Vikings ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Vikings ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search Vikings ( season 4 ) DVD cover art for both parts Country of origin Canada / Ireland No. of episodes 20 Release Original network History Original release Part 1 : February 18 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) -- April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) Part 2 : November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) -- February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Vikings episodes The fourth season of the historical drama television series Vikings premiered on February 18 , 2016 on History in Canada . The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew , and later those of his sons . The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age , marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793 . The fourth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes , split into two parts of ten episodes ; the second half premiered on November 30 , 2016 . The season follows the battles between Ragnar and Rollo in Francia , Bjorn 's raid into the Mediterranean , and the Viking invasion of England . It concluded in its entirety on February 1 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Vikings characters Main ( edit ) Travis Fimmel as King Ragnar Lothbrok , the head of the Earldom of Kattegat who became king after Horik 's death Katheryn Winnick as Queen Lagertha , a shieldmaiden and Ragnar 's ex-wife ; she controls the Earldom of Hedeby calling herself Earl Ingstad . Later , she becomes queen of Kattegat . Clive Standen as Duke Rollo , a warrior and Ragnar 's brother ; he was granted the title of Duke of Normandy by Emperor Charles . Gustaf Skarsgård as Floki , a gifted shipbuilder and a friend of Ragnar Alexander Ludwig as Bjorn Ironside , Ragnar and Lagertha 's son , who has a relationship with Torvi Alyssa Sutherland as Queen Aslaug , Brynhildr 's daughter and Ragnar 's second wife Ben Robson as Earl Kalf , a Viking warrior ; he shares the control of Hedeby with Lagertha . Lothaire Bluteau as Emperor Charles of West Francia John Kavanagh as The Seer , the seiðrmann of Kattegat Peter Franzén as King Harald Finehair , a Viking ambitious to become the first King of Norway Jasper Pääkkönen as Halfdan the Black , Harald 's violent younger brother Kevin Durand as Harbard , a charismatic wanderer and storyteller Moe Dunford as Prince Aethelwulf , son of King Ecbert Alex Høgh as Ivar the Boneless , fourth son of Ragnar and Aslaug Marco Ilsø as Hvitserk , second son of Ragnar and Aslaug David Lindström as Sigurd Snake - in - the - Eye , third son of Ragnar and Aslaug Jordan Patrick Smith as Ubbe , eldest son of Ragnar and Aslaug Linus Roache as King Ecbert of Wessex , the ruthless king of Wessex Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Bishop Heahmund , a very religious warrior priest ^ Jump up to : In Part 1 , Dunford , Høgh , Ilsø , Lindström , and Smith are credited as guests . Recurring ( edit ) George Blagden as Athelstan , an Anglo - Saxon monk and friend of Ragnar 's . He was killed by Floki and appears in Ragnar and Ecbert 's visions . Dianne Doan as Yidu , Queen Aslaug 's new slave Maude Hirst as Helga , Floki 's long - suffering lover and wife Owen Roe as Count Odo of Paris Edvin Endre as Erlendur , son of King Horik and second husband of Torvi Georgia Hirst as Torvi , wife of Erlendur and , later , wife of Bjorn Morgane Polanski as Princess Gisla of West Francia , daughter of Emperor Charles , wedded to Duke Rollo Stephen Rockett as young Hvitserk Luke Shanahan as young Ubbe Elijah O'Sullivan as young Sigurd Snake - in - the - Eye James Quinn Markey as young Ivar the Boneless Rosalie Connerty as Angrboda , daughter of Floki and Helga Huw Parmenter as Roland , Count Odo 's first - in - command and Therese 's brother Karen Hassan as Therese , Roland 's sister and Count Odo 's mistress Amy Bailey as Queen Kwenthrith of Mercia Jennie Jacques as Princess Judith of Northumbria , daughter of King Aelle , wedded to Aethelwulf Seán T. Ó Meallaigh as Prudentius of Troyes , a monk serving at the court of King Ecbert Des Carney as Waerferth the Scout , serving King Ecbert Conor Ó Hanlon as infant Alfred , Princess Judith and Athelstan 's son Philip O'Sullivan as Bishop Edmund , serving at the court of King Ecbert Nathan O'Toole as young Bjorn , Ragnar and Lagertha 's son . He appears in Ragnar 's visions . Niall Cusack as Abbot Lupus , serving at the court of Emperor Charles Ivan Kaye as King Aelle of Northumbria Ruby O'Leary as Gyda , Ragnar and Lagertha 's daughter . She appears in Ragnar 's visions . Josefin Asplund as Astrid , Lagertha 's lover and advisor Ida Marie Nielsen as Margrethe , one of Queen Aslaug 's slaves Anton Giltrap as Guthrum , Jarl Borg and Torvi 's son Charles Last as William , first son of Rollo and Gisla Isaac O'Sullivan as child Alfred , Princess Judith and Athelstan 's son André Eriksen as Odin , appearing in visions Sinead Gormally as Tanaruz , a Moorish child Charlie Kelly as Egil , an agent of King Harald Cathy White as Queen Ealhswith of Northumbria , King Aelle 's wife Caitlin Scott as Princess Blaeja , daughter of King Aelle Jack Nolan as Earl Jorgensen , a Swedish warlord Sophie Vavasseur as Princess Ellisif , the object of King Harald 's affections Gary Buckley as Earl Vik , Princess Ellisif 's husband Gary Murphy as Bishop Unwan , serving at the court of King Aelle Special Guest ( edit ) Josh Donaldson as Hoskuld , a Viking warrior of great skill Guest ( edit ) Søren Pilmark as Stender , a farmer whose family was killed in Wessex . He was killed by Ragnar and appears in his dreams . Steve Wall as Einar , a scheming troublemaker . He is killed by Lagertha . Frankie McCafferty as Sinric , a polyglot drifter Cillian O'Sullivan as Eirik , a Viking warrior in Paris , former second in command of Rollo . He is betrayed by him and killed by Franks . Robban Follin as Berserker , an assassin recruited by Erlendur and Kalf to kill Bjorn . He is killed by Bjorn himself . Declan Conlon as Lord Wigstan , Queen Kwenthrith 's second cousin and the head of the Royal Family of Mercia John Kavanagh as Pope Leo IV Adam McNamara as Thorhall , a Danish Viking who delivers bad news to Queen Aslaug and Bjorn Liam Clarke as Gudmund Ed Murphy as Gardar Jack Walsh as John Scotus Eriugena Cameron Hogan as Magnus , Queen Kwenthrith and King Ragnar 's supposed son Tamaryn Payne as Widow Ordlaf , a lady of Sherborne Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Vikings episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 30 `` A Good Treason '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) Ragnar , wounded and near death , has a dream of walking towards the open gates of Valhalla , only to see them close before him . Aslaug asks the Seer if a woman would rule Kattegat , should Ragnar die . Bjorn has Floki arrested for killing Athelstan . When Ragnar awakens , he chastises Bjorn for imprisoning his friend . Bjorn wants to prove himself by surviving deep in the wilderness . Aslaug procures a new slave girl , Yidu . In Hedeby , Earl Kalf announces that he and Lagertha will share the Earldom , to the dislike of Einar . Kalf invites Einar and his men to vote to exile Lagertha , then turns on them , killing the dissidents and allowing Lagertha to kill Einar . In Paris , Rollo is living as a Frankish noble . He marries Princess Gisla , who weeps through the ceremony and holds a knife to his throat on their wedding night . Rollo rides to the Viking encampment outside Paris , and orders their massacre . 31 `` Kill the Queen '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) Bjorn has set off alone into the harsh Scandinavian winter . Helga frees Floki from his bonds . Ragnar confronts Helga , who admits what she has done , and he tells her that he understands . Ubbe accompanies the manhunt for Floki , and discovers him hiding in a stream . After he is captured , Ragnar chains Floki inside a damp cave . Ragnar finds Helga digging a grave in the frozen ground for her daughter . In Wessex , King Ecbert proposes to rescue Princess Kwenthrith of Mercia and her child , who are being held by rebel nobles . Aethelwulf engages in battle and rescues Kwenthrith . Aethelwulf does not know that his wife Judith is sleeping with his father . In Francia , Duke Rollo tries to assimilate by cutting his hair and dressing appropriately , but continues to be mocked by his new wife . He proposes building forts to stop the Vikings from sailing upriver . 32 `` Mercy '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) Ragnar and King Ecbert experience separate visions of Athelstan , who relays the words `` mercy '' . Rollo starts to learn the language of Francia . Kalf hires a berserker to assassinate Bjorn , on behalf of Erlendur . Bjorn kills a bear that escaped his trap . Floki and Helga struggle with the death of their daughter . Ragnar approaches the cave and frees Floki . Lagertha sleeps with Kalf and he tells her he loves her . Aethelwulf returns with the rescued Queen Kwenthrith and her son Magnus . Judith 's obsession with Athelstan continues . Wessex continues preparing its soldiers . In Francia , Count Odo prepares to defend Paris . 33 `` Yol '' Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) Floki visits the Seer who tells him that he has waited hundreds of years for Floki 's arrival and licks Floki 's hand in stead of the other way around . Aslaug asks him to teach Ivar the way of the gods . Ragnar grows closer to Yidu , and lets her live in his private lodge . She gives Ragnar `` medicine '' from her native China , which leads to a night of hallucination . In the wilderness , Bjorn meets the berserker and kills him . He discovers that the berserker has King Horik 's ring . Bjorn arrives back in Hedeby and wants to leave with Erlendur 's wife , Torvi . Rollo is served divorce papers , but has by now learned the language , which impresses Gisla . He gives her his armring to show allegiance to her . In Wessex , King Aelle confronts Judith over her affair with King Ecbert . Meanwhile during the Yol celebrations in Kattegat , King Harald Finehair arrives and declares that he wants to become King of all Norway . Ragnar then arrives to see Harald sitting in his hall . 34 5 `` Promised '' Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) Ragnar and Bjorn discuss whether they trust King Harald . Ragnar is addicted to Yidu 's `` medicine '' , and they discuss their secrets . Yidu says that her father is a Chinese Emperor , while Ragnar confesses the loss of his English settlement . King Harald 's brother Halfdan arrives in Kattegat , and lets Ragnar know he is eager to kill Christians . Meanwhile , Torvi reveals to Bjorn that the ring he is carrying , which he took from the berserker , was Erlendur 's . In Wessex , Aethelwulf and Judith argue , and Judith tells him they are married in name only . Aethelwulf with Queen Kwenthrith that they need to fight to restore her power in Mercia . In Paris , Therese and Roland reveal to Charles that Odo plans to overthrow him . In Hedeby , Lagertha reveals to Kalf she is pregnant , and Kalf asks her to marry him . Just before their wedding , Lagertha stabs and kills Kalf , and reclaims her status as Earl . 35 6 `` What Might Have Been '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) Ragnar announces his plan to raid Paris , and gives Ubbe and Hvitserk their arm - rings , so they can travel with him . Before they leave , Ragnar asks the Seer how he will die ; he replies that Ragnar will die when `` the blind man sees him '' . In Wessex , Ecbert sends Aethelwulf and Alfred on a pilgrimage to Rome . In Paris , Charles begs Rollo to not return to Ragnar , and Rollo assures him that he will not . Odo reveals to Therese that he will have Charles killed and overthrown . Meanwhile in Kattegat , after the warriors set sail , Harbard returns . A storm throws the Viking 's ships off course . Ragnar , Lagertha , and Harald arrive in France , where they set up camp . Harald and Halfdan take their French prisoners and burn them alive , cheered on by Erlendur . Once the remaining ships arrive , the Vikings sail up river towards Paris . Ragnar takes more `` medicine '' , and hallucinates . As the ships approach Paris , they see Rollo waiting with his new French allies . 36 7 `` The Profit and the Loss '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) Ragnar suggests attacking from both the river and by land . Rollo notices Lagertha 's warriors become stuck in the marsh , and fires upon them and the ships . As the ships approach the forts , Rollo orders the Franks to raise a metal chain between them , which capsizes some ships . Lagertha 's attack retreats , and the Franks begin to set the Viking ships on fire . Bjorn rescues Harald and Halfdan , and Ragnar saves Floki . As the Vikings retreat , Ragnar shouts to Rollo that he saved his life , when everyone wanted him dead . Meanwhile in Kattegat , Sigurd watches as Harbard and Aslaug kiss . In Wessex , Ecbert leaves for Mercia ; he arrives to meet with Prince Wigstan , who tells him that the Mercians will not accept Kwenthrith as Queen . He tells Ecbert that he will hand Mercia over to him . In Paris , the Vikings return to their camp , which Roland has ambushed ; Helga is alive but wounded , while Ragnar 's sons and Yidu are hiding unharmed . Ragnar demands more `` medicine '' from Yidu . Floki has a vision of Harbard having sex with Aslaug . Bjorn demands a new plan from Ragnar . Ragnar replies that they will retreat tomorrow , while muttering to decapitated head . 37 8 `` Portage '' Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) The Vikings retreat , and Ragnar 's leadership is questioned by Harald . Ragnar tells Bjorn to land near a cliff , and reveals a new plan : they will take the ships overland , behind the Frankish forts . In Paris , Odo tells Charles they should not trust Rollo , and Roland agrees . Gisla reveals that she carries Rollo 's child . Odo meets Therese , but she and Roland betray and execute him . Rollo is awarded the Iron Hand of Frankia . In Wessex , Ecbert returns after victory over Mercia , but tells Kwenthrith she is no longer Queen . Meanwhile in Kattegat , Aslaug sees Harbard with other women and is jealous . She confronts him , and he leaves . In France , Ragnar asks Yidu for more drugs , but she denies him . They argue and she threatens him with revealing his Wessex secret . Ragnar drowns her in a fit of rage . In Wessex , Kwenthrith sneaks into Ecbert 's bed and threatens to kill him , but is then killed by Judith . 38 9 `` Death All ' Round '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) As the Vikings carry their ships overland , Harald and Halfdan kill a Frankish family . Lagertha has a miscarriage and is comforted by Ragnar . Aethelwulf and Alfred arrive in Rome , and the Pope makes Alfred a consul . In Wessex , Ecbert is crowned King of both Wessex and Mercia . King Aelle is displeased when Ecbert tells him they are no longer equals . In Kattegat , Sigurd discovers Siggy dead ; he tells Aslaug , who shrugs off her death , and jokes with Ivar . In Paris , Charles appoints Roland its protector . The Vikings arrive outside Paris . Erlendur tells Torvi she must kill Bjorn , or he will kill her son ; she approaches Bjorn with Erlendur 's crossbow , but instead turns and kills Erlendur . Bjorn tells Ragnar that Paris can not be taken without him . Ragnar replies he does not care about Paris , and that he is here for Rollo . As the Vikings sail for Paris , Ragnar mutters that he must kill Rollo . 39 10 `` The Last Ship '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) A fleet of Frankish ships led by Rollo approaches the Vikings . In Paris , Charles has Roland and Therese executed , while Gisla prays for Rollo . The Vikings and Franks battle , and the Vikings defeat the first French wave . Rollo leads his remaining ships into battle . Halfdan , Floki , and Lagertha are wounded . Ragnar and Rollo begin to fight . The Franks gain the upper hand , and Ragnar tells Bjorn to take Lagertha and retreat . Ragnar charges Rollo , but is grabbed and thrown back into a ship , as they retreat . Rollo is greeted by Charles and Gisla , and acclaimed by Paris . Meanwhile , in Kattegat many years pass . Ragnar has disappeared . Thorhall delivers the news to Aslaug and Bjorn that the Norse settlement in England had been slaughtered , and also that Ragnar has a son named Magnus in Wessex . Bjorn tells his brothers . He plans to sail into the Mediterranean . Ragnar returns to Kattegat and challenges his sons to kill him , if they want to become the King . Part 2 40 11 `` The Outsider '' Daniel Grou Michael Hirst November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) Ubbe steps forward to challenge Ragnar , but instead they embrace . Ragnar asks his sons to come with him to England , but Bjorn refuses , as he plans to raid the Mediterranean with Floki , Harald , and Hvitserk . Ubbe and Sigurd promise to stay and protect their mother and Kattegat , now an important trade center . Ivar sees his brothers sharing the slave girl Margrethe , and wants her as well . After failing to sleep with her , he threatens to kill her but instead cries as she tells him that being Ragnar 's son is more difficult than being a common man . Ragnar visits Floki and tells him that he loves him . In Hedeby , Ragnar apologizes to Lagertha after she refuses to accompany him to England . Ragnar finds a large tree while riding back to Kattegat and tries to hang himself . However , ravens chew through the rope to save him . Back in Kattegat , Ragnar finds Ivar in the throne room and persuades Ivar to come with him to England . 41 12 `` The Vision '' Daniel Grou Michael Hirst December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) Ragnar asks warriors to accompany him to England ; however they refuse saying the gods have deserted him . Ragnar talks to Bjorn about his plan to sail past France , and Bjorn says he will seek diplomacy with Rollo . Sigurd chides Ivar that their mother and brothers pity him . Harald and Halfdan arrive to sail with Bjorn . Bjorn notes of Harald 's conquest of Rogaland , but Harald assures him that he can not overthrow Ragnar . Lagertha arrives , and agrees with Aslaug to perform a sacrifice to the gods for their sons . Lagertha tells Aslaug she can not forgive her for taking Ragnar , and that she will never be Queen of Kattegat . Ragnar digs up old treasure , and bribes some older warriors to sail with him to England . Ragnar meets Aslaug and thanks her for letting their sons love him . Aslaug has a vision of Ivar drowning and warns him he will die if he goes to England . Bjorn , Hvisterk , Floki , and Harald set sail for the Mediterranean . Ragnar and Ivar sail for England , but their ships capsize in a violent storm . 42 13 `` Two Journeys '' Sarah Harding Michael Hirst December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) Ragnar , Ivar , and a few other survivors are washed up on the beach in England . Some blame Ragnar for their misfortune . Aethelwulf finds Ragnar 's black raven banner on the beach , and alerts King Ecbert , who reassures him that Ragnar is simply one man . In Francia , Bjorn 's fleet arrives and he asks Rollo for safe passage , but is imprisoned along with Floki , Harald , and Halfdan . Harald and Halfdan chastise Bjorn for having trusted Rollo . Later , Rollo meets Bjorn and agrees to allow them free passage , if he can sail with them . In Hedeby , Lagertha imprisons Ubbe and Sigurd , and attacks Kattegat , intending to replace Aslaug on the throne . Bjorn 's ships set sail , but they stop and submerge Rollo by keelhauling him . Bjorn lets Rollo up , and Rollo laughs as they sail on . In Wessex , Ragnar tells Ivar they must go to the Royal Villa and abandon the others ; they kill their fellow Vikings while they are asleep . Ragnar and Ivar arrive at the Royal town and give themselves up . 43 14 `` In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning '' Sarah Harding Michael Hirst December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) In Kattegat , Aslaug renounces herself as Queen , promising Lagertha that her sons will not seek revenge . In exchange , she wants safe passage to leave . Lagertha initially agrees , but then kills Aslaug . Ubbe and Sigurd arrive to find Lagertha in the great hall . Ubbe challenges Lagertha 's warriors in an attempt to kill her , but fails . Astrid tells Ubbe and Sigurd that they will die if they harm Lagertha . In Wessex , Ragnar and Ivar are seized by Aethelwulf . Ecbert arrives and promises no harm will come to Ivar , then introduces Ragnar to Magnus . Ragnar states he and Kwenthrith never had sex and Magnus is expelled . Ecbert admits ordering Aethelwulf to kill the Norse settlers , expresses regret , and frees Ragnar from his cage . The two drunkenly discuss the afterlife and the death of Athelstan , which Ragnar says weighs on his conscience . Ragnar asks Ecbert to kill him , but Ecbert refuses . Instead , Ecbert agrees to hand Ragnar over to King Aelle and arrange safe passage for Ivar to go home . Ragnar promises that his sons will seek vengeance against Northumbria , not Wessex . 44 15 `` All His Angels '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 28 ) Ecbert has arranged a ship to take Ivar home . Ragnar speaks with Ivar alone and says goodbye , knowing he will be handed over to Aelle and die . Ragnar tells Ivar to take revenge on Ecbert , and to be ruthless . Ragnar gives Athelstan 's cross to his son Alfred , and tells Ecbert that in the end , Athelstan chose Christ . On the road , Ragnar has visions of his younger days and of a discussion with the Seer , where he denounces his belief in the gods . Ragnar arrives in Northumbria and is tortured by Aelle . Ecbert travels there in disguise to attend Ragnar 's execution . Ragnar says that he dies without apology and welcomes death , and will await his sons in Valhalla to hear stories of their triumphs . Ragnar is then dropped into a pit of snakes where he dies . Ivar returns to Kattegat , to discover that his mother has been killed by Lagertha . Across the fjord , a longship carrying a black cloaked figure , missing his right eye , approaches . 45 16 `` Crossings '' Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) Lagertha in Norway and Aethelwulf in Wessex consider the consequences of Ragnar 's death , while his sons start to plan their revenge . Lagertha orders defences to be built around Kattegat . Ivar challenges Lagertha to single combat , but is refused , and promises that he will kill Lagertha one day . Meanwhile , Bjorn and Rollo reach Spain , and raid Algeciras , as Halfdan and Harald start plotting to overthrow the Lothbroks as part of their conquest of all of Norway . Floki is intrigued by his first contact with Islam and forces the Vikings to spare men praying in a mosque . After Floki refuses to have another child with Helga , Helga adopts a Moorish child , Tanaruz , as her daughter . The man in the black cloak -- an incarnation of the god Odin -- brings news of Ragnar 's death to his sons . The Seer tells Lagertha he foresees that she will be killed by one of Ragnar 's sons , while Ivar prepares a new sword and dreams of his revenge . 46 17 `` The Great Army '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) Ubbe , Sigurd and Ivar decide to gather a large army and return to England to avenge Ragnar . Before returning to Gisla and his children , Rollo offers land in Normandy to any norsemen willing to settle . Halfdan introduces Harald to Egil , the bastard son of an earl . Judith visits her family in Northumbria and tries to convince King Aelle to ally with Ecbert against the coming attack . However , her father shows no intention to reforge an alliance with Wessex . Ubbe frees Margrethe and tells her that he would like to marry her . In Wessex , Ecbert continues to groom Alfred as future king and warns him not to trust others , but think for himself . An armada of Swedish Vikings , led by Earl Jorgensen , arrives to join the Lothbroks . Ivar and Ubbe attempt to kill Lagertha , but are stopped by Bjorn , who makes clear that his brothers will have to kill him before Lagertha . Torvi advises Bjorn not to join Ivar , which causes Bjorn to lash out against her . Bjorn leaves her in a fit of rage and has an encounter with Astrid . Floki presents Ivar with a war chariot which will enable him to lead troops in combat . 47 18 `` Revenge '' Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) As the great army assembles , Bjorn and Ivar argue over its leadership . Harald spots Ellisif , the woman he fell in love with years ago , who he had wanted to impress by conquerIng Norway . But she has since married a Danish earl , of lower status than him . Ubbe and Margrethe are married , but Ubbe agrees to share her with Hvitserk . Helga wants to join the great army with Tanaruz , but Floki is not happy with her decision . Harald and Halfdan have Egil infiltrate Kattegat . Halfdan suggests Harald kill Ellisif to regain his honor , but Harald refuses because she is the only woman he loves . Earl Jorgensen volunteers to be sacrificed to assure victory in the coming war , while Bjorn and Astrid continue their affair . Athelwulf confronts Ecbert about his affair with Judith and questions Ecbert 's love for him and his ability as a king . Ecbert asks him to lead the defence against the Norse invaders . As the great army lands in Northumbria , King Aelle 's much smaller army is overrun , Aelle is captured , and killed by the blood eagle . 48 19 `` On the Eve '' Ben Bolt Michael Hirst January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) Kattegat is attacked by Egil and his men , but they are repulsed and Egil is captured . Torvi is severely injured . Under torture , Egil confesses to Lagertha that he had been paid by King Harald to attack her . Meanwhile in Mercia , terrified villagers flee before the advancing heathen army . Harald pretends to forgive Ellisif , then kills her husband Vik . Ellisif later pretends to forgive Harald , seduces him , and is about to kill him but is instead killed by Halfdan . Tanaruz runs away from Helga , but Floki manages to find her and convince her to return . Prince Aethelwulf gathers a large army in Wessex and moves to intercept the advancing Vikings in Repton . Before they meet , Ivar persuades Bjorn to scout a potential battlefield and plan to use the terrain to defeat the Saxons . The Vikings then harass the Saxons on the battlefield with archers hidden in the surrounding woods . Prince Aethelwulf decides to move his forces toward the Viking 's ships , but the Vikings then ambush them in a tight valley . In panic and frustration , Aethelwulf orders a charge . 49 20 `` The Reckoning '' Ben Bolt Michael Hirst February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) The Saxons charge into the Norse shieldwall , and suffer heavy losses . Aethelwulf orders a retreat , and flees to Ecbert 's capital to ready its evacuation . Ecbert refuses to leave , and cedes the crown of Wessex to his son . The bishop Edmund refuses to abandon Ecbert . The Vikings arrive and in the ensuing sack , Hvitserk kills Edmund , Ecbert is captured and Tanaruz stabs Helga and then commits suicide . Ivar demands the blood eagle for Ecbert , but Bjorn reminds his brothers of Ragnar 's dream of settlement , and agrees to allow Ecbert to choose his own death in exchange for signing over East Anglia . Ecbert then kills himself in his Roman bath . After burying Helga , Floki takes to the sea . Bjorn shares his wish to raid the Mediterranean , while Ivar proposes continued raids in England . In an argument over what action to take next , Sigurd starts to insult Ivar and mock his impotence , and Ivar then kills Sigurd by throwing an axe . In Sherborne , Bishop Heahmund oversees a funeral , and then has sex with the widow of the deceased . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Vikings is an Irish - Canadian co-production presented by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . The fourth season was developed and produced by Octagon Films for the first sixteen episodes , TM Productions for the last four episodes , and Take 5 Productions . Morgan O'Sullivan , Sheila Hockin , Sherry Marsh , Alan Gasmer , James Flynn , John Weber , and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers . This season was produced by Keith Thompson for the first eight and for the last four episodes , and Sanne Wohlenberg for the ninth to sixteenth episodes . Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney act as co-producers . The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle , costume designer Joan Bergin , visual effects supervisor Dominic Remane , stunt action designers Franklin Henson and Richard Ryan , composer Trevor Morris , production designer Mark Geraghty , editors Aaron Marshall for the first , fourth , seventh , fifteenth and eighteenth episodes , Christopher Donaldson for the second , fifth and eighth episodes , Tad Seaborn for the third , sixth , ninth , eleventh , thirteenth , sixteenth and nineteenth episodes , and Don Cassidy for the tenth , twelfth , fourteenth , seventeenth and twentieth episodes , and cinematographers Pj Dillon for the first eight and last four episodes , and Owen McPolin for the ninth to sixteenth episodes . Music ( edit ) The musical score for the fourth season was composed by Trevor Morris in collaboration with Einar Selvik . The opening sequence is again accompanied by the song `` If I Had a Heart '' by Fever Ray . Additional non-original music by Norwegian music group Wardruna is featured in the episodes `` In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning '' and `` Crossings '' . The featured tracks are `` Bjarkan '' , `` Laukr '' and `` Algir -- Tognatale '' . The episode `` All His Angels '' also features an original song titled `` Snake Pit Poetry '' , written by Einar Selvik and performed by Hilda Örvarsdóttir . The track was released as a single on October 20 , 2017 together with a second version solely performed by Selvik . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 based on twelve reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` Vikings Gets Supersized Season 4 , Premiere Date , ' Last Supper ' - y Poster -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Vikings ' Season 4 Spoilers : Queen Aslaug to be Leader ; Will Rollo Follow Ragnar 's Footsteps ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History 's Hit Drama Series `` Vikings '' Returns for Season Four on Thursday , February 18 at 10 PM ET / PT `` . The Futon Critic . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' Vikings ' Sets Season 4 Midseason Premiere ; Moves To Wednesday '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - `` Vikings '' - History 's Hit Drama Series Sails Again for Season Three Thursday , February 19 at 10 p.m. ET -- TheFutonCritic.com `` . Jump up ^ Hayner , Chris E. ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Durand heading back to ' Vikings ' to create Season 4 chaos '' . Zap2It.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tsoumbakos , Rachel ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' VIKINGS , ' SEASON 5 : JONATHAN RHYS MEYERS ROLE IS FINALLY REVEALED '' . Inquisitr.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Clair ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Josh Donaldson transformed into a Viking before your very eyes '' . MLB . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vikings . Season 4 . February 2016 -- February 2017 . Event occurs at 2 : 00 approximately . History . Jump up ^ `` Snake Pit Poetry -- Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIKINGS : SEASON 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Vikings on IMDb ( hide ) Vikings Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 `` All His Angels '' Season 5 Other Characters Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikings_(season_4)&oldid=837089709 '' Categories : 2016 Canadian television seasons 2017 Canadian television seasons 2016 Irish television seasons 2017 Irish television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 17 : 07 . About Wikipedia

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Ministry of local government and Urban Development ( Zimbabwe ) - Wikipedia Ministry of local government and Urban Development ( Zimbabwe ) Jump to : navigation , search The Ministry of Local Government , Rural and Urban Development is a government ministry , responsible for local government in Zimbabwe . The incumbent minister is Hon July Moyo and the deputy minister is Sesel Zvidzai . It oversees : Municipalities of Zimbabwe Districts of Zimbabwe Provinces of Zimbabwe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.herald.co.zw/live-updates-ministers-swearing-in-ceremony/ Jump up ^ `` Cabinet sworn in amid chaotic scenes '' . NewZimbabwe.com. 13 Feb 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mugabe swears in 19 deputy ministers , 5 Ministers of State '' . NewZimbabwe.com. 20 Feb 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20 . This article about government in Zimbabwe is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Local_Government_and_Urban_Development_(Zimbabwe)&oldid=838182093 '' Categories : Zimbabwean government stubs Government of Zimbabwe Provinces of Zimbabwe Districts of Zimbabwe Populated places in Zimbabwe Local government ministries Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Limbic system - wikipedia Limbic system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Limbic system Cross section of the human brain showing parts of the limbic system from below . Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie ( 1786 ) The limbic system largely consists of what was previously known as the limbic lobe . Details Identifiers Latin Systema limbicum NeuroNames ancil - 247 Dorlands / Elsevier s_33 / 12787580 FMA 242000 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The limbic system is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus , immediately beneath the cerebrum . It has also been referred to as the paleomammalian cortex . It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon , diencephalon , and mesencephalon . It includes the olfactory bulbs , hippocampus , hypothalamus , amygdala , anterior thalamic nuclei , fornix , columns of fornix , mammillary body , septum pellucidum , habenular commissure , cingulate gyrus , parahippocampal gyrus , entorhinal cortex , and limbic midbrain areas . The limbic system supports a variety of functions including emotion , behavior , motivation , long - term memory , and olfaction . Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system , and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories . Although the term only originated in the 1940s , some neuroscientists , including Joseph LeDoux , have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Hippocampus 2.1. 1 Spatial memory 2.1. 2 Learning 2.1. 3 Hippocampus damage 2.2 Amygdala 2.2. 1 Episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks 2.2. 2 Attentional and emotional processes 2.2. 3 Social processing 3 Evolution 4 Clinical significance 5 Society and culture 5.1 Etymology and history 5.2 Academic dispute 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Anatomical components of the limbic system The limbic system was originally defined by Paul Broca as a series of cortical structures surrounding the limit between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem : the border , or limbus , of the brain . These structures were known together as the limbic lobe . Further studies began to associate these areas with emotional and motivational processes and linked them to subcortical components that were grouped into the limbic system . The existence of such a system as an isolated entity responsible for the neurological regulation of emotion has gone into disuse and currently it is considered as one of the many parts of the brain that regulate visceral , autonomic processes . Therefore , the definition of anatomical structures considered part of the limbic system is a controversial subject . The following structures are , or have been considered , part of the limbic system : Cortical areas : Limbic lobe Orbitofrontal cortex , a region in the frontal lobe involved in the process of decision - making . Piriform cortex , part of the olfactory system . Entorhinal cortex , related with memory and associative components . Hippocampus and associated structures , which play a central role in the consolidation of new memories . Fornix , a white matter structure connecting the hippocampus with other brain structures , particularly the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei Subcortical areas : Septal nuclei , a set of structures that lie in front of the lamina terminalis , considered a pleasure zone . Amygdala , located deep within the temporal lobes and related with a number of emotional processes . Nucleus accumbens : involved in reward , pleasure , and addiction . Diencephalic structures : Hypothalamus : a center for the limbic system , connected with the frontal lobes , septal nuclei and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle , with the hippocampus via the fornix , and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus . It regulates a great number of autonomic processes . Mammillary bodies , part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus . Anterior nuclei of thalamus receive input from the mammillary bodies . Involved in memory processing . Function ( edit ) The structures of the limbic system are involved in motivation , emotion , learning , and memory . The limbic system is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex . The limbic system operates by influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system . It is highly interconnected with the nucleus accumbens , which plays a role in sexual arousal and the `` high '' derived from certain recreational drugs . These responses are heavily modulated by dopaminergic projections from the limbic system . In 1954 , Olds and Milner found that rats with metal electrodes implanted into their nucleus accumbens , as well as their septal nuclei , repeatedly pressed a lever activating this region , and did so in preference to eating and drinking , eventually dying of exhaustion . The limbic system also includes the basal ganglia . The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements . The basal ganglia are located near the thalamus and hypothalamus . They receive input from the cerebral cortex , which sends outputs to the motor centers in the brain stem . A part of the basal ganglia called the striatum controls posture and movement . Recent studies indicate that , if there is an inadequate supply of dopamine , the striatum is affected , which can lead to visible behavioral symptoms of Parkinson 's disease . The limbic system is also tightly connected to the prefrontal cortex . Some scientists contend that this connection is related to the pleasure obtained from solving problems . To cure severe emotional disorders , this connection was sometimes surgically severed , a procedure of psychosurgery , called a prefrontal lobotomy ( this is actually a misnomer ) . Patients having undergone this procedure often became passive and lacked all motivation . The limbic system is often classified as a `` cerebral structure '' . This structure is closely linked to olfaction , emotions , drives , autonomic regulation , memory , and pathologically to encephalopathy , epilepsy , psychotic symptoms , cognitive defects . The functional relevance of the limbic system has proven to serve many different functions such as affects / emotions , memory , sensory processing , time perception , attention , consciousness , instincts , autonomic / vegetative control , and actions / motor behavior . Some of the disorders associated with the limbic system are epilepsy and schizophrenia . Hippocampus ( edit ) Various processes of cognition involve the hippocampus . Spatial memory ( edit ) The first and most widely researched area concerns memory , spatial memory in particular . Spatial memory was found to have many sub-regions in the hippocampus , such as the dentate gyrus ( DG ) in the dorsal hippocampus , the left hippocampus , and the parahippocampal region . The dorsal hippocampus was found to be an important component for the generation of new neurons , called adult - born granules ( GC ) , in adolescence and adulthood . These new neurons contribute to pattern separation in spatial memory , increasing the firing in cell networks , and overall causing stronger memory formations . While the dorsal hippocampus is involved in spatial memory formation , the left hippocampus is a participant in the recall of these spatial memories . Eichenbaum and his team found , when studying the hippocampal lesions in rats , that the left hippocampus is `` critical for effectively combining the ' what , ' when , ' and ' where ' qualities of each experience to compose the retrieved memory . '' This makes the left hippocampus a key component in the retrieval of spatial memory . However , Spreng found that the left hippocampus is , in fact , a general concentrated region for binding together bits and pieces of memory composed not only by the hippocampus , but also by other areas of the brain to be recalled at a later time . Eichenbaum 's research in 2007 also demonstrates that the parahippocampal area of the hippocampus is another specialized region for the retrieval of memories just like the left hippocampus . Learning ( edit ) The hippocampus , over the decades , has also been found to have a huge impact in learning . Curlik and Shors examined the effects of neurogenesis in the hippocampus and its effects on learning . This researcher and his team employed many different types of mental and physical training on their subjects , and found that the hippocampus is highly responsive to these latter tasks . Thus , they discovered an upsurge of new neurons and neural circuits in the hippocampus as a result of the training , causing an overall improvement in the learning of the task . This neurogenesis contributes to the creation of adult - born granules cells ( GC ) , cells also described by Eichenbaum in his own research on neurogenesis and its contributions to learning . The creation of these cells exhibited `` enhanced excitability '' in the dentate gyrus ( DG ) of the dorsal hippocampus , impacting the hippocampus and its contribution to the learning process . Hippocampus damage ( edit ) Damage related to the hippocampal region of the brain has reported vast effects on overall cognitive functioning , particularly memory such as spatial memory . As previously mentioned , spatial memory is a cognitive function greatly intertwined with the hippocampus . While damage to the hippocampus may be a result of a brain injury or other injuries of that sort , researchers particularly investigated the effects that high emotional arousal and certain types of drugs had on the recall ability in this specific memory type . In particular , in a study performed by Parkard , rats were given the task of correctly making their way through a maze . In the first condition , rats were stressed by shock or restraint which caused a high emotional arousal . When completing the maze task , these rats had an impaired effect on their hippocampal - dependent memory when compared to the control group . Then , in a second condition , a group of rats were injected with anxiogenic drugs . Like the former these results reported similar outcomes , in that hippocampal - memory was also impaired . Studies such as these reinforce the impact that the hippocampus has on memory processing , in particular the recall function of spatial memory . Furthermore , impairment to the hippocampus can occur from prolonged exposure to stress hormones such as Glucocorticoids ( GCs ) , which target the hippocampus and cause disruption in explicit memory . In an attempt to curtail life - threatening kepileptic seizures , 27 - year - old Henry Gustav Molaison underwent bilateral removal of almost all of his hippocampus in 1953 . Over the course of fifty years he participated in thousands of tests and research projects that provided specific information on exactly what he had lost . Semantic and episodic events faded within minutes , having never reached his long term memory , yet emotions , unconnected from the details of causation , were often retained . Dr. Suzanne Corkin , who worked with him for 46 years until his death , described the contribution of this tragic `` experiment '' in her 2013 book . Amygdala ( edit ) Episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks ( edit ) Another integrative part of the limbic system , the amygdala is involved in many cognitive processes . Like the hippocampus , processes in the amygdala seem to impact memory ; however , it is not spatial memory as in the hippocampus but episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks . Markowitsch 's amygdala research shows it encodes , stores , and retrieves EAM memories . To delve deeper into these types of processes by the amygdala , Markowitsch and his team provided extensive evidence through investigations that the `` amygdala 's main function is to charge cues so that mnemonic events of a specific emotional significance can be successfully searched within the appropriate neural nets and re-activated . '' These cues for emotional events created by the amygdala encompass the EAM networks previously mentioned . Attentional and emotional processes ( edit ) Besides memory , the amygdala also seems to be an important brain region involved in attentional and emotional processes . First , to define attention in cognitive terms , attention is the ability to home in on some stimuli while ignoring others . Thus , the amygdala seems to be an important structure in this ability . Foremost , however , this structure was historically thought to be linked to fear , allowing the individual to take action in response to that fear . However , as time has gone by , researchers such as Pessoa , generalized this concept with help from evidence of EEG recordings , and concluded that the amygdala helps an organism to define a stimulus and therefore respond accordingly . However , when the amygdala was initially thought to be linked to fear , this gave way for research in the amygdala for emotional processes . Kheirbek demonstrated research that the amygdala is involved in emotional processes , in particular the ventral hippocampus . He described the ventral hippocampus as having a role in neurogenesis and the creation of adult - born granule cells ( GC ) . These cells not only were a crucial part of neurogenesis and the strengthening of spatial memory and learning in the hippocampus but also appear to be an essential component in the amygdala . A deficit of these cells , as Pessoa ( 2009 ) predicted in his studies , would result in low emotional functioning , leading to high retention rate of mental diseases , such as anxiety disorders . Social processing ( edit ) Social processing , specifically the evaluation of faces in social processing , is an area of cognition specific to the amygdala . In a study done by Todorov , fMRI tasks were performed with participants to evaluate whether the amygdala was involved in the general evaluation of faces . After the study , Todorov concluded from his fMRI results that the amygdala did indeed play a key role in the general evaluation of faces . However , in a study performed by researchers Koscik and his team , the trait of trustworthiness was particularly examined in the evaluation of faces . Koscik and his team demonstrated that the amygdala was involved in evaluating the trustworthiness of an individual . They investigated how brain damage to the amygdala played a role in trustworthiness , and found that individuals that suffered damage tended to confuse trust and betrayal , and thus placed trust in those having done them wrong . Furthermore , Rule , along with his colleagues , expanded on the idea of the amygdala in its critique of trustworthiness in others by performing a study in 2009 in which he examined the amygdala 's role in evaluating general first impressions and relating them to real - world outcomes . Their study involved first impressions of CEOs . Rule demonstrated that while the amygdala did play a role in the evaluation of trustworthiness , as observed by Koscik in his own research two years later in 2011 , the amygdala also played a generalized role in the overall evaluation of first impression of faces . This latter conclusion , along with Todorov 's study on the amygdala 's role in general evaluations of faces and Koscik 's research on trustworthiness and the amygdala , further solidified evidence that the amygdala plays a role in overall social processing . Evolution ( edit ) Paul D. MacLean , as part of his triune brain theory , hypothesized that the limbic system is older than other parts of the forebrain , and that it developed to manage circuitry attributed to the fight or flight first identified by Hans Selye in his report of the General Adaptation Syndrome in 1936 . It may be considered a part of survival adaptation , leading to what describes evolution adaptation throughout the history of species differentiation in reptiles as well as mammals ( including humans ) . MacLean postulated that the human brain has evolved three components , that evolved successively , with more recent components developing at the top / front . These components are , respectively : The archipallium or primitive ( `` reptilian '' ) brain , comprising the structures of the brain stem -- medulla , pons , cerebellum , mesencephalon , the oldest basal nuclei -- the globus pallidus and the olfactory bulbs . The paleopallium or intermediate ( `` old mammalian '' ) brain , comprising the structures of the limbic system . The neopallium , also known as the superior or rational ( `` new mammalian '' ) brain , comprises almost the whole of the hemispheres ( made up of a more recent type of cortex , called neocortex ) and some subcortical neuronal groups . It corresponds to the brain of the superior mammals , thus including the primates and , as a consequence , the human species . It should be noted that similar development of the neocortex in mammalian species unrelated to humans and primates has also occurred , for example in cetaceans and elephants ; thus the designation of `` superior mammals '' is not an evolutionary one , as it has occurred independently in different species . The evolution of higher degrees of intelligence is an example of convergent evolution , and is also seen in non-mammals such as birds . According to Maclean , each of the components , although connected with the others , retained `` their peculiar types of intelligence , subjectivity , sense of time and space , memory , mobility and other less specific functions '' . However , while the categorization into structures is reasonable , the recent studies of the limbic system of tetrapods , both living and extinct , have challenged several aspects of this hypothesis , notably the accuracy of the terms `` reptilian '' and `` old mammalian '' . The common ancestors of reptiles and mammals had a well - developed limbic system in which the basic subdivisions and connections of the amygdalar nuclei were established . Further , birds , which evolved from the dinosaurs , which in turn evolved separately but around the same time as the mammals , have a well - developed limbic system . While the anatomic structures of the limbic system are different in birds and mammals , there are functional equivalents . Clinical significance ( edit ) Damage to the structures of limbic system results in conditions like Alzheimer 's disease , anterograde amnesia , retrograde amnesia , and Klüver - Bucy syndrome . Society and culture ( edit ) Etymology and history ( edit ) The term limbic comes from the Latin limbus , for `` border '' or `` edge '' , or , particularly in medical terminology , a border of an anatomical component . Paul Broca coined the term based on its physical location in the brain , sandwiched between two functionally different components . The limbic system is a term that was introduced in 1949 by the American physician and neuroscientist , Paul D. MacLean . The French physician Paul Broca first called this part of the brain le grand lobe limbique in 1878 . He examined the differentiation between deeply recessed cortical tissue and underlying , subcortical nuclei . However , most of its putative role in emotion was developed only in 1937 when the American physician James Papez described his anatomical model of emotion , the Papez circuit . The first evidence that the limbic system was responsible for the cortical representation of emotions was discovered in 1939 , by Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy . Kluver and Bucy , after much research , demonstrated that the bilateral removal of the temporal lobes in monkeys created an extreme behavioral syndrome . After performing a temporal lobectomy , the monkeys showed a decrease in aggression . The animals revealed a reduced threshold to visual stimuli , and were thus unable to recognize objects that were once familiar . MacLean expanded these ideas to include additional structures in a more dispersed `` limbic system '' , more on the lines of the system described above . MacLean developed the intriguing theory of the `` triune brain '' to explain its evolution and to try to reconcile rational human behavior with its more primal and violent side . He became interested in the brain 's control of emotion and behavior . After initial studies of brain activity in epileptic patients , he turned to cats , monkeys , and other models , using electrodes to stimulate different parts of the brain in conscious animals recording their responses . In the 1950s , he began to trace individual behaviors like aggression and sexual arousal to their physiological sources . He analyzed the brain 's center of emotions , the limbic system , and described an area that includes structures called the hippocampus and amygdala . Developing observations made by Papez , he determined that the limbic system had evolved in early mammals to control fight - or - flight responses and react to both emotionally pleasurable and painful sensations . The concept is now broadly accepted in neuroscience . Additionally , MacLean said that the idea of the limbic system leads to a recognition that its presence `` represents the history of the evolution of mammals and their distinctive family way of life . '' In the 1960s , Dr. MacLean enlarged his theory to address the human brain 's overall structure and divided its evolution into three parts , an idea that he termed the triune brain . In addition to identifying the limbic system , he pointed to a more primitive brain called the R - complex , related to reptiles , which controls basic functions like muscle movement and breathing . The third part , the neocortex , controls speech and reasoning and is the most recent evolutionary arrival . The concept of the limbic system has since been further expanded and developed by Walle Nauta , Lennart Heimer and others . Academic dispute ( edit ) There is controversy over the use of the term limbic system , with scientists such as LeDoux arguing that the term be considered obsolete and abandoned . Originally , the limbic system was believed to be the emotional center of the brain , with cognition being the business of the neocortex . However , cognition depends on acquisition and retention of memories , in which the hippocampus , a primary limbic structure , is involved : hippocampus damage causes severe cognitive ( memory ) deficits . More important , the `` boundaries '' of the limbic system have been repeatedly redefined because of advances in neuroscience . Therefore , while it is true that limbic structures are more closely related to emotion , the brain can be thought of as an integrated whole . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limbic system . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Limbic - hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis ( LHPA axis ) Emotional memory Fundamentals of Neuroscience at Wikiversity Paralimbic cortex Triune brain References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schacter , Daniel L. 2012 . Psychology. sec . 3.20 Jump up ^ Princeton Review ( 29 July 2003 ) . Anatomy Coloring Workbook , Second Edition . The Princeton Review . pp. 120 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 76342 - 7 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Reference needed Jump up ^ Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Ledoux , J. , ( 2003 ) . Synaptic Self . New York : Penguin Books . 0142001783 ^ Jump up to : Broca , P ( 1878 ) . `` Anatomie comparee des circonvolutions cerebrales : Le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la serie des mammifères . '' . Revue d'Anthropologie. 1 : 385 -- 498 . Jump up ^ Morgane PJ , Galler JR , Mokler DJ ( 2005 ) . `` A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain / limbic midbrain '' . Progress in Neurobiology. 75 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 60 . PMID 15784304 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pneurobio. 2005.01. 001 . Jump up ^ Blessing WW ( 1997 ) . `` Inadequate frameworks for understanding bodily homeostasis '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 20 ( 6 ) : 235 -- 239 . PMID 9185301 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 96 ) 01029 - 6 . Jump up ^ Swenson , Rand . `` Chapter 9 - Limbic System '' . 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( 2009 ) . `` Anxiety , cognition , and habit : A multiple memory systems perspective '' . Brain Research . 1293 : 121 -- 128 . PMID 19328775 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2009.03. 029 . Jump up ^ Sapolsky , Robert M. ( 2003 ) . `` Stress and Plasticity in the Limbic System '' . Neurochemical Research . 28 ( 11 ) : 1735 -- 1742 . ISSN 0364 - 3190 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1026021307833 . Jump up ^ http://suzannecorkin.com/permanent-present-tense/ ^ Jump up to : Markowitsch , H.J. ; Staniloiu , A ( 2011 ) . `` Amygdala in action : Relaying biological and social significance to autobiographical memory '' . Neuropsychologia. 49 ( 4 ) : 718 -- 733 . PMID 20933525 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.10. 007 . Jump up ^ Pessoa , L. ( 2010 ) . `` Emotion and cognition and the amygdale : From `` what is it ? '' to `` what 's to be done ? '' `` . Neuropsychologia. 48 ( 12 ) : 3416 -- 3429 . PMC 2949460 . PMID 20619280 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.06. 038 . Jump up ^ Todorov , A. ; Engell , A.D. ( 2008 ) . `` ) . The role of the amygdala in implicit evaluation of emotionally neutral faces '' . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 3 ( 4 ) : 303 -- 312 . PMC 2607057 . PMID 19015082 . doi : 10.1093 / scan / nsn033 . Jump up ^ Koscik , T.R. ; Tranel , D. ( 2011 ) . `` The human amygdala is necessary for developing and expressing normal interpersonal trust '' . Neuropsychologia. 49 ( 4 ) : 602 -- 611 . PMC 3056169 . PMID 20920512 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.09. 023 . Jump up ^ Rule , N.O. ; Moran , J.M. ; Freeman , J.B. ; Whitfield - Gabrieli , S. ; Gabrieli , J.D.E. ; Ambady , N. ( 2011 ) . `` Face value : Amygdala response reflects the validity of first impressions '' . NeuroImage. 54 ( 1 ) : 734 -- 741 . PMID 20633663 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2010.07. 007 . Jump up ^ `` The physiology and pathology of exposure to stress . '' . APA PsycNET. 1 January 1950 . Jump up ^ Bruce LL , Neary TJ ( 1995 ) . `` The limbic system of tetrapods : a comparative analysis of cortical and amygdalar populations '' . Brain Behav . Evol. 46 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 224 -- 34 . PMID 8564465 . doi : 10.1159 / 000113276 . Jump up ^ MacLEAN PD ( 1949 ) . `` Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain ; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion '' . Psychosom Med. 11 ( 6 ) : 338 -- 53 . PMID 15410445 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006842 - 194911000 - 00003 . ^ Jump up to : P.D. MacLean ( 1952 ) . `` Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system ( visceral brain ) '' . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 4 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 418 . PMID 12998590 . doi : 10.1016 / 0013 - 4694 ( 52 ) 90073 - 4 . Jump up ^ Binder , Marc D ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Neuroscience . Springer . p. 2592 . Jump up ^ Papez , JW. ( 1995 ) . `` A proposed mechanism of emotion . 1937 '' . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 7 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 12 . PMID 7711480 . doi : 10.1176 / jnp. 7.1. 103 . Jump up ^ Kluver , H. ; Bucy , P.C. ( 1937 ) . `` Psychic blindness '' and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy `` . American Journal of Physiology. 119 : 254 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Robert L , Isaacson ( 31 December 1992 ) . `` A fuzzy limbic system '' . Behavioural Brain Research . 52 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 131 . PMID 1294191 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 4328 ( 05 ) 80222 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , J.A. ( November 1973 ) . `` The Limbic System '' ( PDF ) . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 39 ( 11 ) : 1138 -- 1138 . PMC 1083320 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 39.11. 1138 - a . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Fulton , John ( November 1953 ) . `` The Limbic System '' . Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine . 26 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 118 . PMC 2599366 . PMID 13123136 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ LeDoux , J. , ( 2003 ) . Synaptic Self . New York : Penguin Books . 0142001783 External links ( edit ) http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa042205a.htm ( hide ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbic_system&oldid=807306913 '' Categories : Limbic system Mood disorders Memory Motivation History of neuroscience Obsolete scientific theories Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 04 : 35 . 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Question: where is the limbic system located and what is its function

on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the cerebrum


I Put a Spell on You - wikipedia I Put a Spell on You Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see I Put a Spell on You ( album ) . `` I Put a Spell on You '' A-side label of the 1956 U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins from the album At Home with Screamin ' Jay Hawkins B - side `` Little Demon '' Released November 1956 ( 1956 - 11 ) Format Seven - inch 45 rpm record Genre Rhythm and blues shock rock Length 2 : 25 Label Okeh Songwriter ( s ) Jay Hawkins Herb Slotkin Producer ( s ) Arnold Maxin Screamin ' Jay Hawkins singles chronology `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' is a 1956 song written by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins , whose recording was selected as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . It was also ranked No. 313 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The track became a classic cult song covered by a variety of artists and was his greatest commercial success , reportedly surpassing a million copies in sales , although it failed to make the Billboard pop or R&B charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 The original composition 2 Personnel 3 Covers and samples 4 References The original composition ( edit ) Hawkins had originally intended to record `` I Put a Spell on You '' as `` a refined love song , a blues ballad '' . However , the producer `` brought in ribs and chicken and got everybody drunk , and we came out with this weird version ... I do n't even remember making the record . Before , I was just a normal blues singer . I was just Jay Hawkins . It all sort of just fell in place . I found out I could do more destroying a song and screaming it to death . '' Hawkins first recorded `` I Put a Spell on You '' as a ballad during his stint with Grand Records in late 1955 . However , that version was not released at the time ( it has since been reissued on Hawkins ' UK Rev - Ola CD The Whamee 1953 -- 55 ) . The following year , Hawkins re-recorded the song for Columbia 's Okeh Records -- the notorious screaming version , which was released in October 1956 . This version was banned from radio for its outrageous style . A truncated version was released but the ban remained . The record still sold over a million copies . The hit brought Hawkins together with Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed who promptly added him to his `` Rock and Roll Revue . '' Up to this time , Hawkins had been a blues performer : emotional , but not wild . Freed suggested a gimmick to capitalize on the `` demented '' sound of `` I Put a Spell on You '' : Hawkins wore a long cape , and appeared onstage by rising out of a coffin in the midst of smoke and fog . The act was a sensation , later bolstered by tusks worn in Hawkins ' nose , on - stage snakes and fireworks , and a cigarette - smoking skull named `` Henry '' . This theatrical act was one of the first shock rock performances . Personnel ( edit ) Guitar -- Mickey Baker Piano -- Ernie Hayes Tenor Saxophone -- Sam `` The Man '' Taylor Baritone Saxophone -- Bud Johnson Bass -- Al Lucas Drums -- David `` Panama '' Francis Arranged By -- Leroy Kirkland Recorded 12 September 1956 Covers and samples ( edit ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' has been covered by other artists extensively ; there are several hundred versions available on online stores like iTunes . Most of the covers treat the song seriously ; few attempt to duplicate Hawkins 's bravura performance . Although Hawkins ' version did not make any charts , several later cover versions have . Nina Simone 's version reached No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart in 1965 ; it also reached No. 49 on the UK singles chart that year , and No. 28 when it was reissued in 1969 . The version by The Alan Price Set reached No. 9 in the UK in 1966 and No. 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Creedence Clearwater Revival 's version reached No. 58 on the U.S. Hot 100 in 1968 . The band later performed it at the Woodstock Festival in 1969 . A disco version by Dutch singer Dee Dee ( Anna Dekkers ) reached No. 16 on the Dutch charts in 1978 and was also released in Belgium ( where it peaked on No. 12 ) , France , Germany , Spain , and Australia . In the UK , Bryan Ferry 's version reached No. 18 in 1993 . The version by Sonique reached No. 36 in 1998 and No. 8 on reissue in 2000 . Other versions of note : Marilyn Manson covered the song on the 1995 EP Smells Like Children The Crazy World of Arthur Brown covered the track on their self - titled album . Manfred Mann released a version on their U.K. EP No Living Without Loving in November 1965 ( also appeared on the band 's 1966 U.S. album ' Pretty Flamingo ' ) . The 2010 version by Jeff Beck featuring Joss Stone was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 53rd Grammy Awards . Bette Midler covered the song in the film Hocus Pocus in an elaborate song and dance sequence . Midler performed the song again during her 2015 Divine Intervention Tour , wearing a costume similar to the one she wore in Hocus Pocus . Annie Lennox included a version of the song on her 2014 album Nostalgia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bush , John . Screamin ' Jay Hawkins - I Put a Spell on You at AllMusic . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike McPadden ( 1 May 2012 ) . If You Like Metallica ... : Here Are Over 200 Bands , CDs , Movies , and Other Oddities That You Will Love . Backbeat Books . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4768 - 1357 - 8 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward M. Komara ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues : A-J . Routledge . p. 415 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ed Sikov ( 1996 ) . Laughing Hysterically : American Screen Comedy of the 1950s . Columbia University Press . p. 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 115 - 2 . Jump up ^ Julia Rubiner , Contemporary Musicians : Profiles of the People in Music , Volume 8 , Gale , 1992 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 2011 ) , The Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Omnibus Press , p. 2680 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 Jump up ^ Chris Morris ( Feb 26 , 2000 ) , `` Legendary Screamin ' Jay Hawkins Dies At 70 '' , Billboard Jump up ^ Gillespie , Paula , and Neal Lerner . The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring . Boston : Allyn , 2000 . Print . Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Screamin-Jay-Hawkins-I-Put-A-Spell-On-You-The-Singles-1954-1957/release/3181566 Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 911 Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 795 Jump up ^ https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/creedence-clearwater-revival/1969/max-yasgurs-farm-bethel-ny-13d6b529.html Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 371 Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2004 ) . Complete UK Hit Singles 1952 -- 2004 ( 1st ed . ) . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717931 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees And Winners -- GRAMMY.com '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Catégorie : Single publié par Okeh Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Put_a_Spell_on_You&oldid=838253449 '' Categories : 1956 singles 1956 songs 1966 singles 1968 singles 2001 singles Alan Price songs Annie Lennox songs Arthur Brown ( musician ) songs Bette Midler songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs Decca Records singles Disney songs Eels ( band ) songs Eric Burdon songs Fantasy Records singles Halloween songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Natacha Atlas songs Nina Simone songs Parrot Records singles Rhythm and blues songs Screamin ' Jay Hawkins songs She & Him songs Sonique ( musician ) songs The Animals songs Van Morrison songs Okeh Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца )  Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 21 : 39 . 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Question: who sang i put a spell on you in hocus pocus