United States - Wikipedia United States Jump to : navigation , search `` United States of America '' , `` America '' , `` US '' , and `` USA '' redirect here . For the landmass comprising North and South America , see Americas . For other uses , see America ( disambiguation ) , US ( disambiguation ) , USA ( disambiguation ) , and United States ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 40 ° N 100 ° W  /  40 ° N 100 ° W  / 40 ; - 100 United States of America Flag Great Seal Motto : `` In God We Trust '' Other traditional mottos ( show ) `` E pluribus unum '' ( Latin ) ( de facto ) `` Out of many , one '' `` Annuit cœptis '' ( Latin ) `` He has favored our undertakings '' `` Novus ordo seclorum '' ( Latin ) `` New order of the ages '' Anthem : `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' March : `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' The contiguous United States plus Alaska and Hawaii The United States including its territories Capital Washington , D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ N 77 ° 01 ′ W  /  38.883 ° N 77.017 ° W  / 38.883 ; - 77.017 Largest city New York City 40 ° 43 ′ N 74 ° 00 ′ W  /  40.717 ° N 74.000 ° W  / 40.717 ; - 74.000 Official languages None at federal level National language English Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) By race : 77.1 % White 13.3 % Black 5.6 % Asian 2.6 % Other / multiracial 1.2 % Native 0.2 % Pacific Islander Ethnicity : 17.6 % Hispanic or Latino 82.4 % non-Hispanic or Latino Religion ( 2015 ) 70.6 % Christian 22.8 % Unaffiliated 1.9 % Jewish 0.9 % Muslim 0.7 % Buddhist 0.7 % Hindu 1.8 % Other faiths Demonym American Government Federal presidential constitutional republic President Donald Trump Vice President Mike Pence Speaker of the House Paul Ryan Chief Justice John Roberts Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from Great Britain Declaration July 4 , 1776 Confederation March 1 , 1781 Treaty of Paris September 3 , 1783 Constitution June 21 , 1788 Last polity admitted March 24 , 1976 Area Total area 3,796,742 sq mi ( 9,833,520 km ) ( 3rd / 4th ) Water ( % ) 6.97 Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi ( 9,147,590 km ) Population 2017 estimate 325,365,189 ( 3rd ) 2010 census 308,745,538 ( 3rd ) Density 90.6 / sq mi ( 35.0 / km ) ( 180th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 2nd ) Per capita $57,220 ( 14th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 1st ) Per capita $57,467 ( 7th ) Gini ( 2013 ) 41.1 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.920 very high 10th Currency United States dollar ( $ ) ( USD ) Time zone ( UTC − 4 to − 12 , + 10 , + 11 ) Summer ( DST ) ( UTC − 4 to − 10 ) Date format mm / dd / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD . us Website usa.gov The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America ( / əˈmɛrɪkə / ) , is a federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self - governing territories , and various possessions . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city by population is New York City . Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , stretching across nine official time zones . The extremely diverse geography , climate , and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries . Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 , and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776 . The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , with the first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , acquiring new territories , displacing Native American tribes , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the Civil War led to the outlawing of slavery . By the end of the century , the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . During the Cold War , the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race , culminating with the 1969 moon landing . The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The United States is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations . The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second - largest economy by PPP , accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP . The U.S. economy is the fastest - growing in the Americas and is largely post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge - based activities , although the manufacturing sector remains the second - largest in the world . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold 33.2 % of the total wealth in the world , the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country . The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . The U.S. is the foremost military power in the world , making up a third of global military spending . It is also a global leader in science and technology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history 2.2 European settlements 2.2. 1 Effects on and interaction with native populations 2.3 Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) 2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction Era 2.5 Further immigration , expansion , and industrialization 2.6 World War I , Great Depression , and World War II 2.7 Cold War and civil rights era 2.8 Contemporary history 3 Geography , climate , and environment 3.1 Wildlife 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Family structure 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political divisions 5.2 Parties and elections 5.3 Foreign relations 5.4 Government finance 5.5 Military 6 Law enforcement and crime 7 Economy 7.1 Income , poverty and wealth 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Food 10.2 Literature , philosophy , and the arts 10.3 Music 10.4 Cinema 10.5 Sports 10.6 Media 11 Science and technology 12 Health 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Internet sources 17 External links Etymology See also : Naming of America , Names for United States citizens , and American ( word ) The Americas are named after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci . In 1507 , the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere the Americas in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( Latin : Americus Vespucius ) . The first documentary evidence of the phrase `` United States of America '' is from a letter dated January 2 , 1776 , written by Stephen Moylan , Esq. , George Washington 's aide - de-camp and Muster - Master General of the Continental Army . Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed , Moylan expressed his wish to carry the `` full and ample powers of the United States of America '' to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort . The first known publication of the phrase `` United States of America '' was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg , Virginia , on April 6 , 1776 . The second draft of the Articles of Confederation , prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17 , 1776 , at the latest , declared `` The name of this Confederation shall be the ' United States of America ' '' . The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence `` The Stile of this Confederacy shall be ' The United States of America ' '' . In June 1776 , Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase `` UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '' in all capitalized letters in the headline of his `` original Rough draught '' of the Declaration of Independence . This draft of the document did not surface until June 21 , 1776 , and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation . The short form `` United States '' is also standard . Other common forms are the `` U.S. '' , the `` USA '' , and `` America '' . Colloquial names are the `` U.S. of A . '' and , internationally , the `` States '' . `` Columbia '' , a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 18th century , derives its origin from Christopher Columbus ; it appears in the name `` District of Columbia '' . The phrase `` United States '' was originally plural , a description of a collection of independent states -- e.g. , `` the United States are '' -- including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1865 . The singular form -- e.g. , `` the United States is '' -- became popular after the end of the American Civil War . The singular form is now standard ; the plural form is retained in the idiom `` these United States '' . The difference is more significant than usage ; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit . A citizen of the United States is an `` American '' . `` United States '' , `` American '' and `` U.S. '' refer to the country adjectivally ( `` American values '' , `` U.S. forces '' ) . In English , the word `` American '' rarely refers to topics or subjects not connected with the United States . History Main articles : History of the United States , Timeline of United States history , American business history , Economic history of the United States , and Labor history of the United States Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian History Further information : Pre-Columbian era and Colonial history of the United States Artist 's re-creation of the Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture , as it may have looked The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15,000 years ago , though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival . After crossing the land bridge , the first Americans moved southward , either along the Pacific coast or through an interior ice - free corridor between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets . The Clovis culture appeared around 11,000 BC , and it is considered to be an ancestor of most of the later indigenous cultures of the Americas . While the Clovis culture was thought , throughout the late 20th century , to represent the first human settlement of the Americas , in recent years consensus has changed in recognition of pre-Clovis cultures . Over time , indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex , and some , such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast , developed advanced agriculture , grand architecture , and state - level societies . From approximately 800 to 1600 AD the Mississippian culture flourished , and its largest city Cahokia is considered the largest , most complex pre-Columbian archaeological site in the modern - day United States . In the southern Great Lakes region , the Iroquois Confederacy ( Haudenosaunee ) was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries , lasting until the end of the Revolutionary War . The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate . Archaeological evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD . During his third and final voyage , Captain James Cook became the first European to begin formal contact with Hawaii . After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour , Kauai , Cook named the archipelago the `` Sandwich Islands '' after the fourth Earl of Sandwich -- the acting First Lord of the Admiralty of the British Royal Navy . European settlements Further information : European colonization of the Americas and Thirteen Colonies Saint Augustine , Florida , the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement in the continental United States ( 1565 ) The Mayflower Compact , 1620 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris After Spain sent Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492 , other explorers followed . The first Europeans to arrive in territory of the modern United States were Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de León , who made his first visit to Florida in 1513 ; however , if unincorporated territories are accounted for , then credit would go to Christopher Columbus who landed in Puerto Rico on his 1493 voyage . Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as Saint Augustine and Santa Fe . The French established their own as well along the Mississippi River . Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims ' Plymouth Colony in 1620 . Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom . The continent 's first elected legislative assembly , Virginia 's House of Burgesses created in 1619 , the Mayflower Compact , signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking , and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut , established precedents for the pattern of representative self - government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies . Most settlers in every colony were small farmers , but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements . Cash crops included tobacco , rice and wheat . Extraction industries grew up in furs , fishing and lumber . Manufacturers produced rum and ships , and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one - seventh of the world 's iron supply . Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs . English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch - Irish and other groups . As coastal land grew more expensive , freed indentured servants pushed further west . A large - scale slave trade with English privateers was begun . The life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south , because of less disease and better food and treatment , leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves . Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery and colonies passed acts for and against the practice . But by the turn of the 18th century , African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor , especially in southern regions . With the British colonization of Georgia in 1732 , the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established . All had local governments with elections open to most free men , with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self - government stimulating support for republicanism . With extremely high birth rates , low death rates , and steady settlement , the colonial population grew rapidly . Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed . The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty . During the Seven Years ' War ( in America , known as the French and Indian War ) , British forces seized Canada from the French , but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies . Excluding the Native Americans , who were being conquered and displaced , the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770 , about one - third that of Britain . Despite continuing new arrivals , the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas . The colonies ' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self - government , but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority . In 1774 the Spanish Navy ship Santiago , under Juan Pérez had entered and anchored in the inlet at Nootka Sound . Although the Spanish did not land , natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California . At the time , the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between Asia and North America , granting limited licenses to the Portuguese . When the Russians began establishing a growing fur trading system in Alaska the Spanish began to challenge the Russians , with Pérez 's voyage being the first of many to the Pacific Northwest . After having arrived in the Hawaiian islands in 1778 , Captain Cook sailed north and then north - east to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California . He made landfall on the Oregon coast at approximately 44 ° 30 ′ north latitude , naming his landing point Cape Foulweather . Bad weather forced his ships south to about 43 ° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward . In March 1778 , Cook landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet `` King George 's Sound '' . He recorded that the native name was Nutka or Nootka , apparently misunderstanding his conversations at Friendly Cove / Yuquot ; his informant may have been explaining that he was on an island ( itchme nutka , a place you can `` go around '' ) . There may also have been confusion with Nuu - chah - nulth , the natives ' autonym ( name for themselves ) . It may also have simply been based on Cook 's mispronunciation of Yuquot , the native name of the place . Effects on and interaction with Native populations Further information : American Indian Wars , Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas , and James Cook With the progress of European colonization in the territories of the contemporary United States , the Native Americans were often conquered and displaced . The native population of America declined after Europeans arrived , and for various reasons , primarily diseases such as smallpox and measles . Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among Native Americans , though conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements . In the early days of colonization , many European settlers were subject to food shortages , disease , and attacks from Native Americans . Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars . At the same time , however , many natives and settlers came to depend on each other . Settlers traded for food and animal pelts , natives for guns , ammunition and other European wares . Natives taught many settlers where , when and how to cultivate corn , beans and squash . European missionaries and others felt it was important to `` civilize '' the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles . Death of Captain Cook by Johann Zoffany ( 1795 ) Captain James Cook 's last voyage included sailing along the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a Northwest Passage for approximately nine months . He returned to the Hawaii to resupply , initially exploring the coasts of Maui and the big island , trading with locals and then making anchor at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779 . When his ships and company left the islands , a ship 's mast broke in bad weather , forcing them to return in mid-February . Cook would be killed days later . Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) Further information : American Revolutionary War , United States Declaration of Independence , American Revolution , and Territorial evolution of the United States Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power . Americans had developed an ideology of `` republicanism '' asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures . They demanded their rights as Englishmen and `` no taxation without representation '' . The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament , and the conflict escalated into war . Following the passage of the Lee Resolution , on July 2 , 1776 , which was the actual vote for independence , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , which proclaimed , in a long preamble , that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain , and declared , in the words of the resolution , that the Thirteen Colonies were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States . The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day . The Second Continental Congress declared on September 9 `` where , heretofore , the words ' United Colonies ' have been used , the stile be altered for the future to the ' United States ' `` . In 1777 , the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789 . Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781 . In the peace treaty of 1783 , American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River . Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution , ratified in state conventions in 1788 . The federal government was reorganized into three branches , on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances , in 1789 . George Washington , who had led the revolutionary army to victory , was the first president elected under the new constitution . The Bill of Rights , forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections , was adopted in 1791 . Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808 , after 1820 , cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South , and along with it , the slave population . The Second Great Awakening , especially 1800 -- 1840 , converted millions to evangelical Protestantism . In the North , it energized multiple social reform movements , including abolitionism ; in the South , Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations . Americans ' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars . The Louisiana Purchase of French - claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation 's area . The War of 1812 , declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw , strengthened U.S. nationalism . A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819 . Expansion was aided by steam power , when steamboats began traveling along America 's large water systems , which were connected by new canals , such as the Erie and the I&M ; then , even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation 's land . From 1820 to 1850 , Jacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage ; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854 . The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations . The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny . The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present - day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican -- American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present - day American Southwest . The California Gold Rush of 1848 -- 49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states . After the American Civil War , new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers , expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans . Over a half - century , the loss of the American bison ( sometimes called `` buffalo '' ) was an existential blow to many Plains Indians cultures . In 1869 , a new Peace Policy sought to protect Native - Americans from abuses , avoid further war , and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship , although conflicts , including several of the largest Indian Wars , continued throughout the West into the 1900s . The Statue of Liberty in New York City , dedicated in 1886 , is a symbol of the United States as well as its ideals of freedom , democracy and opportunity . Civil War and Reconstruction Era Further information : American Civil War and Reconstruction Era The Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup Differences of opinion over social order between northern and southern states in early United States society , particularly regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans , ultimately led to the American Civil War . Initially , states entering the Union alternated between slave and free states , keeping a sectional balance in the Senate , while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives . But with additional western territory and more free - soil states , tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories , whether and how to expand or restrict slavery . With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln , the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party , conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America , while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal . The ensuing war was at first for Union , then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation , a second war aim became abolition of slavery . The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history , resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians . Following the Union victory in 1865 , three amendments were added to the U.S. Constitution : the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery , the Fourteenth Amendment provided citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves , and the Fifteenth Amendment ensured that they had the right to vote . The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves . Southern white conservatives , calling themselves `` Redeemers '' took control after the end of Reconstruction . By the 1890 -- 1910 period Jim Crow laws disenfranchised most blacks and some poor whites . Blacks faced racial segregation , especially in the South . Racial minorities occasionally experienced vigilante violence . Further Immigration , expansion , and industrialization Main articles : Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States Ellis Island , in New York City , was a major gateway for European immigration In the North , urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country 's industrialization and transformed its culture . National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West . The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life . United States and its territories at their greatest extent from 1898 to 1902 The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation , increasing surpluses for international markets . Mainland expansion was completed by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 . In 1893 , pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii , which the U.S. annexed in 1898 . Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year , following the Spanish -- American War . Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists . Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt , John D. Rockefeller , and Andrew Carnegie led the nation 's progress in railroad , petroleum , and steel industries . Banking became a major part of the economy , with J.P. Morgan playing a notable role . Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry , homes , and for street lighting . Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry . The American economy boomed , becoming the world 's largest , and the United States achieved great power status . These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist , socialist , and anarchist movements . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which saw significant reforms in many societal areas , including women 's suffrage , alcohol prohibition , regulation of consumer goods , greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions . World War I , Great Depression , and world War II Further information : World War I , Great Depression , and World War II Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I , in 1914 , until 1917 when it joined the war as an `` associated power '' , alongside the formal Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1919 , President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations . However , the Senate refused to approve this , and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations . In 1920 , the women 's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women 's suffrage . The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television . The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression . After his election as president in 1932 , Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal , which included the establishment of the Social Security system . The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s ; whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration . At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe , the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend - Lease program . On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers . During the war , the United States was referred as one of the `` Four Policemen '' of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world , along with Britain , the Soviet Union and China . Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers , it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence . The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and other Allies , which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe 's postwar reorganization . As an Allied victory was won in Europe , a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter , which became active after the war . The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ; causing the Japanese to surrender on September 2 , ending World War II . Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as Victory Day , or V-J Day . Cold War and Civil rights Era Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Further information : Cold War , Civil Rights Movement , War on Poverty , Space Race , and Reaganomics U.S. President Ronald Reagan at his `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech in Berlin , Germany on June 12 , 1987 . After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold War , driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism and , according to the school of geopolitics , a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps . They dominated the military affairs of Europe , with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other . The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence . While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals , the two countries avoided direct military conflict . The United States often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet - sponsored . American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950 -- 53 . The Soviet Union 's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first manned spaceflight initiated a `` Space Race '' in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the moon in 1969 . A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation , as the Vietnam War . At home , the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class . Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation 's infrastructure over the following decades . Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments . In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country . The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination , with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead . A combination of court decisions and legislation , culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , sought to end racial discrimination . Meanwhile , a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war , black nationalism , and the sexual revolution . The launch of a `` War on Poverty '' expanded entitlements and welfare spending , including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid , two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor , respectively , and the means - tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children . The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation . After his election in 1980 , President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free - market oriented reforms . Following the collapse of détente , he abandoned `` containment '' and initiated the more aggressive `` rollback '' strategy towards the USSR . After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade , by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed . The late 1980s brought a `` thaw '' in relations with the USSR , and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War . This brought about unipolarity with the U.S. unchallenged as the world 's dominant superpower . The concept of Pax Americana , which had appeared in the post-World War II period , gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War new world order . Contemporary History Main articles : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) and History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Further information : Gulf War , September 11 attacks , War on Terror , 2008 financial crisis , and Affordable Care Act The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , newly - built in its place After the Cold War , the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis in 1990 , when Iraq under Sadaam Hussein invaded and attempted to annex Kuwait , an ally of the United States . Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions , President George H.W. Bush launched Operation Desert Shield , a defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia , and Operation Desert Storm , in a staging titled the Gulf War ; waged by coalition forces from 34 nations , led by the United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait , restoring the former monarchy . Originating in U.S. defense networks , the Internet spread to international academic networks , and then to the public in the 1990s , greatly affecting the global economy , society , and culture . Due to the dot - com boom , stable monetary policy under Alan Greenspan , and reduced social welfare spending , the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history , ending in 2001 . Beginning in 1994 , the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services . The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U.S. , Canada , and Mexico by January 1 , 2008 . Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force . On September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington , D.C. , killing nearly 3,000 people . In response , the United States launched the War on Terror , which included war in Afghanistan and the 2003 -- 11 Iraq War . In 2007 , the Bush administration ordered a major troop surge in the Iraq War , which successfully reduced violence and led to greater stability in the region . Government policy designed to promote affordable housing , widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance , and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve led to the mid-2000s housing bubble , which culminated with the 2008 financial crisis , the largest economic contraction in the nation 's history since the Great Depression . Barack Obama , the first African American and multiracial president , was elected in 2008 amid the crisis , and subsequently passed stimulus measures and the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in an attempt to mitigate its negative effects and ensure there would not be a repeat of the crisis . The stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements and a relative decline in unemployment . Dodd - Frank improved financial stability and consumer protection , although there is evidence it may have had a negative impact on small banks . In 2010 , the Obama administration passed the Affordable Care Act , which made the most sweeping reforms to the nation 's healthcare system in nearly five decades , including mandates , subsidies and insurance exchanges . The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance , with 24 million covered during 2016 , but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs , insurance premiums , and economic performance . Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009 , voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery . The Republicans , who stood in opposition to Obama 's policies , won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2010 and control of the Senate in 2014 . American forces in Iraq were withdrawn in large numbers in 2009 and 2010 , and the war in the region was declared formally over in December 2011 . The withdrawal caused an escalation of sectarian insurgency , leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor of al - Qaeda in the region . In 2014 , Obama announced a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961 . The next year , the United States as a member of the P5 + 1 countries signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , an agreement aimed to slow the development of Iran 's nuclear program . Geography , climate , and Environment Main articles : Geography of the United States , Climate of the United States , and Environment of the United States A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and surrounding areas Köppen climate classifications The land area of the contiguous United States is 2,959,064 square miles ( 7,663,940.6 km ) . Alaska , separated from the contiguous United States by Canada , is the largest state at 663,268 square miles ( 1,717,856.2 km ) . Hawaii , occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific , southwest of North America , is 10,931 square miles ( 28,311 km ) in area . The populated territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles ( 23,789 km ) . Measured by only land area , the United States is third in size behind Russia and China , just ahead of Canada . The United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest nation by total area ( land and water ) , ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China . The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured : calculations range from 3,676,486 square miles ( 9,522,055.0 km ) to 3,717,813 square miles ( 9,629,091.5 km ) to 3,796,742 square miles ( 9,833,516.6 km ) . The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont . The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi -- Missouri River , the world 's fourth longest river system , runs mainly north -- south through the heart of the country . The flat , fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west , interrupted by a highland region in the southeast . The Rocky Mountains , at the western edge of the Great Plains , extend north to south across the country , reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) in Colorado . Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave . The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast , both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California , and only about 84 miles ( 135 km ) apart . At an elevation of 20,310 feet ( 6,190.5 m ) , Alaska 's Denali ( Mount McKinley ) is the highest peak in the country and North America . Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska 's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands . The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent 's largest volcanic feature . The United States has the most ecoregions out of any country in the world . The United States , with its large size and geographic variety , includes most climate types . To the east of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south . The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid . Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Great Basin , desert in the Southwest , Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical , as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific . Extreme weather is not uncommon -- the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes , and most of the world 's tornadoes occur within the country , mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South . Wildlife Main articles : Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States See also : Category : Biota of the United States The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States since 1782 . The U.S. ecology is megadiverse : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska , and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii , few of which occur on the mainland . The United States is home to 428 mammal species , 784 bird species , 311 reptile species , and 295 amphibian species . About 91,000 insect species have been described . The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States , and is an enduring symbol of the country itself . There are 59 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks , forests , and wilderness areas . Altogether , the government owns about 28 % of the country 's land area . Most of this is protected , though some is leased for oil and gas drilling , mining , logging , or cattle ranching ; about . 86 % is used for military purposes . Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 1970 . Environmental controversies include debates on oil and nuclear energy , dealing with air and water pollution , the economic costs of protecting wildlife , logging and deforestation , and international responses to global warming . Many federal and state agencies are involved . The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , created by presidential order in 1970 . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964 , with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats , which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Demographics Main articles : Demography of the United States , Americans , List of U.S. states by population density , and List of United States cities by population Population Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 3,929,214 -- 1800 5,308,483 35.1 % 1810 7,239,881 36.4 % 1820 9,638,453 33.1 % 1830 12,866,020 33.5 % 1840 17,069,453 32.7 % 1850 23,191,876 35.9 % 1860 31,443,321 35.6 % 1870 38,558,371 22.6 % 1880 50,189,209 30.2 % 1890 62,979,766 25.5 % 1900 76,212,168 21.0 % 1910 92,228,496 21.0 % 1920 106,021,537 15.0 % 1930 123,202,624 16.2 % 1940 132,164,569 7.3 % 1950 151,325,798 14.5 % 1960 179,323,175 18.5 % 1970 203,211,926 13.3 % 1980 226,545,805 11.5 % 248,709,873 9.8 % 2000 281,421,906 13.2 % 308,745,538 9.7 % Est. 2016 323,127,513 4.7 % 1610 -- 1780 population data . Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860 . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country 's population to be 323,425,550 as of April 25 , 2016 , and to be adding 1 person ( net gain ) every 13 seconds , or about 6,646 people per day . The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century , from about 76 million in 1900 . The third most populous nation in the world , after China and India , the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected . In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children , by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56 . Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.86 children per woman in 2014 . Foreign born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010 , representing one third of the population increase . The foreign born population reached 45 million in 2015 . The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000 , which is 5 births below the world average . Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7 % , higher than that of many developed nations . In fiscal year 2015 , over one million immigrants ( most of whom entered through family reunification ) were granted legal residence . Mexico has been the leading source of new residents since the 1965 Immigration Act . China , India , and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s . As of 2012 , approximately 11.4 million residents are illegal immigrants . As of 2015 , 47 % of all immigrants are Hispanic , 26 % are Asian , 18 % are white and 8 % are black . The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 37.2 % of the population in 2012 and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2044 . According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute , nine million Americans , or roughly 3.4 % of the adult population identify themselves as homosexual , bisexual , or transgender . A 2016 Gallup poll also concluded that 4.1 % of adult Americans identified as LGBT . The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia ( 10 % ) , while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7 % . In a 2013 survey , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 96.6 % of Americans identify as straight , while 1.6 % identify as gay or lesbian , and 0.7 % identify as being bisexual . In 2010 , the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry ( 2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry ) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry ( 0.5 million exclusively ) . The census counted more than 19 million people of `` Some Other Race '' who were `` unable to identify with any '' of its five official race categories in 2010 , over 18.5 million ( 97 % ) of whom are of Hispanic ethnicity . The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans ( the terms are officially interchangeable ) is a major demographic trend . The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct `` ethnicity '' by the Census Bureau ; 64 % of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent . Between 2000 and 2010 , the country 's Hispanic population increased 43 % while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9 % . Much of this growth is from immigration ; in 2007 , 12.6 % of the U.S. population was foreign - born , with 54 % of that figure born in Latin America . About 82 % of Americans live in urban areas ( including suburbs ) ; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000 . The US has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions , the largest being the Great Lakes Megalopolis followed by the Northeast Megalopolis and Southern California . In 2008 , 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000 , nine cities had more than one million residents , and four global cities had over two million ( New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Houston ) . There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million . Of the 50 fastest - growing metro areas , 47 are in the West or South . The metro areas of San Bernardino , Dallas , Houston , Atlanta , and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008 . Leading population centers ( see complete list ) view talk Rank Core city ( cities ) Metro area population Metropolitan Statistical Area Region New York City Los Angeles Chicago Dallas New York 20,153,634 New York -- Newark -- Jersey City , NY -- NJ -- PA MSA Northeast Los Angeles 13,310,447 Los Angeles -- Long Beach -- Anaheim , CA MSA West Chicago 9,512,999 Chicago -- Joliet -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI MSA Midwest Dallas -- Fort Worth 7,233,323 Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington , TX MSA South 5 Houston 6,656,947 Houston -- The Woodlands - Sugar Land MSA South 6 Washington , D.C. 6,772,470 Washington , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA South 7 Philadelphia 6,070,500 Philadelphia -- Camden -- Wilmington , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD MSA Northeast 8 Miami 6,066,387 Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- West Palm Beach , FL MSA South 9 Atlanta 5,789,700 Atlanta -- Sandy Springs -- Roswell , GA MSA South 10 Boston 4,794,447 Boston -- Cambridge -- Quincy , MA -- NH MSA Northeast 11 San Francisco 4,679,166 San Francisco -- Oakland -- Fremont , CA MSA West 12 Phoenix 4,661,537 Phoenix -- Mesa -- Chandler , AZ MSA West 13 Riverside -- San Bernardino 4,527,837 Riverside -- San Bernardino -- Ontario , CA MSA West 14 Detroit 4,297,617 Detroit - Warren - Dearborn , MI MSA Midwest 15 Seattle 3,798,902 Seattle -- Tacoma -- Bellevue , WA MSA West 16 Minneapolis -- St. Paul 3,551,036 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington , MN -- WI MSA Midwest 17 San Diego 3,317,749 San Diego -- Carlsbad -- San Marcos , CA MSA West 18 Tampa -- St. Petersburg 3,032,171 Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , FL MSA South 19 Denver 2,853,077 Denver -- Aurora -- Lakewood , CO MSA West 20 St. Louis 2,807,002 St. Louis MO -- IL MSA Midwest Based on 2015 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Language Main article : Languages of the United States See also : Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America , List of endangered languages in the United States , and Language education in the United States English ( American English ) is the de facto national language . Although there is no official language at the federal level , some laws -- such as U.S. naturalization requirements -- standardize English . In 2010 , about 230 million , or 80 % of the population aged five years and older , spoke only English at home . Spanish , spoken by 12 % of the population at home , is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language . Some Americans advocate making English the country 's official language , as it is in 32 states . Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii , by state law . Alaska recognizes twenty Native languages as well as English . While neither has an official language , New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish , as Louisiana does for English and French . Other states , such as California , mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms . Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages , along with English : Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam , respectively ; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands ; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there . The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States , in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate studies , are : Spanish ( around 7.2 million students ) , French ( 1.5 million ) , and German ( 500,000 ) . Other commonly taught languages ( with 100,000 to 250,000 learners ) include Latin , Japanese , ASL , Italian , and Chinese . 18 % of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English . Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in the U.S. ( 2016 ) Language Percent of population Number of speakers Number who speak English very well Number who speak English less than very well English ( only ) ~ 80 % 237,810,023 N / A N / A Spanish ( including Spanish Creole but excluding Puerto Rico ) 13 % 40,489,813 23,899,421 16,590,392 Chinese ( all varieties , including Mandarin and Cantonese ) 1.0 % 3,372,930 1,518,619 1,854,311 Tagalog ( including Filipino ) 0.5 % 1,701,960 1,159,211 542,749 Vietnamese 0.4 % 1,509,993 634,273 875,720 Arabic ( all varieties ) 0.3 % 1,231,098 770,882 460,216 French ( including Patois and Cajun ) 0.3 % 1,216,668 965,584 251,087 Korean 0.2 % 1,088,788 505,734 583,054 Religion Main article : Religion in the United States See also : History of religion in the United States , Freedom of religion in the United States , Separation of church and state in the United States , and List of religious movements that began in the United States Religious affiliation in the U.S. ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of U.S. population Christian 70.6 70.6 Protestant 46.5 46.5 Evangelical Protestant 25.4 25.4 Mainline Protestant 14.7 14.7 Black church 6.5 6.5 Catholic 20.8 20.8 Mormon 1.6 1.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.8 0.8 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian 0.4 0.4 Jewish 1.9 1.9 Muslim 0.9 0.9 Buddhist 0.7 0.7 Hindu 0.7 0.7 Other faiths 1.8 1.8 Irreligious 22.8 22.8 Nothing in particular 15.8 15.8 Agnostic 4.0 Atheist 3.1 3.1 Do n't know or refused answer 0.6 0.6 The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment . Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S. , but other religions are followed , too . In a 2013 survey , 56 % of Americans said that religion played a `` very important role in their lives '' , a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 42 % of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly ; the figures ranged from a low of 23 % in Vermont to a high of 63 % in Mississippi . Experts , researchers and authors have referred to the United States as a `` Protestant nation '' or `` founded on Protestant principles , '' specifically emphasizing its Calvinist heritage . As with other Western countries , the U.S. is becoming less religious . Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30 . Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s , and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious . According to a 2012 study , the Protestant share of the U.S. population had dropped to 48 % , thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time . Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians . The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37 % marrying compared to 52 % of Christians . According to a 2014 survey , 70.6 % of adults identified themselves as Christian , Protestant denominations accounted for 46.5 % , while Roman Catholicism , at 20.8 % , was the largest individual denomination . The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2014 was 5.9 % . Other religions include Judaism ( 1.9 % ) , Islam ( 0.9 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.7 % ) , Hinduism ( 0.7 % ) . The survey also reported that 22.8 % of Americans described themselves as agnostic , atheist or simply having no religion , up from 8.2 % in 1990 . There are also Unitarian Universalist , Baha'i , Sikh , Jain , Shinto , Confucian , Taoist , Druid , Native American , Wiccan , humanist and deist communities . Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States . Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism , and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination . Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin primarily in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas and , in part , in the English Catholic Proprietary of Maryland , It later grew because of Irish , Italian , Polish , German and Hispanic immigration . Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Catholics with 40 percent of the total population . Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe and Germany . North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran . Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants . Although it has spread across the United States , it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast . Dutch Reformed congregations were founded first in New Amsterdam ( New York City ) before spreading westward . Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population . The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of Idaho , Nevada and Wyoming . The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation 's average . By contrast , religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States . Family structure Main article : Family structure in the United States As of 2007 , 58 % of Americans age 18 and over were married , 6 % were widowed , 10 % were divorced , and 25 % had never been married . Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor 's degrees . The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women . The rate has declined by 57 % since 1991 . In 2013 , the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama , and the lowest in Wyoming . Abortion is legal throughout the U.S. , owing to Roe v. Wade , a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . While the abortion rate is falling , the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15 -- 44 remain higher than those of most Western nations . In 2013 , the average age at first birth was 26 and 40.6 % of births were to unmarried women . The total fertility rate ( TFR ) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman . Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view ( compared to other Western countries ) . In 2001 , with over 127,000 adoptions , the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide . Same - sex marriage is legal nationwide and it is legal for same - sex couples to adopt . Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S. Government and Politics Main articles : Federal government of the United States , State governments of the United States , Local government in the United States , and Elections in the United States The United States Capitol , where Congress meets : the Senate , left ; the House , right The White House , home and workplace of the U.S. President Supreme Court Building , where the nation 's highest court sits The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation . It is a representative democracy , `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law '' . The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . For 2016 , the U.S. ranked 21st on the Democracy Index ( tied with Italy ) and 18th on the Corruption Perceptions Index . In the American federalist system , citizens are usually subject to three levels of government : federal , state , and local . The local government 's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments . In almost all cases , executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district . There is no proportional representation at the federal level , and it is rare at lower levels . The federal government is composed of three branches : Legislative : The bicameral Congress , made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives , makes federal law , declares war , approves treaties , has the power of the purse , and has the power of impeachment , by which it can remove sitting members of the government . Executive : The President is the commander - in - chief of the military , can veto legislative bills before they become law ( subject to Congressional override ) , and appoints the members of the Cabinet ( subject to Senate approval ) and other officers , who administer and enforce federal laws and policies . Judicial : The Supreme Court and lower federal courts , whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval , interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional . The House of Representatives has 435 voting members , each representing a congressional district for a two - year term . House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year . At the 2010 census , seven states had the minimum of one representative , while California , the most populous state , had 53 . The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators , elected at - large to six - year terms ; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year . The President serves a four - year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice . The President is not elected by direct vote , but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia . The Supreme Court , led by the Chief Justice of the United States , has nine members , who serve for life . The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion ; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature . The governor ( chief executive ) of each state is directly elected . Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states , while others are elected by popular vote . The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states . Article One protects the right to the `` great writ '' of habeas corpus . The Constitution has been amended 27 times ; the first ten amendments , which make up the Bill of Rights , and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans ' individual rights . All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided . The principle of judicial review , not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution , was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall . Political Divisions Main articles : Political divisions of the United States , U.S. state , Territories of the United States , List of states and territories of the United States , and Indian reservation Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions Map of U.S. Economic Exclusion Zone , highlighting states , territories and possessions The United States is a federal republic of 50 states , a federal district , five territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions . The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country . These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities . The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States , Washington DC . The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States . Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress ; the District of Columbia has three . Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population . Each state then draws single member districts to conform with the census apportionment . The total number of Representatives is 435 , and delegate Members of Congress represent the District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories . The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree , as it does with the states ' sovereignty . American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts . Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy , but also like the states , tribes are not allowed to make war , engage in their own foreign relations , or print and issue currency . State flags and statehood dates ( listed alphabetically ) Alabama : Dec. 14 , 1819 Alaska : Jan. 3 , 1959 Arizona : Feb. 14 , 1912 Arkansas : Jun. 15 , 1836 California : Sep. 9 , 1850 Colorado : Aug. 1 , 1876 Connecticut : Jan. 9 , 1788 Delaware : Dec. 7 , 1787 Florida : Mar. 3 , 1845 Georgia : Jan. 2 , 1788 Hawaii : Aug. 21 , 1959 Idaho : Jul. 3 , 1890 Illinois : Dec. 3 , 1818 Indiana : Dec. 11 , 1816 Iowa : Dec. 28 , 1846 Kansas : Jan. 29 , 1861 Kentucky : Jun. 1 , 1792 Louisiana : Apr. 30 , 1812 Maine : Mar. 15 , 1820 Maryland : Apr. 28 , 1788 Massachusetts : Feb. 6 , 1788 Michigan : Jan. 26 , 1837 Minnesota : May 11 , 1858 Mississippi : Dec. 10 , 1817 Missouri : Aug. 10 , 1821 Montana : Nov. 8 , 1889 Nebraska : Mar. 1 , 1867 Nevada : Oct. 31 , 1864 New Hampshire : Jun. 21 , 1788 New Jersey : Dec. 18 , 1787 New Mexico : Jan. 6 , 1912 New York : Jul. 26 , 1788 North Carolina : Nov. 21 , 1789 North Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Ohio : Mar. 1 , 1803 Oklahoma : Nov. 16 , 1907 Oregon : Feb. 14 , 1859 Pennsylvania : Dec. 12 , 1787 Rhode Island : May 29 , 1790 South Carolina : May 23 , 1788 South Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Tennessee : Jun. 1 , 1796 Texas : Dec. 29 , 1845 Utah : Jan. 4 , 1896 Vermont : Mar. 4 , 1791 Virginia : Jun. 25 , 1788 Washington : Nov. 11 , 1889 West Virginia : Jun. 20 , 1863 Wisconsin : May 29 , 1848 Wyoming : Jul. 10 , 1890 ( listed chronologically ) Dec. 7 , 1787 : Delaware Dec. 12 , 1787 : Pennsylvania Dec. 18 , 1787 : New Jersey Jan. 2 , 1788 : Georgia Jan. 9 , 1788 : Connecticut Feb. 6 , 1788 : Massachusetts Apr. 28 , 1788 : Maryland May 23 , 1788 : South Carolina Jun. 21 , 1788 : New Hampshire Jun. 25 , 1788 : Virginia Jul. 26 , 1788 : New York Nov. 21 , 1789 : North Carolina May 29 , 1790 : Rhode Island Mar. 4 , 1791 : Vermont Jun. 1 , 1792 : Kentucky Jun. 1 , 1796 : Tennessee Mar. 1 , 1803 : Ohio Apr. 30 , 1812 : Louisiana Dec. 11 , 1816 : Indiana Dec. 10 , 1817 : Mississippi Dec. 3 , 1818 : Illinois Dec. 14 , 1819 : Alabama Mar. 15 , 1820 : Maine Aug. 10 , 1821 : Missouri Jun. 15 , 1836 : Arkansas Jan. 26 , 1837 : Michigan Mar. 3 , 1845 : Florida Dec. 29 , 1845 : Texas Dec. 28 , 1846 : Iowa May 29 , 1848 : Wisconsin Sep. 9 , 1850 : California May 11 , 1858 : Minnesota Feb. 14 , 1859 : Oregon Jan. 29 , 1861 : Kansas Jun. 20 , 1863 : West Virginia Oct. 31 , 1864 : Nevada Mar. 1 , 1867 : Nebraska Aug. 1 , 1876 : Colorado Nov. 2 , 1889 : North Dakota Nov. 2 , 1889 : South Dakota Nov. 8 , 1889 : Montana Nov. 11 , 1889 : Washington Jul. 3 , 1890 : Idaho Jul. 10 , 1890 : Wyoming Jan. 4 , 1896 : Utah Nov. 16 , 1907 : Oklahoma Jan. 6 , 1912 : New Mexico Feb. 14 , 1912 : Arizona Jan. 3 , 1959 : Alaska Aug. 21 , 1959 : Hawaii Statehood date is the date of ratifying the Constitution ( for the first 13 ) or being admitted to the Union ( for subsequent states ) Parties and elections Main articles : Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . Donald Trump 45th President since January 20 , 2017 Mike Pence 48th Vice President since January 20 , 2017 The United States has operated under a two - party system for most of its history . For elective offices at most levels , state - administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections . Since the general election of 1856 , the major parties have been the Democratic Party , founded in 1824 , and the Republican Party , founded in 1854 . Since the Civil War , only one third - party presidential candidate -- former president Theodore Roosevelt , running as a Progressive in 1912 -- has won as much as 20 % of the popular vote . The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system . Within American political culture , the center - right Republican Party is considered `` conservative '' and the center - left Democratic Party is considered `` liberal '' . The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states , known as `` blue states '' , are relatively liberal . The `` red states '' of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative . Republican Donald Trump , the winner of the 2016 presidential election , is currently serving as the 45th President of the United States . Current leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence , Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch , Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer . Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan , Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi . In the 115th United States Congress , both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party . The Senate currently consists of 52 Republicans , and 46 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats ; the House consists of 241 Republicans and 194 Democrats . In state governorships , there are 33 Republicans , 16 Democrats , and 1 Independent . Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors , there are 2 Republicans , 1 Democrat , 1 New Progressive , and 2 Independents . Foreign Relations Main articles : Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States The United Nations Headquarters was built in Midtown Manhattan in 1952 . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters . It is a member of the G7 , G20 , and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Almost all countries have embassies in Washington , D.C. , and many have consulates around the country . Likewise , nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions . However , Iran , North Korea , Bhutan , and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States ( although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment ) . The United States has a `` Special Relationship '' with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries , including France , Italy , Germany , and Spain . It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico . In 2008 , the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance , the most in the world . As a share of America 's large gross national income ( GNI ) , however , the U.S. contribution of 0.18 % ranked last among 22 donor states . By contrast , private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous . The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia , the Marshall Islands and Palau . These are Pacific island nations , once part of the U.S. - administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II , which gained independence in subsequent years . On October 25 , 2017 , Vice President Mike Pence announced at a In Defense of Christians annual dinner meeting in Washington that the United States would stop funding United Nations relief efforts , cases tackling the persecution of Christians in the Middle East , but insisted that the U.S. would instead help and aid Christians directly through the U.S. Agency for International Development . Pence said that he will be visiting the Middle East in December and will meet with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to discuss peace agreements . Government Finance See also : Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 . Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal , state , and local government levels . These include taxes on income , payroll , property , sales , imports , estates and gifts , as well as various fees . In 2010 taxes collected by federal , state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8 % of GDP . During FY2012 , the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue , up $147 billion or 6 % versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion . Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ( $1,132 B or 47 % ) , Social Security / Social Insurance taxes ( $845 B or 35 % ) , and corporate taxes ( $242 B or 10 % ) . Based on CBO estimates , under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979 , while other income groups will remain at historic lows . U.S. taxation is generally progressive , especially the federal income taxes , and is among the most progressive in the developed world . The highest 10 % of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes , and about half of all taxes . Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax , with no tax charged on income above $118,500 ( for 2015 and 2016 ) and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains . The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers . However , according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70 % for the top earnings quintile to about 170 % for the lowest earning quintile , making the system progressive . The top 10 % paid 51.8 % of total federal taxes in 2009 , and the top 1 % , with 13.4 % of pre-tax national income , paid 22.3 % of federal taxes . In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5 % for the top 1 % , 27.2 % for the top quintile , 13.8 % for the middle quintile , and − 2.7 % for the bottom quintile . The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades . State and local taxes vary widely , but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams , though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation . During FY 2012 , the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis , down $60 billion or 1.7 % vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion . Major categories of FY 2012 spending included : Medicare & Medicaid ( $802 B or 23 % of spending ) , Social Security ( $768 B or 22 % ) , Defense Department ( $670 B or 19 % ) , non-defense discretionary ( $615 B or 17 % ) , other mandatory ( $461 B or 13 % ) and interest ( $223 B or 6 % ) . The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $18.527 trillion ( 106 % of the GDP ) in 2014 . Military Main article : United States Armed Forces The carrier strike groups of the Kitty Hawk , Ronald Reagan , and Abraham Lincoln with aircraft from the Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The President holds the title of commander - in - chief of the nation 's armed forces and appoints its leaders , the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces , including the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war . In 2008 , the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty . The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million . The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians , not including contractors . Military service is voluntary , though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System . American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force 's large fleet of transport aircraft , the Navy 's 11 active aircraft carriers , and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy 's Atlantic and Pacific fleets . The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad , and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries . The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion , 41 % of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined . At 4.7 % of GDP , the rate was the second - highest among the top 15 military spenders , after Saudi Arabia . U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA . Defense 's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades , from Cold War peaks of 14.2 % of GDP in 1953 and 69.5 % of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7 % of GDP and 18.8 % of federal outlays in 2011 . US global military presence . The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012 , $553 billion , was a 4.2 % increase over 2011 ; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan . The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011 ; 4,484 service members were killed during the Iraq War . Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012 ; by November 8 , 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan . Law enforcement and Crime Main articles : Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States See also : Law of the United States , Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , Human rights in the United States § Justice system , Incarceration in the United States , and Capital punishment in the United States Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments . Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments , with state police providing broader services . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country . Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties , including protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws . At the federal level and in almost every state , a legal system operates on a common law . State courts conduct most criminal trials ; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts . Plea bargaining in the United States is very common ; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial . In 2015 , there were 15,696 murders which was 1,532 more than in 2014 , a 10.8 per cent increase , the largest since 1971 . The murder rate in 2015 was 4.9 per 100,000 people . In 2016 the murder rate increased by 8.6 % , with 17,250 murders that year . The national clearance rate for homicides in 2015 was 64.1 % , compared to 90 % in 1965 . In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States , a 54 % decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980 . In 2001 -- 2 , the United States had above - average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations . A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States `` homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high - income countries , driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher . '' Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate . From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77 % of homicide victims and 90 % of offenders . Blacks committed 52.5 % of all homicides during that span , at a rate almost eight times that of whites ( `` whites '' includes most Hispanics ) , and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites . Most homicides were intraracial , with 93 % of black victims killed by blacks and 84 % of white victims killed by whites . In 2012 , Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S. , and New Hampshire the lowest . The FBI 's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012 , for a total of over 9 million total crimes . Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes , and used in 31 states . No executions took place from 1967 to 1977 , owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . In 1976 , that Court ruled that , under appropriate circumstances , capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed . Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions , a majority of these taking place in three states : Texas , Virginia , and Oklahoma . Meanwhile , several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws . In 2015 , the country had the fifth - highest number of executions in the world , following China , Iran , Pakistan and Saudi Arabia . The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world . At the start of 2008 , more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated , more than one in every 100 adults . In December 2012 , the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders . About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in December 2012 , the lowest rate observed since 1997 . The prison population has quadrupled since 1980 , and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period . However , the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013 and the rate for pre-trial / remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012 . The country 's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies . According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons , the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses . The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate . In 2008 , Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate , and Maine the lowest . Economy Main article : Economy of the United States See also : Economic history of the United States Economic indicators Nominal GDP $18.45 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) Real GDP growth 1.4 % ( Q2 2016 ) 2.6 % ( 2015 ) CPI inflation 1.1 % ( August 2016 ) Employment - to - population ratio 59.7 % ( August 2016 ) Unemployment 4.9 % ( August 2016 ) Labor force participation rate 62.8 % ( August 2016 ) Total public debt $19.808 trillion ( October 25 , 2016 ) Household net worth $89.063 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) United States export treemap ( 2011 ) : The U.S. is the world 's second - largest exporter . The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity . According to the International Monetary Fund , the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24 % of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19 % of the gross world product at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The nominal GDP of the U.S. is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014 From 1983 to 2008 , U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3 % , compared to a 2.3 % weighted average for the rest of the G7 . The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita ( first in the Americas ) and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP . The U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing in the Americas . The United States is the largest importer of goods and second - largest exporter , though exports per capita are relatively low . In 2010 , the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion . Canada , China , Mexico , Japan , and Germany are its top trading partners . In 2010 , oil was the largest import commodity , while transportation equipment was the country 's largest export . Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt . The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities , including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve , who hold the majority of the debt . In 2009 , the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4 % of the economy , with federal government activity accounting for 4.3 % and state and local government activity ( including federal transfers ) the remaining 9.3 % . The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1 . While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8 % of GDP , the United States remains an industrial power . The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade ; by net income it is manufacturing . In the franchising business model , McDonald 's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world . Coca - Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world . Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field . The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world , as well as its second - largest importer . It is the world 's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy , as well as liquid natural gas , sulfur , phosphates , and salt . The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium , copper , lead , magnesium , zinc , titanium and others . Agriculture accounts for just under 1 % of GDP , yet the United States is the world 's top producer of corn and soybeans . The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts , oats , rye , wheat , rice , cotton , corn , barley , hay , sunflowers , and oilseeds . In addition , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) provides livestock statistics regarding beef , poultry , pork , and dairy products . The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food , representing half of the world 's biotech crops . Consumer spending comprises 68 % of the U.S. economy in 2015 . In August 2010 , the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people . With 21.2 million people , government is the leading field of employment . The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance , with 16.4 million people . About 12 % of workers are unionized , compared to 30 % in Western Europe . The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers . The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well . It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to . The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right , with the others being Papua New Guinea , Suriname and Liberia . While federal law currently does not require sick leave , it is a common benefit for government workers and full - time employees at corporations . 74 % of full - time American workers get paid sick leave , according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , although only 24 % of part - time workers get the same benefits . In 2009 , the United States had the third - highest workforce productivity per person in the world , behind Luxembourg and Norway . It was fourth in productivity per hour , behind those two countries and the Netherlands . The 2008 -- 2012 global recession significantly affected the United States , with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . It brought high unemployment ( which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels ) , along with low consumer confidence , the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies , an escalating federal debt crisis , inflation , and rising petroleum and food prices . Income , Poverty and wealth A tract housing development in San Jose , California Further information : Income in the United States , Poverty in the United States , Affluence in the United States , United States counties by per capita income , and Income inequality in the United States Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2007 had the second - highest median household income . According to the Census Bureau , median household income was $59,039 in 2016 . Accounting for 4.4 % of the global population , Americans collectively possess 41.6 % of the world 's total wealth , and Americans make up roughly half of the world 's population of millionaires . The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013 . Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents , and more than every EU nation . For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality - adjusted HDI ( IHDI ) . After years of stagnant growth , in 2016 , according to the Census , median household income reached a record high after two consecutive years of record growth , although income inequality remains at record highs with top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income . There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s . However , the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance . The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent , which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011 , has significantly affected income inequality , leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations . The top 1 percent of income - earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015 , where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers , The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate . United States ' families median net worth source : Fed Survey of Consumer Finances in 2013 dollars 1998 2013 change All families $102,500 $81,200 - 20.8 % Bottom 20 % of incomes $8,300 $6,100 - 26.5 % 2nd lowest 20 % of incomes $47,400 $22,400 - 52.7 % Middle 20 % of incomes $76,300 $61,700 - 19.1 % Top 10 % $646,600 $1,130,700 + 74.9 % Wealth , like income and taxes , is highly concentrated ; the richest 10 % of the adult population possess 72 % of the country 's household wealth , while the bottom half claim only 2 % . According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve , the top 1 % controlled 38.6 % of the country 's wealth in 2016 . Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world . Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value . Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth was down $14 trillion , but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels . At the end of 2014 , household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion , down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008 . There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014 , with almost two - thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program . In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food - insecure households , about 35 % more than 2007 levels , though only 1.1 % of U.S. children , or 845,000 , saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year , and most cases were not chronic . According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau , one in five young adults lives in poverty today , up from one in seven in 1980 . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in the United States The Interstate Highway System , which extends 46,876 miles ( 75,440 km ) . Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles , which operate on a network of 4 million miles ( 6.4 million km ) of public roads , including one of the world 's longest highway systems at 57,000 miles ( 91700 km ) . The world 's second - largest automobile market , the United States has the highest rate of per - capita vehicle ownership in the world , with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans . About 40 % of personal vehicles are vans , SUVs , or light trucks . The average American adult ( accounting for all drivers and non-drivers ) spends 55 minutes driving every day , traveling 29 miles ( 47 km ) . Map showing current rail speeds in the United States . Mass transit accounts for 9 % of total U.S. work trips . Transport of goods by rail is extensive , though relatively low numbers of passengers ( approximately 31 million annually ) use intercity rail to travel , partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior . However , ridership on Amtrak , the national intercity passenger rail system , grew by almost 37 % between 2000 and 2010 . Also , light rail development has increased in recent years . Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal . The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978 , while most major airports are publicly owned . The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S. - based ; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways . Of the world 's 50 busiest passenger airports , 16 are in the United States , including the busiest , Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport , and the fourth - busiest , O'Hare International Airport in Chicago . In the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001 , the Transportation Security Administration was created to police airports and commercial airliners . Energy Further information : Energy policy of the United States The U.S. power transmission grid consists of about 300,000 km ( 190,000 mi ) of lines operated by approximately 500 companies . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation ( NERC ) oversees all of them . The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year . Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons ( 7076 kg ) of oil equivalent per year , the 10th - highest rate in the world . In 2005 , 40 % of this energy came from petroleum , 23 % from coal , and 22 % from natural gas . The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources . The United States is the world 's largest consumer of petroleum. The United States has 27 % of global coal reserves . It is the world 's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil . For decades , nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries , in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident . In 2007 , several applications for new nuclear plants were filed . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West , water scarcity , pollution , a backlog of investment , concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest , and a rapidly retiring workforce . Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding , with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows . Education Main article : Education in the United States The University of Virginia , founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819 , is one of the many public universities in the United States . Universal government - funded education exists in the United States , while there are also many privately funded institutions . American public education is operated by state and local governments , regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants . In most states , children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven ( generally , kindergarten or first grade ) until they turn 18 ( generally bringing them through twelfth grade , the end of high school ) ; some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17 . About 12 % of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools . Just over 2 % of children are homeschooled . The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world , spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student . Some 80 % of U.S. college students attend public universities . The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education . The majority of the world 's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the U.S. There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies , shorter academic programs , and lower tuition . Of Americans 25 and older , 84.6 % graduated from high school , 52.6 % attended some college , 27.2 % earned a bachelor 's degree , and 9.6 % earned graduate degrees . The basic literacy rate is approximately 99 % . The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97 , tying it for 12th in the world . As for public expenditures on higher education , the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average , and more than all nations in combined public and private spending . As of 2012 , student loan debt exceeded one trillion dollars , more than Americans owe on credit cards . Culture Main article : Culture of the United States See also : Alaska Natives § Cultures , Native American cultures in the United States , Culture of the Native Hawaiians , Social class in the United States , Public holidays in the United States , and Tourism in the United States The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups , traditions , and values . Aside from the Native American , Native Hawaiian , and Native Alaskan populations , nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries . Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources , such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa . More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot , and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics . Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process , with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation . Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic , competitiveness , and individualism , as well as a unifying belief in an `` American creed '' emphasizing liberty , equality , private property , democracy , rule of law , and a preference for limited government . Americans are extremely charitable by global standards . According to a 2006 British study , Americans gave 1.67 % of GDP to charity , more than any other nation studied , more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73 % , and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14 % . The American Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants . Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate . While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society , scholars identify significant differences between the country 's social classes , affecting socialization , language , and values . Americans ' self - images , social viewpoints , and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree . While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement , being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute . Food Main article : Cuisine of the United States Apple pie is a food commonly associated with American cuisine . Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries . Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three - quarters of grain products made of wheat flour and many dishes use indigenous ingredients , such as turkey , venison , potatoes , sweet potatoes , corn , squash , and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers . These home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America 's most popular holidays ; Thanksgiving , when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion . Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American Thanksgiving dinner . Characteristic dishes such as apple pie , fried chicken , pizza , hamburgers , and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants . French fries , Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos , and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed . Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea . Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages . American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations . Although American lands could grow newer vegetables that Britain could not , most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans . Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic , John L. Hess stated in 1972 : `` Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence '' . The American fast food industry , the world 's largest , pioneered the drive - through format in the 1940s . Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns . During the 1980s and 1990s , Americans ' caloric intake rose 24 % ; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American `` obesity epidemic '' . Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular , and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake . Literature , philosophy , and the arts Main articles : American literature , American philosophy , Architecture of the United States , Visual art of the United States , and American classical music Mark Twain , American author and humorist . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe . Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Edgar Allan Poe , and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century . Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century 's second half ; Emily Dickinson , virtually unknown during her lifetime , is now recognized as an essential American poet . A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character -- such as Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick ( 1851 ) , Twain 's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1885 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) -- may be dubbed the `` Great American Novel '' . Twelve U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature , most recently Bob Dylan in 2016 . William Faulkner , Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century . Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States . The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches , as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth , Thomas Pynchon , and Don DeLillo . The transcendentalists , led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson , established the first major American philosophical movement . After the Civil War , Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism . In the 20th century , the work of W.V.O. Quine and Richard Rorty , and later Noam Chomsky , brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia . John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy . Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia . Chicago school economists like Milton Friedman , James M. Buchanan , and Thomas Sowell have affected various fields in social and political philosophy . In the visual arts , the Hudson River School was a mid-19th - century movement in the tradition of European naturalism . The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated . The 1913 Armory Show in New York City , an exhibition of European modernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene . Georgia O'Keeffe , Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new , individualistic styles . Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States . The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright , Philip Johnson , and Frank Gehry . Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography , with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz , Edward Steichen , and Ansel Adams . Times Square in New York City , the hub of the Broadway theater district One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P.T. Barnum , who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841 . The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s . In the 20th century , the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin , Cole Porter , and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards . Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936 ; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams , Edward Albee , and August Wilson . Though little known at the time , Charles Ives 's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition , while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition . Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music . Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance , while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th - century ballet . Music Main article : Music of the United States The Grammy Award is awarded to leading music artists . The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African - American music have deeply influenced American music at large , distinguishing it from European traditions . Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old - time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences . Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century . Country music developed in the 1920s , and rhythm and blues in the 1940s . Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll . In the 1960s , Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America 's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk . More recent American creations include hip hop and house music . American pop stars such as Presley , Michael Jackson , and Madonna have become global celebrities , as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift , Britney Spears , Katy Perry , and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay - Z , Eminem and Kanye West . Rock bands such as Metallica , the Eagles , and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales . Cinema Main article : Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles , California Hollywood , a northern district of Los Angeles , California , is one of the leaders in motion picture production . The world 's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894 , using Thomas Edison 's Kinetoscope . The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film , also in New York , and the United States was in the forefront of sound film 's development in the following decades . Since the early 20th century , the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood , although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there , and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization . Director D.W. Griffith , the top American filmmaker during the silent film period , was central to the development of film grammar , and producer / entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising . Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West and history , and , like others such as John Huston , broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting , with great influence on subsequent directors . The industry enjoyed its golden years , in what is commonly referred to as the `` Golden Age of Hollywood '' , from the early sound period until the early 1960s , with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures . In the 1970s , film directors such as Martin Scorsese , Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital component in what became known as `` New Hollywood '' or the `` Hollywood Renaissance '' , grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period . Since , directors such as Steven Spielberg , George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown for their blockbuster films , often characterized by high production costs , and in return , high earnings at the box office , with Cameron 's Avatar ( 2009 ) earning more than $2 billion . Notable films topping the American Film Institute 's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time , Casablanca ( 1942 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , The Graduate ( 1967 ) , On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) and Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) . The Academy Awards , popularly known as the Oscars , have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929 , and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944 . Sports Main article : Sports in the United States Most popular American sports are American football , baseball , basketball and ice hockey American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport ; the National Football League ( NFL ) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world , and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally . Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century , with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) being the top league . Basketball and ice hockey are the country 's next two leading professional team sports , with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . These four major sports , when played professionally , each occupy a season at different , but overlapping , times of the year . College football and basketball attract large audiences . In soccer , the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the men 's national soccer team qualified for ten World Cups and the women 's team has won the FIFA Women 's World Cup three times ; Major League Soccer is the sport 's highest league in the United States ( featuring 19 American and 3 Canadian teams ) . The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion , roughly 50 % larger than that of all of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa combined . Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States . As of 2014 , the United States has won 2,400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other country , and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices , basketball , volleyball , skateboarding , and snowboarding are American inventions , some of which have become popular in other countries . Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact . The most watched individual sports are golf and auto racing , particularly NASCAR . Rugby union is considered the fastest growing sport in the U.S. , with registered players numbered at 115,000 + and a further 1.2 million participants . Media Main article : Media of the United States The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) , Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) , the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and Fox . The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities . Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches . Americans listen to radio programming , also largely commercial , on average just over two - and - a-half hours a day . In 1998 , the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations . In addition , there are 1,460 public radio stations . Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds , subscriptions and corporate underwriting . Much public - radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ) . NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart , PBS , was also created by the same legislation . ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other . ) As of September 30 , 2014 , there are 15,433 licensed full - power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . Well - known newspapers include The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times and USA Today . Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years , the price of newspapers has generally remained low , forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service , such as the Associated Press or Reuters , for their national and world coverage . With very few exceptions , all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned , either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers ; by small chains that own a handful of papers ; or in a situation that is increasingly rare , by individuals or families . Major cities often have `` alternative weeklies '' to complement the mainstream daily papers , for example , New York City 's The Village Voice or Los Angeles ' LA Weekly , to name two of the best - known . Major cities may also support a local business journal , trade papers relating to local industries , and papers for local ethnic and social groups . Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century . In 1938 , Superman , the comic book superhero of DC Comics , developed into an American icon . Aside from web portals and search engines , the most popular websites are Facebook , YouTube , Wikipedia , Yahoo ! , eBay , Amazon , and Twitter . More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish , the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English . Science and technology Main articles : Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States Astronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15 's landing module and lunar rover in 1971 . The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the Space Race . The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century . Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century . This technology , along with the establishment of a machine tool industry , enabled the U.S. to have large scale manufacturing of sewing machines , bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing . Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor saving techniques created the system called mass production . In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's research laboratory , one of the first of its kind , developed the phonograph , the first long - lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . The latter lead to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry . In the early 20th century , the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903 , made the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight . The rise of Fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 1930s led many European scientists , including Albert Einstein , Enrico Fermi , and John von Neumann , to immigrate to the United States . During World War II , the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons , ushering in the Atomic Age , while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry , materials science , and aeronautics . The invention of the transistor in the 1950s , a key active component in practically all modern electronics , led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry . This in turn led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California . Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) , and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems , Apple Inc. , IBM , Microsoft , and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer . The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements , and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet . These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use . As of 2013 , 83.8 % of American households owned at least one computer , and 73.3 % had high - speed Internet service . 91 % of Americans also own a mobile phone as of May 2013 . The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet . In the 21st century , approximately two - thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector . The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor . Health See also : Health care in the United States , Health care reform in the United States , and Health insurance in the United States New York - Presbyterian Hospital in New York City is one of the world 's busiest hospitals . Pictured is the Weill Cornell facility ( white complex at center ) . The United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth , up from 75.2 years in 1990 . The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 56th - lowest out of 224 countries . Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country 's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987 , to 42nd in 2007 . Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years , are the highest in the industrialized world , and are among the highest anywhere . Approximately one - third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight . Obesity - related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals . In 2010 , coronary artery disease , lung cancer , stroke , chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases , and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain , depression , musculoskeletal disorders , neck pain , and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability . The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet , tobacco smoking , obesity , high blood pressure , high blood sugar , physical inactivity , and alcohol use . Alzheimer 's disease , drug abuse , kidney disease , cancer , and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age - adjusted 1990 per - capita rates . U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations , especially among blacks and Hispanics . The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation . America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians , while the European Union and Switzerland together contributed to five . Since 1966 , more Americans have received the Nobel Prize in Medicine than the rest of the world combined . From 1989 to 2002 , four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe . The U.S. health - care system far outspends any other nation , measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP . Health - care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal . In 2014 , 13.4 % of the population did not carry health insurance . The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue . In 2006 , Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance . Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near - universal health insurance system around the country by 2014 , though the bill and its ultimate effect are issues of controversy . See also United States portal Book : United States Index of United States - related articles Lists of U.S. state topics Outline of the United States Notes Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302 Jump up ^ English is the official language of 32 states ; English and Hawaiian are both official languages in Hawaii , and English and 20 Indigenous languages are official in Alaska . Algonquian , Cherokee , and Sioux are among many other official languages in Native - controlled lands throughout the country . French is a de facto , but unofficial , language in Maine and Louisiana , while New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status . Jump up ^ In five territories , English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official : Spanish in Puerto Rico , Samoan in American Samoa , Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands . Jump up ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States . Jump up ^ Except American Samoa and the Virgin Islands . Jump up ^ The five major territories are American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations : Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , and Palmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo Bank , Navassa Island , Serranilla Bank , and Wake Island is disputed . Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world 's third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with a total area of 9,572,900 sq km , and the United States as fourth - largest at 9,526,468 sq km . The figure for the United States is less than in the CIA World Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters . The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as the third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with total area of 9,833,517 sq km , and China as fourth - largest at 9,596,960 sq km . This figure for the United States is greater than in the Encyclopædia Britannica because it includes coastal and territorial waters . Jump up ^ Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its long - held claim over the Pacific Northwest which dated back to the 16th century . During the decade 1785 -- 1795 British merchants , encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks and supported by their government , made a sustained attempt to develop this trade despite Spain 's claims and navigation rights . The endeavours of these merchants did not last long in the face of Spain 's opposition . The challenge was also opposed by a Japan holding obdurately to national seclusion . Jump up ^ His previous arrival coincided with the Makahiki , a festival celebrating the Hawaiian deity Lono . After the HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery had left the islands , the season for battle and war had begun under the worship and rituals for Kūkaʻilimoku , the Hawaiian deity of war . Jump up ^ On the evening of February 13 , while anchored in Kealakekua Bay after their return , one of only two long boats was stolen . The Hawaiians had begun to openly challenging the foreigners . In retaliation , Cook tried to take the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii , Kalaniʻōpuʻu as ransom for the boats . The following morning of February 14 , 1779 Cook and his men went directly to Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's enclosure where the monarch was still sleeping . One of ruler 's wives , Kānekapōlei pleaded with them to stop . Cook 's men and the Marines were confronted on the beach by thousands of Native Hawaiians . Cook tried to move the elderly man but he refused . As the townspeople began to surrounding them , Cook and his men raised their guns . Two chiefs and the monarch 's wife shielded Kalaniʻōpuʻu as Cook tried to force him to his feet . The crowd became hostile and Kanaʻina ( one of the monarch 's attendants ) approached Cook , who reacted by striking him with the broad side of his sword . Kanaʻina instantly grabbed Cook and lifted him off his feet . Kanaʻina released Cook , who fell to the ground as another attendant , Nuaa fatally stabbed Cook to death . Jump up ^ The United States has a very diverse population ; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members . German Americans are the largest ethnic group ( more than 50 million ) -- followed by Irish Americans ( circa 37 million ) , Mexican Americans ( circa 31 million ) and English Americans ( circa 28 million ) . White Americans are the largest racial group ; black Americans are the nation 's largest racial minority ( note that in the U.S. Census , Hispanic and Latino Americans are counted as an ethnic group , not a `` racial '' group ) , and third - largest ancestry group . Asian Americans are the country 's second - largest racial minority ; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans , Filipino Americans , and Indian Americans . Jump up ^ Fertility is also a factor ; in 2010 the average Hispanic woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime , compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for non-Hispanic white women ( both below the replacement rate of 2.1 ) . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 36.3 % of the population in 2010 ( this is nearly 40 % in 2015 ) , and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042 . This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports , based on the U.S. census data , which concludes that 54 % ( 2,162,406 out of 3,999,386 in 2010 ) of births were non-Hispanic white . The Hispanic birth rate plummeted 25 % between 2006 and 2013 while the rate for non-Hispanics decreased just 5 % . Jump up ^ Source : 2015 American Community Survey , U.S. Census Bureau . Most respondents who speak a language other than English at home also report speaking English `` well '' or `` very well '' For the language groups listed above , the strongest English - language proficiency is among speakers of German ( 96 % report that they speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' ) , followed by speakers of French ( 93.5 % ) , Tagalog ( 92.8 % ) , Spanish ( 74.1 % ) , Korean ( 71.5 % ) , Chinese ( 70.4 % ) , and Vietnamese ( 66.9 % ) . Jump up ^ In January 2015 , U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion , or about 72 % of U.S. GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion , giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion . By 2012 , total federal debt had surpassed 100 % of U.S. GDP . The U.S. has a credit rating of AA+ from Standard & Poor 's , AAA from Fitch , and AAA from Moody 's . Jump up ^ The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , SIPRI , found that the United States ' arms industry was the world 's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005 to 2009 , and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010 and 2014 , followed by Russia , China ( PRC ) , and Germany . Jump up ^ Droughts are likely to particularly affect the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water . As for drinking water quality , there are concerns about disinfection by - products , lead , perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances , but generally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good . References Jump up ^ George McKenna 2007 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Kidder & Oppenheim 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` uscode.house.gov '' . Public Law 105 - 225 - Aug. 12 , 1998 . uscode.house.gov . August 12 , 1999 . pp. 112 Stat. 1263 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Section 304 . `` The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' is the national march . '' Jump up ^ Cobarrubias 1983 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ García 2011 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population Clock '' . U.S. and World Population Clock . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . The United States population on July 4 , 2017 was : 325,365,189 Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . The 2016 estimate is as of July 1 , 2016 . The 2010 census is as of April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . IMF . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Data refer to the year 2016 . ( 1 ) ( selecting all countries , GDP per capita ( current US $ ) , World Bank . Accessed on July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Income Distribution Database : Gini , poverty , income , Methods and Concepts '' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The New York Times 2007 , p. 670 . Jump up ^ Onuf 2010 , p. xvii . Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , Item 22 , 27 , 80. -- and U.S. General Accounting Office Report , U.S. Insular Areas : application of the U.S. Constitution , November 1997 , p. 1 , 6 , 39n . Both viewed April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates - Geography - U.S. Census Bureau '' . State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre . `` Megadiverse Countries definition Biodiversity A-Z '' . Biodiversity A-Z . UN WCMC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . `` 17 countries which have been identified as the most biodiversity - rich countries of the world , with a particular focus on endemic biodiversity '' . Jump up ^ Erlandson , Rick & Vellanoweth 2008 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . pp. 352 -- 361 . Bender , Thomas ( 2006 ) . A Nation Among Nations : America 's Place in World History . New York : Hill & Wang . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 7235 - 4 . `` Overview of the Early National Period '' . Digital History . University of Houston . 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carlisle , Rodney P. ; Golson , J. Geoffrey ( 2007 ) . Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America . Turning Points in History Series . ABC - CLIO . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 833 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Civil War and emancipation 1861 -- 1865 '' . Africans in America . Boston , Massachusetts : WGBH Educational Foundation . 1999 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2009 ) . Wallenfeldt , Jeffrey H. , ed . The American Civil War and Reconstruction : People , Politics , and Power . America at War . Rosen Publishing Group . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 045 - 7 . Jump up ^ White , Donald W. ( 1996 ) . `` 1 : The Frontiers '' . The American Century . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05721 - 0 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Work in the Late 19th Century '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tony Judt ; Denis Lacorne ( June 4 , 2005 ) . With Us Or Against Us : Studies in Global Anti-Americanism . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8085 - 4 . Richard J. Samuels ( December 21 , 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of United States National Security . SAGE Publications . p. 666 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6535 - 3 . Paul R. Pillar ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy . Brookings Institution Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 0004 - 0 . Gabe T. Wang ( January 1 , 2006 ) . China and the Taiwan Issue : Impending War at Taiwan Strait . University Press of America . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 3434 - 2 . Understanding the `` Victory Disease , '' From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond . DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 1052 - 2 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38375 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of South American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing , value added ( current US $ ) '' . World Bank Open Data . World Bank . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and World Population Clock '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Databook 2016 '' . Credit Suisse Research Institute . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Average annual wages , 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices '' . OECD . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Workers World 's Most Productive '' . CBS News . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in world military expenditure , 2013 '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . April 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martone 2016 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Sider 2007 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ DeLear , Byron ( July 4 , 2013 ) Who coined ' United States of America ' ? Mystery might have intriguing answer . `` Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name ' United States of America ' was first used and by whom ... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan , Esq. , wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge , Mass. , during the Siege of Boston . The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge , with Reed serving as Washington 's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed 's absence . '' Christian Science Monitor ( Boston , MA ) . Jump up ^ Touba , Mariam ( November 5 , 2014 ) Who Coined the Phrase ' United States of America ' ? You May Never Guess `` Here , on January 2 , 1776 , seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine 's Common Sense , Stephen Moylan , an acting secretary to General George Washington , spells it out , ' I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain ' to seek foreign assistance for the cause . '' New - York Historical Society Museum & Library Jump up ^ Fay , John ( July 15 , 2016 ) The forgotten Irishman who named the ' United States of America ' `` According to the NY Historical Society , Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase `` United States of America . '' But who was Stephen Moylan ? '' IrishCentral.com Jump up ^ `` '' To the inhabitants of Virginia , '' by A PLANTER . Dixon and Hunter 's . April 6 , 1776 , Williamsburg , Virginia . Letter is also included in Peter Force 's American Archives `` . 5 ( 1287 ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Safire 2003 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Mostert 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Doug Brokenshire ( 1996 ) . Washington State Place Names . Caxton Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87004 - 562 - 2 . Jump up ^ Greg 1892 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ G.H. Emerson , The Universalist Quarterly and General Review , Vol. 28 ( Jan. 1891 ) , p. 49 , quoted in Zimmer paper above . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kenneth G. ( 1993 ) . The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . New York : Columbia University Press , pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06989 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roshen Dalal ( August 2011 ) . The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4488 - 4797 - 6 . Jump up ^ Maugh II , Thomas H. ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Who was first ? New info on North America 's earliest residents '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles County , California : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . `` What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America ? '' . Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of Natural History . June 2004 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Kudeba , Nicolas ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter 1 -- The First Big Steppe -- Aboriginal Canadian History '' . The History of Canada Podcast . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2014 . Guy Gugliotta ( February 2013 ) . `` When Did Humans Come to the Americas ? '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fladmark , K.R. , ( 1979 ) ( 2017 ) . `` Routes : alternate migration corridors for early man in North America '' . American Antiquity. 44 : 55 -- 69 . JSTOR 279189 . doi : 10.2307 / 279189 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Katz , Brigit ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Found : One of the Oldest North American Settlements '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinsker , Lisa ( February 2004 ) . `` The Ice - Free Corridor Revisited '' . Geotimes . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Redefining the Age of Clovis : Implications for the Peopling of the Americas '' . Science ( 315 ) : 1122 -- 1126 . doi : 10.1126 / Science. 1127166 ( inactive 2017 - 09 - 29 ) . Jump up ^ Flannery , T. ( 2001 ) . The Eternal Frontier : an ecological history of North America and its peoples . New York : Grove Press . pp. 173 -- 185 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3888 - 8 . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; Stafford , Tom ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) . `` The First Americans : A Review of the Evidence for the Late - Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas '' ( PDF ) . Paleoamerican Odyssey . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 192 - 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Craig Lockard ( 2010 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume B : From 600 to 1750 . University of Wisconsin . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 79083 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` Mississippian Period : Overview '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Hodges , Glenn ( January 2011 ) . `` America 's Forgotten City '' . National Geographic Magazine . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce ( 1995 ) . `` Dating the Iroquois Confederacy '' . Akwesasne Notes New Series . 1 ( 3 ) : 62 -- 63 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dean R. Snow ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Blackwell Publishers , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 938 - 8 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richter , `` Ordeals of the Longhouse '' , in Richter and Merrill , eds. , Beyond the Covenant Chain , 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Charles E.M. ; Pearce , F.M. ( 17 June 2010 ) . Oceanic Migration : Paths , Sequence , Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3826 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Elvi W. ( January 1986 ) . The Mainland Haole : The White Experience in Hawaii . Columbia University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 05316 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fish , Shirley ( 2011 ) . The Manila - Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific : With An Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565 -- 1815 . AuthorHouse . pp. 360 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 7543 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collingridge , Vanessa ( 2003 ) . Captain Cook : The Life , Death and Legacy of History 's Greatest Explorer . Ebury Press . p. 380 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 188898 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Augustine Florida , The Nation 's Oldest City '' . staugustine.com . Jump up ^ Remini 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Johnson 1997 , pp. 26 -- 30 Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , chapter 3 Jump up ^ Lemon , 1987 Jump up ^ Jackson , L.P. ( 1924 ) . Elizabethan Seamen and the African Slave Trade . pp. 1 -- 17 . JSTOR 2713432 . Jump up ^ Tadman , 2000 , p. 1534 Jump up ^ Schneider , 2007 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Lien , 1913 , p. 522 Jump up ^ Davis , 1996 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Quirk , 2011 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Bilhartz , Terry D. ; Elliott , Alan C. ( 2007 ) . Currents in American History : A Brief History of the United States . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1817 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . UNC Press Books . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . The Story of American Freedom , 1998 ISBN 0 - 393 - 04665 - 6 p. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Otis , James ( 1763 ) . `` The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` ' The long wish 'd for object ' -- Opening the trade to Japan , 1785 -- 1795 '' , The Northern Mariner / le marin du nord , vol. XX , no. 1 , January 2010 , pp. 1 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . 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ISBN 0 - 521 - 55203 - 6 Jump up ^ Bianchine , Russo , 1992 pp. 225 -- 232 Jump up ^ Thornton 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Kessel , 2005 pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Mercer Country Historical Society , 2005 Jump up ^ Stannard , 1993 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 6 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 5 Jump up ^ Calloway , 1998 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Jeff Campbell ( 15 September 2010 ) . Hawaii . Lonely Planet . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 344 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ruth M. Tabrah ( 17 December 1984 ) . Hawaii : A History . W.W. Norton . pp. 19 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24369 - 7 . Jump up ^ Marshall Sahlins ( 1 October 1996 ) . How `` Natives '' Think : About Captain Cook , For Example . University of Chicago Press . p. 3 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73369 - 2 . Jump up ^ Melissa Meyer ( 4 February 2014 ) . Thicker Than Water : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual . Routledge . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 34200 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jerry D. Moore ( 24 May 2012 ) . Visions of Culture : An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists . Rowman Altamira . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 2219 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Cook ( 1971 ) . The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific , as Told by Selections of His Own Journals , 1768 -- 1779 . Courier Corporation . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Book Notes : A Monthly Literary Magazine and Review of New Books . Siegel - Cooper . 1901 . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Daniel O'Sullivan ( 30 March 2008 ) . In Search of Captain Cook : Exploring the Man Through His Own Words . I.B. Tauris . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 350 - 6 . Jump up ^ John H. Chambers ( 2006 ) . Hawaii . Interlink Books . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56656 - 615 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Bown ( 2008 ) . Madness , Betrayal and the Lash : The Epic Voyage of Captain George Vancouver . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 339 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Tregaskis ( November 1973 ) . The warrior king : Hawaii 's Kamehameha the Great . Macmillan . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Glyndwr Williams ( 2008 ) . The Death of Captain Cook : A Hero Made and Unmade . Harvard University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Meares ( 1791 ) . Hawaiian Historical Society . Reprints ( 1787 , 1788 and 1789 ) . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Carol Sue ( 2003 ) . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800 . Greenwood Publishing . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32083 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Fabian Young , Alfred ; Nash , Gary B. ; Raphael , Ray ( 2011 ) . Revolutionary Founders : Rebels , Radicals , and Reformers in the Making of the Nation . Random House Digital . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27110 - 5 . Jump up ^ Samuel 1920 , p. 323 - 324 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , A Companion to the American Revolution p 357 . Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1987 ) p. 161 . Lawrence S. Kaplan , `` The Treaty of Paris , 1783 : A Historiographical Challenge '' , International History Review , Sept 1983 , Vol. 5 Issue 3 , pp 431 -- 442 Jump up ^ Boyer , 2007 , pp. 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Thomas Jefferson : Reputation and Legacy . University of Virginia Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2733 - 6 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Gordon , 2004 , pp. 27 , 29 Jump up ^ Clark , Mary Ann ( May 2012 ) . Then We 'll Sing a New Song : African Influences on America 's Religious Landscape . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0881 - 0 . Jump up ^ Heinemann , Ronald L. , et al. , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : a history of Virginia 1607 -- 2007 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 2001 ) . Westward Expansion : A History of the American Frontier . UNM Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1981 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase '' ( PDF ) . National Park Services . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wait , Eugene M. ( 1999 ) . America and the War of 1812 . Nova Publishers . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56072 - 644 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klose , Nelson ; Jones , Robert F. ( 1994 ) . United States History to 1877 . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1834 - 9 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 198 , 216 , 251 , 253 Jump up ^ Morrison , Michael A. ( 1999 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 13 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4796 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Roger L. ( 2010 ) . Documents of American Democracy : A Collection of Essential Works . McFarland . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4210 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , Thomas F. ; Muller , Edward K. ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0019 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. ( 1999 ) . A Golden State : Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California . University of California Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21771 - 3 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Fighting for America : The Struggle for Mastery in North America , 1519 -- 1871 . Indiana University Press . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35660 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 1 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) , Grant , pp. 523 -- 526 Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuart Murray ( 2004 ) . Atlas of American Military History . Infobase Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3025 - 5 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Harold T. Lewis ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Christian Social Witness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56101 - 188 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Karl O'Brien ( 2002 ) . Atlas of World History . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521921 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward A Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39559 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1860 Census '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760 . Jump up ^ De Rosa , Marshall L. ( 1997 ) . The Politics of Dissolution : The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War . Edison , NJ : Transaction . p. 266 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 349 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shearer Davis Bowman ( 1993 ) . Masters and Lords : Mid-19th - Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers . Oxford UP . p. 221 . Jump up ^ Jason E. Pierce ( 2016 ) . Making the White Man 's West : Whiteness and the Creation of the American West . University Press of Colorado . p. 256 . Jump up ^ Marie Price ; Lisa Benton - Short ( 2008 ) . Migrants to the Metropolis : The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities . Syracuse University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 3186 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . Infobase Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1012 - 7 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 351 , 385 Jump up ^ `` Toward a Market Economy '' . CliffsNotes . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase of Alaska , 1867 '' . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish - American War , 1898 '' . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Edward . Industry Comes of Age : Business , Labor , and Public Policy ( 1961 ed . ) . pp. 400 -- 405 . Jump up ^ Zinn , 2005 Jump up ^ Paige Meltzer , `` The Pulse and Conscience of America '' The General Federation and Women 's Citizenship , 1945 -- 1960 , '' Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies ( 2009 ) , Vol. 30 Issue 3 , pp. 52 -- 76 . Jump up ^ James Timberlake , Prohibition and the Progressive Movement , 1900 -- 1920 ( Harvard UP , 1963 ) Jump up ^ George B. Tindall , `` Business Progressivism : Southern Politics in the Twenties , '' South Atlantic Quarterly 62 ( Winter 1963 ) : 92 -- 106 . Jump up ^ McDuffie , Jerome ; Piggrem , Gary Wayne ; Woodworth , Steven E. ( 2005 ) . U.S. History Super Review . Piscataway , NJ : Research & Education Association . p. 418 . ISBN 0 - 7386 - 0070 - 9 . Jump up ^ Voris , Jacqueline Van ( 1996 ) . Carrie Chapman Catt : A Public Life . Women and Peace Series . New York City : Feminist Press at CUNY . p. vii . ISBN 1 - 55861 - 139 - 8 . Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920 ... Catt was one of the best - known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women . Jump up ^ Winchester pp. 410 -- 411 Jump up ^ Axinn , June ; Stern , Mark J. ( 2007 ) . Social Welfare : A History of the American Response to Need ( 7th ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 52215 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lemann , Nicholas ( 1991 ) . The Promised Land : The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56004 - 3 . Jump up ^ James Noble Gregory ( 1991 ) . American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507136 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . `` Mass Exodus From the Plains '' . American Experience . WGBH Educational Foundation . 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Fanslow , Robin A. ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` The Migrant Experience '' . American Folklore Center . Library of Congress . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Walter J. Stein ( 1973 ) . California and the Dust Bowl Migration . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 6267 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamasaki , Mitch . `` Pearl Harbor and America 's Entry into World War II : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . World War II Internment in Hawaii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Brian . `` The Four Policemen and . Postwar Planning , 1943 -- 1945 : The Collision of Realist and . Idealist Perspectives . '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoopes & Brinkley 1997 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1972 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul ( 1989 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers . New York : Vintage . p. 358 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 72019 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The United States and the Founding of the United Nations , August 1941 -- October 1945 '' . U.S. Dept. of State , Bureau of Public Affairs , Office of the Historian . October 2005 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Why did Japan surrender in World War II ? The Japan Times '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pacific War Research Society ( 2006 ) . Japan 's Longest Day . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2887 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The National WWII Museum New Orleans : Learn : For Students : WWII at a Glance : Remembering V-J Day '' . www.nationalww2museum.org . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Robinson . `` Tear Down This Wall National Archives '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wagg , Stephen ; Andrews , David ( September 10 , 2012 ) . East Plays West : Sport and the Cold War . Routledge . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 24167 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Michael ( 1988 ) . Liftoff : The Story of America 's Adventure in Space . New York : Grove Press . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 305 -- 308 Jump up ^ Blas , Elisheva . `` The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways '' ( PDF ) . societyforhistoryeducation.org . Society for History Education . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Lightner ( January 1 , 2004 ) . Hawaiian History : An Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28233 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2004 ) . Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515920 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Our Documents -- Civil Rights Act ( 1964 ) '' . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill , Liberty Island , New York '' . October 3 , 1965 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security '' . ssa.gov . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Soss , 2010 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Fraser , 1989 Jump up ^ Ferguson , 1986 , pp. 43 -- 53 Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 325 -- 331 Jump up ^ Niskanen , William A. ( 1988 ) . Reaganomics : an insider 's account of the policies and the people . Oxford University Press . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505394 - 4 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Labor Force : A Databook '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 2013 . p. 11 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howell , Buddy Wayne ( 2006 ) . The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy : Ronald Reagan and the U.S. - Soviet Summits , 1985 -- 1988 . Texas A&M University . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 41658 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissinger , Henry ( 2011 ) . Diplomacy . Simon & Schuster . pp. 781 -- 784 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2631 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Mann , James ( 2009 ) . The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan : A History of the End of the Cold War . Penguin . p. 432 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 8639 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hayes , 2009 Jump up ^ US History.org , 2013 Jump up ^ Charles Krauthammer , `` The Unipolar Moment , '' Foreign Affairs , 70 / 1 , ( Winter 1990 / 1 ) , 23 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Persian Gulf War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 420 -- 423 Jump up ^ Dale , Reginald ( February 18 , 2000 ) . `` Did Clinton Do It , or Was He Lucky ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2008 ) . Macroeconomics . Cengage Learning . p. 559 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 58999 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Thakur ; Manab Thakur Gene E Burton BN Srivastava ( 1997 ) . International Management : Concepts and Cases . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . pp. 334 -- 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 463395 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( September 13 , 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38376 - 2 . Jump up ^ Flashback 9 / 11 : As It Happened . Fox News . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later '' . CBS News . Associated Press . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` Day of Terror Video Archive '' . CNN . 2005 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth T. ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` The ' War on Terror ' Is Critical to President George W. Bush 's Legacy '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Atkins , Stephen E. ( 2011 ) . The 9 / 11 Encyclopedia : Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 872 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 921 - 9 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Overview : The Iraq War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Johnson , James Turner ( 2005 ) . The War to Oust Saddam Hussein : Just War and the New Face of Conflict . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4956 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Durando , Jessica ; Green , Shannon Rae ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Timeline : Key moments in the Iraq War '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Fact Sheet : The New Way Forward in Iraq '' . Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . After talking to some Afghan leaders , it was said that the Iran 's would be revolting if more troops were to be sent to Iran . Jump up ^ Feaver , Peter ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton and the Inconvenient Facts About the Rise of the Islamic State '' . Foreign Policy . ( T ) he Obama team itself , including Clinton , have repeatedly confirmed that they understand that the surge was successful . Clinton even conceded to former Defense Secretary Robert Gates : ' The surge worked . ' Jump up ^ `` Iraqi surge exceeded expectations , Obama says '' . NBC News . Associated Press . September 4 , 2008 . Obama said the surge of U.S. troops has ' succeeded beyond our wildest dreams . ' Jump up ^ Wallison , Peter ( 2015 ) . Hidden in Plain Sight : What Really Caused the World 's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission ( 2011 ) . Financial Crisis Inquiry Report ( PDF ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60796 - 348 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John B. ( January 2009 ) . `` The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses : An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong '' ( PDF ) . Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilsenrath , Jon ; Ng , Serena ; Paletta , Damian ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Worst Crisis Since ' 30s , With No End Yet in Sight '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama elected as America 's first black president '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama : Face Of New Multiracial Movement ? '' . NPR . November 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington , Jesse ; Rugaber , Chris ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` African - American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the Stimulus Accomplished '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Stimulus '' . IGM Polls . Initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' ( PDF ) . Brookings . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 ; Martin Neil Baily ; Aaron Klein ; Justin Schardin ( January 2017 ) . `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' . The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences . 3 ( 1 ) : 20 . doi : 10.7758 / RSF. 2017.3. 1.02 . Jump up ^ Lux , Marshall ; Robert , Greene ( 2015 ) . `` The State and Fate of Community Banking '' . Harvard Mossavar - Rahmani Center for Business and Government . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2016 to 2026 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan : GOP will repeal , replace Obamacare at same time '' . CNN . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Gary C. ( March 2011 ) . `` The Republican Resurgence in 2010 '' . Political Science Quarterly . 126 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 52 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165X. 2011. tb00693. x . Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ; Schmidt , Michael S. ; Worth , Robert F. ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` In Baghdad , Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The JRTN Movement and Iraq 's Next Insurgency Combating Terrorism Center at West Point '' . United States Military Academy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Qaeda 's Resurgence in Iraq : A Threat to U.S. Interests '' . U.S Department of State . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Baker ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba , Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ; Sanger , David E. ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Deal Reached on Iran Nuclear Program ; Limits on Fuel Would Lessen With Time '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Area '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . p. 41 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Area '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ( area given in square miles ) Jump up ^ `` Population by Sex , Rate of Population Increase , Surface Area and Density '' ( PDF ) . Demographic Yearbook 2005 . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ( area given in square kilometers ) ^ Jump up to : `` United States '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ( area given in square kilometers ) Jump up ^ `` Geographic Regions of Georgia '' . Georgia Info . Digital Library of Georgia . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lew , Alan . `` PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US '' . GSP 220 -- Geography of the United States . North Arizona University . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harms , Nicole . `` Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range '' . Travel Tips . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Basin '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney , California '' . Peakbagger . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates ( Badwater 36 - 15 - 01 - N , 116 - 49 - 33 - W and Mount Whitney 36 - 34 - 43 - N , 118 - 17 - 31 - W ) '' . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poppick , Laura . `` US Tallest Mountain 's Surprising Location Explained '' . LiveScience . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Larry ( March 14 , 2005 ) . `` America 's Explosive Park '' . Discovery Channel . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2005 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ecoregions by country -- T '' . panda.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyden , Jennifer . `` Climate Regions of the United States '' . Travel Tips . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Map of Köppen − Geiger Climate Classification '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( May 11 , 2002 ) . `` Tornado Alley , USA '' . Science News . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Len McDougall ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats : A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada . Lyons Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 070 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morin , Nancy . `` Vascular Plants of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Plants . National Biological Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Liz . `` Number of Native Species in United States '' . Current Results Nexus . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Numbers of Insects ( Species and Individuals ) '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , E.A. ( 1990 ) . `` Symbol of a Nation : The Bald Eagle in American Culture '' . 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Washington , DC : The National Academies Press , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Nation Behind Bars : A Human Rights Solution . Human Rights Watch , May 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Steven E. ; Bryjak , George J. ( 2011 ) . Fundamentals of Criminal Justice : A Sociological View . Jones & Bartlett . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 5439 - 9 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glaze , Lauren E. ; Herberman , Erinn J. ( December 2013 ) . `` Correctional Populations in the United States , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Iadicola , Peter ; Shupe , Anson ( October 26 , 2012 ) . Violence , Inequality , and Human Freedom . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 456 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0949 - 7 . Jump up ^ Emma Brown and Danielle Douglas - Gabriel ( July 7 , 2016 ) . Since 1980 , spending on prisons has grown three times as much as spending on public education . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoners in 2013 '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 gas p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Diagram 1 : Energy Flow , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . EIA Annual Energy Review . U.S. Dept. of Energy , Energy Information Administration . 2007 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Refined Petroleum Products -- Consumption '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy '' . British Petroleum . June 2007 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ames , Paul ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Could fracking make the Persian Gulf irrelevant ? '' . Salon . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Since November , the United States has replaced Saudi Arabia as the world 's biggest producer of crude oil . It had already overtaken Russia as the leading producer of natural gas . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Renaissance '' . The Economist . London . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ American Metropolitan Water Association ( December 2007 ) . `` Implications of Climate Change for Urban Water Utilities -- Main Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ National Academies ' Water Information Center . `` Drinking Water Basics '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( 2003 ) . `` Water on Tap : What You Need to Know '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . , p. 11 Jump up ^ McLendon , Russell . `` How polluted is U.S. drinking water ? '' . Mother Nature Network . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ... '' . U.S. Dept. of Education , National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics About Non-Public Education in the United States '' . U.S. Dept. of Education , Office of Non-Public Education . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. education spending tops global list , study shows '' . CBS . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenstone , Steven J. ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Public Education for the Common Good '' . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings '' . Topuniversities . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 -- The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2010 -- 2011 '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014 '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2003 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ For more detail on U.S. literacy , see A First Look at the Literacy of America 's Adults in the 21st century , U.S. Department of Education ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Indicators '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme , Human Development Reports . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Education at a Glance 2013 '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Student Loan Debt Exceeds One Trillion Dollars . NPR , April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , J.Q. ; Strother - Adams , Pearlie ( 2001 ) . Dealing with Diversity . Chicago : Kendall / Hunt . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 8145 - X . Jump up ^ Thompson , William ; Hickey , Joseph ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 205 - 41365 - X . Jump up ^ Fiorina , Morris P. ; Peterson , Paul E. ( 2000 ) . The New American Democracy . London : Longman , p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07058 - 5 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Joseph E. ( 2005 ) . Africanisms in American Culture , 2d ed . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , pp. 18 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34479 - 4 . Johnson , Fern L. ( 1999 ) . Speaking Culturally : Language Diversity in the United States . Thousand Oaks , Calif. , London , and New Delhi : Sage , p. 116 . ISBN 0 - 8039 - 5912 - 5 . Jump up ^ Richard Koch ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Is Individualism Good or Bad ? '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Huntington , Samuel P. ( 2004 ) . `` Chapters 2 -- 4 '' . Who are We ? : The Challenges to America 's National Identity . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87053 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . : also see American 's Creed , written by William Tyler Page and adopted by Congress in 1918 . Jump up ^ AP ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` Americans give record $295 B to charity '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International comparisons of charitable giving '' ( PDF ) . Charities Aid Foundation . November 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Jon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25 % in Liberia , Sierra Leone , Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. '' . Gallup . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Family Affair : Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries '' ( PDF ) . Economic Policy Reforms : Going for Growth . OECD. 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Blanden , Jo ; Gregg , Paul ; Machin , Stephen ( April 2005 ) . `` Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Economic Performance . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gould , Elise ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility . '' Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CAP : Understanding Mobility in America . April 26 , 2006 Jump up ^ Schneider , Donald ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` A Guide to Understanding International Comparisons of Economic Mobility '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Winship , Scott ( Spring 2013 ) . `` Overstating the Costs of Inequality '' ( PDF ) . National Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gutfeld , Amon ( 2002 ) . American Exceptionalism : The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience . Brighton and Portland : Sussex Academic Press . p. 65 . ISBN 1 - 903900 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zweig , Michael ( 2004 ) . What 's Class Got To Do With It , American Society in the Twenty - First Century . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8899 - 0 . `` Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech '' . Education Resource Information Center . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eichar , Douglas ( 1989 ) . Occupation and Class Consciousness in America . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26111 - 3 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin ( 2005 ) . The Average American . New York : PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 270 - X . Jump up ^ `` Wheat Info '' . Wheatworld.org . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional Indigenous Recipes '' . American Indian Health and Diet Project . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sidney Wilfred Mintz ( 1996 ) . Tasting Food , Tasting Freedom : Excursions Into Eating , Culture , and the Past . Beacon Press . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 4629 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Angus K. Gillespie ; Jay Mechling ( January 1 , 1995 ) . American Wildlife in Symbol and Story . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 259 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Klapthor , James N. ( August 23 , 2003 ) . `` What , When , and Where Americans Eat in 2003 '' . Newswise / Institute of Food Technologists . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ H , D . `` The coffee insurgency '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , 2004 , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Levenstein , 2003 , pp. 154 -- 55 Jump up ^ Harvey A. Levenstein ( 1988 ) . Revolution at the Table : The Transformation of the American Diet . University of California Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23439 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Jensen Wallach ( 2013 ) . How America Eats : A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture . Rowman & Littlefield . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0874 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breadsley , Eleanor . `` Why McDonald 's in France Does n't Feel Like Fast Food '' . NPR . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Was the First Drive - Thru Restaurant Created ? '' . Wisegeek.org . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boslaugh , Sarah ( 2010 ) . `` Obesity Epidemic '' , in Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Viewpoints , and Voices , ed . Roger Chapman . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe , pp. 413 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1761 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance , and Obesity '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . American Heart Association . 2005 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . `` Let 's Eat Out : Americans Weigh Taste , Convenience , and Nutrition '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept. of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold . 1999 . Emily Dickinson . Broomall , PA : Chelsea House . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 5106 - 4 . Jump up ^ Buell , Lawrence ( Spring -- Summer 2008 ) . `` The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel : Moby - Dick as Test Case '' . American Literary History . 20 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 132 -- 155 . ISSN 0896 - 7148 . doi : 10.1093 / alh / ajn005 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Edward ( 2006 ) . A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms . Infobase , p. 361 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6243 - 9 . Seed , David ( 2009 ) . A Companion to Twentieth - Century United States Fiction . Chichester , West Sussex : John Wiley and Sons , p. 76 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 4691 - 5 . Meyers , Jeffrey ( 1999 ) . Hemingway : A Biography . New York : Da Capo , p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80890 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lesher , Linda Parent ( February 1 , 2000 ) . The Best Novels of the Nineties : A Reader 's Guide . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 0389 - 6 . Jump up ^ Summers , Lawrence H. ( November 19 , 2006 ) . `` The Great Liberator '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` James M. Buchanan , Economic Scholar and Nobel Laureate , Dies at 93 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Milton W. ( 1988 1963 ) . The Story of the Armory Show . New York : Abbeville . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 795 - 4 . Jump up ^ Janson , Horst Woldemar ; Janson , Anthony F. ( 2003 ) . History of Art : The Western Tradition . Prentice Hall Professional . p. 955 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 182895 - 7 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Alma ( 1991 ) . The History of Photography : An Overview . UNM Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2076 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ken Bloom ( 2004 ) . Broadway : Its History , People , and Places : an Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 322 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93704 - 7 . Jump up ^ Moran , Eugene V. ( January 1 , 2002 ) . A People 's History of English and American Literature . Nova Publishers . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59033 - 303 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Biddle , Julian ( 2001 ) . What Was Hot ! : Five Decades of Pop Culture in America . New York : Citadel , p. ix . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2311 - 5 . Jump up ^ * `` Taylor Swift : Teen idol to ' biggest pop artist in the world ' '' . The Tennessean . September 24 , 2015 . Lynch , Gerald . `` Britney Spears is the most searched for celebrity of the decade '' . Tech Digest . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . `` Katy Perry : now the world 's richest ( famous ) woman '' . the Guardian . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Rosen , Jody . `` Beyoncé : The Woman on Top of the World '' . The New York Times . `` BBC -- Imagine -- Jay - Z : He Came , He Saw , He Conquered '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . * `` Introducing the King of Hip - Hop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Ben Westhoff . `` The enigma of Kanye West -- and how the world 's biggest pop star ended up being its most reviled , too '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Hartman , Graham ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Metallica 's ' Black album ' is Top - Selling Disc of last 20 years '' . Loudwire . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vorel , Jim ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland '' . Herald & Review . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith will rock Salinas with July concert '' . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world 's second - largest film producer '' ( Press release ) . United Nations . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . April 29 , 1944 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` John Landis Rails Against Studios : ' They 're Not in the Movie Business Anymore ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krasniewicz , Louise ; Disney , Walt ( 2010 ) . Walt Disney : A Biography . ABC - CLIO . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35830 - 2 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Book explores Hollywood ' Golden Age ' of the 1960s - ' 70s '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Banner , Lois ( August 5 , 2012 ) . `` Marilyn Monroe , the eternal shape shifter '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick , Jewell ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` John Wayne , an American Icon '' . University of Southern California . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greven , David ( January 2 , 2013 ) . Psycho - Sexual : Male Desire in Hitchcock , De Palma , Scorsese , and Friedkin . University of Texas Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74204 - 8 . Jump up ^ Morrison , James ( September 11 , 1998 ) . Passport to Hollywood : Hollywood Films , European Directors . SUNY Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3938 - 8 . Jump up ^ Turow , Joseph ( September 22 , 2011 ) . Media Today : An Introduction to Mass Communication . Taylor & Francis . p. 434 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 86402 - 5 . Jump up ^ Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th century ( 2001 ) Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Filmsite . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drowne , Kathleen Morgan ; Huber , Patrick ( January 1 , 2004 ) . The 1920 's . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32013 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kroon , Richard W. ( April 30 , 2014 ) . A / VA to Z : An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media , Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms . McFarland . p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5740 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Popular Sports in America 2017 '' , Retrieved on June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krane , David K. ( October 30 , 2002 ) . `` Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation 's Favorite Sport '' . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 ) . America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50454 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Passion for College Football Remains Robust '' . National Football Foundation . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012 . Reuters . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 most fascinating facts about the all - time Winter Olympics medal standings '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Loumena , Dan ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` With Sochi Olympics approaching , a history of Winter Olympic medals '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liss , Howard . Lacrosse ( Funk & Wagnalls , 1970 ) pg 13 . Jump up ^ `` As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? Football continues to trump baseball as America 's Favorite Sport '' ( PDF ) . Harris Interactive . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ; Grier , Kevin ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` What Would the End of Football Look Like ? '' . Grantland / ESPN . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgetts , Rob . `` Will U.S. learn to love rugby ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Streaming TV Services : What They Cost , What You Get '' . NY Times ; Associated Press . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Fans Spill into Web Sites '' . eMarketer . June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Waits , Jennifer ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise , Especially LPFM , according to New FCC Count '' . Radio Survivor . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brenda Shaffer ( 2006 ) . The Limits of Culture : Islam and Foreign Policy . MIT Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 19529 - 4 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1998 ) . Superman : The Complete History ( 1st ed . ) . Titan Books . p. 11 . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 988 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sites in United States '' . Alexa. 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Newspapers in United States '' . W3newspapers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE. UU '' . Onlinenewspapers.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Edison 's Most Famous Inventions '' . Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benedetti , François ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` 100 Years Ago , the Dream of Icarus Became Reality '' . Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Gordon ( 2012 ) . The Quantum Exodus : Jewish Fugitives , the Atomic Bomb , and the Holocaust . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959215 - 9 . Jump up ^ 10 Little Americans . Google Books . ISBN 9780615140520 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Apollo technology has changed the history '' . Sharon Gaudin . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( July 2 , 2006 ) . `` Celebrating July 2 : 10 Days That Changed History '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Silicon Valley : 110 Year Renaissance , McLaughlin , Weimers , Winslow 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Price ( 2004 ) . Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 7190 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Robert Keith ( 2012 ) . Explaining Creativity : The Science of Human Innovation . Oxford University Press . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973757 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bennett , W. Lance ; Segerberg , Alexandra ( September 2011 ) . `` Digital Media and the Personalization of Collective Action '' . Information , Communication & Society . 14 ( 6 ) : 770 -- 799 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369118X. 2011.579141 . Jump up ^ `` Computer and Internet Use Main '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept. of Commerce , Census Bureau . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cell phone ownership hits 91 % of adults '' . Pew Research Center . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom on the Net 2014 '' . Freedom House . Jump up ^ `` Research and Development ( R&D ) Expenditures by Source and Objective : 1970 to 2004 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Donald ( March 21 , 2006 ) . `` Britain Second in World Research Rankings '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Life expectancy data by country '' . WHO. 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Life Expectancy at Birth '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Christopher J.L. ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` The State of US Health , 1990 -- 2010 : Burden of Diseases , Injuries , and Risk Factors '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the American Medical Association . 310 ( 6 ) : 591 -- 608 . PMC 5436627 . PMID 23842577 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.13805 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Infant Mortality Rate '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , Ewen ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` US Tumbles Down the World Ratings List for Life Expectancy '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Obesity Rate Surpasses The United States ' , Making It Fattest Country in the Americas '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Eric ( 2002 ) . Fast Food Nation . New York : Perennial . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093845 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults : United States , 2003 -- 2004 '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance , and Obesity '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . American Heart Association . 2005 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Teen Pregnancy '' . Center for Disease Control . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Glen ; Raad , Raymond . `` Bending the Productivity Curve : Why America Leads the World in Medical Innovation '' . The Cato Institute . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Poor U.S. Scores in Health Care Do n't Measure Nobels and Innovation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Healthcare System : The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Maine . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , Uninsured Rate Holds at 13.4 % '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ Abelson , Reed ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Ranks of Underinsured Are Rising , Study Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blewett , Lynn A. ; et al. ( December 2006 ) . `` How Much Health Insurance Is Enough ? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance '' . Medical Care Research and Review . 63 ( 6 ) : 663 -- 700 . ISSN 1077 - 5587 . PMID 17099121 . doi : 10.1177 / 1077558706293634 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ( April 5 , 2006 ) . `` Mass . Bill Requires Health Coverage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Law 54 % Favor Repeal of Health Care Law '' . Rasmussen Reports . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Debate on ObamaCare to intensify in the wake of landmark Supreme Court ruling '' . Fox News . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Bibliography Acharya , Viral V. ; Cooley , Thomas F. ; Richardson , Matthew P. ; Walter , Ingo ( 2010 ) . Regulating Wall Street : The Dodd - Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance . Wiley . p. 592 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76877 - 8 . Baptist , Edward E. ( 2014 ) . The Half Has Never Been Told : Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00296 - X . Barth , James ; Jahera , John ( 2010 ) . `` US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation '' . Journal of Financial Economic Policy . 2 ( 3 ) : 192 -- 195 . doi : 10.1108 / 17576381011085412 . Berkin , Carol ; Miller , Christopher L. ; Cherny , Robert W. ; Gormly , James L. ( 2007 ) . Making America : A History of the United States , Volume I : To 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 75 . ISBN 0618994858 . Bianchine , Peter J. ; Russo , Thomas A. ( 1992 ) . `` The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America '' . Allergy and Asthma Proceedings . OceanSide Publications , Inc. 13 ( 5 ) : 225 -- 232 . PMID 1483570 . doi : 10.2500 / 108854192778817040 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Boyer , Paul S. ; Clark , Clifford E. Jr. ; Kett , Joseph F. ; Salisbury , Neal ; Sitkoff , Harvard ; Woloch , Nancy ( 2007 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People . Cengage Learning . p. 588 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 80161 - 9 . , Book Calloway , Colin G. ( 1998 - 02 - 18 ) . New Worlds for All : Indians , Europeans , and the Remaking of Early America . JHU Press . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5959 - 5 . Cobarrubias , Juan ( 1983 ) . Progress in Language Planning : International Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3358 - 4 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 1996 ) . Do n't know much about the Civil War . New York : William Marrow and Co. p. 518 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11814 - 3 . , Book Daynes , Byron W. ; Sussman , Glen ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) . White House Politics and the Environment : Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush . Texas A&M University Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 254 - 1 . Presidential environmental policies , 1933 -- 2009 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , Book Erlandson , Jon M ; Rick , Torben C ; Vellanoweth , Rene L ( 16 September 2008 ) . A Canyon Through Time : Archaeology , History , and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area , Santa Barbara County , California . University of Utah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 879 - 7 . Feldstein , Sylvan G. ; Fabozzi , Frank J. , CFA . The Handbook of Municipal Bonds . John Wiley & Sons , January 13 , 2011 . p. 1376 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 04494 - 0 . , Book Gold , Susan Dudley ( 2006 ) . United States V. Amistad : Slave Ship Mutiny . Marshall Cavendish . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2143 - 6 . , Book Ferguson , Thomas ; Rogers , Joel ( 1986 ) . `` The Myth of America 's Turn to the Right '' . The Atlantic . 257 ( 5 ) : 43 -- 53 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Fraser , Steve ; Gerstle , Gary ( 1989 ) . The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order : 1930 -- 1980 . American History : Political science . Princeton University Press . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00607 - 9 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Greg , Percy ( 1892 ) . History of the United States from the Foundation of Virginia to the Reconstruction of the Union . West , Johnston & Company . García , Ofelia ( 9 September 2011 ) . Bilingual Education in the 21st Century : A Global Perspective . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5978 - 7 . García , Ofelia ( 9 September 2011 ) . Bilingual Education in the 21st Century : A Global Perspective . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5978 - 7 . Gordon , John Steele ( 2004 ) . An Empire of Wealth : The Epic History of American Economic Power . HarperCollins . , Book Graebner , Norman A. ; Burns , Richard Dean ; Siracusa , Joseph M. ( 2008 ) . Reagan , Bush , Gorbachev : Revisiting the End of the Cold War . Praeger Security International Series . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35241 - 6 . Haymes , Stephen ; Vidal de Haymes , Maria ; Miller , Reuben , eds. ( 2014 ) . The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 67344 - 5 . Hughes , David ( 2007 ) . The British Chronicles. 1 . Westminster , Maryland : Heritage Books . p. 347 . Hoopes , Townsend ; Brinkley , Douglas ( 1997 ) . FDR and the Creation of the U.N . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08553 - 2 . Ingersoll , Thomas N. ( 24 October 2016 ) . The Loyalist Problem in Revolutionary New England . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 12861 - 3 . 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He held high the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution , and the nation 's unofficial motto , e pluribus unum , even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated . , Book Smith , Andrew F. ( 2004 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America . New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 131 -- 32 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515437 - 1 . Soss , Joe ( 2010 ) . Hacker , Jacob S. ; Mettler , Suzanne , eds . Remaking America : Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality . Russell Sage Foundation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61044 - 694 - 5 . , Book Stannard , David E. ( November 18 , 1993 ) . American Holocaust : The Conquest of the New World . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508557 - 0 . Tadman , Michael ( 2000 ) . The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas . American Historical Review . 105 . Oxford University Press . JSTOR 2652029 . Taylor , Alan ( 2002 ) . Eric Foner , ed . 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Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . , Book Nick Hayes ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Looking back 20 years : Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War ? '' . MinnPost . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . `` 59e . The End of the Cold War '' . U.S. History.org . Independence Hall Association . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Levy , Peter B. ( 1996 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reagan - Bush Years . ABC - CLIO . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29018 - 3 . Census Bureau , US ( 2016 ) . `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Wallander , Celeste A. ( 2003 ) . `` Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 5 ( 4 ) : 137 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039703322483774 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . 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