The Way You Move - wikipedia The Way You Move Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Outkast . For the song by Ne - Yo , see The Way You Move ( Ne - Yo song ) . For the song by Bodyrockers , see I Like the Way ( BodyRockers song ) . `` The Way You Move '' Single by OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown from the album Speakerboxxx / The Love Below Released September 23 , 2003 Format CD single Recorded Stankonia Studios , Atlanta , GA , 2002 Genre Hip hop , crunk , soul Length 3 : 55 Label LaFace / RCA 55883 Songwriter ( s ) Antwan Patton , Carl - Mo , Patrick Brown Producer ( s ) Big Boi , Carl - Mo OutKast singles chronology `` Land of a Million Drums '' ( 2002 ) `` The Way You Move '' ( 2003 ) `` Roses '' ( 2004 ) `` Land of a Million Drums '' ( 2002 ) `` The Way You Move '' ( 2003 ) `` Roses '' ( 2004 ) `` The Way You Move '' is a song recorded by Big Boi of the American hip hop duo OutKast , released by LaFace Records . The song features OutKast mentor Sleepy Brown on guest vocals . Along with `` Hey Ya ! '' , recorded by OutKast 's other member André 3000 , `` The Way You Move '' is one of the two lead singles from Speakerboxxx / The Love Below , OutKast 's double album project which includes a solo album from each member . Released from Big Boi 's Speakerboxxx half of the double album , `` The Way You Move '' peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming OutKast 's third number - one pop single , and the 900th for `` Billboard . '' In 2009 , it was named the 22nd most successful song of the 2000s , on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Track listings 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Trivia 7 Earth , Wind & Fire / Kenny G cover 7.1 Peak positions 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Song information ( edit ) `` The Way You Move '' is credited to Big Boi , Sleepy Brown , and the song 's producer , Carlton Mahone ; Big Boi also does some co-production . Combining elements of bass music , Atlanta - style southern hip hop , and 1970s soul music , `` The Way You Move '' is Big Boi 's light - hearted dedication to women . The song 's instrumental track is punctuated with the prominent live horn section `` Hornz Unlimited '' of Atlanta reminiscent of Earth Wind and Fire , which features Sleepy Brown singing in style inspired by the work of Motown star Marvin Gaye . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video , directed by Bryan Barber , features Big Boi as the proprietor of a rim shop . The video 's performance shots eventually gravitate to other locations during the video 's running time , featuring several young women who Big Boi , dressed in a pimp 's suit , attempts to pick up . The video features an appearance from Fonzworth Bentley and another from actress Ki Toy Johnson . `` The Way You Move '' music video was designed to be shown in tandem with the video for André 3000 's `` Hey Ya ! '' . A long - form `` The Way You Move / Hey Ya ! '' video combines both clips with a bridging sequence . The music video opens with Big Boi and Sleepy Brown pulling into a garage that specializes in automotive audio systems . Chart performance ( edit ) `` The Way You Move '' debuted at # 83 on the week ending September 27 , 2003 , four days after its release . It spent eight weeks at the number two position on the Billboard Hot 100 behind `` Hey Ya ! '' , one of the longest runs at that position in the chart 's history . It finally replaced `` Hey Ya ! '' at number one on February 7 , 2004 , where it stayed for one week , which was the sixth time a recording act has replaced itself on the Billboard pop chart . `` The Way You Move '' was ranked number five on the 2004 Billboard Year - End Chart . On the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks chart , `` The Way You Move '' peaked at number two ( seven positions higher than `` Hey Ya ! '' ) , and reached the top of the Hot Rap Tracks chart . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD1 `` The Way You Move '' ( club mix ) -- 3 : 56 `` The Way You Move '' ( Johnny Toobad full length vocal ) -- 6 : 55 `` The Way You Move '' ( Full Phat radio mix ) -- 3 : 35 `` The Way You Move '' ( video ) UK CD2 `` The Way You Move '' ( clean album version ) -- 3 : 56 `` The Way You Move '' ( Johnny Toobad radio mix ) -- 3 : 52 Europe single `` The Way You Move '' ( radio mix ) -- 3 : 55 `` The Way You Move '' ( Full Phatt radio mix ) -- 3 : 31 Europe / Australia maxi - single `` The Way You Move '' ( radio mix ) -- 3 : 55 `` The Way You Move '' ( Full Phatt radio mix ) - 3 : 31 `` The Way You Move '' ( Johnny Too Bad radio mix ) -- 3 : 52 `` The Way You Move '' ( Cutmaster Swift remix ) -- 4 : 22 `` The Way You Move '' ( video ) The Way You Move / Hey Ya ! 12 '' vinyl single `` The Way You Move '' ( radio mix ) -- 3 : 55 `` The Way You Move '' ( club mix ) -- 3 : 55 `` The Way You Move '' ( instrumental ) -- 3 : 55 `` Hey Ya ! '' ( radio mix ) -- 4 : 09 `` Hey Ya ! '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 09 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 44 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 Europe ( Official Top 100 Singles ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 18 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 76 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) 16 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 20 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 33 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 49 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs US Billboard Hot Rap Songs US Billboard Adult Top 40 34 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 5 Trivia ( edit ) The song was featured and poked fun at in an episode of Chappelle 's Show , in a skit entitled `` Making the Band '' , in which P. Diddy ( played by Chappelle ) is joined by his assistant , Fonzworth Bentley ( played by Charlie Murphy ) , who comes flying in using his umbrella as a parachute , just as Fonzworth does in `` The Way You Move '' music video . A heavily edited version of the song is featured in the console versions of Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005 , and is a playable song in Shark Tale . The `` Full Phatt Radio Mix '' is featured on Dance Dance Revolution Universe 2 . Earth , Wind & Fire / Kenny G cover ( edit ) `` The Way You Move '' Single by Kenny G feat . Earth , Wind & Fire from the album At Last ... The Duets Album Released Format CD single Genre Smooth jazz Length 4 : 09 Label Arista Records Songwriter ( s ) Patrick Brown , Carlton `` Carl Mo '' Mahone , Antwan Patton Producer ( s ) Walter Afanasieff In 2004 , saxophonist Kenny G and Earth , Wind & Fire released a cover of the song with bandmembers Philip Bailey and Maurice White on vocals . Their version was spawned from Kenny G 's At Last ... The Duets Album and it also appeared on Earth , Wind & Fire 's 2005 album Illumination . The song went to # 12 on the Adult Contemporary Chart . Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 12 See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2004 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OutKast - The Way You Move / Hey Ya ! ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts '' . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil . `` Outkast 's ' Hey Ya ! ' Clip Ran Andre 3000 Into The Ground : VMA Lens Recap '' MTV News . September 19 , 2003 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` September 27 , 2003 Billboard Issue '' . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK CD1 '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` UK CD2 '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Europe single '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Europe maxi - single '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Australia maxi - single '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` The Way You Move / Hey Ya ! 12 '' vinyl single `` . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN : THE WAY YOU MOVE '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 14 , 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Way You Move by Outkast and Sleepy Brown - Music Charts '' . acharts.us . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : January 01 , 2012 to January 07 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . December 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- OUTKAST FEAT . SLEEPY BROWN -- THE WAY YOU MOVE '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : https://www.billboard.com/artist/321442/outkast/chart Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks - Decade Year End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics OutKast André 3000 Big Boi Studio albums Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik ( 1994 ) ATLiens ( 1996 ) Aquemini ( 1998 ) Stankonia ( 2000 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below ( 2003 ) Idlewild ( 2006 ) Other albums Big Boi and Dre Present ... Outkast ( 2001 ) Sir Lucious Left Foot : The Son of Chico Dusty ( 2010 ) Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors ( 2012 ) Boomiverse ( 2017 ) Singles `` Player 's Ball '' `` Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik '' `` Git Up , Git Out '' `` Elevators ( Me & You ) '' `` ATLiens '' `` Jazzy Belle '' `` Rosa Parks '' `` Skew It on the Bar - B '' `` Da Art of Storytellin ' ( Pt. 1 ) '' `` B.O.B '' `` Ms. Jackson '' `` So Fresh , So Clean '' `` The Whole World '' `` Land of a Million Drums '' `` Hey Ya ! '' `` The Way You Move '' `` Roses '' `` Ghetto Musick / Prototype '' `` Mighty O '' `` Morris Brown '' `` Idlewild Blue ( Don'tchu Worry ' Bout Me ) '' `` Hollywood Divorce '' `` The Train '' Featured songs `` Gone Be Fine '' `` International Players Anthem ( I Choose You ) '' Related articles Discography Organized Noize Dungeon Family Mr. DJ Idlewild Bryan Barber Kenny G Studio albums Kenny G G Force Gravity Duotones Silhouette Breathless The Moment Paradise Rhythm & Romance Heart and Soul Namaste Brazilian Nights Singles `` Hi , How Ya Doin ' ? '' `` Songbird '' `` Silhouette '' `` We 've Saved the Best for Last '' `` Going Home '' `` Forever in Love '' `` By the Time This Night Is Over '' `` Sentimental '' `` The Moment '' `` Havana '' `` One More Time '' `` Fall Again '' `` Heart and Soul '' Holiday albums Miracles Faith Wishes Live albums Kenny G Live Best Greatest hits albums The Very Best of Kenny G Greatest Hits Ultimate Kenny G The Greatest Holiday Classics The Essential Kenny G Compilation albums The Collection Montage In America The Romance of Kenny G The Holiday Collection Cover albums Classics in the Key of G At Last ... The Duets Album I 'm in the Mood for Love ... The Most Romantic Melodies of All Time Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Book : Kenny G Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey Verdine White Ralph Johnson B. David Whitworth Myron McKinley John Paris Philip Bailey , Jr . Morris O'Connor Serg Dimitrijevic Maurice White Michael Beale Leslie Drayton Wade Flemons Yackov Ben Israel Sherry Scott Carl Carwell Alexander Thomas Chester Washington Don Whitehead Roland Bautista Jessica Cleaves Larry Dunn Ronnie Laws Johnny Graham Al McKay Andrew Woolfolk Fred White Beloyd Taylor Sonny Emory Sheldon Reynolds Dick Smith Vance Taylor Fred Ravel Morris Pleasure David Romero Mike McKnight Robert Brookins Gordon Campbell Bobby Gonzales Daniel de los Reyes Kimberly Brewer John Johnson Krystal Bailey Kim Johnson Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore Vadim Zilberstein Don Myrick Studio albums Earth , Wind & Fire The Need of Love Last Days and Time Head to the Sky Open Our Eyes That 's the Way of the World Spirit All ' n All I Am Faces Raise ! Powerlight Electric Universe Touch the World Heritage Millennium In the Name of Love The Promise Illumination Now , Then & Forever Holiday Compilations and live albums Another Time Gratitude The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 The Collection The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 2 The Eternal Dance Elements of Love : Ballads Greatest Hits Live Greatest Hits The Ultimate Collection The Essential Earth , Wind & Fire That 's the Way of the World : Alive in 75 Live in Rio Love Songs Ultimate Collection Singles `` Evil '' `` Keep Your Head to the Sky '' `` Mighty Mighty '' `` Devotion '' `` Shining Star '' `` That 's the Way of the World '' `` Reasons '' `` Sing a Song '' `` Ca n't Hide Love '' `` Getaway '' `` Saturday Nite '' `` Serpentine Fire '' `` Fantasy '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` September '' `` Boogie Wonderland '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' `` In the Stone '' `` Let Me Talk '' `` And Love Goes On '' `` Let 's Groove '' `` Wanna Be with You '' `` I 've Had Enough '' `` Fall in Love with Me '' `` System of Survival '' `` Thinking of You '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` All in the Way '' `` Pure Gold '' Other albums Sweet Sweetback 's Baadasssss Song Videos Earth , Wind & Fire : In Concert The Eternal Vision Earth , Wind & Fire : Live Earth , Wind & Fire : Live By Request Chicago & Earth , Wind & Fire -- Live at the Greek Theatre Related articles Ramsey Lewis The Pharaohs Charles Stepney The Phenix Horns The Emotions Devoted Spirits : A Tribute to Earth Wind and Fire Interpretations : Celebrating the Music of Earth , Wind & Fire Lists Discography Awards and nominations Tribute albums Personnel Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Way_You_Move&oldid=835161995 '' Categories : 2002 songs 2003 singles Big Boi songs Songs written by Big Boi Kenny G songs Arista Records singles LaFace Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Swedish Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKrandb Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 23 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: i like the way you move video cast


Escherichia coli - wikipedia Escherichia coli Jump to : navigation , search `` E. coli '' redirects here . For the protozoan commensal , see Entamoeba coli . This article is about Escherichia coli as a species . For E. coli in medicine , see Pathogenic Escherichia coli . For E. coli in molecular biology , see Escherichia coli ( molecular biology ) . Escherichia coli Scientific classification Domain : Bacteria Phylum : Proteobacteria Class : Gammaproteobacteria Order : Enterobacteriales Family : Enterobacteriaceae Genus : Escherichia Species : E. coli Binomial name Escherichia coli ( Migula 1895 ) Castellani and Chalmers 1919 Synonyms Bacillus coli communis Escherich 1885 Escherichia coli ( / ˌɛʃɪˈrɪkiə ˈkoʊlaɪ / ; also known as E. coli ) is a Gram - negative , facultatively anaerobic , rod - shaped , coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm - blooded organisms ( endotherms ) . Most E. coli strains are harmless , but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts , and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination . The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut , and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K , and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria , having a symbiotic relationship . E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter . The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days , but its numbers decline slowly afterwards . E. coli and other facultative anaerobes constitute about 0.1 % of gut flora , and fecal -- oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease . Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time , which makes them potential indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination . A growing body of research , though , has examined environmentally persistent E. coli which can survive for extended periods outside a host . The bacterium can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting , and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years . E. coli is a chemoheterotroph whose chemically defined medium must include a source of carbon and energy . E. coli is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism , and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology , where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA . Under favorable conditions , it takes up to 20 minutes to reproduce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biology and biochemistry 1.1 Type and morphology 1.2 Metabolism 1.3 Culture growth 1.4 Cell cycle 1.5 Genetic adaptation 2 Diversity 2.1 Serotypes 2.2 Genome plasticity and evolution 2.3 Neotype strain 2.4 Phylogeny of E. coli strains 3 Genomics 4 Gene nomenclature 5 Proteomics 5.1 Proteome 5.2 Interactome 6 Normal microbiota 6.1 Therapeutic use 7 Role in disease 7.1 Incubation period 7.2 Treatment 7.3 Prevention 8 Model organism in life science research 8.1 Model organism 9 History 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Databases 13.2 General databases with E. coli - related information Biology and Biochemistry ( edit ) Model of successive binary fission in E. coli A colony of E. coli growing Type and morphology ( edit ) E. coli is a Gram - negative , facultative anaerobic ( that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present , but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent ) and nonsporulating bacterium . Cells are typically rod - shaped , and are about 2.0 μm long and 0.25 -- 1.0 μm in diameter , with a cell volume of 0.6 -- 0.7 μm . E. coli stains Gram - negative because its cell wall is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane . During the staining process , E. coli picks up the color of the counterstain safranin and stains pink . The outer membrane surrounding the cell wall provides a barrier to certain antibiotics such that E. coli is not damaged by penicillin . Strains that possess flagella are motile . The flagella have a peritrichous arrangement . It also attaches and effaces to the microvilli of the intestines via an adhesion molecule known as intimin . Metabolism ( edit ) E. coli can live on a wide variety of substrates and uses mixed - acid fermentation in anaerobic conditions , producing lactate , succinate , ethanol , acetate , and carbon dioxide . Since many pathways in mixed - acid fermentation produce hydrogen gas , these pathways require the levels of hydrogen to be low , as is the case when E. coli lives together with hydrogen - consuming organisms , such as methanogens or sulphate - reducing bacteria . Culture growth ( edit ) Optimum growth of E. coli occurs at 37 ° C ( 98.6 ° F ) , but some laboratory strains can multiply at temperatures up to 49 ° C ( 120 ° F ) . E. coli grows in a variety of defined laboratory media , such as lysogeny broth , or any medium that contains glucose , ammonium phosphate , monobasic , sodium chloride , magnesium sulfate , potassium phosphate , dibasic , and water . Growth can be driven by aerobic or anaerobic respiration , using a large variety of redox pairs , including the oxidation of pyruvic acid , formic acid , hydrogen , and amino acids , and the reduction of substrates such as oxygen , nitrate , fumarate , dimethyl sulfoxide , and trimethylamine N - oxide . E. coli is classified as a facultative anaerobe . It uses oxygen when it is present and available . It can , however , continue to grow in the absence of oxygen using fermentation or anaerobic respiration . The ability to continue growing in the absence of oxygen is an advantage to bacteria because their survival is increased in environments where water predominates . Cell cycle ( edit ) Main article : Cell cycle The bacterial cell cycle is divided into three stages . The B period occurs between the completion of cell division and the beginning of DNA replication . The C period encompasses the time it takes to replicate the chromosomal DNA . The D period refers to the stage between the conclusion of DNA replication and the end of cell division . The doubling rate of E. coli is higher when more nutrients are available . However , the length of the C and D periods do not change , even when the doubling time becomes less than the sum of the C and D periods . At the fastest growth rates , replication begins before the previous round of replication has completed , resulting in multiple replication forks along the DNA and overlapping cell cycles . Genetic adaptation ( edit ) E. coli and related bacteria possess the ability to transfer DNA via bacterial conjugation or transduction , which allows genetic material to spread horizontally through an existing population . The process of transduction , which uses the bacterial virus called a bacteriophage , is where the spread of the gene encoding for the Shiga toxin from the Shigella bacteria to E. coli helped produce E. coli O157 : H7 , the Shiga toxin - producing strain of E. coli . Diversity ( edit ) Scanning electron micrograph of an E. coli colony . E. coli encompasses an enormous population of bacteria that exhibit a very high degree of both genetic and phenotypic diversity . Genome sequencing of a large number of isolates of E. coli and related bacteria shows that a taxonomic reclassification would be desirable . However , this has not been done , largely due to its medical importance , and E. coli remains one of the most diverse bacterial species : only 20 % of the genes in a typical E. coli genome is shared among all strains . In fact , from the evolutionary point of view , the members of genus Shigella ( S. dysenteriae , S. flexneri , S. boydii , and S. sonnei ) should be classified as E. coli strains , a phenomenon termed taxa in disguise . Similarly , other strains of E. coli ( e.g. the K - 12 strain commonly used in recombinant DNA work ) are sufficiently different that they would merit reclassification . A strain is a subgroup within the species that has unique characteristics that distinguish it from other strains . These differences are often detectable only at the molecular level ; however , they may result in changes to the physiology or lifecycle of the bacterium . For example , a strain may gain pathogenic capacity , the ability to use a unique carbon source , the ability to take upon a particular ecological niche , or the ability to resist antimicrobial agents . Different strains of E. coli are often host - specific , making it possible to determine the source of fecal contamination in environmental samples . For example , knowing which E. coli strains are present in a water sample allows researchers to make assumptions about whether the contamination originated from a human , another mammal , or a bird . Serotypes ( edit ) Main article : Pathogenic Escherichia coli § Serotypes A common subdivision system of E. coli , but not based on evolutionary relatedness , is by serotype , which is based on major surface antigens ( O antigen : part of lipopolysaccharide layer ; H : flagellin ; K antigen : capsule ) , e.g. O157 : H7 ) . It is , however , common to cite only the serogroup , i.e. the O - antigen . At present , about 190 serogroups are known . The common laboratory strain has a mutation that prevents the formation of an O - antigen and is thus not typeable . Genome plasticity and evolution ( edit ) Like all lifeforms , new strains of E. coli evolve through the natural biological processes of mutation , gene duplication , and horizontal gene transfer ; in particular , 18 % of the genome of the laboratory strain MG1655 was horizontally acquired since the divergence from Salmonella . E. coli K - 12 and E. coli B strains are the most frequently used varieties for laboratory purposes . Some strains develop traits that can be harmful to a host animal . These virulent strains typically cause a bout of diarrhea that is often self - limiting in healthy adults but is frequently lethal to children in the developing world . More virulent strains , such as O157 : H7 , cause serious illness or death in the elderly , the very young , or the immunocompromised . The genera Escherichia and Salmonella diverged around 102 million years ago ( credibility interval : 57 -- 176 mya ) , which coincides with the divergence of their hosts : the former being found in mammals and the latter in birds and reptiles . This was followed by a split of an Escherichia ancestor into five species ( E. albertii , E. coli , E. fergusonii , E. hermannii , and E. vulneris ) . The last E. coli ancestor split between 20 and 30 million years ago . The long - term evolution experiments using E. coli , begun by Richard Lenski in 1988 , have allowed direct observation of major evolutionary shifts in the laboratory . E. coli typically do not have the ability to grow aerobically with citrate as a carbon source , which is used as a diagnostic criterion with which to differentiate E. coli from other , closely , related bacteria such as Salmonella . In this experiment , one population of E. coli unexpectedly evolved the ability to aerobically metabolize citrate , possibly marking a speciation event observed in the laboratory . Neotype strain ( edit ) E. coli is the type species of the genus ( Escherichia ) and in turn Escherichia is the type genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae , where the family name does not stem from the genus Enterobacter + `` i '' ( sic . ) + `` aceae '' , but from `` enterobacterium '' + `` aceae '' ( enterobacterium being not a genus , but an alternative trivial name to enteric bacterium ) . The original strain described by Escherich is believed to be lost , consequently a new type strain ( neotype ) was chosen as a representative : the neotype strain is U5 / 41 , also known under the deposit names DSM 30083 , ATCC 11775 , and NCTC 9001 , which is pathogenic to chickens and has an O1 : K1 : H7 serotype . However , in most studies , either O157 : H7 , K - 12 MG1655 , or K - 12 W3110 were used as a representative E. coli . The genome of the type strain has only lately been sequenced . Phylogeny of E. coli strains ( edit ) A large number of strains belonging to this species have been isolated and characterised . In addition to serotype ( vide supra ) , they can be classified according to their phylogeny , i.e. the inferred evolutionary history , as shown below where the species is divided into six groups . Particularly the use of whole genome sequences yields highly supported phylogenies . Based on such data , five subspecies of E. coli were distinguished . The link between phylogenetic distance ( `` relatedness '' ) and pathology is small , e.g. the O157 : H7 serotype strains , which form a clade ( `` an exclusive group '' ) -- group E below -- are all enterohaemorragic strains ( EHEC ) , but not all EHEC strains are closely related . In fact , four different species of Shigella are nested among E. coli strains ( vide supra ) , while E. albertii and E. fergusonii are outside this group . Indeed , all Shigella species were placed within a single subspecies of E. coli in a phylogenomic study that included the type strain , and for this reason an according reclassification is difficult . All commonly used research strains of E. coli belong to group A and are derived mainly from Clifton 's K - 12 strain ( λ + F + ; O16 ) and to a lesser degree from d'Herelle 's Bacillus coli strain ( B strain ) ( O7 ) . Salmonella enterica E. albertii E. fergusonii Group B2 E. coli SE15 ( O150 : H5 . Commensal ) E. coli E2348 / 69 ( O127 : H6 . Enteropathogenic ) E. coli ED1a O81 ( Commensal ) E. coliCFT083 ( O6 : K2 : H1 . UPEC ) E. coli APEC O1 ( O1 : K12 : H7 . APEC E. coli UTI89 O18 : K1 : H7 . UPEC ) E. coli S88 ( O45 : K1 . Extracellular pathogenic ) E. coli F11 E. coli 536 Group D E. coli UMN026 ( O17 : K52 : H18 . Extracellular pathogenic ) E. coli ( O19 : H34 . Extracellular pathogenic ) E. coli ( O7 : K1 . Extracellular pathogenic ) group E E. coli EDL933 ( O157 : H7 EHEC ) E. coli Sakai ( O157 : H7 EHEC ) E. coli EC4115 ( O157 : H7 EHEC ) E. coli TW14359 ( O157 : H7 EHEC ) Shigella Shigella dysenteriae Shigella sonnei Shigella boydii Shigella flexneri Group B1 E. coli E24377A ( O139 : H28 . Enterotoxigenic ) E. coli E110019 E. coli 11368 ( O26 : H11 . EHEC ) E. coli 11128 ( O111 : H - . EHEC ) E. coli IAI1 O8 ( Commensal ) E. coli 53638 ( EIEC ) E. coli SE11 ( O152 : H28 . Commensal ) E. coli B7A E. coli 12009 ( O103 : H2 . EHEC ) E. coli GOS1 ( O104 : H4 EAHEC ) German 2011 outbreak E. coli E22 E. coli Olso O103 E. coli 55989 ( O128 : H2 . Enteroaggressive ) Group A E. coli HS ( O9 : H4 . Commensal ) E. coli ATCC8739 ( O146 . Crook 's E. coli used in phage work in the 1950s ) K - 12 strain derivatives E. coli K - 12 W3110 ( O16 . λ − F − `` wild type '' molecular biology strain ) E. coli K - 12 DH10b ( O16 . high electrocompetency molecular biology strain ) E. coli K - 12 DH1 ( O16 . high chemical competency molecular biology strain ) E. coli K - 12 MG1655 ( O16 . λ − F − `` wild type '' molecular biology strain ) E. coli BW2952 ( O16 . competent molecular biology strain ) E. coli 101 - 1 ( O ? H ? . EAEC ) B strain derivatives E. coli B REL606 ( O7 . high competency molecular biology strain ) E. coli BL21 - DE3 ( O7 . expression molecular biology strain with T7 polymerase for pET system ) Genomics ( edit ) An image of E. coli using early electron microscopy . The first complete DNA sequence of an E. coli genome ( laboratory strain K - 12 derivative MG1655 ) was published in 1997 . It was found to be a circular DNA molecule 4.6 million base pairs in length , containing 4288 annotated protein - coding genes ( organized into 2584 operons ) , seven ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) operons , and 86 transfer RNA ( tRNA ) genes . Despite having been the subject of intensive genetic analysis for about 40 years , a large number of these genes were previously unknown . The coding density was found to be very high , with a mean distance between genes of only 118 base pairs . The genome was observed to contain a significant number of transposable genetic elements , repeat elements , cryptic prophages , and bacteriophage remnants . Today , several hundred complete genomic sequences of Escherichia and Shigella species are available . The genome sequence of the type strain of E. coli has been added to this collection not before 2014 . Comparison of these sequences shows a remarkable amount of diversity ; only about 20 % of each genome represents sequences present in every one of the isolates , while around 80 % of each genome can vary among isolates . Each individual genome contains between 4,000 and 5,500 genes , but the total number of different genes among all of the sequenced E. coli strains ( the pangenome ) exceeds 16,000 . This very large variety of component genes has been interpreted to mean that two - thirds of the E. coli pangenome originated in other species and arrived through the process of horizontal gene transfer . Gene nomenclature ( edit ) Genes in E. coli are usually named by 4 - letter acronyms that derive from their function ( when known ) and italicized . For instance , recA is named after its role in homologous recombination plus the letter A. Functionally related genes are named recB , recC , recD etc . The proteins are named by uppercase acronyms , e.g. RecA , RecB , etc . When the genome of E. coli was sequenced , all genes were numbered ( more or less ) in their order on the genome and abbreviated by b numbers , such as b2819 ( = recD ) . The `` b '' names were created after Fred Blattner , who led the genome sequence effort . Another numbering system was introduced with the sequence of another E. coli strain , W3110 , which was sequenced in Japan and hence uses numbers starting by JW ... ( Japanese W3110 ) , e.g. JW2787 ( = recD ) . Hence , recD = b2819 = JW2787 . Note , however , that most databases have their own numbering system , e.g. the EcoGene database uses EG10826 for recD . Finally , ECK numbers are specifically used for alleles in the MG1655 strain of E. coli K - 12 . Complete lists of genes and their synonyms can be obtained from databases such as EcoGene or Uniprot . Proteomics ( edit ) Proteome ( edit ) Several studies have investigated the proteome of E. coli . By 2006 , 1,627 ( 38 % ) of the 4,237 open reading frames ( ORFs ) had been identified experimentally . The 4,639,221 -- base pair sequence of Escherichia coliK - 12 is presented . Of 4288 protein - coding genes annotated , 38 percent have no attributed function . Comparison with five other sequenced microbes reveals ubiquitous as well as narrowly distributed gene families ; many families of similar genes within E. coli are also evident . The largest family of paralogous proteins contains 80 ABC transporters . The genome as a whole is strikingly organized with respect to the local direction of replication ; guanines , oligonucleotides possibly related to replication and recombination , and most genes are so oriented . The genome also contains insertion sequence ( IS ) elements , phage remnants , and many other patches of unusual composition indicating genome plasticity through horizontal transfer . Interactome ( edit ) The interactome of E. coli has been studied by affinity purification and mass spectrometry ( AP / MS ) and by analyzing the binary interactions among its proteins . Protein complexes . A 2006 study purified 4,339 proteins from cultures of strain K - 12 and found interacting partners for 2,667 proteins , many of which had unknown functions at the time . A 2009 study found 5,993 interactions between proteins of the same E. coli strain , though these data showed little overlap with those of the 2006 publication . Binary interactions . Rajagopala et al. ( 2014 ) have carried out systematic yeast two - hybrid screens with most E. coli proteins , and found a total of 2,234 protein - protein interactions . This study also integrated genetic interactions and protein structures and mapped 458 interactions within 227 protein complexes . Normal microbiota ( edit ) E. coli belongs to a group of bacteria informally known as coliforms that are found in the gastrointestinal tract of warm - blooded animals . E. coli normally colonizes an infant 's gastrointestinal tract within 40 hours of birth , arriving with food or water or from the individuals handling the child . In the bowel , E. coli adheres to the mucus of the large intestine . It is the primary facultative anaerobe of the human gastrointestinal tract . ( Facultative anaerobes are organisms that can grow in either the presence or absence of oxygen . ) As long as these bacteria do not acquire genetic elements encoding for virulence factors , they remain benign commensals . Therapeutic use ( edit ) Nonpathogenic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 , also known as Mutaflor , and E. coli O83 : K24 : H31 ( known as Colinfant ) are used as probiotic agents in medicine , mainly for the treatment of various gastroenterological diseases , including inflammatory bowel disease . Role in disease ( edit ) Main article : Pathogenic Escherichia coli Most E. coli strains do not cause disease , but virulent strains can cause gastroenteritis , urinary tract infections , neonatal meningitis , hemorrhagic colitis , and Crohn 's disease . Common signs and symptoms include severe abdominal cramps , diarrhea , hemorrhagic colitis , vomiting , and sometimes fever . In rarer cases , virulent strains are also responsible for bowel necrosis ( tissue death ) and perforation without progressing to hemolytic - uremic syndrome , peritonitis , mastitis , septicemia , and Gram - negative pneumonia . Very young children are more susceptible to develop severe illness , such as hemolytic uremic syndrome , however , healthy individuals of all ages are at risk to the severe consequences that may arise as a result of being infected with E. coli . Some strains of E. coli for example 0157 : H7 , can produce Shiga toxin ( classified as a bioterrorism agent ) . This toxin causes premature destruction of the red blood cells , which then clog the body 's filtering system , the kidneys , causing hemolytic - uremic syndrome ( HUS ). Unlike most E. coli that naturally live in the gut , the Shiga toxin that causes inflammatory responses in target cells of the gut ( the lesions the toxin leaves behind are the reason why bloody diarrhea is a symptom of an Shiga toxin producing E. Coli infection ). ( In some rare cases ( usually in children and the elderly ) Shiga toxin producing E. Coli infection may lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome ( HUS ) , which can cause kidney failure and even death . Signs of hemolytic uremic syndrome , include decreased frequency of urination , lethargy , and paleness of cheeks and inside the lower eyelids . In 25 % of HUS patients , complications of nervous system occur , which in turn causes strokes due to small clots of blood which lodge in capillaries in the brain . This causes the body parts controlled by this region of the brain not to work properly . In addition , this strain causes the buildup of fluid ( since the kidneys do not work ) , leading to edema around the lungs and legs and arms . This increase in fluid buildup especially around the lungs impedes the functioning of the heart , causing an increase in blood pressure . Uropathogenic E. coli ( UPEC ) is one of the main causes of urinary tract infections . It is part of the normal flora in the gut and can be introduced in many ways . In particular for females , the direction of wiping after defecation ( wiping back to front ) can lead to fecal contamination of the urogenital orifices . Anal intercourse can also introduce this bacterium into the male urethra , and in switching from anal to vaginal intercourse , the male can also introduce UPEC to the female urogenital system . For more information , see the databases at the end of the article or UPEC pathogenicity . In May 2011 , one E. coli strain , O104 : H4 , was the subject of a bacterial outbreak that began in Germany . Certain strains of E. coli are a major cause of foodborne illness . The outbreak started when several people in Germany were infected with enterohemorrhagic E. coli ( EHEC ) bacteria , leading to hemolytic - uremic syndrome ( HUS ) , a medical emergency that requires urgent treatment . The outbreak did not only concern Germany , but also 15 other countries , including regions in North America . On 30 June 2011 , the German Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung ( BfR ) ( Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , a federal institute within the German Federal Ministry of Food , Agriculture and Consumer Protection ) announced that seeds of fenugreek from Egypt were likely the cause of the EHEC outbreak . Incubation period ( edit ) The time between ingesting the STEC bacteria and feeling sick is called the `` incubation period '' . The incubation period is usually 3 -- 4 days after the exposure , but may be as short as 1 day or as long as 10 days . The symptoms often begin slowly with mild belly pain or non-bloody diarrhea that worsens over several days . HUS , if it occurs , develops an average 7 days after the first symptoms , when the diarrhea is improving . Treatment ( edit ) The mainstay of treatment is the assessment of dehydration and replacement of fluid and electrolytes . Administration of antibiotics has been shown to shorten the course of illness and duration of excretion of enterotoxigenic E. coli ( ETEC ) in adults in endemic areas and in traveller 's diarrhea , though the rate of resistance to commonly used antibiotics is increasing and they are generally not recommended . The antibiotic used depends upon susceptibility patterns in the particular geographical region . Currently , the antibiotics of choice are fluoroquinolones or azithromycin , with an emerging role for rifaximin . Oral rifaximin , a semisynthetic rifamycin derivative , is an effective and well - tolerated antibacterial for the management of adults with non-invasive traveller 's diarrhea . Rifaximin was significantly more effective than placebo and no less effective than ciprofloxacin in reducing the duration of diarrhea . While rifaximin is effective in patients with E. coli - predominant traveller 's diarrhea , it appears ineffective in patients infected with inflammatory or invasive enteropathogens . Prevention ( edit ) ETEC is the type of E. coli that most vaccine development efforts are focused on . Antibodies against the LT and major CFs of ETEC provide protection against LT - producing , ETEC - expressing homologous CFs . Oral inactivated vaccines consisting of toxin antigen and whole cells , i.e. the licensed recombinant cholera B subunit ( rCTB ) - WC cholera vaccine Dukoral , have been developed . There are currently no licensed vaccines for ETEC , though several are in various stages of development . In different trials , the rCTB - WC cholera vaccine provided high ( 85 -- 100 % ) short - term protection . An oral ETEC vaccine candidate consisting of rCTB and formalin inactivated E. coli bacteria expressing major CFs has been shown in clinical trials to be safe , immunogenic , and effective against severe diarrhoea in American travelers but not against ETEC diarrhoea in young children in Egypt . A modified ETEC vaccine consisting of recombinant E. coli strains over-expressing the major CFs and a more LT - like hybrid toxoid called LCTBA , are undergoing clinical testing . Other proven prevention methods for E. coli transmission include handwashing and improved sanitation and drinking water , as transmission occurs through fecal contamination of food and water supplies . Additionally , thoroughly cooking meat and avoiding consumption of raw , unpasteurized beverages , such as juices and milk are other proven methods for preventing E. coli . Lastly , avoid cross-contamination of utensils and work spaces when preparing food . Model organism in life science. research ( edit ) Main article : Escherichia coli ( molecular biology ) Because of its long history of laboratory culture and ease of manipulation , E. coli plays an important role in modern biological engineering and industrial microbiology . The work of Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer in E. coli , using plasmids and restriction enzymes to create recombinant DNA , became a foundation of biotechnology . E. coli is a very versatile host for the production of heterologous proteins , and various protein expression systems have been developed which allow the production of recombinant proteins in E. coli . Researchers can introduce genes into the microbes using plasmids which permit high level expression of protein , and such protein may be mass - produced in industrial fermentation processes . One of the first useful applications of recombinant DNA technology was the manipulation of E. coli to produce human insulin . Many proteins previously thought difficult or impossible to be expressed in E. coli in folded form have been successfully expressed in E. coli . For example , proteins with multiple disulphide bonds may be produced in the periplasmic space or in the cytoplasm of mutants rendered sufficiently oxidizing to allow disulphide - bonds to form , while proteins requiring post-translational modification such as glycosylation for stability or function have been expressed using the N - linked glycosylation system of Campylobacter jejuni engineered into E. coli . Modified E. coli cells have been used in vaccine development , bioremediation , production of biofuels , lighting , and production of immobilised enzymes . Strain K - 12 is a mutant form of E-coli that over-expresses the enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase ( ALP ) . The mutation arises due to a defect in the gene that constantly codes for the enzyme . A gene that is producing a product without any inhibition is said to have constitutive activity . This particular mutant form is used to isolate and purify the aforementioned enzyme . Strain OP50 of Escherichia coli is used for maintenance of Caenorhabditis elegans cultures . Strain JM109 is a mutant form of E-coli that is recA and endA deficient developed by Promega . The strain can be utilized for blue / white screening when the cells carry the fertility factor episome Lack of recA decreases the possibility of unwanted restriction of the DNA of interest and lack of endA inhibit plasmid DNA decomposition . Thus , JM109 is useful for cloning and expression systems . Model organism ( edit ) E. coli is frequently used as a model organism in microbiology studies . Cultivated strains ( e.g. E. coli K12 ) are well - adapted to the laboratory environment , and , unlike wild - type strains , have lost their ability to thrive in the intestine . Many laboratory strains lose their ability to form biofilms . These features protect wild - type strains from antibodies and other chemical attacks , but require a large expenditure of energy and material resources . In 1946 , Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum first described the phenomenon known as bacterial conjugation using E. coli as a model bacterium , and it remains the primary model to study conjugation . E. coli was an integral part of the first experiments to understand phage genetics , and early researchers , such as Seymour Benzer , used E. coli and phage T4 to understand the topography of gene structure . Prior to Benzer 's research , it was not known whether the gene was a linear structure , or if it had a branching pattern . E. coli was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced ; the complete genome of E. coli K12 was published by Science in 1997 . By evaluating the possible combination of nanotechnologies with landscape ecology , complex habitat landscapes can be generated with details at the nanoscale . On such synthetic ecosystems , evolutionary experiments with E. coli have been performed to study the spatial biophysics of adaptation in an island biogeography on - chip . Studies are also being performed attempting to program E. coli to solve complicated mathematics problems , such as the Hamiltonian path problem . History ( edit ) In 1885 , the German - Austrian pediatrician Theodor Escherich discovered this organism in the feces of healthy individuals . He called it Bacterium coli commune because it is found in the colon . Early classifications of prokaryotes placed these in a handful of genera based on their shape and motility ( at that time Ernst Haeckel 's classification of bacteria in the kingdom Monera was in place ) . Bacterium coli was the type species of the now invalid genus Bacterium when it was revealed that the former type species ( `` Bacterium triloculare '' ) was missing . Following a revision of Bacterium , it was reclassified as Bacillus coli by Migula in 1895 and later reclassified in the newly created genus Escherichia , named after its original discoverer . Bacterium coli has since been used for biological lab experiment research , infection can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome ( HUS ) , characterized by hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia , and renal injury . See also ( edit ) Bacteriological water analysis Contamination control Dam dcm strain Eijkman test Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Fecal coliform International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria List of bacterial genera named after personal names List of strains of Escherichia coli Mannan oligosaccharide - based nutritional supplements T4 rII system Overflow metabolism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` coli '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Tenaillon , Olivier ; Skurnik , David ; Picard , Bertrand ; Denamur , Erick ( 1 March 2010 ) . `` The population genetics of commensal Escherichia coli '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 8 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 217 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2298 . ISSN 1740 - 1526 . Jump up ^ Singleton P ( 1999 ) . Bacteria in Biology , Biotechnology and Medicine ( 5th ed . ) . Wiley . pp. 444 -- 454 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 98880 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Escherichia coli '' . CDC National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Vogt RL , Dippold L ( 2005 ) . `` Escherichia coli O157 : H7 outbreak associated with consumption of ground beef , June - July 2002 '' . Public Health Reports . 120 ( 2 ) : 174 -- 8 . PMC 1497708 . PMID 15842119 . Jump up ^ Bentley R , Meganathan R ( Sep 1982 ) . `` Biosynthesis of vitamin K ( menaquinone ) in bacteria '' . Microbiological Reviews . 46 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 80 . PMC 281544 . PMID 6127606 . Jump up ^ Hudault S , Guignot J , Servin AL ( Jul 2001 ) . `` Escherichia coli strains colonising the gastrointestinal tract protect germfree mice against Salmonella typhimurium infection '' . Gut. 49 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 55 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 49.1. 47 . PMC 1728375 . PMID 11413110 . Jump up ^ Reid G , Howard J , Gan BS ( Sep 2001 ) . `` Can bacterial interference prevent infection ? '' . Trends in Microbiology. 9 ( 9 ) : 424 -- 428 . doi : 10.1016 / S0966 - 842X ( 01 ) 02132 - 1 . PMID 11553454 . Jump up ^ Russell JB , Jarvis GN ( 2001 ) . `` Practical mechanisms for interrupting the oral - fecal lifecycle of Escherichia coli '' . Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology . 3 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 72 . PMID 11321582 . Jump up ^ Eckburg PB , Bik EM , Bernstein CN , Purdom E , Dethlefsen L , Sargent M , Gill SR , Nelson KE , Relman DA ( Jun 2005 ) . `` Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora '' . Science . 308 ( 5728 ) : 1635 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 308.1635 E . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1110591 . PMC 1395357 . PMID 15831718 . ^ Jump up to : Feng P ; Weagant S ; Grant , M ( 1 September 2002 ) . `` Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the Coliform Bacteria '' . Bacteriological Analytical Manual ( 8th ed . ) . FDA / Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition . Archived from the original on 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 25 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Andrea ( 4 June 2007 ) . `` E. coli Thrives in Beach Sands '' . Live Science . Retrieved 3 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Ishii S , Sadowsky MJ ( 2008 ) . `` Escherichia coli in the Environment : Implications for Water Quality and Human Health '' . Microbes and Environments / JSME. 23 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 8 . doi : 10.1264 / jsme2. 23.101 . PMID 21558695 . ^ Jump up to : Tortora , Gerard ( 2010 ) . Microbiology : An Introduction . San Francisco , CA : Benjamin Cummings . pp. 85 -- 87 , 161 , 165 , . ISBN 0 - 321 - 55007 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Bacteria '' . Microbiologyonline . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` E. Coli '' . Redorbit . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about E. coli : dimensions , as discussed in bacteria : Diversity of structure of bacteria : -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Yu AC , Loo JF , Yu S , Kong SK , Chan TF ( 2014 ) . `` Monitoring bacterial growth using tunable resistive pulse sensing with a pore - based technique '' . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 98 ( 2 ) : 855 -- 862 . doi : 10.1007 / s00253 - 013 - 5377 - 9 . PMID 24287933 . Jump up ^ Kubitschek HE ( Jan 1990 ) . `` Cell volume increase in Escherichia coli after shifts to richer media '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 172 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 101 . PMC 208405 . PMID 2403552 . Jump up ^ Darnton NC , Turner L , Rojevsky S , Berg HC ( Mar 2007 ) . `` On torque and tumbling in swimming Escherichia coli '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 189 ( 5 ) : 1756 -- 64 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 01501 - 06 . PMC 1855780 . PMID 17189361 . ^ Jump up to : https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/E._coli_O157_in_North_America Jump up ^ Madigan MT , Martinko JM ( 2006 ) . Brock Biology of microorganisms ( 11th ed . ) . Pearson . ISBN 0 - 13 - 196893 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fotadar U , Zaveloff P , Terracio L ( 2005 ) . `` Growth of Escherichia coli at elevated temperatures '' . Journal of Basic Microbiology. 45 ( 5 ) : 403 -- 4 . doi : 10.1002 / jobm. 200410542 . PMID 16187264 . Jump up ^ Ingledew WJ , Poole RK ( Sep 1984 ) . `` The respiratory chains of Escherichia coli '' . Microbiological Reviews . 48 ( 3 ) : 222 -- 71 . PMC 373010 . PMID 6387427 . Jump up ^ Wang JD , Levin PA ( 2009 ) . `` Metabolism , cell growth and the bacterial cell cycle '' . Nature Reviews . Microbiology. 7 ( 11 ) : 822 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2202 . PMC 2887316 . PMID 19806155 . Jump up ^ Cooper S , Helmstetter CE ( 1968 ) . `` Chromosome replication and the division cycle of Escherichia coli B / r '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 31 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 68 ) 90425 - 7 . PMID 4866337 . Jump up ^ Brüssow H , Canchaya C , Hardt WD ( Sep 2004 ) . `` Phages and the evolution of bacterial pathogens : from genomic rearrangements to lysogenic conversion '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR. 68 ( 3 ) : 560 -- 602 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 68.3. 560 - 602.2004 . PMC 515249 . PMID 15353570 . Jump up ^ Krieg , N.R. ; Holt , J.G. , eds. ( 1984 ) . Bergey 's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 1 ( First ed . ) . Baltimore : The Williams & Wilkins Co. pp. 408 -- 420 . ISBN 0 - 683 - 04108 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lukjancenko O , Wassenaar TM , Ussery DW ( Nov 2010 ) . `` Comparison of 61 sequenced Escherichia coli genomes '' . Microbial Ecology. 60 ( 4 ) : 708 -- 20 . doi : 10.1007 / s00248 - 010 - 9717 - 3 . PMC 2974192 . PMID 20623278 . Jump up ^ Lan R , Reeves PR ( Sep 2002 ) . `` Escherichia coli in disguise : molecular origins of Shigella '' . Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 4 ( 11 ) : 1125 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / S1286 - 4579 ( 02 ) 01637 - 4 . PMID 12361912 . Jump up ^ Orskov I , Orskov F , Jann B , Jann K ( Sep 1977 ) . `` Serology , chemistry , and genetics of O and K antigens of Escherichia coli '' . Bacteriological Reviews . 41 ( 3 ) : 667 -- 710 . PMC 414020 . PMID 334154 . Jump up ^ Stenutz R , Weintraub A , Widmalm G ( May 2006 ) . `` The structures of Escherichia coli O - polysaccharide antigens '' . FEMS Microbiology Reviews . 30 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 403 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6976.2006. 00016. x . PMID 16594963 . Jump up ^ Lawrence JG , Ochman H ( Aug 1998 ) . `` Molecular archaeology of the Escherichia coli genome '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 ( 16 ) : 9413 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95.9413 L . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.16. 9413 . PMC 21352 . PMID 9689094 . ^ Jump up to : Nataro JP , Kaper JB ( Jan 1998 ) . `` Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli '' . Clinical Microbiology Reviews . 11 ( 1 ) : 142 -- 201 . PMC 121379 . PMID 9457432 . Jump up ^ Viljanen MK , Peltola T , Junnila SY , Olkkonen L , Järvinen H , Kuistila M , Huovinen P ( Oct 1990 ) . `` Outbreak of diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli O111 : B4 in schoolchildren and adults : association of Vi antigen - like reactivity '' . Lancet . 336 ( 8719 ) : 831 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 90 ) 92337 - H. PMID 1976876 . Jump up ^ Battistuzzi FU , Feijao A , Hedges SB ( Nov 2004 ) . `` A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution : insights into the origin of methanogenesis , phototrophy , and the colonization of land '' . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 4 : 44 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 4 - 44 . PMC 533871 . PMID 15535883 . Jump up ^ Lecointre G , Rachdi L , Darlu P , Denamur E ( Dec 1998 ) . `` Escherichia coli molecular phylogeny using the incongruence length difference test '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 15 ( 12 ) : 1685 -- 95 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a025895 . PMID 9866203 . Jump up ^ Bacteria make major evolutionary shift in the lab New Scientist ^ Jump up to : Brenner DJ , Krieg NR , Staley JT ( 26 July 2005 ) ( 1984 ( Williams & Wilkins ) ) . George M. Garrity , ed . The Gammaproteobacteria . Bergey 's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2B ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Springer . p. 1108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 24144 - 9 . British Library no . GBA561951 . Jump up ^ Discussion of nomenclature of Enterobacteriaceae entry in LPSN ( Euzéby , J.P. ( 1997 ) . `` List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature : a folder available on the Internet '' . Int J Syst Bacteriol. 47 ( 2 ) : 590 -- 2 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713 - 47 - 2 - 590 . ISSN 0020 - 7713 . PMID 9103655. ) Jump up ^ International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy 8 : 73 -- 74 ( 1958 ) ^ Jump up to : Meier - Kolthoff JP , Hahnke RL , Petersen JP , Scheuner CS , Michael VM , Fiebig AF , Rohde CR , Rohde MR , Fartmann BF , Goodwin LA , Chertkov OC , Reddy TR , Pati AP , Ivanova NN , Markowitz VM , Kyrpides NC , Woyke TW , Klenk HP , Göker M ( 2013 ) . `` Complete genome sequence of DSM 30083 , the type strain ( U5 / 41 ) of Escherichia coli , and a proposal for delineating subspecies in microbial taxonomy '' . Standards in Genomic Sciences . 9 : 2 . doi : 10.1186 / 1944 - 3277 - 9 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Details : DSM - 30083 '' . dsmz.de . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Escherichia coli ( Migula ) Castellani and Chalmers ATCC ® 11775&tra '' . atcc.org . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Escherichia '' . bacterio.cict.fr . Jump up ^ `` Escherichia coli ( Migula 1895 ) Castellani and Chalmers 1919 '' . JCM Catalogue . Jump up ^ Sims GE , Kim SH ( May 2011 ) . `` Whole - genome phylogeny of Escherichia coli / Shigella group by feature frequency profiles ( FFPs ) '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 108 ( 20 ) : 8329 -- 34 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1105168108 . PMC 3100984 . PMID 21536867 . Jump up ^ Brzuszkiewicz E , Thürmer A , Schuldes J , Leimbach A , Liesegang H , Meyer FD , Boelter J , Petersen H , Gottschalk G , Daniel R ( Dec 2011 ) . `` Genome sequence analyses of two isolates from the recent Escherichia coli outbreak in Germany reveal the emergence of a new pathotype : Entero - Aggregative - Haemorrhagic Escherichia coli ( EAHEC ) '' . Archives of Microbiology. 193 ( 12 ) : 883 -- 91 . doi : 10.1007 / s00203 - 011 - 0725 - 6 . PMC 3219860 . PMID 21713444 . ^ Jump up to : Blattner FR , Plunkett G , Bloch CA , Perna NT , Burland V , Riley M , Collado - Vides J , Glasner JD , Rode CK , Mayhew GF , Gregor J , Davis NW , Kirkpatrick HA , Goeden MA , Rose DJ , Mau B , Shao Y ( Sep 1997 ) . `` The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K - 12 '' . Science . 277 ( 5331 ) : 1453 -- 62 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 277.5331. 1453 . PMID 9278503 . Jump up ^ Zhaxybayeva O , Doolittle WF ( Apr 2011 ) . `` Lateral gene transfer '' . Current Biology . 21 ( 7 ) : R242 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2011.01. 045 . PMID 21481756 . Jump up ^ Blattner FR , Plunkett G , Bloch CA , Perna NT , Burland V , Riley M , Collado - Vides J , Glasner JD , Rode CK , Mayhew GF , Gregor J , Davis NW , Kirkpatrick HA , Goeden MA , Rose DJ , Mau B , Shao Y ( Sep 1997 ) . `` The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K - 12 '' . Science . 277 ( 5331 ) : 1453 -- 1462 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 277.5331. 1453 . PMID 9278503 . Jump up ^ Hayashi K , Morooka N , Yamamoto Y , Fujita K , Isono K , Choi S , Ohtsubo E , Baba T , Wanner BL , Mori H , Horiuchi T ( 2006 ) . `` Highly accurate genome sequences of Escherichia coli K - 12 strains MG1655 and W3110 '' . Molecular Systems Biology . 2 : 2006.0007 . doi : 10.1038 / msb4100049 . PMC 1681481 . PMID 16738553 . ^ Jump up to : Zhou J , Rudd KE ( Jan 2013 ) . `` EcoGene 3.0 '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 41 ( Database issue ) : D613 -- 24 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gks1235 . PMC 3531124 . PMID 23197660 . Jump up ^ Han MJ , Lee SY ( Jun 2006 ) . `` The Escherichia coli proteome : past , present , and future prospects '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR. 70 ( 2 ) : 362 -- 439 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 00036 - 05 . PMC 1489533 . PMID 16760308 . Jump up ^ `` The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K - 12 . '' Blattner F.R. , Plunkett G. III , Bloch C.A. , Perna N.T. , Burland V. , Riley M. , Collado - Vides J. , Glasner J.D. , Rode C.K. , Mayhew G.F. , Gregor J. , Davis N.W. , Kirkpatrick H.A. , Goeden M.A. , Rose D.J. , Mau B. , Shao Y. Science 1997 : 1453 - 1462 ( 1997 ) ( PubMed ) ( Europe PMC ) ( Abstract ) Jump up ^ Arifuzzaman M , Maeda M , Itoh A , Nishikata K , Takita C , Saito R , Ara T , Nakahigashi K , Huang HC , Hirai A , Tsuzuki K , Nakamura S , Altaf - Ul - Amin M , Oshima T , Baba T , Yamamoto N , Kawamura T , Ioka - Nakamichi T , Kitagawa M , Tomita M , Kanaya S , Wada C , Mori H ( May 2006 ) . `` Large - scale identification of protein - protein interaction of Escherichia coli K - 12 '' . Genome Research . 16 ( 5 ) : 686 -- 91 . doi : 10.1101 / gr. 4527806 . PMC 1457052 . PMID 16606699 . Jump up ^ Hu P , Janga SC , Babu M , Díaz - Mejía JJ , Butland G , Yang W , Pogoutse O , Guo X , Phanse S , Wong P , Chandran S , Christopoulos C , Nazarians - Armavil A , Nasseri NK , Musso G , Ali M , Nazemof N , Eroukova V , Golshani A , Paccanaro A , Greenblatt JF , Moreno - Hagelsieb G , Emili A ( Apr 2009 ) . Levchenko A , ed . `` Global functional atlas of Escherichia coli encompassing previously uncharacterized proteins '' . PLoS Biology . 7 ( 4 ) : e96 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1000096 . PMC 2672614 . PMID 19402753 . Jump up ^ Rajagopala SV , Sikorski P , Kumar A , Mosca R , Vlasblom J , Arnold R , Franca - Koh J , Pakala SB , Phanse S , Ceol A , Häuser R , Siszler G , Wuchty S , Emili A , Babu M , Aloy P , Pieper R , Uetz P ( Mar 2014 ) . `` The binary protein - protein interaction landscape of Escherichia coli '' . Nature Biotechnology . 32 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 90 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt. 2831 . PMC 4123855 . PMID 24561554 . ^ Jump up to : Todar , K. `` Pathogenic E. coli '' . Online Textbook of Bacteriology . University of Wisconsin -- Madison Department of Bacteriology . Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Evans Jr. , Doyle J. ; Dolores G. Evans . `` Escherichia Coli '' . Medical Microbiology , 4th edition . The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Lodinová - Zádníková R , Cukrowska B , Tlaskalova - Hogenova H ( Jul 2003 ) . `` Oral administration of probiotic Escherichia coli after birth reduces frequency of allergies and repeated infections later in life ( after 10 and 20 years ) '' . International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 131 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 11 . doi : 10.1159 / 000071488 . PMID 12876412 . Jump up ^ Grozdanov L , Raasch C , Schulze J , Sonnenborn U , Gottschalk G , Hacker J , Dobrindt U ( Aug 2004 ) . `` Analysis of the genome structure of the nonpathogenic probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 186 ( 16 ) : 5432 -- 41 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 186.16. 5432 - 5441.2004 . PMC 490877 . PMID 15292145 . Jump up ^ Kamada N , Inoue N , Hisamatsu T , Okamoto S , Matsuoka K , Sato T , Chinen H , Hong KS , Yamada T , Suzuki Y , Suzuki T , Watanabe N , Tsuchimoto K , Hibi T ( May 2005 ) . `` Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain Nissle1917 prevents murine acute and chronic colitis '' . Inflammatory Bowel Diseases . 11 ( 5 ) : 455 -- 63 . doi : 10.1097 / 01.MIB.0000158158.55955.de . PMID 15867585 . Jump up ^ `` E. coli - Mayo Clinic '' . mayoclinic.org . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lim , Ji Youn ; Yoon , Jang W. ; Hovde , Carolyn J. ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` A Brief Overview of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Its Plasmid O157 '' . J Microbiol Biotechnol. 20 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 14 . PMC 3645889 . PMID 20134227 -- via PubMed Central . ^ Jump up to : `` E. coli '' . ^ Jump up to : `` E. coli Infection '' . Jump up ^ `` E. Coli Food Poisoning . '' About . N.p. , n.d. Web . 13 December 2014 . < http://www.about-ecoli.com/ > . Jump up ^ `` Lung Congestion . '' TheFreeDictionary.com . N.p. , n.d. Web . 13 December 2014 . < http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Lung+Congestion > . Jump up ^ `` Pulmonary Edema : Get the Facts on Treatment and Symptoms . '' MedicineNet . N.p. , n.d. Web . 13 December 2014 . < http://www.medicinenet.com/pulmonary_edema/article.htm > . Jump up ^ Staff , Mayo Clinic . `` Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome ( HUS ) . '' Mayo Clinic . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research , 3 July 2013 . Web . 13 December 2014 . < http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome/DS00876 > . ^ Jump up to : `` Uropathogenic Escherichia coli : The Pre-Eminent Urinary Tract Infection Pathogen '' . Nova publishers . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Outbreaks of E. coli O104 : H4 infection : update 29 '' . WHO. 7 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Samen von Bockshornklee mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit für EHEC O104 : H4 Ausbruch verantwortlich in English : Fenugreek seeds with high probability for EHEC O104 : H4 responsible outbreak '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung ( BfR ) in English : Federal Institute for Risk Assessment . 30 June 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` General Information E. coli CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . `` Enterotoxigenic E. coli ( ETEC ) '' . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Al - Abri SS , Beeching NJ , Nye FJ ( June 2005 ) . `` Traveller 's diarrhoea '' . The Lancet Infectious Diseases . 5 ( 6 ) : 349 -- 360 . doi : 10.1016 / S1473 - 3099 ( 05 ) 70139 - 0 . PMID 15919621 . Jump up ^ Bourgeois , A. Louis ; Wierzba , Thomas F ; Walker , Richard I ( 2016 ) . `` Status of vaccine research and development for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli '' . Vaccine. 34 ( 26 ) : 2880 -- 2886 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2016.02. 076 . PMID 26988259 . Jump up ^ Svennerholm AM ( Feb 2011 ) . `` From cholera to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ( ETEC ) vaccine development '' . The Indian Journal of Medical Research . 133 : 188 -- 96 . PMC 3089050 . PMID 21415493 . ^ Jump up to : Farrar J , Hotez P , Junghanss T , Kang G , Lalloo D , White NJ , eds. ( 2013 ) . Manson 's Tropical Diseases ( 23rd ed . ) . Oxford : Elsevier / Saunders . ISBN 9780702053061 . Jump up ^ `` General Information - E. coli '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee SY ( Mar 1996 ) . `` High cell - density culture of Escherichia coli '' . Trends in Biotechnology . 14 ( 3 ) : 98 -- 105 . doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 7799 ( 96 ) 80930 - 9 . PMID 8867291 . Jump up ^ Russo E ( Jan 2003 ) . `` The birth of biotechnology '' . Nature . 421 ( 6921 ) : 456 -- 457 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 456R . doi : 10.1038 / nj6921 - 456a . PMID 12540923 . ^ Jump up to : Cornelis P ( Oct 2000 ) . `` Expressing genes in different Escherichia coli compartments '' . Current Opinion in Biotechnology . 11 ( 5 ) : 450 -- 454 . doi : 10.1016 / S0958 - 1669 ( 00 ) 00131 - 2 . PMID 11024362 . Jump up ^ Tof , Ilanit ( 1994 ) . `` Recombinant DNA Technology in the Synthesis of Human Insulin '' . Little Tree Pty. Ltd . Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Bessette PH , Aslund F , Beckwith J , Georgiou G ( Nov 1999 ) . `` Efficient folding of proteins with multiple disulfide bonds in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 ( 24 ) : 13703 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1999PNAS ... 9613703B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.24. 13703 . PMC 24128 . PMID 10570136 . Jump up ^ Ihssen J , Kowarik M , Dilettoso S , Tanner C , Wacker M , Thöny - Meyer L ( 2010 ) . `` Production of glycoprotein vaccines in Escherichia coli '' . Microbial Cell Factories. 9 ( 61 ) : 494 -- 7 . doi : 10.1186 / 1475 - 2859 - 9 - 61 . PMC 2927510 . PMID 20701771 . Jump up ^ Wacker M , Linton D , Hitchen PG , Nita - Lazar M , Haslam SM , North SJ , Panico M , Morris HR , Dell A , Wren BW , Aebi M ( Nov 2002 ) . `` N - linked glycosylation in Campylobacter jejuni and its functional transfer into E. coli '' . Science . 298 ( 5599 ) : 1790 -- 1793 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 298.5599. 1790 . PMID 12459590 . Jump up ^ Huang CJ , Lin H , Yang X ( Mar 2012 ) . `` Industrial production of recombinant therapeutics in Escherichia coli and its recent advancements '' . Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology . 39 ( 3 ) : 383 -- 99 . doi : 10.1007 / s10295 - 011 - 1082 - 9 . PMID 22252444 . Jump up ^ Summers , Rebecca ( 24 April 2013 ) Bacteria churn out first ever petrol - like biofuel New Scientist , Retrieved 27 April 2013 Jump up ^ Nic Halverson ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` Bacteria - Powered Light Bulb Is Electricity - Free '' . ^ Jump up to : Ninfa , Alexander J. ; Ballou , David P. ( 2009 ) . Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology . Wiley . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 0470087664 . Jump up ^ . `` Cloning , sequence analysis , and expression of cDNA coding for the major house dust mite allergen , Der f 1 , in Escherichia coli '' Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research Jump up ^ Fux CA , Shirtliff M , Stoodley P , Costerton JW ( Feb 2005 ) . `` Can laboratory reference strains mirror `` real - world '' pathogenesis ? `` . Trends in Microbiology. 13 ( 2 ) : 58 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2004.11. 001 . PMID 15680764 . Jump up ^ Vidal O , Longin R , Prigent - Combaret C , Dorel C , Hooreman M , Lejeune P ( May 1998 ) . `` Isolation of an Escherichia coli K - 12 mutant strain able to form biofilms on inert surfaces : involvement of a new ompR allele that increases curli expression '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 180 ( 9 ) : 2442 -- 9 . PMC 107187 . PMID 9573197 . Jump up ^ Lederberg , Joshua ; E.L. Tatum ( 19 October 1946 ) . `` Gene recombination in E. coli '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 158 ( 4016 ) : 558 . Bibcode : 1946Natur. 158 ... 558L . doi : 10.1038 / 158558a0 . Source : National Library of Medicine -- The Joshua Lederberg Papers Jump up ^ Biological Activity of Crystal . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Susman , M ( 2006 ) . `` The Phage Course -- Origins '' . Genetics . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . 139 ( 3 ) : 1101 -- 1106 . PMC 1206443 . PMID 7768426 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Benzer S ( Mar 1961 ) . `` ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE GENETIC FINE STRUCTURE '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 47 ( 3 ) : 403 -- 15 . Bibcode : 1961PNAS ... 47 ... 403B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 47.3. 403 . PMC 221592 . PMID 16590840 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about E. Coli '' . Encyclopedia of Life . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Keymer JE , Galajda P , Muldoon C , Park S , Austin RH ( Nov 2006 ) . `` Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated landscapes '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 46 ) : 17290 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2006PNAS ... 10317290K . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0607971103 . PMC 1635019 . PMID 17090676 . Jump up ^ Baumgardner J , Acker K , Adefuye O , Crowley ST , Deloache W , Dickson JO , Heard L , Martens AT , Morton N , Ritter M , Shoecraft A , Treece J , Unzicker M , Valencia A , Waters M , Campbell AM , Heyer LJ , Poet JL , Eckdahl TT ( 24 July 2009 ) . `` Solving a Hamiltonian Path Problem with a bacterial computer '' . Journal of Biological Engineering . J Biol Eng. 2009 ; 3 : 11 . 3 : 11 . doi : 10.1186 / 1754 - 1611 - 3 - 11 . PMC 2723075 . PMID 19630940 . Jump up ^ Haeckel , Ernst ( 1867 ) . Generelle Morphologie der Organismen . Reimer , Berlin . ISBN 1 - 144 - 00186 - 2 . Jump up ^ Escherich T ( 1885 ) . `` Die Darmbakterien des Neugeborenen und Säuglinge '' . Fortschr . Med. 3 : 515 -- 522 . Jump up ^ Breed RS , Conn HJ ( May 1936 ) . `` The Status of the Generic Term Bacterium Ehrenberg 1828 '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 31 ( 5 ) : 517 -- 8 . PMC 543738 . PMID 16559906 . Jump up ^ Migula W ( 1895 ) . `` Bacteriaceae ( Stabchenbacterien ) '' . In Engerl A , Prantl K. Die Naturlichen Pfanzenfamilien , W. Engelmann , Leipzig , Teil I , Abteilung Ia , . pp. 20 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Castellani A , Chalmers AJ ( 1919 ) . Manual of Tropical Medicine ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Williams Wood and Co . Jump up ^ cdc.gov Further reading ( edit ) Jann K , Jann B ( Jul 1992 ) . `` Capsules of Escherichia coli , expression and biological significance '' . Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 38 ( 7 ) : 705 -- 710 . doi : 10.1139 / m92 - 116 . PMID 1393836 . External links ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to Escherichia coli Wikimedia Commons has media related to Escherichia coli . E. coli : Protecting yourself and your family from a sometimes deadly bacterium E. coli statistics Spinach and E. coli Outbreak -- U.S. FDA E. coli Outbreak From Fresh Spinach -- U.S. CDC Current research on Escherichia coli at the Norwich Research Park E. coli gas production from glucose video demonstration E. coli Infection Causes & Risk Factors Databases ( edit ) Bacteriome E. coli interaction database coliBASE ( subset of the comparative genomics database xBASE ) EcoGene ( genome database and website dedicated to Escherichia coli K - 12 substrain MG1655 ) EcoSal Continually updated Web resource based on the classic ASM Press publication Escherichia coli and Salmonella : Cellular and Molecular Biology ECODAB The structure of the O - antigens that form the basis of the serological classification of E. coli Coli Genetic Stock Center Strains and genetic information on E. coli K - 12 EcoCyc -- literature - based curation of the entire genome , and of transcriptional regulation , transporters , and metabolic pathways PortEco ( formerly EcoliHub ) -- NIH - funded comprehensive data resource for E. coli K - 12 and its phage , plasmids , and mobile genetic elements EcoliWiki is the community annotation component of PortEco RegulonDB RegulonDB is a model of the complex regulation of transcription initiation or regulatory network of the cell E. coli K - 12 . Uropathogenic Escherichia coli ( UPEC ) General databases with E. coli - related Information ( edit ) 5S rRNA Database Information on nucleotide sequences of 5S rRNAs and their genes ACLAME A CLAssification of Mobile genetic Elements AlignACE Matrices that search for additional binding sites in the E. coli genomic sequence ArrayExpress Database of functional genomics experiments ASAP Comprehensive genome information for several enteric bacteria with community annotation BioGPS Gene portal hub BRENDA Comprehensive Enzyme Information System BSGI Bacterial Structural Genomics Initiative CATH Protein Structure Classification CBS Genome Atlas CDD Conserved Domain Database CIBEX Center for Information Biology Gene Expression Database COGs Type strain of Escherichia coli at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Escherichia coli Outbreaks 1993 Jack in the Box 1996 Odwalla 2000 Walkerton 2005 South Wales ( O157 ) 2006 North American ( spinach ; O157 : H7 ) 2006 North American ( multiple ; O157 : H7 ) 2009 United Kingdom 2011 Germany ( O104 : H4 ) 2015 United States Genes CPS operon DnaG Fis FNR regulon OmpT RecBCD RpoE RpoF RpoN RpoS Strains Enterohemorrhagic Enteroinvasive Enterotoxigenic O104 : H21 O104 : H4 O121 O157 : H7 Verotoxin - producing Related Aerobactin Coliform index Long - term evolution experiment EcoCyc Enteroaggregative Molecular biology Hok / sok system LacUV5 Min System Pathogenic EnvZ / OmpR Rho factor T4 rII system Theodor Escherich Major model organisms in genetics Lambda phage E. coli Chlamydomonas Tetrahymena Budding yeast Fission yeast Neurospora Maize Arabidopsis Medicago truncatula C. elegans Drosophila Xenopus Zebrafish Rat Mouse Infectious diseases Bacterial disease : Proteobacterial G − primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 , 080 -- 109 α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill -- Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick - borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite - borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea - borne Rickettsia felis Flea - borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat - scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion 's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis / meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse -- Friderichsen syndrome , Meningococcal septicaemia M − Neisseria gonorrhoeae / gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped : Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX − ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Klebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157 : H7 O104 : H4 Hemolytic - uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow / weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac − H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S − Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet - like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires ' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain -- Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis Taxon identifiers Wd : Q25419 BacDive : 4907 EoL : 972688 GBIF : 6110934 ITIS : 285 NCBI : 562 WoRMS : 422817 GND : 4070959 - 0 NDL : 00561236 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escherichia_coli&oldid=821395819 '' Categories : Escherichia coli Gut flora bacteria Prokaryotic model organisms Bacteria described in 1919 Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from November 2017 Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Alemannisch Aragonés বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 06 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: what is the full scientific name for the e. coli bacteria