Neuropsychology - wikipedia Neuropsychology Jump to : navigation , search Neuropsychology Topics ( show ) Brain regions Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive neuropsychology Cognitive neuroscience Dementia Human brain Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Neuropsychological assessment Neuropsychological rehabilitation Traumatic brain injury Brain functions ( show ) Arousal Attention Consciousness Decision making Executive functions Natural language Learning Memory Motor coordination Perception Planning Problem solving Thought People ( show ) Arthur L. Benton David Bohm Antonio Damasio Phineas Gage Norman Geschwind Elkhonon Goldberg Patricia Goldman - Rakic Pasko Rakic Donald O. Hebb Kenneth Heilman Edith Kaplan Muriel Lezak Benjamin Libet Rodolfo Llinás Alexander Luria Brenda Milner Karl H. Pribram Oliver Sacks Mark Rosenzweig Roger W. Sperry Hans - Lukas Teuber Henry Molaison ( `` H.M. '' , patient ) K.C. ( patient ) Tests ( show ) Benton Visual Retention Test Continuous Performance Task Halstead - Reitan Neuropsychological Battery Hayling and Brixton tests Lexical Decision Task Luria - Nebraska neuropsychological battery Mini -- Mental State Examination Rey -- Osterrieth complex figure Stroop Test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Memory Scale Wisconsin Card Sorting Task Mind and brain portal Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types ( hide ) Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology ( show ) Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists ( show ) Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Neuropsychology is the study of the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviours . It is an experimental field of psychology that aims to understand how behavior and cognition are influenced by brain functioning and is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral and cognitive effects of neurological disorders . Whereas classical neurology focuses on the physiology of the nervous system and classical psychology is largely divorced from it , neuropsychology seeks to discover how the brain correlates with the mind . It thus shares concepts and concerns with neuropsychiatry and with behavioral neurology in general . The term neuropsychology has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals . It has also been applied to efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells ( or groups of cells ) in higher primates ( including some studies of human patients ) . It makes use of neuroscience , and shares an information processing view of the mind with cognitive psychology and cognitive science . In practice , neuropsychologists tend to work in research settings ( universities , laboratories or research institutions ) , clinical settings ( medical hospitals or rehabilitation settings , often involved in assessing or treating patients with neuropsychological problems ) , or forensic settings or industry ( often as clinical - trial consultants where CNS function is a concern ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Imhotep 1.2 Hippocrates 1.3 René Descartes 1.4 Thomas Willis 1.5 Franz Joseph Gall 1.6 Jean - Baptiste Bouillaud 1.7 Paul Broca 1.8 Karl Spencer Lashley 2 Approaches 3 Methods and tools 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Neuropsychology is a relatively new discipline within the field of psychology . The first textbook defining the field Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology was initially published by Kolb and Whishaw in 1980 . However , the history of its development can be traced back to the Third Dynasty in ancient Egypt , perhaps even earlier . There is much debate as to when societies started considering the functions of different organs . For many centuries , the brain was thought useless and was often discarded during burial processes and autopsies . As the field of medicine developed its understanding of human anatomy and physiology , different theories were developed as to why the body functioned the way it did . Many times , bodily functions were approached from a religious point of view and abnormalities were blamed on bad spirits and the gods . The brain has not always been considered the center of the functioning body . It has taken hundreds of years to develop our understanding of the brain and how it affects our behaviors . Imhotep ( edit ) The study of the brain can be linked all the way back to around 3500 B.C. Imhotep , a highly regarded priest and one of the first physicians recorded in history , can be seen as one of the major pioneers in the history of understanding the brain . Imhotep took a more scientific , rather than magical , approach to medicine and disease . His writings contain intricate information on different forms of trauma , abnormalities , and remedies of the time to serve as reference to future physicians , as well as a very detailed account of the brain and the rest of the body . Despite this detailed information , Egyptians did not see the brain as the seat of the locus of control , nor as a glorious or noteworthy organ within the body at all . Egyptians preferred to look at the heart as the ' seat of the soul ' . Hippocrates ( edit ) The Greeks , however , looked upon the brain as the seat of the soul . Hippocrates drew a connection between the brain and behaviors of the body saying `` The brain exercises the greatest power in the man '' . Apart from moving the focus from the heart as the `` seat of the soul '' to the brain , Hippocrates did not go into much detail about its actual functioning . However , by switching the attention of the medical community to the brain , the doors were opened to a more scientific discovery of the organ responsible for our behaviors . For years to come , scientists were inspired to explore the functions of the body and to find concrete explanations for both normal and abnormal behaviors . Scientific discovery led them to believe that there were natural and organically occurring reasons to explain various functions of the body , and it could all be traced back to the brain . Over the years , science would continue to expand and the mysteries of the world would begin to make sense , or at least be looked at in a different way . Hippocrates introduced man to the concept of the mind -- which was widely seen as a separate function apart from the actual brain organ . René Descartes ( edit ) Philosopher René Descartes expanded upon this idea and is most widely known by his work on the mind - body problem . Often , Descartes ' ideas were looked upon as overly philosophical and lacking in sufficient scientific background . Descartes focused much of his anatomical experimentation on the brain , paying specific attention to the pineal gland -- which he argued was the actual `` seat of the soul '' . Still deeply rooted in a spiritual outlook towards the scientific world , the body was said to be mortal , and the soul immortal . The pineal gland was then thought to be the very place at which the mind would interact with the mortal and machine - like body . At the time , Descartes was convinced the mind had control over the behaviors of the body ( controlling the man ) -- but also that the body could have influence over the mind , which is referred to as dualism . This idea that the mind essentially had control over the body , but man 's body could resist or even influence other behaviors was a major turning point in the way many physiologists would look at the brain . The capabilities of the mind were observed to do much more than simply react , but also to be rational and function in organized , thoughtful ways -- much more complex than he thought the animal world to be . These ideas , although disregarded by many and cast aside for years led the medical community to expand their own ideas of the brain and begin to understand in new ways just how intricate the workings of the brain really were , and the complete effects it had on daily life , as well , which treatments would be the most beneficial to helping those people living with a dysfunctional mind . The mind - body problem , spurred by René Descartes , continues to this day with many philosophical arguments both for and against his ideas . However controversial they were and remain today , the fresh and well - thought - out perspective Descartes presented has had long - lasting effects on the various disciplines of medicine , psychology and much more , especially in putting an emphasis on separating the mind from the body in order to explain observable behaviors . Thomas Willis ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thomas Willis It was in the mid-17th century that another major contributor to the field of neuropsychology emerged . Thomas Willis studied at Oxford University and took a physiological approach to the brain and behavior . It was Willis who coined the words ' hemisphere ' and ' lobe ' when referring to the brain . He was one of the earliest to use the words ' neurology ' and ' psychology ' . Rejecting the idea that humans were the only beings capable of rational thought , Willis looked at specialized structures of the brain . He theorized that higher structures accounted for complex functions , whereas lower structures were responsible for functions similar to those seen in other animals , consisting mostly of reactions and automatic responses . He was particularly interested in people who suffered from manic disorders and hysteria . His research constituted some of the first times that psychiatry and neurology came together to study individuals . Through his in - depth study of the brain and behavior , Willis concluded that automated responses such as breathing , heartbeats and other various motor activities were carried out within the lower region of the brain . Although much of his work has been made obsolete , his ideas presented the brain as more complex than previously imagined , and led the way for future pioneers to understand and build upon his theories , especially when it came to looking at disorders and dysfunctions of the brain . Franz Joseph Gall ( edit ) Neuroanatomist and physiologist Franz Joseph Gall made major progress in understanding the brain . He theorized that personality was directly related to features and structures within the brain . However , Gall 's major contribution within the field of neuroscience is his invention of phrenology . This new discipline looked at the brain as an organ of the mind , where the shape of the skull could ultimately determine one 's intelligence and personality . This theory was like many circulating at the time , as many scientists were taking into account physical features of the face and body , head size , anatomical structure , and levels of intelligence ; only Gall looked primarily at the brain . There was much debate over the validity of Gall 's claims however , because he was often found to be wrong in his predictions . He was once sent a cast of René Descartes ' skull , and through his method of phrenology claimed the subject must have had a limited capacity for reasoning and higher cognition . As controversial and false as many of Gall 's claims were , his contributions to understanding cortical regions of the brain and localized activity continued to advance understanding of the brain , personality , and behavior . His work is considered crucial to having laid a firm foundation in the field of neuropsychology , which would flourish over the next few decades . Jean - Baptiste Bouillaud ( edit ) Jean - Baptiste Bouillaud Towards the late 19th century , the belief that the size of ones skull could determine their level of intelligence was discarded as science and medicine moved forward . A physician by the name of Jean - Baptiste Bouillaud expanded upon the ideas of Gall and took a closer look at the idea of distinct cortical regions of the brain each having their own independent function . Bouillaud was specifically interested in speech and wrote many publications on the anterior region of the brain being responsible for carrying out the act of ones speech , a discovery that had stemmed from the research of Gall . He was also one of the first to use larger samples for research although it took many years for that method to be accepted . By looking at over a hundred different case studies , Bouillaud came to discover that it was through different areas of the brain that speech is completed and understood . By observing people with brain damage , his theory was made more concrete . Bouillaud , along with many other pioneers of the time made great advances within the field of neurology , especially when it came to localization of function . There are many arguable debates as to who deserves the most credit for such discoveries , and often , people remain unmentioned , but Paul Broca is perhaps one of the most famous and well known contributors to neuropsychology -- often referred to as `` the father '' of the discipline . Paul Broca ( edit ) Inspired by the advances being made in the area of localized function within the brain , Paul Broca committed much of his study to the phenomena of how speech is understood and produced . Through his study , it was discovered and expanded upon that we articulate via the left hemisphere . Broca 's observations and methods are widely considered to be where neuropsychology really takes form as a recognizable and respected discipline . Armed with the understanding that specific , independent areas of the brain are responsible for articulation and understanding of speech , the brains abilities were finally being acknowledged as the complex and highly intricate organ that it is . Broca was essentially the first to fully break away from the ideas of phrenology and delve deeper into a more scientific and psychological view of the brain . Karl Spencer Lashley ( edit ) Karl Lashley ( 1890 -- 1958 ) attended West Virginia University , where he was introduced to zoology and eventually decided to study the behavior of organisms . He got his master 's degree in Bacteriology from the University of Pittsburgh , and then his PhD in Genetics from Johns Hopkins University where he minored in psychology under John B. Watson , whom he continued to work closely with after receiving his PhD . It was during this time that Lashley worked with Franz and was introduced to his training / ablation method . Lashley worked at the University of Minnesota for a time and then at the Institute for Juvenile Research in Chicago before becoming a professor at the University of Chicago . After this he went to Harvard , but was dissatisfied and from there became the director of the Yerkes Laboratory of Primate Biology in Orange Park , Florida . Lashley has always been viewed as an objective scientist , but Nadine Weidman has tried to expose him as a racist and a genetic determinist . But Donald Dewsbury and others , have disputed the claim that he was a genetic determinist , citing research of Lashley 's in which he found evidence of both genetic and environmental influences on organisms . Dewsbury does admit however , that Lashley was quite racist . He cites a line from a letter that Lashley wrote to a German colleague which reads : `` Too bad that the beautiful tropical countries are all populated by negros . Heil Hitler and Apartheit ! '' This line alone would leave little debate on this matter , but he cites others as well . Despite his racism , Lashley has done some important work in neuropsychology and influenced his students to reach even greater heights . His works and theories that follow are summarized in his book Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence . Lashley 's theory of the Engram was the driving force for much of his research . An engram was believed to be a part of the brain where a specific memory was stored . He continued to use the training / ablation method that Franz had taught him . He would train a rat to learn a maze and then use systematic lesions and removed sections of cortical tissue to see if the rat forgot what it had learned . Through his research with the rats , he learned that forgetting was dependent on the amount of tissue removed and not where it was removed from . He called this mass action and he believed that it was a general rule that governed how brain tissue would respond , independent of the type of learning . But we know now that mass action was true for these rats , because learning to run a maze is known as complex learning and it requires multiple cortical areas , so cutting into individual parts alone will not erase the memory from the rats ' brains , but taking large sections removes multiple cortical areas at one time and so they can forget . Lashley also discovered that a portion of a functional area could carry out the role of the entire area , even when the rest of the area has been removed . He called this phenomenon equipotentiality . We know now that he was seeing evidence of plasticity in the brain . The brain has the spectacular ability for certain areas to take over the functions of other areas if those areas should fail or be removed . Approaches ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Experimental neuropsychology is an approach that uses methods from experimental psychology to uncover the relationship between the nervous system and cognitive function . The majority of work involves studying healthy humans in a laboratory setting , although a minority of researchers may conduct animal experiments . Human work in this area often takes advantage of specific features of our nervous system ( for example that visual information presented to a specific visual field is preferentially processed by the cortical hemisphere on the opposite side ) to make links between neuroanatomy and psychological function . Clinical neuropsychology is the application of neuropsychological knowledge to the assessment ( see neuropsychological test and neuropsychological assessment ) , management , and rehabilitation of people who have suffered illness or injury ( particularly to the brain ) which has caused neurocognitive problems . In particular they bring a psychological viewpoint to treatment , to understand how such illness and injury may affect and be affected by psychological factors . They also can offer an opinion as to whether a person is demonstrating difficulties due to brain pathology or as a consequence of an emotional or another ( potentially ) reversible cause or both . For example , a test might show that both patients X and Y are unable to name items that they have been previously exposed to within the past 20 minutes ( indicating possible dementia ) . If patient Y can name some of them with further prompting ( e.g. given a categorical clue such as being told that the item they could not name is a fruit ) , this allows a more specific diagnosis than simply dementia ( Y appears to have the vascular type which is due to brain pathology but is usually at least somewhat reversible ) . Clinical neuropsychologists often work in hospital settings in an interdisciplinary medical team ; others work in private practice and may provide expert input into medico - legal proceedings . Cognitive neuropsychology is a relatively new development and has emerged as a distillation of the complementary approaches of both experimental and clinical neuropsychology . It seeks to understand the mind and brain by studying people who have suffered brain injury or neurological illness . One model of neuropsychological functioning is known as functional localization . This is based on the principle that if a specific cognitive problem can be found after an injury to a specific area of the brain , it is possible that this part of the brain is in some way involved . However , there may be reason to believe that the link between mental functions and neural regions is not so simple . An alternative model of the link between mind and brain , such as parallel processing , may have more explanatory power for the workings and dysfunction of the human brain . Yet another approach investigates how the pattern of errors produced by brain - damaged individuals can constrain our understanding of mental representations and processes without reference to the underlying neural structure . A more recent but related approach is cognitive neuropsychiatry which seeks to understand the normal function of mind and brain by studying psychiatric or mental illness . Connectionism is the use of artificial neural networks to model specific cognitive processes using what are considered to be simplified but plausible models of how neurons operate . Once trained to perform a specific cognitive task these networks are often damaged or ' lesioned ' to simulate brain injury or impairment in an attempt to understand and compare the results to the effects of brain injury in humans . Functional neuroimaging uses specific neuroimaging technologies to take readings from the brain , usually when a person is doing a particular task , in an attempt to understand how the activation of particular brain areas is related to the task . In particular , the growth of methodologies to employ cognitive testing within established functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) techniques to study brain - behavior relations is having a notable influence on neuropsychological research . In practice these approaches are not mutually exclusive and most neuropsychologists select the best approach or approaches for the task to be completed . Methods and tools ( edit ) Standardized neuropsychological tests These tasks have been designed so the performance on the task can be linked to specific neurocognitive processes . These tests are typically standardized , meaning that they have been administered to a specific group ( or groups ) of individuals before being used in individual clinical cases . The data resulting from standardization are known as normative data . After these data have been collected and analyzed , they are used as the comparative standard against which individual performances can be compared . Examples of neuropsychological tests include : the Wechsler Memory Scale ( WMS ) , the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ( WAIS ) , Boston Naming Test , the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test , the Benton Visual Retention Test , and the Controlled Oral Word Association . Brain scans The use of brain scans to investigate the structure or function of the brain is common , either as simply a way of better assessing brain injury with high resolution pictures , or by examining the relative activations of different brain areas . Such technologies may include fMRI ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ) and positron emission tomography ( PET ) , which yields data related to functioning , as well as MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging ) and computed axial tomography ( CAT or CT ) , which yields structural data . Global Brain Project Brain models based on mouse and monkey have been developed based on theoretical neuroscience involving working memory and attention , while mapping brain activity based on time constants validated by measurements of neuronal activity in various layers of the brain . These methods also map to decision states of behavior in simple tasks that involve binary outcomes . Electrophysiology The use of electrophysiological measures designed to measure the activation of the brain by measuring the electrical or magnetic field produced by the nervous system . This may include electroencephalography ( EEG ) or magneto - encephalography ( MEG ) . Experimental tasks The use of designed experimental tasks , often controlled by ( AACN and NAN Joint Position Paper ) computer and typically measuring reaction time and accuracy on a particular tasks thought to be related to a specific neurocognitive process . An example of this is the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery ( CANTAB ) or CNS Vital Signs ( CNSVS ) . Software products Researchers have mapped to neural activity in the brain through brain scan or MRI . Applications based on Neuropsychology are being used to influence behavior design and habit formation . An example of such a product is fooya , which is a mobile App for children that has been shown in randomized and controlled studies to influence dietary preferences among children . See also ( edit ) Thinking portal Neuroscience portal Psychology portal Mind and Brain portal Behavioral neurology Biological psychology Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive neuropsychiatry Cognitive neuropsychology Cognitive neuroscience Cognitive psychology Comparative neuropsychology List of important publications in neuropsychology List of neurological conditions and disorders Neurology Neuropsychoanalysis Neuropsychiatry Neuroscience Psychiatric genetics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walsh , K.W. ( 1987 ) . Neuropsychology : A clinical approach . Edinburgh : Churchill - Livingstone . ISBN 443038589079 Jump up ^ Posner , M.I. ; Digirolamo , G.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Cognitive neuroscience : Origins and promise '' . Psychological Bulletin . 126 ( 6 ) : 873 -- 889 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.126. 6.873 . PMID 11107880 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Canadian Psychology Website - Researchers '' . University of Calgary . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Finger , Stanley ( 2000 ) . Minds Behind the Brain : A History of the Pioneers and their discoveries . New York : Oxford . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518182 - 1 . Jump up ^ Finger 2000 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Finger 2000 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Benton , Arthur ( 2000 ) . History of Neuropsychology : Selected Papers . USA : Oxford . Jump up ^ Finger 2000 , p. 151 Jump up ^ Viney , Wayne ( 2003 ) . A History of Psychology : Ideas and Context ( 3rd ed . ) . Boston : Pearson . Jump up ^ Cubelli , R. ; De Bastiani , P. ( 2011 ) . `` 150 Years after Leborgne : Why is Paul Broca so important in the history of neuropsychology ? '' . Cortex. 47 ( 2 ) : 146 -- 147 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cortex. 2010.11. 004 . PMID 21112584 . Jump up ^ Dewsbury , D.A. ( 2002 ) . `` Constructing representations of Karl Spencer Lashley '' . Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences . 38 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 245 . doi : 10.1002 / jhbs. 10060 . PMID 12115784 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , L. ( 1959 ) . `` Karl Spencer Lashley , Experimental Psychologist '' . Science . 129 ( 3360 ) : 1410 -- 1412 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 129.3360. 1410 . PMID 13658968 . Jump up ^ Boyle , G.J. , Saklofske , D.H. , & Matthews , G. ( 2012 ) . ( Eds . ) , SAGE Benchmarks in Psychology : Psychological Assessment , Vol. 3 : Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment . London : SAGE . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85702 - 270 - 7 Jump up ^ Xiao - Jing Wang ; Wei Wei ( New York University Global Brain Project ) ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Inhibitory Control in the Cortico - Basal Ganglia - Thalamocortical Loop : Complex Regulation and Interplay with Memory and Decision Processes '' . Neuron. 92 : 1093 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2016.10. 031 . Jump up ^ Stanford ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` Neuropsychology based Behavior Design through Mobile Health Gaming '' . Stanford University School of Medicine . Jump up ^ Dr Craig Johnston ; Dr Jennette Moreno ; et al. ( 2 November 2014 ) . `` A Nutrition Education Mobile Game Impacts Snack Selection in Middle School Students '' ( PDF ) . The Obesity Society . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Neuropsychology Resources in your library Neuropsychology Topics Brain -- computer interface Brain regions Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive neuroscience Human brain Misconceptions Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Phrenology Traumatic brain injury Brain functions Arousal Attention Consciousness Decision making Executive functions Learning Memory Motor coordination Natural language Perception Planning Problem solving Thought People Arthur Lester Benton David Bohm António Damásio Phineas Gage Norman Geschwind Elkhonon Goldberg Kurt Goldstein Donald O. Hebb Kenneth Heilman Edith Kaplan Muriel Lezak Benjamin Libet Rodolfo Llinás Alexander Luria Brenda Milner Karl H. Pribram Oliver Sacks Roger Wolcott Sperry H.M. K.C. Tests Bender - Gestalt Test Benton Visual Retention Test Clinical Dementia Rating Continuous Performance Task Glasgow Coma Scale Hayling and Brixton tests Johari window Lexical decision task Mini-mental state examination Stroop effect Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wisconsin card sorting Mind and Brain portal Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective science Affective neuroscience Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive / Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrial and organizational Legal Media Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Qualitative research Quantitative research Self - report inventory Statistical surveys Psychologists William James ( 1842 -- 1910 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 -- 1936 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Edward Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) John B. Watson ( 1878 -- 1958 ) Clark L. Hull ( 1884 -- 1952 ) Kurt Lewin ( 1890 -- 1947 ) Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) Gordon Allport ( 1897 -- 1967 ) J.P. Guilford ( 1897 -- 1987 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) B.F. Skinner ( 1904 -- 1990 ) Donald O. Hebb ( 1904 -- 1985 ) Ernest Hilgard ( 1904 -- 2001 ) Harry Harlow ( 1905 -- 1981 ) Raymond Cattell ( 1905 -- 1998 ) Abraham Maslow ( 1908 -- 1970 ) Neal E. Miller ( 1909 -- 2002 ) Jerome Bruner ( 1915 -- 2016 ) Donald T. Campbell ( 1916 -- 1996 ) Hans Eysenck ( 1916 -- 1997 ) Herbert A. Simon ( 1916 -- 2001 ) David McClelland ( 1917 -- 1998 ) Leon Festinger ( 1919 -- 1989 ) George Armitage Miller ( 1920 -- 2012 ) Richard Lazarus ( 1922 -- 2002 ) Stanley Schachter ( 1922 -- 1997 ) Robert Zajonc ( 1923 -- 2008 ) Albert Bandura ( b . 1925 ) Roger Brown ( 1925 -- 1997 ) Endel Tulving ( b . 1927 ) Lawrence Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) Noam Chomsky ( b . 1928 ) Ulric Neisser ( 1928 -- 2012 ) Jerome Kagan ( b . 1929 ) Walter Mischel ( b . 1930 ) Elliot Aronson ( b . 1932 ) Daniel Kahneman ( b . 1934 ) Paul Ekman ( b . 1934 ) Michael Posner ( b . 1936 ) Amos Tversky ( 1937 -- 1996 ) Bruce McEwen ( b . 1938 ) Larry Squire ( b . 1941 ) Richard E. Nisbett ( b . 1941 ) Martin Seligman ( b . 1942 ) Ed Diener ( b . 1946 ) Shelley E. Taylor ( b . 1946 ) John Anderson ( b . 1947 ) Ronald C. Kessler ( b . 1947 ) Joseph E. 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Question: which approach to psychology focuses on the body especially the brain and nervous system


Climate of South Carolina - wikipedia Climate of South Carolina Jump to : navigation , search South Carolina has a humid subtropical climate , with hot summers and mild winters . On average , between 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) and 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) of precipitation falls annually across the state . Tropical cyclones , and afternoon thunderstorms due to hot and humid conditions , contribute to precipitation during the summer and sometimes fall months , while extratropical cyclones contribute to precipitation during the fall , winter , and spring months . Tornadoes happen mostly in the spring with a secondary peak in November . Hail and damaging winds often occur in summertime thunderstorms . Tornadoes are very uncommon in the summer unless a tropical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Temperatures 2 Precipitation 2.1 Snowfall and ice 2.2 Tropical cyclones 2.3 Thunderstorms and tornadoes 3 Monthly normals and extremes for select cities 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Temperatures ( edit ) South Carolina has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) , although high elevation areas in the `` Upstate '' area have less subtropical characteristics than areas on the Atlantic coastline . In the summer , South Carolina is hot and humid with temperatures during the day averaging near 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) across most of the state with overnight lows near 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) . Winter temperatures are much less uniform . Coastal areas of the state have very mild winters with high temperatures averaging about 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) and overnight lows close to 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) . Further inland in the Piedmont , temperatures average between 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) during the day and 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) at night . Event Measurement Date Location County Highest temperature 113 ° F ( 45.0 ° C ) Jun. 29 , 2012 USC Columbia Richland , South Carolina Lowest temperature − 19 ° F ( − 28.3 ° C ) 000000001985 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1985 Caesars Head Greenville Precipitation ( edit ) Annual average precipitation in South Carolina While precipitation is abundant the entire year in almost the entire state , the coastline tends to have a slightly wetter summer , while inland March tends to be the wettest month . During the cold season , extratropical cyclones is the main cause of precipitation , while during the summer , tropical cyclones and thunderstorms forming due to afternoon heating are the main causes of precipitation . A lee side rain shadow from the Appalachian Mountains lowers annual precipitation across central portions of the state . Inland sections average 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) to 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) of rainfall , while near the coast 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) to 60 inches ( 1,500 mm ) , and the Piedmont receives 70 inches ( 1,800 mm ) to 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) of precipitation . Winter precipitation is determined in large by the El Niño - Southern Oscillation . During El Niño events , the jet stream is further south and east across the U.S. , thus leading to cooler and wetter winters in South Carolina , while La Niña keeps the jet stream further north and west causing warmer and drier winters . Event Measurement Date Location County Most precipitation in a year for a single area 120.21 inches ( 3,053 mm ) ? Hogback Mountain Greenville Least precipitation in a year for a single area 22.69 inches ( 58 cm ) ? Event Measurement Date Location County Greatest 24 - hour rainfall 17.00 inches ( 432 mm ) 000000001995 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 1995 Antreville Abbeville Snowfall and ice ( edit ) Annual snowfall across inland South Carolina is very small , and in coastal areas several years might pass without any measurable snowfall . The snowiest location in the state averages 12 inches ( 30 cm ) of snow a year in the Blue Ridge Mountains of the state . Freezing rain is more common than snow and even rain across much of the state in the winter months . Along the coast snowfall is very rare , with only a few snow events on record . Charleston averages less than 1 inch annually , and often 5 to 10 years might pass without any snowfall . Event Measurement Date Location County Greatest 24 - hour snowfall 24 inches ( 61 cm ) February 10 -- 11 , 1973 Rimini Clarendon Most snowfall from one storm 28.9 inches ( 73 cm ) February 15 -- 17 , 1969 Caesars Head Greenville Tropical cyclones ( edit ) Hurricane Hugo ( 1989 ) The state is prone to tropical cyclones . This is an annual concern during hurricane season , which is from June through November . The peak time of vulnerability for the southeast Atlantic coast is from early August to early October when tropical cyclone frequency is highest . Major hurricanes can impact the Palmetto state , though there are no category 5 impacts on record . Two of the stronger hurricanes to strike South Carolina in recent times are Hurricane Hazel ( 1954 ) and Hurricane Hugo ( 1989 ) , which were of category 4 strength . For weaker systems , rainfall and spin - up tornadoes in the outer bands are the main impacts to the state . The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact South Carolina was a tropical depression named Jerry in 1995 which stalled nearby and had previously been a tropical storm across Florida . Event Measurement Date Location County Wettest tropical cyclone 17.00 inches ( 432 mm ) Tropical Storm Jerry ( 1995 ) Antreville Abbeville Thunderstorms and tornadoes ( edit ) South Carolina averages around 64 days of thunderstorm activity per year . Most thunderstorms occur during the summer . South Carolina is vulnerable to tornadoes . Some notable tornadoes have struck South Carolina and the state averages around 14 tornadoes annually . There have been no F - 5 tornadoes on record but over a dozen F - 4 tornadoes have occurred in many counties in South Carolina . Monthly normals and extremes for select cities ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Greenville , South Carolina ( Greenville -- Spartanburg Int'l ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1884 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 82 ( 28 ) 81 ( 27 ) 91 ( 33 ) 94 ( 34 ) 100 ( 38 ) 105 ( 41 ) 107 ( 42 ) 105 ( 41 ) 101 ( 38 ) 97 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 79 ( 26 ) 107 ( 42 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 69.4 ( 20.8 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 86.0 ( 30 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 95.1 ( 35.1 ) 97.3 ( 36.3 ) 95.9 ( 35.5 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 84.4 ( 29.1 ) 77.1 ( 25.1 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 98.6 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 52.4 ( 11.3 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 87.5 ( 30.8 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 88.6 ( 31.4 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 54.1 ( 12.3 ) 72.1 ( 22.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 32.0 ( 0 ) 34.9 ( 1.6 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 57.2 ( 14 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 69.4 ( 20.8 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 61.8 ( 16.6 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 41.3 ( 5.2 ) 34.0 ( 1.1 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 14.6 ( − 9.7 ) 19.0 ( − 7.2 ) 24.2 ( − 4.3 ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 42.7 ( 5.9 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 61.7 ( 16.5 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 47.9 ( 8.8 ) 34.1 ( 1.2 ) 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) 18.1 ( − 7.7 ) 11.8 ( − 11.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 6 ( − 21 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 40 ( 4 ) 53 ( 12 ) 50 ( 10 ) 32 ( 0 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 11 ( − 12 ) ( − 16 ) − 6 ( − 21 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.82 ( 97 ) 3.97 ( 100.8 ) 4.52 ( 114.8 ) 3.36 ( 85.3 ) 3.76 ( 95.5 ) 3.80 ( 96.5 ) 4.80 ( 121.9 ) 4.48 ( 113.8 ) 3.43 ( 87.1 ) 3.44 ( 87.4 ) 3.70 ( 94 ) 4.11 ( 104.4 ) 47.19 ( 1,198.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 2.3 ( 5.8 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) 0.9 ( 2.3 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 4.7 ( 11.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.2 9.2 9.6 9.0 9.7 10.4 11.7 10.4 8.1 7.2 8.9 9.8 114.2 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.7 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.4 2.8 Average relative humidity ( % ) 65.8 62.6 62.1 60.7 68.5 70.5 74.0 75.6 75.8 70.9 68.2 67.7 68.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.6 182.7 236.2 264.7 269.2 270.8 267.8 253.9 229.2 235.2 184.3 169.4 2,740 Percent possible sunshine 56 60 64 68 62 62 61 61 62 67 59 55 62 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1962 -- 1990 , sun 1961 -- 1990 ) ( hide ) Climate data for Columbia , South Carolina ( Columbia Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1887 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 84 ( 29 ) 84 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 101 ( 38 ) 109 ( 43 ) 107 ( 42 ) 107 ( 42 ) 106 ( 41 ) 101 ( 38 ) 90 ( 32 ) 83 ( 28 ) 109 ( 43 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 73.7 ( 23.2 ) 77.6 ( 25.3 ) 83.9 ( 28.8 ) 89.3 ( 31.8 ) 94.0 ( 34.4 ) 98.5 ( 36.9 ) 100.2 ( 37.9 ) 98.9 ( 37.2 ) 94.5 ( 34.7 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 80.9 ( 27.2 ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 101.6 ( 38.7 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 68.2 ( 20.1 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 83.8 ( 28.8 ) 90.0 ( 32.2 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 90.7 ( 32.6 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 58.2 ( 14.6 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 33.7 ( 0.9 ) 36.8 ( 2.7 ) 43.0 ( 6.1 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 59.5 ( 15.3 ) 68.2 ( 20.1 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 64.2 ( 17.9 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 42.3 ( 5.7 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 16.4 ( − 8.7 ) 20.6 ( − 6.3 ) 25.5 ( − 3.6 ) 33.2 ( 0.7 ) 44.1 ( 6.7 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) 34.4 ( 1.3 ) 26.2 ( − 3.2 ) 19.1 ( − 7.2 ) 14.7 ( − 9.6 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 1 ( − 18 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) ( − 16 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 34 ( 1 ) 44 ( 7 ) 54 ( 12 ) 53 ( 12 ) 40 ( 4 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 12 ( − 11 ) ( − 16 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.58 ( 90.9 ) 3.61 ( 91.7 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 2.97 ( 75.4 ) 4.69 ( 119.1 ) 5.46 ( 138.7 ) 5.26 ( 133.6 ) 3.54 ( 89.9 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 2.74 ( 69.6 ) 3.22 ( 81.8 ) 44.59 ( 1,132.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 1.5 ( 3.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.9 9.1 8.6 8.0 7.7 10.5 11.8 10.5 7.3 7.0 7.3 9.0 106.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.5 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 69.2 65.8 64.6 62.1 68.2 70.8 73.4 76.5 75.9 73.0 71.6 70.7 70.2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 172.7 180.7 237.3 269.6 292.9 280.0 286.0 263.3 239.8 235.0 193.8 175.0 2,826.1 Percent possible sunshine 55 59 64 69 68 65 65 63 64 67 62 57 64 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) ( hide ) Climate data for Charleston Int'l , South Carolina ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1938 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 83 ( 28 ) 87 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 103 ( 39 ) 104 ( 40 ) 105 ( 41 ) 99 ( 37 ) 94 ( 34 ) 88 ( 31 ) 83 ( 28 ) 105 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 83.5 ( 28.6 ) 88.5 ( 31.4 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 96.8 ( 36 ) 98.0 ( 36.7 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 92.6 ( 33.7 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 81.9 ( 27.7 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 99.2 ( 37.3 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 76.4 ( 24.7 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 89.5 ( 31.9 ) 84.8 ( 29.3 ) 77.1 ( 25.1 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 53.3 ( 11.8 ) 61.8 ( 16.6 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 73.0 ( 22.8 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 67.2 ( 19.6 ) 56.8 ( 13.8 ) 47.5 ( 8.6 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 55.5 ( 13.1 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 21.4 ( − 5.9 ) 25.5 ( − 3.6 ) 30.4 ( − 0.9 ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 49.5 ( 9.7 ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 55.6 ( 13.1 ) 41.0 ( 5 ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 24.0 ( − 4.4 ) 18.8 ( − 7.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 6 ( − 14 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 36 ( 2 ) 50 ( 10 ) 58 ( 14 ) 56 ( 13 ) 42 ( 6 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 8 ( − 13 ) 6 ( − 14 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 2.96 ( 75.2 ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 2.91 ( 73.9 ) 3.02 ( 76.7 ) 5.65 ( 143.5 ) 6.53 ( 165.9 ) 7.15 ( 181.6 ) 6.10 ( 154.9 ) 3.75 ( 95.3 ) 2.43 ( 61.7 ) 3.11 ( 79 ) 51.03 ( 1,296.2 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) trace 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.6 8.6 7.9 7.7 7.8 11.9 13.0 13.2 10.0 7.3 7.0 8.7 112.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 69.8 67.4 68.1 67.5 72.5 75.1 76.6 78.9 78.2 74.1 72.7 71.6 72.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 179.3 186.7 243.9 275.1 294.8 279.5 287.8 256.7 219.7 224.5 189.5 171.3 2,808.8 Percent possible sunshine 56 61 66 71 69 65 66 62 59 64 60 55 63 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) ( hide ) Climate data for Charleston , South Carolina ( Downtown ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1893 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 82 ( 28 ) 83 ( 28 ) 94 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 103 ( 39 ) 103 ( 39 ) 100 ( 38 ) 95 ( 35 ) 87 ( 31 ) 81 ( 27 ) 104 ( 40 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 74.6 ( 23.7 ) 79.7 ( 26.5 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 90.0 ( 32.2 ) 94.0 ( 34.4 ) 96.2 ( 35.7 ) 94.2 ( 34.6 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 79.0 ( 26.1 ) 73.9 ( 23.3 ) 97.4 ( 36.3 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 56.7 ( 13.7 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 65.0 ( 18.3 ) 72.0 ( 22.2 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 84.5 ( 29.2 ) 87.6 ( 30.9 ) 86.4 ( 30.2 ) 82.0 ( 27.8 ) 74.6 ( 23.7 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 59.5 ( 15.3 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 42.8 ( 6 ) 45.5 ( 7.5 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 67.1 ( 19.5 ) 74.0 ( 23.3 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 53.6 ( 12 ) 45.6 ( 7.6 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 27.5 ( − 2.5 ) 31.6 ( − 0.2 ) 36.4 ( 2.4 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 55.6 ( 13.1 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 48.1 ( 8.9 ) 39.1 ( 3.9 ) 30.2 ( − 1 ) 24.8 ( − 4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 10 ( − 12 ) 7 ( − 14 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 36 ( 2 ) 45 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 61 ( 16 ) 59 ( 15 ) 50 ( 10 ) 37 ( 3 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 7 ( − 14 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.94 ( 74.7 ) 2.51 ( 63.8 ) 3.30 ( 83.8 ) 2.53 ( 64.3 ) 2.16 ( 54.9 ) 4.65 ( 118.1 ) 5.40 ( 137.2 ) 6.71 ( 170.4 ) 5.76 ( 146.3 ) 3.67 ( 93.2 ) 2.19 ( 55.6 ) 2.60 ( 66 ) 44.42 ( 1,128.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.0 8.0 7.8 6.9 6.6 10.0 11.3 11.3 8.9 6.6 6.3 8.6 101.3 Source : NOAA See also ( edit ) Climate of the United States List of wettest tropical cyclones in South Carolina United States rainfall climatology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Greenville kept April 1884 to 10 December 1941 at downtown , 11 December 1941 to 14 October 1962 at Greenville Downtown Airport , and at Greenville -- Spartanburg Int'l near Greer since 15 October 1962 . For more information , see Threadex Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Columbia were kept at downtown from June 1887 to December 1947 , and at Columbia Airport since January 1948 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Record Maximum Temperatures and Date '' . South Carolina State Climatology Office . South Carolina Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Map of South Carolina Record Maximum Temperatures and Year '' . South Carolina State Climatology Office . South Carolina Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Record Minimum Temperatures and Date '' . South Carolina State Climatology Office . South Carolina Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Map of South Carolina Record Minimum Temperatures and Year '' . South Carolina State Climatology Office . South Carolina Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ South Carolina State Climatology Office . South Carolina Climate . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ National Atlas.gov . Average annual precipitation for South Carolina . Archived 2008 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Maximum 24 - Hour Precipitation '' . South Carolina State Climatology Office . South Carolina Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Map of South Carolina Record 24 Hour Precipitation and Date '' . South Carolina State Climatology Office . South Carolina Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` August 27 , 1995 '' . South Carolina State Climatology Office . South Carolina Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Maximum 24 - Hour Snow '' . South Carolina State Climatology Office . South Carolina Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Historical Maximum Snowfall events '' . South Carolina State Climatology Office . South Carolina Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center . Graphic showing seasonal activity by date . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake , Edward N. Rappaport , and Chris Landsea . The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006 ( and other frequently requested hurricane facts ) . Jump up ^ ( ( National Hurricane Center ) ainblk. gif Tropical Storm Jerry Color - Filled Rainfall Graphic . ) Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center . Annual average number of tornadoes . Retrieved on 2006 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC GREER '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for GREENVILLE / G - SPARTANBURG , SC 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC COLUMBIA '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for COLUMBIA / METRO ARPT SC 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC CHARLESTON INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for CHARLESTON / MUNICIPAL , SC 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC CHARLESTON CITY '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Climate of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_South_Carolina&oldid=830416466 '' Categories : Climate of South Carolina Climate of the United States by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 18 : 07 . About Wikipedia

Question: what type of weather does south carolina have

humid subtropical climate, with hot summers and mild winters


Great Barrier Reef Marine Park - wikipedia Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Jump to : navigation , search Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Queensland IUCN category VI ( protected area with sustainable use of natural resources ) Boardwalk through a mangrove forest featured in Estuarine Conservation Zone as part of The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Map of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Coordinates 18 ° 34 ′ 4 '' S 148 ° 33 ′ 19 '' E  /  18.56778 ° S 148.55528 ° E  / - 18.56778 ; 148.55528 Coordinates : 18 ° 34 ′ 4 '' S 148 ° 33 ′ 19 '' E  /  18.56778 ° S 148.55528 ° E  / - 18.56778 ; 148.55528 Established Area 345,000 km ( 133,205.2 sq mi ) Managing authorities Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service Queensland Fisheries Website Great Barrier Reef Marine Park See also Protected areas of Queensland The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park protects a large part of Australia 's Great Barrier Reef from damaging activities . It is a vast multiple - use Marine Park which supports a wide range of uses , including commercial marine tourism , fishing , ports and shipping , recreation , scientific research and Indigenous traditional use . Fishing and the removal of artefacts or wildlife ( fish , coral , seashells , etc . ) is strictly regulated , and commercial shipping traffic must stick to certain specific defined shipping routes that avoid the most sensitive areas of the park . The Great Barrier Reef is the largest and best known coral reef ecosystem in the world . Its reefs , almost 3000 in total , represent about 10 per cent of all the coral reef areas in the world . It supports an amazing variety of biodiversity , providing a home to thousands of coral and other invertebrate species , bony fish , sharks , rays , marine mammals , marine turtles , sea snakes , as well as algae and other marine plants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Managing authority 2 Geography 3 History 4 Threats 4.1 Crown - of - thorns starfish 4.2 Outlook for the Reef 4.3 Associated protected areas 5 Islands 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Managing Authority ( edit ) The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) is responsible for the care and protection of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . It uses a range of tools to manage the marine park including Acts and Regulations , zoning plan , plans of management , Traditional Owner agreements , partnerships , stewardship and best practice , education , research and monitoring and reporting . It issues permits for various forms of use of the marine park , and monitors usage in the park to ensure compliance with rules and regulations associated with the park . GBRMPA is funded by Commonwealth Government appropriations and an environmental management charge levied on the permit - holders ' passengers . Currently this is A $ 6.00 per day per passenger ( to a maximum of $16.50 per trip ) . Geography ( edit ) The park lies east of the mainland coast of Queensland , starting in the north at Cape York . Its northern boundary is the circle of latitude 10 ° 41 'S ( running east up to the eastern edge of the Great Barrier Reef at 145o19'33 `` E ) , thereby encompassing those few uninhabited Torres Strait Islands that are east of Cape York , south of 10 ° 41 'S and north of 11 ° 00 'S . The largest of those island are Albany Island ( 5.9 km or 2.3 sq mi ) , Turtle Head Island 12.8 km or 4.9 sq mi and Trochus Island 2.2 km or 0.85 sq mi . Further islands are Mai Island 0.25 km or 0.097 sq mi , Bush Island 0.2 km or 0.077 sq mi , Tree Islet 0.01 km or 0.0039 sq mi , Brewis Island 0.05 km or 0.019 sq mi , and a few unnamed islets . History ( edit ) In 1975 , the Government of Australia enacted the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 , which created the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority , and defined what acts were prohibited on the Reef . The Australian Government also has recognised the ecological significance of this Park by its inclusion in the nation 's Biodiversity Action Plan . The Government of Australia manages the reef through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and in partnership with the Government of Queensland , to ensure that it is widely understood and used in a sustainable manner . A combination of zoning , management plans , permits , education and incentives ( such as eco-tourism certification ) is used in the effort to conserve the Great Barrier Reef . As many species of the Great Barrier Reef are migratory , many international , national , and interstate conventions or pieces of legislation must be taken into account when strategies for conservation are made . Some international conventions that the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park must follow are : the Bonn Convention , Ramsar Site ( for the Bowling Green Bay National Park site ) , CITES , JAMBA and CAMBA . Some national legislation that the Park must follow are : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 , Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 , National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development , National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia 's Biological Diversity , Australia 's Oceans Policy , National Strategy for the Conservation of Australian Species and Communities Threatened with Extinction . Some state legislation that the Park must follow are : Nature Conservation Act 1992 , Marine Parks Act 1982 , Fisheries Act 1994 , Queensland Nature Conservation ( Wildlife ) Regulation 1994 . For example , the Queensland Government has enacted several plans attempting to regulate fishing . The East Coast Trawl Management Plan 1999 aimed to regulate trawling through limiting the times when trawling is permitted and restricting gear used . The Fisheries ( Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery ) Management Plan 2003 aimed at reducing the annual commercial catch to 1996 levels , disallowing fishing when the fish are spawning and increasing the minimum legal size of fish . The Great Barrier Reef was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981 . Up until 1999 , there were four main zones in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . They were the `` Far Northern '' , `` Cairns '' , `` Central '' and `` Mackay / Capricorn '' sections . These zoning sections were created between 1983 -- 1987 . Another section , the `` Gumoo Woojabuddee '' section was declared in 1998 . Each section had its own zoning plan . The Great Barrier Marine Park Zoning Plan 2003 superseded all previous zoning plans , coming into effect on 1 July 2004 . In July 2004 , a new zoning plan was brought into effect for the entire Marine Park , and has been widely acclaimed as a new global benchmark for the conservation of marine ecosystems . The rezoning was based on the application of systematic conservation planning techniques , using the MARXAN software . On 1 July 2004 the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park became the largest protected sea area in the world when the Australian Government increased the areas protected from extractive activities ( such as fishing ) from 4.6 % to 33.3 % of the park . As of 2006 , the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument is the largest protected marine area in the world . The management committee draws inspiration from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority 's management strategies . The current method of zoning is called the `` Representative Areas Program '' , which chooses `` typical '' areas of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . They can then be protected in `` Green Zones '' ( no - take zones ) . The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 bioregions , of which 30 are reef bioregions , and 40 are non-reef bioregions . In 2006 , a review was undertaken of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 . Some recommendations of the review are that there should be no further zoning plan changes until 2013 , and that every five years , a peer - reviewed Outlook Report should be published , examining the health of the Great Barrier Reef , the management of the Reef , and environmental pressures . In early 2007 , GBRMPA was one of three nominees for the Destination Award in the World Travel and Tourism Council 's Tourism for Tomorrow Awards . On 3 April 2010 , The Shen Neng 1 , a Chinese ship carrying 950 tonnes of oil , ran aground , causing the 2010 Great Barrier Reef oil spill . In 2012 , legislation was introduced which compelled developers to deposit money into the Reef Trust . Tiffany Morrison argues that this has made it easier for developments to be approved in the region . The week before 21 July 2013 , on the second day of the biennial joint training exercise Talisman Saber , two American AV - 8B Harrier fighter jets launched from aircraft carrier USS Bonhomme Richard ( LHD - 6 ) dropped four bombs , weighing a total 1.8 metric tons ( 4,000 pounds ) , into more than 50 metres ( 164 ft ) of water . None exploded and no coral was damaged . People such as scientists , conservationists , developers , managers , tourism entrepreneurs and politicians have had major influences on the history of the reef In 2015 , the Australian Government and Reef Ecologic Pty Ltd conducted a coral reef training course to build capacity to protect coral reefs Threats ( edit ) Crown - of - Thorns Starfish ( edit ) The Crown of Thorns Starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) , while native to the reef , poses one of its greatest threats when outbreaks occur . Several efforts have been made to identify and control these outbreaks , including the COTSBot developed by Queensland University of Technology . These outbreaks and subsequent threats have led to an increase in awareness and appearances in mainstream media , as industry and conservation groups try to control the COTS and protect the reef . An infographic explaining the process of identifying and targeting this threat can be seen here . Outlook for the Reef ( edit ) The Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2014 , published every five years , examines the Great Barrier Reef 's health , pressures , and likely future . The report is required under Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 ( section 54 ) and aims to provide a regular and reliable means of assessing reef health and management in an accountable and transparent way . The report finds the greatest risks to the Reef are still climate change , land - based run - off , coastal development , some fishing impacts and illegal fishing and poaching . Associated protected areas ( edit ) The Great Barrier Reef Coast Marine Park is a marine protected area located in Queensland waters adjoining the Great Barrier Reef . It was created on 5 November 2004 by the amalgamation of the following former marine parks - the Mackay / Capricorn Marine Park , the Townville / Whitsunday Marine Park , the Trinity Inlet / Marlin Coast Marine Park and the Cairns Marine Park , along with the addition of previously unprotected area of coastal water that adjoined the former marine parks listed above . The marine park is intended to compliment the adjoining GBRMP by the use of `` similar zone objectives , and entry and use provisions . '' It is managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service . Islands ( edit ) Beanley Island Beesley Island Bewick Island Blackwood Island Chapman Island Clerke Island Gore Island Haggerston Island Hales Island Halfway Islet Hampton Island Hannibal Islands Hay Island Hicks Island Howick Island Lady Elliot Island Turtle Head Island See also ( edit ) Queensland portal Perry Island Reef HQ -- National Education Centre for the Great Barrier Reef References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2009 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Authority , Great Barrier Marine Park . `` Environmental management charge '' . Jump up ^ http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/Bills1.nsf/0/C6CC9993411890F0CA257205000C904F/$file/03022b.pdf Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia ( 1996 ) . `` National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia 's Biological Diversity '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2006 . Retrieved 30 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The State of Queensland ( Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries ) ( 2004 ) . Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery Annual Status Report ( online PDF ) . Available : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 August 2006 . Retrieved 18 June 2006 . ( Access date : 9 June 2006 ) Jump up ^ The State of Queensland ( Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries ) ( unknown date ) . Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery Management Plan -- A summary ( online ) . Available : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2006 . Retrieved 18 June 2006 . ( Access date : 28 May 2006 ) Jump up ^ UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( 1980 ) . World Heritage Sites -- Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area ( online ) . Available : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 January 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . ( Access date : 10 June 2006 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2003 ) . `` Zoning Plan 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 October 2006 . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Fernandes et al. ( 2005 ) Establishing representative no - take areas in the Great Barrier Reef : large - scale implementation of theory on marine protected areas , Conservation Biology , 19 ( 6 ) , 1733 -- 1744 . Jump up ^ Environment News Service -- International Daily Newswire ( 2004 ) . Fish Boats Barred From One - Third of Great Barrier Reef ( online ) . Available : http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2004/2004-07-01-06.asp ( Access date : 28 May 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` AM - Bush 's ocean sanctuary pleases green groups '' . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Representative Areas in the Marine Park '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Reef Bioregions of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2006 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Non-Reef Bioregions of the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2006 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Department of the Environment and Heritage . `` Review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report '' . mats remi sørlie. 2007 . Retrieved 31 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Great Barrier Reef Marine Park tourism in running for top accolade '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Alert over Barrier Reef oil leak '' . BBC News . 4 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Tiffany . `` The Great Barrier Reef 's safety net is becoming more complex but less effective '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bombs dropped on Great Barrier Reef marine park '' . 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PechaKucha 20x20 - Reef Ecologic - Great reef people , from explorers to guardians '' . PechaKucha 20x20 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ecologic , Reef ( June 2015 ) . `` Coral Reef Management for sustainable development '' ( PDF ) . www.reefecologic.com.au . Reef Ecologic . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Coral Reef Management Fellowship : a Summary '' . Reef Ecologic - Research & Consulting . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Authority , Great Barrier Marine Park . `` Crown - of - thorns starfish '' . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Jump up ^ ReefFree . `` Sharing Your Photos to Help the Reef - Crown of Thorns Starfish Outbreak - ReefFree '' . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2014 '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Coast Marine Park '' . Queensland Government . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queensland - Marine Protected Areas by Type ( 2016 ) ( please refer ' Detailed list ' tab ) '' . CAPAD 2016 . The Department of Environment and Energy . 2016 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Applying for a permit '' . Queensland Government . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Community Underwater Photo Gallery of the GBR region Island Resort on the Great Barrier Reef Protected areas managed by the Australian Government Terrestrial reserves Botanical gardens Australian National Botanic Gardens National parks Booderee Christmas Island Kakadu Norfolk Island Pulu Keeling Uluru - Kata Tjuta Marine reserves South - west Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network Abrolhos Jurien Two Rocks Perth Canyon Geographe South - west Corner Eastern Recherche Twilight Bremer Great Australian Bight Murat Western Eyre Western Kangaroo Island Southern Kangaroo Island North - west Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network Carnarvon Canyon Shark Bay Gascoyne Ningaloo Montebello Dampier Eighty Mile Beach Argo - Rowley Terrace Mermaid Reef Roebuck Kimberley Ashmore Reef Cartier Island North Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network Oceanic Shoals Joseph Bonaparte Gulf Arafura Arnhem Wessel Limmen Gulf of Carpentaria West Cape York Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve Temperate East Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network Jervis Hunter Cod Grounds Solitary Islands Central Eastern Gifford Lord Howe Norfolk South - east Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network Apollo Beagle Boags East Gippsland Flinders Franklin Freycinet Huon Macquarie Island Murray Nelson South Tasman Rise Tasman Fracture Zeehan The Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve The Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Marine parks Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Reserves held in trust Calperum Station ( reserve ) Taylorville Station ( reserve ) Historic shipwrecks with protected zones Aarhus SS Alert Bega ( 1908 ) Cato AHS Centuar Clonmel SMS Emden Foam Florence D SS Glenelg SS Gothenburg HSK Kormoran Lady Darling Llewellyn Submarine M24 HMCS Mermaid HMS Pandora HMS Porpoise Sanyo Maru Submarine I - 124 HMAS Sydney SS Yongala VOC Zuytdorp Related topics Biosphere reserves in Australia A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia Indigenous Protected Area National Reserve System Ramsar sites in Australia World Heritage Sites in Oceania Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Barrier_Reef_Marine_Park&oldid=814843386 '' Categories : IUCN Category VI Protected areas managed by the Australian government Marine parks of Queensland Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation laureates Protected areas established in 1975 1975 establishments in Australia Australian National Heritage List Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Protected areas of Queensland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from April 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox Australian place with an explicitly - suppressed location map Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Esperanto Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 07 : 16 . 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Question: where is the great barrier reef national park located

east of the mainland coast of Queensland, starting in the north at Cape York


Go Outside in the Rain - wikipedia Go Outside in the Rain Jump to : navigation , search `` Go Outside in the Rain '' Single by Milira from the album Milira Released 1991 Format Vinyl 7 '' single Recorded Genre Soul Length 5 : 21 Label Motown Records Songwriter ( s ) Nathaniel Calhoun , Bonifacio Velasquez Producer ( s ) Donal Dee Bowden Milira singles chronology `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' ( 1990 ) `` Go Outside in the Rain '' ( 1991 ) `` Waiting Here for You '' ( 1990 ) `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' ( 1990 ) `` Go Outside in the Rain '' ( 1990 ) `` Waiting Here for You '' ( 1990 ) `` Go Outside in the Rain '' is a R&B song by Milira released in 1990 . The track is from her debut album , Milira , and reached number thirty - six on Billboard 's Hot R&B Singles chart . Track listing ( edit ) US 12 '' Promo No . Title Length 1 . `` Go Outside in the Rain '' ( Radio Edit ) 4 : 07 2 . `` Go Outside in the Rain '' ( Album Version ) 5 : 24 3 . `` Go Outside in the Rain '' ( Instrumental ) 5 : 23 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles 36 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ www. allmusic. com - charts Jump up ^ `` Milira - Go Outside in the Rain ( 12 '' Promo ) US 12 '' promo '' Discogs.com . Retrieved Jan. 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ www. billboard. com - r&bsongs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_Outside_in_the_Rain&oldid=725406755 '' Categories : 1990 songs Milira songs 1991 singles Motown singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 June 2016 , at 13 : 29 . About Wikipedia

Question: who sings the song i want to go outside in the rain


Declaration of war by the United States - wikipedia Declaration of war by the United States Jump to : navigation , search Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the declaration of war against Japan on December 8 , 1941 A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation and another . The document Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications gives an extensive listing and summary of statutes which are automatically engaged upon the US declaring war . For the United States , Article One , Section Eight of the Constitution says `` Congress shall have power to ... declare War '' . However , that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a `` declaration of war '' nor does the Constitution itself use this term . In the courts , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit , in Doe v. Bush , said : `` ( T ) he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an ' authorization ' of such a war . '' in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional `` Declaration of War '' was not required by the Constitution . This article will use the term `` formal declaration of war '' to mean Congressional legislation that uses the phrase `` declaration of war '' in the title . Elsewhere , this article will use the terms `` authorized by Congress '' , `` funded by Congress '' or `` undeclared war '' to describe other such conflicts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Declarations of war 2.1 Formal 3 Undeclared wars 3.1 Military engagements authorized by Congress 3.2 Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress 3.3 Other undeclared wars 4 The War Powers Resolution 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times , each upon prior request by the President of the United States . Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun . James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787 , the phrase `` make war '' was changed to `` declare war '' in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress . Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President 's authority in this regard . Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars , particularly during the 1930s , was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war . Several Constitutional Amendments , such as the Ludlow Amendment , have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war . After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam , Congress passed the War Powers Resolution ( Pub. L. 93 -- 148 ) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president 's claimed powers . The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress . Declarations of war ( edit ) Formal ( edit ) The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations . The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany , against which the United States has declared war twice ( though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria - Hungary ) . In World War II , the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . Germany and Italy , led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini , declared war on the United States , and the U.S. Congress responded in kind . War Declaration Opponent ( s ) Date of declaration Votes President Result Senate House War of 1812 Declaration of War upon the U.K. United Kingdom June 18 , 1812 19 -- 13 79 -- 49 James Madison Treaty of Ghent ( December 24 , 1814 ) Mexican -- American War `` An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico . '' Mexico May 13 , 1846 40 -- 2 173 -- 14 James K. Polk Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( February 2 , 1848 ) Spanish -- American War Declaration of War upon Spain Spain April 25 , 1898 42 -- 35 310 -- 6 William McKinley Treaty of Paris ( December 10 , 1898 ) World War I Declaration of War upon Germany Germany April 6 , 1917 82 -- 6 373 -- 50 Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Berlin ( August 25 , 1921 ) Declaration of War upon Austria - Hungary Austria - Hungary December 7 , 1917 74 -- 0 365 -- 1 1921 U.S. -- Austrian Peace Treaty ( August 24 , 1921 ) , 1921 U.S. - Hungarian Peace Treaty ( August 29 , 1921 ) World War II Declaration of War upon Japan Japan December 8 , 1941 82 -- 0 388 -- 1 Franklin D. Roosevelt V-J Day , Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( September 2 , 1945 ) , Treaty of San Francisco ( September 8 , 1951 ) Declaration of War upon Germany Germany December 11 , 1941 88 -- 0 393 -- 0 V-E Day , German Instrument of Surrender ( May 8 , 1945 ) , Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ( September 12 , 1990 ) , Treaty of Vienna with Austria ( May 15 , 1955 ) Declaration of War upon Italy Italy 90 -- 0 399 -- 0 Paris Peace Treaty ( February 10 , 1947 ) Declaration of War upon Bulgaria Bulgaria June 5 , 1942 73 -- 0 357 -- 0 Declaration of War upon Hungary Hungary 360 -- 0 Declaration of War upon Romania Romania 361 -- 0 Undeclared wars ( edit ) Military engagements authorized by Congress ( edit ) In other instances , the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress . War or conflict Opponent ( s ) Initial authorization Votes President Result Senate House Quasi-War France An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States July 9 , 1798 18 -- 4 John Adams Treaty of Mortefontaine First Barbary War Morocco Tripolitania February 6 , 1802 Thomas Jefferson War ended 1805 Second Barbary War Algiers May 10 , 1815 James Madison War ended 1816 Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban ; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders Slave traders and pirates `` Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade '' 1819 James Monroe 1822 first African - American settlement founded in Liberia , 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols Redress for attack on U.S. Navy 's USS Water Witch Paraguay 1858 . James Buchanan Mexican Revolution United States occupation of Veracruz Mexico H.J.R. 251 , 38 Stat. 770 April 22 , 1914 337 -- 37 Woodrow Wilson Force withdrawn after six months . However , the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition . In the Senate , `` when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use - of - force resolution had been approved , Republicans reacted angrily '' saying it was a violation of the Constitution , but eventually after the action had already started , a resolution was passed after the action to `` justify '' it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war . Russian Civil War Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Commune of Estonia Far Eastern Republic Latvia Mongolian People 's Party Russia Ukraine 1918 Woodrow Wilson Lebanon crisis of 1958 Lebanese Opposition Al - Mourabitoun Lebanese Communist Party Progressive Socialist Party H.J. Res. 117 , Public Law 85 - 7 , Joint Resolution `` To promote peace and stability in the Middle East '' , March 9 , 1957 72 -- 19 355 -- 61 Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. forces withdrawn , October 25 , 1958 Vietnam War Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War China National United Front of Kampuchea Khmer Rouge Khmer Rumdo Khmer Việt Minh North Korea North Vietnam Pathet Lao South Vietnam Việt Cộng Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , August 7 , 1964 88 -- 2 416 -- 0 Lyndon B. Johnson U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27 , 1973 Multinational Force in Lebanon Shia and Druze militias ; Syria S.J. Res. 159 Pub. L. 98 -- 119 September 29 , 1983 54 -- 46 253 -- 156 Ronald W. Reagan Forces withdrawn in 1984 Persian Gulf War Iraq H.J. Res. 77 January 12 , 1991 . 52 -- 47 250 -- 183 George H.W. Bush The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease - fire , April 3 , 1991 War in Afghanistan Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan Operation Freedom 's Sentinel al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni Civil War Somali Civil War Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa War in North - West Pakistan Moro conflict Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines Iraqi Civil War Operation Inherent Resolve Syrian Civil War Operation Inherent Resolve Second Libyan Civil War Afghanistan Quetta Shura Taliban Haqqani network Mullah Dadullah Front al - Qaeda 055 Brigade Al - Nusra Front Khorasan group al - Qaeda Emirate in Yemen Aden - Abyan Islamic Army Islamic Jihad of Yemen al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Ansar al - Sharia al - Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent Lashkar al - Zil Harakat Ahrar al - Sham al - Islamiyya Hezb - e Islami Gulbuddin Islamic Jihad Union Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Jamaat - ul - Ahrar Jundallah Lashkar - e-Islam Lashkar - e-Jhangvi Tehreek - e-Nafaz - e-Shariat - e-Mohammadi Turkistan Islamic Party Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan High Council of the Islamic Emirate Fidai Mahaz al - Itihaad al - Islamiya Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia Harakat al - Shabaab Mujahedeen Hizbul Islam Islamic Courts Union Jabhatul Islamiya Mu'askar Anole Ras Kamboni Brigades Abu Sayyaf Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Islamic State Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Maute group Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao S.J. Res. 23 September 14 , 2001 98 -- 0 420 -- 1 George W. Bush Iraq War Iraq H.J. Res. 114 , March 3 , 2003 77 -- 23 296 -- 132 George W. Bush Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003 . U.S. combat operations ended August 31 , 2010 . War ended December 15 , 2011 . Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011 -- present . Military engagements authorized by United nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress ( edit ) In many instances , the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress . Military engagement Opponent ( s ) Initial authorization President Result Korean War China North Korea Soviet Union UNSCR 84 , 1950 Harry S. Truman Korean Armistice Agreement , 1953 Multinational Force in Lebanon Shia militias , Druze militias , Syria UNSCR 425 , 1978 UNSCR 426 , 1978 Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan U.S. forces withdrew in 1984 Persian Gulf War Iraq UNSCR 678 , 1990 George H.W. Bush UNSCR 689 , 1991 Bosnian War Republika Srpska UNSCR 770 , 1992 UNSCR 776 , 1992 UNSCR 836 , 1993 Bill Clinton Reflagged as IFOR in 1995 , Reflagged as SFOR in 1996 , Completed in 2004 Second Liberian Civil War Peacekeeping UNSCR 1497 , 2003 George W. Bush U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established . Haitian coup d'état UNSCR 1529 , 2004 UNSCR 1542 , 2004 First Libyan Civil War 2011 military intervention in Libya Operation Odyssey Dawn Operation Unified Protector Libya UNSCR 1973 , 2011 Barack Obama Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , October 31 , 2011 Other undeclared wars ( edit ) Military engagement Opponent ( s ) President Result American Revolutionary War Great Britain Quebec Loyalists German auxiliaries Hesse - Kassel Hesse - Hanau Hanover Waldeck Brunswick Ansbach Anhalt - Zerbst Native Americans Iroquois Confederacy None Peace of Paris On at least 125 occasions , the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress . These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine -- American War from 1898 -- 1903 , in Nicaragua in 1927 , as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999 , and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria . The United States ' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation . During that entire 46 - year period , there was never more than 90 days of peace . The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements . These localized conflicts , with Native Americans , began with European colonists coming to North America , long before the establishment of the United States . For the purpose of this discussion , the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America . They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918 . The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890 -- 1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups . The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war , because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states . The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power , a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports . This recognition of the CSA 's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy , and the United States never did so . The war Powers Resolution ( edit ) Main article : War Powers Resolution In 1973 , following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War , a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war . A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution . This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long . It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments , and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war . Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested , it is usually followed , most notably during the Grenada Conflict , the Panamanian Conflict , the Somalia Conflict , the Persian Gulf War , and the Iraq War . The only exception was President Clinton 's use of U.S. troops in the 78 - day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War . In all other cases , the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval , but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act . On March 21 , 2011 , a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission . Obama explained his rationale in a two - page letter , stating that as commander in chief , he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes , which would be limited in scope and duration , and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya . See also ( edit ) United States portal War portal Cold War Declaration of war by Canada Declaration of war by the United Kingdom Just War Theory Police action Timeline of United States military operations War on Terror War on Drugs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Doe v. Bush , 03 - 1266 , ( March 13 , 2003 ) '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Phillip G. ( 2000 ) . The presidency then and now . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9739 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : August 17 , The Avalon Project , Yale Law School , retrieved Feb 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Petition for a Constitutional Amendment to Hold National Referendums on Declarations of War from Danville , Ohio '' . The National Archives of the United States . 1938 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shindler , Michael ( 1 March 2018 ) . `` War Powers : Return to Congress '' . RealClearDefense . RealClear Media Group . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Official Declarations of War by Congress Jump up ^ BBC News , On This Day Jump up ^ Whereas the Government of Germany has formally declared war against the government and the people of the United States of America ... the state of war between the United States and the Government of Germany which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared . The War Resolution Jump up ^ United States Congress ( May 13 , 1846 ) . `` An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Government of the United States of America . Government of the United States of America . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate Jump up ^ Key Events in the Presidency of Thomas Jefferson , Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia , ( retrieved on August 10 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Key Events in the Presidency of James Madison , Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia , ( retrieved on August 10 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Expenses - Paraguay Expedition , House of Representatives , 36th Congress , 1st Session , Mis . Doc . No. 86 ( May 11 , 1860 ) , p. 142 Jump up ^ Cyrulik , John M. , A Strategic Examination of the Punitive Expedition into Mexico , 1916 - 1917 . Fort Leavenworth , KS , 2003 . ( Master 's thesis ) Jump up ^ Wolfensberger , Don . Congress and Woodrow Wilson 's Introductory Forays into Mexico , an Introductory Essay . Congress Project Seminar On Congress and U.S. Military Interventions Abroad . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Monday , May 17 , 2004 Jump up ^ A History of Russia , 7th Edition , Nichlas V. Riasanovsky & Mark D. Steinberg , Oxford University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ http://www.shafr.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/U.S.-Congress-Approval-of-the-Eisenhower-Doctrine-1957.pdf Jump up ^ Obama 's full speech : Operation Iraqi Freedom is Over , MSNBC Jump up ^ Londoño , Ernesto ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Operation Iraqi Freedom ends as last combat soldiers leave Baghdad '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ s : Korean Armistice Agreement Jump up ^ Onondaga , Mohawk , Cayuga , Seneca , Mi'kmaq ( from 1779 ) , Cherokee , Odawa , Muscogee , Susquehannock , Shawnee Jump up ^ The President 's Constitutional Authority To Conduct Military Operations Against Terrorists and Nations Supporting Them Jump up ^ Army Continues to Parade Wounded Knee Battle Streamer , National Congress of American Indians . Jump up ^ `` Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford University Press US . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531366 - 6 . Jump up ^ Obama Attacked for No Congressional Consent on Libya , New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Grotius , Hugo ( 2004 ) . On The Law Of War And Peace . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4191 - 3875 - 1 . Edwin Meese ; Matthew Spalding ; David F. Forte ( 2005 ) . The Heritage guide to the Constitution . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 001 - 3 . Kenneth A. Schultz , Tying Hands and Washing Hands : The U.S. Congress and Multilateral Humanitarian Intervention , Ch. 4 , pp 105 -- 142 , in Daniel Drezner , Ed . Locating the Proper Authorities : The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions , University of Michigan Press , 2003 . External links ( edit ) The House of Rep , Republican Study Committee of War and Military Authorized Conflicts. 2003 . Declarations of war and votes Text of Declaration of War on Japan Text of Declaration of War on Germany Text of Declaration of War on Bulgaria Authorization for Use of Military Force -- signed September 18 , 2001 House Joint Resolution Authorizing Use of Force Against Iraq -- signed October 16 , 2002 Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad , 1798 -- 1993 A partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2006 U.S. - Africa Chronology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States&oldid=836325460 '' Categories : Wars involving the United States United States military law United States defense policymaking Declarations of war by the United States Article One of the United States Constitution Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 02 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

Question: when does congress declare war for the first time