Pennsylvania Railroad - wikipedia Pennsylvania Railroad Jump to : navigation , search `` Pennsylvania System '' redirects here . For the prison system known as the Pennsylvania System , see separate system and Eastern State Penitentiary . Pennsylvania Railroad PRR system map , circa 1918 Reporting mark PRR Locale Delaware Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Virginia Washington , D.C. West Virginia Dates of operation 1846 -- 1968 Successor Penn Central Transportation Company then Conrail now Norfolk Southern and CSX Track gauge 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge Previous gauge at one time 4 ft 9 in ( 1,448 mm ) Electrification 12.5 kV 25Hz AC : New York City - Washington , D.C. / South Amboy ; Philadelphia - Harrisburg ; North Jersey Coast Line Length 10,512 miles ( 16,917 kilometers ) Headquarters Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Website prrths.com The Pennsylvania Railroad ( reporting mark PRR ) ( or Pennsylvania Railroad Company and also known as the `` Pennsy '' ) was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and was headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was called the Pennsylvania Railroad because it was established in the state of Pennsylvania . The PRR was the largest railroad by traffic and revenue in the U.S. for the first half of the 20th century . Over the years , it acquired , merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies . At the end of 1925 , it operated 10,515 miles of rail line ; in the 1920s , it carried nearly three times the traffic as other railroads of comparable length , such as the Union Pacific or Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe railroads . Its only formidable rival was the New York Central ( NYC ) , which carried around three - quarters of PRR 's ton - miles . At one time , the PRR was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world , with a budget larger than that of the U.S. government and a workforce of about 250,000 people . The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history : it paid out annual dividends to shareholders for more than 100 consecutive years . In 1968 , PRR merged with rival NYC to form the Penn Central Transportation Company , which filed for bankruptcy within two years . The viable parts were transferred in 1976 to Conrail , which was itself broken up in 1999 , with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) , including nearly all of the former PRR . Amtrak received the electrified segment east of Harrisburg . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Main Line 1.1. 1 Background 1.1. 2 Early history 1.2 New York , Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington lines 1.3 New York - Chicago 1.4 New York - St. Louis 1.5 `` Low - grade '' lines 1.6 Pennsylvania Railroad electrification 1.7 Penn Central merger and Conrail 1.8 Timeline 2 Equipment 2.1 Paint schemes 2.2 Signaling 2.3 Steam locomotives 2.4 Electric locomotives 2.5 Diesel locomotives 3 Facilities 3.1 Altoona Works 3.2 Major passenger stations 3.2. 1 Broad Street Station -- Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 3.2. 2 30th Street Station -- Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 3.2. 3 Penn Station -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 3.2. 4 Penn Station -- Baltimore , Maryland 3.2. 5 Union Station -- Chicago , Illinois 3.2. 6 Penn Station -- Newark , New Jersey 3.2. 7 Penn Station -- New York City , New York 3.2. 8 Union Station -- Washington , D.C. 3.3 Presidents 4 Gallery 5 Heritage Unit 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Main line ( edit ) Main article : Main Line ( Pennsylvania Railroad ) Amtrak 's `` Pennsylvanian '' operates daily runs between New York and Pittsburgh over the former PRR Main Line . Background ( edit ) With the opening of the Erie Canal ( 1825 ) and the beginnings of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ( 1828 ) , Philadelphia business interests became concerned that the port of Philadelphia would lose traffic . The state legislature was pressed to build a canal across Pennsylvania and thus the Main Line of Public Works was commissioned in 1826 . It soon became evident that a single canal would not be practical and a series of railroads , inclined planes , and canals was proposed . The route consisting of the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad , canals up the Susquehanna and Juniata rivers , an inclined plane railroad and tunnel across the Allegheny Mountains , and canals down the Conemaugh and Allegheny rivers to Pittsburgh on the Ohio River was completed in 1834 . Because freight and passengers had to change cars several times along the route and canals froze in winter , it soon became apparent that the system was cumbersome and a better way was needed . Early History ( edit ) The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted a charter to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1846 to build a private rail line that would connect Harrisburg to Pittsburgh . The Directors chose John Edgar Thomson , an engineer from the Georgia Railroad , to survey and construct the line . He chose a route that followed the west bank of the Susquehanna River northward to the confluence with the Juniata River , following its banks until the foothills of the Allegheny Mountains were reached at a point that would become Altoona , Pennsylvania . In order to traverse the mountains , the line climbed a moderate grade for 10 miles until it reached a split of two mountain ravines which were cleverly crossed by building a fill and having the tracks ascend a 220 - degree curve known as Horseshoe Curve that limited the grade to less than 2 percent . The crest of the mountain was penetrated by the 3,612 - foot Gallitzin Tunnels and then descended by a more moderate grade to Johnstown . The western end of the line was simultaneously built from Pittsburgh east along the banks of the Allegheny and Conemaugh rivers to Johnstown . PRR was granted trackage rights over the Philadelphia and Columbia and gained control of the three short lines connecting Lancaster and Harrisburg , instituting an all - rail link between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh by 1854 . In 1857 , the PRR purchased the Main Line of Public Works from the state of Pennsylvania , and abandoned most of its canals and inclined planes . The line was double track from its inception , and by the end of the century a third and fourth track were added . Over the next 50 years , PRR expanded by gaining control of other railroads by stock purchases and 999 - year leases . John Edgar Thomson Thomson ( 1808 -- 1874 ) was the entrepreneur who led the PRR from 1852 until his death in 1874 , making it the largest business enterprise in the world and a world - class model for technological and managerial innovation . He served as PRR 's first Chief Engineer and third President . Thomson 's sober , technical , methodical , and non-ideological personality had an important influence on the Pennsylvania Railroad , which in the mid-19th century was on the technical cutting edge of rail development , while nonetheless reflecting Thomson 's personality in its conservatism and its steady growth while avoiding financial risks . His Pennsylvania Railroad was in his day the largest railroad in the world , with 6,000 miles of track , and was famous for steady financial dividends , high quality construction , constantly improving equipment , technological advances ( such as replacing wood fuel with coal ) , and innovation in management techniques for a large complex organization . New York , Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington lines ( edit ) Main article : Northeast Corridor Pennsylvania Railroad map November 3 , 1857 1893 PRR territory map 1899 map of `` Lines East '' territory PRR Phila / NY coach ticket ( c. 1955 ) In 1861 the PRR gained control of the Northern Central Railway , giving it access to Baltimore , Maryland , as well as points along the Susquehanna River via connections at Columbia , Pennsylvania or Harrisburg . On December 1 , 1871 , the PRR leased the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company , which included the original Camden and Amboy Railroad from Camden , New Jersey ( across the Delaware River from Philadelphia ) to South Amboy , New Jersey ( across Raritan Bay from New York City ) , as well as a newer line from Philadelphia to Jersey City , New Jersey , much closer to New York , via Trenton , New Jersey . Track connection in Philadelphia was made via the PRR 's Connecting Railway and the jointly owned Junction Railroad ( Philadelphia ) . The PRR 's Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road opened on July 2 , 1872 , between Baltimore and Washington , D.C. This route required transfer via horse car in Baltimore to the other lines heading north from the city . On June 29 , 1873 , the Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel through Baltimore was completed . The PRR started the misleadingly named Pennsylvania Air Line service via the Northern Central Railway and Columbia , Pennsylvania . This service was 54.5 miles ( 87.5 km ) longer than the old route but avoided the transfer in Baltimore . The Union Railroad line opened on July 24 , 1873 . This route eliminated the transfer in Baltimore . PRR officials contracted with both the Union Railroad and the Philadelphia , Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad ( PW&B ) Railroad for access to this line . The PRR 's New York -- Washington trains began using the route the next day , ending Pennsylvania Air Line service . In the early 1880s , the PRR acquired a majority of PW&B Railroad 's stock . This action forced the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B&O ) to build the Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad to keep its Philadelphia access , where it connected with the Reading Railroad for its competing Royal Blue Line passenger trains to reach New York . In 1885 , the PRR began passenger train service from New York City via Philadelphia to Washington with limited stops along the route . This service became known as the `` Congressional Limited Express . '' The service expanded , and by the 1920s , the PRR was operating hourly passenger train service between New York , Philadelphia and Washington . In 1952 , 18 - car stainless steel streamliners were introduced on the Morning Congressional and Afternoon Congressional between New York and Washington , as well as the Senator from Boston to Washington . New York - Chicago ( edit ) On July 1 , 1869 , the Pennsylvania Railroad leased the Pittsburgh , Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway in which it had previously been an investor . The lease gave the PRR complete control of that line 's direct route through northern Ohio and Indiana as well as entry into the emerging rail hub city of Chicago , Illinois . Acquisitions along the Pittsburgh , Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway : Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad , Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad , Toledo , Columbus and Ohio River Railroad , and Pittsburgh , Youngstown and Ashtabula Railway gave the PRR access to the iron ore traffic on Lake Erie . On June 15 , 1887 , the Pennsylvania Limited began running between New York and Chicago . This was also the introduction of the vestibule , an enclosed platform at the end of each passenger car , allowing protected access to the entire train . In 1902 the Pennsylvania Limited was replaced by the Pennsylvania Special which in turn was replaced in 1912 by the Broadway Limited which became the most famous train operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad . This train ran from New York City to Chicago , via Philadelphia , with an additional section between Harrisburg and Washington ( later operated as a separate Washington -- Chicago train , the Liberty Limited ) . New York - St. Louis ( edit ) In 1890 , the PRR gained control of the Pittsburgh , Cincinnati , Chicago and St. Louis Railroad , itself the merged product of numerous smaller lines in Ohio , Indiana , and Illinois . Commonly called the Panhandle Route , this line ran west from Pittsburgh to Bradford , Ohio , where it split , with one line to Chicago and the other to East St. Louis , Illinois , via Indianapolis , Indiana . In 1905 , the acquisition of the Vandalia Railroad gave the PRR access across the Mississippi River to St. Louis , Missouri . Double - tracked for much of its length , the line served the coal region of southern Illinois and as a passenger route for the Pennsylvania Railroad 's Blue Ribbon named trains The St. Louisan , the Jeffersonian , and the Spirit of St. Louis . `` Low - grade '' lines ( edit ) See also : Category : Pennsylvania Railroad Through - freight Lines Around 1900 , the PRR built several low - grade lines for freight to bypass areas of steep grade ( slope ) . These included : 1892 : Trenton Branch ( PRR ) and Trenton Cut - Off Railroad from Glen Loch , Pennsylvania east to Morrisville , Pennsylvania ( not only a low - grade line but a long - distance bypass of Philadelphia and shortcut ) 1892 : Waverly and Passaic Railroad ( finished by the New York Bay Railroad ) from Waverly , New Jersey to Kearny , New Jersey 1904 : Reopening of the New Portage Railroad from the Gallitzin Tunnels east to New Portage Junction ( abandoned ) , then continuing north over the Hollidaysburg Branch to Altoona 1906 : Philadelphia and Thorndale Branch from Thorndale , Pennsylvania east to Glen Loch ( abandoned by Conrail in 1989 ) 1906 : Atglen and Susquehanna Branch from Harrisburg via the Northern Central Railway south to Wago Junction , then east to Parkesburg ( the latter abandoned by Conrail in 1990 ) The Pennsylvania and Newark Railroad was incorporated in 1905 to build a low - grade line from Morrisville , Pennsylvania to Colonia , New Jersey . It was never completed , but some work was done in the Trenton area , including bridge piers in the Delaware River . North of Colonia , the alignment was going to be separate , but instead two extra tracks were added to the existing line . Work was suspended in 1916 . Another low - grade line across the mountains of Pennsylvania , to avoid the congestion of Pittsburgh , was contemplated but never built . Pennsylvania Railroad electrification ( edit ) Main article : Railway electrification system See also : Amtrak 's 25 Hz traction power system A GG1 electric locomotive pulls The Congressional out of the North River Tunnels , 1965 Early in the 20th century the PRR tried electric power for its trains . First was the New York terminal area , where tunnels and a city law restricting the burning of coal precluded steam locomotives . There a direct current ( DC ) 650 - volt third rail powered PRR locomotives ( and LIRR passenger cars ) . The system was put into service in 1910 . The next area to be electrified was the Philadelphia terminal area , where PRR officials decided to use overhead lines to supply power to the suburban trains running out of Broad Street Station . Unlike the New York terminal system , overhead wires would carry 11,000 - volt 25 - Hertz alternating current ( AC ) power : the system used for all future installations . In 1915 , electrification of the line from Philadelphia to Paoli , Pennsylvania was completed . Other Philadelphia lines electrified were the Chestnut Hill Branch ( 1918 ) , White Marsh ( 1924 ) , West Chester ( 1928 ) , the main line to Wilmington , Delaware , and in 1930 the Schuylkill Branch to Norristown , along with the rest of the main line to Trenton . The former PRR electrified Main Line west of Philadelphia is now owned and operated by Amtrak and shared with SEPTA as far as Paoli and Thorndale . PRR 's president William Wallace Atterbury announced in 1928 plans to electrify the lines between New York , Philadelphia , Washington and Harrisburg . In January 1933 , through main - line service between New York and Philadelphia / Wilmington / Paoli was placed in operation . The first test run of an electric train between Philadelphia and Washington occurred on January 28 , 1935 . On February 1 the Congressional Limiteds in both directions were the first trains in regular electric operation between New York and Washington , drawn by the first of the GG1 - type locomotives . All regular passenger trains between these cities were electrified by March 15 . In 1934 the PRR received a $77 million loan from the New Deal 's Public Works Administration To complete the electrification project initiated in 1928 , work was started January 27 , 1937 , on the main line from Paoli to Harrisburg ; the low - grade freight line from Morrisville through Columbia to Enola Yard in Pennsylvania ; the Port Road Branch from Perryville , Maryland to Columbia ; the Jamesburg Branch and Amboy Secondary freight line from Monmouth Junction to South Amboy ; and the Landover - South End freight line from Landover , Maryland through Washington to Potomac Yard in Alexandria , Virginia ( now called the Landover Subdivision and RF&P Subdivision of CSX ) . In less than a year , on the following January 15 , the first passenger train , the Metropolitan , went into operation over the newly electrified line from Philadelphia to Harrisburg . On April 15 , the electrified freight service from Harrisburg and Enola Yard east was inaugurated , thus completing the Pennsy 's eastern seaboard electrification program . The railroad had electrified 2,677 miles ( 4,308 km ) of its track , representing 41 % of the country 's electrically operated standard railroad trackage . Portions of the electrified trackage are still in use , owned and operated by Amtrak as the Northeast Corridor and Keystone Corridor high - speed rail routes , by SEPTA , and by NJTransit ) ) . Penn Central merger and Conrail ( edit ) Main article : Penn Central Transportation Revenue freight traffic , in millions of net ton - miles Year Traffic 1925 48,890 1933 26,818 1944 71,249 1960 42,775 1967 50,730 Source : ICC annual reports Revenue passenger traffic , in millions of passenger - miles Year Traffic 1925 4,518 1933 2,017 1944 13,047 1960 2,463 1967 1,757 Source : ICC annual reports On February 1 , 1968 , the PRR merged with its arch - rival , the New York Central railroad , to form the Penn Central . The Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) required that the ailing New York , New Haven & Hartford Railroad be added in 1969 . A series of events including inflation , poor management , abnormally harsh weather conditions and the withdrawal of a government - guaranteed $200 million operating loan forced the Penn Central to file for bankruptcy protection on June 21 , 1970 . The Penn Central rail lines were split between Amtrak ( Northeast Corridor and Keystone Corridor ) and Conrail in the 1970s . After the breakup of Conrail in 1999 , the portion which had been PRR territory largely became part of the Norfolk Southern Railway . The few parts of the PRR that went to CSX after the Conrail split are ( 1 ) the western end of the Fort Wayne Line across western Ohio and northern Indiana , ( 2 ) the Pope 's Creek Secondary in Maryland , just to the east of Washington , ( 3 ) the Landover Subdivision , a former Pennsy freight line in DC which connects to Amtrak 's ex-Pennsy Northeast Corridor and CSX 's ex-B&O Alexandria Extension on the north end and CSX 's RF&P Subdivision on the south end via the ex-Pennsy `` Long Bridge '' across the Potomac River , and ( 4 ) the Terre Haute , Ind. - to - East St. Louis , Ill . segment of the St. Louis main line ( the segment east of Terre Haute is former - New York Central ) . Timeline ( edit ) 1846 : PRR is chartered to construct a rail line from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . 1850 : Construction begins on Altoona Works repair shop at Altoona , Pennsylvania . 1860 -- 1890 : PRR expands throughout the eastern U.S. 1869 : PRR leases the Pittsburgh , Ft . Wayne & Chicago , formally giving it control of a direct route into the heart of the Midwest . 1885 : The Congressional Limited Express from New York City - Washington , D.C. is introduced . 1887 : Pennsylvania Limited service begins between New York - Chicago ; first vestibuled train . 1894 : The Pennsylvania Pacific Corporation is formed by the PRR . 1902 : Pennsylvania Special service begins between New York and Chicago replacing the Pennsylvania Limited . 1906 : An accident in Atlantic City kills 53 people 1910 : Completion of the North River Tunnels under the Hudson River , providing direct service from New Jersey to Manhattan on electrified lines , terminating at the massive new Penn Station 1912 : The Second Vice-President of the PRR , John Borland Thayer , is lost in the sinking of RMS Titanic at age of 49 . 1912 : Broadway Limited was inaugurated , replacing the Pennsylvania Special . 1915 : PRR electrifies its suburban Philadelphia lines to Paoli , Pennsylvania . 1916 : PRR adopts new motto , Standard Railroad of the World . The first I1s Decapod locomotive is completed , and switching locomotives of the A5s and B6sb class are introduced . 1917 : Completion of the New York Connecting Railroad and the Hell Gate Bridge 1918 : PRR stock bottoms at $40 1⁄4 ( equal to $654.86 today ) , the lowest since 1877 , due largely to Federal railroad control . Emergency freight is routed through New York Penn Station and the Hudson River tunnels by the USRA to relieve congestion . Locomotive class N1s is introduced for PRR 's western lines ; PRR electrifies suburban commuter line to Chestnut Hill . 1928 -- 1938 : PRR electrifies its New York -- Washington , D.C. and Chicago -- Philadelphia line between Harrisburg and Paoli , several Philadelphia and New York area commuter lines , and major through freight lines . 1943 : An accident at Frankford Junction , Pennsylvania kills 79 . 1946 : PRR reported a net loss for the first time in its history . 1951 : An accident in Woodbridge , New Jersey kills 85 people . 1957 : Steam locomotives are removed from active service in the PRR fleet . 1968 : PRR merges with NYC to form the Penn Central Transportation Company ( PC ) . Equipment ( edit ) The PRR 's corporate symbol was the keystone , the commonwealth of Pennsylvania 's state symbol , with the letters `` PRR '' intertwined inside . When colored , it was bright red with a silver - grey inline and lettering . Paint schemes ( edit ) As noted , PRR colors and paint schemes were standardized . Locomotives were painted in a shade of green so dark it seemed almost black . The official name for this color was DGLE ( Dark Green Locomotive Enamel ) , though often referred to as `` Brunswick Green . '' The undercarriage of the locomotives were painted in black , referred to as `` True Black . '' The passenger cars of the PRR were painted Tuscan Red , a brick - colored shade of red . Some electric locomotives and most passenger - hauling diesel locomotives were also painted in Tuscan Red . Freight cars of the PRR had their own color , known as `` Freight Car Color , '' an iron - oxide shade of red . On passenger locomotives and cars the lettering and outlining was originally done in real gold leaf . After World War II the lettering was done in a light shade of yellow called Buff Yellow . Signaling ( edit ) Main article : Railway signal Position light signals PRR was one of the first railroads to replace semaphore signals with position - light signals . Such signals , which featured a large round target with up to eight amber - colored lights in a circle and one in the center , could be lit in various patterns to convey different meanings , were more visible in fog , and remained effective even when one light in a row was inoperative . Signal aspects , or meanings , were displayed as rows of three lit lights . The aspects corresponded with upper - quadrant semaphore signal positions : vertical for `` proceed '' , a 45 ° angle rising to the right for `` approach '' , horizontal for `` stop '' , a 45 ° angle rising to the left for `` restriction '' , a `` X '' shape for `` take siding '' , and a full circle ( used in electrified territory ) for `` lower pantograph '' . Additional aspects were conveyed with a second target head below the first , either a single light , a partial target , or a full target . Separate Manual Block signal aspects existed as well . In later years , interlocking home signals north and west of Rockville ( near Harrisburg ) were modified so that the two outside lights in the horizontal `` stop '' row had red lenses ; the center lamp would be extinguished when the signal displayed `` stop '' . Such `` red - eye '' lenses were also temporarily installed at Overbrook Interlocking near Philadelphia . Starting in the late 1920s , the PRR installed Pulse code cab signaling along certain tracks used by high - speed passenger trains . Information traveled through the rails using track circuits , was picked up by a sensor on the locomotive , and displayed in the engineer 's cab . PRR ultimately installed cab signals on its New York - Washington , Philadelphia - Pittsburgh , and Pittsburgh - Indianapolis lines ( the latter which was later downgraded by PC and ultimately abandoned by Conrail ) . PRR also experimented with cab signals without wayside signals , an approach later expanded by Conrail ( Conemaugh line ) and Norfolk Southern Railway ( Cleveland line ) . Cab signals were subsequently adopted by several other U.S. railroads , especially on passenger lines . This technology , advanced for its time , is still used by Amtrak . Steam locomotives ( edit ) Main article : Steam locomotive PRR I1sa # 4483 on display at Hamburg , New York . K4s at Aberdeen , Maryland , April 26 , 1944 . PRR engine # 1223 in operation on the Strasburg Rail Road ( 1989 ) For most of its existence , PRR was conservative in its locomotive choices and pursued standardization , both in locomotive types and their component parts . Almost alone among U.S. railroads , the PRR designed most of its steam locomotive classes itself . It built most of them in Altoona , outsourcing only when PRR facilities could not keep up with the railroad 's needs . In such cases , subcontractors were hired to build to PRR designs , unlike most railroads that ordered to broad specifications and left most design choices to the builder . The PRR 's favorite outsourcer was Baldwin Locomotive Works , which received its raw materials and shipped out its finished products on PRR lines . The two companies were headquartered in the same city ; PRR and Baldwin management and engineers knew each other well . When the PRR and Baldwin shops were at capacity , orders went to the Lima Locomotive Works in Lima , Ohio . Only as a last resort would the PRR use the American Locomotive Company ( Alco ) , based in Schenectady , New York , which also built for PRR 's rival , NYC . The PRR had a design style that it favored in its locomotives . One example was the square - shouldered Belpaire firebox . This British - style firebox was a PRR trademark that was rarely used by other locomotive builders in the U.S. PRR also used track pans extensively to retrieve water for the locomotive while in motion . Using this system meant that the tenders of their locomotives had a comparatively large proportion of coal ( which could not be taken on board while running ) compared to water capacity . Locomotives of the PRR had a clean look to them . Only necessary devices were used and they were mounted neatly on the locomotive . Smoke box fronts bore a round locomotive number board denoting a freight locomotive or a keystone number board denoting a passenger locomotive . Otherwise the smoke box was uncluttered except for a headlamp at the top and a steam - driven turbo - generator behind it . In later years the positions of the two were reversed , since the generator needs more maintenance than the lamp . Each class of steam locomotive was assigned a class designation . Early on this was simply a letter , but when these ran short the scheme was changed so that each wheel arrangement had its own letter , and different types in the same arrangement had different numbers added to the letter . Subtypes were indicated by a lower - case letter ; superheating was designated by an `` s '' until the mid-1920s , by which time all new locomotives were superheated . A K4sa class was a 4 - 6 - 2 `` Pacific '' type ( K ) of the fourth class of Pacifics designed by PRR . It was superheated ( s ) and was of the first variant type ( a ) after the original ( unlettered ) . Steam locomotives remained part of the PRR fleet until 1957 . Main article : PRR locomotive classification PRR 's reliance on steam locomotives in the mid-20th century contributed to its decline . Steam locomotives require more maintenance than diesel locomotives , are less cost efficient , and require more personnel to operate . PRR was unable to update its roster during the World War II years ; by the end of the war their roster was in rough shape . In addition , PRR was saddled with unsuccessful experimental steam locomotives such as the Q1 , S1 , and T1 `` Duplex Drive '' locomotives , and the S2 turbine locomotive . Unlike most of their competition , PRR did not acquire any 4 - 8 - 4 locomotives . PRR 's competitors managed this period better with their diesel locomotive rosters . PRR voluntarily preserved a roundhouse full of representative steam locomotives at Northumberland , Pennsylvania in 1957 and kept them there for several decades . These locomotives , with the exception of I1sa # 4483 which is on display at Hamburg , New York , are now at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania in Strasburg , Pennsylvania . In sharp contrast , NYC 's Alfred E. Perlman deliberately scrapped all but two large steam locomotives , and these survived only by accident . On December 18 , 1987 , the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania designated PRR 's K4s as the official State Steam Locomotive . The two surviving locomotives are housed at Strasburg and Altoona . As of 2016 the only operable PRR Steam Locomotive is class B4a engine # 643 , built in July 1901 in Altoona . Engine 643 is maintained by volunteers of the Williams Grove Historical Steam Engine Association outside of Harrisburg , and is operated several weekends each summer . As of 2017 however , a major construction project has been underway since 2014 , building a new operational example of a class T1 engine numbered 5550 , as all original class T1 locomotives have been scrapped . The project is being undertaken by the Pennsylvania Railroad T1 Steam Locomotive Trust and is projected to be finished by 2030 . Electric locomotives ( edit ) Main article : Electric locomotive PRR FF1 experimental engine PRR GG1 # 4890 at the National Railroad Museum Green Bay , Wisconsin . When work on the Hudson River tunnels and New York 's Penn Station was in progress , the type of electric locomotives to be used was an important consideration . At that time only a few electric locomotives existed . Several experimental locomotives were designed by railroad and Westinghouse engineers and tried on the West Jersey & Seashore Railroad track . From these tests the DD1 class was developed . The DD1s were used in pairs ( back to back ) . Thirty - three of these engines having Westinghouse equipment were built at Altoona . They were capable of speeds up to 85 miles per hour ( 137 km / h ) . Placed in service in 1910 , they proved to be quite efficient . Steel suburban passenger cars capable of being electrified for MU operation were designed due to the need for such cars in service to Penn Station through its associated tunnels and were designated MP54 . Designs for corresponding cars accommodating baggage and mail were produced also . Eight of these cars were electrified with DC equipment to provide shuttle service from Penn Station to Manhattan Transfer between 1910 and 1922 . More extensive electrification plans required AC electrification , starting with 93 cars for the Paoli Line in 1915 . With the expansion of the AC electrification , additional MP54 cars were electrified or purchased new until a total of 481 cars was reached in 1951 . Replacement with newer types of cars began in 1958 and the last MP54 cars were retired in 1980 . The single FF1 appeared in 1917 and ran experimentally for a number of years in preparation for electrification over the Allegheny Mountains that never came to fruition . Its AC induction motors and side - rod drive powered six axles . It developed a starting tractive force of 140,000 pounds , which was capable of ripping couplers out of the fragile wooden freight cars in use at the time . In 1924 another side - rod locomotive was designed : ( the L5 class ) . Two DC locomotives were built for the New York electrified zone and a third , road number 3930 , was AC - equipped and put in service at Philadelphia . Later 21 more L - 5 locomotives were built for the New York service . A six - wheeled switching engine was the next electric motive power designed , being classified as B1 . Of the first 16 AC engines , two were used at Philadelphia and 14 on the Bay Ridge line , while 12 DC - equipped engines were assigned to Sunnyside Yard in Queens , New York . The O1 class was a light passenger type . Eight of these engines were built from June 1930 to December 1931 . The P5 class was also introduced , with two of this class being placed in service during July and August 1931 . Following these came the P5A , a slightly heavier design capable of traveling 80 miles per hour ( 130 km / h ) and with a tractive force of 56,250 pounds . In all , 89 of these locomotives were built . The first had a box cab design and were placed in service in 1932 . The following year , the last 28 under construction were redesigned to have a streamlined type of cab . Some engines underwent regearing for freight service . In 1933 two entirely new locomotives were being planned : the R1 and the GG1 class . The R - 1 had a rigid frame for its four driving axles , while the GG - 1 had two frames which were articulated . Both of these prototypes , along with an O - 1 , a P5A and a K4s steam locomotive underwent exhaustive testing . Testing was conducted over a special section of test track near Claymont , Delaware and lasted for nearly two years . As a result of these experiments , the GG1 type was chosen and the construction of 57 locomotives was authorized . The first GG1 was finished in April and by August 1935 all 57 were completed . These first GG1 engines were designated for passenger service , while most of the P5A type were made available for freight service . Some of the later - built GG1s were assigned to freight service as well . The total number of GG1s built was 139 . They are rated at 4,620 horsepower ( 3,450 kW ) at speeds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . On August 26 , 1999 , the U.S. Postal Service issued commemorative 33 - cent All Aboard ! 20th Century American Trains stamps . These commemorative stamps featured five celebrated American passenger trains from the 1930s and 1940s . One of the five stamps features an image of a GG - 1 locomotive pulling the `` Congressional Limited Express . '' The official Pennsylvania State Electric Locomotive is the GG - 1 # 4859 . It received this designation on December 18 , 1987 , and is currently on display in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania . Diesel locomotives ( edit ) Main article : Diesel locomotives PRR EMD E8 # 5809 In the mid-1940s , the PRR began to add diesel locomotives to their fleet . From 1945 through 1949 it purchased 60 E7 class locomotives from General Motors EMD ( Electro - Motive Diesel ) . These units were given the classification EP20 by the PRR . Sixty of this number were designated `` A '' units , meaning that they had a cab for the train crew . The remaining 14 were designated `` B '' units ; these were cabless booster units that were controlled by an `` A '' unit . Another addition to the PRR diesel locomotive fleet was the Baldwin DR - 12 - 8 - 1500 / 2 , referred to as the `` Centipede . '' Twenty - four of these units were purchased , and PRR classified them as BP60 . These units had reliability problems and were soon obsolete . They were relegated to helper service . In 1948 the PRR purchased twenty - seven DR - 6 locomotives from Baldwin Locomotive Works . These units were given the PRR classification BP20 . Originally for the passenger service fleet , these locomotive proved troublesome , and some were reclassified as BF16z freight locomotives . From 1950 -- 1952 , the PRR purchased another group of 74 locomotives from EMD . These were EMD 's E8 locomotives ( successor to the E7 ) . All of this group were `` A '' units . The PRR gave these units the classification EP22s . In 1956 , the Pennsy opened bidding for a large order of diesel replacement locomotives . GM / EMD gave the PRR an exceptional deal on new , reliable GP9s , so the entire bid went to EMD . When this large diesel order arrived , the PRR was able to retire its entire remaining steam fleet , in 1957 . Baldwin Locomotive Works ( BLW ) was counting on PRR ( BLW 's lifelong loyal customer ) to keep the struggling company in business by purchasing at least some Baldwin diesels . When that did not happen , the 126 - year - old company went bankrupt . From 1964 - 1965 , they purchased 31 Alco C425 's , numbered 2416 - 2446 . Facilities ( edit ) Altoona Works ( edit ) Main article : Altoona Works In 1849 , PRR officials developed plans to construct a repair facility at Altoona . Construction was started in 1850 , and soon a long building was completed that housed a machine shop , woodworking shop , blacksmith shop , locomotive repair shop and foundry . This facility was later demolished to make room for continuing expansion . Additional PRR repair facilities were located in Harrisburg , Pittsburgh and Mifflin , and the Altoona Works expanded in adjacent Juniata , Pennsylvania . Inventor Alexander Graham Bell sent two assistants to the Altoona shops in 1875 to study the feasibility of installing telephone lines . In May 1877 , telephone lines were installed for various departments to communicate with one another . Fort Wayne , Indiana , also held a key position for the railroad . By the turn of the 20th century , its repair shops and locomotive manufacturing facilities became known as the `` Altoona of the West . '' By 1945 the Altoona Works had become one of the largest repair and construction facilities for locomotives and cars in the world . During World War II , PRR facilities ( including the Altoona Shops ) were on target lists of German saboteurs . They were caught before they could complete their missions . In 1875 , the Altoona Works started a testing department for PRR equipment . In following years , the Pennsylvania Railroad led the nation in the development of research and testing procedures of practical value for the railroad industry . Use of the testing facilities was discontinued in 1968 and many of the structures were demolished . Map of the Altoona Works , circa 1931 Major passenger stations ( edit ) Main article : Pennsylvania Station The PRR built several grand passenger stations , alone or with other railroads . These architectural marvels , whose city name was usually preceded by `` Penn Station '' , were the hubs for the PRR 's passenger service . Many are still in use today , served by Amtrak and regional passenger carriers . Broad Street Station -- Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : Broad Street Station ( Philadelphia ) Broad Street Station , Philadelphia Broad Street Station was the first of the great passenger stations built by the PRR . Opened in 1881 , the station was expanded in the early 1890s by famed Philadelphia architect Frank Furness . For most of its existence it was with City Hall one of the crown jewels of Philadelphia 's architecture , and until a 1923 fire had the largest train shed in the world ( a 91 m span ) . It was the terminal for the PRR in Philadelphia , bringing trains into the center of the city . It was demolished in 1953 after the PRR moved to 30th Street Station . 30th Street Station -- Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( edit ) Philadelphia 's 30th Street Station Main article : 30th Street Station 30th Street Station displays its majestic -- and traditional -- architectural style with its enormous waiting room and its vestibules . The station , in spite of its architectural classicism , opened in 1933 , when modern and Art Deco styles were more popular . Its construction was needed to accommodate increased intercity and suburban traffic . It replaced the 32nd Street Station ( West Philadelphia ) . It is now the primary rail station in Philadelphia , serving long - distance and commuter trains . Penn Station -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( edit ) Pittsburgh 's Penn Station Main article : Union Station ( Pittsburgh ) Built 1898 - 1903 , renovated in 1954 and partially repurposed in 1988 , it was originally called `` Union Station '' as the terminal for some Pennsylvania Railroad subsidiaries . Penn Station -- Baltimore , Maryland ( edit ) Baltimore Penn Station Main article : Pennsylvania Station ( Baltimore ) The main station of Baltimore , this Beaux - Arts building was built in 1911 from a design by architect Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison . It is currently served by Amtrak and MARC commuter service . Both approaches to the station are via tunnels , the B&P Tunnel to the south and the Union Tunnel to the north . Union Station -- Chicago , Illinois ( edit ) Chicago 's Union Station Main article : Union Station ( Chicago ) The PRR , along with the Milwaukee Road and the Burlington Route , built Chicago 's Union Station , the only one of Chicago 's old stations still used as an intercity train station . It was designed by Graham , Anderson , Probst & White in the Beaux - Arts style . Penn Station -- Newark , New Jersey ( edit ) Penn Station , Newark , New Jersey Main article : Pennsylvania Station ( Newark ) Newark 's Pennsylvania Station was designed by McKim , Mead and White . It opened in 1935 , was completed in 1937 and was refurbished in 2007 . Its style is a mixture of Art Deco and Neo-Classical . All Amtrak trains stop here , and the station serves three commuter lines , PATH rapid transit to Jersey City and Manhattan , and the Newark Light Rail . Penn Station -- New York City , New York ( edit ) New York Penn Station in 1962 , shortly before its demolition Main article : Pennsylvania Station ( New York City ) The original Pennsylvania Station was designed by the noted architectural firm of McKim , Mead and White and was modeled on the Roman Baths of Caracalla ; it was notable for its high vaulted ceilings . The station opened in 1910 to provide access to Manhattan from New Jersey without having to use a ferry , and was served by PRR 's own trains as well as those of its subsidiary , the Long Island Rail Road . Infamously , the station was demolished for redevelopment in 1963 . The only pieces to survive the demolition were the platforms , the tracks , and even some of the staircases . The station continues as an underground operation ( serving Amtrak , New Jersey Transit and the LIRR ) and is the busiest intercity railroad station in the United States . Union Station -- Washington , DC ( edit ) Union Station , Washington D.C. Main article : Union Station ( Washington , DC ) Union Station , built jointly with the B&O , served as a hub for PRR passenger services in the nation 's capital , with connections to the B&O , and Southern Railway . The station was designed by architect Daniel Burnham and opened in 1908 . The Richmond , Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad provided a link to Richmond , Virginia , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the south , where major north -- south lines of the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line railroads provided service to the Carolinas , Georgia and Florida . Today Union Station is the location of Amtrak headquarters and serves Amtrak and regional commuter railroads ( MARC and VRE ) . Presidents ( edit ) Samuel V. Merrick ( 1847 -- 1849 ) William C. Patterson ( 1849 -- 1852 ) J. Edgar Thomson ( 1852 -- 1874 ) Thomas A. Scott ( 1874 -- 1880 ) George Brooke Roberts ( 1880 -- 1896 ) Frank Thomson ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Alexander J. Cassatt ( 1899 -- 1906 ) James McCrea ( 1907 -- 1912 ) Samuel Rea ( 1913 -- 1925 ) William W. Atterbury ( 1925 -- 1935 ) Martin W. Clement ( 1935 -- 1948 ) Walter S. Franklin ( 1948 -- 1954 ) James M. Symes ( 1954 -- 1959 ) Allen J. Greenough ( 1959 -- 1968 ) Stuart T. Saunders ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Penn Central , CEO The controlling non-institutional shareholders of PRR were , during the early 1960s , Henry Stryker Taylor , who was a part of the Jacob Bunn business dynasty of Illinois , and Howard Butcher III , a principal in the Philadelphia brokerage house of Butcher & Sherrerd ( later Butcher & Singer ) . Gallery ( edit ) PRR system map , November 1857 PRR system map , 1893 PRR eastern system map , 1899 Share of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company , issued 29 . February 1912 PRR M1a at 1939 New York World 's Fair PRR S1 at 1939 New York World 's Fair PRR herald , Newark Penn Station PRR Exchange Place Station , Jersey City , 1893 Penn Station New York , 1911 A DD1 electric locomotive approaching New York Penn Station , 1910 Amtrak and SEPTA commuter trains on electrified Main Line , Rosemont , Pennsylvania Amtrak 's Pennsylvanian on the electrified Main Line , Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania . Heritage unit ( edit ) As a part of Norfolk Southern 's 30th anniversary , they painted 20 new locomotives into predecessor schemes . NS # 8102 , a GE ES44AC , was painted into the Pennsylvania RR scheme . See also ( edit ) Railways portal Conrail -- successor to Penn Central from 1976 Horseshoe Curve ( Altoona , Pennsylvania ) List of Pennsylvania Railroad lines east of Pittsburgh List of Pennsylvania Railroad lines west of Pittsburgh List of Pennsylvania Railroad passenger trains List of Pennsylvania Railroad predecessor railroads PRR locomotive classification New York Central Railroad -- longtime adversary , eventual merger partner New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad -- longtime partner in run - through trains , also became part of Penn Central Norfolk Southern Railway -- successor to Conrail in former PRR territory Penn Central Transportation Company -- successor to the PRR and NYC in 1968 Pennsylvania Company -- holding company incorporated in 1870 to own / operate lines west of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Lines LLC -- Conrail subsidiary that owned ex-PRR trackage and PRR reporting mark Pennsylvania Station , the name for several major stations Monopoly -- One of the railroads in the Atlantic City themed version of the game is the PRR . Pennsylvania Railroad Freight Building Pennsylvania Railroad Office Building Unification to standard gauge on May 31 , 1886 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Railroad Company Inspection of Physical Property Board of Directors and Arbiters '' . November 10 , 1948 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Not including LIRR , WJ&S and several smaller subsidiaries . PRR track - miles in 1925 totalled 25,752 ; at the end of 1967 , mileages were 9,481 and 21,868 . ^ Jump up to : `` Railfan 's Guide to the Altoona Area '' . www.trainweb.org . Archived from the original on 1999 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Erie Lackawanna Limited -- The Pennsylvania Railroad '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 1 : History of the Altoona Railroad Shops Heading 14 . The Elimination Of the Older Railroad Shop Buildings In The 1960s And After paragraph 6 '' . National Park Service Special History Study . United States National Park Service . 2004 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Messer ( 1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : Schafer & Solomon ( 1997 ) . ^ Jump up to : Staufer ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ `` History of the Altoona Railroad Shops : The Creation And Coming Of The Pennsylvania Railroad '' . National Park Service Special History Study . United States National Park Service . 2004 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Jr. ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Ward ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Harwood , Jr. ( 1990 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` PRR Chronology 1871 '' ( PDF ) . PRR Research . Philadelphia Chapter Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society . January 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Congressional Service '' . American-Rails.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Congressionals and the Senator '' . www.steamlocomotive.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dubin 1964 , pp. 76 -- 95 Jump up ^ Doubleday ( 1902 ) . Jump up ^ Walsh ( 1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Pennsylvania RR Electrification '' . Northeast Railfan.net . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Electrification of the Pennsylvania Railroad from Broad Street Terminal Philadelphia to Paoli '' . The Electric Journal . Pittsburgh , PA . December 1915 . pp. 536 -- 541 . Jump up ^ `` P.R.R. WILL SPEND $77,000,000 AT ONCE ; Atterbury Outlines Projects Under PWA Loan Giving Year 's Work to 25,000 . TO EXTEND ELECTRIC LINE Sees Buying Power Restored and Industry Stimulated by Wide Building Program '' , The New York Times , January 31 , 1934 Jump up ^ `` Electrification History to 1948 '' . Pennsylvania Railroad Electrification . www.railsandtrails.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Totals for Pennsylvania Lines ; LIRR and WJ&S / PRSL not included . Also not included P&A - BC&A - B&E - OR&W - P&BH - RC - W&W , which added up to 21 million ton - miles in 1925 . Jump up ^ Totals for Pennsylvania Lines ; LIRR and WJ&S / PRSL not included . Jump up ^ Dubin 1964 , pp. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Dubin 1964 , p. 82 Jump up ^ `` John B. Thayer ( Obituary ) '' . Railway Age Gazette . Chicago : Simmons - Boardman Publishing Co. 52 ( 17 ) : 979 . April 26 , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` The Pennsylvania Railroad System Information for Employees and the Public '' Philadelphia : The Pennsylvania Railroad Company . Vol . III , No. 24 , June 5 , 1915 . pp. 1 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Electrification of the Pennsylvania Railroad from Broad Street Terminal , Philadelphia , to Paoli '' . The Electric Journal . Pittsburgh , PA : The Electric Journal Co. , Vol . XII , No. 12 , December , 1915 pp. 536 - 541 Jump up ^ The Pennsylvania Railroad 100th Annual Report , 12 Feb 1947 , pg. 1 Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy 's Super Toy Shop presents PRR Steam '' . Roy 's Super Toy Shop . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` PRR Signals '' . Philadelphia Chapter Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` February 2006 Meeting '' . Rivanna Chapter National Railway Historical Society Charlottesville , Virginia . January 15 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pennsylvania Railroad Mikados '' . Steam Locomotive.com . February 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hello Pennsylvania -- State Symbols '' . Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Williams Grove Railroad '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ Section - The T1 Trust '' . The Pennsylvania Railroad T1 Steam Locomotive Trust . 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ James ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Schafer , Mike ; Brian Solomon ( 2009 ) ( 1997 ) . Pennsylvania Railroad . Minneapolis , MN : Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2930 - 6 . OCLC 234257275 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ztrains The PRR Class GG1 '' . www.ztrains.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Article `` Pennsylvania Railroad 's E8 History '' `` . The Gauge Magazine . April 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Alco C425 '' . Jump up ^ `` C425 Roster '' . www.trainweb.org . Jump up ^ `` History of the Altoona Railroad Shops Chapter 1 Heading 7 The Altoona Railroad Shops After The Civil War Paragraph 10 '' . National Park Service Special History Study . United States National Park Service . 2004 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 : Significance and Recommendations for Future Research 1 . Significance of Altoona Works '' . National Park Service Special History Study . United States National Park Service . 2004 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Altoona Railroad Shops National Park Service Special History Study Chapter 1 : History of the Altoona railroad shops ( continued ) 13 . Changes after World War II '' . National Park Service Special History Study . United States National Park Service . 2004 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hall Construction Co. , Howell , NJ . `` NJ Transit -- Newark Penn Station Improvement Program . '' Accessed 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grynbaum ( 2010 ) . References ( edit ) Chandler , Jr. , Alfred D. ( 1965 ) . `` The Railroads : Pioneers in Modern Corporate Management '' . Business History Review . 39 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 40 . JSTOR 3112463 . Doubleday , Russell ( August 1902 ) . `` New York to Chicago ( In ) 20 Hours : A Description Of A Trip On The New Trains That Make The Fastest Long Run In The World '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time. II : 2455 -- 2462 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Dubin , Arthur D. ( 1964 ) . Some Classic Trains . Kalmbach Publishing . pp. 76 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0890240113 . Fischer , Ian S. ( 2002 ) . PRR Color Guide to Freight and Passenger Equipment ( Volume 3 ) . Morning Sun Books . ISBN 1 - 58248 - 073 - 7 . Grynbaum , Michael M. ( 2010 - 10 - 18 ) . `` The Joys and Woes of Penn Station at 100 '' . New York Times . Harwood , Jr. , Herbert H. ( 1990 ) . Royal Blue Line . Sykesville , MD : Greenberg Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89778 - 155 - 4 . James , William ( Winter 2010 ) . Pennsylvania Railroad MP54 Multiple Unit Cars . The Keystone : The Official Publication of the Pennsylvania Railroad Technical and Historical Society . 43 . Kutztown , Pennsylvania : Kutztown Publishing . Kratville , William W. ( 1962 ) . Steam Steel and Limiteds . A Saga of the Great Varnish Era . Omaha , NE : Barnhart Press . OCLC 1301983 . Messer , David W. ( 1999 ) . Triumph II . Baltimore : Barnard , Roberts & Co . ISBN 0 - 934118 - 24 - 8 . Schafer , Mike ; Solomon , Brian ( 1997 ) . Pennsylvania Railroad . Osceola , WI : MotorBooks International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0379 - 5 . OCLC 36676055 . Staufer , Alvin F. ( 1993 ) . Pennsy Power III ( 1847 - 1968 ) . Medina , OH : Alvin F. Staufer . ISBN 978 - 0944513101 . OCLC 31825736 . Walsh , Joe ( 1999 ) . Pennsy Streamliners : the Blue Ribbon Fleet . Kalmbach Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 89024 - 293 - 3 . Ward , James A. ( Spring 1975 ) . `` Power and Accountability on the Pennsylvania Railroad , 1846 - 1878 '' . Business History Review . 49 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 59 . JSTOR 3112961 . Further Reading ( edit ) Alexander , Edwin P. ( 1967 ) . The Pennsylvania Railroad - A Pictorial History . New York : Bonanza Books . Cresson , Jr , B.F. `` The New York tunnel extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad , '' Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers , vol . LXVIII , Sept. 1910 , online Churella , Albert J. ( 2013 ) . The Pennsylvania Railroad : Volume I , Building an Empire , 1846 - 1917 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4348 - 2 . OCLC 759594295 . Orr , John W. ( 2001 ) . Set Up Running : The Life of a Pennsylvania Railroad Engineman , 1904 -- 1949 . Penn State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02056 - 3 . Thomas III , William G. ; Barnes , Brooks Miles ; Szuba , Tom ( July 31 , 2007 ) . `` The Countryside Transformed : The Eastern Shore of Virginia , the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Creation of the Modern Landscape '' . Southern Spaces . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2011 . Ward , James A. `` J. Edgar Thomson And Thomas A. Scott : A Symbiotic Partnership ? , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , January 1976 , Vol. 100 Issue 1 , pp 37 -- 65 White , John H. , Jr . `` America 's most noteworthy railroaders . '' Railroad History , ( Spring 1986 ) . v. 154 pp. 9 -- 15 . External links ( edit ) President and Fellows of Harvard College ( 2004 ) , 20th century great American business leaders -- Martin W. Clement . Retrieved February 23 , 2005 . Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ( 2005 ) . RPI : Alumni hall of fame : Alexander J. Cassatt . Retrieved February 22 , 2005 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pennsylvania Railroad . Pennsylvania Railroad Technical and Historical Society Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania Strasburg , Pennsylvania PRR Chronology -- in depth PRR Corporate History PennsyRR.com -- comprehensive PRR facts and history site , comprising multiple individual websites . prr.railfan.net -- contains significant PRR information , including diagrams of passenger and freight cars as well as locomotives 1955 system map Pennsylvania Railroad GG - 1 p. 1 of 2 : Stan 's Railpix 1 / 16 / 1904 ; Sectional view Of Pennsylvania Railroad Tunnel Now Under Construction Beneath the Hudson River Bridge of the Pennsylvania Rail Road Company Crossing the Schuylkill River at Filbert Street , Philadelphia , October , 18 , 1890 by D.J. Kennedy , Historical Society of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Railroad System Locomotive rosters at Hagley Museum and Library Robert B. Watson Collection of Pennsylvania Railroad ( PRR ) Company Documents at Hagley Museum and Library 1973 political cartoon Named trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad Admiral Advance General Afternoon Steeler Birmingham Special Broadway Limited Colonial Cincinnati Limited East Wind Federal General Jeffersonian Keystone Liberty Limited Manhattan Limited Morning Steeler Northern Arrow Pittsburgher South Wind Spirit of St. Louis Steeler Sunshine Special Trail Blazer Valpo Local Pennsylvania Railroad subsidiaries Chartered 1846 Main Line ( 1857 ) Northern Central ( 1861 -- 1976 ) Baltimore and Potomac ( 1867 -- 1902 ) Pan Handle ( 1847 -- 1956 ) Pittsburgh , Fort Wayne and Chicago ( 1851 -- 1976 ) United New Jersey ( 1871 -- 1976 ) Philadelphia , Wilmington and Baltimore ( 1836 -- 1902 ) Philadelphia , Baltimore and Washington ( 1902 -- 1976 ) Class I railroads of North America Current United States AMTK BNSF CP - D&H , SOO CSXT CN - GTC KCS NS UP Canada CN CP VIA Mexico FXE KCSM Former ( 1956 -- present ) AA ACL AC&Y AGS ASAB AT&N AT&SF AUT A&WP B&AR B&M BN B&O CAR&NW CB&Q C&EI CG CGW C&IM CNJ CNO&TP C&NW C&O CPME CR CRR C&S CS CSPM&O CV C&W C&WC DL&W DM&IR D&RGW DSS&A DT&I D&TSL DW&P EJ&E EL ERIE FEC FW&D GA GB&W G&F GM&O GN GS&F GTW IC ICG ITC KO&G L&A L&HR LI L&M L&N L&NE LS&I LV MEC MGA MI MILW / CMStP&P MIS MKT MN&S MON MP M&STL NC&STL NH NKP / NYC&StL NYS&W NO&NE NP NS N&W NWP NYC NYCN NYO&W PC P&LE P&N PRR PRSL P&WV RDG RF&P RUT QA&P RI / CRIP S&A SAL SBD SCL SD&AE SI SIRT SLSF SLSFTX SN SOU SP SP&S SSW TC TFM TM T&NO T&P TP&W VGN WA WAB WC WM WP ( pre -- 1956 ) AB&A AB&C AC A&D AE A&NM A&STL A&V BA&P BC&A B&G BRI BR&P B&S BSL&W C&A CA&C C&C CC&CS CCC&STL CD&C C&E C&G CH&D C&I CINN CI&S CI&W CL&N CM CM&PS CNE CNNE CNOR C&OIN CP&STL CPVT CRI&G CR&NW CRP CS CTH&SE CV&M CVRR DGH&M D&IR D&M DM&N DNW&P D&SL EI&TH EP&SW E&TH F&CC FJ&G FS&W FW&RG GC&SF GH&SA GM&N GR&I G&SI HE&WT H&TC HV ICRY IGN ISRR KCM&O KCM&OTX K&M LA&SL LA&T LE&W LH&STL LR&N LR&NTX LS&MS LW M&A MC MD&V M&I MKTTX MLR ML&T M&NA M&O MO&G MSC MSP&SSM MTR MV NAL NCRY NJ&NY NN NOGN NOM&C NOT&M NYP&N OCAA OE OR&L OSL OWRN PB&W PCC&STL PCO PE P&E PERK PM P&NT PRDG P&S P&SF PS&N QO&KC SA&AP SAU&G SB&NY SD&A SFP&P S&IE SIND SJ&GI SKTX SLB&M SLIM&S SOUMS SSWTX SUN T&BV T&FS T&N T&OC TSTL&W U&D UTAH VAND VS&P V&SW WF&NW WF&S WJ&S W&LE WPT WSN WV Y&MV Timeline 1910 -- 29 1930 -- 76 1977 -- present Railroads in italics meet the revenue specifications for Class I status , but are not technically Class I railroads due to being passenger - only railroads with no freight component . SEPTA ( Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ) City Transit Division Market -- Frankford Line Broad Street Line Subway -- Surface Trolley Lines Route 15 Trackless trolley routes City surface routes Suburban Division Norristown High Speed Line Routes 101 and 102 Suburban bus routes Regional Rail Airport Chestnut Hill East Chestnut Hill West Cynwyd Glenside Combined Fox Chase Lansdale / Doylestown Manayunk / Norristown Media / Elwyn Paoli / Thorndale Trenton Warminster West Trenton Wilmington / Newark Major stations 30th Street Station 69th Street Transportation Center Darby Transportation Center Fern Rock Transportation Center Frankford Transportation Center Jefferson Station Norristown Transportation Center Olney Transportation Center Suburban Station Former services Route 6 trolley Route 23 trolley Route 50 trolley Route 53 trolley Route 56 trolley Route 60 trolley Route 103 trolley Route 104 trolley Bethlehem Line Cynwyd - Ivy Ridge service Elwyn - West Chester service Fox Chase Rapid Transit Line Miscellaneous Roosevelt Boulevard Subway SEPTA Key SEPTA Transit Police Silverliner Station lists Regional Rail Ex-Regional Rail Rapid transit Trolley and Interurban Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_Railroad&oldid=836431812 '' Categories : Pennsylvania Railroad Former Class I railroads in the United States Standard gauge railways in the United States Railway companies established in 1846 Railway companies disestablished in 1968 Defunct Delaware railroads Defunct Washington , D.C. railroads Defunct Illinois railroads Defunct Indiana railroads Defunct Kentucky railroads Defunct Maryland railroads Defunct Michigan railroads Defunct Missouri railroads Defunct New Jersey railroads Defunct New York ( state ) railroads Defunct Ohio railroads Defunct Pennsylvania railroads Defunct Virginia railroads Defunct West Virginia railroads Railroads in the Chicago Switching District Predecessors of Conrail 1968 disestablishments in Pennsylvania 1846 establishments in Pennsylvania Defunct companies based in Pennsylvania Conrail Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 19 : 47 . 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Question: when did the prr first begin its passenger service between pittsburgh and philadelphia


Canadian Open ( badminton ) - wikipedia Canadian Open ( badminton ) Jump to : navigation , search The Canadian Open in badminton is an international open held in Canada since 1957 . The tournament is traditionally held every year in September . In 1957 the Canadian Badminton Federation decided to open the Canadian National Championships and they were combined with the Canadian Open until 1961 . In 1962 they were divided and held as separate tournaments. 2008 and 2009 the championships were held as Canadian International . Contents ( hide ) 1 Previous winners 1.1 Canadian National Championships and Canadian Open together 1.2 Canadian Open 2 Performances by nation 3 References 4 External links Previous winners ( edit ) Canadian National Championships and Canadian Open together ( edit ) Year Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles 1957 Dave F. McTaggart Judy Devlin Don K. Smythe H. `` Budd '' Porter Sue Devlin Judy Devlin Bobby Williams Ethel Marshall 1958 Dave F. McTaggart Jean Miller Don K. Smythe H. `` Budd '' Porter Marjorie Shedd Joan Hennessy William Purcell Marjorie Shedd 1959 Tan Joe Hok Judy Devlin Lim Say Hup Teh Kew San Sue Devlin Judy Devlin Don P. Davis Judy Devlin 1960 Tan Joe Hok Marjorie Shedd Lim Say Hup Teh Kew San Lois Alston Beulah Armendariz Finn Kobberø Jean Miller 1961 Erland Kops Marjorie Shedd Finn Kobberø Jörgen Hammergaard Hansen Marjorie Shedd Dorothy Tinline Finn Kobberø Jean Miller Canadian Open ( edit ) Year Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles 1962 Ferry Sonneville Marjorie Shedd Jim Poole Bobby Williams Marjorie Shedd Dorothy Tinline Berndt Dahlberg Dorothy Tinline 1963 Erland Kops Marjorie Shedd Erland Kops B. McGoig Marjorie Shedd Dorothy Tinline Erland Kops Claire Lovett 1964 C. Ratanaseangsuang Jean Miller Eiichi Nagai Eiichi Sakai Marjorie Shedd Dorothy Tinline James Carnwath Marjorie Shedd 1965 C. Ratanaseangsuang Jean Miller Jim Poole C. Ratanaseangsuang Tyna Barinaga Caroline Jensen B. McCoig Margaret Barand 1966 Tan Aik Huang Judy Hashman Ng Boon Bee Tan Yee Khan Judy Hashman Susan Peard Ng Boon Bee Ulla Strand 1967 Erland Kops Alison Daysmith Roger Mills Colin Beacom Patricia Moody Jean Miller Roger Mills Sharon Whittaker 1968 Bruce Rollick Sharon Whittaker Sangob Rattanusorn Chavalert Chumkum Sharon Whittaker Mimi Nilsson Sangob Rattanusorn Lois Alston 1969 Rudy Hartono Eva Twedberg Tony Jordan B. McGoig Retno Kustijah Minarni Darmadi Minarni 1970 Ippei Kojima Tyna Barinaga Raphi Kanchanaraphi C. Ratanaseangsuang Susan Whetnall Margaret Boxall Ippei Kojima Susan Whetnall 1971 Rudy Hartono Hiroe Yuki Ng Boon Bee Punch Gunalan Noriko Takagi Hiroe Yuki Ng Boon Bee Sylvia Ng 1972 Derek Talbot Eva Twedberg Mike Tredgett Ray Stevens Anne Berglund Pernille Kaagard Flemming Delfs Pernille Kaagard 1973 Jamie Paulson Nancy McKinley Jamie Paulson Yves Pare Margaret Beck Joke van Beusekom No competition Jamie Paulson Jane Youngberg Shoichi Toganoo Nobutaka Ikeda Jane Youngberg Barbara Welch Raphi Kanchanaraphi Barbara Welch Ray Stevens Margaret Beck Mike Tredgett Ray Stevens Margaret Beck Joke van Beusekom No competition 1976 Bandid Jaiyen Wendy Clarkson Mike Tredgett Ray Stevens Margaret Lockwood Nora Gardner 1977 Flemming Delfs Wendy Clarkson Thomas Kihlström Bengt Fröman Nora Perry Karen Puttick David Eddy Nora Perry 1978 Flemming Delfs Wendy Clarkson Thomas Kihlström Bengt Fröman Sonoe Ohtsuka Kazuk Sekine Steen Skovgaard Wendy Clarkson 1979 Morten Frost Fumiko Tookairin Christian Hadinata Ade Chandra Imelda Wiguno Verawaty Wiharjo Christian Hadinata Imelda Wiguno 1980 Morten Frost Gillian Gilks Mike Tredgett Ray Stevens Nora Perry Jane Webster Mike Tredgett Nora Perry 1981 Nick Yates Sam Yanquin Thomas Kihlström Ray Stevens Nora Perry Jane Webster Thomas Kihlström Gillian Gilks 1982 Torbjörn Peterson Sally Podger Torbjörn Peterson Lars Wengberg Gillian Gilks Gillian Clark Billy Gilliland Karen Chapman Misbun Sidek Kenneth Larsen Rashid Sidek Misbun Sidek Sally Podger Karen Beckman Mike Butler Claire Backhouse 1984 Michael Kjeldsen Hong Chen Razif Sidek Misbun Sidek Gillian Gowers Karen Chapman Nigel Tier Gillian Gowers 1985 Jens Peter Nierhoff Claire Backhouse - Sharpe Jens Peter Nierhoff Henrik Svarrer Johanne Falardeau Denyse Julien Billy Gilliland Nora Perry 1986 No competition Park Sung - bae Chun Sung - Suk Lee Deuk - choon Lee Sang - bok Kim Jung - Ja Cho Young - Suk Andy Goode Gillian Gowers Steve Butler Zheng Baojun Jens Peter Nierhoff Henrik Svarrer Erica van Dijck Eline Coene Henrik Svarrer Erica van Dijck Anders Neilson Denyse Julien Bryan Blanshard Mike Bitten Hwa Jung - Eun Joo Shon - hye Mike Bitten Doris Piché Fung Permadi Vlada Chernyavskaya Ong Ewe Chye Rahman Sidek Denyse Julien Doris Piché Bryan Blanshard Denyse Julien 1991 Steve Butler Elena Rybkina Jalani Sidek Razif Sidek Gillian Gowers Sara Sankey Nick Ponting Gillian Gowers Ahn Jae - chang Hisako Mizui Cheah Soon Kit Soo Beng Kiang Pernille Dupont Lotte Olsen Thomas Lund Pernille Dupont Thomas Stuer - Lauridsen Camilla Martin Thomas Lund Jon Holst - Christensen Pernille Dupont Lotte Olsen Thomas Lund Pernille Dupont Lioe Tiong Ping Pernille Nedergaard Ade Sutrisna Candra Wijaya Rikke Olsen Helene Kirkegaard Jürgen Koch Irina Servova 1995 Lee Kwang - jin Bang Soo - hyun Ha Tae - kwon Kang Kyung - jin Gil Young - ah Jang Hye - ock Kim Dong - moon Gil Young - ah 1998 No competition 1999 Brian Abra Charmaine Reid Wang Wen Darryl Yung Robbyn Hermitage Milaine Cloutier Iain Sydie Denyse Julien 2000 Jyri Aalto Takako Ida Ma Che Kong Yau Tsz Yuk Joanne Davies Sara Hardaker Peter Blackburn Rhonda Cator No competition 2002 Colin Haughton Petra Overzier Brian Prevoe Philippe Bourett Lisa Parker Suzanne Rayappan Kristian Roebuck Natalie Munt 2003 Hong Seung - ki Lee Eun - woo Hwang Ji - man Jung Hoong - min Lee Eun - woo Ha Jung - eun Hwang Ji - man Lee Eun - woo Aamir Ghaffar Julia Mann Paul Trueman Ian Palethorpe Lisa Parker Suzanne Rayappan Kristian Roebuck Lisa Parker 2005 Hariawan Lee Yun - hwa Han Sung - wook Kang Kyung - jin Jun Woul - sik Ra Kyung - min Han Sung - wook Joo Hyun - hee 2006 Toby Honey Eva Lee William Milroy Mike Beres Mesinee Mangkalakiri Eva Lee Howard Bach Eva Lee 2007 Lee Tsuen Seng Lee Yun - hwa William Milroy Mike Beres Hwang Yu - mi Ha Jung - eun William Milroy Tammy Sun 2008 2009 No competition Taufik Hidayat Zhu Lin Fang Chieh - Min Lee Sheng - Mu Chien Yu - Chin Cheng Wen - Hsing Lee Sheng - Mu Cheng Wen - Hsing 2011 Marc Zwiebler Cheng Shao - chieh Ko Sung - hyun Lee Yong - dae Cheng Shu Bao Yixin Michael Fuchs Birgit Michels 2012 Chou Tien - chen Nozomi Okuhara Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi Ryota Taohata Ayaka Takahashi 2013 Tan Chun Seang Nichaon Jindapon Maneepong Jongjit Nipitphon Puangpuapech Huang Yaqiong Yu Xiaohan Lee Chun Hei Chau Hoi Wah 2014 Lee Hyun - il Michelle Li Liang Jui - wei Lu Chia - bin Choi Hye - in Lee So - hee Max Schwenger Carla Nelte 2015 Lee Chong Wei Michelle Li Li Junhui Liu Yuchen Jwala Gutta Ashwini Ponnappa Lee Chun Hei Chau Hoi Wah 2016 B. Sai Praneeth Michelle Li Manu Attri B. Sumeeth Reddy Setyana Mapasa Gronya Somerville Do Tuan Duc Pham Nhu Thao 2017 Kanta Tsuneyama Saena Kawakami Peter Briggs Tom Wolfenden Mayu Matsumoto Wakana Nagahara Kim Won - ho Shin Seung - chan Performances by nation ( edit ) Pos Nation MS WS MD WD XD Total Canada 7 20 8 9.5 14.5 59 England 5 7.5 13.5 12.5 40.5 Denmark 10 5.5 10.5 33 South Korea 5 5 5 6 25 5 Japan 5 2.5 16.5 6 Malaysia 0 9 0 2.5 15.5 7 Indonesia 7 12 8 Thailand 3.5 0 1.5 9 9 Sweden 0 2.5 8.5 10 Germany 0 0 11 India 0 0 12 Scotland 0 0 0 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Korea into finals in all events at the Canada Open Badminton '' . Naver News Library . Donga Ilbo. 9 November 1987 . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Open 1995 - Winners '' . tournamentsoftware . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) BWF : 2006 results BWF : 2007 results Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Open_(badminton)&oldid=833453199 '' Categories : Canadian Open ( badminton ) Badminton tournaments in Canada Recurring sporting events established in 1957 1957 establishments in Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 17 : 09 . About Wikipedia

Question: who has won the canada open women's doubles


Bangladesh -- India border - wikipedia Bangladesh -- India border Jump to : navigation , search The border has created a narrow strip known as `` Chicken 's neck '' that has made the communication and transportation between mainland India and Northeast India inconvenient The Bangladesh -- India border , known locally as the International Border ( IB ) , is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states . Bangladesh and India share a 4,156 km ( 2,582 mi ) - long international border , the fifth - longest land border in the world , including 262 km ( 163 mi ) in Assam , 856 km ( 532 mi ) in Tripura , 180 km ( 110 mi ) in Mizoram , 443 km ( 275 mi ) in Meghalaya , and 2,217 km ( 1,378 mi ) in Bengal . The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh , Khulna , Rajshahi , Rangpur , Sylhet and Chittagong are situated along the border . A number of pillars mark the border between the two states . Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced on both sides . The Land Boundary Agreement to simplify the border was ratified by both India and Bangladesh on 7 May 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Issues 3 Enclaves , adverse possessions and undemarcated boundaries 4 Maritime boundary 5 Transportation 5.1 Road links 5.2 Bus Service 5.3 India - Bangladesh Rail links 6 India - Bangladesh barrier 7 External link 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Post number 1273 of Bangladesh -- India border Further information : Radcliffe Line The Radcliffe Line was published on 17 August 1947 as a boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan upon the partition of India . It was named after its architect , Sir Cyril Radcliffe , who , as chairman of the Border Commissions , was charged with equitably dividing 175,000 square miles ( 450,000 km ) of territory with 88 million people . Issues ( edit ) See also : Deaths along the Bangladesh -- India border BDR ( now BGB ) Commander checking the dead Bangladeshi soldiers at the Border The border is used as a route for smuggling livestock , food items , medicines and drugs from India to Bangladesh . Moreover , illegal immigrants from Bangladesh cross the border to India . Because of a large number of illegal immigrants crossing from Bangladesh into India , a controversial shoot - on - sight policy has been enforced by the Indian border patrols . This policy was initiated with reports of violence between the illegal migrants and Indian soldiers . The border has also witnessed occasional skirmishes between the Indian Border Security Force and the Border Guards Bangladesh , most notably in 2001 . In July 2009 , Channel 4 News reported that hundreds of Bangladeshis were killed by the BSF along the Indo - Bangladeshi Barrier . The BSF claims that the barrier 's main purpose is to check illegal immigration and to prevent cross-border terrorism . In 2010 , Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) issued an 81 - page report which brought up uncountable abuses of the BSF . The report was compiled from the interviews taken from the victims of BSF torments , witnesses , members of the BSF and its Bangladeshi counterpart . The report stated that over 1000 Bangladeshi citizens were killed during the first decade of the 21st century . According to HRW , BSF did not only shoot illegal migrants or smugglers but even innocents who were seen near , sometimes even people working in fields ( farmland ) near the border . Bangladesh Last House , in the Bangladesh -- India border at Jointa Hill Resort , Tamabil , Sylhet . BSF has often been accused by Bangladesh government of incursions into Bangladesh territory , and indiscriminate shooting of civilians along the India - Bangladesh borders . This was in retaliation to massive illegal immigration from Bangladesh to India , for which the Indo - Bangladeshi Barrier is underway . In a news conference in August 2008 , Indian BSF officials admitted that they killed 59 illegals ( 34 Bangladeshis , 21 Indians , rest unidentified ) who were trying to cross the border during the prior six months . Bangladeshi media accused the BSF of abducting 5 Bangladeshi children , aged between 8 and 15 , from the Haripur Upazila in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh , in 2010 . The children were setting fishing nets near the border . In 2010 , Human Rights Watch has accused the Border Security Force for the indiscriminate killings . BSF forces killed and hanged the dead body over the fence Ms. Felani ( a 15 - year - old Bangladeshi girl ) on 7 January 2011 . Many conferences have been held between India and Bangladesh to discuss such issues as smuggling and trespassing , cattle lifting , trafficking of drugs and arms . Colonel Muhammad Shahid Sarwar of BGB gave Border Security Force a list of miscreants which took place in India , and the BSF side also handed over a similar list to the BGB . Enclaves , adverse possessions and undemarcated boundaries ( edit ) Main article : India -- Bangladesh enclaves India Bangladesh Border The enclaves or chitmahals ( Bengali : ছিটমহল ) between India and Bangladesh border in the Indian state of West Bengal were a long - standing issue between the countries . The enclaves were reputedly part of a high - stakes card game or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings , the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur , and the result of the confused outcome of a treaty between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and the Mughal Empire . After the partition of India in 1947 , Cooch Behar district merged with India and Rangpur went to then - East Pakistan , which became Bangladesh in 1971 . The prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed a Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange all enclaves and simplify the international border . In 1974 Bangladesh approved the proposed Land Boundary Agreement , but India did not ratify it . In 2011 the two countries again agreed to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions . A revised version of the agreement was finally adopted by the two countries when the Parliament of India passed the 119th Amendment to the Indian Constitution on 7 May 2015 . Inside the main part of Bangladesh , there were 111 Indian enclaves ( 17,160.63 acres ) , while inside the main part of India , there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves ( 7,110.02 acres ) . In respect of adverse possessions , India received 2,777.038 acres of land and transferred 2,267.682 acres to Bangladesh . Under the agreement , the enclave residents could continue to reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice . The adverse possession of Boraibari went to Bangladesh . The undemarcated borders between the nations were also finally solved with respect to Daikhata - Dumabari , Muhurichar ( an island in the Muhuri River ) , and Pyrdiwah . Maritime Boundary ( edit ) India and Bangladesh had engaged in eight rounds of bilateral negotiations starting 1974 , but it remained inconclusive until 2009 . In October 2009 , Bangladesh served India with notice of arbitration proceedings under the UNCLOS . The Arbitration Tribunal delivered the ruling on 7 July 2014 and settled the dispute . Transportation ( edit ) Main articles : Transport between India and Bangladesh , Designated border crossings of India , and Borders of India Map of major border customs checkposts Road links ( edit ) Designated Integrated Check Posts ( ICP , with both customs and immigration facilities ) and Land Customs Stations ( LCS ) are : Assam Mankachar Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Rowmari post ( Bangladesh ) karimgang Steamer and Ferry Station ( KSFS ) Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Zakiganj post ( Bangladesh ) West Bengal Kolkata -- Dhaka via Petrapole integrated checkpost crossing Malda - Rajshahi via Mahadipur crossing Chandrabangha integrated checkpost Hili Meghalaya Bagmara Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Bijoyour post ( Bangladesh ) Borsara Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Borsara post ( Bangladesh ) West Garo Hills - Bakshiganj via Mahendraganj crossing on NH12 Tura - Nalitabari via Dalu crossing on NH217 ( India ) and Nakugaon post ( Bangladesh ) Shillong - Sylhet via Dawki integrated checkpost crossing ( India ) and Tambil post ( Bangladesh ) Tripura Agartala - Dhaka via Afartala integrated checkpost ( india ) and Akhaura checkpost crossing Karimganj - Gopalganj District , Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated checkpost crossing on NH37 ( India ) and Sheola post ( Bangladesh ) Santirbazar - Feni via Santirbazar integrated border checkpost road and railway crossing in South Tripura district Mizoram Kawarpuchiah integrated checkpost , opened in Oct 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi . Bus service ( edit ) Transport between India and Bangladesh bears much historical and political significance for both countries , which possessed no ground transport links for 43 years , starting with the partition of Bengal and India in 1947 . After the establishment of Bangladesh following the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , bilateral relations improved considerably , but the two governments moved slowly on implementing a 1980 agreement on improving transport links . The Kolkata -- Dhaka Bus started in 1999 . In 2001 , another bus service was launched to connect Dhaka with Agartala , the capital of the Indian state of Tripura , the second largest city of Northeast India that borders Bangladesh in the east . In 2015 June direct bus service from Kolkata to Agartala via , Petrapole , Dhaka , Akhoura began . The service is operated by West Bengal surface transport corporation . India - Bangladesh rail links ( edit ) See also : Transport between India and Bangladesh § Rail links Before partition India and Bangladesh had multiple rail links . In the 21st century the countries are only connected by rail links on the Western Bangladeshi border , although there are plans to rebuild some of the other rail links . 2 scheduled passenger trains run between Kolkata and Bangladesh as the Maitree Express and the Bandhan Express . India - Bangladesh barrier ( edit ) The border fence close to the Hili Border station in West Bangladesh The project has run into several delays and there is no clear completion date for the project yet . The barrier when complete will be patrolled by the Border Security Force . The fence will also be electrified at some stretches . The BSF claims that the barrier 's main purpose is to prevent smuggling of narcotics . India is constructing the Indo - Bangladeshi barrier , a 3,406 - kilometre ( 2,116 mi ) fence of barbed wire and concrete just under 3 metres high , to prevent smuggling of narcotics . Out of this , 500 kilometres of fencing was completed at the cost of ₹ 28.81 billion ( US $460 million ) by November 2007 . The deadline for project completion was set to 2008 -- 09 By October 2009 , about 2649 kilometres of fencing along with about 3326 kilometres of border roads were completed . The deadline for project completion was revised to March 2010 . By March 2011 , 2735 kilometres of fencing was completed and the deadline was revised to March 2012 . Assam shares 263 km of border with Bangladesh out of which 143.9 km is land and 119.1 km is riverine . As of November 2011 , 221.56 km of fencing was completed . India has completed the installation of flood lights for 277 kilometers in the West Bengal sector . Sometimes between 2001 - 2006 Bangladesh Border security troops ( BDR ) clashed with the Indian Border Security Force when the fence was built beyond the no man 's land . External link ( edit ) Map of India - Bangladesh border links See also ( edit ) Borders of India Deaths along the Bangladesh -- India border 2001 Indian -- Bangladeshi border conflict Bangladesh -- India relations Border barrier Dahala Khagrabari Indo - Bangladesh enclaves Indo - Burma barrier Line of Control Tetulia Corridor Tin Bigha Corridor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Border Management : Dilemma of Guarding the India - Bangladesh Border '' . IDSA . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament passes historic land accord bill to redraw border with Bangladesh - Times of India '' . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Read , Anthony ; Fisher , David ( 1998 ) . The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 482 . ISBN 9780393045949 . Jump up ^ `` WordPress.com '' . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Brad ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` India 's shoot - to - kill policy on the Bangladesh border '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` India : New Killings , Torture at Bangladeshi Border '' . 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BSF jawan killed in ambush near Bangladesh border - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 6 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) , Channel 4 News , 24 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` India / Bangladesh : Indiscriminate Killings , Abuse by Border Officers '' . Human Rights Watch . Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff Correspondent ( 24 April 2005 ) . `` Border tension flares as BSF kills 2 more '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 19 April 2007 . Jump up ^ India says 59 killed over last six months on Bangladesh border , Reuters , 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BSF abducts 5 children from border '' . The Daily Star . 24 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Years Innocent Bangladeshi Girl Felani Killed by Aggressive Indian Border Security Force ( BSF ) '' . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( 119th Amendment ) Bill , 2013 '' PRS India . Accessed 10 May 2015. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ India ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Everything you need to know : Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sougata Mukhopadhyay ( 7 September 2011 ) . `` India - Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation '' . CNN - IBN . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Special Correspondent ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Parliament passes historic land accord bill to redraw border with Bangladesh '' . The Times Of India . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ MANOJ ANAND ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Bangladesh land swap deal : AGP calls bandh , says PM Modi betrayed people '' . The Asian Age . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Shubhajit Roy ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Everything you need to know : Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Special correspondent ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Meghalaya groups flay land - swap deal '' . Calcutta Telegraph . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stateless misery on India - Bangladesh border '' , BBC , 5 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh , India to swap 162 land parcels '' , AFP , 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` UN tribunal puts an end to 40 - year - old India - Bangladesh maritime dispute '' . RT Op - Edge. 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ICP and LCS Jump up ^ India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar , Bangladesh Jump up ^ Malhotra , Jyoti ( 18 June 1999 ) . `` Bus maps the route to better Indo - Bangla ties '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata - Dhaka Moitree Express flagged off '' . The Times of India . Times Internet Limited . 14 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Centre has fenced 3406 km along Indo - Bangladesh border '' . Thaindian news . 27 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Bangla border fencing to be completed by March 2010 '' . Zee News . 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bangla border fence deadline extended '' . The Assam Tribune . 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fencing along India - Bangladesh Border '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Govt of India . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India - Bangladesh News from India '' . India Monitor . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . External links ( edit ) India - Bangladesh border gunfire News from India Bangladesh -- India relations Treaties and summits Indo - Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Peace Events and conflicts Bangladesh Liberation War Mitro Bahini Mukti Bahini Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Farakka Barrage Sharing of Ganges Waters Chitmahal ( Tin Bigha Corridor , Tetulia Corridor ) India -- Bangladesh enclaves Indian migration to Bangladesh Taslima Nasreen 2001 border conflict Border killings Illegal immigration in India Banglabandha Banga Sena Sharing the water of the Teesta Ganges Barrage Project Initiatives Bangladesh -- India border Joint River Commission Rampal Powerplant Project Forces Border Security Force Border Guards Bangladesh Bangladesh Army Personalities Indira Gandhi Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Morarji Desai Ziaur Rahman Atal Bihari Vajpayee Sheikh Hasina Begum Khaleda Zia Pranab Mukherjee Mamata Banerjee Transport Akhaura - Agartala Rail link ( Under Construction ) Biman Bangladesh Airlines Dhaka - Agartala Bus Grand Trunk Road Jet Airways Kolkata - Agartala Bus ( Via Dhaka ) Kolkata - Dhaka Bus Maitree Express United Airways Related templates Foreign relations of India Foreign relations of Bangladesh India -- Bangladesh land border checkpoints Bangladesh - India land border checkpoints Checkpoints for crossing of human beings Petrapole -- Benapole Gede -- Darshana Lalgola -- Godagiri Mohodipur -- Sona Masjid Hili , India -- Hili , Bangladesh Radhikapur -- Biral Changrabandha -- Burimari Dawki -- Tamabil Agartala -- Akhaura Checkpoints for crossing of vehicles Ghojadanga -- Bhomra Petrapole -- Benapole Mohodipur -- Sona Masjid Hili , India -- Hili , Bangladesh Phulbari -- Banglabandha Changrabandha -- Burimari Ghasuapara -- Haluaghat Dawki -- Tamabil Agartala -- Akhaura Srimantanagar -- Bibir Bazar Rail transit points Petrapole -- Benapole Gede -- Darshana Singhabad -- Rohanpur See also Bangladesh - India border Bangladesh -- India relations Railways in the North - east and Eastern India or Railways in Bangladesh for defunct rail transit points Borders of India Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan China Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Coordinates : 26 ° 15 ′ 43 '' N 88 ° 45 ′ 06 '' E  /  26.26194 ° N 88.75167 ° E  / 26.26194 ; 88.75167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh -- India_border&oldid = 817174702 '' Categories : Bangladesh -- India border Geography of Assam Geography of West Bengal Fences Border barriers Borders of Bangladesh Borders of India Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles containing Bengali - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano मराठी Português Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 17 : 48 . 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Question: name of the boundary line between india and bangladesh


Sohrai - Wikipedia Sohrai Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sohrai is a festival of Santal and oraon people of the Indian states of Jharkhand , Bihar , Orisa , Chattisgarh and West Bengal . It is a cattle worship festival and is celebrated during October - November ( in Ranchi ) , December -- January ( in Dumka ) In Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand an indigenous art form is practised by the women . Ritualistic art is done on mud walls to welcome the harvest and to celebrate the cattle . Legend ( edit ) Marang Buru ( God of mountain ) , Jaher Ayo ( Goddess of forest ) and the elder sister of the Santhals would descend on earth from heaven to visit their brothers . Arts ( edit ) The women clean their houses and decorate their walls with murals of Sohrai arts . This art form has continued since 10,000 - 4,000 BC . It was prevalent mostly in caves , but shifted to houses with mud walls . Bhelwara Sohrai This Sohrai art form is usually either monochromatic or colorful . The people coat the wall with a layer of white mud , and while the layer is still wet , they draw with their fingertips on it . Their designs range from flowers and fruits to various other nature - inspired designs . The cow dung that was earlier used to cake the walls of the house is used to add colour . The dark outline is visible due to the previously applied contrasting white mud coat . Sohrai artists are spontaneous in their drawing . Little pre-planning is evident . The canvases range up to 12 x 18 feet ... The designs are usually drawn from the artist 's memory . The personal experience of the artist , and their interaction with nature are the biggest influence . Girls are little educated or uneducated . This form of art is derived from the study of nature The harvest festival is the time of the year when they exhibit their artistic skills and expressions . Every year , after the festival is over , the drawings and patterns created during this time are erased . This festival usually takes place in the month October or November for three days . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1949 - , Singh , Ajit Kumar , ( 1997 ) . Land use , environment and economic growth in India . MD Publ . ISBN 8175330252 . OCLC 313224070 . `` Tribals celebrate Sohrai with fervour - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Division. , India . Ministry of Information and Broadcasting . Publications ( 2002 ) . Indian tribes through the ages . Publications Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Govt. of India . ISBN 8123003285 . OCLC 54918298 . This article related to an Indian festival or holiday is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sohrai&oldid=815190880 '' Categories : Festivals in India Diwali Indian festival stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Esperanto Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 09 : 07 . About Wikipedia

Question: jharkhand which festival is associated with cattle worship