Anatomy - wikipedia Anatomy Jump to : navigation , search For the anatomy of plants , see Plant anatomy . For other uses , see Anatomy ( disambiguation ) . One of the large , detailed illustrations in Andreas Vesalius 's De humani corporis fabrica 16th century , marking the rebirth of anatomy A dissected body , lying prone on a table - from a series of anatomical drawings made by the 19th Century English artist Charles Landseer . Anatomy ( Greek anatomē , `` dissection '' ) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts . Anatomy is a branch of natural science dealing with the structural organization of living things . It is an old science , having its beginnings in prehistoric times . Anatomy is inherently tied to embryology , comparative anatomy , evolutionary biology , and phylogeny , as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated over immediate ( embryology ) and long ( evolution ) timescales . Human anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine . Anatomy and physiology , which study ( respectively ) the structure and function of organisms and their parts , make a natural pair of related disciplines , and they are often studied together . The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic anatomy . Macroscopic anatomy , or gross anatomy , is the examination of an animal 's body parts using unaided eyesight . Gross anatomy also includes the branch of superficial anatomy . Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures , known as histology , and also in the study of cells . The history of anatomy is characterized by a progressive understanding of the functions of the organs and structures of the human body . Methods have also improved dramatically , advancing from the examination of animals by dissection of carcasses and cadavers ( corpses ) to 20th century medical imaging techniques including X-ray , ultrasound , and magnetic resonance imaging . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Animal tissues 2.1 Connective tissue 2.2 Epithelium 2.3 Muscle tissue 2.4 Nervous tissue 3 Vertebrate anatomy 3.1 Fish anatomy 3.2 Amphibian anatomy 3.3 Reptile anatomy 3.4 Bird anatomy 3.5 Mammal anatomy 3.5. 1 Human anatomy 4 Invertebrate anatomy 4.1 Arthropod anatomy 5 Other branches of anatomy 6 History 6.1 Ancient 6.2 Medieval to early modern 6.3 Late modern 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 External links Definition ( edit ) Human compared to elephant frame . Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins , 1860 Derived from the Greek ἀνατομή anatomē `` dissection '' ( from ἀνατέμνω anatémnō `` I cut up , cut open '' from ἀνά aná `` up '' , and τέμνω témnō `` I cut '' ) , anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems , organs and tissues . It includes the appearance and position of the various parts , the materials from which they are composed , their locations and their relationships with other parts . Anatomy is quite distinct from physiology and biochemistry , which deal respectively with the functions of those parts and the chemical processes involved . For example , an anatomist is concerned with the shape , size , position , structure , blood supply and innervation of an organ such as the liver ; while a physiologist is interested in the production of bile , the role of the liver in nutrition and the regulation of bodily functions . The discipline of anatomy can be subdivided into a number of branches including gross or macroscopic anatomy and microscopic anatomy . Gross anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye , and also includes superficial anatomy or surface anatomy , the study by sight of the external body features . Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures on a microscopic scale , including histology ( the study of tissues ) , and embryology ( the study of an organism in its immature condition ) . Anatomy can be studied using both invasive and non-invasive methods with the goal of obtaining information about the structure and organization of organs and systems . Methods used include dissection , in which a body is opened and its organs studied , and endoscopy , in which a video camera - equipped instrument is inserted through a small incision in the body wall and used to explore the internal organs and other structures . Angiography using X-rays or magnetic resonance angiography are methods to visualize blood vessels . The term `` anatomy '' is commonly taken to refer to human anatomy . However , substantially the same structures and tissues are found throughout the rest of the animal kingdom and the term also includes the anatomy of other animals . The term zootomy is also sometimes used to specifically refer to animals . The structure and tissues of plants are of a dissimilar nature and they are studied in plant anatomy . Animal tissues ( edit ) Stylized cutaway diagram of an animal cell ( with flagella ) The kingdom Animalia contains multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic and motile ( although some have secondarily adopted a sessile lifestyle ) . Most animals have bodies differentiated into separate tissues and these animals are also known as eumetazoans . They have an internal digestive chamber , with one or two openings ; the gametes are produced in multicellular sex organs , and the zygotes include a blastula stage in their embryonic development . Metazoans do not include the sponges , which have undifferentiated cells . Unlike plant cells , animal cells have neither a cell wall nor chloroplasts . Vacuoles , when present , are more in number and much smaller than those in the plant cell . The body tissues are composed of numerous types of cell , including those found in muscles , nerves and skin . Each typically has a cell membrane formed of phospholipids , cytoplasm and a nucleus . All of the different cells of an animal are derived from the embryonic germ layers . Those simpler invertebrates which are formed from two germ layers of ectoderm and endoderm are called diploblastic and the more developed animals whose structures and organs are formed from three germ layers are called triploblastic . All of a triploblastic animal 's tissues and organs are derived from the three germ layers of the embryo , the ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm . Animal tissues can be grouped into four basic types : connective , epithelial , muscle and nervous tissue . Hyaline cartilage at high magnification ( H&E stain ) Connective tissue ( edit ) Connective tissues are fibrous and made up of cells scattered among inorganic material called the extracellular matrix . Connective tissue gives shape to organs and holds them in place . The main types are loose connective tissue , adipose tissue , fibrous connective tissue , cartilage and bone . The extracellular matrix contains proteins , the chief and most abundant of which is collagen . Collagen plays a major part in organizing and maintaining tissues . The matrix can be modified to form a skeleton to support or protect the body . An exoskeleton is a thickened , rigid cuticle which is stiffened by mineralization , as in crustaceans or by the cross-linking of its proteins as in insects . An endoskeleton is internal and present in all developed animals , as well as in many of those less developed . Epithelium ( edit ) Gastric mucosa at low magnification ( H&E stain ) Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells , bound to each other by cell adhesion molecules , with little intercellular space . Epithelial cells can be squamous ( flat ) , cuboidal or columnar and rest on a basal lamina , the upper layer of the basement membrane , the lower layer is the reticular lamina lying next to the connective tissue in the extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells . There are many different types of epithelium , modified to suit a particular function . In the respiratory tract there is a type of ciliated epithelial lining ; in the small intestine there are microvilli on the epithelial lining and in the large intestine there are intestinal villi . Skin consists of an outer layer of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that covers the exterior of the vertebrate body . Keratinocytes make up to 95 % of the cells in the skin . The epithelial cells on the external surface of the body typically secrete an extracellular matrix in the form of a cuticle . In simple animals this may just be a coat of glycoproteins . In more advanced animals , many glands are formed of epithelial cells . Muscle tissue ( edit ) Cross section through skeletal muscle and a small nerve at high magnification ( H&E stain ) Muscle cells ( myocytes ) form the active contractile tissue of the body . Muscle tissue functions to produce force and cause motion , either locomotion or movement within internal organs . Muscle is formed of contractile filaments and is separated into three main types ; smooth muscle , skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle . Smooth muscle has no striations when examined microscopically . It contracts slowly but maintains contractibility over a wide range of stretch lengths . It is found in such organs as sea anemone tentacles and the body wall of sea cucumbers . Skeletal muscle contracts rapidly but has a limited range of extension . It is found in the movement of appendages and jaws . Obliquely striated muscle is intermediate between the other two . The filaments are staggered and this is the type of muscle found in earthworms that can extend slowly or make rapid contractions . In higher animals striated muscles occur in bundles attached to bone to provide movement and are often arranged in antagonistic sets . Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the uterus , bladder , intestines , stomach , o esophagus , respiratory airways , and blood vessels . Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart , allowing it to contract and pump blood round the body . Nervous tissue ( edit ) Nervous tissue is composed of many nerve cells known as neurons which transmit information . In some slow - moving radially symmetrical marine animals such as ctenophores and cnidarians ( including sea anemones and jellyfish ) , the nerves form a nerve net , but in most animals they are organized longitudinally into bundles . In simple animals , receptor neurons in the body wall cause a local reaction to a stimulus . In more complex animals , specialized receptor cells such as chemoreceptors and photoreceptors are found in groups and send messages along neural networks to other parts of the organism . Neurons can be connected together in ganglia . In higher animals , specialized receptors are the basis of sense organs and there is a central nervous system ( brain and spinal cord ) and a peripheral nervous system . The latter consists of sensory nerves that transmit information from sense organs and motor nerves that influence target organs . The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system which conveys sensation and controls voluntary muscle , and the autonomic nervous system which involuntarily controls smooth muscle , certain glands and internal organs , including the stomach . Vertebrate anatomy ( edit ) See also : Comparative anatomy Mouse skull All vertebrates have a similar basic body plan and at some point in their lives , mostly in the embryonic stage , share the major chordate characteristics ; a stiffening rod , the notochord ; a dorsal hollow tube of nervous material , the neural tube ; pharyngeal arches ; and a tail posterior to the anus . The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column and is above the notochord and the gastrointestinal tract is below it . Nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm , connective tissues are derived from mesoderm , and gut is derived from the endoderm . At the posterior end is a tail which continues the spinal cord and vertebrae but not the gut . The mouth is found at the anterior end of the animal , and the anus at the base of the tail . The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column , formed in the development of the segmented series of vertebrae . In most vertebrates the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs . However , a few vertebrates , such as the sturgeon and the coelacanth retain the notochord into adulthood . Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages , fins or legs , which may be secondarily lost . The limbs of vertebrates are considered to be homologous because the same underlying skeletal structure was inherited from their last common ancestor . This is one of the arguments put forward by Charles Darwin to support his theory of evolution . Fish anatomy ( edit ) Main article : Fish anatomy Cutaway diagram showing various organs of a fish The body of a fish is divided into a head , trunk and tail , although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible . The skeleton , which forms the support structure inside the fish , is either made of cartilage , in cartilaginous fish , or bone in bony fish . The main skeletal element is the vertebral column , composed of articulating vertebrae which are lightweight yet strong . The ribs attach to the spine and there are no limbs or limb girdles . The main external features of the fish , the fins , are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays , which with the exception of the caudal fins , have no direct connection with the spine . They are supported by the muscles which compose the main part of the trunk . The heart has two chambers and pumps the blood through the respiratory surfaces of the gills and on round the body in a single circulatory loop . The eyes are adapted for seeing underwater and have only local vision . There is an inner ear but no external or middle ear . Low frequency vibrations are detected by the lateral line system of sense organs that run along the length of the sides of fish , and these respond to nearby movements and to changes in water pressure . Sharks and rays are basal fish with numerous primitive anatomical features similar to those of ancient fish , including skeletons composed of cartilage . Their bodies tend to be dorso - ventrally flattened , they usually have five pairs of gill slits and a large mouth set on the underside of the head . The dermis is covered with separate dermal placoid scales . They have a cloaca into which the urinary and genital passages open , but not a swim bladder . Cartilaginous fish produce a small number of large , yolky eggs . Some species are ovoviviparous and the young develop internally but others are oviparous and the larvae develop externally in egg cases . The bony fish lineage shows more derived anatomical traits , often with major evolutionary changes from the features of ancient fish . They have a bony skeleton , are generally laterally flattened , have five pairs of gills protected by an operculum , and a mouth at or near the tip of the snout . The dermis is covered with overlapping scales . Bony fish have a swim bladder which helps them maintain a constant depth in the water column , but not a cloaca . They mostly spawn a large number of small eggs with little yolk which they broadcast into the water column . Amphibian anatomy ( edit ) Main article : Amphibian anatomy Skeleton of Surinam horned frog ( Ceratophrys cornuta ) Plastic model of a frog Amphibians are a class of animals comprising frogs , salamanders and caecilians . They are tetrapods , but the caecilians and a few species of salamander have either no limbs or their limbs are much reduced in size . Their main bones are hollow and lightweight and are fully ossified and the vertebrae interlock with each other and have articular processes . Their ribs are usually short and may be fused to the vertebrae . Their skulls are mostly broad and short , and are often incompletely ossified . Their skin contains little keratin and lacks scales , but contains many mucous glands and in some species , poison glands . The hearts of amphibians have three chambers , two atria and one ventricle . They have a urinary bladder and nitrogenous waste products are excreted primarily as urea . Amphibians breathe by means of buccal pumping , a pump action in which air is first drawn into the buccopharyngeal region through the nostrils . These are then closed and the air is forced into the lungs by contraction of the throat . They supplement this with gas exchange through the skin which needs to be kept moist . In frogs the pelvic girdle is robust and the hind legs are much longer and stronger than the forelimbs . The feet have four or five digits and the toes are often webbed for swimming or have suction pads for climbing . Frogs have large eyes and no tail . Salamanders resemble lizards in appearance ; their short legs project sideways , the belly is close to or in contact with the ground and they have a long tail . Caecilians superficially resemble earthworms and are limbless . They burrow by means of zones of muscle contractions which move along the body and they swim by undulating their body from side to side . Reptile anatomy ( edit ) Main article : Reptile anatomy Skeleton of a diamondback rattlesnake Reptiles are a class of animals comprising turtles , tuataras , lizards , snakes and crocodiles . They are tetrapods , but the snakes and a few species of lizard either have no limbs or their limbs are much reduced in size . Their bones are better ossified and their skeletons stronger than those of amphibians . The teeth are conical and mostly uniform in size . The surface cells of the epidermis are modified into horny scales which create a waterproof layer . Reptiles are unable to use their skin for respiration as do amphibians and have a more efficient respiratory system drawing air into their lungs by expanding their chest walls . The heart resembles that of the amphibian but there is a septum which more completely separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated bloodstreams . The reproductive system has evolved for internal fertilization , with a copulatory organ present in most species . The eggs are surrounded by amniotic membranes which prevents them from drying out and are laid on land , or develop internally in some species . The bladder is small as nitrogenous waste is excreted as uric acid . Turtles are notable for their protective shells . They have an inflexible trunk encased in a horny carapace above and a plastron below . These are formed from bony plates embedded in the dermis which are overlain by horny ones and are partially fused with the ribs and spine . The neck is long and flexible and the head and the legs can be drawn back inside the shell . Turtles are vegetarians and the typical reptile teeth have been replaced by sharp , horny plates . In aquatic species , the front legs are modified into flippers . Tuataras superficially resemble lizards but the lineages diverged in the Triassic period . There is one living species , Sphenodon punctatus . The skull has two openings ( fenestrae ) on either side and the jaw is rigidly attached to the skull . There is one row of teeth in the lower jaw and this fits between the two rows in the upper jaw when the animal chews . The teeth are merely projections of bony material from the jaw and eventually wear down . The brain and heart are more primitive than those of other reptiles , and the lungs have a single chamber and lack bronchi . The tuatara has a well - developed parietal eye on its forehead . Lizards have skulls with only one fenestra on each side , the lower bar of bone below the second fenestra having been lost . This results in the jaws being less rigidly attached which allows the mouth to open wider . Lizards are mostly quadrupeds , with the trunk held off the ground by short , sideways - facing legs , but a few species have no limbs and resemble snakes . Lizards have moveable eyelids , eardrums are present and some species have a central parietal eye . Snakes are closely related to lizards , having branched off from a common ancestral lineage during the Cretaceous period , and they share many of the same features . The skeleton consists of a skull , a hyoid bone , spine and ribs though a few species retain a vestige of the pelvis and rear limbs in the form of pelvic spurs . The bar under the second fenestra has also been lost and the jaws have extreme flexibility allowing the snake to swallow its prey whole . Snakes lack moveable eyelids , the eyes being covered by transparent `` spectacle '' scales . They do not have eardrums but can detect ground vibrations through the bones of their skull . Their forked tongues are used as organs of taste and smell and some species have sensory pits on their heads enabling them to locate warm - blooded prey . Crocodilians are large , low - slung aquatic reptiles with long snouts and large numbers of teeth . The head and trunk are dorso - ventrally flattened and the tail is laterally compressed . It undulates from side to side to force the animal through the water when swimming . The tough keratinized scales provide body armour and some are fused to the skull . The nostrils , eyes and ears are elevated above the top of the flat head enabling them to remain above the surface of the water when the animal is floating . Valves seal the nostrils and ears when it is submerged . Unlike other reptiles , crocodilians have hearts with four chambers allowing complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood . Bird anatomy ( edit ) Main article : Bird anatomy Part of a wing . Albrecht Dürer , c. 1500 -- 1512 Birds are tetrapods but though their hind limbs are used for walking or hopping , their front limbs are wings covered with feathers and adapted for flight . Birds are endothermic , have a high metabolic rate , a light skeletal system and powerful muscles . The long bones are thin , hollow and very light . Air sac extensions from the lungs occupy the centre of some bones . The sternum is wide and usually has a keel and the caudal vertebrae are fused . There are no teeth and the narrow jaws are adapted into a horn - covered beak . The eyes are relatively large , particularly in nocturnal species such as owls . They face forwards in predators and sideways in ducks . The feathers are outgrowths of the epidermis and are found in localized bands from where they fan out over the skin . Large flight feathers are found on the wings and tail , contour feathers cover the bird 's surface and fine down occurs on young birds and under the contour feathers of water birds . The only cutaneous gland is the single uropygial gland near the base of the tail . This produces an oily secretion that waterproofs the feathers when the bird preens . There are scales on the legs , feet and claws on the tips of the toes . Mammal anatomy ( edit ) Main article : Mammal anatomy Mammals are a diverse class of animals , mostly terrestrial but some are aquatic and others have evolved flapping or gliding flight . They mostly have four limbs but some aquatic mammals have no limbs or limbs modified into fins and the forelimbs of bats are modified into wings . The legs of most mammals are situated below the trunk , which is held well clear of the ground . The bones of mammals are well ossified and their teeth , which are usually differentiated , are coated in a layer of prismatic enamel . The teeth are shed once ( milk teeth ) during the animal 's lifetime or not at all , as is the case in cetaceans . Mammals have three bones in the middle ear and a cochlea in the inner ear . They are clothed in hair and their skin contains glands which secrete sweat . Some of these glands are specialized as mammary glands , producing milk to feed the young . Mammals breathe with lungs and have a muscular diaphragm separating the thorax from the abdomen which helps them draw air into the lungs . The mammalian heart has four chambers and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are kept entirely separate . Nitrogenous waste is excreted primarily as urea . Mammals are amniotes , and most are viviparous , giving birth to live young . The exception to this are the egg - laying monotremes , the platypus and the echidnas of Australia . Most other mammals have a placenta through which the developing foetus obtains nourishment , but in marsupials , the foetal stage is very short and the immature young is born and finds its way to its mother 's pouch where it latches on to a nipple and completes its development . Human anatomy ( edit ) Further information : Human body § Human anatomy , and Outline of human anatomy Modern anatomic technique showing sagittal sections of the head as seen by a MRI scan In the human , the development of skilled hand movements and increased brain size is likely to have evolved simultaneously . Humans have the overall body plan of a mammal . Humans have a head , neck , trunk ( which includes the thorax and abdomen ) , two arms and hands , and two legs and feet . Generally , students of certain biological sciences , paramedics , prosthetists and orthotists , physiotherapists , occupational therapists , nurses , podiatrists , and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models , skeletons , textbooks , diagrams , photographs , lectures and tutorials , and in addition , medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers . The study of microscopic anatomy ( or histology ) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations ( or slides ) under a microscope . Human anatomy , physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences , which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school . Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically ; that is , respectively , studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest , or studying by specific systems , such as the nervous or respiratory systems . The major anatomy textbook , Gray 's Anatomy , has been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format , in line with modern teaching methods . A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by physicians , especially surgeons and doctors working in some diagnostic specialties , such as histopathology and radiology . Academic anatomists are usually employed by universities , medical schools or teaching hospitals . They are often involved in teaching anatomy , and research into certain systems , organs , tissues or cells . Invertebrate anatomy ( edit ) Head of a male Daphnia , a planktonic crustacean Invertebrates constitute a vast array of living organisms ranging from the simplest unicellular eukaryotes such as Paramecium to such complex multicellular animals as the octopus , lobster and dragonfly . They constitute about 95 % of the animal species . By definition , none of these creatures has a backbone . The cells of single - cell protozoans have the same basic structure as those of multicellular animals but some parts are specialized into the equivalent of tissues and organs . Locomotion is often provided by cilia or flagella or may proceed via the advance of pseudopodia , food may be gathered by phagocytosis , energy needs may be supplied by photosynthesis and the cell may be supported by an endoskeleton or an exoskeleton . Some protozoans can form multicellular colonies . Metazoans are multicellular organism , different groups of cells of which have separate functions . The most basic types of metazoan tissues are epithelium and connective tissue , both of which are present in nearly all invertebrates . The outer surface of the epidermis is normally formed of epithelial cells and secretes an extracellular matrix which provides support to the organism . An endoskeleton derived from the mesoderm is present in echinoderms , sponges and some cephalopods . Exoskeletons are derived from the epidermis and is composed of chitin in arthropods ( insects , spiders , ticks , shrimps , crabs , lobsters ) . Calcium carbonate constitutes the shells of molluscs , brachiopods and some tube - building polychaete worms and silica forms the exoskeleton of the microscopic diatoms and radiolaria . Other invertebrates may have no rigid structures but the epidermis may secrete a variety of surface coatings such as the pinacoderm of sponges , the gelatinous cuticle of cnidarians ( polyps , sea anemones , jellyfish ) and the collagenous cuticle of annelids . The outer epithelial layer may include cells of several types including sensory cells , gland cells and stinging cells . There may also be protrusions such as microvilli , cilia , bristles , spines and tubercles . Marcello Malpighi , the father of microscopical anatomy , discovered that plants had tubules similar to those he saw in insects like the silk worm . He observed that when a ring - like portion of bark was removed on a trunk a swelling occurred in the tissues above the ring , and he unmistakably interpreted this as growth stimulated by food coming down from the leaves , and being captured above the ring . Arthropod anatomy ( edit ) Main articles : Arthropod , Insect morphology , and Spider anatomy Arthropods comprise the largest phylum in the animal kingdom with over a million known invertebrate species . Insects possess segmented bodies supported by a hard - jointed outer covering , the exoskeleton , made mostly of chitin . The segments of the body are organized into three distinct parts , a head , a thorax and an abdomen . The head typically bears a pair of sensory antennae , a pair of compound eyes , one to three simple eyes ( ocelli ) and three sets of modified appendages that form the mouthparts . The thorax has three pairs of segmented legs , one pair each for the three segments that compose the thorax and one or two pairs of wings . The abdomen is composed of eleven segments , some of which may be fused and houses the digestive , respiratory , excretory and reproductive systems . There is considerable variation between species and many adaptations to the body parts , especially wings , legs , antennae and mouthparts . Spiders a class of arachnids have four pairs of legs ; a body of two segments -- a cephalothorax and an abdomen . Spiders have no wings and no antennae . They have mouthparts called chelicerae which are often connected to venom glands as most spiders are venomous . They have a second pair of appendages called pedipalps attached to the cephalothorax . These have similar segmentation to the legs and function as taste and smell organs . At the end of each male pedipalp is a spoon - shaped cymbium that acts to support the copulatory organ . Other branches of anatomy ( edit ) Superficial or surface anatomy is important as the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the exterior contours of the body . It enables physicians or veterinary surgeons to gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures . Superficial is a directional term that indicates that structures are located relatively close to the surface of the body . Comparative anatomy relates to the comparison of anatomical structures ( both gross and microscopic ) in different animals . Artistic anatomy relates to anatomic studies for artistic reasons . History ( edit ) Main article : History of anatomy Ancient ( edit ) Image of early rendition of anatomy findings In 1600 BCE , the Edwin Smith Papyrus , an Ancient Egyptian medical text , described the heart , its vessels , liver , spleen , kidneys , hypothalamus , uterus and bladder , and showed the blood vessels diverging from the heart . The Ebers Papyrus ( c. 1550 BCE ) features a `` treatise on the heart '' , with vessels carrying all the body 's fluids to or from every member of the body . Ancient Greek anatomy and physiology underwent great changes and advances throughout the early medieval world . Over time , this medical practice expanded by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body . Phenomenal anatomical observations of the human body were made , which have contributed towards the understanding of the brain , eye , liver , reproductive organs and the nervous system . The Hellenistic Egyptian city of Alexandria was the stepping - stone for Greek anatomy and physiology . Alexandria not only housed the biggest library for medical records and books of the liberal arts in the world during the time of the Greeks , but was also home to many medical practitioners and philosophers . Great patronage of the arts and sciences from the Ptolemy rulers helped raise Alexandria up , further rivalling the cultural and scientific achievements of other Greek states . Some of the most striking advances in early anatomy and physiology took place in Hellenistic Alexandria . Two of the most famous anatomists and physiologists of the third century were Herophilus and Erasistratus . These two physicians helped pioneer human dissection for medical research . They also conducted vivisections on the cadavers of condemned criminals , which was considered taboo until the Renaissance -- Herophilus was recognized as the first person to perform systematic dissections . Herophilus became known for his anatomical works making impressing contributions to many branches of anatomy and many other aspects of medicine . Some of the works included classifying the system of the pulse , the discovery that human arteries had thicker walls then veins , and that the atria were parts of the heart . Herophilus 's knowledge of the human body has provided vital input towards understanding the brain , eye , liver , reproductive organs and nervous system , and characterizing the course of disease . Erasistratus accurately described the structure of the brain , including the cavities and membranes , and made a distinction between its cerebrum and cerebellum During his study in Alexandria , Erasistratus was particularly concerned with studies of the circulatory and nervous systems . He was able to distinguish the sensory and the motor nerves in the human body and believed that air entered the lungs and heart , which was then carried throughout the body . His distinction between the arteries and veins -- the arteries carrying the air through the body , while the veins carried the blood from the heart was a great anatomical discovery . Erasistratus was also responsible for naming and describing the function of the epiglottis and the valves of the heart , including the tricuspid . During the third century , Greek physicians were able to differentiate nerves from blood vessels and tendons and to realize that the nerves convey neural impulses . It was Herophilus who made the point that damage to motor nerves induced paralysis . Herophilus named the meninges and ventricles in the brain , appreciated the division between cerebellum and cerebrum and recognized that the brain was the `` seat of intellect '' and not a `` cooling chamber '' as propounded by Aristotle Herophilus is also credited with describing the optic , oculomotor , motor division of the trigeminal , facial , vestibulocochlear and hypoglossal nerves . 13th century anatomical illustration Great feats were made during the third century in both the digestive and reproductive systems . Herophilus was able to discover and describe not only the salivary glands , but the small intestine and liver . He showed that the uterus is a hollow organ and described the ovaries and uterine tubes . He recognized that spermatozoa were produced by the testes and was the first to identify the prostate gland . The anatomy of the muscles and skeleton is described in the Hippocratic Corpus , an Ancient Greek medical work written by unknown authors . Aristotle described vertebrate anatomy based on animal dissection . Praxagoras identified the difference between arteries and veins . Also in the 4th century BCE , Herophilos and Erasistratus produced more accurate anatomical descriptions based on vivisection of criminals in Alexandria during the Ptolemaic dynasty . In the 2nd century , Galen of Pergamum , an anatomist , clinician , writer and philosopher , wrote the final and highly influential anatomy treatise of ancient times . He compiled existing knowledge and studied anatomy through dissection of animals . He was one of the first experimental physiologists through his vivisection experiments on animals . Galen 's drawings , based mostly on dog anatomy , became effectively the only anatomical textbook for the next thousand years . His work was known to Renaissance doctors only through Islamic Golden Age medicine until it was translated from the Greek some time in the 15th century . Medieval to early modern ( edit ) Mondino de Luzzi , Anathomia , 1541 Anatomical study of the arm , by Leonardo da Vinci , ( about 1510 ) Anatomical chart in Vesalius 's Epitome , 1543 Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt -- Anatomy lesson of Dr. Willem van der Meer , 1617 Anatomy developed little from classical times until the sixteenth century ; as the historian Marie Boas writes , `` Progress in anatomy before the sixteenth century is as mysteriously slow as its development after 1500 is startlingly rapid '' . Between 1275 and 1326 , the anatomists Mondino de Luzzi , Alessandro Achillini and Antonio Benivieni at Bologna carried out the first systematic human dissections since ancient times . Mondino 's Anatomy of 1316 was the first textbook in the medieval rediscovery of human anatomy . It describes the body in the order followed in Mondino 's dissections , starting with the abdomen , then the thorax , then the head and limbs . It was the standard anatomy textbook for the next century . Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 -- 1519 ) was trained in anatomy by Andrea del Verrocchio . He made use of his anatomical knowledge in his artwork , making many sketches of skeletal structures , muscles and organs of humans and other vertebrates that he dissected . Andreas Vesalius ( 1514 -- 1564 ) ( Latinized from Andries van Wezel ) , professor of anatomy at the University of Padua , is considered the founder of modern human anatomy . Originally from Brabant , Vesalius published the influential book De humani corporis fabrica ( `` the structure of the human body '' ) , a large format book in seven volumes , in 1543 . The accurate and intricately detailed illustrations , often in allegorical poses against Italianate landscapes , are thought to have been made by the artist Jan van Calcar , a pupil of Titian . In England , anatomy was the subject of the first public lectures given in any science ; these were given by the Company of Barbers and Surgeons in the 16th century , joined in 1583 by the Lumleian lectures in surgery at the Royal College of Physicians . Late modern ( edit ) Further information : History of anatomy in the 19th century In the United States , medical schools began to be set up towards the end of the 18th century . Classes in anatomy needed a continual stream of cadavers for dissection and these were difficult to obtain . Philadelphia , Baltimore and New York were all renowned for body snatching activity as criminals raided graveyards at night , removing newly buried corpses from their coffins . A similar problem existed in Britain where demand for bodies became so great that grave - raiding and even anatomy murder were practised to obtain cadavers . Some graveyards were in consequence protected with watchtowers . The practice was halted in Britain by the Anatomy Act of 1832 , while in the United States , similar legislation was enacted after the physician William S. Forbes of Jefferson Medical College was found guilty in 1882 of `` complicity with resurrectionists in the despoliation of graves in Lebanon Cemetery '' . The teaching of anatomy in Britain was transformed by Sir John Struthers , Regius Professor of Anatomy at the University of Aberdeen from 1863 to 1889 . He was responsible for setting up the system of three years of `` pre-clinical '' academic teaching in the sciences underlying medicine , including especially anatomy . This system lasted until the reform of medical training in 1993 and 2003 . As well as teaching , he collected many vertebrate skeletons for his museum of comparative anatomy , published over 70 research papers , and became famous for his public dissection of the Tay Whale . From 1822 the Royal College of Surgeons regulated the teaching of anatomy in medical schools . Medical museums provided examples in comparative anatomy , and were often used in teaching . Ignaz Semmelweis investigated puerperal fever and he discovered how it was caused . He noticed that the frequently fatal fever occurred more often in mothers examined by medical students than by midwives . The students went from the dissecting room to the hospital ward and examined women in childbirth . Semmelweis showed that when the trainees washed their hands in chlorinated lime before each clinical examination , the incidence of puerperal fever among the mothers could be reduced dramatically . An electron microscope from 1973 Before the modern medical era , the main means for studying the internal structures of the body were dissection of the dead and inspection , palpation and auscultation of the living . It was the advent of microscopy that opened up an understanding of the building blocks that constituted living tissues . Technical advances in the development of achromatic lenses increased the resolving power of the microscope and around 1839 , Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann identified that cells were the fundamental unit of organization of all living things . Study of small structures involved passing light through them and the microtome was invented to provide sufficiently thin slices of tissue to examine . Staining techniques using artificial dyes were established to help distinguish between different types of tissue . Advances in the fields of histology and cytology began in the late 19th century along with advances in surgical techniques allowing for the painless and safe removal of biopsy specimens . The invention of the electron microscope brought a great advance in resolution power and allowed research into the ultrastructure of cells and the organelles and other structures within them . About the same time , in the 1950s , the use of X-ray diffraction for studying the crystal structures of proteins , nucleic acids and other biological molecules gave rise to a new field of molecular anatomy . Illustration from Acta Eruditorum , 1691 Equally important advances have occurred in non-invasive techniques for examining the interior structures of the body . X-rays can be passed through the body and used in medical radiography and fluoroscopy to differentiate interior structures that have varying degrees of opaqueness . Magnetic resonance imaging , computed tomography , and ultrasound imaging have all enabled examination of internal structures in unprecedented detail to a degree far beyond the imagination of earlier generations . See also ( edit ) Outline of human anatomy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam Webster Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Anatomy '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction page , `` Anatomy of the Human Body '' . Henry Gray . 20th edition . 1918 `` . Archived from the original on 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 19 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Arráez - Aybar et al. ( 2010 ) . Relevance of human anatomy in daily clinical practice . Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger , 192 ( 6 ) , 341 -- 348 . Jump up ^ O.D.E. 2nd edition 2005 ^ Jump up to : Bozman , E.F. , ed. ( 1967 ) . Everyman 's Encyclopedia : Anatomy . J.M. Dent & Sons . p. 272 . ASIN B0066E44EC . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy '' . The Free Dictionary . Farlex. 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Gribble N , Reynolds K ( 1993 ) . `` Use of Angiography to Outline the Cardiovascular Anatomy of the Sand Crab Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus '' . Journal of Crustacean Biology . 13 ( 4 ) : 627 -- 637 . doi : 10.1163 / 193724093x00192 . JSTOR 1549093 . Jump up ^ Benson KG , Forrest L ( 1999 ) . `` Characterization of the Renal Portal System of the Common Green Iguana ( Iguana iguana ) by Digital Subtraction Imaging '' . Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine . 30 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 241 . PMID 10484138 . Jump up ^ `` Magnetic Resonance Angiography ( MRA ) '' . Johns Hopkins Medicine . Jump up ^ `` Angiography '' . National Health Service . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dorit , R.L. ; Walker , W.F. ; Barnes , R.D. ( 1991 ) . Zoology . Saunders College Publishing . pp. 547 -- 549 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 030504 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ruppert , Edward E. ; Fox , Richard , S. ; Barnes , Robert D. ( 2004 ) . Invertebrate Zoology , 7th edition . Cengage Learning . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 81 - 315 - 0104 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Illustrated Medical Dictionary . Elsevier Saunders . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Illustrated Medical Dictionary . Elsevier Saunders . p. 1002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ McGrath , J.A. ; Eady , R.A. ; Pope , F.M. ( 2004 ) . Rook 's Textbook of Dermatology ( 7th ed . ) . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 3.1 -- 3.6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 06429 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bernt , Karen ( 2010 ) . `` Glandular epithelium '' . Epithelial Cells . Davidson College . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruppert , Edward E. ; Fox , Richard , S. ; Barnes , Robert D. ( 2004 ) . Invertebrate Zoology , 7th edition . Cengage Learning . p. 103 . ISBN 81 - 315 - 0104 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ruppert , Edward E. ; Fox , Richard , S. ; Barnes , Robert D. ( 2004 ) . Invertebrate Zoology , 7th edition . Cengage Learning . p. 104 . ISBN 81 - 315 - 0104 - 3 . Jump up ^ Johnston , T.B ; Whillis , J , eds. ( 1944 ) . Grey 's Anatomy : Descriptive and Applied ( 28 ed . ) . Langmans . p. 1038 . Jump up ^ Ruppert , Edward E. ; Fox , Richard , S. ; Barnes , Robert D. ( 2004 ) . Invertebrate Zoology , 7th edition . Cengage Learning . pp. 105 -- 107 . ISBN 81 - 315 - 0104 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moore , K. ; Agur , A. ; Dalley , A.F. ( 2010 ) . `` Essesntial Clinical Anatomy '' . Nervous System ( 4th ed . ) . Inkling . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Ben . `` Vertebrates : More on Morphology '' . UCMP . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ( 1985 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Holt Rinehart & Winston . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 058446 - 6 . Jump up ^ Liem , Karel F. ; Warren Franklin Walker ( 2001 ) . Functional anatomy of the vertebrates : an evolutionary perspective . Harcourt College Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 022369 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` What is Homology ? '' . National Center for Science Education . 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dorit , R.L. ; Walker , W.F. ; Barnes , R.D. ( 1991 ) . Zoology . Saunders College Publishing . pp. 816 -- 818 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 030504 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The fish heart '' . ThinkQuest . Oracle . Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kotpal , R.L. ( 2010 ) . Modern Text Book of Zoology : Vertebrates . Rastogi Publications . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7133 - 891 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stebbins , Robert C. ; Cohen , Nathan W. ( 1995 ) . A Natural History of Amphibians . Princeton University Press . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03281 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dorit , R.L. ; Walker , W.F. ; Barnes , R.D. ( 1991 ) . Zoology . Saunders College Publishing . pp. 843 -- 859 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 030504 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stebbins , Robert C. ; Cohen , Nathan W. ( 1995 ) . A Natural History of Amphibians . Princeton University Press . pp. 26 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03281 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dorit , R.L. ; Walker , W.F. ; Barnes , R.D. ( 1991 ) . Zoology . Saunders College Publishing . pp. 861 -- 865 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 030504 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Dorit , R.L. ; Walker , W.F. ; Barnes , R.D. ( 1991 ) . Zoology . Saunders College Publishing . pp. 865 -- 868 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 030504 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dorit , R.L. ; Walker , W.F. ; Barnes , R.D. ( 1991 ) . Zoology . Saunders College Publishing . p. 870 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 030504 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dorit , R.L. ; Walker , W.F. ; Barnes , R.D. ( 1991 ) . Zoology . Saunders College Publishing . p. 874 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 030504 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Dorit , R.L. ; Walker , W.F. ; Barnes , R.D. ( 1991 ) . Zoology . Saunders College Publishing . pp. 881 -- 895 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 030504 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Dorit , R.L. ; Walker , W.F. ; Barnes , R.D. ( 1991 ) . Zoology . Saunders College Publishing . pp. 909 -- 914 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 030504 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Hand '' . Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD . Jump up ^ `` Studying medicine '' . Medschools Online . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Publisher 's page for Gray 's Anatomy . 39th edition ( UK ) . 2004 '' . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07168 - 3 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2004 . Retrieved 19 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Publisher 's page for Gray 's Anatomy . 39th edition ( US ) . 2004 '' . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07168 - 3 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2007 . Retrieved 19 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Association of Anatomists '' . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruppert , Edward E. ; Fox , Richard , S. ; Barnes , Robert D. ( 2004 ) . Invertebrate Zoology , 7th edition . Cengage Learning . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 81 - 315 - 0104 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Exoskeleton '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebling , F.J.G. `` Integument '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Arber , Agnes ( 1942 ) . `` Nehemiah Grew ( 1641 -- 1712 ) and Marcello Malpighi ( 1628 -- 1694 ) : an essay in comparison '' . Isis. 34 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 16 . doi : 10.1086 / 347742 . JSTOR 225992 . Jump up ^ Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia 2007 Jump up ^ `` O. Orkin Insect zoo '' . Mississippi State University . 1997 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gullan , P.J. ; Cranston , P.S. ( 2005 ) . The Insects : An Outline of Entomology ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . pp. 22 -- 48 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1113 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ruppert , Edward E. ; Fox , Richard , S. ; Barnes , Robert D. ( 2004 ) . Invertebrate Zoology , 7th edition . Cengage Learning . pp. 218 -- 225 . ISBN 81 - 315 - 0104 - 3 . Jump up ^ Marieb , Elaine ( 2010 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology . San Francisco : Pearson . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Porter , R. ( 1997 ) . The Greatest Benefit to Mankind : A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. Harper Collins . pp. 49 -- 50 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 215173 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Longrigg , James ( December 1988 ) . `` Anatomy in Alexandria in the Third Century B.C '' . The British Journal for the History of Science . 21 ( 4 ) : 455 -- 488 . doi : 10.1017 / s000708740002536x . JSTOR 4026964 . Jump up ^ Bay , Noel Si Yang ; Bay , Boon - Huat ( 2010 ) . `` Greek Anatomists Herophilus : The Father of Anatomy '' . Anatomy and Cell Biology . 43 ( 3 ) : 280 -- 283 . doi : 10.5115 / acb. 2010.43. 4.280 . PMC 3026179 . PMID 21267401 . Jump up ^ Von Staden , H ( 1992 ) . `` The Discovery of the Body : Human Dissection and Its Cultural Contexts in Ancient Greece '' . The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine . 65 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 241 . PMC 2589595 . PMID 1285450 . Jump up ^ Bay , Noel Si Yang ; Bay , Boon - Huat ( 2010 ) . `` Greek Anatomist Herophilus : The Father of Anatomy '' . Anatomy & Cell Biology . 43 ( 3 ) : 280 -- 283 . doi : 10.5115 / acb. 2010.43. 4.280 . PMC 3026179 . PMID 21267401 . Jump up ^ Eccles , John . `` Erasistratus Biography ( 304B. C - 250B. C ) '' . faqs.org . faqs.org . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Britannica . `` Erasistratus of Ceos : Greek Physician '' . britannica.com . The Encyclopedia of Britannica . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Wiltse , LL ; Pait , TG ( 1 September 1998 ) . `` Herophilus of Alexandria ( 325 - 255 B.C. ) The Father of Anatomy '' . Spine. 23 ( 17 ) : 1904 -- 1914 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007632 - 199809010 - 00022 . PMID 9762750 . Jump up ^ Bay , Noel Si Yang ; Bay , Boon - Huat ( 2010 ) . `` Greek Anatomist Herophilus : The Father of Anatomy '' . Anatomy & Cell Biology . 43 ( 3 ) : 280 -- 283 . doi : 10.5115 / acb. 2010.43. 4.280 . PMC 3026179 . PMID 21267401 . Jump up ^ Wills , Adrian ( 1999 ) . `` Herophilus , Ersasistratus , and the birth of neuroscience '' . The Lancet . 354 ( 9191 ) : 1719 -- 1720 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 99 ) 02081 - 4 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Von Staden , Heinrich ( October 2007 ) . Herophilus : The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521041782 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillispie , Charles Coulston ( 1972 ) . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . VI . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 419 -- 427 . Jump up ^ Lang , Philippa ( 2013 ) . Medicine and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt . Brill NV . p. 256 . ISBN 9004218580 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandrian Medicine '' . Antiqua Medicina -- from Homer to Vesalius . University of Virginia . ^ Jump up to : Hutton , Vivien . `` Galen of Pergamum '' . Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD . Jump up ^ Charon NW , Johnson RC , Muschel LH ( 1975 ) . `` Antileptospiral activity in lower - vertebrate sera '' . Infect . Immun. 12 ( 6 ) : 1386 -- 91 . PMC 415446 . PMID 1081972 . Jump up ^ Brock , Arthur John ( translator ) Galen . On the Natural Faculties . Edinburgh , 1916 . Introduction , page xxxiii . ^ Jump up to : Boas , Marie ( 1970 ) ( first published by Collins , 1962 ) . The Scientific Renaissance 1450 -- 1630 . Fontana . pp. 120 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Leo M. ; Veith , Ilza ( 1 August 1993 ) . Great Ideas in the History of Surgery . Norman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930405 - 53 - 3 . Jump up ^ Crombie , Alistair Cameron ( 1959 ) . The History of Science From Augustine to Galileo . Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 28850 - 5 . Jump up ^ Thorndike , Lynn ( 1958 ) . A History of Magic and Experimental Science : Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 08797 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mason , Stephen F. ( 1962 ) . A History of the Sciences . New York : Collier . p. 550 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick honorary professor explores new material from founder of modern human anatomy '' . Press release . University of Warwick . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Vesalius , Andreas . De humani corporis fabrica libri septem . Basileae ( Basel ) : Ex officina Joannis Oporini , 1543 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , C.D. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels , 1514 -- 1564 . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1964 . Jump up ^ Boas , Marie ( 1970 ) ( first published by Collins , 1962 ) . The Scientific Renaissance 1450 -- 1630 . Fontana . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Sappol , Michael ( 2002 ) . A traffic of dead bodies : anatomy and embodied social identity in nineteenth - century America . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05925 - X . Jump up ^ Rosner , Lisa . 2010 . The Anatomy Murders . Being the True and Spectacular History of Edinburgh 's Notorious Burke and Hare and of the Man of Science Who Abetted Them in the Commission of Their Most Heinous Crimes . University of Pennsylvania Press Jump up ^ Richardson , Ruth ( 1989 ) . Death , Dissection , and the Destitute . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 022862 - 5 . Jump up ^ Johnson , D.R. `` Introductory Anatomy '' . University of Leeds . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reproduction of Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes '' . Jefferson : Eakins Gallery . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Waterston SW , Laing MR , Hutchison JD ( 2007 ) . `` Nineteenth century medical education for tomorrow 's doctors '' . Scottish Medical Journal . 52 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 49 . doi : 10.1258 / rsmsmj. 52.1. 45 . PMID 17373426 . Jump up ^ Waterston SW , Hutchison JD ( 2004 ) . `` Sir John Struthers MD FRCS Edin LLD Glasg : Anatomist , zoologist and pioneer in medical education '' . The Surgeon : Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland . 2 ( 6 ) : 347 -- 351 . doi : 10.1016 / s1479 - 666x ( 04 ) 80035 - 0 . PMID 15712576 . Jump up ^ McLachlan , J. & Patten , D. 2006 . Anatomy teaching : ghosts of the past , present and future . Medical Education , 40 ( 3 ) , p. 243 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Reinarz , J. 2005 . The age of museum medicine : The rise and fall of the medical museum at Birmingham 's School of Medicine . Social History of Medicine , 18 ( 3 ) , p. 419 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microscopic anatomy '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anatomical Imaging '' . McGraw Hill Higher Education . 1998 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Library resources about Anatomy Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Main article : Bibliography of biology § Anatomy `` Anatomy of the Human Body '' . 20th edition . 1918 . Henry Gray External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAnatomyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Anatomy at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Anatomy , In Our Time . BBC Radio 4 . Melvyn Bragg with guests Ruth Richardson , Andrew Cunningham and Harold Ellis . Parsons , Frederick Gymer ( 1911 ) . `` Anatomy '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . pp. 920 -- 943 . Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Anatomy and morphology Fields Gross anatomy Superficial anatomy Neuroanatomy Comparative anatomy Transcendental anatomy Microscopic anatomy histology molecular Bacteria Bacterial cell structure Protists Level of organization Structures Plants Plant anatomy Plant habit Plant life - 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7 NDL : 00564479 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatomy&oldid=837459139 '' Categories : Anatomy Anatomical terminology Morphology Ancient Egyptian medicine Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use British English Oxford spelling from September 2016 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo ГӀалгӀай Lingua Franca Nova 133 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 23 : 33 . 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Question: branch of science that deals with the structure of human body parts


List of individuals executed in Florida - wikipedia List of individuals executed in Florida Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of individuals executed by the U.S. State of Florida since 1976 . The total amounts to 96 offenders . List ( edit ) No . Executed person Date of execution Method Victim ( s ) Under Governor John Arthur Spenkelink May 25 , 1979 Electric chair Joseph J. Szymankiewicz Bob Graham Robert Austin Sullivan November 30 , 1983 Donald Schmidt Anthony Antone January 26 , 1984 Richard Cloud Arthur Goode April 5 , 1984 Jason VerDow James Adams April 10 , 1984 Edgar Brown 6 Carl Shriner June 20 , 1984 Judith Ann Carter 7 David Leroy Washington July 13 , 1984 Daniel Pridgen , Frank Meli , and Katrina Birk 8 Ernest John Dobbert , Jr . September 7 , 1984 Kelley Dobbert and Ryder Dobbert 9 James Dupree Henry September 20 , 1984 Zelie L. Riley 10 Timothy Charles Palmes November 8 , 1984 James Stone 11 James David Raulerson January 30 , 1985 Jacksonville , Florida Sheriff 's Officer Mike Stewart 12 Johnny Paul Witt March 4 , 1985 Jonathan Kushner 13 Marvin Francois May 29 , 1985 Livingston Stocker , Henry Clayton , Randolph Holmes , Charles Stinson , Gilbert Williams , and Michael Miller 14 Daniel Morris Thomas April 15 , 1986 Charles Anderson 15 David Livingston Funchess April 22 , 1986 Anna Waldrop and Clayton Ragen 16 Ronald John Michael Straight May 20 , 1986 James Stone 17 Beauford White August 28 , 1987 Livingston Stocker , Henry Clayton , Randolph Holms , Charles Stinson , Gilbert Williams , and Michael Miller Bob Martinez 18 Willie Jasper Darden March 15 , 1988 James Turman 19 Jeffrey Josepth Daugherty November 7 , 1988 Lavonne Sailer , Betty Campbell , Carmen Abrams , and Elizabeth Shanks 20 Ted Bundy January 24 , 1989 Kimberly Leach , Lisa Levy , Margaret Bowman , and others 21 Aubrey Dennis Adams , Jr . May 4 , 1989 Trisa Gail Thomley 22 Jesse Tafero May 4 , 1990 FHP Trooper Phillip Black and OPP Constable Donald Irwin 23 Anthony Bertolotti July 27 , 1990 Carol Ward 24 James William Hamblen September 21 , 1990 Laureen Jean Edwards 25 Raymond Robert Clark November 19 , 1990 David Drake 26 Roy Allen Harich April 24 , 1991 Carlene Kelly Lawton Chiles 27 Bobby Marion Francis June 25 , 1991 Titus Walters 28 Nollie Lee Martin May 12 , 1992 Patricia Greenfield 29 Edward Dean Kennedy July 21 , 1992 Floyd Cone , Jr. and FHP Trooper Robert McDernon , Sr . 30 Robert Dale Henderson , Sr . April 21 , 1993 Murray Ferderber , Dorothy Wilkerson , Ivan Barnett , Marie Barnett , and Clifford Barnett 31 Larry Joe Johnson May 5 , 1993 James Hadden 32 Michael Alan Durocher August 25 , 1993 Joshua Durocher , Grace Reed , and Candice Reed 33 Roy Allen Stewart April 22 , 1994 Margaret Haizlip 34 Bernard Bolander July 18 , 1995 Rudolfi Ayan , Sr. , Nico Hernandez , John Merino , and Scott Bennett 35 Jerry White December 4 , 1995 James Melson 36 Philip Alexander Atkins December 5 , 1995 Antonio Castillo 37 John Earl Bush October 21 , 1996 Frances Julia Slater 38 John Mills , Jr . December 6 , 1996 Les Lawhon 39 Pedro Medina March 25 , 1997 Dorothy James 40 Gerald Eugene Stano March 23 , 1998 Cathy Lee Scharf 41 Leo Alexander Jones March 24 , 1998 Jacksonville , Florida Sheriff 's Officer Thomas Szarfranski 42 Judy Buenoano March 30 , 1998 James Goodyear 43 Daniel Eugene Remeta March 31 , 1998 Mearle Reeder , Linda Marvin , Larry McFarland , and Glenn Moore 44 Allen Lee Davis July 8 , 1999 Nancy Weiler , Kristina Weiler , and Katherine Weiler Jeb Bush 45 Terry Melvin Sims February 23 , 2000 Lethal injection Seminole County Sheriff 's Office deputy George Pfeil 46 Anthony Braden Bryan February 24 , 2000 George Wilson 47 Bennie Eddie Demps June 7 , 2000 Alfred Sturgis , Celia Puhlick , and R.N. Brinkworth 48 Thomas Harrison Provenzano June 21 , 2000 Deputy Sheriff William Wilkerson , Deputy Sheriff Harry Dalton ( died in 1991 ) , Corrections Officer Mark Parker ( died in 2009 ) 49 Dan Patrick Hauser August 25 , 2000 Melanie Rodrigues 50 Edward Castro December 7 , 2000 Austin Carter Scott 51 Robert Dewey Glock , II January 11 , 2001 Sharilyn Ritchie 52 Rigoberto Sanchez - Velasco October 2 , 2002 Katixa Ecenarro 53 Aileen Carol Wuornos October 9 , 2002 Richard Mallory , Dick Humphreys , Charles Carskaddon , Troy Burress , Peter Siems , Walter Jeno Antonio , and David Spears 54 Linroy Bottoson December 9 , 2002 Catherine Alexander 55 Amos Lee King , Jr . February 26 , 2003 Natalie Brady 56 Newton Carlton Slawson May 16 , 2003 Gerald Wood , Peggy Wood , Jennifer Wood , and Glendon Wood 57 Paul Jennings Hill September 3 , 2003 John Bayard Britton and James Herman Barrett 58 Johnny Leartice Robinson February 4 , 2004 Beverly St. George 59 John Richard Blackwelder May 26 , 2004 Raymond D. Wigley 60 Glen James Ocha April 5 , 2005 Carol Skjerva 61 Clarence Edward Hill September 20 , 2006 Pensacola , Florida police officer Stephen Taylor 62 Arthur Dennis Rutherford October 19 , 2006 Stella Salamon 63 Danny Harold Rolling October 25 , 2006 Sonja Larson , Christina Powell , Christa Hoyt , Manuel R. Taboada , and Tracy Inez Paules 64 Ángel Nieves Díaz December 13 , 2006 Joseph Nagy 65 Mark Dean Schwab July 1 , 2008 Junny Rios - Martinez , Jr . Charlie Crist 66 Richard Henyard September 23 , 2008 Jamilya and Jasmine Lewis 67 Wayne Tompkins February 11 , 2009 Lisa DeCarr 68 John Richard Marek August 19 , 2009 Adella Marie Simmons 69 Martin Edward Grossman February 16 , 2010 Wildlife Officer Margaret `` Peggy '' Park 70 Manuel Valle September 28 , 2011 Police officer Louis Pena Rick Scott 71 Oba Chandler November 15 , 2011 Joan Rogers , Michelle Rogers and Christe Rogers 72 Robert Brian Waterhouse February 15 , 2012 Deborah Kammerer 73 David Alan Gore April 12 , 2012 Lynn Elliot , Hsiang Huang Ling , Ying Hua Ling , Judy Kay Daley , Angelica LaVellee , and Barbara Ann Byer 74 Manuel Pardo , Jr . December 11 , 2012 Mario Amador , Roberto Alfonso , Luis Robledo , Ulpiano Ledo , Michael Millot , Fara Quintero , Sara Musa , Ramon Alvero Cruz and Daisy Ricard 75 Larry Eugene Mann April 10 , 2013 Elisa Vera Nelson 76 Elmer Leon Carroll May 29 , 2013 Christine McGowan 77 William Edward Van Poyck June 12 , 2013 Florida Department of Corrections officer Fred Griffis 78 John Errol Ferguson August 5 , 2013 Brian Glenfeldt , Belinda Worley , Livingstone Stocker , Michael Miller , Henry Clayton , John Holmes , Gilbert Williams , and Charles Cesar Stinson 79 Marshall Lee Gore October 1 , 2013 Robyn Novick ( also killed Susan Roark but was executed for killing Novick ) 80 William Frederick Happ October 15 , 2013 Angela Crowley 81 Darius Mark Kimbrough November 12 , 2013 Denise Collins 82 Thomas Knight ( Askari Abdullah Muhammad ) January 7 , 2014 Sydney and Lillian Gans , Florida Department of Corrections officer Richard Burke 83 Juan Carlos Chavez February 12 , 2014 Jimmy Ryce 84 Paul Augustus Howell February 26 , 2014 Florida Highway Patrol Trooper Jimmy Fulford 85 Robert Lavern Henry March 20 , 2014 Phyllis Harris and Janet Cox Thermidor 86 Robert Eugene Hendrix April 23 , 2014 Elmer Bryant Scott Jr. , Michelle Scott 87 John Ruthell Henry June 18 , 2014 Suzanne Henry and Eugene Christian 88 Eddie Wayne Davis July 10 , 2014 Kimberly Waters 89 Chadwick Dewellyn Banks November 13 , 2014 Cassandra Banks and Melody Cooper 90 Johnny Shane Kormondy January 15 , 2015 Gary McAdams 91 Jerry William Correll October 29 , 2015 Susan Correll , Tuesday Correll , Mary Lou Hines , Marybeth Jones 92 Oscar Ray Bolin , Jr . January 7 , 2016 Teri Lynn Matthews , Natalie Blanche Holley , Stephanie Collins 93 Mark James Asay August 24 , 2017 Robert Lee Booker and Robert McDowell 94 Michael Ray Lambrix October 5 , 2017 Aleisha Bryant and Clarence Moore 95 Patrick Charles Hannon November 8 , 2017 Brandon Snider and Robert Carter 96 Eric Scott Branch February 22 , 2018 Susan Morris See also ( edit ) Capital punishment in Florida Capital punishment in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Florida Has Executed 56 Inmates Since 1979 - from Tampa Bay Online Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 102704 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 032827 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 102476 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 030970 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 538283 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 110488 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 093836 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 088795 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 078079 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 036275 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 119658 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 105314 . Florida Department of Corrections . Retrieved on November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US executes Australian widow 's murderer '' . The Age . Melbourne . October 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/authorities-man-executed-in-florida-with-help-of-drug-never-used-before-in-a-us-lethal-injection/2017/08/24/82faa446-891b-11e7-96a7-d178cf3524eb_story.html Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Other List of U.S. Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 Juveniles National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_individuals_executed_in_Florida&oldid=827147149 '' Categories : People executed by Florida Lists of people executed in the United States Florida - related lists Lists of people from Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 01 : 20 . 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After you 've Gone ( song ) - wikipedia After you 've Gone ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` After You 've Gone '' Sheet music cover ( 1918 ) Song Published 1918 Songwriter ( s ) Composer : Turner Layton Lyricist : Henry Creamer After You 've Gone Instrumental performance by musicians from the U.S. Coast Guard Band Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` After You 've Gone '' is a 1918 popular song composed by Turner Layton with lyrics by Henry Creamer . It was recorded by Marion Harris on July 22 , 1918 , and released by Victor Records . The chorus adheres to a standard ABAC pattern , but is only 20 measures long . There are four 4 - bar phrases , followed by a 4 measure tag . The song is harmonically active , with chord changes almost every measure . The opening four notes are identical to the opening notes of Peg o ' My Heart ( 1912 ) -- at the time songwriters often borrowed the first few notes of a hit melody . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable recordings 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Notable recordings ( edit ) Marion Harris ( 1918 ) Henry Burr & Albert Campbell ( 1918 ) Billy Murray and Gladys Rice Sophie Tucker ( 1927 ) Bessie Smith ( 1927 ) Ruth Etting ( 1927 ) Bessie Smith ( 1928 ) Louis Armstrong ( 1929 ) Bing Crosby with Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra ( 1929 ) . Crosby recorded it again on January 16 , 1946 and a later recording was featured on his album Some Fine Old Chestnuts ( 1953 ) . Red Nichols and His Five Pennies , with Jack Teagarden ( vocal ) , Glenn Miller , Jimmy Dorsey and Gene Krupa ( 1930 ) Fats Waller ( 1930 ) Eddie Lang - Joe Venuti , with Jack Teagarden ( vocal ) and Benny Goodman ( 1931 ) Benny Goodman ( 1935 ) Coleman Hawkins ( 1935 ) Judy Garland ( 1936 , 1942 , 1961 on Judy at Carnegie Hall ) Django Reinhardt / Stephane Grappelli ( 1936 , 1949 ) Lionel Hampton ( 1937 ) Quintette du Hot Club de France ( 1937 ) Sidney Bechet ( 1943 ) Al Jolson ( 1949 ) Art Tatum ( 1953 ) Turk Murphy ( 1953 ) Frankie Laine ( 1953 ) Cal Tjader ( 1954 ) Jack Teagarden ( 1956 , 1961 ) Eydie Gorme ( 1957 ) ( for her album Eydie Swings the Blues ) Dinah Washington ( 1958 ) ( for her album Dinah Sings Bessie Smith ) Johnny Hartman ( 1959 ) Joni James ( 1959 ) ( for her album Joni Sings Sweet ) Tony Bennett ( 1960 ) ( for his album Alone Together ) Helen Shapiro ( 1961 ) ( for her EP Helen ) Louis Prima ( 1961 ) ( for the album Return of the Wildest ) Brook Benton ( 1962 ) ( for his album there Goes That Song Again ) Ella Fitzgerald -- Rhythm Is My Business ( 1962 ) Leslie Uggams Rita Reys ( 1963 ) Alice Babs ( 1963 ) Peggy Lee ( 1964 ) ( for her album In the Name of Love ) Bobby Darin ( 1965 ) ( for his album Bobby Darin Sings The Shadow of Your Smile ) Judith Durham ( 1973 ) on Judith Durham and The Hottest Band in Town Nina Simone ( 1974 ) Anita O'Day ( 1975 ) ( for the album My Ship ) Max Bygraves ( 1978 ) ( for the album LingaLongaMax ) Leland Palmer , Ann Reinking and Erzsebet Foldi -- All That Jazz Soundtrack ( 1979 ) Frank Sinatra -- L.A. Is My Lady ( 1984 ) Jeremy Taylor , Simon Rattle , London Sinfonietta Charly Antolini & Dick Morrissey ( 1989 ) Livin ' Blues ( 1989 ) Mel Tormé & Cleo Laine - Nothing Without You ( 1991 ) Chet Atkins & Suzy Bogguss ( 1994 ) Phil Collins live at Montreux Jazz Festival ( 1996 ) Anthony Braxton 23 standards ( quartet ) 2003 Anne Murray ( 2004 ) ( for her album I 'll Be Seeing You ) Loudon Wainwright III -- The Aviator Soundtrack ( 2004 ) James Gelfand -- Jack Paradise ( Les nuits de Montréal ) Soundtrack ( 2004 ) Bireli Lagrene ( 2006 ) Rufus Wainwright & Lorna Luft -- Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall ( 2007 ) Jamie Cullum ( 2007 ) Cécile McLorin Salvant & the Jean - François Bonnel Paris Quintet -- Cécile ( 2010 ) Hugh Laurie / Dr. John ( 2011 ) Jessy Carolina - BioShock Infinite soundtrack ( 2013 ) Fiona Apple Salvador Sobral , on his album Excuse Me ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) List of pre-1920 jazz standards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The American Song Book : The Tin Pan Alley Era , '' Phillip Furia and Laurie Patterson page number not shown in link ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 467 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 45worlds.com '' . 45worlds.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 45worlds.com '' . 45worlds.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : After You 've Gone `` After You 've Gone by Marion Harris , the original 1918 version at the Internet Archive `` After You 've Gone '' by Jelly Roll Morton at the Internet Archive `` After You 've Gone '' by Roy Eldridge Orchestra ( 1937 ) at the Internet Archive free-scores.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=After_You%27ve_Gone_(song)&oldid=836566789 '' Categories : Songs written by Turner Layton Songs with lyrics by Henry Creamer 1918 songs The Muppets songs Bessie Smith songs 1910s jazz standards Sophie Tucker songs Judy Garland songs Benny Goodman songs Jazz compositions in B - flat major Torch songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Nederlands 日本 語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 15 : 38 . 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Question: who wrote the song after you've gone