United States in World war I - wikipedia United States in World war I Jump to : navigation , search Two American soldiers run towards a bunker . The United States declared war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 , over 2  ⁄ years after World War I started . A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11 , 1918 . Before entering the war , the U.S. had remained neutral , though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers . The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies , raw material and money , starting in 1917 . American soldiers under General John Pershing , Commander - in - Chief of the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) , arrived in large numbers on the Western Front in the summer of 1918 . During the war the U.S. mobilized over 4 million military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths , including around 45,000 who died due to the 1918 Spanish Flu outbreak ( 30,000 before they even reached France ) . The war saw a dramatic expansion of the United States government in an effort to harness the war effort and a significant increase in the size of the U.S. Armed Forces . After a relatively slow start in mobilizing the economy and labor force , by spring 1918 , the nation was poised to play a role in the conflict . Under the leadership of President Woodrow Wilson , the war represented the climax of the Progressive Era as it sought to bring reform and democracy to the world , although there was substantial public opposition to U.S. entry into the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Entry 2 Neutrality 3 Public opinion 4 Preparedness movement 4.1 Democrats respond 4.2 National debate 5 War declared 6 Home front 6.1 Food 6.2 Propaganda 6.3 Children 7 Army and Navy 7.1 Impact of US forces on the war 8 After the war 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 12 External links Entry ( edit ) Main article : American entry into World War I The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe . As U.S. President , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy . In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while the Ottoman Empire clung to its possessions in the Middle East . In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic . Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 . On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary . U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 . Neutrality ( edit ) After the war began in 1914 , the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson 's antipathies against Germany . Early in the war , the United States started to favor the British and their allies . President Wilson aimed to broker a peace and sent his top aide , Colonel House , on repeated missions to the two sides , but each remained so confident of victory that they ignored peace proposals . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 US citizens aboard , Wilson said `` America is too proud to fight '' and demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson repeatedly warned that the US would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare in violation of international law and of human rights . Wilson came under pressure from war hawks led by former president Theodore Roosevelt , who denounced German acts as `` piracy '' , and from British delegations under Cecil Spring Rice and Sir Edward Grey . Wilson realized he needed to enter the war in order to shape the peace ; indeed in 1919 he was one of those who achieved the establishment of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference . Wilson 's Secretary of State , William Jennings Bryan , whose pacifist goals Wilson ignored , resigned in frustration in June 1915 . Public opinion reacted with outrage to suspected German sabotage of Black Tom in Jersey City , New Jersey on 30 July 1916 , and to the Kingsland explosion on 11 January 1917 in present - day Lyndhurst , New Jersey . Public opinion ( edit ) See also : Opposition to World War I American public opinion was divided , with most Americans until early 1917 largely of the opinion that the United States should stay out of the war . Opinion changed gradually , partly in response to German actions in Belgium and the Lusitania , partly as German Americans lost influence , and partly in response to Wilson 's position that America had to play a role to make the world safe for democracy . In the general public , there was little if any support for entering the war on the side of Germany . The great majority of German Americans , as well as Scandinavian Americans , wanted the United States to remain neutral ; however , at the outbreak of war , thousands of US citizens had tried to enlist in the German army . The Irish Catholic community , based in the large cities and often in control of the Democratic Party apparatus , was strongly hostile to helping Britain in any way , especially after the Easter uprising of 1916 in Ireland . Most of the Protestant church leaders in the United States , regardless of their theology , favoured pacifistic solutions whereby the United States would broker a peace . Most of the leaders of the women 's movement , typified by Jane Addams , likewise sought pacifistic solutions . The most prominent opponent of war was industrialist Henry Ford , who personally financed and led a peace ship to Europe to try to negotiate among the belligerents ; no negotiations resulted . Britain had significant support among intellectuals , Yankees , and families with close ties to Britain . The most prominent leader was Samuel Insull of Chicago , a leading industrialist who had emigrated from England . Insull funded many propaganda efforts , and financed young Americans who wished to fight by joining the Canadian military , Canada at that time being a Dominion of the British Empire . Preparedness movement ( edit ) Main article : Preparedness Movement By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania aroused furious denunciations of German brutality . By 1915 , in Eastern cities a new `` Preparedness '' movement emerged . It argued that the United States needed to build up immediately strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . The driving forces behind Preparedness were all Republicans , notably General Leonard Wood , ex-president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson ; they enlisted many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . The Preparedness movement had what political scientists call a `` realism '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defences , they showed that the United States ' 100,000 - man Army , even augmented by the 112,000 - strong National Guard , was outnumbered 20 to one by the German army ; similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British Empire , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian Empire , Ottoman Empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military . They called for UMT or `` universal military service '' under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and then be assigned to reserve units . The small regular army would primarily be a training agency . Public opinion , however , was not willing to go that far . Both the regular army and the Preparedness leaders had a low opinion of the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , provincial , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of the US political economy . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted black men on an equal footing with white men . Democrats respond ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape . In reality , neither the US Army nor US Navy was in shape for war in terms of manpower , size , military hardware or experience . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas or tanks , and was unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the `` Lusitania '' in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not come to pass until after World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Great Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored . Wilson 's decision touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the provincial politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement , that was , that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( such as J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( such as Bethlehem Steel , which made armour , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These selfish special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament in the eyes of many . National debate ( edit ) Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford University redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the President because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste . '' Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warm - up for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seemed to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness . The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserves , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . The United States would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' . The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) saw the main German High Seas Fleet engage in a monumental yet inconclusive clash with the far stronger Grand Fleet of the Royal Navy . Arguing this battle proved the validity of Mahanian doctrine , the navalists took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armour - plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the US Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , Germany thought , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 . War declared ( edit ) New York Times April 3 , 1917 In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare . The German Foreign minister , Arthur Zimmermann invited revolution - torn Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States in the Zimmermann Telegram . In return , the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican -- American War 70 years earlier . British intelligence intercepted the telegram and passed the information on to Washington . Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public and Americans saw it as a casus belli -- a cause for war . President Wilson before Congress , announcing the break in official relations with the German Empire on February 3 , 1917 . At first , Wilson tried to maintain neutrality while fighting off the submarines by arming American merchant ships with guns powerful enough to sink German submarines on the surface ( but useless when the U-boats were under water ) . After submarines sank seven US merchant ships , Wilson finally went to Congress calling for a declaration of war on Germany , which Congress voted on April 6 , 1917 . As a result of the Russian February Revolution in 1917 , the Tsar abdicated and was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government . This helped overcome Wilson 's reluctance to having the US fight alongside a country ruled by an absolutist monarch . Pleased by the Provisional Government 's pro-war stance , the US accorded the new government diplomatic recognition on March 9 , 1917 . Although the United States declared war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 , it did not initially declare war on the other Central Powers , a state of affairs that Woodrow Wilson described as an `` embarrassing obstacle '' in his State of the Union speech . Congress declared war on the Austro - Hungarian Empire on December 7 , 1917 , but never made declarations of war against the other Central Powers , Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire or the various co-belligerents allied with the Central Powers . Thus , the United States remained uninvolved in the military campaigns in central and eastern Europe , the Middle East , the Caucasus , North Africa , Sub-Saharan Africa , Asia and the Pacific . Home front ( edit ) Main article : United States home front during World War I The home front saw a systematic mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers , food supplies , munitions , and money needed to win the war . Although the United States entered the war in 1917 , there had been very little planning , or even recognition of the problems that the British and other Allies had to solve on their home fronts . As a result , the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months , then efficiency took control . World War I propaganda poster for enlistment in the US Army . The war came in the midst of the Progressive Era , when efficiency and expertise were highly valued . Therefore , the federal government set up a multitude of temporary agencies with 500,000 to 1,000,000 new employees to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy into the production of munitions and food necessary for the war , as well as for propaganda purposes . Food ( edit ) The United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow victory gardens in their backyards , where crops were grown for US soldiers . It managed the nation 's food distribution and prices . Propaganda ( edit ) Crucial to US participation was the sweeping domestic propaganda campaign executed by the Committee on Public Information , overseen by George Creel . The campaign consisted of tens of thousands of government - selected community leaders giving brief carefully scripted pro-war speeches at thousands of public gatherings . Along with other branches of government and private vigilante groups like the American Protective League , it also included the general repression and harassment of people either opposed to American entry into the war or of German heritage . Rumors about a German - induced attempt to start uprising among Black Americans caused a wave of lynchings to occur in the Southern United States . Other forms of propaganda included newsreels , photos , large - print posters ( designed by several well - known illustrators of the day , including Louis D. Fancher and Henry Reuterdahl ) , magazine and newspaper articles , and billboards . Children ( edit ) Main article : Effect of World War I on children in the United States `` Weapons for Liberty -- U.S.A. Bonds '' calls on Boy Scouts to serve just like soldiers do ; poster by J.C. Leyendecker , 1918 The nation placed a great importance on the role of children , teaching them patriotism and national service and asking them to encourage war support and educate the public about the importance of the war . The Boy Scouts of America helped distribute war pamphlets , helped sell war bonds , and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war . Army and Navy ( edit ) Main article : American Expeditionary Forces As late as 1917 , the United States maintained only a small army , one which was in fact smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war . After the passage of the Selective Service Act in 1917 , it drafted 4 million men into military service . By the summer of 1918 , about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France , about half of whom eventually saw front - line service ; by the Armistice of November 11 approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in France daily . In 1917 , Congress gave US citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones Act . In the end , Germany miscalculated the United States ' influence on the outcome of the conflict , believing it would be many more months before US troops would arrive and overestimating the effectiveness of U-boats in slowing the American buildup . American soldiers on the Piave front hurling hand grenades into the Austrian trenches The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted US units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not to waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . The US rejected the first proposition and accepted the second . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up US units to serve as mere reinforcements for British Empire and French units . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to fight in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Séchault . Impact of US forces on the war ( edit ) Americans in the Champagne - Marne offensive , 1918 . On the battlefields of France in spring 1918 , the war - weary Allied armies enthusiastically greeted the fresh American troops . They arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , at a time when the Germans were unable to replace their losses . The Americans won a victory at Cantigny , then again in defensive stands at Chateau - Thierry and Belleau Wood . The Americans helped the British Empire , French and Portuguese forces defeat and turn back the powerful final German offensive ( Spring Offensive of March to July , 1918 ) , and most importantly , the Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive ( Hundred Days Offensive of August to November ) . However , many American commanders used the same flawed tactics which the British , French , Germans and others had abandoned early in the war , and so many American offensives were not particularly effective . Pershing continued to commit troops to these full - frontal attacks , resulting in high casualties against experienced veteran German and Austrian - Hungarian units . Nevertheless , the infusion of new and fresh US troops greatly strengthened the Allies ' strategic position and boosted morale . The Allies achieved victory over Germany on November 11 , 1918 after German morale had collapsed both at home and on the battlefield . After the war ( edit ) The government promptly cancelled wartime contracts , ended the draft , and started to bring home its troops from Europe as fast as transport became available . However there was no GI Bill or financial or educational benefits for veterans , and the lack became a major political issue , especially for the large veterans ' groups such as the Veterans of Foreign Wars and the new American Legion . The readjustment period was marked by soaring unemployment , massive strikes , and race riots in 1919 . The public demanded a return to `` normalcy , '' and repudiated Wilson with the election of conservative Republican Warren G. Harding. ? See also ( edit ) World War I portal United States campaigns in World War I History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) German prisoners of war in the United States General Pershing WWI casualty list Bibliography ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Wevera & van Bergenc 2014 Jump up ^ Byerly 2010 Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591 Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History . Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate Jump up ^ Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 332 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , T.R. : The Last Romantic ( 1997 ) p = 756 Jump up ^ Karp 1979 Jump up ^ Jules Witcover , Black Tom : Imperial Germany 's Secret War in America ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Ernest R. May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 - 1917 ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Hew Strachan , The First World War ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ TV Series , The First World War Part 7 : Blockade ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ William M. Leary , Jr. , `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 , '' Journal of American History Vol. 54 , No. 1 ( Jun. 1967 ) , pp. 57 - 72 JSTOR 1900319 Jump up ^ Patricia Appelbaum , Kingdom to Commune : Protestant Pacifist Culture between World War I and the Vietnam Era ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Frances H. Early , A World without War : How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The peace ship : Henry Ford 's pacifist adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for War : The Campaign Against American Neutrality , 1914 - 1917 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution Act , 1867 '' . Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada . March 29 , 1867 . p.s. 9 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts , `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition . '' Australian Journal of Politics and History 2005 51 ( 2 ) : 194 - 215 . ISSN 0004 - 9522 doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Navy '' . Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era pp 179ff Jump up ^ Daniel R. Beaver , Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort , 1917 - 1919 ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Allan Millett , The general : Robert L. Bullard and officership in the United States Army , 1881 - 1925 ( 1975 ) p. 293 Jump up ^ Barbara Tuchman , The Zimmerman Telegram ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ see : Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany . Jump up ^ Richard Pipes A Concise History of the Russian Revolution , Vintage Books 1996 p. 93 Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson : Fifth Annual Message to the Gentlemen of the Congress - 4 December 1917 Jump up ^ Official Declarations of War by Congress - Senate. gove Jump up ^ `` US declaration of war against Austria - Hungary The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History '' . Gilderlehrman.org. 1917 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Over Here Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Mary Roberts , eds. , World War I : encyclopedia ( 2005 ) , p. 1205 Jump up ^ George H. Nash , The Life of Herbert Hoover : Master of Emergencies , 1917 - 1918 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here pp. 59 -- 72 Jump up ^ Ross , pp. 244 -- 246 Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 334 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here pp 59 -- 72 Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 335 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stephen Vaughn , Holding Fast the Inner Lines : Democracy , Nationalism , and the Committee on Public Information ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jay Mechling , On My Honor : Boy Scouts and the Making of American Youth ( 2004 ) p 128 Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World War I Timeline - 1918 - A Fateful Ending '' . The History Place . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wilgus , p. 52 Jump up ^ Teaching With Documents : Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved October 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 1998 ) . The Pity of War . Penguin . Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Dixon Wecter , When Johnny Comes Marching Home ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ David Ortiz , Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill : how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era ( 2013 ) p xiii Jump up ^ Burl Noggle , Into the Twenties - The United States From Armistice to Normalcy ( 1974 ) . References Byerly , Carol R. ( 2010 ) . `` The U.S. Military and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 '' . Public Health Reports . United States National Library of Medicine . vol. 125 ( Suppl 3 ) : 82 -- 91 . ISSN 1468 - 2877 . PMC 2862337 . PMID 20568570 . Wevera , Peter C Wevera ; van Bergenc , Leo ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Death from 1918 pandemic influenza during the First World War : a perspective from personal and anecdotal evidence '' . Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 8 : 538 -- 46 . doi : 10.1111 / irv. 12267 . PMC 4181817 . PMID 24975798 . Further reading ( edit ) Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Breen , William J. Uncle Sam at Home : Civilian Mobilization , Wartime Federalism , and the Council of National Defense , 1917 - 1919 ( 1984 ) ) Capozzola , Christopher . Uncle Sam Wants You : World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen ( 2008 ) Carlisle , Rodney . Sovereignty at Sea : U.S. Merchant Ships and American Entry into World War I ( 2010 ) Chambers , John W. , II . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Clements , Kendrick A . The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson ( 1992 ) Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) , a standard military history Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Cooper , John Milton . `` The World War and American Memory . '' Diplomatic History ( 2014 ) 38 # 4 pp : 727 - 736 . DuBois , W.E. Burghardt , `` An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War , '' The Crisis , vol. 18 , no . 2 ( June 1919 ) , pp. 63 -- 87 . Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 2004 ) , comprehensive coverage Malin , James C. The United States After the World War ( 1930 ) online Marrin , Albert . The Yanks Are Coming : The United States in the First World War ( 1986 ) May , Ernest R . The World War and American Isolation , 1914 - 1917 ( 1959 ) online at ACLS e-books , highly influential study Nash , George H. The Life of Herbert Hoover : Master of Emergencies , 1917 - 1918 ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Paxson , Frederic L. Pre-war years , 1913 - 1917 ( 1936 ) wide - ranging scholarly survey Paxson , Frederic L. American at War 1917 - 1918 ( 1939 ) wide - ranging scholarly survey Schaffer , Ronald . America in the Great War : The Rise of the War - Welfare State ( 1991 ) Snow , William J. Signposts of Experience : World War Memoits of Major General William J. Snow , USA - Retired , Chief of Field Artillery 1918 - 1927 . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , May 15 , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1499673777 . Trask , David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council : American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1961 ) Trask , David F. The AEF and Coalition Warmaking , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1993 ) online free Tucker , Spencer C. , and Priscilla Mary Roberts , eds . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2005 ) Van Ells , Mark D. `` America and World War I : A Traveler 's Guide '' ( 2014 ) Vaughn , Stephen . Holding Fast the Inner Lines : Democracy , Nationalism , and the Committee on Public Information ( University of North Carolina Press , 1980 ) Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Woodward , David R . The American Army and the First World War ( 2014 ) . 484 pp. online review Woodward , David R. Trial by Friendship : Anglo - American Relations , 1917 - 1918 ( 1993 ) online Young , Ernest William . The Wilson Administration and the Great War ( 1922 ) online edition Zieger , Robert H. America 's Great War : World War I and the American Experience ( 2000 ) Historiography ( edit ) Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 - 468 . External links ( edit ) First - hand accounts of World War I veterans , The Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War I homefront in the United States . World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - 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Acid rain - wikipedia Acid rain Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Acid rain ( disambiguation ) . Processes involved in acid deposition ( note that only SO and NO play a significant role in acid rain ) . Acid clouds can grow on SO emissions from refineries , as seen here in Curaçao . Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic , meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions ( low pH ) . It can have harmful effects on plants , aquatic animals and infrastructure . Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide , which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids . Some governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere with positive results . Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes , and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions . Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests , freshwaters and soils , killing insect and aquatic life - forms , causing paint to peel , corrosion of steel structures such as bridges , and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 History 2.1 In the United States 3 Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification 3.1 Natural phenomena 3.2 Human activity 4 Chemical processes 4.1 Gas phase chemistry 4.2 Chemistry in cloud droplets 5 Acid deposition 5.1 Wet deposition 5.2 Dry deposition 6 Adverse effects 6.1 Surface waters and aquatic animals 6.2 Soils 6.3 Forests and other vegetation 6.4 Ocean acidification 6.5 Human health effects 6.6 Other adverse effects 7 Affected areas 8 Prevention methods 8.1 Technical solutions 8.2 International treaties 8.3 Emissions trading 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Definition `` Acid rain '' is a popular term referring to the deposition of a mixture from wet ( rain , snow , sleet , fog , cloudwater , and dew ) and dry ( acidifying particles and gases ) acidic components . Distilled water , once carbon dioxide is removed , has a neutral pH of 7 . Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic , and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline . `` Clean '' or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH , but usually no lower than 5.7 , because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid , a weak acid according to the following reaction : H O ( l ) + C O ( g ) ⇌ H C O ( aq ) Carbonic acid then can ionize in water forming low concentrations of hydronium and carbonate ions : H O ( l ) + H C O ( aq ) ⇌ H C O ( aq ) + H O ( aq ) However , unpolluted rain can also contain other chemicals which affect its pH ( acidity level ) . A common example is nitric acid produced by electric discharge in the atmosphere such as lightning . Acid deposition as an environmental issue ( discussed later in the article ) would include additional acids other than H C O . History The corrosive effect of polluted , acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn , who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles . Since the Industrial Revolution , emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased . In 1852 , Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester , England . Though acidic rain was discovered in 1853 , it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon . The term `` acid rain '' was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith . Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a `` dead '' lake . At first the main focus in research lay on local affects of acid rain . Waldemar Christofer Brøgger was the first to acknowledge long - distance transportation of pollutants crossing borders from the United Kingdom to Norway . Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S increased in the 1970s after The New York Times published reports from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental effects shown to result from it . Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below 2.4 have been reported in industrialized areas . Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia and areas downwind from them . These areas all burn sulfur - containing coal to generate heat and electricity . The problem of acid rain has not only increased with population and industrial growth , but has become more widespread . The use of tall smokestacks to reduce local pollution has contributed to the spread of acid rain by releasing gases into regional atmospheric circulation . Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emissions , with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition ( simply because of their higher rainfall ) . An example of this effect is the low pH of rain which falls in Scandinavia . In the United States Since 1998 , Harvard University wraps some of the bronze and marble statues on its campus , such as this `` Chinese stele '' , with waterproof covers every winter , in order to protect them from corrosion caused by acid rain and acid snow The earliest report about acid rain in the United States was from the chemical evidence from Hubbard Brook Valley . In 1972 , a group of scientists including Gene Likens discovered the rain that was deposited at White Mountains of New Hampshire was acidic . The pH of the sample was measured to be 4.03 at Hubbard Brook . The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study followed up with a series of research that analyzed the environmental effects of acid rain . Acid rain that mixed with stream water at Hubbard Brook was neutralized by the alumina from soils . The result of this research indicates the chemical reaction between acid rain and aluminum leads to increasing rate of soil weathering . Experimental research was done to examine the effects of increased acidity in stream on ecological species . In 1980 , a group of scientists modified the acidity of Norris Brook , New Hampshire , and observed the change in species ' behaviors . There was a decrease in species diversity , an increase in community dominants , and a decrease in the food web complexity . In 1980 , the U.S. Congress passed an Acid Deposition Act . This Act established an 18 - year assessment and research program under the direction of the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program ( NAPAP ) . NAPAP looked at the entire problem from a scientific perspective . It enlarged a network of monitoring sites to determine how acidic the precipitation actually was , and to determine long - term trends , and established a network for dry deposition . It looked at the effects of acid rain and funded research on the effects of acid precipitation on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems , historical buildings , monuments , and building materials . It also funded extensive studies on atmospheric processes and potential control programs . From the start , policy advocates from all sides attempted to influence NAPAP activities to support their particular policy advocacy efforts , or to disparage those of their opponents . For the U.S. Government 's scientific enterprise , a significant impact of NAPAP were lessons learned in the assessment process and in environmental research management to a relatively large group of scientists , program managers and the public . In 1981 , the National Academy of Sciences was looking into research about the controversial issues regarding acid rain . President Ronald Reagan did not place a huge attention on the issues of acid rain until his personal visit to Canada and confirmed that Canadian border suffered from the drifting pollution from smokestacks in Midwest of US . Reagan honored the agreement to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau 's enforcement of anti-pollution regulation . In 1982 , US President Ronald Reagan commissioned William Nierenberg to serve on the National Science Board . Nierenberg selected scientists including Gene Likens to serve on a panel to draft a report on acid rain . In 1983 , the panel of scientists came up with a draft report , which concluded that acid rain is a real problem and solutions should be sought . White House Office of Science and Technology Policy reviewed the draft report and sent Fred Singer 's suggestions of the report , which cast doubt on the cause of acid rain . The panelists revealed rejections against Singer 's positions and submitted the report to Nierenberg in April . In May 1983 , the House of Representatives voted against legislations that aimed to control sulfur emissions . There was a debate about whether Nierenberg delayed to release the report . Nierenberg himself denied the saying about his suppression of the report and explained that the withheld of the report after the House 's vote was due to the fact that the report was not ready to be published . In 1991 , the US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program ( NAPAP ) provided its first assessment of acid rain in the United States . It reported that 5 % of New England Lakes were acidic , with sulfates being the most common problem . They noted that 2 % of the lakes could no longer support Brook Trout , and 6 % of the lakes were unsuitable for the survival of many species of minnow . Subsequent Reports to Congress have documented chemical changes in soil and freshwater ecosystems , nitrogen saturation , decreases in amounts of nutrients in soil , episodic acidification , regional haze , and damage to historical monuments . Meanwhile , in 1990 , the U.S. Congress passed a series of amendments to the Clean Air Act . Title IV of these amendments established the a cap and trade system designed to control emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides . Title IV called for a total reduction of about 10 million tons of SO emissions from power plants . It was implemented in two phases . Phase I began in 1995 , and limited sulfur dioxide emissions from 110 of the largest power plants to a combined total of 8.7 million tons of sulfur dioxide . One power plant in New England ( Merrimack ) was in Phase I. Four other plants ( Newington , Mount Tom , Brayton Point , and Salem Harbor ) were added under other provisions of the program . Phase II began in 2000 , and affects most of the power plants in the country . During the 1990s , research continued . On March 10 , 2005 , the EPA issued the Clean Air Interstate Rule ( CAIR ) . This rule provides states with a solution to the problem of power plant pollution that drifts from one state to another . CAIR will permanently cap emissions of SO and NO in the eastern United States . When fully implemented , CAIR will reduce SO emissions in 28 eastern states and the District of Columbia by over 70 % and NO emissions by over 60 % from 2003 levels . Overall , the program 's cap and trade program has been successful in achieving its goals . Since the 1990s , SO emissions have dropped 40 % , and according to the Pacific Research Institute , acid rain levels have dropped 65 % since 1976 . Conventional regulation was used in the European Union , which saw a decrease of over 70 % in SO emissions during the same time period . In 2007 , total SO emissions were 8.9 million tons , achieving the program 's long - term goal ahead of the 2010 statutory deadline . In 2007 the EPA estimated that by 2010 , the overall costs of complying with the program for businesses and consumers would be $1 billion to $2 billion a year , only one fourth of what was originally predicted . Forbes says : In 2010 , by which time the cap and trade system had been augmented by the George W. Bush administration 's Clean Air Interstate Rule , SO2 emissions had fallen to 5.1 million tons . The term Citizen science can be traced back as far as January 1989 and a campaign by the Audubon Society to measure Acid rain . Scientist Muki Haklay cites in a policy report for the Wilson Center entitled ' Citizen Science and Policy : A European Perspective ' a first use of the term ' citizen science ' by R. Kerson in the magazine MIT Technology Review from January 1989 . Quoting from the Wilson Center report : `` The new form of engagement in science received the name `` citizen science '' . The first recorded example of the use of the term is from 1989 , describing how 225 volunteers across the US collected rain samples to assist the Audubon Society in an acid - rain awareness raising campaign . The volunteers collected samples , checked for acidity , and reported back to the organization . The information was then used to demonstrate the full extent of the phenomenon . '' Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification The most important gas which leads to acidification is sulfur dioxide . Emissions of nitrogen oxides which are oxidized to form nitric acid are of increasing importance due to stricter controls on emissions of sulfur containing compounds . 70 Tg ( S ) per year in the form of SO comes from fossil fuel combustion and industry , 2.8 Tg ( S ) from wildfires and 7 -- 8 Tg ( S ) per year from volcanoes . Natural phenomena The principal natural phenomena that contribute acid - producing gases to the atmosphere are emissions from volcanoes . Thus , for example , fumaroles from the Laguna Caliente crater of Poás Volcano create extremely high amounts of acid rain and fog , with acidity as high as a pH of 2 , clearing an area of any vegetation and frequently causing irritation to the eyes and lungs of inhabitants in nearby settlements . Acid - producing gasses are also created by biological processes that occur on the land , in wetlands , and in the oceans . The major biological source of sulfur containing compounds is dimethyl sulfide . Nitric acid in rainwater is an important source of fixed nitrogen for plant life , and is also produced by electrical activity in the atmosphere such as lightning . Acidic deposits have been detected in glacial ice thousands of years old in remote parts of the globe . Soils of coniferous forests are naturally very acidic due to the shedding of needles , and the results of this phenomenon should not be confused with acid rain . Human activity The coal - fired Gavin Power Plant in Cheshire , Ohio The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources , such as electricity generation , factories , and motor vehicles . Electrical power generation using coal is among the greatest contributors to gaseous pollutions that are responsible for acidic rain . The gases can be carried hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited . In the past , factories had short funnels to let out smoke but this caused many problems locally ; thus , factories now have taller smoke funnels . However , dispersal from these taller stacks causes pollutants to be carried farther , causing widespread ecological damage . Chemical processes Combustion of fuels produces sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides . They are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid . Gas phase chemistry In the gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized by reaction with the hydroxyl radical via an intermolecular reaction : SO + OH → HOSO which is followed by : HOSO + O → HO + SO In the presence of water , sulfur trioxide ( SO ) is converted rapidly to sulfuric acid : SO ( g ) + H O ( l ) → H SO ( aq ) Nitrogen dioxide reacts with OH to form nitric acid : This shows the process of the air pollution being released into the atmosphere and the areas that will be affected . NO + OH → HNO Chemistry in cloud droplets When clouds are present , the loss rate of SO is faster than can be explained by gas phase chemistry alone . This is due to reactions in the liquid water droplets . Hydrolysis Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water and then , like carbon dioxide , hydrolyses in a series of equilibrium reactions : SO ( g ) + H O ⇌ SO H O SO H O ⇌ H + HSO HSO ⇌ H + SO Oxidation There are a large number of aqueous reactions that oxidize sulfur from S ( IV ) to S ( VI ) , leading to the formation of sulfuric acid . The most important oxidation reactions are with ozone , hydrogen peroxide and oxygen ( reactions with oxygen are catalyzed by iron and manganese in the cloud droplets ) . Acid deposition Wet deposition Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation ( rain , snow , and so on . ) removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth 's surface . This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops ( see aqueous phase chemistry above ) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in clouds or below clouds . Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of importance for wet deposition . Dry deposition Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the absence of precipitation . This can be responsible for as much as 20 to 60 % of total acid deposition . This occurs when particles and gases stick to the ground , plants or other surfaces . Adverse effects Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests , freshwaters and soils , killing insect and aquatic life - forms as well as causing damage to buildings and having impacts on human health . Surface Waters and aquatic animals This chart shows that not all fish , shellfish , or the insects that they eat can tolerate the same amount of acid ; for example , frogs can tolerate water that is more acidic ( i.e. , has a lower pH ) than trout . Both the lower pH and higher aluminium concentrations in surface water that occur as a result of acid rain can cause damage to fish and other aquatic animals . At pHs lower than 5 most fish eggs will not hatch and lower pHs can kill adult fish . As lakes and rivers become more acidic biodiversity is reduced . Acid rain has eliminated insect life and some fish species , including the brook trout in some lakes , streams , and creeks in geographically sensitive areas , such as the Adirondack Mountains of the United States . However , the extent to which acid rain contributes directly or indirectly via runoff from the catchment to lake and river acidity ( i.e. , depending on characteristics of the surrounding watershed ) is variable . The United States Environmental Protection Agency 's ( EPA ) website states : `` Of the lakes and streams surveyed , acid rain caused acidity in 75 % of the acidic lakes and about 50 % of the acidic streams '' . Lakes hosted by silicate basement rocks are more acidic than lakes within limestone or other basement rocks with a carbonate composition ( i.e. marble ) due to buffering effects by carbonate minerals , even with the same amount of acid rain . Soils Soil biology and chemistry can be seriously damaged by acid rain . Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low pH and are killed . The enzymes of these microbes are denatured ( changed in shape so they no longer function ) by the acid . The hydronium ions of acid rain also mobilize toxins such as aluminium , and leach away essential nutrients and minerals such as magnesium . 2 H ( aq ) + Mg ( clay ) ⇌ 2 H ( clay ) + Mg ( aq ) Soil chemistry can be dramatically changed when base cations , such as calcium and magnesium , are leached by acid rain thereby affecting sensitive species , such as sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ) . Forests and other vegetation Acid rain can have severe effects on vegetation . A forest in the Black Triangle in Europe . Adverse effects may be indirectly related to acid rain , like the acid 's effects on soil ( see above ) or high concentration of gaseous precursors to acid rain . High altitude forests are especially vulnerable as they are often surrounded by clouds and fog which are more acidic than rain . Other plants can also be damaged by acid rain , but the effect on food crops is minimized by the application of lime and fertilizers to replace lost nutrients . In cultivated areas , limestone may also be added to increase the ability of the soil to keep the pH stable , but this tactic is largely unusable in the case of wilderness lands . When calcium is leached from the needles of red spruce , these trees become less cold tolerant and exhibit winter injury and even death . Ocean acidification Main article : Ocean acidification This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) Acid rain has a much less harmful effect on the oceans . However , acid rain can cause the oceans acidity to rise , making it more difficult for different coastal species to create their exoskeletons that they need to survive . These coastal species link together as part of the ocean 's food chain and without them being a source for other marine life to feed off of more marine life will die . Coral 's limestone skeletal is sensitive to pH drop , because the calcium carbonate , core component of the limestone dissolves in acidic ( low pH ) solutions . Human health effects Acid rain does not directly affect human health . The acid in the rainwater is too dilute to have direct adverse effects . However , the particulates responsible for acid rain ( sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides ) do have an adverse effect . Increased amounts of fine particulate matter in the air do contribute to heart and lung problems including asthma and bronchitis . Other adverse effects Effect of acid rain on statues Acid rain and weathering Acid rain can damage buildings , historic monuments , and statues , especially those made of rocks , such as limestone and marble , that contain large amounts of calcium carbonate . Acids in the rain react with the calcium compounds in the stones to create gypsum , which then flakes off . CaCO ( s ) + H SO ( aq ) ⇌ CaSO ( s ) + CO ( g ) + H O ( l ) The effects of this are commonly seen on old gravestones , where acid rain can cause the inscriptions to become completely illegible . Acid rain also increases the corrosion rate of metals , in particular iron , steel , copper and bronze . Affected areas Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia , the eastern third of the United States , and southeastern Canada . Other affected areas include the southeastern coast of China and Taiwan . Prevention methods Technical solutions Many coal - firing power stations use flue - gas desulfurization ( FGD ) to remove sulfur - containing gases from their stack gases . For a typical coal - fired power station , FGD will remove 95 % or more of the SO in the flue gases . An example of FGD is the wet scrubber which is commonly used . A wet scrubber is basically a reaction tower equipped with a fan that extracts hot smoke stack gases from a power plant into the tower . Lime or limestone in slurry form is also injected into the tower to mix with the stack gases and combine with the sulfur dioxide present . The calcium carbonate of the limestone produces pH - neutral calcium sulfate that is physically removed from the scrubber . That is , the scrubber turns sulfur pollution into industrial sulfates . In some areas the sulfates are sold to chemical companies as gypsum when the purity of calcium sulfate is high . In others , they are placed in landfill . However , the effects of acid rain can last for generations , as the effects of pH level change can stimulate the continued leaching of undesirable chemicals into otherwise pristine water sources , killing off vulnerable insect and fish species and blocking efforts to restore native life . Fluidized bed combustion also reduces the amount of sulfur emitted by power production . Vehicle emissions control reduces emissions of nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles . International treaties A number of international treaties on the long - range transport of atmospheric pollutants have been agreed for example , the 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions under the Convention on Long - Range Transboundary Air Pollution . Canada and the US signed the Air Quality Agreement in 1991 . Most European countries and Canada have signed the treaties . Emissions trading Main article : Emissions trading See also : Acid Rain Program In this regulatory scheme , every current polluting facility is given or may purchase on an open market an emissions allowance for each unit of a designated pollutant it emits . Operators can then install pollution control equipment , and sell portions of their emissions allowances they no longer need for their own operations , thereby recovering some of the capital cost of their investment in such equipment . The intention is to give operators economic incentives to install pollution controls . The first emissions trading market was established in the United States by enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 . The overall goal of the Acid Rain Program established by the Act is to achieve significant environmental and public health benefits through reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide ( SO ) and nitrogen oxides ( NO ) , the primary causes of acid rain . To achieve this goal at the lowest cost to society , the program employs both regulatory and market based approaches for controlling air pollution . See also Basic precipitation Gene Likens List of environmental issues Lists of environmental topics Ocean acidification Rain dust ( an alkaline rain ) References Jump up ^ Likens , Gene E. ; Keene , William C. ; Miller , John M. ; Galloway , James N. ( 1987 ) . `` Chemistry of precipitation from a remote , terrestrial site in Australia '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 92 : 13299 . Bibcode : 1987JGR ... 9213299L . doi : 10.1029 / JD092iD11p13299 . Jump up ^ E.S. de Beer , ed . The Diary of John Evelyn , III , 1955 ( 19 September 1667 ) p. 495 . ^ Jump up to : Glossary , United States : NASA Earth Observatory , acid rain , archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 13 , retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 Jump up ^ Weathers , K.C. and Likens , G.E. ( 2006 ) . `` Acid rain '' , pp. 1549 -- 1561 in : W.N. Rom and S. Markowitz ( eds . ) . Environmental and Occupational Medicine . Lippincott - Raven Publ. , Philadelphia . Fourth Edition , ISBN 0 - 7817 - 6299 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Seinfeld , John H. ; Pandis , Spyros N ( 1998 ) . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics -- From Air Pollution to Climate Change . John Wiley and Sons , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 17816 - 3 Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ; Bormann , F.H. ; Johnson , N.M. ( 1972 ) . `` Acid rain '' . Environment. 14 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 40 . doi : 10.1080 / 00139157.1972. 9933001 . Jump up ^ Acid Rain in New England , A Brief History Archived September 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Epa.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Brøgger , Waldemar Christofer ( 1881 ) . `` Note on a contaminated snowfall under the heading Mindre meddelelser ( Short communications ) '' . Naturen. 5 : 47 . Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ; Bormann , F.H. ( 1974 ) . `` Acid Rain : A Serious Regional Environmental Problem '' . Science . 184 ( 4142 ) : 1176 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1974Sci ... 184.1176 L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 184.4142. 1176 . PMID 17756304 . Jump up ^ Keller , C.K. ; White , T.M. ; O'Brien , R. ; Smith , J.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Soil CO2 dynamics and fluxes as affected by tree harvest in an experimental sand ecosystem '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 111 . Bibcode : 2006JGRG ... 111.3011 K . doi : 10.1029 / 2005JG000157 . Jump up ^ Galloway , JN ; Dianwu , Z ; Jiling , X ; Likens , GE ( 1987 ) . `` Acid rain : China , United States , and a remote area '' . Science . 236 ( 4808 ) : 1559 -- 62 . Bibcode : 1987Sci ... 236.1559 G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 236.4808. 1559 . PMID 17835740 . Jump up ^ Chandru ( 2006 - 09 - 09 ) . `` CHINA : Industrialization pollutes its country side with Acid Rain '' . Southasiaanalysis.org . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lefohn , A.S. ; Husar , J.D. ; Husar , R.B. ( 1999 ) , Global Sulfur Emissions Database , United States : A.S.L. & Associates ^ Jump up to : Likens , G.E. ; Wright , R.F. ; Galloway , J.N. ; Butler , T.J. ( 1979 ) . `` Acid rain '' . Scientific American . 241 ( 4 ) : 43 -- 51 . Bibcode : 1979SciAm. 241d ... 43L . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican1079 - 43 . Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ( 1984 ) . `` Acid rain : the smokestack is the `` smoking gun '' `` . Garden . 8 ( 4 ) : 12 -- 18 . Jump up ^ `` Art Under Wraps '' , Harvard Magazine , March -- April 2000 Jump up ^ Likens , Gene E. ; Bormann , F. Herbert ; Johnson , Noye M. `` Acid Rain '' . Environment : Science and Policy for Sustainable Development . 14 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 40 . doi : 10.1080 / 00139157.1972. 9933001 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Noye M. ; Driscoll , Charles T. ; Eaton , John S. ; Likens , Gene E. ; McDowell , William H. ( 1981 - 09 - 01 ) . `` ' Acid rain ' , dissolved aluminum and chemical weathering at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest , New Hampshire '' . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 45 ( 9 ) : 1421 -- 1437 . Bibcode : 1981GeCoA ... 45.1421 J . doi : 10.1016 / 0016 - 7037 ( 81 ) 90276 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ronald J. ; Likens , Gene E. ; Fiance , Sandy B. ; Hendrey , George R. ( 1980 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Experimental Acidification of a Stream in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest , New Hampshire '' . Ecology. 61 ( 4 ) : 976 -- 989 . doi : 10.2307 / 1936765 . ISSN 1939 - 9170 . ^ Jump up to : Lackey , R.T. ( 1997 ) . `` Science , policy , and acid rain : lessons learned '' ( PDF ) . Renewable Resources Journal . 15 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Winstanley , Derek ; Lackey , Robert T. ; Warnick , Walter L. ; Malanchuk , John ( 1998 ) . `` Acid rain : Science and policy making '' . Environmental Science & Policy . 1 : 51 . doi : 10.1016 / S1462 - 9011 ( 98 ) 00006 - 9 . Jump up ^ Times , Robert Reinhold , Special To The New York ( 1982 - 06 - 08 ) . `` ACID RAIN ISSUE CREATES STRESS BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION AND SCIENCE ACADEMY '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan on Environment '' . www.ontheissues.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` HYSTERIA ABOUT ACID RAIN Even Ronald Reagan now casts it as the villain . He is overriding a lot of scientific evidence . - April 14 , 1986 '' . archive.fortune.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan : Nomination of William A. Nierenberg To Be a Member of the National Science Board '' . www.presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Acid Rain Peer Review Panel '' . Document Display NEPIS US EPA . July 1984 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` From tobacco to climate change , ' merchants of doubt ' undermined the science '' . Grist. 2010 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Ben A. ( 1984 - 08 - 18 ) . `` LEGISLATORS SAT WHITE HOUSE SUPPRESSED ACID RAIN REPORT '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ The U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program : 1990 integrated assessment report . Washington , D.C. : National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program , Office of the Director , ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ `` Clean Air Act Title IV - Subchapter A : Acid Deposition Control Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Pollution US EPA '' . Epa.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` US EPA : A Brief History of Acid Rain '' . Epa.gov . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : ' Cap - and - trade ' model eyed for cutting greenhouse gases , San Francisco Chronicle , December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Facts On File News Services Databases '' . 2facts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gilberston , T. and Reyes , O. 2009 . Carbon Trading : how it works and why it fails . Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation : 22 Jump up ^ Acid Rain Program 2007 Progress Report , United States Environmental Protection Agency , January 2009 . Jump up ^ Gerdes , Justin . `` Cap and Trade Curbed Acid Rain : 7 Reasons Why It Can Do The Same For Climate Change '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved 27 Oct 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Muki Haklay ( 2015 ) . `` Citizen Science and Policy : A European Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . p. 11 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : R. Kerson ( 1989 ) . `` Lab for the Environment '' . MIT Technology Review . Vol. 92 no . 1 . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Berresheim , H. ; Wine , P.H. and Davies D.D. ( 1995 ) . `` Sulfur in the Atmosphere '' . In Composition , Chemistry and Climate of the Atmosphere , ed . H.B. Singh . Van Nostrand Rheingold ISBN 0 - 442 - 01264 - 0 Jump up ^ . January 24 , 2018 http://www6.dict.cc/wp_examples.php?lp_id=1&lang=en&s=nitric%20acid . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Reduces Acid Rain In Eastern United States , ScienceDaily , September 28 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` UK National Air Quality Archive : Air Pollution Glossary '' . Airquality.co.uk. 2002 - 04 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : US EPA : Effects of Acid Rain -- Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals Jump up ^ Kesler , Stephen ( 2015 ) . Mineral Resources , Economics and the Environment . Cambridge University . ISBN 9781107074910 . Jump up ^ Rodhe , H. , et al . The global distribution of acidifying wet deposition . Environmental Science and TEchnology . vlo. 36 , no . 20 ( October ) p. 4382 -- 8 Jump up ^ US EPA : Effects of Acid Rain -- Forests Archived July 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ; Driscoll , C.T. ; Buso , D.C. ; Mitchell , M.J. ; Lovett , G.M. ; Bailey , S.W. ; Siccama , T.G. ; Reiners , W.A. ; Alewell , C. ( 2002 ) . `` The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook '' ( PDF ) . Biogeochemistry. 60 ( 3 ) : 235 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020972100496 . Jump up ^ Likens , G.E. ; Driscoll , C.T. ; Buso , D.C. ( 1996 ) . `` Long - Term Effects of Acid Rain : Response and Recovery of a Forest Ecosystem '' ( PDF ) . Science . 272 ( 5259 ) : 244 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 272 ... 244L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 272.5259. 244 . Jump up ^ DeHayes , D.H. , Schaberg , P.G. and G.R. Strimbeck. ( 2001 ) . Red Spruce Hardiness and Freezing Injury Susceptibility . In : F. Bigras , ed . Conifer Cold Hardiness . Kluwer Academic Publishers , the Netherlands ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6636 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Brynne E. ; Schaberg , Paul G. ; Hawley , Gary J. ; DeHayes , Donald H. ( 2006 ) . `` Landscape - scale spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce foliage in a year of heavy region - wide injury '' ( PDF ) . Can . J. For . Res. 36 : 142 -- 152 . doi : 10.1139 / x05 - 236 . highbeam copy Jump up ^ `` Acid Rain Has Disproportionate Impact on Near - Shore Ocean Waters - Windows to the Universe '' . www.windows2universe.org . Jump up ^ Effects of Acid Rain -- Human Health . Epa.gov ( 2006 - 06 - 02 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ICP on effects on materials '' . Water , Air , & Soil Pollution. 85 : 2701 -- 2706 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01186242 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Approaches in modeling the impact of air pollution - induced material degradation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ed . Hatier ( 1993 ) . `` Acid Rain in Europe '' . United Nations Environment Programme GRID Arendal . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ US Environmental Protection Agency ( 2008 ) . `` Clean Air Markets 2008 Highlights '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Acid Rain - Green Education Foundation GEF Sustainability Education '' . www.greeneducationfoundation.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 , 42 U.S. Code 7651 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acid rain . National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report -- a 98 - page report to Congress ( 2005 ) Acid rain for schools Acid rain for schools -- Hubbard Brook Acid Rain Retirement Fund environmental education links about acid rain United States Environmental Protection Agency -- New England Acid Rain Program ( superficial ) Acid Rain ( more depth than ref . above ) U.S. Geological Survey -- What is acid rain ? Acid rain analysis -- freeware for simulation and evaluation of titration curves and pH calculations CBC Digital Archives -- Acid Rain : Pollution and Politics Larssen , Thorjørn et al. `` Acid Rain in China '' . Environmental Science and Technology , 40 : 2 , 2006 , pp 418 -- 425 . Acid Rain : A Continuing National Tragedy -- a report from The Adirondack Council on acid rain in the Adirondack region ( 1998 ) Assortment of Summaries on Acid Rain Acid rain linked to decline of the wood thrush , a songbird of the Eastern Forest Trouble in the Forest , a 1988 documentary hosted by David Suzuki What Happens to Acid Rain ? Acid Rain and how it affects fish and other aquatic organisms ( hide ) Pollution Air pollution Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Indoor air quality Global dimming Global distillation Global warming Ozone depletion Atmospheric particulate matter Smog Water pollution Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products Environmental impact of shipping Environmental monitoring Eutrophication Freshwater environmental quality parameters Groundwater pollution Hypoxia Marine debris Marine pollution Nutrient pollution Ocean acidification Oil spill Septic tank Surface runoff Thermal pollution Turbidity Urban runoff Wastewater Water quality Water stagnation Waterborne diseases Soil contamination Bioremediation Electrical resistance heating Herbicide Open defecation Pesticide Phytoremediation Soil Guideline Values ( SGVs ) Radioactive contamination Actinides in the environment Bioremediation of radioactive waste Environmental radioactivity Fission product Nuclear fallout Plutonium in the environment Radiation poisoning Radium in the environment Uranium in the environment Other types of pollution Land degradation Light pollution Pollution from nanomaterials Noise pollution Radio spectrum pollution Urban heat island Visual pollution Inter-government treaties Basel Convention CLRTAP Kyoto Protocol MARPOL Convention Montreal Protocol OSPAR Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention Major organizations Basel Action Network Central Pollution Control Board ( India ) DEFRA Environment Agency ( England and Wales ) Scottish Environment Protection Agency U.S. EPA European Environment Agency Greenpeace GND : 4179239 - 7 NDL : 00575484 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid_rain&oldid=833894677 '' Categories : Environmental chemistry Pollution Forest pathology Rain Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 76 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 22 : 37 . 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Question: rain sleet or snow that contains a high concentration of acids is called