IP multimedia subsystem - wikipedia IP multimedia subsystem Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article uses abbreviations that may be confusing or ambiguous . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . Please improve this article if you can . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The IP Multimedia Subsystem or IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem ( IMS ) is an architectural framework for delivering IP multimedia services . Historically , mobile phones have provided voice call services over a circuit - switched - style network , rather than strictly over an IP packet - switched network . Alternative methods of delivering voice ( VoIP ) or other multimedia services have become available on smartphones , but they have not become standardized across the industry . IMS is an architectural framework to provide such standardization . IMS was originally designed by the wireless standards body 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP ) , as a part of the vision for evolving mobile networks beyond GSM . Its original formulation ( 3GPP Rel - 5 ) represented an approach to delivering `` Internet services '' over GPRS . This vision was later updated by 3GPP , 3GPP2 and ETSI TISPAN by requiring support of networks other than GPRS , such as Wireless LAN , CDMA2000 and fixed lines . To ease the integration with the Internet , IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible , e.g. , SIP ( Session Initiation Protocol ) . According to the 3GPP , IMS is not intended to standardize applications , but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals , i.e. , to create a form of fixed - mobile convergence ( FMC ) . This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer . From a logical architecture perspective , services need not have their own control functions , as the control layer is a common horizontal layer . However , in implementation this does not necessarily map into greater reduced cost and complexity . Alternative and overlapping technologies for access and provisioning of services across wired and wireless networks include combinations of Generic Access Network , soft switches and `` naked '' SIP . Since it is becoming increasingly easier to access content and contacts using mechanisms outside the control of traditional wireless / fixed operators , the interest of IMS is being challenged . Examples of global standards based on IMS are MMTel which is the basis for Voice over LTE ( VoLTE ) and Rich Communication Services ( RCS ) which is also known as joyn or Advanced Messaging . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Architecture 2.1 Access network 2.2 Core network 2.2. 1 CSCF -- Call Session Control Function 2.2. 2 Application servers 2.2. 2.1 Functional model 2.2. 2.2 Public Service Identity 2.2. 3 Media servers 2.2. 4 Breakout gateway 2.2. 5 PSTN gateways 2.2. 6 Media resources 2.3 NGN interconnection 2.4 Charging 2.5 IMS - Based PES Architecture 2.6 Interfaces description 3 Session handling 3.1 Initial filter criteria 4 Security aspects of early IMS and non-3GPP systems 5 See also 6 References 7 Books 8 External links History ( edit ) IMS defined by an industry forum called 3G. IP , formed in 1999 . 3G. IP developed the initial IMS architecture , which was brought to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP ) , as part of their standardization work for 3G mobile phone systems in UMTS networks . It first appeared in Release 5 ( evolution from 2G to 3G networks ) , when SIP - based multimedia was added . Support for the older GSM and GPRS networks was also provided . 3GPP2 ( a different organization from 3GPP ) based their CDMA2000 Multimedia Domain ( MMD ) on 3GPP IMS , adding support for CDMA2000 . 3GPP release 6 added interworking with WLAN , inter-operability between IMS using different IP - connectivity networks , routing group identities , multiple registration and forking , presence , speech recognition and speech - enabled services ( Push to talk ) . 3GPP release 7 added support for fixed networks by working together with TISPAN release R1. 1 , the function of AGCF ( access gateway control function ) and PES ( PSTN emulation service ) are introduced to the wire - line network for the sake of inheritance of services which can be provided in PSTN network . AGCF works as a bridge interconnecting the IMS networks and the Megaco / H. 248 networks . Megaco / H. 248 networks offers the possibility to connect terminals of the old legacy networks to the new generation of networks based on IP networks . AGCF acts a SIP User agent towards the IMS and performs the role of P - CSCF . SIP User Agent functionality is included in the AGCF , and not on the customer device but in the network itself . Also added voice call continuity between circuit switching and packet switching domain ( VCC ) , fixed broadband connection to the IMS , interworking with non-IMS networks , policy and charging control ( PCC ) , emergency sessions . 3GPP release 8 added support for LTE / SAE , multimedia session continuity , enhanced emergency sessions and IMS centralized services . 3GPP release 9 added support for IMS emergency calls over GPRS and EPS , enhancements to multimedia telephony , IMS media plane security , enhancements to services centralization and continuity . 3GPP release 10 added support for inter device transfer , enhancements to the single radio voice call continuity ( SRVCC ) , enhancements to IMS emergency sessions . 3GPP release 11 added USSD simulation service , network - provided location information for IMS , SMS submit and delivery without MSISDN in IMS , and overload control . Architecture ( edit ) 3GPP / TISPAN IMS architectural overview 3GPP / TISPAN IMS architectural overview -- HSS in IMS layer ( as by standard ) Each of the functions in the diagram is explained below . The IP multimedia core network subsystem is a collection of different functions , linked by standardized interfaces , which grouped form one IMS administrative network . A function is not a node ( hardware box ) : An implementer is free to combine two functions in one node , or to split a single function into two or more nodes . Each node can also be present multiple times in a single network , for dimensioning , load balancing or organizational issues . Access network ( edit ) The user can connect to IMS in various ways , most of which use the standard IP . IMS terminals ( such as mobile phones , personal digital assistants ( PDAs ) and computers ) can register directly on IMS , even when they are roaming in another network or country ( the visited network ) . The only requirement is that they can use IP and run SIP user agents . Fixed access ( e.g. , Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) , cable modems , Ethernet ) , mobile access ( e.g. W - CDMA , CDMA2000 , GSM , GPRS ) and wireless access ( e.g. , WLAN , WiMAX ) are all supported . Other phone systems like plain old telephone service ( POTS -- the old analogue telephones ) , H. 323 and non IMS - compatible systems , are supported through gateways . Core network ( edit ) HSS -- Home subscriber server : The home subscriber server ( HSS ) , or user profile server function ( UPSF ) , is a master user database that supports the IMS network entities that actually handle calls . It contains the subscription - related information ( subscriber profiles ) , performs authentication and authorization of the user , and can provide information about the subscriber 's location and IP information . It is similar to the GSM home location register ( HLR ) and Authentication centre ( AuC ) . A subscriber location function ( SLF ) is needed to map user addresses when multiple HSSs are used . User identities : Various identities may be associated with IMS : IP multimedia private identity ( IMPI ) , IP multimedia public identity ( IMPU ) , globally routable user agent URI ( GRUU ) , wildcarded public user identity . Both IMPI and IMPU are not phone numbers or other series of digits , but uniform resource identifier ( URIs ) , that can be digits ( a Tel URI , such as tel : + 1 - 555 - 123 - 4567 ) or alphanumeric identifiers ( a SIP URI , such as sip : john.doe@example.com '' ) . IP Multimedia Private Identity : The IP Multimedia Private Identity ( IMPI ) is a unique permanently allocated global identity assigned by the home network operator , it has the form of an Network Access Identifier ( NAI ) i.e. user.name@domain , and is used , for example , for Registration , Authorization , Administration , and Accounting purposes . Every IMS user shall have one IMPI . IP Multimedia Public Identity : The IP Multimedia Public Identity ( IMPU ) is used by any user for requesting communications to other users ( e.g. this might be included on a business card ) . Also known as Address of Record ( AOR ) . There can be multiple IMPU per IMPI . The IMPU can also be shared with another phone , so that both can be reached with the same identity ( for example , a single phone - number for an entire family ) . Globally Routable User Agent URI : Globally Routable User Agent URI ( GRUU ) is an identity that identifies a unique combination of IMPU and UE instance . There are two types of GRUU : Public - GRUU ( P - GRUU ) and Temporary GRUU ( T - GRUU ) . P - GRUU reveal the IMPU and are very long lived . T - GRUU do not reveal the IMPU and are valid until the contact is explicitly de-registered or the current registration expires Wildcarded Public User Identity : A wildcarded Public User Identity expresses a set of IMPU grouped together . The HSS subscriber database contains the IMPU , IMPI , IMSI , MSISDN , subscriber service profiles , service triggers , and other information . CSCF -- call session control function ( edit ) Several roles of SIP servers or proxies , collectively called Call Session Control Function ( CSCF ) , are used to process SIP signalling packets in the IMS . A Proxy - CSCF ( P - CSCF ) is a SIP proxy that is the first point of contact for the IMS terminal . It can be located either in the visited network ( in full IMS networks ) or in the home network ( when the visited network is not IMS compliant yet ) . Some networks may use a Session Border Controller ( SBC ) for this function . The P - CSCF is at its core a specialized SBC for the User -- network interface which not only protects the network , but also the IMS terminal . The use of an additional SBC between the IMS terminal and the P - CSCF is unnecessary and infeasible due to the signaling being encrypted on this leg . The terminal discovers its P - CSCF with either DHCP , or it may be configured ( e.g. during initial provisioning or via a 3GPP IMS Management Object ( MO ) ) or in the ISIM or assigned in the PDP Context ( in General Packet Radio Service ( GPRS ) ) . It is assigned to an IMS terminal before registration , and does not change for the duration of the registration . It sits on the path of all signalling , and can inspect every signal ; the IMS terminal must ignore any other unencrypted signalling . It provides subscriber authentication and may establish an IPsec or TLS security association with the IMS terminal . This prevents spoofing attacks and replay attacks and protects the privacy of the subscriber . It inspects the signaling and ensures that the IMS terminals do not misbehave ( e.g. change normal signaling routes , do not obey home network 's routing policy ) . It can compress and decompress SIP messages using SigComp , which reduces the round - trip over slow radio links . It may include a Policy Decision Function ( PDF ) , which authorizes media plane resources e.g. , quality of service ( QoS ) over the media plane . It is used for policy control , bandwidth management , etc . The PDF can also be a separate function . It also generates charging records . An Interrogating - CSCF ( I - CSCF ) is another SIP function located at the edge of an administrative domain . Its IP address is published in the Domain Name System ( DNS ) of the domain ( using NAPTR and SRV type of DNS records ) , so that remote servers can find it , and use it as a forwarding point ( e.g. , registering ) for SIP packets to this domain . it queries the HSS to retrieve the address of the S - CSCF and assign it to a user performing SIP registration it also forwards SIP request or response to the S - CSCF Up to Release 6 it can also be used to hide the internal network from the outside world ( encrypting parts of the SIP message ) , in which case it 's called a Topology Hiding Inter-network Gateway ( THIG ) . From Release 7 onwards this `` entry point '' function is removed from the I - CSCF and is now part of the Interconnection Border Control Function ( IBCF ) . The IBCF is used as gateway to external networks , and provides NAT and firewall functions ( pinholing ) . The IBCF is a session border controller specialized for the network - to - network interface ( NNI ) . A Serving - CSCF ( S - CSCF ) is the central node of the signalling plane . It is a SIP server , but performs session control too . It is always located in the home network . It uses Diameter Cx and Dx interfaces to the HSS to download user profiles and upload user - to - S - CSCF associations ( the user profile is only cached locally for processing reasons only and is not changed ) . All necessary subscriber profile information is loaded from the HSS . it handles SIP registrations , which allows it to bind the user location ( e.g. , the IP address of the terminal ) and the SIP address it sits on the path of all signaling messages of the locally registered users , and can inspect every message it decides to which application server ( s ) the SIP message will be forwarded , in order to provide their services it provides routing services , typically using Electronic Numbering ( ENUM ) lookups it enforces the policy of the network operator there can be multiple S - CSCFs in the network for load distribution and high availability reasons . It 's the HSS that assigns the S - CSCF to a user , when it 's queried by the I - CSCF . There are multiple options for this purpose , including a mandatory / optional capabilities to be matched between subscribers and S - CSCFs . Application servers ( edit ) See also : Next generation network services SIP Application servers ( AS ) host and execute services , and interface with the S - CSCF using SIP . An example of an application server that is being developed in 3GPP is the Voice call continuity Function ( VCC Server ) . Depending on the actual service , the AS can operate in SIP proxy mode , SIP UA ( user agent ) mode or SIP B2BUA mode . An AS can be located in the home network or in an external third - party network . If located in the home network , it can query the HSS with the Diameter Sh or Si interfaces ( for a SIP - AS ) . SIP AS : Host and execute IMS specific services IP Multimedia Service Switching Function ( IM - SSF ) : Interfaces SIP to CAP to communicate with CAMEL Application Servers OSA service capability server ( OSA SCS ) : Interfaces SIP to the OSA framework ; Functional model ( edit ) The AS - ILCM ( Application Server - Incoming Leg Control Model ) and AS - OLCM ( Application Sever - Outgoing Leg Control Model ) store transaction state , and may optionally store session state depending on the specific service being executed . The AS - ILCM interfaces to the S - CSCF ( ILCM ) for an incoming leg and the AS - OLCM interfaces to the S - CSCF ( OLCM ) for an outgoing leg . Application Logic provides the service ( s ) and interacts between the AS - ILCM and AS - OLCM . Public service identity ( edit ) Public Service Identities ( PSI ) are identities that identify services , which are hosted by application servers . As user identities , PSI takes the form of either a SIP or Tel URI . PSIs are stored in the HSS either as a distinct PSI or as a wildcarded PSI : a distinct PSI contains the PSI that is used in routing a wildcarded PSI represents a collection of PSIs . Media servers ( edit ) The Media Resource Function ( MRF ) provides media related functions such as media manipulation ( e.g. voice stream mixing ) and playing of tones and announcements . Each MRF is further divided into a media resource function controller ( MRFC ) and a media resource function processor ( MRFP ) . The MRFC is a signalling plane node that interprets information coming from an AS and S - CSCF to control the MRFP The MRFP is a media plane node used to mix , source or process media streams . It can also manage access right to shared resources . The Media Resource Broker ( MRB ) is a functional entity that is responsible for both collection of appropriate published MRF information and supplying of appropriate MRF information to consuming entities such as the AS . MRB can be used in two modes : Query mode : AS queries the MRB for media and sets up the call using the response of MRB In - Line Mode : AS sends a SIP INVITE to the MRB . The MRB sets up the call Breakout gateway ( edit ) A Breakout Gateway Control Function ( BGCF ) is a SIP proxy which processes requests for routing from an S - CSCF when the S - CSCF has determined that the session can not be routed using DNS or ENUM / DNS . It includes routing functionality based on telephone numbers . PSTN gateways ( edit ) A PSTN / CS gateway interfaces with PSTN circuit switched ( CS ) networks . For signalling , CS networks use ISDN User Part ( ISUP ) ( or BICC ) over Message Transfer Part ( MTP ) , while IMS uses SIP over IP . For media , CS networks use Pulse - code modulation ( PCM ) , while IMS uses Real - time Transport Protocol ( RTP ) . A signalling gateway ( SGW ) interfaces with the signalling plane of the CS . It transforms lower layer protocols as Stream Control Transmission Protocol ( SCTP , an IP protocol ) into Message Transfer Part ( MTP , an Signalling System 7 ( SS7 ) protocol ) , to pass ISDN User Part ( ISUP ) from the MGCF to the CS network . A media gateway controller function ( MGCF ) is a SIP endpoint that does call control protocol conversion between SIP and ISUP / BICC and interfaces with the SGW over SCTP . It also controls the resources in a Media Gateway ( MGW ) across an H. 248 interface . A media gateway ( MGW ) interfaces with the media plane of the CS network , by converting between RTP and PCM . It can also transcode when the codecs do n't match ( e.g. , IMS might use AMR , PSTN might use G. 711 ) . Media resources ( edit ) Media Resources are those components that operate on the media plane and are under the control of IMS core functions . Specifically , Media Server ( MS ) and Media gateway ( MGW ) NGN interconnection ( edit ) There are two types of next - generation networking interconnection : Service - oriented interconnection ( SoIx ) : The physical and logical linking of NGN domains that allows carriers and service providers to offer services over NGN ( i.e. , IMS and PES ) platforms with control , signalling ( i.e. , session based ) , which provides defined levels of interoperability . For instance , this is the case of `` carrier grade '' voice and / or multimedia services over IP interconnection . `` Defined levels of interoperability '' are dependent upon the service or the QoS or the Security , etc . Connectivity - oriented interconnection ( CoIx ) : The physical and logical linking of carriers and service providers based on simple IP connectivity irrespective of the levels of interoperability . For example , an IP interconnection of this type is not aware of the specific end to end service and , as a consequence , service specific network performance , QoS and security requirements are not necessarily assured . This definition does not exclude that some services may provide a defined level of interoperability . However , only SoIx fully satisfies NGN interoperability requirements . An NGN interconnection mode can be direct or indirect . Direct interconnection refers to the interconnection between two network domains without any intermediate network domain . Indirect interconnection at one layer refers to the interconnection between two network domains with one or more intermediate network domain ( s ) acting as transit networks . The intermediate network domain ( s ) provide ( s ) transit functionality to the two other network domains . Different interconnection modes may be used for carrying service layer signalling and media traffic . Charging ( edit ) Offline charging is applied to users who pay for their services periodically ( e.g. , at the end of the month ) . Online charging , also known as credit - based charging , is used for prepaid services , or real - time credit control of postpaid services . Both may be applied to the same session . Charging function addresses are addresses distributed to each IMS entities and provide a common location for each entity to send charging information . charging data function ( CDF ) addresses are used for offline billing and Online Charging Function ( OCF ) for online billing . Offline Charging : All the SIP network entities ( P - CSCF , I - CSCF , S - CSCF , BGCF , MRFC , MGCF , AS ) involved in the session use the Diameter Rf interface to send accounting information to a CDF located in the same domain . The CDF will collect all this information , and build a call detail record ( CDR ) , which is sent to the billing system ( BS ) of the domain . Each session carries an IMS Charging Identifier ( ICID ) as a unique identifier generated by the first IMS entity involved in a SIP transaction and used for the correlation with CDRs . Inter Operator Identifier ( IOI ) is a globally unique identifier shared between sending and receiving networks . Each domain has its own charging network . Billing systems in different domains will also exchange information , so that roaming charges can be applied . Online charging : The S - CSCF talks to a IMS gateway function ( IMS - GWF ) which looks like a regular SIP application server . The IMS - GWF can signal the S - CSCF to terminate the session when the user runs out of credits during a session . The AS and MRFC use the Diameter Ro interface towards an OCF . When immediate event charging ( IEC ) is used , a number of credit units is immediately deducted from the user 's account by the ECF and the MRFC or AS is then authorized to provide the service . The service is not authorized when not enough credit units are available . When event charging with unit reservation ( ECUR ) is used , the ECF ( event charging function ) first reserves a number of credit units in the user 's account and then authorizes the MRFC or the AS . After the service is over , the number of spent credit units is reported and deducted from the account ; the reserved credit units are then cleared . IMS - based PES architecture ( edit ) IMS - based PES ( PSTN Emulation System ) provides IP networks services to analog devices . IMS - based PES allows non-IMS devices to appear to IMS as normal SIP users . Analog terminal using standard analog interfaces can connect to IMS - based PES in two ways - Via A-MGW ( Access Media Gateway ) that is linked and controlled by AGCF . AGCF is placed within the Operators network and controls multiple A-MGW . A-MGW and AGCF communicate using H. 248. 1 ( Megaco ) over the P1 reference point . POTS phone connect to A-MGW over the z interface . The signalling is converted to H. 248 in the A-MGW and passed to AGCF . AGCF interprets the H. 248 signal and other inputs from the A-MGW to format H. 248 messages into appropriate SIP messages . AGCF presents itself as P - CSCF to the S - CSCF and passes generated SIP messages to S - CSCF or to IP border via IBCF ( Interconnection Border Control Function ) . Service presented to S - CSCF in SIP messages trigger PES AS . AGCF has also certain service independent logic , for example on receipt of off - hook event from A-MGW , the AGCF requests the A-MGW to play dial tone . Via VGW ( VoIP - Gateway ) or SIP Gateway / Adapter on customer premises . POTS phones via VOIP Gateway connect to P - CSCF directly . Operators mostly use session border controllers between VoIP gateways and P - CSCFs for security and to hide network topology . VoIP gateway link to IMS using SIP over Gm reference point . The conversion from POTS service over the z interface to SIP occurs in the customer premises VoIP gateway . POTS signaling is converted to SIP and passed on to P - CSCF . VGW acts as SIP user agent and appears to P - CSCF as SIP terminal . Both A-MGW and VGW are unaware of the services . They only relay call control signalling to and from the PSTN terminal . Session control and handling is done by IMS components . Interfaces description ( edit ) TISPAN IMS architecture with interfaces Interface name IMS entities Description Protocol Technical specification Cr MRFC , AS Used by MRFC to fetch documents ( e.g. scripts , announcement files , and other resources ) from an AS . Also used for media control related commands . TCP / SCTP channels Cx ( I - CSCF , S - CSCF ) , HSS Used to send subscriber data to the S - CSCF ; including filter criteria and their priority . Also used to furnish CDF and / or OCF addresses . Diameter TS29. 229 , TS29. 212 Dh AS ( SIP AS , OSA , IM - SSF ) < - > SLF Used by AS to find the HSS holding the user profile information in a multi-HSS environment . DH_SLF_QUERY indicates an IMPU and DX_SLF_RESP return the HSS name . Diameter Dx ( I - CSCF or S - CSCF ) < - > SLF Used by I - CSCF or S - CSCF to find a correct HSS in a multi-HSS environment . DX_SLF_QUERY indicates an IMPU and DX_SLF_RESP return the HSS name . Diameter TS29. 229 , TS29. 212 Gm UE , P - CSCF Used to exchange messages between SIP user equipment ( UE ) or Voip gateway and P - CSCF SIP Go PDF , GGSN Allows operators to control QoS in a user plane and exchange charging correlation information between IMS and GPRS network COPS ( Rel5 ) , diameter ( Rel6+ ) Gq P - CSCF , PDF Used to exchange policy decisions - related information between P - CSCF and PDF Diameter Gx PCEF , PCRF Used to exchange policy decisions - related information between PCEF and PCRF Diameter TS29. 211 , TS29. 212 Gy PCEF , OCS Used for online flow - based bearer charging . Functionally equivalent to Ro interface Diameter TS23. 203 , TS32. 299 ISC S - CSCF < - > AS Reference point between S - CSCF and AS . Main functions are to : Notify the AS of the registered IMPU , registration state and UE capabilities Supply the AS with information to allow it to execute multiple services Convey charging function addresses SIP Ici IBCFs Used to exchange messages between an IBCF and another IBCF belonging to a different IMS network . SIP Izi TrGWs Used to forward media streams from a TrGW to another TrGW belonging to a different IMS network . RTP Ma I - CSCF < - > AS Main functions are to : Forward SIP requests which are destined to a public service identity hosted by the AS Originate a session on behalf of a user or public service identity , if the AS has no knowledge of a S - CSCF assigned to that user or public service identity Convey charging function addresses SIP Mg MGCF - > I , S - CSCF ISUP signalling to SIP signalling and forwards SIP signalling to I - CSCF SIP Mi S - CSCF - > BGCF Used to exchange messages between S - CSCF and BGCF SIP Mj BGCF - > MGCF Used for the interworking with the PSTN / CS domain , when the BGCF has determined that a breakout should occur in the same IMS network to send SIP message from BGCF to MGCF SIP Mk BGCF - > BGCF Used for the interworking with the PSTN / CS domain , when the BGCF has determined that a breakout should occur in another IMS network to send SIP message from BGCF to the BGCF in the other network SIP Mm I - CSCF , S - CSCF , external IP network Used for exchanging messages between IMS and external IP networks SIP Mn MGCF , IM - MGW Allows control of user - plane resources H. 248 Mp MRFC , MRFP Allows an MRFC to control media stream resources provided by an MRFP . H. 248 Mr Mr ' S - CSCF , MRFC AS , MRFC Used to exchange information between S - CSCF and MRFC Used to exchange session controls between AS and MRFC Application server sends SIP message to MRFC to play tone and announcement . This SIP message contains sufficient information to play tone and announcement or provide information to MRFC , so that it can ask more information from application server through Cr Interface . SIP Mw P - CSCF , I - CSCF , S - CSCF , AGCF Used to exchange messages between CSCFs . AGCF appears as a P - CSCF to the other CSCFs SIP Mx BGCF / CSCF , IBCF Used for the interworking with another IMS network , when the BGCF has determined that a breakout should occur in the other IMS network to send SIP message from BGCF to the IBCF in the other network SIP P1 AGCF , A-MGW Used for call control services by AGCF to control H. 248 A-MGW and residential gateways H. 248 P2 AGCF , CSCF Reference point between AGCF and CSCF . SIP Rc MRB , AS Used by the AS to request that media resources be assigned to a call when using MRB in - line mode or in query mode SIP , in query mode ( not specified ) Rf P - CSCF , I - CSCF , S - CSCF , BGCF , MRFC , MGCF , AS Used to exchange offline charging information with CDF Diameter TS32. 299 Ro AS , MRFC , S - CSCF Used to exchange online charging information with OCF Diameter TS32. 299 Rx P - CSCF , PCRF Used to exchange policy and charging related information between P - CSCF and PCRF Replacement for the Gq reference point . Diameter TS29. 214 Sh AS ( SIP AS , OSA SCS ) , HSS Used to exchange User Profile information ( e.g. , user - related data , group lists , user - service - related information or user location information or charging function addresses ( used when the AS has not received the third - party REGISTER for a user ) ) between an AS ( SIP AS or OSA SCS ) and HSS . Also allow AS to activate / deactivate filter criteria stored in the HSS on a per - subscriber basis Diameter Si IM - SSF , HSS Transports CAMEL subscription information , including triggers for use by CAMEL - based application services information . MAP Sr MRFC , AS Used by MRFC to fetch documents ( scripts and other resources ) from an AS HTTP Ut UE and SIP AS ( SIP AS , OSA SCS , IM - SSF ) PES AS and AGCF Facilitates the management of subscriber information related to services and settings HTTP ( s ) , XCAP z POTS , Analog phones and VoIP gateways Conversion of POTS services to SIP messages Session handling ( edit ) One of the most important features of IMS , that of allowing for a SIP application to be dynamically and differentially ( based on the user 's profile ) triggered , is implemented as a filter - and - redirect signalling mechanism in the S - CSCF . The S - CSCF might apply filter criteria to determine the need to forward SIP requests to AS . It is important to note that services for the originating party will be applied in the originating network , while the services for the terminating party will be applied in the terminating network , all in the respective S - CSCFs . Initial filter criteria ( edit ) An initial filter criteria ( iFC ) is an XML - based format used for describing control logic . iFCs represent a provisioned subscription of a user to an application . They are stored in the HSS as part of the IMS Subscription Profile and are downloaded to the S - CSCF upon user registration ( for registered users ) or on processing demand ( for services , acting as unregistered users ) . iFCs are valid throughout the registration lifetime or until the User Profile is changed . The iFC is composed of : Priority - determines the order of checking the trigger . Trigger point - logical condition ( s ) which is verified against initial dialog creating SIP requests or stand - alone SIP requests . Application server URI - specifies the application server to be forwarded to when the trigger point matches . There are two types of iFCs : Shared - When provisioning , only a reference number ( the shared iFC number ) is assigned to the subscriber . During registration , only the number is sent to the CSCF , not the entire XML description . The complete XML will have previously been stored on the CSCF . Non-shared - when provisioning , the entire XML description of the iFC is assigned to the subscriber . During registration , the entire XML description is sent to the CSCF . Security aspects of early IMS and non-3gpp systems ( edit ) It is envisaged that security defined in TS 33.203 may not be available for a while especially because of the lack of USIM / ISIM interfaces and prevalence of devices that support IPv4 . For this situation , to provide some protection against the most significant threats , 3GPP defines some security mechanisms , which are informally known as `` early IMS security , '' in TR33. 978 . This mechanism relies on the authentication performed during the network attachment procedures , which binds between the user 's profile and its IP address . This mechanism is also weak because the signaling is not protected on the user -- network interface . CableLabs in PacketCable 2.0 , which adopted also the IMS architecture but has no USIM / ISIM capabilities in their terminals , published deltas to the 3GPP specifications where the Digest - MD5 is a valid authentication option . Later on , TISPAN also did a similar effort given their fixed networks scopes , although the procedures are different . To compensate for the lack of IPsec capabilities , TLS has been added as an option for securing the Gm interface . Later 3GPP Releases have included the Digest - MD5 method , towards a Common - IMS platform , yet in its own and again different approach . Although all 3 variants of Digest - MD5 authentication have the same functionality and are the same from the IMS terminal 's perspective , the implementations on the Cx interface between the S - CSCF and the HSS are different . See also ( edit ) 4G Image share OMA Instant Messaging and Presence Service IP connectivity access network Mobile broadband Mobile VoIP Peer - to - peer video sharing Service capability interaction manager SIMPLE SIP extensions for the IP multimedia subsystem Softswitch Text over IP Ultra Mobile Broadband Video share Voice call continuity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects ( 2006 ) , IP Multimedia Subsystem ( IMS ) , Stage 2 , TS 23.228 , 3rd Generation Partnership Project Jump up ^ Alexander Harrowell , Staff Writer ( October 2006 ) , A Pointless Multimedia Subsystem ? , Mobile Communications International , archived from the original on September 2010 Jump up ^ `` 3GPP Release Descriptions '' . 3GPP . Jump up ^ 3GPP , 23.228 . `` 3GPP Stage 2 Specifications '' . Jump up ^ 3GPP , 29.228 . `` 3GPP Stage 2 Specifications '' . Books ( edit ) Camarillo , Gonzalo ; García - Martín , Miguel A. ( 2007 ) . The 3G IP multimedia subsystem ( IMS ) : Merging the Internet and the Cellular Worlds ( 2 ed . ) . Chichester ( u.a. ) : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 01818 - 6 . Poikselkä , Miikka ( 2007 ) . The IMS : IP multimedia concepts and services ( 2 ed . ) . Chichester ( u.a. ) : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 01906 - 9 . Syed A. Ahson , Mohammed Ilyas , ed. ( 2009 ) . IP multimedia subsystem ( IMS ) handbook . Boca Raton : CRC Press . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 6459 - 2 . Wuthnow , Mark ; Stafford , Matthew ; Shih , Jerry ( 2010 ) . IMS : A New Model for Blending Applications . Boca Raton : CRC Press . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 9285 - 5 . External links ( edit ) A decent IMS tutorial IMS multi-page tutorial IMS Call Flows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IP_Multimedia_Subsystem&oldid=806602836 '' Categories : Audio network protocols Emerging standards LTE ( telecommunication ) Mobile technology Mobile telecommunications Mobile telecommunications standards Multimedia Network architecture Telecommunications Telecommunications infrastructure Videotelephony Voice over IP Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that are too technical from December 2010 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from December 2010 All articles needing expert attention Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2011 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 01 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: what does sip stand for in the ngn / ims context


Penicillin - Wikipedia Penicillin Jump to : navigation , search For the Japanese band , see Penicillin ( band ) . Penicillin Penicillin core structure , where `` R '' is the variable group Clinical data AHFS / Drugs.com Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information Pregnancy category US : B ( No risk in non-human studies ) Routes of administration Intravenous , intramuscular , by mouth Legal status Legal status In general : ℞ ( Prescription only ) Pharmacokinetic data Metabolism liver Biological half - life between 0.5 and 56 hours Excretion Kidneys Identifiers ChemSpider none Chemical and physical data Formula C H N O S Molar mass 243.26 g mol Penicillin ( PCN or pen ) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G ( intravenous use ) , penicillin V ( use by mouth ) , procaine penicillin , and benzathine penicillin ( intramuscular use ) . Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci . They are still widely used today , though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use . About 10 % of people report that they are allergic to penicillin ; however , up to 90 % of this group may not actually be allergic . Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03 % . All penicillins are β - lactam antibiotics . Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming . People began using it to treat infections in 1942 . There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria ; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins , aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins . They are derived from Penicillium fungi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Susceptibility 2 Side effects 3 Mechanism of action 4 Structure 5 History 5.1 Discovery 5.2 Medical application 5.3 Mass production 5.4 Structure determination and total synthesis 5.5 Developments from penicillin 6 Production 6.1 Biosynthesis 7 Members 7.1 Natural penicillins 7.2 β - lactamase - resistant 7.3 Aminopenicillins 7.4 Carboxypenicillins 7.5 Ureidopenicillins 7.6 β - lactamase inhibitors 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Medical uses ( edit ) The term `` penicillin '' is often used generically to refer to benzylpenicillin ( penicillin G , the original penicillin found in 1928 ) , procaine benzylpenicillin ( procaine penicillin ) , benzathine benzylpenicillin ( benzathine penicillin ) , and phenoxymethylpenicillin ( penicillin V ) . Procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin have the same antibacterial activity as benzylpenicillin but act for a longer period of time . Phenoxymethylpenicillin is less active against gram - negative bacteria than benzylpenicillin . Benzylpenicillin , procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin can be given by intravenous or intramuscular injections , but phenoxymethylpenicillin can be given by mouth because of its acidic stability . Susceptibility ( edit ) While the number of penicillin - resistant bacteria is increasing , penicillin can still be used to treat a wide range of infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria , including Streptococci , Staphylococci , Clostridium , and Listeria genera . The following list illustrates minimum inhibitory concentration susceptibility data for a few medically significant bacteria : Listeria monocytogenes : from less than or equal to 0.06 μg / ml to 0.25 μg / ml Neisseria meningitidis : from less than or equal to 0.03 μg / ml to 0.5 μg / ml Staphylococcus aureus : from less than or equal to 0.015 μg / ml to more than 32 μg / ml Side effects ( edit ) Main article : Side effects of penicillin Common ( ≥ 1 % of people ) adverse drug reactions associated with use of the penicillins include diarrhoea , hypersensitivity , nausea , rash , neurotoxicity , urticaria , and superinfection ( including candidiasis ) . Infrequent adverse effects ( 0.1 -- 1 % of people ) include fever , vomiting , erythema , dermatitis , angioedema , seizures ( especially in people with epilepsy ) , and pseudomembranous colitis . Penicillin can also induce serum sickness or a serum sickness - like reaction in some individuals . Serum sickness is a type III hypersensitivity reaction that occurs one to three weeks after exposure to drugs including penicillin . It is not a true drug allergy , because allergies are type I hypersensitivity reactions , but repeated exposure to the offending agent can result in an anaphylactic reaction . Anaphylaxis will occur in approximately 0.01 % of patients . Pain and inflammation at the injection site is also common for parenterally administered benzathine benzylpenicillin , benzylpenicillin , and , to a lesser extent , procaine benzylpenicillin . Mechanism of action ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Beta - lactam antibiotic Bacteria that attempt to grow and divide in the presence of penicillin fail to do so , and instead end up shedding their cell walls . Penicillin and other β - lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting penicillin - binding proteins , which normally catalyze cross-linking of bacterial cell walls . Bacteria constantly remodel their peptidoglycan cell walls , simultaneously building and breaking down portions of the cell wall as they grow and divide . β - Lactam antibiotics inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall ; this is achieved through binding of the four - membered β - lactam ring of penicillin to the enzyme DD - transpeptidase . As a consequence , DD - transpeptidase can not catalyze formation of these cross-links , and an imbalance between cell wall production and degradation develops , causing the cell to rapidly die . The enzymes that hydrolyze the peptidoglycan cross-links continue to function , even while those that form such cross-links do not . This weakens the cell wall of the bacterium , and osmotic pressure becomes increasingly uncompensated -- eventually causing cell death ( cytolysis ) . In addition , the build - up of peptidoglycan precursors triggers the activation of bacterial cell wall hydrolases and autolysins , which further digest the cell wall 's peptidoglycans . The small size of the penicillins increases their potency , by allowing them to penetrate the entire depth of the cell wall . This is in contrast to the glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin , which are both much larger than the penicillins . Gram - positive bacteria are called protoplasts when they lose their cell walls . Gram - negative bacteria do not lose their cell walls completely and are called spheroplasts after treatment with penicillin . Penicillin shows a synergistic effect with aminoglycosides , since the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis allows aminoglycosides to penetrate the bacterial cell wall more easily , allowing their disruption of bacterial protein synthesis within the cell . This results in a lowered MBC for susceptible organisms . Penicillins , like other β - lactam antibiotics , block not only the division of bacteria , including cyanobacteria , but also the division of cyanelles , the photosynthetic organelles of the glaucophytes , and the division of chloroplasts of bryophytes . In contrast , they have no effect on the plastids of the highly developed vascular plants . This supports the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of plastid division in land plants . The chemical structure of penicillin is triggered with a very precise , pH - dependent directed mechanism , effected by a unique spatial assembly of molecular components , which can activate by protonation . It can travel through bodily fluids , targeting and inactivating enzymes responsible for cell - wall synthesis in gram - positive bacteria , meanwhile avoiding the surrounding non-targets . Penicillin can protect itself from spontaneous hydrolysis in the body in its anionic form , while storing its potential as a strong acylating agent , activated only upon approach to the target transpeptidase enzyme and protonated in the active centre . This targeted protonation neutralizes the carboxylic acid moiety , which is weakening of the β - lactam ring N -- C ( = O ) bond , resulting in a self - activation . Specific structural requirements are equated to constructing the perfect mouse trap for catching targeted prey . Structure ( edit ) Chemical structure of Penicillin G . The sulfur and nitrogen of the five - membered thiazolidine ring are shown in yellow and blue respectively . The image shows that the thiazolidine ring and fused four - membered β - lactam are not in the same plane . The term `` penam '' is used to describe the common core skeleton of a member of the penicillins . This core has the molecular formula R-C H N O S , where R is the variable side chain that differentiates the penicillins from one another . The penam core has a molar mass of 243 g / mol , with larger penicillins having molar mass near 450 -- for example , cloxacillin has a molar mass of 436 g / mol . The key structural feature of the penicillins is the four - membered β - lactam ring ; this structural moiety is essential for penicillin 's antibacterial activity . The β - lactam ring is itself fused to a five - membered thiazolidine ring . The fusion of these two rings causes the β - lactam ring to be more reactive than monocyclic β - lactams because the two fused rings distort the β - lactam amide bond and therefore remove the resonance stabilisation normally found in these chemical bonds . History ( edit ) Discovery ( edit ) Main article : History of penicillin Alexander Fleming , who is credited with discovering penicillin in 1928 . Sample of penicillium mould presented by Alexander Fleming to Douglas Macleod , 1935 Starting in the late 19th century there had been many accounts by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect . The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming , in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations . Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 September 1928 . The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident : in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary 's Hospital in London ( now part of Imperial College ) , Fleming noticed a Petri dish containing Staphylococcus that had been mistakenly left open was contaminated by blue - green mould from an open window , which formed a visible growth . There was a halo of inhibited bacterial growth around the mould . Fleming concluded that the mould released a substance that repressed the growth and caused lysing of the bacteria . Once Fleming made his discovery he grew a pure culture and discovered it was a Penicillium mould , now known as Penicillium chrysogenum . Fleming coined the term `` penicillin '' to describe the filtrate of a broth culture of the Penicillium mould . Fleming asked C.J. La Touche to help identify the mould , which he incorrectly identified as Penicillium rubrum ( later corrected by Charles Thom ) . He expressed initial optimism that penicillin would be a useful disinfectant , because of its high potency and minimal toxicity in comparison to antiseptics of the day , and noted its laboratory value in the isolation of Bacillus influenzae ( now called Haemophilus influenzae ) . Fleming was a famously poor communicator and orator , which meant his findings were not initially given much attention . He was unable to convince a chemist to help him extract and stabilize the antibacterial compound found in the broth filtrate . Despite this , he remained interested in the potential use of penicillin and presented a paper entitled `` A Medium for the Isolation of Pfeiffer 's Bacillus '' to the Medical Research Club of London , which was met with little interest and even less enthusiasm by his peers . Had Fleming been more successful at making other scientists interested in his work , penicillin for medicinal use would possibly have been developed years earlier . Despite the lack of interest of his fellow scientists , he did conduct several experiments on the antibiotic substance he discovered . The most important result proved it was nontoxic in humans by first performing toxicity tests in animals and then on humans . His following experiments on penicillin 's response to heat and pH allowed Fleming to increase the stability of the compound . The one test that modern scientists would find missing from his work was the test of penicillin on an infected animal , the results of which would likely have sparked great interest in penicillin and sped its development by almost a decade . Medical application ( edit ) Florey ( pictured ) , Fleming and Chain shared a Nobel Prize in 1945 for their work on penicillin . In 1930 , Cecil George Paine , a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield , attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae , eruptions in beard follicles , but was unsuccessful . Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum , a gonococcal infection in infants , he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin , on November 25 , 1930 . He then cured four additional patients ( one adult and three infants ) of eye infections , and failed to cure a fifth . In 1939 , Australian scientist Howard Florey ( later Baron Florey ) and a team of researchers ( Ernst Boris Chain , Edward Abraham , Arthur Duncan Gardner , Norman Heatley , M. Jennings , J. Orr - Ewing and G. Sanders ) at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology , University of Oxford made progress in showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin . In 1940 , they showed that penicillin effectively cured bacterial infection in mice . In 1941 , they treated a policeman , Albert Alexander , with a severe face infection ; his condition improved , but then supplies of penicillin ran out and he died . Subsequently , several other patients were treated successfully . In December 1942 , survivors of the Cocoanut Grove fire in Boston were the first burn patients to be successfully treated with penicillin . Mass production ( edit ) A technician preparing penicillin in 1943 By late 1940 , the Oxford team under Howard Florey had devised a method of mass - producing the drug , but yields remained low . In 1941 , Florey and Heatley travelled to the US in order to interest pharmaceutical companies in producing the drug and inform them about their process . Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming for their work . The challenge of mass - producing this drug was daunting . On March 14 , 1942 , the first patient was treated for streptococcal septicemia with US - made penicillin produced by Merck & Co . Half of the total supply produced at the time was used on that one patient . By June 1942 , just enough US penicillin was available to treat ten patients . In July 1943 , the War Production Board drew up a plan for the mass distribution of penicillin stocks to Allied troops fighting in Europe . The results of fermentation research on corn steep liquor at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory at Peoria , Illinois , allowed the United States to produce 2.3 million doses in time for the invasion of Normandy in the spring of 1944 . After a worldwide search in 1943 , a mouldy cantaloupe in a Peoria , Illinois market was found to contain the best strain of mould for production using the corn steep liquor process . Pfizer scientist Jasper H. Kane suggested using a deep - tank fermentation method for producing large quantities of pharmaceutical - grade penicillin . Large - scale production resulted from the development of a deep - tank fermentation plant by chemical engineer Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau . As a direct result of the war and the War Production Board , by June 1945 , over 646 billion units per year were being produced . Penicillin was being mass - produced in 1944 . G. Raymond Rettew made a significant contribution to the American war effort by his techniques to produce commercial quantities of penicillin . During World War II , penicillin made a major difference in the number of deaths and amputations caused by infected wounds among Allied forces , saving an estimated 12 % -- 15 % of lives . Availability was severely limited , however , by the difficulty of manufacturing large quantities of penicillin and by the rapid renal clearance of the drug , necessitating frequent dosing . Methods for mass production of penicillin were patented by Andrew Jackson Moyer in 1945 . Florey had not patented penicillin , having been advised by Sir Henry Dale that doing so would be unethical . Penicillin is actively excreted , and about 80 % of a penicillin dose is cleared from the body within three to four hours of administration . Indeed , during the early penicillin era , the drug was so scarce and so highly valued that it became common to collect the urine from patients being treated , so that the penicillin in the urine could be isolated and reused . This was not a satisfactory solution , so researchers looked for a way to slow penicillin excretion . They hoped to find a molecule that could compete with penicillin for the organic acid transporter responsible for excretion , such that the transporter would preferentially excrete the competing molecule and the penicillin would be retained . The uricosuric agent probenecid proved to be suitable . When probenecid and penicillin are administered together , probenecid competitively inhibits the excretion of penicillin , increasing penicillin 's concentration and prolonging its activity . Eventually , the advent of mass - production techniques and semi-synthetic penicillins resolved the supply issues , so this use of probenecid declined . Probenecid is still useful , however , for certain infections requiring particularly high concentrations of penicillins . After World War II , Australia was the first country to make the drug available for civilian use . In the U.S. , penicillin was made available to the general public on March 15 , 1945 . Dorothy Hodgkin determined the chemical structure of penicillin . Structure determination and Total synthesis ( edit ) Dorothy Hodgkin 's model of penicillin 's structure . The chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by Edward Abraham in 1942 and was later confirmed in 1945 using X-ray crystallography by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin , who was also working at Oxford . She later received the Nobel prize for this and other structure determinations . Chemist John C. Sheehan at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957 . Sheehan had started his studies into penicillin synthesis in 1948 , and during these investigations developed new methods for the synthesis of peptides , as well as new protecting groups -- groups that mask the reactivity of certain functional groups . Although the initial synthesis developed by Sheehan was not appropriate for mass production of penicillins , one of the intermediate compounds in Sheehan 's synthesis was 6 - aminopenicillanic acid ( 6 - APA ) , the nucleus of penicillin . Attaching different groups to the 6 - APA ' nucleus ' of penicillin allowed the creation of new forms of penicillin . Developments from penicillin ( edit ) The narrow range of treatable diseases or `` spectrum of activity '' of the penicillins , along with the poor activity of the orally active phenoxymethylpenicillin , led to the search for derivatives of penicillin that could treat a wider range of infections . The isolation of 6 - APA , the nucleus of penicillin , allowed for the preparation of semisynthetic penicillins , with various improvements over benzylpenicillin ( bioavailability , spectrum , stability , tolerance ) . The first major development was ampicillin in 1961 . It offered a broader spectrum of activity than either of the original penicillins . Further development yielded β - lactamase - resistant penicillins , including flucloxacillin , dicloxacillin , and methicillin . These were significant for their activity against β - lactamase - producing bacterial species , but were ineffective against the methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) strains that subsequently emerged . Another development of the line of true penicillins was the antipseudomonal penicillins , such as carbenicillin , ticarcillin , and piperacillin , useful for their activity against Gram - negative bacteria . However , the usefulness of the β - lactam ring was such that related antibiotics , including the mecillinams , the carbapenems and , most important , the cephalosporins , still retain it at the center of their structures . Production ( edit ) A 1957 fermentor ( bioreactor ) used to grow Penicillium mould . Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress . It is not produced during active growth . Production is also limited by feedback in the synthesis pathway of penicillin . α - ketoglutarate + AcCoA → homocitrate → L - α - aminoadipic acid → L - lysine + β - lactam The by - product , l - lysine , inhibits the production of homocitrate , so the presence of exogenous lysine should be avoided in penicillin production . The Penicillium cells are grown using a technique called fed - batch culture , in which the cells are constantly subject to stress , which is required for induction of penicillin production . The available carbon sources are also important : Glucose inhibits penicillin production , whereas lactose does not . The pH and the levels of nitrogen , lysine , phosphate , and oxygen of the batches must also be carefully controlled . The biotechnological method of directed evolution has been applied to produce by mutation a large number of Penicillium strains . These techniques include error - prone PCR , DNA shuffling , ITCHY , and strand - overlap PCR . Semisynthetic penicillins are prepared starting from the penicillin nucleus 6 - APA . Biosynthesis ( edit ) Penicillin G biosynthesis Overall , there are three main and important steps to the biosynthesis of penicillin G ( benzylpenicillin ) . The first step is the condensation of three amino acids -- L - α - aminoadipic acid , L - cysteine , L - valine into a tripeptide . Before condensing into the tripeptide , the amino acid L - valine must undergo epimerization to become D - valine . The condensed tripeptide is named δ - ( L - α - aminoadipyl ) - L - cysteine - D - valine ( ACV ) . The condensation reaction and epimerization are both catalyzed by the enzyme δ - ( L - α - aminoadipyl ) - L - cysteine - D - valine synthetase ( ACVS ) , a nonribosomal peptide synthetase or NRPS . The second step in the biosynthesis of penicillin G is the oxidative conversion of linear ACV into the bicyclic intermediate isopenicillin N by isopenicillin N synthase ( IPNS ) , which is encoded by the gene pcbC . Isopenicillin N is a very weak intermediate , because it does not show strong antibiotic activity . The final step is a transamidation by isopenicillin N N - acyltransferase , in which the α - aminoadipyl side - chain of isopenicillin N is removed and exchanged for a phenylacetyl side - chain . This reaction is encoded by the gene penDE , which is unique in the process of obtaining penicillins . Members ( edit ) Names Method of administration Notes Penicillin G , benzylpenicillin IV or IM It has high urinary excretion and is produced as a salt of potassium or sodium . Penicillin V , phenoxymethylpenicillin By mouth It is less active than benzylpenicillin against Gram - negative bacteria . Benzathine benzylpenicillin , benzathine penicillin G IM Benzathine is a stabilizer that causes slower release over two to four weeks . Procaine benzylpenicillin , penicillin G procaine IM Slow release . Natural penicillins ( edit ) Penicillin G Penicillin K Penicillin N Penicillin O Penicillin V β - lactamase - resistant ( edit ) Methicillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin Aminopenicillins ( edit ) Ampicillin Amoxicillin Pivampicillin Hetacillin Bacampicillin Metampicillin Talampicillin Epicillin Carboxypenicillins ( edit ) Carbenicillin Ticarcillin Temocillin Ureidopenicillins ( edit ) Mezlocillin Piperacillin β - lactamase inhibitors ( edit ) Clavulanic acid Sulbactam Tazobactam See also ( edit ) Medicinal fungi Penicillinase Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walling , Anne D. ( September 15 , 2006 ) . `` Tips from Other Journals -- Antibiotic Use During Pregnancy and Lactation '' . American Family Physician . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez - Estrada , A ; Radojicic , C ( May 2015 ) . `` Penicillin allergy : A practical guide for clinicians '' . Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine . 82 ( 5 ) : 295 -- 300 . doi : 10.3949 / ccjm. 82a. 14111 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 01 ) . PMID 25973877 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery and Development of Penicillin '' . American Chemical Society . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology . OUP Oxford . 2009 . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 103962 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` penicillin '' -- via The Free Dictionary . Jump up ^ Garrod , L.P. ( 1960 ) . `` Relative Antibacterial Activity of Three Penicillins '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 5172 ) : 527 -- 29 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.5172. 527 . PMC 1966560 . Jump up ^ Garrod , L.P. ( 1960 ) . `` The Relative Antibacterial Activity of Four Penicillins '' . British Medical Journal . 2 ( 5214 ) : 1695 -- 6 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.5214. 1695 . PMC 2098302 . PMID 13703756 . Jump up ^ `` Penicillin G and Penicillin V '' . livertox.nih.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Penicillin ( Benzylpenicillin , Penicillin G , Bicillin C-R / L-A , Pfizerpen , Wycellin ) '' . The Antimicrobial Index . Knowledgebase . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Penicillin G sodium salt Susceptibilty and Resistance Data '' ( PDF ) . TOKU - E. Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rossi S , ed. ( 2006 ) . Australian Medicines Handbook . Adelaide : Australian Medicines Handbook . ISBN 0 - 9757919 - 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ Van Bambeke , Francois ; Lambert , Didier ; Mingeot - Leclercq , Marie - Paule ; Tulkens , Paul ( 1999 ) . Mechanism of Action ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Winstanley , TG ; Hastings , JG ( 1989 ) . `` Penicillin - aminoglycoside synergy and post-antibiotic effect for enterococci '' . J Antimicrob Chemother. 23 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 199 . doi : 10.1093 / jac / 23.2. 189 . PMID 2708179 . Jump up ^ Kasten , Britta ; Reski , Ralf ( March 30 , 1997 ) . `` β - lactam antibiotics inhibit chloroplast division in a moss ( Physcomitrella patens ) but not in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) '' . Journal of Plant Physiology. 150 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 137 -- 140 . doi : 10.1016 / S0176 - 1617 ( 97 ) 80193 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mucsi , z ; Chass , GA ; Ábrányi - Balogh , P ; Jójárt , B ; Fang , DC ; Ramirez - Cuesta , AJ ; Viskolcz , B ; Csizmadia , IG ( 2013 ) . `` Penicillin 's catalytic mechanism revealed by inelastic neutrons and quantum chemical theory '' . Phys Chem Chem Phys. 15 ( 47 ) : 20447 -- 20455 . doi : 10.1039 / c3cp50868d . PMID 23760063 . Jump up ^ Nicolaou ( 1996 ) , pg. 43 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Dougherty , Michael J. Pucci , Antibiotic Discovery and Development , Springer Science & Business Media -- 2011 , pages 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Ralph Landau , Basil Achilladelis , Alexander Scriabine , Pharmaceutical Innovation : Revolutionizing Human Health , Chemical Heritage Foundation -- 1999 , page 162 Jump up ^ Haven , Kendall F. ( 1994 ) . Marvels of Science : 50 Fascinating 5 - Minute Reads . Littleton , CO : Libraries Unlimited . p. 182 . ISBN 1 - 56308 - 159 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lax , Eric ( 2004 ) . The Mold in Dr. Florey 's Coat : The Story of the Penicillin Miracle . Holt Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7778 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bud , Robert ( 2009 ) . Penicillin : Triumph and Tragedy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954161 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming A. ( 1929 ) . `` On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium , with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzæ '' . British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 10 ( 31 ) : 226 -- 236 . PMC 2048009 . Reprinted in Fleming A. ( 2001 ) . `` On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium , with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzæ '' . Bull . World Health Organ. 79 ( 8 ) : 780 -- 90 . PMC 2566493 . PMID 11545337 . Jump up ^ Wainwright M , Swan HT ; Swan ( January 1986 ) . `` C.G. Paine and the earliest surviving clinical records of penicillin therapy '' . Medical History . 30 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 56 . doi : 10.1017 / S0025727300045026 . PMC 1139580 . PMID 3511336 . Jump up ^ Howie , J ( 1986 ) . `` Penicillin : 1929 -- 40 '' . British Medical Journal ( Clinical research ed . ) . 293 ( 6540 ) : 158 -- 159 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 293.6540. 158 . PMC 1340901 . PMID 3089435 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , M ( 1987 ) . `` The history of the therapeutic use of crude penicillin '' . Medical History . 31 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 50 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300046305 . PMC 1139683 . PMID 3543562 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , David S. ; Jones , John H. ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 -- 9 May 1999 '' . Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . 60 : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbm. 2014.0002 . ISSN 0080 - 4606 . Jump up ^ `` Ernst B. Chain -- Nobel Lecture : The Chemical Structure of the Penicillins '' . www.nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ronald ( 1985 ) . The Life of Ernst Chain : Penicillin and Beyond . Jump up ^ `` Animal Experiments : Further Views '' . The New York Times . 1992 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Making Penicillin Possible : Norman Heatley Remembers '' . ScienceWatch . Thomson Scientific . 2007 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Stuart B. Levy , The Antibiotic Paradox : How the Misuse of Antibiotics Destroys Their Curative Powers , Da Capo Press , 2002 : pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0440 - 4 Jump up ^ Grossman Charles M ( 2008 ) . `` The First Use of Penicillin in the United States '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 149 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 136 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 149 - 2 - 200807150 - 00009 . Jump up ^ John S. Mailer , Jr. ; Barbara Mason . `` Penicillin : Medicine 's Wartime Wonder Drug and Its Production at Peoria , Illinois '' . lib.niu.edu . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : John Parascandola ( 1980 ) . The History of antibiotics : a symposium . American Institute of the History of Pharmacy No. 5 . ISBN 0 - 931292 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mary Bellis . `` The History of Penicillin '' . Inventors . About.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lehrer , Steven ( 2006 ) . Explorers of the Body : Dramatic Breakthroughs in Medicine from Ancient Times to Modern Science ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : iUniverse . pp. 329 -- 330 . ISBN 0 - 595 - 40731 - 5 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , David ( 2008 ) . Antimicrobial Drugs : Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 953484 - 5 . Jump up ^ Madhavan , Guruprasad ( Aug 20 , 2015 ) . Think Like an Engineer . Oneworld Publications . pp. 83 -- 85 , 91 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78074 - 637 - 1 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ExplorePAhistory.com '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson Moyer , Method for Production of Penicillin , United States Patent Office , US Patent 2,442,141 , filed 11 May 1945 , issued 25 March 1948 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson Moyer , Method for Production of Penicillin , United States Patent Office , US Patent 2,443,989 , filed 11 May 1945 , issued 22 June 1948 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson Moyer , Method for Production of Penicillin , United States Patent Office , US Patent 2,476,107 , filed 11 May 1945 , issued 12 July 1949 . ^ Jump up to : Silverthorn , DU. ( 2004 ) . Human physiology : an integrated approach ( 3rd ed . ) . Upper Saddle River ( NJ ) : Pearson Education . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 5957 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery and development of penicillin '' . American Chemical Society . 1999 . Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 , Perspectives . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , John C. ; Henery - Logan , Kenneth R. ( March 5 , 1957 ) . `` The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 79 ( 5 ) : 1262 -- 1263 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01562a063 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , John C. ; Henery - Logan , Kenneth R. ( June 20 , 1959 ) . `` The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 81 ( 12 ) : 3089 -- 3094 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01521a044 . ^ Jump up to : E.J. Corey ; John D. Roberts . `` Biographical Memoirs : John Clark Sheehan '' . The National Academy Press . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicolaou , K.C. ; Vourloumis , Dionisios ; Winssinger , Nicolas ; Baran , Phil S. ( 2000 ) . `` The Art and Science of Total Synthesis at the Dawn of the Twenty - First Century '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 39 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 122 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1521 - 3773 ( 20000103 ) 39 : 1 < 44 : : AID - ANIE44 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - L. PMID 10649349 . Jump up ^ `` Professor John C. Sheehan Dies at 76 '' . MIT News . April 1 , 1992 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , John C. ( 1982 ) . The Enchanted Ring : The Untold Story of Penicillin . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 19204 - 0 . Jump up ^ James , PharmD , Christopher W. ; Cheryle Gurk - Turner , RPh ( January 2001 ) . `` Cross-reactivity of beta - lactam antibiotics '' . Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings . Dallas , Texas : Baylor University Medical Center . 14 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 7 . PMC 1291320 . PMID 16369597 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Abdallah , Q. , Brakhage , A.A. , Gehrke , A. , Plattner , H. , Sprote , P. , Tuncher , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Regulation of Penicillin Biosynthesis in Filamentous Fungi '' . In Brakhage AA . Molecular Biotechnolgy of Fungal beta - Lactam Antibiotics and Related Peptide Synthetases . pp. 45 -- 90 . doi : 10.1007 / b99257 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 22032 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Brakhage , A.A. ( 1998 ) . `` Molecular Regulation of β - Lactam Biosynthesis in Filamentous Fungi '' . Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 62 ( 3 ) : 547 -- 85 . PMC 98925 . PMID 9729600 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , J.E. , Byford , M.F. , Clifton , I. , Hajdu , J. , Hensgens , C. , Roach , P , Schofield , C.J. ; Baldwin ; Byford ; Clifton ; Hajdu ; Hensgens ; Roach ( 1997 ) . `` Proteins of the Penicillin Biosynthesis Pathway '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 7 ( 6 ) : 857 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / s0959 - 440x ( 97 ) 80158 - 3 . PMID 9434907 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , F.J. , Fierro , F. , Gutierrez , S , Kosalkova , K . Marcos , A.T. , Martin , J.F. , Velasco , J. ; Gutiérrez ; Fernández ; Velasco ; Fierro ; Marcos ; Kosalkova ( September 1994 ) . `` Expression of Genes and Processing of Enzymes for the Biosynthesis of Penicillins and Cephalosporms '' . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . 65 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 43 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00871951 . PMID 7847890 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Baker , W.L. , Lonergan , G.T. `` Chemistry of Some Fluorescamine - Amine Derivatives with Relevance to the Biosynthesis of Benzylpenicillin by Fermentation '' . J Chem Technol Biot. 2002 , 77 , pp1283 - 1288 . References ( edit ) Nicolaou , K.C. ; E.J. Corey ( 1996 ) . Classics in Total Synthesis : Targets , Strategies , Methods ( 5 . repr . ed . ) . Weinheim : VCH . ISBN 3 - 527 - 29284 - 5 . Dürckheimer , Walter ; Blumbach , Jürgen ; Lattrell , Rudolf ; Scheunemann , Karl Heinz ( March 1 , 1985 ) . `` Recent Developments in the Field of β - Lactam Antibiotics '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English . 24 ( 3 ) : 180 -- 202 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 198501801 . Hamed , Refaat B. ; Gomez - Castellanos , J. Ruben ; Henry , Luc ; Ducho , Christian ; McDonough , Michael A. ; Schofield , Christopher J. ( January 1 , 2013 ) . `` The enzymes of β - lactam biosynthesis '' . Natural Product Reports . 30 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 107 . doi : 10.1039 / c2np20065a . PMID 23135477 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penicillin antibiotics . Model of Structure of Penicillin , by Dorothy Hodgkin et al. , Museum of the History of Science , Oxford The Discovery of Penicillin , A government produced film about the discovery of Penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming , and the continuing development of its use as an antibiotic by Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain on YouTube . Penicillin at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Penicillin Released to Civilians Will Cost $35 Per Patient Popular Science , August 1944 , article at bottom of page Antibiotics active on the cell wall and envelope ( J01C - J01D ) Intracellular Inhibit peptidoglycan subunit synthesis and transport : NAM synthesis inhibition ( Fosfomycin ) DADAL / AR inhibitors ( Cycloserine ) bactoprenol inhibitors ( Bacitracin ) Glycopeptide Inhibit PG chain elongation : Vancomycin ( Oritavancin Telavancin ) Teicoplanin ( Dalbavancin ) Ramoplanin β - lactams / ( inhibit PBP cross-links ) Penicillins ( Penams ) Narrow spectrum β - lactamase sensitive ( 1st generation ) Benzylpenicillin ( G ) Benzathine benzylpenicillin Procaine benzylpenicillin Phenoxymethylpenicillin ( V ) Propicillin Pheneticillin Azidocillin Clometocillin Penamecillin β - lactamase resistant ( 2nd generation ) Cloxacillin ( Dicloxacillin Flucloxacillin ) Oxacillin Nafcillin Methicillin Extended spectrum Aminopenicillins ( 3rd generation ) Amoxicillin Ampicillin ( Pivampicillin Hetacillin Bacampicillin Metampicillin Talampicillin ) Epicillin Carboxypenicillins ( 4th generation ) Ticarcillin Carbenicillin / Carindacillin Temocillin Ureidopenicillins ( 4th generation ) Piperacillin Azlocillin Mezlocillin Other Mecillinam ( Pivmecillinam ) Sulbenicillin Penems Faropenem Ritipenem Carbapenems Ertapenem Antipseudomonal ( Doripenem Imipenem Meropenem ) Biapenem Panipenem Cephalosporins / Cephamycins ( Cephems ) 1st generation Cefazolin Cefalexin Cefadroxil Cefapirin Cefazedone Cefazaflur Cefradine Cefroxadine Ceftezole Cefaloglycin Cefacetrile Cefalonium Cefaloridine Cefalotin Cefatrizine 2nd generation Cefaclor Cefotetan Cephamycin ( Cefoxitin Cefprozil Cefuroxime Cefuroxime axetil Cefamandole Cefminox Cefonicid Ceforanide Cefotiam Cefbuperazone Cefuzonam Cefmetazole ) Carbacephem ( Loracarbef ) 3rd generation Cefixime Ceftriaxone Antipseudomonal ( Ceftazidime Cefoperazone ) Cefdinir Cefcapene Cefdaloxime Ceftizoxime Cefmenoxime Cefotaxime Cefpiramide Cefpodoxime Ceftibuten Cefditoren Cefetamet Cefodizime Cefpimizole Cefsulodin Cefteram Ceftiolene Oxacephem ( Flomoxef Latamoxef ) 4th generation Cefepime Cefozopran Cefpirome Cefquinome 5th generation Ceftaroline fosamil Ceftolozane Ceftobiprole Veterinary Ceftiofur Cefquinome Cefovecin Monobactams Aztreonam Tigemonam Carumonam Nocardicin A β - lactamase inhibitors Penam ( Sulbactam Tazobactam ) Clavam ( Clavulanic acid ) Avibactam Vaborbactam Combinations Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid Imipenem / cilastatin Ampicillin / flucloxacillin Ampicillin / sulbactam ( Sultamicillin ) Ceftazidime / avibactam Piperacillin / tazobactam Ceftolozane / tazobactam Other polymyxins / detergent Colistin Polymyxin B depolarizing Daptomycin Hydrolyze NAM - NAG lysozyme Tyrothricin Gramicidin Tyrocidine Isoniazid Teixobactin WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III GABA receptor modulators Ionotropic GABA Agonists : ( + ) - Catechin Bamaluzole Barbiturates ( e.g. , phenobarbital ) BL - 1020 DAVA Dihydromuscimol GABA Gabamide GABOB Gaboxadol ( THIP ) Homotaurine ( tramiprosate , 3 - APS ) Ibotenic acid iso - THAZ iso - THIP Isoguvacine Isomuscimol Isonipecotic acid Kojic amine Lignans ( e.g. , honokiol ) Methylglyoxal Monastrol Muscimol Nefiracetam Neuroactive steroids ( e.g. , allopregnanolone ) Org 20599 Phenibut Picamilon P4S Progabide Propofol Quisqualamine SL - 75102 TACA TAMP Terpenoids ( e.g. , borneol ) Thiomuscimol Tolgabide ZAPA Positive modulators ( abridged ; see here for a full list ) : α - EMTBL Alcohols ( e.g. , ethanol ) Anabolic steroids Avermectins ( e.g. , ivermectin ) Barbiturates ( e.g. , phenobarbital ) Benzodiazepines ( e.g. , diazepam ) Bromide compounds ( e.g. , potassium bromide ) Carbamates ( e.g. , meprobamate ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole Dihydroergolines ( e.g. , ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g. , mefenamic acid ) Flavonoids ( e.g. , apigenin , hispidulin ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Imidazoles ( e.g. , etomidate ) Kava constituents ( e.g. , kavain ) Lanthanum Loreclezole Monastrol Neuroactive steroids ( e.g. , allopregnanolone , cholesterol ) Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Nonbenzodiazepines ( e.g. , β - carbolines ( e.g. , abecarnil ) , cyclopyrrolones ( e.g. , zopiclone ) , imidazopyridines ( e.g. , zolpidem ) , pyrazolopyrimidines ( e.g. , zaleplon ) ) Norfluoxetine Petrichloral Phenols ( e.g. , propofol ) Phenytoin Piperidinediones ( e.g. , glutethimide ) Propanidid Pyrazolopyridines ( e.g. , etazolate ) Quinazolinones ( e.g. , methaqualone ) Retigabine ( ezogabine ) ROD - 188 Skullcap constituents ( e.g. , baicalin ) Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g. , sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g. , valerenic acid ) Volatiles / gases ( e.g. , chloral hydrate , chloroform , diethyl ether , paraldehyde , sevoflurane ) Antagonists : Bicuculline Coriamyrtin Dihydrosecurinine Gabazine ( SR - 95531 ) Hydrastine Hyenachin ( mellitoxin ) PHP - 501 Pitrazepin Securinine Sinomenine SR - 42641 SR - 95103 Thiocolchicoside Tutin Negative modulators : 1 , 3M1B 3M2B 11 - Ketoprogesterone 17 - Phenylandrostenol α5IA ( LS - 193,268 ) β - CCB β - CCE β - CCM β - CCP β - EMGBL Anabolic steroids Amiloride Anisatin β - Lactams ( e.g. , penicillins , cephalosporins , carbapenems ) Basmisanil Bemegride Bilobalide CHEB Cicutoxin Cloflubicyne Cyclothiazide DHEA DHEA - S Dieldrin ( + ) - DMBB DMCM DMPC EBOB Etbicyphat FG - 7142 ( ZK - 31906 ) Fiproles ( e.g. , fipronil ) Flavonoids ( e.g. , amentoflavone , oroxylin A ) Flumazenil Fluoroquinolones ( e.g. , ciprofloxacin ) Flurothyl Furosemide Iomazenil ( I ) Isoallopregnanolone Isopregnanolone ( sepranolone ) L - 655,708 Laudanosine Leptazol Lindane MaxiPost Morphine Morphine - 3 - glucuronide MRK - 016 Naloxone Naltrexone Nicardipine Nonsteroidal antiandrogens ( e.g. , apalutamide , bicalutamide , enzalutamide , flutamide , nilutamide ) Oenanthotoxin Pentylenetetrazol ( pentetrazol ) Phenylsilatrane Picrotoxin ( i.e. , picrotin and picrotoxinin ) Pregnenolone sulfate Propybicyphat PWZ - 029 Radequinil Ro 15 - 4513 Ro 19 - 4603 RO4882224 RO4938581 Sarmazenil SCS Suritozole TB - 21007 TBOB TBPS TCS - 1105 Terbequinil TETS Thujone U-93631 Zinc ZK - 93426 GABA - ρ Agonists : BL - 1020 CACA CAMP Homohypotaurine GABA GABOB Ibotenic acid Isoguvacine Muscimol N - Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside Picamilon Progabide TACA TAMP Thiomuscimol Tolgabide Positive modulators : Allopregnanolone Alphaxolone ATHDOC Lanthanides Antagonists : ( S ) - 2 - MeGABA ( S ) - 4 - ACPBPA ( S ) - 4 - ACPCA 2 - MeTACA 3 - APMPA 4 - ACPAM 4 - GBA cis - 3 - ACPBPA CGP - 36742 ( SGS - 742 ) DAVA Gabazine ( SR - 95531 ) Gaboxadol ( THIP ) I4AA Isonipecotic acid Loreclezole P4MPA P4S SKF - 97541 SR - 95318 SR - 95813 TPMPA trans - 3 - ACPBPA ZAPA Negative modulators : 5α - Dihydroprogesterone Bilobalide Loreclezole Picrotoxin ( picrotin , picrotoxinin ) Pregnanolone ROD - 188 THDOC Zinc Metabotropic GABA Agonists : 1 , 4 - Butanediol 4 - Fluorophenibut Aceburic acid Arbaclofen Arbaclofen placarbil Baclofen BL - 1020 GABA Gabamide GABOB GBL GHB GHBAL GHV GVL Isovaline Lesogaberan Phenibut Picamilon Progabide Sodium oxybate SKF - 97,541 SL 75102 Tolgabide Tolibut Positive modulators : ADX - 71441 BHF - 177 BHFF BSPP CGP - 7930 CGP - 13501 GS - 39783 rac - BHFF KK - 92A Antagonists : 2 - Hydroxysaclofen CGP - 35348 CGP - 46381 CGP - 52432 CGP - 54626 CGP - 55845 CGP - 64213 DAVA Homotaurine ( tramiprosate , 3 - APS ) Phaclofen Saclofen SCH - 50911 SKF - 97541 Negative modulators : Compound 14 See also Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor positive modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators GND : 4045094 - 6 NDL : 00569084 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penicillin&oldid=819104917 '' Categories : Penicillins Penicillium Microbiology Pfizer products 1928 in biology Scottish inventions Eli Lilly and Company Hepatotoxins Secondary metabolites Science and technology during World War II GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators Hidden categories : Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Drugs with non-standard legal status Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugs missing an ATC code Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 13 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: when was penicillin first introduced to the public