Outback - Wikipedia Outback Jump to : navigation , search Outback Area View across sand plains and salt pans to Mount Connor , Central Australia Country Australia Population Total undetermined For other uses , see Outback ( disambiguation ) . Tourism sign post Yalgoo , Western Australia The Outback is the vast , remote interior of Australia . The term `` the Outback '' is generally used to refer to locations that are comparatively more remote than those areas named `` the bush '' which , colloquially , can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas . While often envisaged as being arid , the Outback regions extend from the northern to southern Australian coastlines , and encompass a number of climatic zones ; including tropical and monsoonal climates in northern areas , arid areas in the ' red centre ' and semi-arid and temperate climates in southerly regions . Geographically , the Outback is unified by a combination of factors , most notably a low human population density , a largely intact , natural environment and , in many places , low - intensity land uses such as pastoralism ( livestock grazing ) in which production is reliant on the natural environment . Culturally , the Outback is deeply ingrained in Australian heritage , history and folklore . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , the Queensland Outback was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a `` natural attraction '' . The Dingo Fence near Coober Pedy Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Environment 2.1 Global significance 2.2 Major ecosystems 2.3 Wildlife 3 Industry 3.1 Pastoralism 3.2 Tourism 3.3 Mining 4 Population 5 Medicine 6 Education 7 Terminology 8 Transport 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Indigenous Australians and European exploration of Australia Aerial view of Kata Tjuta Indigenous Australians have lived in the Outback for approximately 50,000 years and occupied all Outback regions , including the driest deserts , when Europeans first entered central Australia in the 1800s . Many Indigenous Australians retain strong physical and cultural links to their traditional country and are legally recognised as the Traditional Owners of large parts of the Outback under Commonwealth Native Title legislation . Early European exploration of inland Australia was sporadic . More focus was on the more accessible and fertile coastal areas . The first party to successfully cross the Blue Mountains just outside Sydney was led by Gregory Blaxland in 1813 , 25 years after the colony was established . People starting with John Oxley in 1817 , 1818 and 1821 , followed by Charles Sturt in 1829 -- 1830 attempted to follow the westward - flowing rivers to find an `` inland sea '' , but these were found to all flow into the Murray River and Darling River which turn south . Over the period 1858 to 1861 , John McDouall Stuart led six expeditions north from Adelaide into the outback , culminating in successfully reaching the north coast of Australia and returning , without the loss of any of the party 's members ' lives . This contrasts with the ill - fated Burke and Wills expedition in 1860 -- 61 which was much better funded , but resulted in the deaths of three of the members of the transcontinental party . The Overland Telegraph line was constructed in the 1870s along the route identified by Stuart . In 1865 the surveyor George Goyder , using changes in vegetation patterns , mapped a line in South Australia , north of which he considered rainfall to be too unreliable to support agriculture . Exploration of the outback continued in the 1950s when Len Beadell explored , surveyed and built many roads in support of the nuclear weapons tests at Emu Field and Maralinga and rocket testing on the Woomera Prohibited Area . Mineral exploration continues as new mineral deposits are identified and developed . While the early explorers used horses to cross the outback , the first woman to make the journey riding a horse was Anna Hingley , who rode from Broome to Cairns in 2006 . Aerial photography of Australia showing the large arid ( yellow / brown ) areas that are generally considered to be `` outback '' Environment ( edit ) Main article : Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia Global significance ( edit ) MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory are found in the centre of the country Fitzgerald River National Park in Western Australia A brumby in the Outback The paucity of industrial land use has led to the Outback being recognised globally as one of the largest remaining , intact natural areas on Earth . Global `` Human Footprint '' and wilderness reviews highlight the importance of Outback Australia as one of the world 's large natural areas , along with the Boreal forests and Tundra regions in North America , the Sahara and Gobi deserts and the tropical forests of the Amazon and Congo Basins . The savanna ( or grassy woodlands ) of northern Australia are the largest , intact savanna regions in the world . In the south , the Great Western Woodlands , which occupy 16,000,000 hectares ( 40,000,000 acres ) , an area larger than all of England , are the largest remaining temperate woodland left on Earth . Major ecosystems ( edit ) Reflecting the wide climatic and geological variation , the Outback contains a wealth of distinctive and ecologically - rich ecosystems . Major land types include : the Kimberley and Pilbara regions in northern Western Australia , sub-tropical savanna landscape of the Top End , ephemeral water courses of the Channel Country in western Queensland , the ten deserts in central and western Australia , the Inland Ranges , such as the MacDonnell Ranges , which provide topographic variation across the flat plains , the flat Nullarbor Plain north of the Great Australian Bight , and the Great Western Woodlands in southern Western Australia . Wildlife ( edit ) The Australian Outback is full of very important well - adapted wildlife , although much of it may not be immediately visible to the casual observer . Many animals , such as red kangaroos and dingoes , hide in bushes to rest and keep cool during the heat of the day . Birdlife is prolific , most often seen at waterholes at dawn and dusk . Huge flocks of budgerigars , cockatoos , corellas and galahs are often sighted . On bare ground or roads during the winter , various species of snakes and lizards bask in the sun , but they are rarely seen during the summer months . Feral animals such as camels thrive in central Australia , brought to Australia by pastoralists and explorers , along with the early Afghan drivers . Feral horses known as ' brumbies ' are station horses that have run wild . Feral pigs , foxes , cats and rabbits are other imported animals also degrading the environment , so time and money is spent eradicating them in an attempt to help protect fragile rangelands . The Outback is home to a diverse set of animal species , such as the kangaroo , emu and dingo . The Dingo Fence was built to restrict movements of dingoes and wild dogs into agricultural areas towards the south east of the continent . The marginally fertile parts are primarily utilised as rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle grazing , on cattle stations which are leased from the Federal Government . While small areas of the outback consist of clay soils the majority has exceedingly infertile palaeosols . Riversleigh , in Queensland , is one of Australia 's most renowned fossil sites and was recorded as a World Heritage site in 1994 . The 100 km ( 39 sq mi ) area contains fossil remains of ancient mammals , birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene age . Industry ( edit ) Pastoralism ( edit ) Gosses Bluff crater , one of a number of meteor impact craters that can be found across outback Australia The largest industry across the Outback , in terms of the area occupied , is pastoralism , in which cattle , sheep , and sometimes goats , are grazed in mostly intact , natural ecosystems . Widespread use of bore water , obtained from underground aquifers , including the Great Artesian Basin , has enabled livestock to be grazed across vast areas in which no permanent surface water exists naturally . Capitalising on the lack of pasture improvement and absence of fertiliser and pesticide use , many Outback pastoral properties are certified as organic livestock producers . In 2014 , 17,000,000 hectares ( 42,000,000 acres ) , most of which is in Outback Australia , was fully certified as organic farm production , making Australia the largest certified organic production area in the world . Tourism ( edit ) `` Nothing says Australia quite like our Outback , '' states the national tourism web site . Tourism is a major industry across the Outback , and commonwealth and state tourism agencies explicitly target Outback Australia as a desirable destination for domestic and international travellers . There is no breakdown of tourism revenues for the `` Outback '' per se . However , regional tourism is a major component of national tourism incomes . Tourism Australia explicitly markets nature - based and Indigenous - led experiences to tourists . In the 2015 -- 2016 financial year , 815,000 visitors spent $988 million while on holidays in the Northern Territory alone . There are many popular tourist attractions in the Outback . Some of the well known destinations include : Alice Springs , Northern Territory Arkaroola and Wilpena Pound in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia Australian Stockman 's Hall of Fame Birdsville , Queensland Broken Hill , New South Wales Broome Coober Pedy , South Australia Devils Marbles Kakadu National Park Kalgoorlie - Boulder , Western Australia Kata Tjuta ( The Olgas ) Katherine Gorge Kings Canyon ( Watarrka ) MacDonnell Ranges Monkey Mia Mount Isa , Queensland Mount Augustus National Park Tennant Creek , Northern Territory Uluru ( Ayers Rock ) Willandra Lakes Region Mining ( edit ) Fossicking field in Lightning Ridge Other than agriculture and tourism , the main economic activity in this vast and sparsely settled area is mining . Owing to the almost complete absence of mountain building and glaciation since the Permian ( in many areas since the Cambrian ) ages , the outback is extremely rich in iron , aluminium , manganese and uranium ores , and also contains major deposits of gold , nickel , copper , lead and zinc ores . Because of its size , the value of grazing and mining is considerable . Major mines and mining areas in the Outback include opals at Coober Pedy , Lightning Ridge and White Cliffs , metals at Broken Hill , Tennant Creek , Olympic Dam and the remote Challenger Mine . Oil and gas are extracted in the Cooper Basin around Moomba . In Western Australia the Argyle diamond mine in the Kimberley is the world 's biggest producer of natural diamonds and contributes approximately one - third of the world 's natural supply . The Pilbara region 's economy is dominated by mining and petroleum industries . Most of Australia 's iron ore is also mined in the Pilbara and it also has one of the world 's major manganese mines . View of dunefields and mesa , Central Australia Population ( edit ) Aboriginal communities in outback regions , such as the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands in northern South Australia , have not been displaced as they have been in areas of intensive agriculture and large cities , in coastal areas . The total population of the Outback in Australia declined from 700,000 in 1996 to 690,000 in 2006 . The largest decline was noted in the Outback Northern Territory , while the Kimberley and Pilbara showed population increases during the same period . The sex ratio is 1040 males for 1000 females and 17 % of the total population is indigenous . Medicine ( edit ) Sign on the Eyre Highway indicating that an RFDS emergency airstrip is ahead Main article : Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia The Royal Flying Doctor Service ( RFDS ) started service in 1928 and helps people who live in the outback of Australia . In former times , serious injuries or illnesses often meant death due to the lack of proper medical facilities and trained personnel . Education ( edit ) Main article : School of the Air In most outback communities , the number of children is too small for a conventional school to operate . Children are educated at home by the School of the Air . Originally the teachers communicated with the children via radio , but now satellite telecommunication is used instead . Some children attend boarding school , mostly only those in secondary school . Terminology ( edit ) The concept of ' back ' country , which initially meant land beyond the settled regions , was in existence in 1800 . Crossing of the Blue Mountains and other exploration of the inland however gave a different dimension to the perception . The term `` outback '' was first used in print in 1869 , when the writer clearly meant west of Wagga Wagga , New South Wales . It is colloquially said that ' the outback ' is located `` beyond the Black Stump '' . The location of the black stump may be some hypothetical location or may vary depending on local custom and folklore . It has been suggested that the term comes from the Black Stump Wine Saloon that once stood about 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) out of Coolah , New South Wales on the Gunnedah Road . It is claimed that the saloon , named after the nearby Black Stump Run and Black Stump Creek , was an important staging post for traffic to north - west New South Wales and it became a marker by which people gauged their journeys . `` The Never - Never '' is a term referring to remoter parts of the Australian outback . The Outback can also be referred to as `` back of beyond '' , `` back o ' Bourke '' although these terms are more frequently used when referring to something a long way from anywhere , or a long way away . The well - watered north of the continent is often called the `` Top End '' and the arid interior `` The Red Centre '' , owing to its vast amounts of red soil and sparse greenery amongst its landscape . Transport ( edit ) Road sign warning of potentially dangerous conditions ahead The outback is criss - crossed by historic tracks . Most of the major highways have an excellent bitumen surface and other major roads are usually well - maintained dirt roads . Tracks in very sandy or exceedingly rocky areas may require high - clearance four wheel drives and spare fuel , tyres , food and water before attempting to travel them , however most outback roads are easily traversed in ordinary vehicles , provided care is taken . Drivers unused to dirt roads should be especially cautious -- it is recommended that drivers reduce their speed , drive with extra care , and avoid driving at night because animals can stray onto roads . Travelling in remote areas in northern Australia is not advisable during the wet season ( November to April ) , as heavy tropical downpours can quickly make dirt roads impassable . In the remotest parts of Australia fuel sellers are located hundreds of kilometres apart , so spare fuel must be carried or refuelling spots calculated carefully in order not to run out of fuel in between towns . In addition , multiple trailer trucks ( known as Road Trains ) traverse these roads and extreme care must be taken when around these vehicles , due to their weight , length ( often three full trailers long ) and amount of dust thrown up by over 46 tyres . The Stuart Highway runs from north to south through the centre of the continent , roughly paralleled by the Adelaide -- Darwin railway . There is a proposal to develop some of the roads running from the south - west to the north - east to create an all - weather road named the Outback Highway , crossing the continent diagonally from Laverton , Western Australia ( north of Kalgoorlie , through the Northern Territory to Winton , in Queensland . Air transport is relied on for mail delivery in some areas , owing to sparse settlement and wet - season road closures . Most outback mines have an airstrip and many have a fly - in fly - out workforce . Most outback sheep stations and cattle stations have an airstrip and quite a few have their own light plane . Medical and ambulance services are provided by the Royal Flying Doctor Service . The School of the Air is a radio - based school using the RFDS radios . Visitors to the outback often drive their own or rented vehicles , or take organised tours . Travel through remote areas on main roads is easily done and requires no planning . However travel through very remote areas , on isolated tracks , requires planning and a suitable , reliable vehicle ( usually a four - wheel drive ) . On very remote routes considerable supplies and equipment may be required ; this can include prearranged caches . It is not advisable to travel into these especially remote areas with a single vehicle , unless fully equipped with good communication technology ( e.g. a satellite phone , EPIRB etc . ) . Many visitors prefer to travel in these areas in a convoy . Deaths of tourists and locals becoming stranded on outback trips occasionally occur , sometimes because insufficient water and food supplies were taken , or because people have walked away from their vehicle in search of help . Travellers through very remote areas should always inform a reliable person of their route and expected destination arrival time , and remember that a vehicle is much easier to locate in an aerial search , than a person , so in the event of a breakdown , they must not leave their vehicle . Birdsville Track Burke Developmental Road Canning Stock Route Colson Track Connie Sue Highway French Line Gary Highway Gibb River Road Great Central Road Gunbarrel Highway K1 Line Kalumburu Road Kidman Way Kidson Track Lasseter Highway Oodnadatta Track Peninsula Developmental Road Plenty Highway Rig Road Sandover Highway Strzelecki Track Talawana Track Tanami Track WAA Line See also ( edit ) Australia portal Australian landmarks Central Australia Channel Country Australian outback literature of the 20th century References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Modern Outback '' . www.pewtrusts.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bligh , Anna ( 10 June 2009 ) . `` PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND 'S 150 ICONS '' . Queensland Government . Archived from the original on 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamm , Giles ; Mitchell , Peter ; Arnold , Lee J. ; Prideaux , Gavin J. ; Questiaux , Daniele ; Spooner , Nigel A. ; Levchenko , Vladimir A. ; Foley , Elizabeth C. ; Worthy , Trevor H. ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Cultural innovation and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of arid Australia '' . Nature . 539 ( 7628 ) : 280 -- 283 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20125 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Jump up ^ http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/overland-telegraph Jump up ^ First woman conquers Outback Jump up ^ Venter , Oscar ; Sanderson , Eric W. ; Magrach , Ainhoa ; Allan , James R. ; Beher , Jutta ; Jones , Kendall R. ; Possingham , Hugh P. ; Laurance , William F. ; Wood , Peter ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation '' . Nature Communications . 7 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms12558 . ISSN 2041 - 1723 . PMC 4996975 . PMID 27552116 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Brendan . `` Explainer : wilderness , and why it matters '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Brett . `` EcoCheck : Australia 's vast , majestic northern savannas need more care '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wild dog populations will be out of control within five years without dedicated dogger , former trapper says SA Country Hour , ABC News , 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Explainer : South Australia 's wild dog problem and sheep industry 's plea for dedicated doggers ABC Rural , 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Australia , Tourism ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The Outback -- Tourism Australia '' . www.australia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Australia , Tourism . `` Aboriginal Tourism -- Markets -- Tourism Australia '' . www.tourism.australia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Latest visitor data -- Tourism NT Corporate Site '' . www.tourismnt.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Pilbara 's oil and gas industry is the region 's largest export industry earning $5.0 billion in 2004 / 05 accounting for over 96 % of the State 's production . source -- WA.gov.au Jump up ^ http://www.cdu.edu.au/thenortherninstitute/documents/publications/Brief2009037outback_australia_and_the_NT.pdf Jump up ^ Coupe , Sheena ( ed . ) , Frontier Country , Vol. 1 , Weldon Russell Publishing , Willoughby , 1989 , ISBN 1 - 875202 - 01 - 3 Jump up ^ Lewis , Daniel ( 2005 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Outer limits '' . Travel . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 30 . Further reading ( edit ) Dwyer , Andrew ( 2007 ) . Outback -- Recipes and Stories from the Campfire Miegunyah Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 522 - 85380 - 3 Read , Ian G. ( 1995 ) . Australia 's central and western outback : the driving guide Crows Nest , N.S.W. Little Hills Press . Little Hills Press explorer guides ISBN 1 - 86315 - 061 - 7 Year of the Outback 2002 , Western Australia Perth , W.A. External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Outback . From this Broken Hill Beautiful Australian Outback -- slideshow by Life magazine Audio slideshow : Outback Australia - The royal flying doctor service . Carl Bridge , head of the Menzies Centre for Australian studies at KCL , outlines the history of the Royal Flying Doctor Service . The Royal Geography Society 's Hidden Journeys project Coordinates : 25 ° S 130 ° E  /  25 ° S 130 ° E  / - 25 ; 130 Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outback&oldid=821856037 '' Categories : Rural geography Regions of Australia Australian English Q150 Icons Hidden categories : Use Australian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2014 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Pälzisch Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tiếng Việt 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 01 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: the vast interior rural area of australia is known as the


Battles of Saratoga - wikipedia Battles of Saratoga Jump to : navigation , search Battles of Saratoga Part of the American Revolutionary War Saratoga campaign Surrender of General Burgoyne by John Trumbull , 1822 . This painting hangs in the United States Capitol Rotunda . Date September 19 and October 7 , 1777 Location Stillwater , Saratoga County , New York 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W  /  42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W  / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Coordinates : 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W  /  42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W  / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Result Freeman 's Farm : British Pyrrhic victory Bemis Heights : Decisive American victory British surrender October 17 Belligerents United States Canadian Auxiliaries Great Britain Quebec Loyalists Hesse - Cassel Hesse - Hanau Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Commanders and leaders Horatio Gates Benedict Arnold Benjamin Lincoln Enoch Poor Ebenezer Learned Daniel Morgan James Livingston John Burgoyne Simon Fraser † Baron Riedesel Strength 9,000 ( first battle ) over 12,000 ( second battle ) over 15,000 ( at time of surrender ) 7,200 ( first battle ) 6,600 ( second battle ) Casualties and losses 90 killed 240 wounded 440 killed 695 wounded 6,222 captured Saratoga Campaign 1777 Fort Ticonderoga Hubbardton Fort Anne Slaying of Jane McCrea Fort Stanwix Oriskany Bennington 1st Saratoga ( Freeman 's Farm ) Forts Clinton and Montgomery 2nd Saratoga ( Bemis Heights ) Kingston The Battles of Saratoga ( September 19 and October 7 , 1777 ) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign , giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War . British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward from Canada in the Champlain Valley , hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from Lake Ontario ; the southern and western forces never arrived , and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York . He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of Saratoga , New York . They both failed . Burgoyne found himself trapped by superior American forces with no relief in sight , so he retreated to Saratoga ( now Schuylerville ) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17 . His surrender , says historian Edmund Morgan , `` was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory . '' Burgoyne 's strategy to divide New England from the southern colonies had started well but slowed due to logistical problems . He won a small tactical victory over General Horatio Gates and the Continental Army in the September 19 Battle of Freeman 's Farm at the cost of significant casualties . His gains were erased when he again attacked the Americans in the October 7 Battle of Bemis Heights and the Americans captured a portion of the British defenses . Burgoyne was therefore compelled to retreat , and his army was surrounded by the much larger American force at Saratoga , forcing him to surrender on October 17 . News of Burgoyne 's surrender was instrumental in formally bringing France into the war as an American ally , although it had previously given supplies , ammunition , and guns , notably the de Valliere cannon which played an important role in Saratoga . This battle also resulted in Spain joining France in the war against Britain . The battle on September 19 began when Burgoyne moved some of his troops in an attempt to flank the entrenched American position on Bemis Heights . Benedict Arnold anticipated the maneuver and placed significant forces in his way . Burgoyne did gain control of Freeman 's Farm , but it came at the cost of significant casualties . Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle , while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York City . Patriot militia forces continued to arrive , meanwhile , swelling the size of the American army . Disputes within the American camp led Gates to strip Arnold of his command . British General Sir Henry Clinton moved up from New York City and attempted to divert American attention by capturing two forts in the Hudson River highlands on October 6 , but his efforts were too late to help Burgoyne . Burgoyne attacked Bemis Heights again on October 7 after it became apparent that he would not receive relieving aid in time . This battle culminated in heavy fighting marked by Arnold 's spirited rallying of the American troops . Burgoyne 's forces were thrown back to the positions that they held before the September 19 battle and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British situation 1.2 American situation 2 First Saratoga : Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) 2.1 Prelude 2.2 Battle 3 Interlude 4 Second Saratoga : Battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) 4.1 British foray 4.2 American attack 5 Aftermath 5.1 Armies and casualties 5.2 French aid 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Background Main article : Saratoga campaign The American Revolutionary War was approaching the two - year point , and the British changed their plans . They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies . The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three - way pincer movement in 1777 . The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York , following the Mohawk River , and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City . The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal , and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany , New York , severing New England from the other colonies . British situation General John Burgoyne was referred to by some as `` Gentleman Johnny '' for his manners ( portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds , c. 1760 ) British General John Burgoyne moved south from the province of Quebec in June 1777 to gain control of the upper Hudson River valley . His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a victory at Fort Ticonderoga . Elements of the army had reached the upper Hudson as early as the end of July , but logistical and supply difficulties delayed the main army at Fort Edward . One attempt to alleviate these difficulties failed when nearly 1,000 men were killed or captured at the August 16 Battle of Bennington . Furthermore , news reached Burgoyne on August 28 that St. Leger 's expedition down the Mohawk River valley had turned back after the failed Siege of Fort Stanwix . General William Howe had taken his army from New York City by sea on a campaign to capture Philadelphia instead of moving north to meet Burgoyne . Most of Burgoyne 's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington , and his situation was becoming difficult . He needed to reach defensible winter quarters , requiring either retreat back to Ticonderoga or advance to Albany , and he decided to advance . He then deliberately cut communications to the north so that he would not need to maintain a chain of heavily fortified outposts between his position and Ticonderoga , and he decided to cross the Hudson River while he was in a relatively strong position . He ordered Baron Riedesel , who commanded the rear of the army , to abandon outposts from Skenesboro south , and then had the army cross the Hudson just north of Saratoga between September 13 and 15 . American situation General Horatio Gates , portrait by Gilbert Stuart The Continental Army had been in a slow retreat since Burgoyne 's capture of Ticonderoga early in July , under the command of Major General Philip Schuyler , and was encamped south of Stillwater , New York . On August 19 , Major General Horatio Gates assumed command from Schuyler , whose political fortunes had fallen over the loss of Ticonderoga and the ensuing retreat . Gates and Schuyler were from very different backgrounds and did not get along with each other ; they had previously argued over command issues in the army 's Northern Department . The army was growing in size because of increased militia turnout following calls by state governors , the success at Bennington , and widespread outrage over the slaying of Jane McCrea , the fiancée of a Loyalist in Burgoyne 's army by Indians under Burgoyne 's command . General George Washington 's strategic decisions also improved the situation for Gates ' army . Washington was most concerned about the movements of General Howe . He was aware that Burgoyne was also moving , and he took some risks in July . He sent aid north in the form of Major General Benedict Arnold , his most aggressive field commander , and Major General Benjamin Lincoln , a Massachusetts man noted for his influence with the New England militia . He ordered 750 men from Israel Putnam 's forces defending the New York highlands to join Gates ' army in August , before he was certain that Howe had indeed sailed south . He also sent some of the best forces from his own army : Colonel Daniel Morgan and the newly formed Provisional Rifle Corps , which comprised about 500 specially selected riflemen from Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Virginia , chosen for their sharpshooting ability . This unit came to be known as Morgan 's Riflemen . Map showing the movements of the opposing armies in the Saratoga campaign , and plan of the Battles of Saratoga ( inset ) On September 7 , Gates ordered his army to march north . A site was selected for its defensive potential that was known as Bemis Heights , just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Saratoga ; the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko . The heights had a clear view of the area and commanded the only road to Albany , where it passed through a defile between the heights and the Hudson River . To the west of the heights lay more heavily forested bluffs that would present a significant challenge to any heavily equipped army . First Saratoga : battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) Prelude Moving cautiously , since the departure of his Native American support had deprived him of reliable reports on the American position , Burgoyne advanced to the south after crossing the Hudson . On September 18 the vanguard of his army had reached a position just north of Saratoga , about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) from the American defensive line , and skirmishes occurred between American scouting parties and the leading elements of his army . The American camp had become a bed of festering intrigue ever since Arnold 's return from Fort Stanwix . While he and Gates had previously been on reasonably good terms in spite of their prickly egos , Arnold managed to turn Gates against him by taking on officers friendly to Schuyler as staff , dragging him into the ongoing feud between the two . These conditions had not yet reached a boil on September 19 , but the day 's events contributed to the situation . Gates had assigned the left wing of the defenses to Arnold , and assumed command himself of the right , which was nominally assigned to General Lincoln , whom Gates had detached in August with some troops to harass the British positions behind Burgoyne 's army . Initial dispositions and movements at the Battle of Freeman 's Farm , 19 September 1777 Both Burgoyne and Arnold understood the importance of the American left , and the need to control the heights there . After the morning fog lifted around 10 am , Burgoyne ordered the army to advance in three columns . Baron Riedesel led the left column , consisting of the German troops and the 47th Foot , on the river road , bringing the main artillery and guarding supplies and the boats on the river . General James Inglis Hamilton commanded the center column , consisting of the 9th , 20th , 21st , and 62nd regiments , which would attack the heights , and General Simon Fraser led the right wing with the 24th Regiment and the light infantry and grenadier companies , to turn the American left flank by negotiating the heavily wooded high ground north and west of Bemis Heights . Arnold also realized such a flanking maneuver was likely , and petitioned Gates for permission to move his forces from the heights to meet potential movements , where the American skill at woodlands combat would be at an advantage . Gates , whose preferred strategy was to sit and wait for the expected frontal assault , grudgingly permitted a reconnaissance in force consisting of Daniel Morgan 's men and Henry Dearborn 's light infantry . When Morgan 's men reached an open field northwest of Bemis Heights belonging to Loyalist John Freeman , they spotted British advance troops in the field . Fraser 's column was slightly delayed and had not yet reached the field , while Hamilton 's column had also made its way across a ravine and was approaching the field from the east through dense forest and difficult terrain . Riedesel 's force , while it was on the road , was delayed by obstacles thrown down by the Americans . The sound of gunfire to the west prompted Riedesel to send some of his artillery down a track in that direction . The troops Morgan 's men saw were an advance company from Hamilton 's column . Battle Map depicting the positions at 1 : 00 pm Morgan placed marksmen at strategic positions , who then picked off virtually every officer in the advance company . Morgan and his men then charged , unaware that they were headed directly for Burgoyne 's main army . While they succeeded in driving back the advance company , Fraser 's leading edge arrived just in time to attack Morgan 's left , scattering his men back into the woods . James Wilkinson , who had ridden forward to observe the fire , returned to the American camp for reinforcements . As the British company fell back toward the main column , the leading edge of that column opened fire , killing a number of their own men . Modern view of the battleground of Freeman 's Farm There was then a lull in the fighting around 1 : 00 pm as Hamilton 's men began to form up on the north side of the field , and American reinforcements began to arrive from the south . Learning that Morgan was in trouble , Gates ordered out two more regiments ( 1st and 3rd New Hampshire ) to support him , with additional regiments ( 2nd New York , 4th New York , the 1st Canadian , and Connecticut militia ) from the brigade of Enoch Poor to follow . Burgoyne arrayed Hamilton 's men with the 21st on the right , the 20th on the left , and the 62nd in the center , with the 9th held in reserve . Map depicting the positions at 3 : 00 pm The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action . Morgan 's men had regrouped in the woods , and picked off officers and artillerymen . They were so effective at reducing the latter that the Americans several times gained brief control of British field pieces , only to lose them in the next British charge . At one point it was believed that Burgoyne himself had been taken down by a sharpshooter ; it was instead one of Burgoyne 's aides , riding a richly dressed horse , who was the victim . The center of the British line was very nearly broken at one point , and only the intervention of General Phillips , leading the 20th , made it possible for the 62nd to reform . In Roger Lamb 's memoir , ( a British soldier present at the battle ) , he wrote ' ' In this battle an unusual number of officers fell , as our army abounded with young men of respectability at this time , who after several years of general peace anterior to the American revolution , were attracted to the profession of arms . Three sulbalterns ( officers ) of the 20th regiment on this occasion , the oldest of whom did not exceed the age of seventeen years , were buried together ' ' The final stroke of the battle belonged to the British . Around 3 pm , Riedesel sent a messenger to Burgoyne for instructions . He returned two hours later with orders to guard the baggage train , but also to send as many men as he could spare toward the American right flank . In a calculated risk , Riedesel left 500 men to guard the vital supply train and marched off toward the action with the rest of his column . Two of his companies advanced on the double and opened vicious fire on the American right , and Fraser 's force threatened to turn the American left flank . In response to the latter threat , Arnold requested more forces , and Gates allowed him to dispatch Ebenezer Learned 's brigade ( 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts ) . ( If Arnold had been on the field , these forces might have instead faced the larger danger posed by Riedesel 's force . ) Fortunately for the American right , darkness set in , bringing an end to the battle . The Americans retreated back to their defenses , leaving the British on the field . Map depicting the positions at 5 : 00 pm Burgoyne had gained the field of battle , but suffered nearly 600 casualties . Most of these were to Hamilton 's center column , where the 62nd was reduced to the size of a single company , and three quarters of the artillerymen were killed or wounded . American losses were nearly 300 killed and seriously wounded . It has been widely recounted in histories of this battle that General Arnold was on the field , directing some of the action . However , John Luzader , a former park historian at the Saratoga National Historical Park , carefully documents the evolution of this story and believes it is without foundation in contemporary materials , and that Arnold remained at Gates ' headquarters , receiving news and dispatching orders through messengers . Arnold biographer James Kirby Martin , however , disagrees with Luzader , arguing that Arnold played a more active role at Freeman 's Farm by directing patriot troops into position and possibly leading some charges before being ordered back to headquarters by Gates . Interlude ... an attack or even menace of an attack on Fort Montgomery must be of great use ... Burgoyne to Clinton , September 23 , 1777 Burgoyne 's council discussed whether to attack the next day , and a decision was reached to delay further action at least one day , to September 21 . The army moved to consolidate the position closer to the American line while some men collected their dead . The attack on the 21st was called off when Burgoyne received a letter dated September 12 from Henry Clinton , who was commanding the British garrison in New York City . Clinton suggested that he could `` make a push at ( Fort ) Montgomery in about ten days . '' ( Fort Montgomery was an American post on the Hudson River , in the New York Highlands south of West Point ) . If Clinton left New York on September 22 , `` about ten days '' after he wrote the letter , he still could not hope to arrive in the vicinity of Saratoga before the end of the month . Burgoyne , running low on men and food , was still in a very difficult position , but he decided to wait in the hope that Clinton would arrive to save his army . Burgoyne wrote to Clinton on September 23 , requesting some sort of assistance or diversion to draw Gates ' army away . Clinton sailed from New York on October 3 , and captured Forts Montgomery and Clinton on October 6 . The furthest north any of his troops reached was Clermont , where they raided the estate of the prominent Patriot Livingston family on October 16 . Plan of battlefield of Saratoga , and views of John Neilson 's house ( which served as headquarters for Enoch Poor and Benedict Arnold ) from south , east and inside Unknown to either side at Saratoga , General Lincoln and Colonel John Brown had staged an attack against the British position at Fort Ticonderoga . Lincoln had collected 2,000 men at Bennington by early September . Brown and a detachment of 500 men captured poorly defended positions between Ticonderoga and Lake George , and then spent several days ineffectually bombarding the fort . These men , and some of the prisoners they freed along the way , were back in the American camp by September 29 . In the American camp , the mutual resentment between Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold finally exploded into open hostility . Gates quickly reported the action of September 19 to the Congress and Governor George Clinton of New York , but he failed to mention Arnold at all . The field commanders and men universally credited Arnold for their success . Almost all the troops involved were from Arnold 's command and Arnold was the one directing the battle while Gates sat in his tent . Arnold protested , and the dispute escalated into a shouting match that ended with Gates relieving Arnold of his command and giving it to Benjamin Lincoln . Arnold asked for a transfer to Washington 's command , which Gates granted , but instead of leaving he remained in his tent . There is no documentary evidence for a commonly recounted anecdote that a petition signed by line officers convinced Arnold to stay in camp . During this period there were almost daily clashes between pickets and patrols of the two armies . Morgan 's sharpshooters , familiar with the strategy and tactics of woodland warfare , constantly harassed British patrols on the western flank . As September passed into October it became clear that Clinton was not coming to help Burgoyne , who put the army on short rations on October 3 . The next day , Burgoyne called a war council in which several options were discussed , but no conclusive decisions were made . When the council resumed the next day , Riedesel proposed retreat , in which he was supported by Fraser . Burgoyne refused to consider it , insisting that retreat would be disgraceful . They finally agreed to conduct an assault on the American left flank with two thousand men , more than one - third of the army , on October 7 . The army he was attacking , however , had grown in the interval . In addition to the return of Lincoln 's detachment , militiamen and supplies continued to pour into the American camp , including critical increases in ammunition , which had been severely depleted in the first battle . The army Burgoyne faced on October 7 was more than 12,000 men strong and was led by a man who knew how much trouble Burgoyne was in . Gates had received consistent intelligence from the stream of deserters leaving the British lines and had also intercepted Clinton 's response to Burgoyne 's plea for help . Second Saratoga : battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) See also : Second Saratoga order of battle British foray Benedict Arnold at Battle of Bemis Heights While Burgoyne 's troop strength was nominally higher , he likely had only about 5,000 effective , battle - ready troops on October 7 , as losses from the earlier battles in the campaign and desertions following the September 19 battle had reduced his forces . General Riedesel advised that the army retreat . Burgoyne decided to reconnoiter the American left flank to see if an attack was possible . As an escort , the generals took Fraser 's Advanced Corps , with light troops and the 24th Foot on the right and the combined British grenadiers on the left , and a force drawn from all the German regiments in the army in the center . There were eight British cannon under Major Williams and two Hesse - Hanau cannon under Captain Pausch . Leaving their camp between 10 and 11 am , they advanced about three - quarters of a mile ( 1 km ) to Barber 's wheat field on a rise above Mill Brook , where they stopped to observe the American position . While the field afforded some room for artillery to work , the flanks were dangerously close to the surrounding woods . Gates , following the removal of Arnold from the field command , assumed command of the American left and gave the right to General Lincoln . When American scouts brought news of Burgoyne 's movement to Gates , he ordered Morgan 's riflemen out to the far left , with Poor 's men ( 1st , 2nd , and 3rd New Hampshire on the left ; the 2nd and 4th New York Regiments ) on the right , and Learned 's ( 1st New York , 1st Canadian , 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts Regiments , plus militia companies ) in the center . A force of 1,200 New York militia under Brigadier General Abraham Ten Broeck was held in reserve behind Learned 's line . In all , more than 8,000 Americans took the field that day , including about 1,400 men from Lincoln 's command that were deployed when the action became particularly fierce . Benedict Arnold portrait by Thomas Hart The opening fire came between 2 and 2 : 30 pm from the British grenadiers . Poor 's men held their fire , and the terrain made the British shooting largely ineffective . When Major Acland led the British grenadiers in a bayonet charge , the Americans finally began shooting at close range . Acland fell , shot in both legs , and many of the grenadiers also went down . Their column was a total rout , and Poor 's men advanced to take Acland and Williams prisoner and capture their artillery . On the American left , things were also not going well for the British . Morgan 's men swept aside the Canadians and Native Americans to engage Fraser 's regulars . Although slightly outnumbered , Morgan managed to break up several British attempts to move west . While General Fraser was mortally wounded in this phase of the battle , a frequently told story claiming it to be the work of Timothy Murphy , one of Morgan 's men , appears to be a 19th - century fabrication . The fall of Fraser and the arrival of Ten Broeck 's large militia brigade ( which roughly equaled the entire British reconnaissance force in size ) , broke the British will , and they began a disorganized retreat toward their entrenchments . Burgoyne was also very nearly killed by one of Morgan 's marksmen ; three shots hit his horse , hat , and waistcoat . The first phase of the battle lasted about one hour and cost Burgoyne nearly 400 men , including the capture of most of the grenadiers ' command , and six of the ten field pieces brought to the action . American attack Troop dispositions and initial movements at the Battle of Bemis Heights At this point , the Americans were joined by an unexpected participant . General Arnold , who was `` betraying great agitation and wrath '' in the American camp , and may have been drinking , rode out to join the action . Gates immediately sent Major Armstrong after him with orders to return ; Armstrong did not catch up with Arnold until the action was effectively over . ( A letter , written by a witness to proceedings in the camp , suggests that Arnold did in fact have authorization from Gates to engage in this action . ) The defenses on the right side of the British camp were anchored by two redoubts . The outermost one was defended by about 300 men under the command of the Hessian Heinrich von Breymann , while the other was under the command of Lord Balcarres . A small contingent of Canadians occupied the ground between these two fortifications . Most of the retreating force headed for Balcarres ' position , as Breymann 's was slightly north and further away from the early action . Arnold led the American chase , and then led Poor 's men in an attack on the Balcarres redoubt . Balcarres had set up his defenses well , and the redoubt was held , in action so fierce that Burgoyne afterwards wrote , `` A more determined perseverance than they showed ... is not in any officer 's experience '' . Seeing that the advance was checked , and that Learned was preparing to attack the Breymann redoubt , Arnold moved toward that action , recklessly riding between the lines and remarkably emerging unhurt . He led the charge of Learned 's men through the gap between the redoubts , which exposed the rear of Breymann 's position , where Morgan 's men had circled around from the far side . In furious battle , the redoubt was taken and Breymann was killed . Arnold 's horse was hit in one of the final volleys , and Arnold 's leg was broken by both shot and the falling horse . Major Armstrong finally caught up with Arnold to officially order him back to headquarters ; he was carried back in a litter . The capture of Breymann 's redoubt exposed the British camp , but darkness was setting in . An attempt by some Germans to retake the redoubt ended in capture as darkness fell and an unreliable guide led them to the American line . Aftermath For more details on Burgoyne 's movements and eventual surrender after these battles , see Saratoga campaign § Surrender . Burgoyne 's failed campaign , as may be seen by the titles of some of the books that cover it in detail , marked a major turning point in the war . After the battle , he withdrew his men 10 -- 15 miles north , near present - day Schuylerville , New York . General Burgoyne returned to England and was never given another commanding position in the British Army . Armies and casualties Boot Monument , depicting Arnold 's injured leg Burgoyne lost 1,000 men in the two battles , leaving him outnumbered by roughly 3 to 1 ; American losses came to about 500 killed and wounded . Burgoyne had also lost several of his most effective leaders , his attempts to capture the American position had failed , and his forward line was now breached . That night he lit fires at his remaining forward positions and withdrew under the cover of darkness . On the morning of October 8 , he was back in the fortified positions he had held on September 16 . By October 13 he was surrounded at Saratoga , and on October 17 he surrendered his army . The remnants of his expedition retreated from Ticonderoga back to Quebec . The British learned that the Americans would fight bravely and effectively . Said one British officer : The courage and obstinacy with which the Americans fought were the astonishment of everyone , and we now became fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them , incapable of standing a regular engagement and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful works . In recognition of his contribution to the battles at Saratoga , General Arnold had his seniority restored ( he had lost it after being passed over for promotion earlier in 1777 ) . His leg wound left Arnold bedridden for five months . Later , while still unfit for field service but serving as military governor of Philadelphia , Arnold entered into treasonous correspondence with the British . He received command of the fort at West Point and plotted to hand it over to the British , only to flee into the British lines when the capture of his contact John Andre led to the exposure of the plot . Arnold went on to serve under William Phillips , the commander of Burgoyne 's right wing , in a 1781 expedition into Virginia . Although he left the direction of the battle to subordinates , General Gates received a great deal of credit as the commanding general for the greatest American victory of the war to date . He may have conspired with others to replace George Washington as the commander - in - chief . Instead , he received the command of the main American army in the South . He led it to a disastrous defeat at the 1780 Battle of Camden , where he was at the forefront of a panicked retreat . Gates never commanded troops in the field again . In response to Burgoyne 's surrender , Congress declared December 18 , 1777 , as a national day `` for solemn Thanksgiving and praise '' ; it was the nation 's first official observance of a holiday with that name . French aid Once news of Burgoyne 's surrender reached France , King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco - American alliance and French entry into the war . This moved the conflict onto a global stage . As a consequence , Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the war in North America to theaters in the West Indies and Europe , and rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations . Being defeated by the British in the French and Indian War more than a decade earlier , France found an opportunity of revenge by aiding the colonists throughout the Revolutionary War . Prior to the Battle of Saratoga , France did n't fully aid the colonists . However , after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists , France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war , and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers , donations , loans , military arms , and supplies . Legacy The battlefield and the site of Burgoyne 's surrender have been preserved , and are now administered by the National Park Service as the Saratoga National Historical Park , which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . The park preserves a number of the buildings in the area and contains a variety of monuments . The Saratoga Monument obelisk has four niches , three of which hold statues of American commanders : Gates and Schuyler and of Colonel Daniel Morgan . The fourth niche , where Arnold 's statue would go , is empty . A more dramatic memorial to Arnold 's heroism , that does not name him , is the Boot Monument . Donated by Civil War General John Watts de Peyster , it shows a boot with spurs and the stars of a major general . It stands at the spot where Arnold was shot on October 7 charging Breymann 's redoubt and is dedicated to `` the most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army '' . Six Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 102nd Inf , 125th QM Co , 181st Inf , 182nd Inf and 192nd MP Bn ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Saratoga . There are now only thirty units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era . There are a number of ships named after the battles including USS Saratoga ( 1842 ) , USS Saratoga ( CV - 3 ) , and USS Saratoga ( CV - 60 ) Saratoga Monument obelisk View of the battlefield from the visitor center of Saratoga National Historic Park Benjamin Franklin honored the victory in Saratoga by commissioning and designing an Augustin Dupré medallion . It was minted in Paris in 1783 . The Surrender of General Burgoyne depicted on a 1927 US Postage Stamp See also American Revolutionary War portal Capital District portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Saratoga National Historical Park References Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 355 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 395 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 436 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 371 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 368 Jump up ^ Morgan , Edmund ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic : 1763 -- 1789 . pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Springfield Armory Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 335 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 348 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 320 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 332 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 189 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 265 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 290 -- 95 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 296 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 337 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 288 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 216 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 347 -- 48 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 299 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 300 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 351 -- 52 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 352 , 355 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 357 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 356 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 307 -- 08 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 358 -- 60 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 309 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 362 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 240 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 310 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 310 -- 12 Jump up ^ Hagist , Don ( 2004 ) . A British Soldier 's Story : Roger Lamb 's narrative of the American Revolution . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 391 -- 92 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 368 -- 69 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 319 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 515 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 388 -- 90 , describes the relevant primary sources , and shows how early historians , including Lossing and Stone , gave rise to the story , and its propagation by later historians , including Nickerson . Jump up ^ Martin , James Kirby ( 1997 ) . Benedict Arnold , Revolutionary Hero : An American Warrior Reconsidered . New York University Press . pp. 378 -- 81 , 514 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5560 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 343 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 375 -- 76 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 345 -- 51 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 376 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 377 -- 79 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 324 -- 26 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 385 -- 88 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 271 Jump up ^ Charles Kuralt , narrator ( 2009 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Misfortunes of War '' . The Revolutionary War . The Military Channel . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 333 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 356 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 326 -- 27 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 353 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 358 Jump up ^ Bird p. 223 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 359 -- 60 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 284 -- 85 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 286 ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 361 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 400 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. xxii ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 364 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 285 ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 362 Jump up ^ Williams , Stephen ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Letters change view of Benedict Arnold , Gen. Gates '' . The Daily Gazette . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 365 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 287 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 291 -- 95 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 366 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 368 Jump up ^ See Ketchum , Morrissey , and Nickerson . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Saratoga -- A Major Turning Point of The Revolutionary War '' . Saratoga.com . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Victor Brooks ; Robert Hohwald ( 1999 ) . How America Fought Its Wars : Military Strategy from the American Revolution to the Civil War . Da Capo Press . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 372 Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2007 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1985 ) , pp. 147 -- 51 Jump up ^ Historic Society of Pennsylvania ( 1896 ) , p. 90 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. xxiii Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1985 ) , pp. 106 -- 07 Jump up ^ `` States give thanks '' . History.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Washington , George ( 2002 ) . Grizzard , Jr. , Frank E. ; Hoth , David R. , eds . General Orders , 17 December 1777 . The Original Papers of George Washington , Revolutionary War Series . 12 . Charlottesville , Va. : Univ Press of Virginia . pp. 620 -- 621 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 405 -- 48 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 447 Jump up ^ Perkins , James . `` France in the Revolution '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Saratoga National Historical Park Jump up ^ Saratoga activities Archived November 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 102nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 195 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 192nd Military Police Battalion . Jump up ^ Petty , Dan . `` The US Navy Aircraft Carriers '' . www.navy.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bennett ( 2008 ) , p. 456 Bibliography Bennett , William J ; Cribb , John ( 2008 ) . The American Patriot 's Almanac . Thomas Nelson Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 267 - 9 . Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( 1896 ) . The Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography , Volume 20 . Historical Society of Pennsylvania . OCLC 1762062 . Corbett , Theodore. ( 2012 ) No Turning Point : The Saratoga Campaign in Perspective . Norman OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1997 ) . Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 9 . OCLC 41397623 . ( Paperback ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 1 ) Luzader , John F. Saratoga : A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 44 - 9 . Morrissey , Brendan ( 2000 ) . Saratoga 1777 : Turning Point of a Revolution . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 862 - 4 . OCLC 43419003 . Murphy , Jim ( 2007 ) . The Real Benedict Arnold . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 77609 - 4 . Nickerson , Hoffman ( 1967 ) ( 1928 ) . The Turning Point of the Revolution . Port Washington , NY : Kennikat . OCLC 549809 . Pancake , John ( 1985 ) . This Destructive War . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0191 - 7 . Randall , Willard Sterne ( 1990 ) . Benedict Arnold : Patriot and Traitor . William Morrow and Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55710 - 034 - 4 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . `` Saratoga National Historical Park '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . `` Saratoga National Historical Park -- Tour Stop 7 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Bird , Harrison ( 1963 ) . `` March To Saratoga General Burgoyne And The American Campaign 1777 '' . New York Oxford University Press . Further reading Creasy , Sir Edward ( 1908 ) . The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World . Furneaux , Rupert ( 1971 ) . The Battle of Saratoga . New York : Stein and Day . Mintz , Max M ( 1990 ) . The Generals of Saratoga : John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04778 - 9 . Patterson , Samuel White ( 1941 ) . Horatio Gates : Defender of American Liberties . Columbia University Press . Savas , Theodore P ; Dameron , J. David ( 2005 ) . A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . Savas Beatie . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 12 - X . Ward , Christopher ( 1952 ) . War of the Revolution , 2 Volumes . MacMillan . External links Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Saratoga . Saratoga : The Tide Turns on the Frontier , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan War Boardgame on the Battle of Saratoga Monument to Arnold 's leg at Saratoga , from pbs.org Battle of Bemis ' Heights , and Retreat of Burgoyne `` Battle of Freeman 's Farm '' . Britishbattles.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . `` The Battle of Saratoga '' . Britishbattles.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Animated History of the Saratoga Campaign `` Friedrich Kaltofen , one of the intentionally misnamed ' Brunswick Deserters . ' '' . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-Camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Saratoga&oldid=818158715 '' Categories : 1777 in New York ( state ) 1777 in the United States Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Battles of the American Revolutionary War Conflicts in 1777 New York ( state ) in the American Revolution Saratoga County , New York Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 23 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: where did the battle of freeman's farm take place