Natural and legal rights - wikipedia Natural and legal rights Jump to : navigation , search Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Water and sanitation Natural and legal rights are two types of rights . Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government , and so are universal and inalienable ( they can not repealed or restrained by human laws ) . Legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by a given legal system ( they can be modified , repealed , and restrained by human laws ) . The concept of natural law is related to the concept of natural rights . Natural law first appeared in ancient Greek philosophy , and was referred to by Roman philosopher Cicero . It was subsequently alluded to in the Bible , and was then developed in the Middle Ages by Catholic philosophers such as Albert the Great and his pupil Thomas Aquinas . During the Age of Enlightenment , the concept of natural laws was used to challenge the divine right of kings , and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract , positive law , and government -- and thus legal rights -- in the form of classical republicanism . Conversely , the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments . The idea of human rights is also closely related to that of natural rights : some acknowledge no difference between the two , regarding them as synonymous , while others choose to keep the terms separate to eliminate association with some features traditionally associated with natural rights . Natural rights , in particular , are considered beyond the authority of any government or international body to dismiss . The 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an important legal instrument enshrining one conception of natural rights into international soft law . Natural rights were traditionally viewed as exclusively negative rights , whereas human rights also comprise positive rights . Even on a natural rights conception of human rights , the two terms may not be synonymous . The proposition that animals have natural rights is one that gained the interest of philosophers and legal scholars in the 20th century and into the 21st . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient 1.2 Modern 1.2. 1 Thomas Hobbes 1.2. 2 John Locke 1.2. 3 Thomas Paine 1.3 American individualist anarchists 1.4 Contemporary 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) The idea that certain rights are natural or inalienable also has a history dating back at least to the Stoics of late Antiquity and Catholic law of the early Middle Ages , and descending through the Protestant Reformation and the Age of Enlightenment to today . The existence of natural rights has been asserted by different individuals on different premises , such as a priori philosophical reasoning or religious principles . For example , Immanuel Kant claimed to derive natural rights through reason alone . The United States Declaration of Independence , meanwhile , is based upon the `` self - evident '' truth that `` all men are ... endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights '' . Likewise , different philosophers and statesmen have designed different lists of what they believe to be natural rights ; almost all include the right to life and liberty as the two highest priorities . H.L.A. Hart argued that if there are any rights at all , there must be the right to liberty , for all the others would depend upon this . T.H. Green argued that `` if there are such things as rights at all , then , there must be a right to life and liberty , or , to put it more properly to free life . '' John Locke emphasized `` life , liberty and property '' as primary . However , despite Locke 's influential defense of the right of revolution , Thomas Jefferson substituted `` pursuit of happiness '' in place of `` property '' in the United States Declaration of Independence . Ancient ( edit ) Stephen Kinzer , a veteran journalist for The New York Times and the author of the book All The Shah 's Men , writes in the latter that : The Zoroastrian religion taught Iranians that citizens have an inalienable right to enlightened leadership and that the duty of subjects is not simply to obey wise kings but also to rise up against those who are wicked . Leaders are seen as representative of God on earth , but they deserve allegiance only as long as they have farr , a kind of divine blessing that they must earn by moral behavior . The Stoics held that no one was a slave by nature ; slavery was an external condition juxtaposed to the internal freedom of the soul ( sui juris ) . Seneca the Younger wrote : It is a mistake to imagine that slavery pervades a man 's whole being ; the better part of him is exempt from it : the body indeed is subjected and in the power of a master , but the mind is independent , and indeed is so free and wild , that it can not be restrained even by this prison of the body , wherein it is confined . Of fundamental importance to the development of the idea of natural rights was the emergence of the idea of natural human equality . As the historian A.J. Carlyle notes : `` There is no change in political theory so startling in its completeness as the change from the theory of Aristotle to the later philosophical view represented by Cicero and Seneca ... We think that this can not be better exemplified than with regard to the theory of the equality of human nature . '' Charles H. McIlwain likewise observes that `` the idea of the equality of men is the profoundest contribution of the Stoics to political thought '' and that `` its greatest influence is in the changed conception of law that in part resulted from it . '' Cicero argues in De Legibus that `` we are born for Justice , and that right is based , not upon opinions , but upon Nature . '' Modern ( edit ) One of the first Western thinkers to develop the contemporary idea of natural rights was French theologian Jean Gerson , whose 1402 treatise De Vita Spirituali Animae is considered one of the first attempts to develop what would come to be called modern natural rights theory . Centuries later , the Stoic doctrine that the `` inner part can not be delivered into bondage '' re-emerged in the Reformation doctrine of liberty of conscience . Martin Luther wrote : Furthermore , every man is responsible for his own faith , and he must see it for himself that he believes rightly . As little as another can go to hell or heaven for me , so little can he believe or disbelieve for me ; and as little as he can open or shut heaven or hell for me , so little can he drive me to faith or unbelief . Since , then , belief or unbelief is a matter of every one 's conscience , and since this is no lessening of the secular power , the latter should be content and attend to its own affairs and permit men to believe one thing or another , as they are able and willing , and constrain no one by force . 17th - century English philosopher John Locke discussed natural rights in his work , identifying them as being `` life , liberty , and estate ( property ) '' , and argued that such fundamental rights could not be surrendered in the social contract . Preservation of the natural rights to life , liberty , and property was claimed as justification for the rebellion of the American colonies . As George Mason stated in his draft for the Virginia Declaration of Rights , `` all men are born equally free , '' and hold `` certain inherent natural rights , of which they can not , by any compact , deprive or divest their posterity . '' Another 17th - century Englishman , John Lilburne ( known as Freeborn John ) , who came into conflict with both the monarchy of King Charles I and the military dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell governed republic , argued for level human basic rights he called `` freeborn rights '' which he defined as being rights that every human being is born with , as opposed to rights bestowed by government or by human law . The distinction between alienable and unalienable rights was introduced by Francis Hutcheson . In his Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue ( 1725 ) , Hutcheson foreshadowed the Declaration of Independence , stating : `` For wherever any Invasion is made upon unalienable Rights , there must arise either a perfect , or external Right to Resistance ... Unalienable Rights are essential Limitations in all Governments . '' Hutcheson , however , placed clear limits on his notion of unalienable rights , declaring that `` there can be no Right , or Limitation of Right , inconsistent with , or opposite to the greatest publick Good . '' Hutcheson elaborated on this idea of unalienable rights in his A System of Moral Philosophy ( 1755 ) , based on the Reformation principle of the liberty of conscience . One could not in fact give up the capacity for private judgment ( e.g. , about religious questions ) regardless of any external contracts or oaths to religious or secular authorities so that right is `` unalienable . '' Hutcheson wrote : `` Thus no man can really change his sentiments , judgments , and inward affections , at the pleasure of another ; nor can it tend to any good to make him profess what is contrary to his heart . The right of private judgment is therefore unalienable . '' In the German Enlightenment , Hegel gave a highly developed treatment of this inalienability argument . Like Hutcheson , Hegel based the theory of inalienable rights on the de facto inalienability of those aspects of personhood that distinguish persons from things . A thing , like a piece of property , can in fact be transferred from one person to another . According to Hegel , the same would not apply to those aspects that make one a person : The right to what is in essence inalienable is imprescriptible , since the act whereby I take possession of my personality , of my substantive essence , and make myself a responsible being , capable of possessing rights and with a moral and religious life , takes away from these characteristics of mine just that externality which alone made them capable of passing into the possession of someone else . When I have thus annulled their externality , I can not lose them through lapse of time or from any other reason drawn from my prior consent or willingness to alienate them . In discussion of social contract theory , `` inalienable rights '' were said to be those rights that could not be surrendered by citizens to the sovereign . Such rights were thought to be natural rights , independent of positive law . Some social contract theorists reasoned , however , that in the natural state only the strongest could benefit from their rights . Thus , people form an implicit social contract , ceding their natural rights to the authority to protect the people from abuse , and living henceforth under the legal rights of that authority . Many historical apologies for slavery and illiberal government were based on explicit or implicit voluntary contracts to alienate any `` natural rights '' to freedom and self - determination . The de facto inalienability arguments of Hutcheson and his predecessors provided the basis for the anti-slavery movement to argue not simply against involuntary slavery but against any explicit or implied contractual forms of slavery . Any contract that tried to legally alienate such a right would be inherently invalid . Similarly , the argument was used by the democratic movement to argue against any explicit or implied social contracts of subjection ( pactum subjectionis ) by which a people would supposedly alienate their right of self - government to a sovereign as , for example , in Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes . According to Ernst Cassirer , There is , at least , one right that can not be ceded or abandoned : the right to personality ... They charged the great logician ( Hobbes ) with a contradiction in terms . If a man could give up his personality he would cease being a moral being. ... There is no pactum subjectionis , no act of submission by which man can give up the state of free agent and enslave himself . For by such an act of renunciation he would give up that very character which constitutes his nature and essence : he would lose his humanity . These themes converged in the debate about American Independence . While Jefferson was writing the Declaration of Independence , Richard Price in England sided with the Americans ' claim `` that Great Britain is attempting to rob them of that liberty to which every member of society and all civil communities have a natural and unalienable title . '' Price again based the argument on the de facto inalienability of `` that principle of spontaneity or self - determination which constitutes us agents or which gives us a command over our actions , rendering them properly ours , and not effects of the operation of any foreign cause . '' Any social contract or compact allegedly alienating these rights would be non-binding and void , wrote Price : Neither can any state acquire such an authority over other states in virtue of any compacts or cessions . This is a case in which compacts are not binding . Civil liberty is , in this respect , on the same footing with religious liberty . As no people can lawfully surrender their religious liberty by giving up their right of judging for themselves in religion , or by allowing any human beings to prescribe to them what faith they shall embrace , or what mode of worship they shall practise , so neither can any civil societies lawfully surrender their civil liberty by giving up to any extraneous jurisdiction their power of legislating for themselves and disposing their property . Price raised a furor of opposition so in 1777 he wrote another tract that clarified his position and again restated the de facto basis for the argument that the `` liberty of men as agents is that power of self - determination which all agents , as such , possess . '' In Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism , Staughton Lynd pulled together these themes and related them to the slavery debate : Then it turned out to make considerable difference whether one said slavery was wrong because every man has a natural right to the possession of his own body , or because every man has a natural right freely to determine his own destiny . The first kind of right was alienable : thus Locke neatly derived slavery from capture in war , whereby a man forfeited his labor to the conqueror who might lawfully have killed him ; and thus Dred Scott was judged permanently to have given up his freedom . But the second kind of right , what Price called `` that power of self - determination which all agents , as such , possess , '' was inalienable as long man remained man . Like the mind 's quest for religious truth from which it was derived , self - determination was not a claim to ownership which might be both acquired and surrendered , but an inextricable aspect of the activity of being human . Meanwhile , in America , Thomas Jefferson `` took his division of rights into alienable and unalienable from Hutcheson , who made the distinction popular and important '' , and in the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence , famously condensed this to : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights ... In the 19th century , the movement to abolish slavery seized this passage as a statement of constitutional principle , although the U.S. constitution recognized and protected slavery . As a lawyer , future Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase argued before the Supreme Court in the case of John Van Zandt , who had been charged with violating the Fugitive Slave Act , that : The law of the Creator , which invests every human being with an inalienable title to freedom , can not be repealed by any interior law which asserts that man is property . The concept of inalienable rights was criticized by Jeremy Bentham and Edmund Burke as groundless . Bentham and Burke , writing in 18th century Britain , claimed that rights arise from the actions of government , or evolve from tradition , and that neither of these can provide anything inalienable . ( See Bentham 's `` Critique of the Doctrine of Inalienable , Natural Rights '' , and Burke 's Reflections on the Revolution in France ) . Presaging the shift in thinking in the 19th century , Bentham famously dismissed the idea of natural rights as `` nonsense on stilts '' . By way of contrast to the views of British nationals Burke and Bentham , the leading American revolutionary scholar James Wilson condemned Burke 's view as `` tyranny . '' The signers of the Declaration of Independence deemed it a `` self - evident truth '' that all men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights `` . In The Social Contract , Jean - Jacques Rousseau claims that the existence of inalienable rights is unnecessary for the existence of a constitution or a set of laws and rights . This idea of a social contract -- that rights and responsibilities are derived from a consensual contract between the government and the people -- is the most widely recognized alternative . One criticism of natural rights theory is that one can not draw norms from facts . This objection is variously expressed as the is - ought problem , the naturalistic fallacy , or the appeal to nature . G.E. Moore , for example , said that ethical naturalism falls prey to the naturalistic fallacy . Some defenders of natural rights theory , however , counter that the term `` natural '' in `` natural rights '' is contrasted with `` artificial '' rather than referring to nature . John Finnis , for example , contends that natural law and natural rights are derived from self - evident principles , not from speculative principles or from facts . There is also debate as to whether all rights are either natural or legal . Fourth president of the United States James Madison , while representing Virginia in the House of Representatives , believed that there are rights , such as trial by jury , that are social rights , arising neither from natural law nor from positive law ( which are the basis of natural and legal rights respectively ) but from the social contract from which a government derives its authority . Thomas Hobbes ( edit ) Main article : Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 -- 1679 ) included a discussion of natural rights in his moral and political philosophy . Hobbes ' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a `` state of nature '' . Thus he argued that the essential natural ( human ) right was `` to use his own power , as he will himself , for the preservation of his own Nature ; that is to say , of his own Life ; and consequently , of doing any thing , which in his own judgement , and Reason , he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto . '' ( Leviathan. 1 , XIV ) Hobbes sharply distinguished this natural `` liberty '' , from natural `` laws '' , described generally as `` a precept , or general rule , found out by reason , by which a man is forbidden to do , that , which is destructive of his life , or taketh away the means of preserving his life ; and to omit , that , by which he thinketh it may best be preserved . '' ( Leviathan. 1 , XIV ) In his natural state , according to Hobbes , man 's life consisted entirely of liberties and not at all of laws -- `` It followeth , that in such a condition , every man has the right to every thing ; even to one another 's body . And therefore , as long as this natural Right of every man to every thing endureth , there can be no security to any man ... of living out the time , which Nature ordinarily allow men to live . '' ( Leviathan. 1 , XIV ) This would lead inevitably to a situation known as the `` war of all against all '' , in which human beings kill , steal and enslave others in order to stay alive , and due to their natural lust for `` Gain '' , `` Safety '' and `` Reputation '' . Hobbes reasoned that this world of chaos created by unlimited rights was highly undesirable , since it would cause human life to be `` solitary , poor , nasty , brutish , and short '' . As such , if humans wish to live peacefully they must give up most of their natural rights and create moral obligations in order to establish political and civil society . This is one of the earliest formulations of the theory of government known as the social contract . Hobbes objected to the attempt to derive rights from `` natural law , '' arguing that law ( `` lex '' ) and right ( `` jus '' ) though often confused , signify opposites , with law referring to obligations , while rights refer to the absence of obligations . Since by our ( human ) nature , we seek to maximize our well being , rights are prior to law , natural or institutional , and people will not follow the laws of nature without first being subjected to a sovereign power , without which all ideas of right and wrong are meaningless -- `` Therefore before the names of Just and Unjust can have place , there must be some coercive Power , to compel men equally to the performance of their Covenants ... , to make good that Propriety , which by mutual contract men acquire , in recompense of the universal Right they abandon : and such power there is none before the erection of the Commonwealth . '' ( Leviathan. 1 , XV ) This marked an important departure from medieval natural law theories which gave precedence to obligations over rights . John Locke ( edit ) Main article : John Locke John Locke , `` Life , Liberty , Estate ( property ) '' John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) was another prominent Western philosopher who conceptualized rights as natural and inalienable . Like Hobbes , Locke believed in a natural right to life , liberty , and property . It was once conventional wisdom that Locke greatly influenced the American Revolutionary War with his writings of natural rights , but this claim has been the subject of protracted dispute in recent decades . For example , the historian Ray Forrest Harvey declared that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property . '' More recently , the eminent legal historian John Phillip Reid has deplored contemporary scholars ' `` misplaced emphasis on John Locke , '' arguing that American revolutionary leaders saw Locke as a commentator on established constitutional principles . Thomas Pangle has defended Locke 's influence on the Founding , claiming that historians who argue to the contrary either misrepresent the classical republican alternative to which they say the revolutionary leaders adhered , do not understand Locke , or point to someone else who was decisively influenced by Locke . This position has also been sustained by Michael Zuckert . According to Locke there are three natural rights : Life : everyone is entitled to live . Liberty : everyone is entitled to do anything they want to so long as it does n't conflict with the first right . Estate : everyone is entitled to own all they create or gain through gift or trade so long as it does n't conflict with the first two rights . In developing his concept of natural rights , Locke was influenced by reports of society among Native Americans , whom he regarded as `` natural peoples '' who lived in a state of liberty and `` near prefect freedom '' , but not license . It also informed his conception of social contract . The social contract is an agreement between members of a country to live within a shared system of laws . Specific forms of government are the result of the decisions made by these persons acting in their collective capacity . Government is instituted to make laws that protect these three natural rights . If a government does not properly protect these rights , it can be overthrown . Thomas Paine ( edit ) Main article : Thomas Paine Thomas Paine Thomas Paine ( 1731 -- 1809 ) further elaborated on natural rights in his influential work Rights of Man ( 1791 ) , emphasizing that rights can not be granted by any charter because this would legally imply they can also be revoked and under such circumstances they would be reduced to privileges : It is a perversion of terms to say that a charter gives rights . It operates by a contrary effect -- that of taking rights away . Rights are inherently in all the inhabitants ; but charters , by annulling those rights , in the majority , leave the right , by exclusion , in the hands of a few. ... They ... consequently are instruments of injustice . The fact therefore must be that the individuals themselves , each in his own personal and sovereign right , entered into a compact with each other to produce a government : and this is the only mode in which governments have a right to arise , and the only principle on which they have a right to exist . American individualist anarchists ( edit ) Benjamin Tucker While at first American individualist anarchists adhered to natural rights positions , later in this era led by Benjamin Tucker , some abandoned natural rights positions and converted to Max Stirner 's Egoist anarchism . Rejecting the idea of moral rights , Tucker said there were only two rights : `` the right of might '' and `` the right of contract '' . He also said , after converting to Egoist individualism , `` In times past ... it was my habit to talk glibly of the right of man to land . It was a bad habit , and I long ago sloughed it off ... Man 's only right to land is his might over it . '' According to Wendy McElroy : In adopting Stirnerite egoism ( 1886 ) , Tucker rejected natural rights which had long been considered the foundation of libertarianism . This rejection galvanized the movement into fierce debates , with the natural rights proponents accusing the egoists of destroying libertarianism itself . So bitter was the conflict that a number of natural rights proponents withdrew from the pages of Liberty in protest even though they had hitherto been among its frequent contributors . Thereafter , Liberty championed egoism although its general content did not change significantly . Several periodicals were `` undoubtedly influenced by Liberty 's presentation of egoism , including I published by C.L. Swartz , edited by W.E. Gordak and J.W. Lloyd ( all associates of Liberty ) ; The Ego and The Egoist , both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton . Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German Der Eigene , edited by Adolf Brand , and The Eagle and The Serpent , issued from London . The latter , the most prominent English - language egoist journal , was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle ' A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology ' '' . Among those American anarchists who adhered to egoism include Benjamin Tucker , John Beverley Robinson , Steven T. Byington , Hutchins Hapgood , James L. Walker , Victor Yarros and E.H. Fulton . Contemporary ( edit ) Many documents now echo the phrase used in the United States Declaration of Independence . The preamble to the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserts that rights are inalienable : `` recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom , justice and peace in the world . '' Article 1 , § 1 of the California Constitution recognizes inalienable rights , and articulated some ( not all ) of those rights as `` defending life and liberty , acquiring , possessing , and protecting property , and pursuing and obtaining safety , happiness , and privacy . '' However , there is still much dispute over which `` rights '' are truly natural rights and which are not , and the concept of natural or inalienable rights is still controversial to some . Erich Fromm argued that some powers over human beings could be wielded only by God , and that if there were no God , no human beings could wield these powers . Contemporary political philosophies continuing the classical liberal tradition of natural rights include libertarianism , anarcho - capitalism and Objectivism , and include amongst their canon the works of authors such as Robert Nozick , Ludwig von Mises , Ayn Rand , and Murray Rothbard . A libertarian view of inalienable rights is laid out in Morris and Linda Tannehill 's The Market for Liberty , which claims that a man has a right to ownership over his life and therefore also his property , because he has invested time ( i.e. part of his life ) in it and thereby made it an extension of his life . However , if he initiates force against and to the detriment of another man , he alienates himself from the right to that part of his life which is required to pay his debt : `` Rights are not inalienable , but only the possessor of a right can alienate himself from that right -- no one else can take a man 's rights from him . '' Various definitions of inalienability include non-relinquishability , non-salability , and non-transferability . This concept has been recognized by libertarians as being central to the question of voluntary slavery , which Murray Rothbard dismissed as illegitimate and even self - contradictory . Stephan Kinsella argues that `` viewing rights as alienable is perfectly consistent with -- indeed , implied by -- the libertarian non-aggression principle . Under this principle , only the initiation of force is prohibited ; defensive , restitutive , or retaliatory force is not . '' Various philosophers have created different lists of rights they consider to be natural . Proponents of natural rights , in particular Hesselberg and Rothbard , have responded that reason can be applied to separate truly axiomatic rights from supposed rights , stating that any principle that requires itself to be disproved is an axiom . Critics have pointed to the lack of agreement between the proponents as evidence for the claim that the idea of natural rights is merely a political tool . Hugh Gibbons has proposed a descriptive argument based on human biology . His contention is that Human Beings were other - regarding as a matter of necessity , in order to avoid the costs of conflict . Over time they developed expectations that individuals would act in certain ways which were then prescribed by society ( duties of care etc . ) and that eventually crystallized into actionable rights . See also ( edit ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism Fundamental rights Human dignity Human rights Natural law Positive law Rule according to higher law Rule of law Substantive due process References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rommen , Heinrich A. , The Natural Law : A Study in Legal and Social Philosophy trans . Thomas R. Hanley , O.S.B. , Ph. D. ( B. Herder Book Co. , 1947 ( reprinted 1959 ) ) , p ... 5 Jump up ^ Jones , Peter . Rights . Palgrave Macmillan , 1994 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ For example , the imperative `` not to harm others '' is said to be justified by natural law , but the same is not true when it comes to providing protection against harm Jump up ^ See James Nickel , Human Rights , 2010 . The claim that `` ... all human rights are negative rights ... 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The Natural Rights Republic : Studies in the Foundation of the American Political Tradition . South Bend , Ind. : University of Notre Dame Press . Jump up ^ Zuckert , Michael P. ( 1998 ) . Natural Rights and the New Republicanism . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Zuckert , Michael P. ( 2002 ) . Launching Liberalism : On Lockean Political Philosophy . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . Jump up ^ Kunze , Fred . `` A Biography of John Locke '' . American History from revolution to reconstruction and beyond . GMW -- University of Groningen . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chp 4 : Ennobling ` Savages ' , Native America in European natural - rights philosophy , `` Exemplar Of Liberty '' `` . Ratical.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Instead of a Book , p. 350 ^ Jump up to : `` Literature of Liberty , Autumn 1981 , vol. 4 , No. 3 -- Online Library of Liberty '' . Oll.libertyfund.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Erich Fromm ( 1973 ) , The Revolution of Hope : Toward a Humanized Technology , New York : Bantam . Jump up ^ Individual Rights -- Ayn Rand Lexicon . Aynrandlexicon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Ethics of Liberty Mises Institute '' . Mises.org. 2005 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Man and Society '' . The Market for Liberty . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Block , Walter ( Spring 2003 ) . `` A Libertarian Theory of Inalienability '' ( PDF ) . 17 ( 2 ) . Journal of Libertarian Studies : 39 -- 85 . Jump up ^ `` A Crusoe Social Philosophy Mises Institute '' . Mises.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Inalienability and Punishment : A Reply to George Smith Mises Institute '' ( PDF ) . Mises.org. 2014 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` De Sciuridae Et Homo Sapiens : The Origin Of Rights And Duties '' ( PDF ) . Bu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Further reading ( edit ) Fruehwald , Edwin , A Biological Basis of Rights , 19 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 195 ( 2010 ) . Grotius , Hugo , The Rights Of War And Peace : Three Volume Set , 1625 Haakonssen , Knud , Grotius , Pufendorf and Modern Natural Law , 1999 Hutcheson , Francis . A System of Moral Philosophy. 1755 , London . Locke , John . Two Treatises on Government . 1690 ( primarily the second treatise ) Lloyd Thomas , D.A. Locke on Government . 1995 , Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09533 - 6 Pufendorf , Baron Samuel von , Law of Nature and Nations , 1625 Tuck , Richard , Natural Rights Theories : Their Origin and Development , 1982 Waldron , Jeremy ( ed . ) Theories of Rights 1984 , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 875063 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Natural rights The U.S. Declaration of Independence and Natural Rights from Constitutional Rights Foundation . The U.S. Committee for the Protection of Natural Rights . 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The King and I ( 1956 film ) - Wikipedia The King and I ( 1956 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The King and I Theatrical release poster by Tom Chantrell Directed by Walter Lang Produced by Charles Brackett Written by Ernest Lehman Based on The King and I by Oscar Hammerstein II Starring Deborah Kerr Yul Brynner Rita Moreno Maureen Hingert Martin Benson Rex Thompson Music by Richard Rodgers Cinematography Leon Shamroy Edited by Robert L. Simpson Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date June 28 , 1956 ( 1956 - 06 - 28 ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.55 million Box office $21.3 million The King and I is a 1956 American musical film made by 20th Century Fox , directed by Walter Lang and produced by Charles Brackett and Darryl F. Zanuck . The screenplay by Ernest Lehman is based on the Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II musical The King and I , based in turn on the novel Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon . That novel in turn was based on memoirs written by Anna Leonowens , who became school teacher to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in the early 1860s . Leonowens ' stories were autobiographical , although various elements of them have been called into question . The film stars Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner . The film was a critical and commercial success , and was nominated for nine Academy Awards , winning five , including Best Actor for Brynner . Another film adaptation of the same musical , the animated film The King and I , was released in 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice only 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 5 Reception 6 Soundtrack album 6.1 Chart positions 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Academy Awards 7.1. 1 Wins 7.1. 2 Nominations 7.2 Golden Globe Awards 7.2. 1 Wins 7.2. 2 Nominations 7.3 American Film Institute 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Strong - willed , widowed schoolteacher Anna Leonowens arrives in Bangkok from Wales with her young son Louis after being summoned to tutor the many children of King Mongkut . The two are introduced to the intimidating Kralahome , King Mongkut 's confidante and Siam 's prime minister . The Kralahome explains he has come to escort them to the Royal Palace where they will live -- a violation of Anna 's contract , which calls for them to live in a separate house outside the walls of the palace . Despite her threat to leave , Anna reluctantly disembarks with Louis and the Kralahome . Once inside the Royal Palace , Anna demands to see King Mongkut and is allowed by the Kralahome to enter the Throne Room . A pleased Mongkut ignores her objections as he introduces her to his numerous wives -- who include head wife Lady Thiang and a graceful girl from Burma named Tuptim . King Mongkut then presents the fifteen children she will tutor , aside from the other sixty - seven - among them his eldest son and heir Prince Chulalongkorn . Anna agrees to stay and tutor the King 's children , prompting formality to break down . Later that night , Lady Thiang and the other wives assist Anna in unpacking , and when an old photograph of her late husband Tom is discovered , the wives start to deride the unhappy Tuptim because she is in love with another man named Lun Tha , the same man who brought her to Siam . Anna refuses to give up on the house and teaches the children about the virtues of home life to King Mongkut 's irritation , who contemplates how he craves truth and wonders why the world has become so complicated with different cultures saying different things . Meanwhile , Anna starts to form a relationship with the children as getting to know people is her favorite thing to teach . The lesson , however , creates disorder when the children refuse to believe in the existence of snow , which they have never seen . The King enters a chaotic schoolroom and , upon noticing Tuptim has a copy of the novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin , engages in a slightly heated conversation with Anna about slavery -- an institution embraced by all his people . That night , Anna is summoned to the King 's private chambers where he says that after reading the Bible , he believes that the world was not created in six days , but after many centuries . The King disregards her explanation and orders her to take a letter to President Abraham Lincoln , in which he will send male elephants to America to help with the Civil War , forcing her to sit on the floor due to an ancient custom that no one 's head should be higher than his . She is left to finish the letter herself when she tries to explain that the elephants will not last long if only male elephants are sent . Anna goes outside , only to come across Lun Tha and learn that he has been meeting Tuptim in secret . He asks her to arrange a rendezvous and she refuses out of fear but eventually relents after remembering her past with her husband . The lovers meet under the cover of darkness and Lun Tha promises he will one day return to Siam and they will escape together . The next day , King Mongkut becomes troubled by reports of spreading British imperialism and bursts into the schoolroom after hearing Anna 's pupils persist in singing `` Home Sweet Home . '' Anna stands her ground , threatening to leave Siam despite pleas from the children . King Mongkut asserts that Anna is his servant only to see her repudiate the term and leave the room . Lady Thiang visits Anna later that night and explains Mongkut is apprehensive over rumors that the British regard him as a barbaric leader , intending to turn Siam into a protectorate . Anna is shocked by the accusations but is reluctant to give him advice after their argument . Lady Thiang convinces her that the King is deserving of support and convinces Anna to go to the King . Anna learns the King is also anxious for reconciliation and learns that the British are sending an envoy to evaluate the situation in Bangkok . Upon learning that the envoy consists of Ambassador Sir John Hay and her old lover Sir Edward Ramsay , Anna persuades the King to receive them in European style by hosting a banquet with European food and music -- after which it is announced that the envoy is arriving in one week . The King promises to give Anna a house of her own in return for her help . On the night of the banquet , Sir Edward reminisces with Anna about old times in an attempt to bring her back to British society . The King however walks in on them dancing and irritably reminds them that dancing is for after dinner . After impressing the guests with his intellectual observations , the King presents Tuptim 's version of Uncle Tom 's Cabin -- which is presented as a traditional Siamese ballet . However , the King and the Kralahome are not impressed as the play involves the issue of slavery and shows the slaveholding King dead after drowning in the river . By the time Sir John calls for the play 's author , Tuptim has left the room to run away with Lun Tha . After the guests have departed , Anna talks with the King and is presented with one of his rings in appreciation of her efforts . He then explains he is not pleased with Tuptim and reveals she is missing . Anna however parries his inquiry by explaining she is unhappy because she is just another woman in his eyes . The King retorts that men are entitled to a plenitude of wives although women must remain faithful . Anna explains the reality of one man loving only one woman and recalls her first dance before teaching the King how to dance the polka , but the touching moment is shattered when the Kralahome bursts into the room with news that Tuptim has been captured . For her dishonor , the King prepares to whip her despite Anna 's pleas . She implies that he is a barbarian with no heart and that she will stay to watch the King 's actions . The King then crumples , puts his hand over his heart and runs out of the room . The Kralahome blames Anna for ruining him and now he can never be the king he was before . Tuptim meanwhile is led away in tears when she learns that Lun Tha is dead , his body discovered in the river . This causes Anna to return the ring , sever all ties as a governess and leave on the next boat from Siam . On the night of her departure , Anna is prepared to leave Siam with Louis when Lady Thiang says that the King is dying . He refuses to eat or sleep , isolating himself from everyone since the night of the banquet . Lady Thiang gives Anna an unfinished letter from the King that states his deep gratitude and respect for her , despite his harsh differences with her . This prompts her to go to his bedside in tears moments before their ship departs for Britain . The King gives Anna his ring , insisting that she wear it as she has always spoken the truth to him , persuading her and Louis to stay . King Mongkut then passes his title to Prince Chulalongkorn , who then issues a proclamation that brings an end to slavery and states that all subjects will no longer bow down to him . Satisfied that he is leaving his kingdom in capable hands , the King quietly dies with only Anna and the Kralahome present to mourn his passing . Cast ( edit ) Deborah Kerr as Anna Leonowens Yul Brynner as King Mongkut of Siam Rita Moreno as Tuptim Terry Saunders as Lady Thiang Martin Benson as Kralahome Rex Thompson as Louis Leonowens Patrick Adiarte as Prince Chulalongkorn Alan Mowbray as Sir John Hay Geoffrey Toone as Sir Edward Ramsay Carlos Rivas as Lun Tha Judy Dan as Royal Wife ( uncredited ) Royal Children ( ensemble ) Voice only ( edit ) Three actors in the film had their singing voices dubbed by other people . The dubbed voices belonged to : Marni Nixon as Anna ( for which she was paid $10,000 ) Leona Gordon as Tuptim Rueben Fuentes as Lun Tha Musical numbers ( edit ) Overture -- Played by the 20th Century - Fox Orchestra I Whistle a Happy Tune -- Sung by Deborah Kerr ( dubbed by Marni Nixon ) and Rex Thompson The March of the Siamese Children -- Played by the 20th Century - Fox Orchestra Hello , Young Lovers -- Sung by Deborah Kerr ( dubbed by Marni Nixon ) A Puzzlement -- Sung by Yul Brynner Getting to Know You -- Sung by Deborah Kerr ( dubbed by Marni Nixon ) and Chorus We Kiss in a Shadow -- Sung by Carlos Rivas ( dubbed by Reuben Fuentes ) and Rita Moreno ( dubbed by Leona Gordon ) Something Wonderful -- Sung by Terry Saunders Finale , Act I -- Sung by Yul Brynner and Chorus Entr'acte -- Played by the 20th Century - Fox Orchestra The Small House of Uncle Thomas ( Ballet ) -- Narrated by Rita Moreno , Sung and Danced by Chorus and Dancers Song of the King -- Sung by Yul Brynner Shall We Dance ? -- Sung and Danced by Deborah Kerr ( dubbed by Marni Nixon ) and Yul Brynner Finale ( Something Wonderful ) -- Sung by Chorus Production ( edit ) The musical was written for Gertrude Lawrence , and her appearance in the film was contractually guaranteed . However , she was diagnosed with cancer while playing the role on Broadway and died during the run . Dinah Shore , a singer as well as an actress , was considered for the role of Anna in the movie . Maureen O'Hara , who had a pleasant soprano voice , was originally cast , but Richard Rodgers did not agree to the casting . It was Yul Brynner who pressed for Deborah Kerr to play the role . Marni Nixon provided Kerr 's singing for the film . Nixon and Kerr worked side - by - side in the recording studio for songs which combined speaking and singing . Nixon would also dub Kerr 's singing the following year , for the film An Affair to Remember . Donald Bogle 's biography of Dorothy Dandridge claims that Dandridge was offered the role of Tuptim in partial fulfillment of her three - picture contract with 20th Century - Fox , but that Dandridge allowed Otto Preminger ( her former director and then - lover ) to talk her out of it because it was not the lead role . Rumors also circulated that Dandridge , as an African American , did not want to play a slave . Rita Moreno , who was under contract to Fox , was invited merely for a test , but impressed the producers enough to be selected for the part . Moreno later stated in an interview that France Nuyen was also up for the part , and Moreno believed Nuyen would get it , but since Nuyen was not a contract player with the studio , she was not cast . Reprising their Broadway stage roles , Saunders played Thiang , Adiarte was Chulalongkorn and Benson was the Kralahome , and dancers Yuriko and de Lappe also reprised their stage roles . Alan Mowbray appeared in the new role of the British Ambassador , while Sir Edward Ramsey ( demoted to the Ambassador 's aide ) was played by Geoffrey Toone . The cinematography was by Leon Shamroy , the art direction by John DeCuir and Lyle R. Wheeler and the costume design by Irene Sharaff . The choreography used for the film was the choreography developed by Jerome Robbins for the original stage production . Three songs from the original stage production were recorded for , and appeared on , the film 's soundtrack , but were not filmed and do not appear in the motion picture : `` Shall I Tell You What I Think of You ? '' , `` I Have Dreamed '' and `` My Lord and Master '' . `` I Have Dreamed '' and another song that was not used in the film , `` Western People Funny '' , survive in the released film only as orchestral underscoring . In the film , the first half of the `` Song of the King '' was turned into ordinary spoken dialogue , with only some of the words sung , minus the king 's opening lyrics , but it survives as it was actually written on the soundtrack album . A special 50th Anniversary edition was released in 2006 , which promised to restore the lost numbers , but it included only the audio for `` Shall I Tell You ? '' This would seem to indicate that no footage exists of these numbers . An off - screen choral reprise of `` Something Wonderful '' was added to serve as the film 's finale ; the stage version ends with musical underscoring , but no singing . None of the other reprises of the songs were retained in the film version . The film was one of the only two films shot in the then - new 55 mm CinemaScope 55 format , the other being Carousel , which was released several months earlier . Although the promotion for the film made much of it being shot in CinemaScope 55 , it was only released in the standard 35 mm CinemaScope format , with 4 - channel stereo instead of the 6 - channel stereo originally promised . CinemaScope 55 was never used or promoted again after this production , and Fox would later invest in Todd - AO and adopt its 65 / 70mm process , after changing it to the more conventional 24 frames / second , and contracting with Mitchell Camera for all - new FC ( `` Fox Camera '' ) and BFC ( `` Blimped Fox Camera '' ) cameras , and with Bausch & Lomb for all - new `` Super Baltar '' lenses . Numerous features were made in the Fox - revised Todd - AO process . In 1961 , it was re-released for the first time in a 70 mm format , under Fox 's `` Grandeur 70 '' trademark . For this release , the six - channel version of the stereo soundtrack was finally used . In 1966 , it was re-released again , this time in Cinemascope , before being sold to television in 1967 . Reception ( edit ) The film was a big success upon release , both critically and financially . Some reviewers did criticize the film due to its changes in dialogue from the Broadway production , as well as the omission of some songs . The King and I was banned in Thailand , and remains banned , due to its representation of King Mongkut of Siam ; as is the case with most other adaptations of Anna and the King . Soundtrack album ( edit ) 1956 soundtrack album cover , with Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner The film soundtrack album was first released on Capitol Records . It restored three songs recorded for the film but not included in the final release print : `` My Lord and Master '' , `` I Have Dreamed '' , and `` Shall I Tell You What I Think of You ? '' . Added to the original LP and CD releases of the film was a seven - minute overture not heard at the beginning of the film . The album was first issued only in mono in 1956 , but , as with the Rodgers and Hammerstein films Oklahoma ( 1955 ) and Carousel ( 1956 ) , the sound on the film had been recorded in what was then state - of - the - art stereo , which made it possible , with the advent of stereo on records , for Capitol to release a stereo version of the soundtrack album in 1958 . As with Oklahoma ! and Carousel , the record grooves of that time made it necessary for part of the album to be omitted in the stereo version , so half of `` Getting To Know You '' was cut in that edition , which included the instrumental section , and the other half of the children singing the other half of the song in the different key of music . All of the songs were arranged by Gus Levene . The film soundtrack album of The King and I was issued on CD first by Capitol and then by Angel Records . The first two editions of the CD were exact duplicates of the LP , but in 2001 , as with the Oklahoma ! and Carousel soundtracks , Angel issued a new , expanded edition of the album , which not only featured all the songs ( including the ballet `` The Small House of Uncle Thomas '' ) , but some of the film 's incidental music , as well as the original main title music . The Overture heard on the LP version and on the first two editions of the CD was included as a bonus track . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart Year Peak position UK Albums Chart 1956 1957 1958 Preceded by Oklahoma ! by Original Soundtrack Rock ' n ' Roll Stage Show by Bill Haley & His Comets Rock ' N ' Roll by Elvis Presley This Is Sinatra ! by Frank Sinatra This Is Sinatra ! by Frank Sinatra This Is Sinatra ! by Frank Sinatra This Is Sinatra ! by Frank Sinatra Oklahoma ! by Original Soundtrack The Tommy Steele Story by Tommy Steele Loving You ( OST ) by Elvis Presley Pal Joey by Original Soundtrack UK Albums Chart number - one album 13 October 1956 - 27 October 1956 3 November 1956 -- 10 November 1956 17 November 1956 -- 2 March 1957 9 March 1957 -- 16 March 1957 23 March 1957 -- 30 March 1957 6 April 1957 -- 27 April 1957 4 May 1957 -- 15 June 1957 22 June 1957 -- 20 July 1957 10 August 1957 -- 31 August 1957 16 November 1957 -- 2 February 1958 22 March 1958 -- 29 March 1958 Succeeded by Rock ' n ' Roll Stage Show by Bill Haley & His Comets Rock ' N ' Roll by Elvis Presley High Society by Original Soundtrack This Is Sinatra ! by Frank Sinatra This Is Sinatra ! by Frank Sinatra This Is Sinatra ! by Frank Sinatra Love Is the Thing by Nat King Cole The Tommy Steele Story by Tommy Steele The Tommy Steele Story by Tommy Steele Pal Joey by Original Soundtrack Pal Joey by Original Soundtrack Awards and nominations ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won five . Wins ( edit ) Best Actor in a Leading Role -- Yul Brynner Best Art Direction - Set Decoration , Color -- John DeCuir , Lyle R. Wheeler , Walter M. Scott , Paul S. Fox Best Costume Design , Color -- Irene Sharaff Best Music , Scoring of a Musical Picture -- Alfred Newman and Ken Darby Sound Recording -- Carlton W. Faulkner ; 20th Century Fox Sound Department Nominations ( edit ) Best Picture of the Year -- Charles Brackett Best Actress in a Leading Role -- Deborah Kerr Best Director -- Walter Lang Best Cinematography , Color -- Leon Shamroy Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Wins ( edit ) Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Best Actress -- Deborah Kerr Nominations ( edit ) Best Film Promoting International Understanding Best Motion Picture Actor -- Comedy / Musical -- Yul Brynner American film institute ( edit ) AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions - # 31 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Anna Leonowens - Nominated ( Hero ) AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Getting to Know You '' - Nominated `` Shall We Dance ? '' - # 54 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Et cetera , et cetera , et cetera . '' - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Musicals - # 11 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - Nominated See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1956 Whitewashing in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE KING AND I ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1956 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History ( The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . p249 Jump up ^ Box Office Information for The King and I . The Numbers . Retrieved MArch 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Susan Morgan , Bombay Anna : The Real Story and Remarkable Adventures of the King and I Governess ( University of California Press , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Secret Voices of Hollywood . BBC4 3 Jan 2014 Jump up ^ Carlos Rivas ( interview ) . The King and I : 50th Anniversary Edition DVD , disc 2 special features , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hischak , p. 151 Jump up ^ `` The King and I ( 1956 ) : Production credits '' , The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Fusion of Dance Cultures : An examination of Jerome Robbins ' choreography for ' The King and I ' , Stephanie Prugh , Ballet - Dance Magazine , 2012 Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 29 June 1956 ) . `` Screen : ' The King and I ' '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049408/releaseinfo Jump up ^ Crossette , Barbara ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Bhumibol Adulyadej , 88 , People 's King of Thailand , Dies After 7 - Decade Reign '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Nicholas ( ed ) . `` The King and I banned in Thailand '' , Chronicle of Thailand : Headline News Since 1946 , Editions Didier Millet , ( 2010 ) , p. 88 ISBN 981 - 4217 - 12 - 3 Jump up ^ Ornish , Natalie ( 1 September 2011 ) . Pioneer Jewish Texans . Texas A&M University Press . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 433 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Original Soundtrack -- The King And I '' . chartstats.com . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 29th Academy Awards ( 1957 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NY Times : The King and I '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Sources ( edit ) Hischak , Thomas S . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Publishing Group , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34140 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The King and I ( 1956 film ) . The King and I at the American Film Institute Catalog The King and I on IMDb The King and I at Rotten Tomatoes The King and I at AllMovie The King and I at the TCM Movie Database Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Films directed by Walter Lang The Red Kimono ( 1925 ) The Earth Woman ( 1926 ) The Golden Web ( 1926 ) Money to Burn ( 1926 ) The Ladybird ( 1927 ) The Satin Woman ( 1927 ) Sally in Our Alley ( 1927 ) By Whose Hand ? 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Question: when was the movie the king and i made


Arms and the Man - wikipedia Arms and the Man Jump to : navigation , search Arms and the Man Shaw at the time of the production of Arms and the Man Written by George Bernard Shaw Characters Raina Petkoff Sergius Saranoff Captain Bluntschli Catherine Petkoff Major Paul Petkoff Louka Nicola Date premiered 21 April 1894 ( 1894 - 04 - 21 ) Place premiered Avenue Theatre Subject Love and war Arms and the Man is a comedy by George Bernard Shaw , whose title comes from the opening words of Virgil 's Aeneid , in Latin : Arma virumque cano ( `` Of arms and the man I sing '' ) . The play was first produced on 21 April 1894 at the Avenue Theatre and published in 1898 as part of Shaw 's Plays Pleasant volume , which also included Candida , You Never Can Tell , and The Man of Destiny . Arms and the Man was one of Shaw 's first commercial successes . He was called onto stage after the curtain , where he received enthusiastic applause . Amidst the cheers , one audience member booed . Shaw replied , in characteristic fashion , `` My dear fellow , I quite agree with you , but what are we two against so many ? '' Arms and the Man is a humorous play that shows the futility of war and deals comedically with the hypocrisies of human nature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Critical reception 3 Subsequent productions 4 Adaptations 5 Pejorative military use of the term `` chocolate soldier '' 6 References 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Production photograph of Florence Farr portraying Louka in Arms and the Man The play takes place during the 1885 Serbo - Bulgarian War . Its heroine , Raina Petkoff , is a young Bulgarian woman engaged to Sergius Saranoff , one of the heroes of that war , whom she idolizes . On the night after the Battle of Slivnitza , a Swiss mercenary soldier in the Serbian army , Captain Bluntschli , climbs in through her bedroom balcony window and threatens to shoot Raina if she gives the alarm . When Russian and Bulgarian troops burst in to search the house for him , Raina hides him so that he wo n't be killed . He asks her to remember that `` nine soldiers out of ten are born fools . '' In a conversation after the soldiers have left , Bluntschli 's pragmatic and cynical attitude towards war and soldiering shocks the idealistic Raina , especially after he admits that he uses his ammunition pouches to carry chocolates rather than cartridges for his pistol . When the search dies down , Raina and her mother Catherine sneak Bluntschli out of the house , disguised in one of Raina 's father 's old coats . The war ends , and the Bulgarians and Serbians sign a peace treaty . Raina 's father ( Major Paul Petkoff ) and Sergius both return home . Raina begins to find Sergius both foolhardy and tiresome , but she hides it . Sergius also finds Raina 's romantic ideals tiresome , and flirts with Raina 's insolent servant girl Louka ( a soubrette role ) , who is engaged to Nicola , the Petkoffs ' manservant . Bluntschli unexpectedly returns so that he can give back the old coat , but also so that he can see Raina . Raina and Catherine are shocked , especially when Major Petkoff and Sergius reveal that they have met Bluntschli before and invite him to stay for lunch ( and to help them figure out how to send the troops home ) . Left alone with Bluntschli , Raina realizes that he sees through her romantic posturing , but that he respects her as a woman , as Sergius does not . She reveals that she left a photograph of herself in the pocket of the coat , inscribed `` To my chocolate - cream soldier '' , but Bluntschli says that he did n't find it and that it must still be in the coat pocket . Bluntschli gets a telegram informing him of his father 's death : he must now take over the family business , several luxury hotels in Switzerland . Louka tells Sergius that Raina protected Bluntschli when he burst into her room and that Raina is really in love with him . Sergius challenges Bluntschli to a duel , but Bluntschli avoids fighting and Sergius and Raina break off their engagement , with some relief on both sides . Major Petkoff discovers the photograph in the pocket of his old coat ; Raina and Bluntschli try to remove it before he finds it again , but Petkoff is determined to learn the truth and claims that the `` chocolate - cream soldier '' is Sergius . After Bluntschli reveals the whole story to Major Petkoff , Sergius proposes marriage to Louka ( to Major Petkoff and Catherine 's horror ) ; Nicola quietly and gallantly lets Sergius have her , and Bluntschli , recognising Nicola 's dedication and ability , offers him a job as hotel manager . While Raina is now unattached , Bluntschli protests that -- being 34 and believing she is 17 -- he is too old for her . On learning that she is actually 23 , he immediately proposes marriage and proves his wealth and position by listing his inheritance from the telegram . Raina , realizing the hollowness of her romantic ideals , protests that she would prefer her poor `` chocolate - cream soldier '' to this wealthy businessman . Bluntschli says that he is still the same person , and the play ends with Raina proclaiming her love for him and Bluntschli , with Swiss precision , both clearing up the major 's troop movement problems and informing everyone that he will return to be married to Raina exactly two weeks from that day . Critical reception ( edit ) George Orwell said that Arms and the Man was written when Shaw was at the height of his powers as a dramatist . `` It is probably the wittiest play he ever wrote , the most flawless technically , and in spite of being a very light comedy , the most telling . '' Orwell says that Arms and the Man wears well -- he was writing 50 years later -- because its moral -- that war is not a wonderful , romantic adventure -- still needs to be told . His other plays of the period , equally well written , are about issues no longer controversial . For example , the theme of Mrs. Warren 's Profession , which so shocked audiences at the time , was that the causes of prostitution are mainly economic , hardly big news today , and the play Widowers ' Houses was an attack on slum landlords , who are now held in such low esteem that the matter is hardly controversial . Subsequent productions ( edit ) The first Broadway production opened on 17 September 1894 at New York City 's Herald Square Theatre . Since then there have been six Broadway revivals , two of which are listed below . The most prestigious London revival was directed by John Burrell for The Old Vic Company at the New Theatre , which opened on 5 September 1944 , starring Ralph Richardson ( Bluntschli ) , Margaret Leighton ( Raina Petkoff ) , Joyce Redman ( Louka ) , and Laurence Olivier ( Major Sergius Saranoff ) . `` Olivier thought Sergius a humbug , a buffoon , a blackguard , a coward , ' a bloody awful part ' until Tyrone Guthrie said he would never succeed in the role until he learned to love Sergius . Olivier , spurred and moustachioed , was high camp '' : Robert Tanitch . A revival production ran at New York City 's Arena Theatre from 19 October 1950 to 21 January 1951 , for a total of 108 performances . The cast included Lee Grant as Raina , Francis Lederer as Bluntschli and Sam Wanamaker as Sergius . Marlon Brando 's final stage appearance was in Arms and the Man in 1953 . He gathered friends who were fellow actors into a company for a summer stock production . He chose to play Sergius while William Redfield starred as Bluntschli . The play was produced in 1982 at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival , with Brian Bedford as Bluntschli and Len Cariou as Sergius . The Studio Arena Theater in Buffalo , New York put on a production of Arms and the Man in 1983 with Kelsey Grammer as Sergius . In 1985 John Malkovich directed a revival production at New York City 's Circle in the Square Theatre starring Kevin Kline as Bluntschli ( later replaced by Malkovich after Kline 's departure ) , Glenne Headly as Raina and Raúl Juliá as Sergius . The production ran from 30 May to 1 September 1985 , for a total of 109 performances . The BBC produced a made - for - TV version in 1989 , directed by James Cellan Jones , starring Helena Bonham Carter as Raina , Pip Torrens as Bluntschli , Patrick Ryecart as Sergius and Patsy Kensit as Louka . In 2011 the play was presented by the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis , Minnesota , The Seattle Public Theater in Seattle , Washington state , and the Constellation Theatre Company in Washington DC . In the summer of 2013 , Odyssey Theatre in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada performed a masked performance of this play . The Shaw Festival at Niagara - on - the - Lake , Ontario has performed the play a number of times : in 1967 , 1976 , 1986 , 1994 , 2006 and 2014 , the last directed by Morris Panych . The play opened at the American Shakespeare Center 's Blackfriars Playhouse in Staunton , Virginia on April 29 , 2016 and ran until June 11 . Adaptations ( edit ) The scene in The Chocolate Soldier in which Bumerli ( the equivalent of Bluntschli ) enters the bedroom of Nadina ( the equivalent of Raina ) , in a 1910 London production When Shaw gave Leopold Jacobson the rights to adapt the play into what became the operetta The Chocolate Soldier ( 1908 ) with music by Oscar Straus , he provided three conditions : none of Shaw 's dialogue nor any of his character 's names could be used , the libretto must be advertised as a parody of Shaw 's work , and Shaw would accept no monetary compensation . Nonetheless , Shaw 's original plot , and with it the central message of the play , remained more or less untouched . Shaw despised the result , calling it `` a putrid opéra bouffe in the worst taste of 1860 '' , but grew to regret not accepting payment when , despite his opinion of the work , it became a lucrative international success . When Shaw heard , in 1921 , that Franz Lehár wanted to set his play Pygmalion to music , he sent word to Vienna that Lehár be instructed that he could not touch Pygmalion without infringing Shaw 's copyright and that Shaw had `` no intention of allowing the history of The Chocolate Soldier to be repeated . '' Only after Shaw 's death was Pygmalion eventually adapted by Lerner and Loewe as My Fair Lady ( 1956 ) . A British film adaptation was directed in 1932 by Cecil Lewis . It starred Barry Jones as Bluntschli and Anne Grey as Raina . A filmed version of Arms and the Man in German entitled Helden ( Heroes ) starring O.W. Fischer and Liselotte Pulver was runner up for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1958 . An audio version was produced by the BBC starring Ralph Richardson as Captain Bluntschli and John Gielgud as Major Sergius Saranoff . A second BBC audio version was produced in 1984 and broadcast on BBC Radio 7 in February 2009 starring Andrew Sachs as Captain Bluntschli and Gary Bond as Major Saranoff . A third version was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 21 March 2010 starring Rory Kinnear as Captain Bluntschli , Lydia Leonard as Raina and Tom Mison as Major Saranoff . This production was produced by Nicolas Soames and directed by David Timson . An audio version was produced in 1999 by the CBC starring Simon Bradbury as Captain Bluntschli , Elizabeth Brown as Raina and Andrew Gillies as Major Saranoff . Another audio version was produced in 2006 by the L.A. Theatre Works starring Jeremy Sisto as Captain Bluntschli , Anne Heche as Raina and Teri Garr as Catherine . A musical by Udo Jürgens , Helden , Helden , also based on Shaw 's play , premiered at the Theater an der Wien , Vienna , Austria in 1973 . Pejorative military use of the term `` chocolate soldier '' ( edit ) The chocolate - cream soldier of the play has inspired a pejorative military use of the term . In Israel , soldiers use the term `` chocolate soldier '' ( Hayal Shel Shokolad , חייל של שוקולד ) to describe a soft soldier who is unable to fight well . Similarly , members of the Australian Citizens Military Force were derided by the regular army as `` chokos '' or chocolate soldiers , the implication being that they were not real soldiers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` E-NOTES '' . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Notes '' . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Google Books . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Frezza , Daniel . `` About the Playwright : George Bernard Shaw '' Archived 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Utah Shakespearean Festival , '' 2007 . Accessed 12 February 2008 . Shaw 's contemporary , William Butler Yeats , was present for the performance , and rendered this quotation differently in his autobiography : `` I assure the gentleman in the gallery that he and I are of exactly the same opinion , but what can we do against a whole house who are of the contrary opinion ? '' ( Yeats , The Trembling of the Veil , book 4 : The Tragic Generation , from Autobiographies , in The Collected Works of W.B. Yeats , vol. 3 , ed . William H. O'Donell and Douglas N. Archibald ( New York : Scribner , 1999 ) , 221 ) . Jump up ^ George Orwell , George Bernard Shaw , Chapter 8 in George Orwell , The Lost Writings , Edited by W.J. West , Arbor House , New York , 1985. This also appears as Chapter 8 in Orwell , The War Broadcasts , Edited by W. J . West , The British Broadcasting Corporation , and The Old Piano Factory , London , 1985 . Jump up ^ London Stage in the 20th Century , by Robert Tanitch , Haus ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 904950 - 74 - 5 Jump up ^ Studio Arena ( 1984 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Playbill for Arms and the Man '' . Jump up ^ `` Home at BBC Shop '' . Bbcamericashop.com . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` odysseytheatre.ca '' . odysseytheatre.ca. 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.odysseytheatre.ca/index.php/events/theatre-under-the-stars Jump up ^ `` History '' , Shaw Festival , accessed 5 January 2016 ^ Jump up to : Ellwood Annaheim ( February 2002 ) . `` Shaw 's Folly -- Straus ' Fortune '' . Archived from the original on 20 June 2005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20050620092840/http://www.geocities.com/musictheater/chocolate/chocolate.html . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Ruvik . Maariv , 11 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` Australian Soldier -- Kokoda Track 1942 '' Archived 2 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , livinghistory.com , accessed 22 September 2010 Jump up ^ `` Kokoda Trail I '' Archived 25 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Battle For Australia , accessed 22 September 2010 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Arms and the Man The script of Arms and the Man at Project Gutenberg Arms and the Man public domain audiobook at LibriVox Arms and the Man at the Internet Broadway Database Internet Movie Database entry for Arms and the Man McNabb , Jim . `` Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw : Study Guide '' ( PDF ) . Ottawa : National Arts Centre . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Smith , Nicole . `` Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw : Class and Social Critique in the Play '' . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . ( hide ) Plays by George Bernard Shaw Passion Play Un Petit Drame Widowers ' Houses The Philanderer Mrs. Warren 's Profession Arms and the Man Candida The Man of Destiny You Never Can Tell The Devil 's Disciple The Gadfly Caesar and Cleopatra Captain Brassbound 's Conversion The Admirable Bashville Man and Superman John Bull 's Other Island How He Lied to Her Husband Major Barbara Passion , Poison , and Petrifaction The Doctor 's Dilemma The Interlude at the Playhouse Getting Married The Shewing - Up of Blanco Posnet Press Cuttings The Fascinating Foundling The Glimpse of Reality Misalliance The Dark Lady of the Sonnets Fanny 's First Play Androcles and the Lion Overruled Beauty 's Duty Pygmalion Great Catherine The Music Cure O'Flaherty V.C. The Inca of Perusalem Augustus Does His Bit Macbeth Skit Annajanska , the Bolshevik Empress Heartbreak House Back to Methuselah A Glimpse of the Domesticity of Franklyn Barnabas Jitta 's Atonement Saint Joan The Apple Cart Too True to Be Good How These Doctors Love One Another ! Village Wooing On the Rocks The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles The Six of Calais The Millionairess Arthur and the Acetone Cymbeline Refinished Geneva In Good King Charles 's Golden Days The British Party System Buoyant Billions Farfetched Fables Shakes versus Shav Why She Would Not Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arms_and_the_Man&oldid=821743036 '' Categories : 1894 plays Plays by George Bernard Shaw British plays adapted into films Serbo - Bulgarian War Bulgaria in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Հայերեն ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 10 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Question: when does the first act of arms and the man take place