognition as The Fort Garry Horse regimental mascot . Colebourn left Winnie at the London Zoo while he and his unit were in France ; after the war she was officially donated to the zoo , as she had become a much loved attraction there . Pooh the swan appears as a character in its own right in When We Were Very Young . In the first chapter of Winnie - the - Pooh , Milne offers this explanation of why Winnie - the - Pooh is often called simply `` Pooh '' : But his arms were so stiff ... they stayed up straight in the air for more than a week , and whenever a fly came and settled on his nose he had to blow it off . And I think -- but I am not sure -- that that is why he is always called Pooh . The American writer William Safire surmised that the Milnes ' invention of the name `` Winnie the Pooh '' may have also been influenced by the haughty character Pooh - Bah in Gilbert and Sullivan 's The Mikado ( 1885 ) . Ashdown forest : the setting for the stories The Winnie - the - Pooh stories are set in Ashdown Forest , East Sussex , England . The forest is a large area of tranquil open heathland on the highest sandy ridges of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty situated 30 miles ( 50 km ) south of London . In 1925 Milne , a Londoner , bought a country home a mile to the north of the forest at Cotchford Farm , near Hartfield . According to Christopher Milne , while his father continued to live in London `` ... the four of us -- he , his wife , his son and his son 's nanny -- would pile into a large blue , chauffeur - driven Fiat and travel down every Saturday morning and back again every Monday afternoon . And we would spend a whole glorious month there in the spring and two months in the summer . '' From the front lawn the family had a view across a meadow to a line of alders that fringed the River Medway , beyond which the ground rose through more trees until finally `` above them , in the faraway distance , crowning the view , was a bare hilltop . In the centre of this hilltop was a clump of pines . '' Most of his father 's visits to the forest at this time were , he noted , family expeditions on foot `` to make yet another attempt to count the pine trees on Gill 's Lap or to search for the marsh gentian '' . Christopher added that , inspired by Ashdown Forest , his father had made it `` the setting for two of his books , finishing the second little over three years after his arrival '' . Many locations in the stories can be linked to real places in and around the forest . As Christopher Milne wrote in his autobiography : `` Pooh 's forest and Ashdown Forest are identical '' . For example , the fictional `` Hundred Acre Wood '' was in reality Five Hundred Acre Wood ; Galleon 's Leap was inspired by the prominent hilltop of Gill 's Lap , while a clump of trees just north of Gill 's Lap became Christopher Robin 's The Enchanted Place because no - one had ever been able to count whether there were sixty - three or sixty - four trees in the circle . The landscapes depicted in E.H. Shepard 's illustrations for the Winnie - the - Pooh books were directly inspired by the distinctive landscape of Ashdown Forest , with its high , open heathlands of heather , gorse , bracken and silver birch punctuated by hilltop clumps of pine trees . Many of Shepard 's illustrations can be matched to actual views , allowing for a degree of artistic licence . Shepard 's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London . The game of Poohsticks was originally played by Christopher Milne on a footbridge across a tributary of the River Medway in Posingford Wood , close to Cotchford Farm . The wooden bridge is now a tourist attraction , and it has become traditional to play the game there using sticks gathered in nearby woodland . When the footbridge recently had to be replaced , the engineer designed a new structure based closely on the drawings of the bridge by Shepard in the books , which were somewhat different than the original structure . First publication Winnie - the - Pooh 's debut in the 24 December 1925 London Evening News Christopher Robin 's teddy bear , Edward , made his character début in A.A. Milne 's poem , `` Teddy Bear '' , in the edition of 13 February 1924 of Punch , and the same poem was published in Milne 's book of children 's verse When We Were Very Young ( 6 November 1924 ) . Winnie - the - Pooh first appeared by name on 24 December 1925 , in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London newspaper The Evening News . It was illustrated by J.H. Dowd . The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book Winnie - the - Pooh . The Evening News Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book . At the beginning , it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin 's Edward Bear , who had been renamed by the boy . He was renamed after a black bear at London Zoo called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from Winnipeg , Canada . The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne 's earlier children 's work , Methuen , in England , and E.P. Dutton in the United States . Character In the Milne books , Pooh is naive and slow - witted , but he is also friendly , thoughtful , and steadfast . Although he and his friends agree that he `` has no Brain '' , Pooh is occasionally acknowledged to have a clever idea , usually driven by common sense . These include riding in Christopher Robin 's umbrella to rescue Piglet from a flood , discovering `` the North Pole '' by picking it up to help fish Roo out of the river , inventing the game of Poohsticks , and getting Eeyore out of the river by dropping a large rock on one side of him to wash him towards the bank . Pooh is also a talented poet , and the stories are frequently punctuated by his poems and `` hums . '' Although he is humble about his slow - wittedness , he is comfortable with his creative gifts . When Owl 's house blows down in a storm , trapping Pooh and Piglet and Owl inside , Pooh encourages Piglet ( the only one small enough to do so ) to escape and rescue them all by promising that `` a respectful Pooh song '' will be written about Piglet 's feat . Later , Pooh muses about the creative process as he composes the song . Pooh is very fond of food , especially `` hunny '' but also condensed milk and other items . When he visits friends , his desire to be offered a snack is in conflict with the impoliteness of asking too directly . Though intending to give Eeyore a pot of honey for his birthday , Pooh can not resist eating the honey on his way to deliver the present , and so instead gives Eeyore `` a useful pot to put things in '' . When he and Piglet are lost in the forest during Rabbit 's attempt to `` unbounce '' Tigger , Pooh finds his way home by following the `` call '' of the honeypots from his house . Pooh makes it a habit to have `` a little something '' around eleven o'clock in the morning . As the clock in his house `` stopped at five minutes to eleven some weeks ago , '' any time can be Pooh 's snack time . Pooh is very social . After Christopher Robin , his closest friend is Piglet , and he most often chooses to spend his time with one or both of them . But he also habitually visits the other animals , often looking for a snack or an audience for his poetry as much as for companionship . His kind - heartedness means he goes out of his way to be friendly to Eeyore , visiting him and bringing him a birthday present and building him a house , despite receiving mostly disdain from Eeyore in return . Sequel An authorised sequel Return to the Hundred Acre Wood was published on 5 October 2009 . The author , David Benedictus , has developed , but not changed , Milne 's characterisations . The illustrations , by Mark Burgess , are in the style of Shepard . Another authorised sequel , The Best Bear in All the World , was published by Egmont in 2016 . The sequel consists of four short stories by four leading children 's authors , Kate Saunders , Brian Sibley , Paul Bright , and Jeanne Willis . Illustrations are by Mark Burgess . The Best Bear in All The World sees the introduction of a new character , a Penguin , which was inspired by a long - lost photograph of Milne and his son Christopher with a toy penguin . A further special story , Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen , was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of Milne 's creation and the 90th birthday of Elizabeth II . It sees Winnie the Pooh meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace . Stephen Slesinger On 6 January 1930 , Stephen Slesinger purchased US and Canadian merchandising , television , recording and other trade rights to the `` Winnie - the - Pooh '' works from Milne for a $1000 advance and 66 % of Slesinger 's income , creating the modern licensing industry . By November 1931 , Pooh was a $50 million - a-year business . Slesinger marketed Pooh and his friends for more than 30 years , creating the first Pooh doll , record , board game , puzzle , US radio broadcast ( NBC ) , animation , and motion picture film . Red shirt Pooh The first time Pooh and his friends appeared in colour was 1932 , when he was drawn by Slesinger in his now - familiar red shirt and featured on an RCA Victor picture record . Parker Brothers introduced A.A. Milne 's Winnie - the - Pooh Game in 1933 , again with Pooh in his red shirt . In the 1940s , Agnes Brush created the first plush dolls with Pooh in his red shirt . Shepard had drawn Pooh with a shirt as early as the first Winnie - The - Pooh book , which was subsequently coloured red in later coloured editions . Disney ownership era ( 1966 -- present ) Main article : Winnie the Pooh ( franchise ) After Slesinger 's death in 1953 , his wife , Shirley Slesinger Lasswell , continued developing the character herself . In 1961 , she licensed rights to Walt Disney Productions in exchange for royalties in the first of two agreements between Stephen Slesinger , Inc. and Disney . The same year , A.A. Milne 's widow , Daphne Milne , also licensed certain rights , including motion picture rights , to Disney . Since 1966 , Disney has released numerous animated productions starring Winnie the Pooh and related characters . These have included theatrical featurettes , television series , and direct - to - video films , as well as the theatrical feature - length films The Tigger Movie , Piglet 's Big Movie , Pooh 's Heffalump Movie , and Winnie the Pooh . Merchandising revenue dispute Pooh videos , soft toys , and other merchandise generate substantial annual revenues for Disney . The size of Pooh stuffed toys ranges from Beanie and miniature to human - sized . In addition to the stylised Disney Pooh , Disney markets Classic Pooh merchandise which more closely resembles E.H. Shepard 's illustrations . In 1991 , Stephen Slesinger , Inc. filed a lawsuit against Disney which alleged that Disney had breached their 1983 agreement by again failing to accurately report revenue from Winnie the Pooh sales . Under this agreement , Disney was to retain approximately 98 % of gross worldwide revenues while the remaining 2 % was to be paid to Slesinger . In addition , the suit alleged that Disney had failed to pay required royalties on all commercial exploitation of the product name . Though the Disney corporation was sanctioned by a judge for destroying forty boxes of evidential documents , the suit was later terminated by another judge when it was discovered that Slesinger 's investigator had rummaged through Disney 's garbage to retrieve the discarded evidence . Slesinger appealed the termination , and on 26 September 2007 , a three - judge panel upheld the lawsuit dismissal . After the Copyright Term extension Act of 1998 , Clare Milne , Christopher Milne 's daughter , attempted to terminate any future US copyrights for Stephen Slesinger , Inc . After a series of legal hearings , Judge Florence - Marie Cooper of the US District Court in California found in favour of Stephen Slesinger , Inc. , as did the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . On 26 June 2006 , the US Supreme Court refused to hear the case , sustaining the ruling and ensuring the defeat of the suit . On 19 February 2007 Disney lost a court case in Los Angeles which ruled their `` misguided claims '' to dispute the licensing agreements with Slesinger , Inc. were unjustified , but a federal ruling of 28 September 2009 , again from Judge Florence - Marie Cooper , determined that the Slesinger family had granted all trademark and copyright rights to Disney , although Disney must pay royalties for all future use of the characters . Both parties have expressed satisfaction with the outcome . Adaptations Theatre Winnie - the - Pooh at the Guild Theater Sue Hastings Marionettes , 1931 Winnie - the - Pooh , a play in three acts Dramatized by Kristin Sergel , Dramatic Publishing Company , 1957 Winnie - the - Pooh , a musical comedy in two acts Lyrics by A.A. Milne and Kristin Sergel , Music by Allan Jay Friedman , Book by Kristin Sergel , Dramatic Publishing Company , 1964 A Winnie - the - Pooh Christmas Tail , In Which Winnie - the - Pooh and His Friends Help Eeyore Have a Very Merry Christmas ( Or a Very Happy Birthday . ) Book , Music and Lyrics by James W. Rogers , Dramatic Publishing Company , 1977 `` Bother ! The Brain of Pooh '' Peter Dennis , 1986 Winnie - the - Pooh , small cast musical version Dramatized by le Clanché du Rand , Music by Allan Jay Friedman , Lyrics by A.A. Milne and Kristin Sergel , Additional Lyrics by le Clanché du Rand , Dramatic Publishing Company , 1992 Audio RCA Victor record from 1932 decorated with Stephen Slesinger , Inc. 's Winnie - the - Pooh Selected Pooh stories read by Maurice Evans released on vinyl LP : Winnie - the - Pooh ( consisting of three tracks : `` Introducing Winnie - the - Pooh and Christopher Robin '' ; Pooh Goes Visiting and Gets into a Tight Place `` ; `` Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle '' ) 1956 More Winnie - the - Pooh ( consisting of three tracks : `` Eeyore Loses a Tail '' ; `` Piglet Meets a Heffalump '' ; `` Eeyore Has a Birthday '' . ) In 1960 HMV recorded a dramatised version with songs ( music by Harold Fraser - Simson ) of two episodes from The House at Pooh Corner ( Chapters 2 and 8 ) , starring Ian Carmichael as Pooh , Denise Bryer as Christopher Robin ( who also narrated ) , Hugh Lloyd as Tigger , Penny Morrell as Piglet , and Terry Norris as Eeyore . This was released on a 45 rpm EP . In the 1970s and 1980s , Carol Channing recorded Winnie the Pooh , The House at Pooh Corner and The Winnie the Pooh Songbook , with music by Don Heckman . These were released on vinyl LP and audio cassette by Caedmon Records . Unabridged recordings read by Peter Dennis of the four Pooh books : When We Were Very Young Winnie - the - Pooh Now We Are Six The House at Pooh Corner In 1979 a double audio cassette set of `` Winnie the Pooh '' was produced featuring British actor Lionel Jeffries reading all characters in the stories . This was followed in 1981 by an audio cassette set of stories from `` House at Pooh Corner '' also read by Lionel Jeffries . In the 1990s , the stories were dramatised for audio by David Benedictus , with music composed , directed and played by John Gould . They were performed by a cast that included Stephen Fry as Winnie - the - Pooh , Jane Horrocks as Piglet , Geoffrey Palmer as Eeyore and Judi Dench as Kanga . Radio Winnie - the - Pooh was broadcast by Donald Calthrop over all BBC stations on Christmas Day , 1925 . Pooh made his US radio debut on 10 November 1932 , when he was broadcast to 40,000 schools by The American School of the Air , the educational division of the Columbia Broadcasting System . Film 2017 : Goodbye Christopher Robin , a drama film exploring the creation of Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne . Disney adaptations Theatrical shorts 1966 : Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree 1968 : Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day 1974 : Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too 1981 : Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons 1983 : Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore Theatrical feature films 1977 : The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( compilation of Honey Tree , Blustery Day , and Tigger Too ) 2000 : The Tigger Movie 2003 : Piglet 's Big Movie 2005 : Pooh 's Heffalump Movie 2011 : Winnie the Pooh A live action film is in development with screenwriter Alex Ross Perry on board to write the screenplay and Marc Forster to direct . The story is planned to focus on an adult Christopher Robin returning to the Hundred Acre Wood . Soviet adaptation A postage stamp showing Piglet and Winnie - the - Pooh as they appear in the Soviet adaptation In the Soviet Union , three Winnie - the - Pooh , ( transcribed in Russian as `` Vinni Pukh '' ) ( Russian language : Винни - Пух ) stories were made into a celebrated trilogy of short films by Soyuzmultfilm ( directed by Fyodor Khitruk ) from 1969 to 1972 . Винни - Пух ( Winnie - the - Pooh , 1969 ) -- based on chapter 1 Винни - Пух идёт в гости ( Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit , 1971 ) -- based on chapter 2 Винни - Пух и день забот ( Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day , 1972 ) -- based on chapters 4 and 6 . Films use Boris Zakhoder 's translation of the book . Pooh was voiced by Yevgeny Leonov . Unlike the Disney adaptations , the animators did not base their depictions of the characters on Shepard 's illustrations , creating a different look . The Soviet adaptations make extensive use of Milne 's original text , and often bring out aspects of Milne 's characters ' personalities not used in the Disney adaptations . Television Winnie - the - Pooh and his friends debuted on NBC Television in 1960 . A version of Winnie The Pooh , in which the animals were played by marionettes designed , made and operated by Bil And Cora Baird , was presented on 3 October 1960 , on NBC Television 's The Shirley Temple Show . Pooh himself is voiced by Franz Fazakas . During the 1970s the BBC children 's television show Jackanory serialised the two books , which were read by Willie Rushton . Magical World of Winnie the Pooh ( Note : These are episodes from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ) Television shows Welcome to Pooh Corner ( * ) ( Disney Channel , 1983 -- 1986 ) Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( Disney Junior , 2011 -- 2014 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( ABC , 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( * ) ( Disney Channel ( Playhouse Disney ) , 2001 -- 2003 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( Disney Channel ( Playhouse Disney ) , 2007 -- 2010 ) ( * ) : Puppet / live - action show Holiday TV specials 1991 : Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too , included in A Very Merry Pooh Year 1996 : Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh , included in Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie 1998 : A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving , included in Seasons of Giving 1999 : A Valentine for You Direct - to - video shorts 1990 : Winnie the Pooh 's ABC of Me Direct - to - video features 1997 : Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin 1999 : Seasons of Giving * 2001 : The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart 2002 : A Very Merry Pooh Year * 2004 : Springtime with Roo 2005 : Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie 2007 : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie 2009 : Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too 2010 : Super Duper Super Sleuths These features integrate stories from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and / or holiday specials with new footage . Legacy A plaque on Winnie - the - Pooh Street ( ulica Kubusia Puchatka ) in Warsaw Winnie the Pooh has inspired multiple texts to explain complex philosophical ideas . Benjamin Hoff used Milne 's characters in The Tao of Pooh and The Te of Piglet to explain Taoism . Similarly , Frederick Crews wrote essays about the Pooh books in abstruse academic jargon in The Pooh Perplex and Postmodern Pooh to satirise a range of philosophical approaches . Pooh and the Philosophers by John T. Williams uses Winnie the Pooh as a backdrop to illustrate the works of philosophers including Descartes , Kant , Plato and Nietzsche . One of the best known characters in British children 's literature , a 2011 poll saw Winnie the Pooh voted onto the list of icons of England . Forbes magazine ranked Pooh the most valuable fictional character in 2002 , with merchandising products alone generating more than $5.9 billion that year . In 2005 , Pooh generated $6 billion , a figure surpassed by only Mickey Mouse . In 2006 , Pooh received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , marking the 80th birthday of Milne 's creation . The bear is such a popular character in Poland that a Warsaw street is named for him , Ulica Kubusia Puchatka . There is also a street named after him in Budapest ( Micimackó utca ) . In music , Kenny Loggins wrote the song `` House at Pooh Corner '' , which was originally recorded by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band . Loggins later rewrote the song as `` Return to Pooh Corner '' , featuring on the album of the same name in 1991 . In Italy , a pop band took their name from Winnie , and were titled Pooh . In Estonia there is a punk / metal band called Winny Puhh . In the `` sport '' of Poohsticks , competitors drop sticks into a stream from a bridge and then wait to see whose stick will cross the finish line first . Though it began as a game played by Pooh and his friends in the book The House at Pooh Corner and later in the films , it has crossed over into the real world : a World Championship Poohsticks race takes place in Oxfordshire each year . Ashdown Forest in England where the Pooh stories are set is a popular tourist attraction , and includes the wooden Pooh Bridge where Pooh and Piglet invented Poohsticks . The Oxford University Winnie the Pooh Society was founded by undergraduates in 1982 . In the Peoples Republic of China images of Pooh are censored as internet memes comparing Chinese president Xi Jinping to Pooh became popular in mid-2017 . References Jump up ^ McDowell , Edwin . `` Winnie Ille Pu Nearly XXV Years Later '' , The New York Times ( 18 November 1984 ) . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pooh celebrates his 80th birthday '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 July 2015 Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 28 February 2007 ) `` Happy Birthday Pooh '' , Daily Express . Retrieved 20 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of the Real Winnie - the - Pooh . The New York Public Library . Jump up ^ `` Winnie the Pooh 's Canadian beginnings '' . The Spectator , -- Hamilton , Ont. 2 August 1997 , Page : W. 13 Jump up ^ `` Winnie '' . Historica Minutes , The Historica Foundation of Canada . Retrieved 30 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Safire , William . `` Whence Poo - Bah '' , GASBAG , vol. 24 , no . 3 , issue 186 , January / February 1993 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Willard , Barbara ( 1989 ) . The Forest -- Ashdown in East Sussex . Sussex : Sweethaws Press ... Quoted from the Introduction , p. xi , by Christopher Milne . Jump up ^ Willard ( 1989 ) . Quoted from the Introduction , p. xi , by Christopher Milne . Jump up ^ Hope , Yvonne Jefferey ( 2000 ) . `` Winnie - the - Pooh in Ashdown Forest '' . In Brooks , Victoria . Literary Trips : Following in the Footsteps of Fame . 1 . Vancouver , Canada : Greatest Escapes . p. 287 . ISBN 0 - 9686137 - 0 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` About the E.H. Shepard archive '' . University of Surrey . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plans to improve access to Pooh Bridge unveiled '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Appeal to save Winnie the Pooh 's bridge '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Celebrate Winnie - The - Pooh 's 90th with a Rare Recording ( And Hunny ) '' . NPR. 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Children 's Story by A.A. Milne '' . London Evening News . 24 December 1925 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Thwaite , Ann ( 2004 ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography : Alan Alexander Milne . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` Pooh sequel returns Christopher Robin to Hundred Acre Wood '' . The Guardian . UK . p. 15 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Winnie - the - Pooh sequel details revealed '' . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to the moment Winnie - the - Pooh meets penguin friend in new book '' . BBC News . 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winnie the Pooh meets the Queen in a new story '' . BBC News . 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Merchant of Child '' . Fortune . November 1931 . p. 71 . Jump up ^ McElway , St. Claire ( 26 October 1936 ) . `` The Literary Character in Business & Commerce '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of Pooh . '' Fortune . Jump up ^ `` The Pooh Files '' The Albion Monitor . Jump up ^ Nelson , Valerie J ( 20 July 2007 ) . `` Shirley Slesinger Lasswell , 84 ; fought Disney over Pooh royalties '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Judge dismisses Winnie the Pooh lawsuit '' The Disney Corner . Jump up ^ James , Meg ( 26 September 2007 ) . `` Disney wins lawsuit ruling on Pooh rights '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Winnie the Pooh goes to court '' USA Today Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com -- Justices wo n't hear copyright appeal by relative of Winnie the Pooh '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Disney loses court battle in Winnie the Pooh copyright case '' . ABC News . 17 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . Jump up ^ James , Meg ( 29 September 2009 ) . `` Pooh rights belong to Disney , judge rules '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Shea , Joe ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` The gordian knot of Pooh rights is finally untied in federal court '' . The American Reporter . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hastings Marionettes : Will Open Holiday Season at Guild Theatre on Saturday '' . The New York Times . 22 December 1931 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Carmichael And Full Cast -- The House at Pooh Corner -- HMV Junior Record Club -- UK -- 7EG 117 '' . 45cat. 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winnie the Pooh '' . OCLC WorldCat . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tigger comes to the forest : and other stories '' . OCLC WorldCat . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` His Master 's Voice Speaks Again '' . Playthings . November 1932 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike . `` Disney Sets Live - Action ' Winnie The Pooh ' Film ; Alex Ross Perry To Write '' . Deadline . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Marc Forster To Helm Live - Action ' Christopher Robin ' Based On ' Winnie The Pooh ' Character '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Russian animation in letters and figures `` Winnie the Pooh '' `` . Animator.ru . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Biography : Willie Rushton . BBC . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh '' . IMDb. 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ spiked - culture Article Pooh - poohing postmodernism . Spiked-online.com . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Sonderbooks Book Review of Pooh and the Philosophers . Sonderbooks.com ( 20 April 2004 ) . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ICONS of England -- the 100 ICONS as voted by the public '' . Culture 24 News . 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Earning Fictional Characters '' . Forbes ( New York ) . 25 September 2003 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pooh joins Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House at Pooh Corner by Loggins and Messina Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com. 14 October 1926 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Plans to improve access to Pooh Bridge unveiled . BBC . Retrieved 15 October 2011 Jump up ^ McDonell , Stephen ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Why China censors banned Winnie the Pooh '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . External links Find more aboutWinnie - the - Poohat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Winnie - the - Pooh at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The original bear , with A.A. Milne and Christopher Robin , at the National Portrait Gallery , London The real locations , from the Ashdown Forest Conservators Winnie - the - Pooh at the New York Public Library `` Winnie the Pooh saga turns 100 years old '' , CBC News , 24 August 2014 . `` The skull of the ' real ' Winnie goes on display '' , BBC News , 20 November 2015 . Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Roo Heffalumps Featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Short films Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) DisneyToon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action remake Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Winnie the Pooh : Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1987 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 onwards Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! '' ( 1968 ) `` House at Pooh Corner '' ( 1970 ) `` I Hum to Myself '' ( 1983 ) `` Just Say , ' Yes I Can ' '' ( 1983 ) `` The Right Side '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're the Only You '' ( 1983 ) `` Try a Little Something New '' ( 1983 ) People Christopher Robin Milne E.H. Shepard Harry Colebourn Shirley Slesinger Lasswell Stephen Slesinger Sherman Brothers David Benedictus Mark Burgess Related Ashdown Forest Bother ! The Brain of Pooh Disney franchise Hundred Acre Wood The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction More Songs from Pooh Corner Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Poohsticks Return to Pooh Corner The Tao of Pooh The Te of Piglet Eeyore 's Birthday Party Winnipeg the Bear Goodbye Christopher Robin Teddy bears Manufacturers Build - A-Bear Workshop Chad Valley J.K. Farnell Gund Ideal Toy Company Margarete Steiff GmbH Merrythought Teddy Atelier Stursberg Teddy - Hermann Ty Inc . Vermont Teddy Bear Company Types AG Bear Beanie Babies Boyds Bears Care Bears Coffee Bean Bears Forever Friends Freddy Teddy Gund Snuffles Holiday Beanie Babies Me to You Bears WereBears Museums Dorset Teddy Bear Museum Teddy bear museum Teddy Bear Museum of Naples Famous teddies Aloysius Archibald Ormsby - Gore Benjamin Bear Berlino Duffy the Disney Bear Corduroy Fozzie Bear Freddy Fazbear Grizzly Teddy Lotso Microsoft Bear Misha Nassur Nev Paddington Bear Pooky Pudsey Bear Rilakkuma Roosevelt Rupert Bear Rupert ( Family Guy ) Smokey Sooty SuperTed Teddy ( Mr. Bean ) Teddy Ruxpin Uszatek Mr Whoppit Winnie - the - Pooh Yogi Bear Film and television The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin Bear Behaving Badly Becky and Barnaby Bear Boonie Bears C Bear and Jamal Colargol Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Issi Noho Old Bear Stories Paddington The Secret World of Benjamin Bear SuperTed Ted Ted 2 Teddybears The Teddy Bear Master Teddy Edward The Upstairs Downstairs Bears The Yogi Bear Show Books Corduroy Little Bear Old Bear and Friends Teddy Dressing The Berenstain Bears Polar the Titanic Bear Uppo - Nalle Winkie Winnie - the - Pooh Music `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Psycho Teddy '' `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic '' `` The Teddy Bear Song '' Video games Build - A-Bear Workshop Hubert the Teddy Bear : Winter Games Opération Teddy Bear Teddy Together Related topics The Bear Club Peter Bull Gummy bears Round and Round the Garden SGUL Teddy Bear Hospital Richard Steiff Stuffed toys Sudanese blasphemy case Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012 Teddy bear parachuting Teddy Bear Review Teddy bear toss Teddy Grahams VIAF : 33185902 LCCN : no2014169001 GND : 133372065 NLA : 58458776 United Kingdom portal Children 's literature portal Disney portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnie-the-Pooh&oldid=818101348 '' Categories : Winnie - the - Pooh Winnie - the - Pooh characters Fictional bears 20th - century British children 's literature Teddy bears Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional characters introduced in 1924 East Sussex in fiction Pigs in literature Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from January 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Use dmy dates from January 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 15 : 44 . 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Question: where do the royalties for winnie the pooh go


Motor neuron - wikipedia Motor neuron Jump to : navigation , search Motor neuron Micrograph of the hypoglossal nucleus showing motor neurons with their characteristic coarse Nissl substance ( `` tigroid '' cytoplasm ) . H&E - LFB stain . Details Location Ventral horn of the spinal cord , some cranial nerve nuclei Shape Projection neuron Function Excitatory projection ( to NMJ ) Neurotransmitter UMN to LMN : glutamate ; LMN to NMJ : ACh Presynaptic connections Primary motor cortex via the Corticospinal tract Postsynaptic connections Muscle fibers and other neurons Identifiers MeSH D009046 NeuroLex ID nifext_103 TA A14. 2.00. 021 FMA 5867 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) A motor neuron ( or motoneuron ) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex , brainstem or the spinal cord , and whose axon ( fiber ) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs , mainly muscles and glands . There are two types of motor neuron -- upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons . Axons from upper motor neurons synapse onto interneurons in the spinal cord and occasionally directly onto lower motor neurons . The axons from the lower motor neurons are efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the spinal cord to the effectors . Types of lower motor neurons are alpha motor neurons , beta motor neurons , and gamma motor neurons . The term ' motor neuron ' is usually restricted to the lower motor neurons , the efferent nerves that directly innervate muscles . A single motor neuron may innervate many muscle fibres and a muscle fibre can undergo many action potentials in the time taken for a single muscle twitch . As a result , if an action potential arrives before a twitch has completed , the twitches can superimpose on one another , either through summation or a tetanic contraction . In summation , the muscle is stimulated repetitively such that additional action potentials coming from the somatic nervous system arrive before the end of the twitch . The twitches thus superimpose on one another , leading to a force greater than that of a single twitch . A tetanic contraction is caused by constant , very high frequency stimulation - the action potentials come at such a rapid rate that individual twitches are indistinguishable , and tension rises smoothly eventually reaching a plateau . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Anatomy and physiology 2.1 Upper motor neurons 2.2 White Matter Tract 2.3 Lower Motor Neurons 2.4 Somatic motor neurons 2.4. 1 Neuromuscular Junction 2.5 Special visceral motor neurons 2.6 General visceral motor neurons 3 Motor neurons in regenerative medicine 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources Development ( edit ) Motor neurons begin to develop early in embryonic development , and motor function continues to develop well into childhood . In the neural tube cells are specified to either the rostral - caudal axis or ventral - dorsal axis . The axons of motor neurons begin to appear in the fourth week of development from the ventral region of the ventral - dorsal axis ( the basal plate ) . This homeodomain is known as the motor neural progenitor domain ( pMN ) . Transcription factors genes here include the Pax6 , OLIG2 , Nkx6. 1 , and Nkx6. 2 factors , which are regulated by sonic hedgehog ( Shh ) . The OLIG2 gene being the most important due to its role in promoting Ngn2 expression , a gene that causes cell cycle exiting as well as promoting further transcription factors associated with motor neuron development . Further specification of motor neurons occurs when retinoic acid , fibroblast growth factor , Wnts , and TGFb , are integrated into the various Hox transcription factors . There are 13 Hox transcription factors and - along with the signals - these determine whether a motor neuron will be more rostral or caudal in character . In the spinal column Hox 4 - 11 sort motor neurons to one of the five motor columns . These columns are further explained in the table below . Motor Columns of Spinal Cord Motor Column Location in Spinal Cord Target Median Motor Column Present entire length Axial muscles Hypaxial Motor Column Thoracic Region Body wall muscles Preganglionic Motor Column Thoracic Region Sympathetic ganglion Laterl Motor Column Brachial and Lumbar region ( both regions are further divided into medial and lateral domains ) Muscles of the limbs Phrenic Motor Coulmn Cervical Region Diaphragm Anatomy and Physiology ( edit ) Spinal cord tracts Location of lower motor neurons in spinal cord Upper motor neurons ( edit ) Upper motor neurons originate in the motor cortex located in the precentral gyrus . The cells that make up the primary motor cortex are Betz cells , which are a type of pyramidal cell . The axons of these cells descend from the cortex to form the corticospinal tract . White matter Tract ( edit ) White matter tracts are bundles of axons and serve as means to propagate nerve impulses on a large scale . These are found in the spinal cord and appear white from the myelin surrounding axons . While these tracts exist for both efferent and afferent nerves , efferent nerves will carry signals down the spinal cord toward their effector target . These tracts also serve as the place of origin for lower motor neurons . There are seven major white matter motor tracts to be found in the spinal cord and are listed below : Lateral Corticospinal Tract Rubrospinal Tract Lateral Reticulospinal Tract Vestibulospinal tract Medial Reticulospinal Tract Tectospinal Tract Anterior Corticospinal Tract Lower motor neurons ( edit ) Lower motor neurons are those that originate in the spinal cord and directly or indirectly innervate effector targets . The target of these neurons varies , but in the somatic nervous system the target will be some sort of muscle fiber . There are three primary categories lower motor neurons , which can be further divided in sub-categories . According to their targets , motor neurons are classified into three broad categories : Somatic motor neurons Special visceral motor neurons General visceral motor neurons Somatic motor neurons ( edit ) Somatic motor neurons originate in the central nervous system , project their axons to skeletal muscles ( such as the muscles of the limbs , abdominal , and intercostal muscles ) , which are involved in locomotion . The three types of these neurons are the alpha efferent neurons , beta efferent neurons , and gamma efferent neurons . They are called efferent to indicate the flow of information from the central nervous system ( CNS ) to the periphery . Alpha motor neurons innervate extrafusal muscle fibers , which are the main force - generating component of a muscle . Their cell bodies are in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and they are sometimes called ventral horn cells . A single motor neuron may synapse with 150 muscle fibers on average . The motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers to which it connects is a motor unit . Motor units are split up into 3 categories : Main Article : Motor Unit Slow ( S ) motor units stimulate small muscle fibers , which contract very slowly and provide small amounts of energy but are very resistant to fatigue , so they are used to sustain muscular contraction , such as keeping the body upright . They gain their energy via oxidative means and hence require oxygen . They are also called red fibers . Fast fatiguing ( FF ) motor units stimulate larger muscle groups , which apply large amounts of force but fatigue very quickly . They are used for tasks that require large brief bursts on energy , such as jumping or running . They gain their energy via glycolytic means and hence do n't require oxygen . They are called white fibers . Fast fatigue - resistant motor units stimulate moderate - sized muscles groups that do n't react as fast as the FF motor units , but can be sustained much longer ( as implied by the name ) and provide more force than S motor units . These use both oxidative and glycolytic means to gain energy . In addition to voluntary skeletal muscle contraction , alpha motor neurons also contribute to muscle tone , the continuous force generated by noncontracting muscle to oppose stretching . When a muscle is stretched , sensory neurons within the muscle spindle detect the degree of stretch and send a signal to the CNS . The CNS activates alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord , which cause extrafusal muscle fibers to contract and thereby resist further stretching . This process is also called the stretch reflex . Beta motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles , with collaterals to extrafusal fibres . There are two types of beta motor neurons : Slow Contracting - These innervate extrafusal fibers . Fast Contracting - These innervate intrafusal fibers . Gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers found within the muscle spindle . They regulate the sensitivity of the spindle to muscle stretching . With activation of gamma neurons , intrafusal muscle fibers contract so that only a small stretch is required to activate spindle sensory neurons and the stretch reflex . There are two types of gamma motor neurons : Dynamic - These focus on Bag1 fibers and enhance dynamic sensitivity . Static - These focus on Bag2 fibers and enhance stretch sensitivity . Regulatory factors of lower motor Neurons Size Principle -- this relates to the of the soma of the motor neuron . This restricts larger neurons to receive a larger excitatory signal in order to stimulate the muscle fibers it innervates . By reducing unnecessary muscle fiber recruitment , the body is able to optimize energy consumption . Persistent Inward Current ( PIC ) -- recent animal study research has shown that constant flow of ions such as calcium and sodium through channels in the soma and dendrites influence the synaptic input . An alternate way to think of this is that the post-synaptic neuron is being primed before receiving an impulse . After Hyper - polarization ( AHP ) -- we are all familiar with the idea of hyperpolarization after an action potential . A trend has been identified that shows slow motor neurons to have more intense AHPs for a longer duration . One way to remember this is that slow muscle fibers can contract for loner , so it makes since that their corresponding motor neurons fire at a slower rate . Neuromuscular junction ( edit ) The interface between a motor neuron and muscle fiber is a specialized synapse called the neuromuscular junction . Upon adequate stimulation , the motor neuron releases a flood of acetylcholine ( Ach ) neurotransmitters from the axon terminals from synaptic vesicles bind with the plasma membrane . The acetylcholine molecules bind to postsynaptic receptors found within the motor end plate . Once two acetylcholine receptors have been bound , an ion channel is opened and sodium ions are allowed to flow into the cell . The influx of sodium into the cell causes depolarization and triggers a muscle action potential . T tubules of the sarcolemma are then stimulated to elicit calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum . It is this chemical release that causes the target muscle fiber to contract . In invertebrates , depending on the neurotransmitter released and the type of receptor it binds , the response in the muscle fiber could be either excitatory or inhibitory . For vertebrates , however , the response of a muscle fiber to a neurotransmitter can only be excitatory , in other words , contractile . Muscle relaxation and inhibition of muscle contraction in vertebrates is obtained only by inhibition of the motor neuron itself . Muscle innervation may eventually play a role in the maturation of motor activity . This is how muscle relaxants work by acting on the motor neurons that innervate muscles ( by decreasing their electrophysiological activity ) or on cholinergic neuromuscular junctions , rather than on the muscles themselves . Special visceral motor neurons ( edit ) These are also known as branchial motor neurons , which are involved in facial expression , mastication , phonation , and swallowing . Associated cranial nerves are the oculomotor , abducens , trochlear , and hypoglossal nerves . Branch of NS Position Neurotransmitter Somatic n / a Acetylcholine Parasympathetic Preganglionic Acetylcholine Parasympathetic Ganglionic Acetylcholine Sympathetic Preganglionic Acetylcholine Sympathetic Ganglionic Norepinephrine * * Except fibers to sweat glands and certain blood vessels Motor neuron neurotransmitters General visceral motor neurons ( edit ) These motor neurons indirectly innervate cardiac muscle and smooth muscles of the viscera ( the muscles of the arteries ) : they synapse onto neurons located in ganglia of the autonomic nervous system ( sympathetic and parasympathetic ) , located in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , which themselves directly innervate visceral muscles ( and also some gland cells ) . In consequence : the motor command of skeletal and branchial muscles is monosynaptic ( involving only one motor neuron , respectively , somatic and branchial , which synapses onto the muscle ) . the command of visceral muscles is disynaptic ( involving two neurons : the general visceral motor neuron located in the CNS , which synapses onto a ganglionic neuron , located in the PNS , which synapses onto the muscle ) . All vertebrate motor neurons are cholinergic , that is , they release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Parasympathetic ganglionic neurons are also cholinergic , whereas most sympathetic ganglionic neurons are noradrenergic , that is , they release the neurotransmitter noradrenaline . ( see Table ) Motor neurons in Regenerative medicine ( edit ) Human lower motor neurons can be generated in vitro from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells . See also ( edit ) Betz cell Central chromatolysis Motor dysfunction Nerve References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ; Derrickson , Bryan ( 2014 ) . Principles of Anatomy & Physiology ( 14th ed . ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 406 , 502 , 541 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34500 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pocock , Gillian ; Richards , Christopher D. ( 2006 ) . Human physiology : the basis of medicine ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 151 -- 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schacter D.L. , Gilbert D.T. , and Wegner D.M. ( 2011 ) Psychology second edition . New York , NY : Worth Jump up ^ Russell , Peter ( 2013 ) . Biology - Exploring the Diversity of Life . Toronto : Nelson Education . p. 946 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 665133 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ; Derrickson , Bryan ( 2011 ) . Principles of Anatomy Physiology ( 14th ed . ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 1090 -- 1099 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34500 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sadler , T. ( 2010 ) . Langman 's medical embryology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott William & Wilkins . pp. 299 -- 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 9069 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Davis - Dusenbery , BN ; Williams , LA ; Klim , JR ; Eggan , K ( February 2014 ) . `` How to make spinal motor neurons '' . Development . 141 ( 3 ) : 491 -- 501 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 097410 . PMID 24449832 . Jump up ^ Edgar R , Mazor Y , Rinon A , Blumenthal J , Golan Y , Buzhor E , Livnat I , Ben - Ari S , Lieder I , Shitrit A , Gilboa Y , Ben - Yehudah A , Edri O , Shraga N , Bogoch Y , Leshansky L , Aharoni S , West MD , Warshawsky D , Shtrichman R ( 2013 ) . `` LifeMap Discovery TM : The Embryonic Development , Stem Cells , and Regenerative Medicine Research Portal '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 7 ) : e66629 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0066629 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . Jump up ^ Philippidou , Polyxeni ; Walsh , Carolyn ; Aubin , Josée ; Jeannotte , Lucie ; Dasen , Jeremy S. `` Sustained Hox5 Gene Activity is Required for Respiratory Motor Neuron Development '' . Nature Neuroscience. 15 ( 12 ) : 1636 -- 1644 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 3242 . ISSN 1097 - 6256 . PMC 3676175 . PMID 23103965 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , D. ( 2001 ) The Primary Motor Cortex : Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate Complex Voluntary Movements . In D. Purves , G.J. Augustine , D. Fitzpatrick , et al. ( Ed . ) , Neuroscience . Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10962/ Jump up ^ Tortora , G.J. , Derrickson , B. ( 2011 ) . The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves . In B. Roesch , L. Elfers , K. Trost , et al. ( Ed . ) , Principles of Anatomy and Physiology ( pp. 443 - 468 ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , D. ( 2001 ) Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control : Overview . In D. Purves , G.J. Augustine , D. Fitzpatrick , et al. ( Ed . ) , Neuroscience . Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10979/ ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER NINE '' . www.unc.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Silverthorn , Dee Unglaub ( 2010 ) . Human Physiology : An Integrated Approach . Pearson . p. 398 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 55980 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tortora , G.J. , Derrickson , B. ( 2011 ) . Muscular Tissue . In B. Roesch , L. Elfers , K. Trost , et al. ( Ed . ) , Principles of Anatomy and Physiology ( pp. 305 - 307 , 311 ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Purves D , Augustine GJ , Fitzpatrick D , et al. , editors : Neuroscience . 2nd edition , 2001 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Manuel , Marin ; Zytnicki , Daniel ( 2011 ) . `` Alpha , Beta , and Gamma Motoneurons : Functional Diversity in the Motor System 's Final Pathway '' . Journal of Integrative Neuroscience. 10 ( 03 ) : 243 -- 276 . doi : 10.1142 / S0219635211002786 . ISSN 0219 - 6352 . Sources ( edit ) Sherwood , L. ( 2001 ) . Human Physiology : From Cells to Systems ( 4th ed . ) . Pacific Grove , CA : Brooks - Cole . ISBN 0 - 534 - 37254 - 6 . Marieb , E.N. ; Mallatt , J. ( 1997 ) . Human Anatomy ( 2nd ed . ) . Menlo Park , CA : Benjamin / Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4068 - 8 . ( hide ) Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motor_neuron&oldid=835150311 '' Categories : Efferent neurons Motor system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 21 : 30 . 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Question: all the motor neurons that control the skeletal muscles are