Touching Evil - wikipedia Touching Evil Jump to : navigation , search For the U.S. remake , see Touching Evil ( U.S. TV series ) . Touching Evil DVD cover Genre Crime drama Created by Paul Abbott Starring Robson Green Nicola Walker Michael Feast Adam Kotz Andrew Scarborough Shaun Dingwall Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 16 Production Running time 50 minutes Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 Original release 29 April 1997 -- 6 June 1999 Touching Evil is a British television drama serial , which began airing in 1997 . It was produced by United Productions for Anglia Television , and screened on the ITV network . The first season consists of six 50 minute ( one - hour with advertisements ) episodes . It was created by Paul Abbott , and written by Abbott with Russell T Davies . The serial was very popular , and led to two sequel serials in 1998 and 1999 , although these were not written by Abbott or Davies . The first episode aired on 29 April 1997 . The last episode of the series aired on 6 June 1999 , after 16 episodes and 3 seasons . The star of the series is Robson Green , playing a police officer D.C.I. Dave Creegan . Touching Evil III was co-produced by Green 's own independent production company Coastal Productions . Green 's co-star was Nicola Walker , playing Creegan 's colleague D.I. Susan Taylor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Episodes 2.1 Series 1 ( 1997 ) 2.2 Series 2 ( 1998 ) 2.3 Series 3 ( 1999 ) 3 References 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Robson Green as D.C.I. Dave Creegan ( series 1 -- 3 ; 16 episodes ) Nicola Walker as D.I. Susan Taylor ( series 1 -- 3 ; 16 episodes ) Shaun Dingwall as D.C. Mark Rivers ( series 1 -- 3 ; 14 episodes ) Michael Feast as Commander Stephen Enwright ( series 1 -- 3 ; 15 episodes ) Mary Cunningham as Police Psychologist Marion ( series 1 -- 2 ; 11 episodes ) Adam Kotz as D.C. Jonathan Kreitman ( series 1 ; 6 episodes ) Andrew Scarborough as D.C. Martin Simmons ( series 3 ; 2 episodes ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Saskia Downes as Kerry Creegan ( 7 episodes ) Antony Byrne as Barry ( 7 episodes ) Holly Earl as Louise Creegan ( 7 episodes ) Molly Moloney as Ruby Creegan ( 7 episodes ) John Duttine as Michael Hawkins ( 4 episodes ) Kenneth MacDonald as Cyril ( 4 episodes ) Sean Gilder as Steve Carroll ( 4 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Total no . Series no . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` The Lost Boys : Part 1 '' Julian Jarrold Paul Abbott 29 April 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 29 ) N / A DI Dave Creegan is paired with DI Susan Taylor on his first day to investigate the disappearance of three young schoolboys who have all been snatched in broad daylight . Creegan discovers a link with two boys who disappeared in Stuttgart some three years previously , but surveillance on his prime suspect fails to yield any information . Taylor is concerned that Creegan is putting all his eggs in one basket and efforts to investigate other lines of enquiry . `` The Lost Boys : Part 2 '' Julian Jarrold Paul Abbott 6 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 06 ) N / A A satellite surveillance van picks up images of the young boys held in an airtight room . Creegan realises that time is running out , and when prime suspect Ronald Hinks gives a silent interview , he realises he may have to break the rules to secure the boys ' safety . As Taylor organises a house - to - house on an abandoned estate , Creegan kidnaps Hinks ' dog and puts him onto a scent , which leads Creegan straight to the crime scene . But is he is too late ? When first aired on PBS , these episodes were retitled `` Through the Clouds . '' `` Killing With Kindness : Part 1 '' Marc Munden Paul Abbott 13 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 13 ) N / A A group of patients who are all on the same ward at a local hospital die within minutes of each other . When the cause of death is found to be an overdose of drugs , and each of the victims has the tattoo ' let me go ' stenciled onto their back , Creegan and Taylor investigate the hospital cleaner , Carl Burgess , who is found in possession of items belonging to a senior doctor . Creegan is left unconscious after being attacked at home , but who is responsible ? `` Killing With Kindness : Part 2 '' Marc Munden Paul Abbott 20 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) N / A The investigation 's attention turns towards locum Julie Carney following the attack on Creegan . When she commits another murder in Wales , Creegan realises that he needs to set a trap to lure her home . Rivers and Krietman 's pursuit of an unstable Carl Burgess results in Burgess trying to kill a patient , and then electrocuting himself , from which he dies of his injuries . When Julie Carney resurfaces , Creegan is forced to watch on as she tries to commit suicide . 5 5 `` What Amathus Wants : Part 1 '' Julian Jarrold Russell T. Davies 27 May 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 27 ) N / A An investigation into multiple attacks on horses across the country reveals a mysterious website game called ' Amathus ' , where real life players are sucked into a violent reality where they must commit acts of violence in order to secure points and win prizes . When the next level of play results in a triple murder , Creegan realises he is running out of time . Meanwhile , an unstable Kreitman confesses to Creegan that he was responsible for Ronald Hinks ' death . 6 6 `` What Amathus Wants : Part 2 '' Julian Jarrold Paul Abbott 3 June 1997 ( 1997 - 06 - 03 ) N / A Creegan and Taylor reel in convicted killer Justine Barber , whose crimes from some years ago mirror the exact methods used to commit the current murder . When she leads them to prime suspect Leonard Stoker , a chase ensues and Stoker is arrested . Creegan has no choice but to file a report on Kreitman . Enwright refuses to press charges on the grounds of no evidence , but leaves Kreitman without a job . Kreitman , upset at the result , goes on the rampage . When first aired on PBS , these episodes were retitled `` Deadly Web . '' Series 2 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Total no . Series no . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 7 `` Scalping : Part 1 '' Sheree Folkson Mike Cullen 29 April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 29 ) N / A Creegan and Taylor investigate a serial killer who is sending reports of each of his murders to a local journalist , David Laney . When Rivers tails the prime suspect to a shack in the woods , his hesitation results in the death of another victim . However , with the killer in custody , Creegan is surprised to receive another message stating another murder is about to happen . The search of a warehouse yields another body , that of a local MP . 8 `` Scalping : Part 2 '' Sheree Folkson Mike Cullen 30 April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 30 ) N / A Creegan realises that Laney may have been the killer all along , and puts surveillance on him . However , when he slips out of sight , he confronts an innocent café owner who is later found dead , with her throat having been cut . Laney then kidnaps Taylor and takes her back to the shack in the woods . Creegan and Rivers arrive to find a hostage situation , but the guilt over his hesitation the first time leads Rivers to jump in and shoot Laney dead . 9 `` War Relief : Part 1 '' Rachel Talalay Sian Orrells 7 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 07 ) N / A Creegan and Taylor investigate links between a number of dead bodies found in white body bags , having been delivered to the homes of the victim . The trail leads the team straight to the aftermath of the Bosnian war , where all of the victims played a part in the clean - up and salvage operation . Rivers , angered that he had the prime suspect in his clutches , attacks him when the team finally catch up with him . However , a shocking revelation blows the case wide open . 10 `` War Relief : Part 2 '' Rachel Talalay Sian Orrells 14 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 14 ) N / A Rivers goes it alone to try and track down Keller , but the killer 's one - man rampage results in two further murders and two further attacks , including his wife and partner . When a personal note is delivered to the station , and the family of one of the young murder victims participate in a press release , Keller goes on the rampage with a gun at the young boy 's funeral . During a shootout , Rivers is gunned down . Taylor wonders if she pushed him too far . 11 5 `` What Price a Child : Part 1 '' Alex Pillai Mike Cullen 21 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 21 ) N / A Creegan and Taylor investigate when a young boy is snatched from the back garden of his parents ' house . The search leads to Annie Jordan , who claims to be the boy 's biological mother -- and that she sold the boy to a dealer who internationally trades in children . As the team discover links to a paedophile ring , Creegan has to deal with personal tragedies of his own when a relative of a murder victim tries to kill his ex-wife and children by setting fire to their house . 12 6 `` What Price a Child : Part 2 '' Alex Pillai Mike Cullen 28 May 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 28 ) N / A Taylor heads to Romania to collect a child whilst remaining undercover , and as the ring is threatened to be blown apart , the suspects make a break for it . As baby trader Reggie Hansen agrees to give evidence in court , Creegan is left devastated when Annie Jordan is shot and murdered in the passenger seat of his car by maniac Mark Hawkins . Creegan then has to choose whether or not to get justice for Annie or do the right thing and bring Hawkins in to custody . Series 3 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Total no . Series no . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 13 `` Innocent : Part 1 '' Bill Eagles Tony Etchells 16 May 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 16 ) 9.99 Creegan is on sick leave when a man who he helped convict for the murder of his wife and another woman is released from prison . Creegan was always unsure of the conviction , until the man made a full confession . However , when the murders start again , Taylor brings the suspect straight back into custody . Creegan then leads a one - man show to prove he was right . The suspect then commits suicide following interrogation , and a fourth victim is found shortly afterwards . 14 `` Innocent : Part 2 '' Bill Eagles Tony Etchells 23 May 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 23 ) 9.09 As Creegan continues to trail the killer , tragedy strikes as he leaves his hotel to find that the killer 's next victim is none other than Rivers . As Creegan and Taylor struggle with the loss of their friend , Rivers ' fiancé makes a plea for information as to who is responsible . Meanwhile , as the clues begin to piece themselves together , Creegan and Taylor then both come face to face with the killer and both have to restrain themselves from taking revenge for Rivers ' death . 15 `` A Fiery Death : Part 1 '' David Moore Sian Evans 30 May 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 30 ) 7.32 A serial killer who is burning the bodies of his victims to a crisp is operating in Ellendon . Meanwhile , Enwright introduces junior DC Martin Simmons to the team , much to the dismay of Creegan , who takes an instant dislike to him . As another victim of the killer turns up , Creegan realises that all of the murders are linked to a psychiatric hospital which burnt to the ground in 1989 . As Creegan tries to identify one of the victims from facial recognition alone , the brutality of the murders begins to increase . 16 `` A Fiery Death : Part 2 '' David Moore Sian Evans 6 June 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 06 ) 8.19 Creegan and Taylor come closer to identifying the killer when a fourth victim , headteacher Claire Logan , is found dead . They soon realise that victim Debbie Lewis ' best friend , Lyn Sotherby , is none other than Susan Etchells in disguise , and they soon track her down to a disused hospital in Lincolnshire , where she has another victim ready and waiting . Creegan then puts himself on the line to secure the safety of the hostage , much to Taylor 's dismay . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Touching Evil on IMDb Touching Evil at Robson Green 's website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Touching_Evil&oldid=834468440 '' Categories : ITV television dramas 1990s British drama television series 1997 British television programme debuts 1999 British television programme endings Television series by ITV Studios English - language television programs British crime television series Television programmes produced by Anglia Television Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 21 : 59 . About Wikipedia

Question: how many episodes of touching evil are there


A White Sport Coat - Wikipedia A White Sport Coat Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` A White Sport Coat '' Single by Marty Robbins B - side `` Grown - Up Tears '' Released April 20 , 1957 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Genre Country Label Columbia 40864 Songwriter ( s ) Marty Robbins Producer ( s ) Mitch Miller `` A White Sport Coat ( and a Pink Carnation ) '' is a 1957 country and western song with words and music both written by Marty Robbins . It was recorded on January 25 , 1957 , and released on the Columbia Records label , over a month later , on March 4 . The arranger and recording session conductor was Ray Conniff , an in - house conductor / arranger at Columbia . Robbins had demanded to have Conniff oversee the recording after his earlier hit , `` Singing the Blues '' , had been quickly eclipsed on the charts by Guy Mitchell 's cover version scored and conducted by Conniff in October , 1956 . Robbins recalled writing the song in approximately twenty minutes while being transported in a standard automobile . He is said to have had the inspiration for the song while driving from a motel to a venue in Ohio where he was due to perform that evening . During the course of the journey , he passed a local high school , where its students were dressed ready for their prom . The song reached No. 1 on the U.S. country chart becoming Marty Robbins ' third No. 1 record , the song reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart in the U.S. and No. 1 in the Australian music charts in 1957 . A version by Johnny Desmond received some play also , peaking at No. 62 on the U.S. pop charts . In UK the song was a notable hit for the English Rock'n'Roll singer Terry Dene , and also for The King Brothers . The Terry Dene version reached # 18 in the UK Charts , while The King Brothers ' recording peaked at # 6 , both in early summer 1957 . Jimmy Buffett 's 1973 album A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean spoofs the title of the song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thoenicke , Manfred . The Ray Conniff Recordings : The Columbia Years , Part 1 : The Backings and New York * Recordings . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Marty Robbins interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 293 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 532 . External links ( edit ) AllMusic Preceded by `` Gone '' by Ferlin Husky Billboard C&W Best Sellers in Stores number - one single May 20 , 1957 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Bye Bye Love '' by The Everly Brothers Marty Robbins Albums Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs Today The Performer Notable singles `` I 'll Go On Alone '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` That 's All Right '' `` Maybellene '' `` Singing the Blues '' `` Knee Deep in the Blues '' `` A White Sport Coat '' `` The Story of My Life '' `` Just Married '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` El Paso '' `` Big Iron '' `` Do n't Worry '' `` Devil Woman '' `` Ruby Ann '' `` Begging to You '' `` Ribbon of Darkness '' `` Tonight Carmen '' `` I Walk Alone '' `` It 's a Sin '' `` My Woman , My Woman , My Wife '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` El Paso City '' `` Among My Souvenirs '' `` I Do n't Know Why ( I Just Do ) '' `` Return to Me '' `` Some Memories Just Wo n't Die '' `` Tie Your Dream to Mine '' Related articles Discography Jeanne Pruett Book : Marty Robbins This 1950s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_White_Sport_Coat&oldid=803679918 '' Categories : 1957 singles Marty Robbins songs Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Marty Robbins Columbia Records singles Song recordings produced by Mitch Miller 1957 songs 1950s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 23 : 50 . About Wikipedia

Question: who sang the song a white sports coat and a pink carnation


The Haves and the have Nots ( play ) - wikipedia The Haves and the have Nots ( play ) Jump to : navigation , search This article has no lead section . Please help by adding an introductory section to this article . For more information , see the layout guide , and Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines to ensure the section will be inclusive of all the essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 TV series adaptation 4 Home media 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The story follows the life of a wealthy family that has everything they need and most of what they want . The characters are often preoccupied with superficial things , until they are forced to become involved with their housekeeper . When the poverty - stricken maid is forced to ask for help , the family gets a chance to see how the other half lives . While coming to the rescue of the needy , it soon becomes painfully clear , who is really in need of saving . Our story opens very early on a Monday morning , at the home of Grandma Hattie Mae . Hattie has allowed her daughter and son in law to move into her home with their son Wallie . The morning silence is broken by the ring of the telephone . Hattie is afraid to answer . The bank has given her three days to pay up the mortgage , or the struggling family will be evicted . Tensions are rising for Frank who feels responsible as the man of the house . Frank has been out of work for months , causing the family to be supported by the sole income of Rose who works as a maid for a wealthy real estate giant , Louis Willis . After months of avoiding phone calls from the bank , Frank finally gets a break when Louis hires him to be a handyman at the Willis estate . Rose is elated that her prayers have finally been answered . Frank is cautiously optimistic , but excitedly prepares for his new job as a handyman . That morning at the Willis home , Floyd , played by Palmer Williams Jr. , is hilariously negative about Rose allowing Frank to work for the wealthy couple . Floyd is convinced that Louis ' much younger wife , Diane , will snatch Frank right from under Rose 's nose . It soon becomes painfully clear that Floyd 's madness was not craziness at all . Diane goes after Frank the moment she sees him . Rose is completely unaware of the depths to which her boss Diane will stoop when trying to satisfy her insatiable appetite for strapping young men . While Rose and Frank consume themselves with saving the home that Hattie has lived in for over thirty years , Wallie has been deeply affected by the fears of being homeless . Only Hattie is aware that Wallie has been running the streets at night . It is not until Wallie is arrested for shoplifting that Rose discovers that her honor - roll son has decided to walk a different path . Frank and Wallie finally face off when Frank overhears his son lashing out about how Frank is a sorry husband and father . Wallie has learned on the streets that all men have a side hustle , and are always able to support their families . It is a bitter pill to swallow when Frank realizes that his son has lost respect for him , and blames him for the family 's impending doom . It is under these circumstances that the struggling family will have to pray for a miracle when their worlds begin to spiral out of control . Hattie , an old woman who has survived a mountain of challenges , finds herself more afraid than she has ever been . Rose , the strong and virtuous matriarch of her family , stands firmly on her faith when she tells Hattie that she has to meet God for the first time . At the end of her rope , Hattie lifts her arms in a miraculous and desperate show of faith and power . It will take both of the women to battle the principalities coming against their family unit . Meanwhile , Frank is put in a treacherous situation when Diane maligns Rose with lies and deceit , while offering to write a check to Frank in exchange for sexual favors . Frank is tested like never before when he is presented by an opportunity to save his family by betraying the sacred relationship he has with his wife . Frank 's impeccable character lifts him out of the situation in time to discover that Wallie has become a money making drug dealer . When Frank finally discovers the stacks of cash and drugs , he is ready to give everything he has to fight for his son 's life . Wallie has been so brainwashed by the streets that it will take the strength and love of a tough father to win the heart of his son back to the principles he was raised with . It almost appears that Diane may have been successful in breaking up a happy home when Louis finally sees his young wife for what she is . Troubled by the truth , Louis must make the hardest decision he has ever had to make . Seeing the love that Frank and Rose have for one another , Louis intervenes to help the couple who are about to lose everything they have . In doing so , Louis experiences firsthand the power and the beauty of a family 's love . Cast ( edit ) Palmer Williams Jr. as Floyd Patrice Lovely as Hattie Tony Hightower as Frank Alexis Jones as Diane Maurice Lauchner as Lewis Jeffery Lewis as Wallie Kislyck Halsey as Rose Tv series adaptation ( edit ) The play was very loosely adapted into a television series on the Oprah Winfrey Network . Apart from featuring the lives of a wealthy family and poor - class one , the series is significantly different from the play featuring entirely new characters and situations . It premiered on May 28 , 2013 . Home media ( edit ) The Haves and the Have Nots released on DVD July 9 , 2013 along with Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor . External links ( edit ) Tyler Perry Official website The Haves and the Have Nots page ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony The List Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Haves_and_the_Have_Nots_(play)&oldid=797236411 '' Categories : 2011 plays Plays by Tyler Perry African - American plays Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2017 All pages needing cleanup Pages missing lead section Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 19 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: cast of the have and have nots play


She 's Always a Woman - wikipedia She 's Always a Woman Jump to : navigation , search `` She 's Always a Woman '' A-side label of U.S. vinyl single Single by Billy Joel from the album The Stranger B - side `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' Released 1977 Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single Recorded A & R Recording Inc. , New York City , 1977 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 21 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Billy Joel Producer ( s ) Phil Ramone Billy Joel singles chronology `` Only the Good Die Young '' ( 1977 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 1977 ) `` The Stranger '' ( 1978 ) `` Only the Good Die Young '' ( 1977 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' / `` Vienna '' ( 1977 ) `` The Stranger '' ( 1978 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' is a song from Billy Joel 's 1977 album The Stranger . It is a love song about a modern woman , with whom he falls in love for her quirks as well as her flaws . The single peaked at # 17 in the U.S. in 1977 , and at # 53 in the UK in 1986 , when it was released as a double A-side with `` Just the Way You Are '' . It re-entered the UK chart in 2010 , reaching # 29 . A Muzak version of the track by Frank Chacksfield Orchestra is known to be one of the last songs played over the former World Trade Center complex before its collapse . The song is played in the compound time signature of 6 / 8 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and meaning 2 Track listing 2.1 7 '' single ( 1977 ) 2.2 Single ( CBS ) 2.3 Japanese 7 '' single ( CBS 06SP 248 ) 3 Chart history 4 Fyfe Dangerfield cover 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart performance 5 Other covers 6 References 7 External links Origin and meaning ( edit ) The song was released in 1977 , following several other hits from The Stranger including `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' and `` Only the Good Die Young '' . Musically , Joel has said that he was influenced by Gordon Lightfoot and his mellow acoustic guitar ballads . It is a love song that Joel wrote for his then wife , Elizabeth Weber . Elizabeth had taken over management of Joel 's career , and was able to put his financial affairs in order after Joel had signed some bad deals and contracts . She was a tough and savvy negotiator who could `` wound with her eyes '' or `` steal like a thief '' , but would `` never give in '' . Because of her tough - as - nails negotiating style , many business adversaries thought she was `` unfeminine , '' but to Joel , she was always a woman . The two eventually divorced in 1982 . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single ( 1977 ) ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Vienna '' Single ( CBS ) ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' Japanese 7 '' single ( CBS 06SP 248 ) ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Only The Good Die Young '' Chart history ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 17 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 28 Canadian Singles Chart 12 Dutch Top 40 15 Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Irish Singles Chart 22 UK Singles Chart 53 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Italian Singles Chart 56 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 29 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 37 Fyfe Dangerfield cover ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' Single by Fyfe Dangerfield from the album Fly Yellow Moon Released May 10 , 2010 Format Digital download Length 3 : 14 Label Fantastic Plastic , Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Billy Joel Fyfe Dangerfield singles chronology `` Faster Than the Setting Sun '' ( 2010 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 2010 ) `` Barricades '' ( 2010 ) `` Faster Than the Setting Sun '' ( 2010 ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' ( 2010 ) `` Barricades '' ( 2010 ) Fyfe Dangerfield , lead singer of the band Guillemots , recorded a version of this song in 2010 which was used in an advertisement for the British department store John Lewis . Subsequently , the Billy Joel original re-entered the UK singles chart at number 29 on May 1 , 2010 . On May 1 , 2010 , a new version of the advert aired ; which shows more of the song cover . In the annual ITV poll for 2010 advert of the year ; `` John Lewis - She 's always a Woman '' ranked fourth . The advert has been viewed on YouTube over 570,000 times ( collectively from the top 3 results ) since it aired on TV . Track listing ( edit ) Digital Download `` She 's Always a Woman '' - 3 : 14 Chart performance ( edit ) `` She 's Always a Woman '' debuted on the UK Singles Chart on May 2 , 2010 at # 99 . On its second week in the chart , the single climbed 85 places to # 14 , marking Dangerfield 's most successful single to date . On May 16 , 2010 , the single climbed 7 places to a current peak of # 7 before falling to # 9 in its second week within the Top 10 . Chart ( 2010 ) Peak Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Other covers ( edit ) Lynda Carter covered the song on her 1978 album Portrait . In 1984 , Des O'Connor covered the song on his album `` Des O'Connor Now '' In 2004 , Zorán made a Hungarian cover `` A nő '' , on his maxi single `` A körben '' . In 2012 , Celtic Thunder covered the song on their album Voyage with Neil Byrne on vocals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` She 's Always a Woman to Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Song : `` She 's Always a Woman '' September 11th 2001 `` . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel 's many songs about his many wives '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel - She 's Always A Woman '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijst 1978 '' . Members.chello.ml . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : J '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Billy Joel - She 's Always A Woman '' . Austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Ad 2010 - Fyfe Dangerfield ' She 's Always A Woman ' '' . YouTube . 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` She 's Always A Woman ( Bonus Track ) : Fyfe Dangerfield : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Fyfe Dangerfield : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` She 's Always a Woman '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A körben '' ( in Hungarian ) . Zoran.hu . December 3 , 2004 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Billy Joel Studio albums Cold Spring Harbor Piano Man Streetlife Serenade Turnstiles The Stranger 52nd Street Glass Houses The Nylon Curtain An Innocent Man The Bridge Storm Front River of Dreams Fantasies & Delusions Live albums Songs in the Attic KOHЦEPT 2000 Years : The Millennium Concert 12 Gardens Live Live at Shea Stadium : The Concert Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 -- 3 Souvenir : The Ultimate Collection The Ultimate Collection The Essential Billy Joel Piano Man : The Very Best of Billy Joel My Lives The Hits Singles `` She 's Got a Way '' `` Piano Man '' `` You 're My Home '' `` Worse Comes to Worst '' `` Travelin ' Prayer '' `` The Ballad of Billy the Kid '' `` The Entertainer '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' `` Only the Good Die Young '' `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Vienna '' `` The Stranger '' `` My Life '' `` Big Shot '' `` Honesty '' `` Until the Night '' `` All for Leyna '' `` You May Be Right '' `` It 's Still Rock and Roll to Me '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' `` Say Goodbye to Hollywood '' ( Live ) `` She 's Got a Way '' ( Live ) `` Pressure '' `` Allentown '' `` Goodnight Saigon '' `` Tell Her About It '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` An Innocent Man '' `` The Longest Time '' `` Leave a Tender Moment Alone '' `` This Night '' `` Keeping the Faith '' `` You 're Only Human ( Second Wind ) '' `` The Night Is Still Young '' `` Modern Woman '' `` A Matter of Trust '' `` This Is the Time '' `` Baby Grand '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. 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Question: who wrote shes always a woman to me


Seafloor spreading - wikipedia Seafloor spreading Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Age of oceanic lithosphere ; youngest ( red ) is along spreading centers . Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges , where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge . Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics . When oceanic plates diverge , tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate pull rather than magma pressure , although there is typically significant magma activity at spreading ridges . At a spreading center basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new seabed . Hydrothermal vents are common at spreading centers . Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone . Additionally spreading rates determine if the ridge is a fast , intermediate , or slow . As a general rule , fast ridges see spreading rate of more than 9 cm / year . Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 4 -- 9 cm / year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 4 cm / year . Earlier theories ( e.g. by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit ) of continental drift postulated that continents `` ploughed '' through the sea . The idea that the seafloor itself moves ( and also carries the continents with it ) as it expands from a central axis was proposed by Harry Hess from Princeton University in the 1960s . The theory is well accepted now , and the phenomenon is known to be caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere , which is ductile , or plastic , and the brittle lithosphere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Incipient spreading 2 Continued spreading and subduction 3 Debate and search for mechanism 4 Sea floor global topography : half - space model 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Incipient spreading ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Plates in the crust of the earth , according to the plate tectonics theory In the general case , sea floor spreading starts as a rift in a continental land mass , similar to the Red Sea - East Africa Rift System today . The process starts with heating at the base of the continental crust which causes it to become more plastic and less dense . Because less dense objects rise in relation to denser objects , the area being heated becomes a broad dome ( see isostasy ) . As the crust bows upward , fractures occur that gradually grow into rifts . The typical rift system consists of three rift arms at approximately 120 degree angles . These areas are named triple junctions and can be found in several places across the world today . The separated margins of the continents evolve to form passive margins . Hess ' theory was that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge . If spreading continues past the incipient stage described above , two of the rift arms will open while the third arm stops opening and becomes a ' failed rift ' . As the two active rifts continue to open , eventually the continental crust is attenuated as far as it will stretch . At this point basaltic oceanic crust begins to form between the separating continental fragments . When one of the rifts opens into the existing ocean , the rift system is flooded with seawater and becomes a new sea . The Red Sea is an example of a new arm of the sea . The East African rift was thought to be a `` failed '' arm that was opening somewhat more slowly than the other two arms , but in 2005 the Ethiopian Afar Geophysical Lithospheric Experiment reported that in the Afar region last September , a 60 km fissure opened as wide as eight meters . During this period of initial flooding the new sea is sensitive to changes in climate and eustasy . As a result , the new sea will evaporate ( partially or completely ) several times before the elevation of the rift valley has been lowered to the point that the sea becomes stable . During this period of evaporation large evaporite deposits will be made in the rift valley . Later these deposits have the potential to become hydrocarbon seals and are of particular interest to petroleum geologists . Sea floor spreading can stop during the process , but if it continues to the point that the continent is completely severed , then a new ocean basin is created . The Red Sea has not yet completely split Arabia from Africa , but a similar feature can be found on the other side of Africa that has broken completely free . South America once fit into the area of the Niger Delta . The Niger River has formed in the failed rift arm of the triple junction . Continued spreading and subduction ( edit ) Spreading at a mid-ocean ridge As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time . Older seafloor is therefore colder than new seafloor , and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy . If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust , a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed . The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust . Today , the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted . However , the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean . The Pacific is also home to one of the world 's most active spreading centres ( the East Pacific Rise ) with spreading rates of up to 13 cm / yr . The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a `` textbook '' slow - spreading centre , while the East Pacific Rise is used as an example of fast spreading . The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced . Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins , the total capacity of the world 's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading . During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean , sea level was so high that a Western Interior Seaway formed across North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean . Debate and search for mechanism ( edit ) At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( and in other areas ) , material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other , a phenomenon first observed as continental drift . When Alfred Wegener first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912 , he suggested that continents ploughed through the ocean crust . This was impossible : oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust . Accordingly , Wegener 's theory was n't taken very seriously , especially in the United States . Since then , it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading . In the 1960s , the past record of geomagnetic reversals was noticed by observing the magnetic stripe `` anomalies '' on the ocean floor . This results in broadly evident `` stripes '' from which the past magnetic field polarity can be inferred by looking at the data gathered from simply towing a magnetometer on the sea surface or from an aircraft . The stripes on one side of the mid-ocean ridge were the mirror image of those on the other side . The seafloor must have originated on the Earth 's great fiery welts , like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise . The driver for seafloor spreading in plates with active margins is the weight of the cool , dense , subducting slabs that pull them along . The magmatism at the ridge is considered to be `` passive upswelling '' , which is caused by the plates being pulled apart under the weight of their own slabs . This can be thought of as analogous to a rug on a table with little friction : when part of the rug is off of the table , its weight pulls the rest of the rug down with it . Sea floor global topography : half - space model ( edit ) To first approximation , sea floor global topography in areas without significant subduction can be estimated by the half - space model . In this model , the seabed height is determined by the oceanic lithosphere temperature , due to thermal expansion . Oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed at a constant rate at the mid-ocean ridges . The source of the lithosphere has a half - plane shape ( x = 0 , z < 0 ) and a constant temperature T. Due to its continuous creation , the lithosphere at x > 0 is moving away from the ridge at a constant velocity v , which is assumed large compared to other typical scales in the problem . The temperature at the upper boundary of the lithosphere ( z = 0 ) is a constant T = 0 . Thus at x = 0 the temperature is the Heaviside step function T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ Theta ( - z ) ) . Finally , we assume the system is at a quasi-steady state , so that the temperature distribution is constant in time , i.e. T = T ( x , z ) . By calculating in the frame of reference of the moving lithosphere ( velocity v ) , which have spatial coordinate x ' = x-vt , we may write T = T ( x ' , z , t ) and use the heat equation : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 x ′ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ kappa \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) T = \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) + \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) x ' ) ) ) where κ ( \ displaystyle \ kappa ) is the thermal diffusivity of the mantle lithosphere . Since T depends on x ' and t only through the combination x = x ′ + v t ( \ displaystyle x = x'+ vt ) , we have : ∂ T ∂ x ′ = 1 v ⋅ ∂ T ∂ t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial x ' ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( v ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) ) Thus : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ v 2 ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ kappa \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) T = \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ kappa ) ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) t ) ) ) We now use the assumption that v ( \ displaystyle v ) is large compared to other scales in the problem ; we therefore neglect the last term in the equation , and get a 1 - dimensional diffusion equation : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) ) with the initial conditions T ( t = 0 ) = T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) ( \ displaystyle T ( t = 0 ) = T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ Theta ( - z ) ) . The solution for z ≤ 0 ( \ displaystyle z \ leq 0 ) is given by the error function erf ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( erf ) ) : T ( x ′ , z , t ) = T 1 ⋅ erf  ( z 2 κ t ) ( \ displaystyle T ( x ' , z , t ) = T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( \ kappa t ) ) ) ) \ right ) ) . Due to the large velocity , the temperature dependence on the horizontal direction is negligible , and the height at time t ( i.e. of sea floor of age t ) can be calculated by integrating the thermal expansion over z : h ( t ) = h 0 + α e f f ∫ 0 ∞ ( T ( z ) − T 1 ) d z = h 0 − 2 π α e f f T 1 κ t ( \ displaystyle h ( t ) = h_ ( 0 ) + \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( T ( z ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) dz = h_ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) T_ ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ kappa t ) ) ) where α e f f ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) ) is the effective volumetric thermal expansion coefficient , and h is the mid-ocean ridge height ( compared to some reference ) . Note that the assumption the v is relatively large is equivalently to the assumption that the thermal diffusivity κ ( \ displaystyle \ kappa ) is small compared to L 2 / T ( \ displaystyle L ^ ( 2 ) / T ) , where L is the acean width ( from mid-ocean ridges to continental shelf ) and T is its age . The effective thermal expansion coefficient α e f f ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) ) is different from the usual thermal expansion coefficient α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) due to isostasic effect of the change in water column height above the lithosphere as it expands or retracts . Both coefficients are related by : α e f f = α ⋅ ρ ρ − ρ w ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) = \ alpha \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ rho ) ( \ rho - \ rho _ ( w ) ) ) ) where ρ ∼ 3.3 g / c m 3 ( \ displaystyle \ rho \ sim 3.3 g / cm ^ ( 3 ) ) is the rock density and ρ 0 = 1 g / c m 3 ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( 0 ) = 1g / cm ^ ( 3 ) ) is the density of water . By substituting the parameters by their rough estimates : κ ∼ 8 ⋅ 10 − 7 ( \ displaystyle \ kappa \ sim 8 \ cdot 10 ^ ( - 7 ) ) m / s , α ∼ 4 ⋅ 10 − 5 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ sim 4 \ cdot 10 ^ ( - 5 ) ) ° C and T ~ 1220 ° C ( for the Atlantic and Indian oceans ) or ~ 1120 ° C ( for the eastern Pacific ) , we have : h ( t ) ∼ h 0 − 350 t ( \ displaystyle h ( t ) \ sim h_ ( 0 ) - 350 ( \ sqrt ( t ) ) ) for the eastern Pacific Ocean , and : h ( t ) ∼ h 0 − 390 t ( \ displaystyle h ( t ) \ sim h_ ( 0 ) - 390 ( \ sqrt ( t ) ) ) for the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean , where the height is in meters and time is in millions of years . To get the dependence on x , one must substitute t = x / v ~ Tx / L , where L is the distance between the ridge to the continental shelf ( roughly half the ocean width ) , and T is the ocean age . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seafloor spreading . Divergent boundary Mid-ocean ridge Morley - Vine - Matthews hypothesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tan , Yen Joe ; Tolstoy , Maya ; Waldhauser , Felix ; Wilcock , William S.D. `` Dynamics of a seafloor - spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise '' . Nature . 540 ( 7632 ) : 261 -- 265 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20116 . Jump up ^ Tan , Yen Joe ; Tolstoy , Maya ; Waldhauser , Felix ; Wilcock , William S.D. `` Dynamics of a seafloor - spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise '' . Nature . 540 ( 7632 ) : 261 -- 265 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20116 . Jump up ^ Hess , H.H. ( November 1962 ) . `` History of Ocean Basins '' ( PDF ) . In A.E.J. Engel ; Harold L. James ; B.F. Leonard . Petrologic studies : a volume to honor A.F. Buddington . Boulder , CO : Geological Society of America . pp. 599 -- 620 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Elsasser , Walter M. ( 1971 ) . `` Sea - Floor Spreading as Thermal Convection '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 76 : 1101 . Bibcode : 1971JGR ... 76.1101 E . doi : 10.1029 / JB076i005p01101 . Jump up ^ Makris , J. ; Ginzburg , A. ( 1987 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Sedimentary basins within the Dead Sea and other rift zones The Afar Depression : transition between continental rifting and sea - floor spreading '' . Tectonophysics. 141 ( 1 ) : 199 -- 214 . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 87 ) 90186 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bastow , Ian D. ; Keir , Derek ; Daly , Eve ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The Ethiopia Afar Geoscientific Lithospheric Experiment ( EAGLE ) : Probing the transition from continental rifting to incipient seafloor spreading '' . Geological Society of America Special Papers. 478 : 51 -- 76 . ISSN 0072 - 1077 . doi : 10.1130 / 2011.2478 ( 04 ) . Jump up ^ Bhagwat , S.B. ( 2009 ) . Foundation of Geology Vol 1 . Global Vision Publishing House . p. 83 . ISBN 9788182202764 . Jump up ^ Vine , F.J. ; Matthews , D.H. ( 1963 ) . `` Magnetic Anomalies Over Oceanic Ridges '' . Nature . 199 : 947 -- 949 . doi : 10.1038 / 199947a0 . Jump up ^ Patriat , Philippe ; Achache , José ( 1984 ) . `` India -- Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates '' . Nature . 311 ( 5987 ) : 615 . Bibcode : 1984Natur. 311 ... 615P . doi : 10.1038 / 311615a0 . Jump up ^ Davis , E.E ; Lister , C.R.B. ( 1974 ) . `` Fundamentals of Ridge Crest Topography '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . North - Holland Publishing Company . 21 : 405 -- 413 . Bibcode : 1974E&PSL ... 21 ... 405D . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 74 ) 90180 - 0 . 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Question: where does new crust come from in sea floor spreading


History of programming languages - wikipedia History of programming languages Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( February 2018 ) For a detailed timeline of events , see Timeline of programming languages . History of computing Hardware Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present Software Software Unix Free software and open - source software Computer science Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering Modern concepts General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web By country Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia Timeline of computing before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ... Category The first high - level programming language was Plankalkül , created by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945 . The first high - level language to have an associated compiler , was created by Corrado Böhm in 1951 , for his PhD thesis . The first commercially available language was FORTRAN ( FORmula TRANslation ) ; developed in 1956 ( first manual appeared in 1956 , but first developed in 1954 ) by John Backus , a worker at IBM . When FORTRAN was first introduced it was treated with suspicion because of the belief that programs compiled from high - level language would be less efficient than those written directly in machine code . FORTRAN became popular because it provided a means of porting existing code to new computers , in a hardware market that was rapidly evolving . FORTRAN eventually became known for its efficiency . Over the years , FORTRAN had been updated , with standards released for FORTRAN - 66 , FORTRAN - 77 and FORTRAN - 92 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 First programming languages 3 Establishing fundamental paradigms 4 1980s : consolidation , modules , performance 5 1990s : the Internet age 6 Current trends 7 Prominent people 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early History ( edit ) During a nine - month period in 1842 -- 1843 , Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea about Charles Babbage 's newest proposed machine , the analytical engine . With the article she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the engine , recognized by some historians as the world 's first computer program . The first computer codes were specialized for their applications . In the first decades of the 20th century , numerical calculations were based on decimal numbers . Eventually it was realized that logic could be represented with numbers , not only with words . For example , Alonzo Church was able to express the lambda calculus in a formulatic way . The Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape - marking machine , for example , in use at the telephone companies . Turing machines set the basis for storage of programs as data in the von Neumann architecture of computers by representing a machine through a finite number . However , unlike the lambda calculus , Turing 's code does not serve well as a basis for higher - level languages -- its principal use is in rigorous analyses of algorithmic complexity . To some people , what was the first modern programming language depends on how much power and human - readability is required before the status of `` programming language '' is granted . Jacquard Looms and Charles Babbage 's Difference Engine both had simple , extremely limited languages for describing the actions that these machines should perform . First programming languages ( edit ) In the 1940s , the first recognizably modern electrically powered computers were created . The limited speed and memory capacity forced programmers to write hand tuned assembly language programs . It was eventually realized that programming in assembly language required a great deal of intellectual effort . The first programming languages designed to communicate instructions to a computer were written in the 1950s . An early high - level programming language to be designed for a computer was Plankalkül , developed by the Germans for Z1 by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945 . However , it was not implemented until 1998 and 2000 . John Mauchly 's Short Code , proposed in 1949 , was one of the first high - level languages ever developed for an electronic computer . Unlike machine code , Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form . However , the program had to be translated into machine code every time it ran , making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code . At the University of Manchester , Alick Glennie developed Autocode in the early 1950s , with the second iteration developed for the Mark 1 by R.A. Brooker in 1954 , known as the `` Mark 1 Autocode '' . Brooker also developed an autocode for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s in conjunction with the University of Manchester . The version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by D.F. Hartley of University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1961 . Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode , it was a straight development from Mercury Autocode adapted for local circumstances , and was noted for its object code optimisation and source - language diagnostics which were advanced for the time . A contemporary but separate thread of development , Atlas Autocode was developed for the University of Manchester Atlas 1 machine . In 1954 , language FORTRAN was invented at IBM by a team led by John Backus ; it was the first widely used high level general purpose programming language to have a functional implementation , as opposed to just a design on paper . It is still a popular language for high - performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world 's fastest supercomputers . Another early programming language was devised by Grace Hopper in the US , called FLOW - MATIC . It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand during the period from 1955 until 1959 . Hopper found that business data processing customers were uncomfortable with mathematical notation , and in early 1955 , she and her team wrote a specification for an English programming language and implemented a prototype . The FLOW - MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was substantially complete in 1959 . Flow - Matic was a major influence in the design of COBOL , since only it and its direct descendent AIMACO were in actual use at the time . Other languages still in use today include LISP ( 1958 ) , invented by John McCarthy and COBOL ( 1959 ) , created by the Short Range Committee . Another milestone in the late 1950s was the publication , by a committee of American and European computer scientists , of `` a new language for algorithms '' ; the ALGOL 60 Report ( the `` ALGOrithmic Language '' ) . This report consolidated many ideas circulating at the time and featured three key language innovations : nested block structure : code sequences and associated declarations could be grouped into blocks without having to be turned into separate , explicitly named procedures ; lexical scoping : a block could have its own private variables , procedures and functions , invisible to code outside that block , that is , information hiding . Another innovation , related to this , was in how the language was described : a mathematically exact notation , Backus -- Naur form ( BNF ) , was used to describe the language 's syntax . Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context - free portion of their syntax . Algol 60 was particularly influential in the design of later languages , some of which soon became more popular . The Burroughs large systems were designed to be programmed in an extended subset of Algol . Algol 's key ideas were continued , producing ALGOL 68 : syntax and semantics became even more orthogonal , with anonymous routines , a recursive typing system with higher - order functions , etc. ; not only the context - free part , but the full language syntax and semantics were defined formally , in terms of Van Wijngaarden grammar , a formalism designed specifically for this purpose . Algol 68 's many little - used language features ( for example , concurrent and parallel blocks ) and its complex system of syntactic shortcuts and automatic type coercions made it unpopular with implementers and gained it a reputation of being difficult . Niklaus Wirth actually walked out of the design committee to create the simpler Pascal language . Fortran Some notable languages that were developed in this period include : 1951 -- Regional Assembly Language 1952 -- Autocode 1954 -- IPL ( forerunner to LISP ) 1955 -- FLOW - MATIC ( led to COBOL ) 1957 -- FORTRAN ( First compiler ) 1957 -- COMTRAN ( precursor to COBOL ) 1958 -- LISP 1958 -- ALGOL 58 1959 -- FACT ( forerunner to COBOL ) 1959 -- COBOL 1959 -- RPG 1962 -- APL 1962 -- Simula 1962 -- SNOBOL 1963 -- CPL ( forerunner to C ) 1964 -- Speakeasy ( computational environment ) 1964 -- BASIC 1964 -- PL / I 1966 -- JOSS 1967 -- BCPL ( forerunner to C ) Establishing fundamental paradigms ( edit ) Smalltalk Scheme The period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s brought a major flowering of programming languages . Most of the major language paradigms now in use were invented in this period : Speakeasy ( computational environment ) , developed in 1964 at Argonne National Laboratory ( ANL ) by Stanley Cohen , is an OOPS ( object - oriented programming , much like the later MATLAB , IDL ( programming language ) and Mathematica ) numerical package . Speakeasy has a clear Fortran foundation syntax . It first addressed efficient physics computation internally at ANL , was modified for research use ( as `` Modeleasy '' ) for the Federal Reserve Board in the early 1970s and then was made available commercially ; Speakeasy and Modeleasy are still in use currently . Simula , invented in the late 1960s by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of Algol 60 , was the first language designed to support object - oriented programming . C , an early systems programming language , was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs between 1969 and 1973 . Smalltalk ( mid-1970s ) provided a complete ground - up design of an object - oriented language . Prolog , designed in 1972 by Colmerauer , Roussel , and Kowalski , was the first logic programming language . ML built a polymorphic type system ( invented by Robin Milner in 1973 ) on top of Lisp , pioneering statically typed functional programming languages . Each of these languages spawned an entire family of descendants , and most modern languages count at least one of them in their ancestry . The 1960s and 1970s also saw considerable debate over the merits of `` structured programming '' , which essentially meant programming without the use of `` goto '' . A significant fraction of programmers believed that , even in languages that provide `` goto '' , it is bad programming style to use it except in rare circumstances . This debate was closely related to language design : some languages did not include a `` goto '' at all , which forced structured programming on the programmer . To provide even faster compile times , some languages were structured for `` one - pass compilers '' which expect subordinate routines to be defined first , as with Pascal , where the main routine , or driver function , is the final section of the program listing . Some notable languages that were developed in this period include : 1968 -- Logo 1969 -- B ( forerunner to C ) 1970 -- Pascal 1970 -- Forth 1972 -- C 1972 -- Smalltalk 1972 -- Prolog 1973 -- ML 1975 -- Scheme 1978 -- SQL ( a query language , later extended ) 1980s : consolidation , modules , performance ( edit ) MATLAB Erlang Tcl The 1980s were years of relative consolidation in imperative languages . Rather than inventing new paradigms , all of these movements elaborated upon the ideas invented in the previous decade . C++ combined object - oriented and systems programming . The United States government standardized Ada , a systems programming language intended for use by defense contractors . In Japan and elsewhere , vast sums were spent investigating so - called fifth - generation programming languages that incorporated logic programming constructs . The functional languages community moved to standardize ML and Lisp . Research in Miranda , a functional language with lazy evaluation , began to take hold in this decade . One important new trend in language design was an increased focus on programming for large - scale systems through the use of modules , or large - scale organizational units of code . Modula , Ada , and ML all developed notable module systems in the 1980s . Module systems were often wedded to generic programming constructs -- - generics being , in essence , parametrized modules ( see also polymorphism in object - oriented programming ) . Although major new paradigms for imperative programming languages did not appear , many researchers expanded on the ideas of prior languages and adapted them to new contexts . For example , the languages of the Argus and Emerald systems adapted object - oriented programming to distributed systems . The 1980s also brought advances in programming language implementation . The RISC movement in computer architecture postulated that hardware should be designed for compilers rather than for human assembly programmers . Aided by processor speed improvements that enabled increasingly aggressive compilation techniques , the RISC movement sparked greater interest in compilation technology for high - level languages . Language technology continued along these lines well into the 1990s . Some notable languages that were developed in this period include : 1980 -- C++ ( as C with classes , renamed in 1983 ) 1983 -- Ada 1984 -- Common Lisp 1984 -- MATLAB 1984 - dBase III , dBase III Plus ( Clipper and FoxPro as FoxBASE , later developing into Visual FoxPro 1985 -- Eiffel 1986 -- Objective - C 1986 -- LabVIEW ( Visual Programming Language ) 1986 -- Erlang 1987 -- Perl 1988 -- Tcl 1988 -- Wolfram Language ( as part of Mathematica , only got a separate name in June 2013 ) 1989 -- FL ( Backus ) 1990s : the Internet age ( edit ) Haskell Lua PHP Rebol The rapid growth of the Internet in the mid-1990s was the next major historic event in programming languages . By opening up a radically new platform for computer systems , the Internet created an opportunity for new languages to be adopted . In particular , the JavaScript programming language rose to popularity because of its early integration with the Netscape Navigator web browser . Various other scripting languages achieved widespread use in developing customized applications for web servers such as PHP . The 1990s saw no fundamental novelty in imperative languages , but much recombination and maturation of old ideas . This era began the spread of functional languages . A big driving philosophy was programmer productivity . Many `` rapid application development '' ( RAD ) languages emerged , which usually came with an IDE , garbage collection , and were descendants of older languages . All such languages were object - oriented . These included Object Pascal , Visual Basic , and Java . Java in particular received much attention . More radical and innovative than the RAD languages were the new scripting languages . These did not directly descend from other languages and featured new syntaxes and more liberal incorporation of features . Many consider these scripting languages to be more productive than even the RAD languages , but often because of choices that make small programs simpler but large programs more difficult to write and maintain . Nevertheless , scripting languages came to be the most prominent ones used in connection with the Web . Some notable languages that were developed in this period include : 1990 -- Haskell 1991 -- Python 1991 -- Visual Basic 1993 -- Lua 1993 -- R 1994 -- CLOS ( part of ANSI Common Lisp ) 1995 -- Ruby 1995 -- Ada 95 1995 -- Java 1995 -- Delphi ( Object Pascal ) 1995 -- JavaScript 1995 -- PHP 1997 -- Rebol Current trends ( edit ) Programming language evolution continues , in both industry and research . Some of the recent trends have included : D Programming Language Groovy Rust Scratch Swift Increasing support for functional programming in mainstream languages used commercially , including pure functional programming for making code easier to reason about and easier to parallelise ( at both micro - and macro - levels ) Constructs to support concurrent and distributed programming . Mechanisms for adding security and reliability verification to the language : extended static checking , dependent typing , information flow control , static thread safety . Alternative mechanisms for composability and modularity : mixins , traits , delegates , aspects . Component - oriented software development . Metaprogramming , reflection or access to the abstract syntax tree AOP or Aspect Oriented Programming allowing developers to insert code in another module or class at `` join points '' Domain specific languages and code generation XML for graphical interface ( XUL , XAML ) Increased interest in distribution and mobility . Integration with databases , including XML and relational databases . Open source as a developmental philosophy for languages , including the GNU Compiler Collection and languages such as Python , Ruby , and Scala . Massively parallel languages for coding 2000 processor GPU graphics processing units and supercomputer arrays including OpenCL Early research into ( as - yet - unimplementable ) quantum computing programming languages More interest in visual programming languages like Scratch Some notable languages developed during this period include : 2000 -- ActionScript 2001 -- C# 2001 -- D 2002 -- Scratch 2003 -- Groovy 2003 -- Scala 2005 -- F# 2006 -- PowerShell 2007 -- Clojure 2009 -- Go 2010 -- Rust 2011 -- Dart 2011 -- Kotlin 2011 -- Red 2011 - Elixir 2012 -- Julia 2014 -- Swift 2016 -- Ring Prominent people ( edit ) Anders Hejlsberg Yukihiro Matsumoto Grace M. Hopper Bjarne Stroustrup Niklaus Wirth Some key people who helped develop programming languages : Alan Cooper , developer of Visual Basic . Alan Kay , pioneering work on object - oriented programming , and originator of Smalltalk . Anders Hejlsberg , developer of Turbo Pascal , Delphi , C# , and TypeScript . Bertrand Meyer , inventor of Eiffel . Bjarne Stroustrup , developer of C++ . Brian Kernighan , co-author of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie , coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages . Chris Lattner , creator of Swift and LLVM . Dennis Ritchie , inventor of C. Unix Operating System , Plan 9 Operating System . Grace Hopper , first to use the term compiler and developer of Flow - Matic , influenced development of COBOL . Popularized machine - independent programming languages and the term `` debugging '' . Guido van Rossum , creator of Python . James Gosling , lead developer of Java and its precursor , Oak . Jean Ichbiah , chief designer of Ada , Ada 83 . Jean - Yves Girard , co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus ( System F ) . Jeff Bezanson , main designer , and one of the core developers of Julia . Joe Armstrong , creator of Erlang . John Backus , inventor of Fortran and cooperated in the design of ALGOL 58 and ALGOL 60 . John C. Reynolds , co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus ( System F ) . John McCarthy , inventor of LISP . John von Neumann , originator of the operating system concept . Graydon Hoare , inventor of Rust . Ken Thompson , inventor of B , Go Programming Language , Inferno Programming Language , and Unix Operating System co-author . Kenneth E. Iverson , developer of APL , and co-developer of J along with Roger Hui . Konrad Zuse , designed the first high - level programming language , Plankalkül ( which influenced ALGOL 58 ) . Kristen Nygaard , pioneered object - oriented programming , co-invented Simula . Larry Wall , creator of the Perl programming language ( see Perl and Perl 6 ) . Martin Odersky , creator of Scala , and previously a contributor to the design of Java . Nathaniel Rochester , inventor of first assembler ( IBM 701 ) . Niklaus Wirth , inventor of Pascal , Modula and Oberon . Ole - Johan Dahl , pioneered object - oriented programming , co-invented Simula . Rasmus Lerdorf , creator of PHP Rich Hickey , creator of Clojure . Robin Milner , inventor of ML , and sharing credit for Hindley -- Milner polymorphic type inference . Stephen Wolfram , creator of Mathematica . Tom Love and Brad Cox , creator of Objective - C . Walter Bright , creator of D . Yukihiro Matsumoto , creator of Ruby . See also ( edit ) ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference History of compiler writing History of computing hardware Programming language Timeline of computing Timeline of programming languages List of programming languages List of programmers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knuth , Donald E. ; Pardo , Luis Trabb . `` Early development of programming languages '' . Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology . Marcel Dekker. 7 : 419 -- 493 . Jump up ^ J. Fuegi and J. Francis ( October -- December 2003 ) , `` Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 ' notes ' '' , Annals of the History of Computing , 25 ( 4 ) : 16 , 19 , 25 , doi : 10.1109 / MAHC. 2003.1253887 Jump up ^ Rojas , Raúl , et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Plankalkül : The First High - Level Programming Language and its Implementation '' . Institut frame Informatik , Freie Universität Berlin , Technical Report B - 3 / 2000 . ( full text ) Jump up ^ Sebesta , W.S. ( 2006 ) . Concepts of Programming Languages . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 33025 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Fortran creator John Backus dies - Tech and gadgets - msnbc.com '' . MSNBC. 2007 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` CSC - 302 99S : Class 02 : A Brief History of Programming Languages '' . Math.grin.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Eugene Loh ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` The Ideal HPC Programming Language '' . Queue . Association of Computing Machines . 8 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ `` HPL - A Portable Implementation of the High - Performance Linpack Benchmark for Distributed - Memory Computers '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hopper ( 1978 ) p. 16 . Jump up ^ Sammet ( 1969 ) p. 316 Jump up ^ Sammet ( 1978 ) p. 204 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael J.C. ( 1996 ) . `` From LCF to HOL : a short history '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Edinburgh LCF , including the ML interpreter , was implemented in Lisp . Jump up ^ Rubin Liu ( 28 February 2018 ) . `` The evolution of the Ring programming language , Ring in Top 50 programming languages according to TIOBE Index '' . codeproject.com . Code_Project . Jump up ^ TIOBE ( 2 March 2018 ) . `` TIOBE Index , Ring in Top 50 programming languages according to TIOBE Index '' . www.tiobe.com . TIOBE_index . Jump up ^ Rojas , Raúl ; Hashagen , Ulf ( 2002 ) . The First Computers : History and Architectures . MIT Press . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 0262681377 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Rosen , Saul , ( editor ) , Programming Systems and Languages , McGraw - Hill , 1967 . Sammet , Jean E. , Programming Languages : History and Fundamentals , Prentice - Hall , 1969 . Sammet , Jean E. ( July 1972 ) . `` Programming Languages : History and Future '' . Communications of the ACM. 15 ( 7 ) : 601 -- 610 . doi : 10.1145 / 361454.361485 . Richard L. Wexelblat ( ed . ) : History of Programming Languages , Academic Press 1981 . Thomas J. Bergin and Richard G. Gibson ( eds . ) : History of Programming Languages , Addison Wesley , 1996 . External links ( edit ) History and evolution of programming languages Graph of programming language history ( hide ) Programming languages Comparison Timeline History APL Assembly BASIC C++ C# COBOL Fortran Go Groovy Haskell Java JavaScript ( JS ) Lisp Lua Objective - C Pascal Perl PHP Python Ruby Shell Smalltalk Swift Visual Basic . NET ( VB.NET ) more ... Category Lists Alphabetical Categorical Generational Non-English - based Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_programming_languages&oldid=837141472 '' Categories : History of computing History of computer science Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska 日本 語 Português Русский தமிழ் 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 00 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Question: where was the first high level language operating system created


Matthew Lillard - wikipedia Matthew Lillard Jump to : navigation , search Matthew Lillard Lillard at the 84th Academy Awards in 2012 Matthew Lyn Lillard ( 1970 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1970 ( age 48 ) Lansing , Michigan , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice actor , director , producer Years active 1990 -- present Spouse ( s ) Heather Helm ( m . 2000 ) Children Matthew Lyn Lillard ( born January 24 , 1970 ) is an American actor , voice actor , director , and producer . He is best known for portraying Chip in Serial Mom ( 1994 ) , Stu in Scream ( 1996 ) , Stevo in SLC Punk ! ( 1998 ) , Jerry Conlaine in Without a Paddle ( 2004 ) and Shaggy Rogers in both Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) and Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) . In animation , he has been the current voice of Shaggy since veteran actor Casey Kasem retired from the role . While much of his work is comedic in nature , Lillard has given dramatic performances in The Descendants ( 2011 ) , Trouble with the Curve ( 2012 ) and Match ( 2014 ) . He made his directorial debut with the coming - of - age drama Fat Kid Rules the World ( 2012 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Lillard was born in Lansing , Michigan , the son of Paula and Jeffrey Lillard , and grew up in Tustin , California . He has a younger sister , Amy , and attended Foothill High School in Santa Ana , California . He later attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Pasadena , California , with fellow actor Paul Rudd . He also attended Circle in the Square in New York City . Career ( edit ) Lillard at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con While still in high school , Lillard was co-host of a short - lived TV show titled SK8 - TV . After high school , he was hired as an extra in Ghoulies 3 : Ghoulies Go to College ( 1991 ) and then played in the black comedy Serial Mom in 1994 . In 1995 he was cast in five films , including Hackers , which featured a group of high school kids who thwart a multimillion - dollar corporate extortion conspiracy . In 1996 , he was cast as Stu Macher in the horror film Scream . He also played Stevo in the independent film SLC Punk ! , and supporting character Dennis Rafkin in Thirteen Ghosts . Lillard was cast as Shaggy Rogers in the 2002 live - action Scooby - Doo film , a role he later reprised in the 2004 sequel Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed . When Casey Kasem , who had voiced the character from the show 's debut in 1969 , retired due to declining health in 2009 , Lillard was chosen as his replacement and voiced Shaggy in the two subsequent animated series , Mystery Incorporated and Be Cool Scooby - Doo ! . In 2011 , Lillard guest starred on the Fox series House . In 2011 , he produced and directed his first feature film , Fat Kid Rules the World , based on the K.L. Going book of the same name . Later that year , he appeared in the comedy - drama film The Descendants . Lillard will also reprise the voice role of Shaggy in the crossover episode in the television series Supernatural in 2018 . In 2012 , Lillard guest starred in the Criminal Minds episode `` The Apprenticeship '' . The following year , he played the role of Daniel Frye on the American TV series The Bridge . In 2014 , Lillard starred as Peter in the animated film Under Wraps , alongside Brooke Shields and Drake Bell . In 2017 , Lillard was featured in Twin Peaks in a pivotal role . Personal life ( edit ) On August 12 , 2000 , Lillard married Heather Helm , with whom he has three children . They live in Los Angeles . In October 2005 , he participated in a Dungeons & Dragons tournament , against members of the Quest Club Gaming Organization , at the Magic Castle in Hollywood , California . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 Ghoulies III : Ghoulies Go to College Stork Credited as Matthew Lynn 1994 Serial Mom Chip Sutphin 1995 Animal Room Doug Van Housen Ride for Your Life Nash Mad Love Eric Webber Hackers Emmanuel `` Cereal Killer '' Goldstein Tarantella Matt Reynolds If These Walls Could Talk Abortion Protester Segment : `` 1996 '' Scream Stuart `` Stu '' Macher 1997 Scream 2 Guy at Party Uncredited 1998 The Curve Tim Jackson Senseless Tim LaFlour Telling You Adam Ginesberg Without Limits Roscoe Devine SLC Punk ! Steven `` Stevo '' Levy Mar del Plata Film Festival -- Best Actor 1999 Spanish Judges Jack Fisher She 's All That Brock Hudson Wing Commander Lt. Todd `` Maniac '' Marshall 2000 Love 's Labour 's Lost Longaville Dish Dogs Jason Finder 's Fee Fishman Triangle Square Snake Eater Summer Catch Billy Brubaker Thirteen Ghosts Dennis Rafkin 2002 Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers 2003 Looney Tunes : Back in Action Himself Cameo The Perfect Score Larry Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed Shaggy Rogers Wicker Park Luke Without a Paddle Jerry Conlaine 2005 Karas : The Prophecy Eko Voice 2006 Bickford Shmeckler 's Cool Ideas Spaceman The Groomsmen Dez Howard 2007 In the Name of the King : A Dungeon Siege Tale Duke Fallow What Love Is Sal One of Our Own Bob Also co-producer Karas : The Revelation Eko Voice 2008 Spooner Herman Spooner Also co-producer 2009 Messages Deleted Joel Brandt Osh Kosh B'Gosh : Under the Overall Lloyd B'Gosh Short film All 's Faire in Love Crocket Endless Bummer Mike Mooney Extreme Movie Himself Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo Shaggy Rogers Voice Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare 2011 Larger than Life Jack Scream 4 Guy at Stab - a-thon Uncredited Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur Shaggy Rogers / Shaky Joe Voice The Descendants Brian Speer The Pool Boys Roger 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire Shaggy Rogers Voice Home Run Showdown Joey Trouble with the Curve Philip Big Top Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers Voice Deep Dark Canyon Jack Cavanaugh Fat Kid Rules the World Guidance counselor Also director Dear Dracula Mailman Gus Voice Abominable Christmas Dogcatcher 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon Shaggy Rogers Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map Return to Nim 's Island Jack Rusoe Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright Shaggy Rogers Voice The Naughty List Tinsel National Lampoon Presents Surf Party Mooney 2014 Match Mike Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery Shaggy Rogers Voice Axel : The Biggest Little Hero Lizard King Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy Shaggy Rogers Under Wraps Peter 2015 Bloodsucking Bastards Phallicyte Executive Uncredited Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness Shaggy Rogers Voice Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery 2016 Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon 6 Love Stories Alan Mackey 2017 Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown Shaggy Rogers Voice Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash 2018 Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes SK8 - TV Himself ( host ) 13 Episodes 1994 Vanishing Son IV Dawson Television film 1997 The Devil 's Child Tim Television film 1997 Nash Bridges Brian Van Pelt Episode : `` Gun Play '' 2002 It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie Luc Fromage Television film 2005 American Dad ! Bruce Voice Episode : `` Homeland Insecurity '' 2005 , 2007 2012 , 2018 Robot Chicken Shaggy Rogers / Various Voice 5 episodes 2006 The Replacements Trevor Bodie Voice 2 episodes 2006 13 Graves Matthew McQueen Television film 2006 Eloise : The Animated Series Monsieur Ducat Voice Episode : `` Little Miss Christmas '' 2007 Area 57 Col. Steven Isaac Pilot 2008 Gary Unmarried Taylor Episode : `` Gary 's Ex-Brother - In - Law '' 2009 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Chet Episode : `` Ballerina '' 2009 Married Not Dead Rob Pilot 2010 -- 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Shaggy Rogers Voice 52 episodes 2011 House Jack Episode : `` Larger Than Life '' 2011 Generator Rex Surge Voice Episode : `` Waste Land '' 2011 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Shaggy Rogers Voice Episode : `` Bat - Mite Presents : Batman 's Strangest Cases ! '' 2011 , 2013 MAD Shaggy Rogers Voice 2 episodes 2012 Samurai ! Daycare Ned Voice 9 episodes 2012 Leverage Gabe Erickson Episode : `` The Real Fake Car Job '' 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2012 Criminal Minds David Roy Turner Episode : `` The Apprenticeship '' 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 I Am Victor Elliot Moe Pilot 2013 -- 2014 The Bridge Daniel Frye 24 episodes 2013 Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 -- 2014 Beware the Batman Dr. Jason Burr Voice 4 episodes 2014 Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2014 , 2016 The Good Wife Rowby 2 episodes 2015 State of Affairs CIA Director DD Banks 3 episodes 2015 Problem Child Ed Pilot 2015 Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2015 Scooby - Doo ! Lego Shorts Shaggy Rogers Voice Television shorts 2015 -- 2018 Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers Voice 52 episodes 2015 Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2016 Bosch Luke ' Lucky ' Rykov 5 episodes 2016 Halt and Catch Fire Ken Diebold 4 episodes 2017 All Hail King Julien Ned Voice 2 episodes 2017 Twin Peaks Bill Hastings 4 episodes 2017 Ben 10 Zack Voice 2018 Good Girls Dean Boland 2018 Supernatural Shaggy Rogers Voice Episode : `` Scoobynatural '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed -- The Video Game Shaggy Rogers Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Swamp 2014 Scooby - Doo & Looney Tunes Cartoon Universe : Adventure 2015 My Friend Scooby - Doo ! 2015 Lego Dimensions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dilworth Jr. , Joseph . `` Matthew Lillard Talks Shaggy Rogers And ' Scooby - Doo ' '' . WhatJoeWrites.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca . `` Matthew Lillard on Why ' Fat Kid Rules the World ' Is n't About Being Fat ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Outdoor Movies Take Place at Gig Harbor Film Festival in Washington '' . Open Air Cinema . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Hosts Third Annual Independent Film Festival '' . The Chronicle . Centralia , Washington . June 15 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard Biography ( 1970 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Matthew Lillard Puts His Improv Chops on Display '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kaseko , Baraka . `` Matthew Lillard teaches us how to do the voice of Shaggy from Scooby - Doo '' . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard : ' I 'm proud of Scooby - Doo movies now ' '' . October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Matthew Lillard Checks in to House '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fat Kid Rules the World on IMDb Jump up ^ `` ' The Descendants ' ( 2011 ) : Acting Credits '' . The New York Times . Baseline / All Media Guide . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out 27 Images From ' Scoobynatural ' -- The ' Supernatural ' / ' Scooby - Doo ' Crossover Event '' . sciencefiction.com . Jump up ^ `` Mattew Lillard Biography '' . Biography.com . A&E . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madler , Mark R. ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` Here there be dragons '' . Burbank Leader . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard Plays Dungeons & Dragons '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matthew Lillard . Matthew Lillard on IMDb `` Episode # 5177 : Matthew Lillard , Thetoiletonline.com , LAN Party '' . Attack of the Show . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . VIAF : 100861230 LCCN : no98014507 ISNI : 0000 0001 1453 5186 GND : 141222247 SUDOC : 077719824 BNF : cb144483120 ( data ) NKC : xx0102161 BNE : XX1689778 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Lillard&oldid=838548420 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni American male stage actors American film directors American male film actors American male video game actors American male voice actors Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni Fullerton College alumni Male actors from Lansing , Michigan Male actors from Orange County , California People from Tustin , California Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 22 . 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Question: who played shaggy in the new scooby doo movie