Demographics of British Columbia - wikipedia Demographics of British Columbia Jump to : navigation , search See also : Demographics of Canada Map of British Columbia regional districts with population density . Population of British Columbia ( 2016 ) : 4,648,055 Percentage of National Population : 13.2 % ( unchanged ) Population Growth Rate : 5.6 % Contents ( hide ) 1 Vital statistics 1.1 Population of British Columbia since 1851 2 Age structure 3 Ethnicity 3.1 Indo - Canadians 4 Visible minorities and Aboriginal Peoples 5 Religions 6 Languages 7 See also 8 References Vital statistics ( edit ) Birth rate : 1.2 births per 1,000 ( Canadian average ≈ 11 ) Death rate : 2.3 deaths per 1,000 Infant mortality rate : 4.0 deaths per 1,000 live births Life expectancy at birth : 81.12 years Total fertility rate : 1.4 children born per woman ( Canadian average = 1.61 ) Population of British Columbia since 1851 ( edit ) Population of British Columbia from 1851 to 2011 Year Population Five year % change Ten year % change Rank among provinces 1851 55,000 n / a n / a n / a 1861 51,524 n / a - 6.3 n / a 1871 36,247 n / a - 29.7 7 1881 49,459 n / a 36.4 8 1891 98,173 n / a 98.5 8 1901 178,657 n / a 82.0 6 1911 392,480 n / a 119.7 6 1921 524,582 n / a 33.7 6 1931 694,263 n / a 32.3 6 1941 817,861 n / a 17.8 1951 1,165,210 n / a 42.5 1956 1,398,464 20.0 n / a 1961 1,629,082 16.5 39.8 1966 1,873,674 15.0 34.0 1971 2,184,620 16.6 34.1 1976 2,466,610 12.9 31.6 1981 2,744,467 11.3 25.6 1986 2,883,370 5.1 16.9 1991 3,282,061 13.8 19.6 3,724,500 13.5 29.2 3,907,738 4.9 19.1 2006 4,113,487 5.4 10.4 2011 4,400,057 7.0 12.6 2016 4,648,055 5.6 13.0 Source : Statistics Canada Age structure ( edit ) Males Females Age Group Number Percent Number Percent 0 - 4 105,808 2.4 % 100,116 2.2 % 5 - 9 117,909 2.8 % 111,383 2.6 % 10 - 14 133,809 3.1 % 126,388 3.0 % 15 - 19 143,449 3.4 % 136,227 3.2 % 20 - 24 155,369 3.7 % 147,770 3.5 % 25 - 29 139,521 3.3 % 138,299 3.3 % 30 - 34 144,788 3.4 % 145,869 3.4 % 35 - 39 155,429 3.7 % 158,364 3.7 % 40 - 44 177,381 4.2 % 179,216 4.2 % 45 - 49 172,786 4.1 % 177,082 4.2 % 50 - 54 157,596 3.7 % 159,965 3.8 % 55 - 59 138,096 3.2 % 139,772 3.3 % 60 - 64 101,610 2.4 % 103,764 2.4 % 65 - 69 80,051 1.9 % 82,363 1.9 % 70 - 74 70,060 1.6 % 72,493 1.7 % 75 - 79 54,572 1.3 % 64,344 1.5 % 80 - 84 36,304 0.8 % 53,047 1.2 % 85 + 24,544 0.6 % 48,978 1.1 % Totals 2,109,082 49.6 % 2,145,440 50.4 % Source : BCStats Ethnicity ( edit ) British Columbia has a very diverse ethnic population , with a large number of immigrants having lived in the province for 30 years or less . First - generation immigrants from the British Isles remain a strong component of local society despite limitations on immigration from Britain since the ending of special status for British subjects in the 1960s . Also present in large numbers relative to other cities in Canada ( except Toronto ) , and also present in BC ever since the province was first settled ( unlike Toronto ) , are many European ethnicities of the first and second generation , notably Germans , Ukrainians , Scandinavians , Yugoslavs and Italians ; third - generation Europeans are generally of mixed lineage , and traditionally intermarried with other ethnic groups more than in any other Canadian province . The percentages add to more than 100 % because of dual responses ( e.g. `` French - Canadian '' generates an entry in both the category `` French '' and the category `` Canadian '' ) . In recent decades , the proportion of those of Chinese ethnicity has risen sharply , though still outnumbered by the historically - strong population of those of German ancestry . Visible minorities have become an important factor in ethnic - based politics , though most visible minorities are less numerous than the long - standing non-British European ethnicities making up BC 's `` invisible minorities '' . Further information : Statistics Canada . `` Population by selected ethnic origins , by province and territory ( 2006 Census ) ( British Columbia ) '' Note : The following statistics represent both single ( e.g. , `` German '' ) and multiple ( e.g. , `` part Chinese , part English '' ) responses to the 2006 Census , and thus do not add up to 100 % . Ethnic Origin Population Percent English 1,207,245 29.63 % Scottish 828,145 20.32 % Canadian 720,200 17.67 % Irish 618,120 15.17 % German 561,570 13.78 % Chinese 432,435 10.60 % French 361,215 8.86 % Indian 232,370 5.70 % Ukrainian 197,265 4.84 % Dutch ( Netherlands ) 196,420 4.82 % North American Indian 193,060 4.74 % Italian 143,155 3.51 % Norwegian 129,420 3.18 % Polish 128,360 3.15 % Russian 114,105 2.80 % Welsh 104,275 2.56 % Swedish 104,025 2.55 % Source : Statistics Canada Indo - Canadians ( edit ) Main article : Indo - Canadians in British Columbia Visible minorities and Aboriginal peoples ( edit ) Note : Statistics Canada defines visible minorities as defined in the Employment Equity Act which defines visible minorities as `` persons , other than Aboriginal peoples , who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour '' . Visible minority and Aboriginal population ( Canada 2016 Census ) Population group Population % of total population European 2,908,420 7001638000000000000 ♠ 63.8 % Visible minority group Source : South Asian 365,705 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 % Chinese 508,480 7001112000000000000 ♠ 11.2 % Black 43,500 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 % Filipino 145,025 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 % Latin American 44,115 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 % Arab 19,840 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 % Southeast Asian 54,920 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 % West Asian 48,695 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 % Korean 60,495 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 % Japanese 41,230 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 % Visible minority , n.i.e. 8,760 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 % Multiple visible minority 40,465 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 % Total visible minority population 1,381,235 7001303000000000000 ♠ 30.3 % Aboriginal group Source : First Nations 172,520 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 % Métis 89,405 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 % Inuit 1,610 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 % Aboriginal , n.i.e. 2,695 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 % Multiple Aboriginal identity 4,350 6999100000000000000 ♠ 0.1 % Total Aboriginal population 270,585 7000590000000000000 ♠ 5.9 % Total population 4,560,240 100 % Religions ( edit ) Religion in British Columbia in 2001 . Population by religion , Canada and BC ( 2001 Census ) Canada B.C. number % number % Total population 29,639,035 3,868,875 No religious affiliation 4,900,090 17 % 1,388,300 36 % Protestant 8,654,850 29 % 1,213,295 31 % Catholic 12,936,905 44 % 675,320 17 % Christian not included elsewhere 780,450 3 % 200,345 5 % Sikh 278,410 1 % 135,310 3 % Buddhist 300,345 1 % 85,540 2 % Muslim 579,640 2 % 56,220 1 % Christian Orthodox 479,620 2 % 35,655 1 % Hindu 297,200 1 % 31,500 1 % Jewish 329,995 1 % 21,230 1 % Eastern religions 37,550 0 % 9,970 0 % Other religions 63,975 0 % 16,205 0 % Source : Statistics Canada 2001 Census http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo30c.htm Languages ( edit ) Language ( s ) first learned and still understood Total % Male Female English only 2,825,780 73.03 % 1,403,230 1,422,545 French only 54,405 1.41 % 27,340 27,060 Both English and French 6,784 0.18 % 3,360 3,452 Other languages 981,910 25.38 % 470,145 511,765 Source : Statistics Canada 2001 Census See also ( edit ) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Demographics of Canada 's provinces and territories Demographics of Canada List of Canadian provinces and territories by population Demographics of Vancouver Demographics of Abbotsford , British Columbia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BC 's birth rate , teen births lowest in Pacific Northwest -- Sightline Institute Jump up ^ 25_imr. FH10 Jump up ^ http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/DATA/pop/vital/exp0_bc.csv Jump up ^ Northwest 's birth rate , teen births hit record lows -- Sightline Institute Jump up ^ Statistics Canada - Population Jump up ^ http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/data/pop/pop/dynamic/PopulationStatistics/Query.asp?category=Health&type=HA&topic=Estimates&agegrouptype=Standard&subtype=&region=0&year=2005&agegroup=5-year&gender=a&rowsperpage=50000&output=file Jump up ^ Population by selected ethnic origins , by province and territory ( 2006 Census ) ( British Columbia ) Jump up ^ 2001 Canadian Census Archived 2006 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Community Profiles from the 2006 Census , Statistics Canada - Province / Territory Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Aboriginal Population Profile from the 2006 Census , Statistics Canada - Province / Territory British Columbia portal Demographics of Canada ( by province or territory ) Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Book Category Portal WikiProject People of Canada Ethnic ancestry Canada Canadian Indigenous First Nations Inuit Métis Africa Horn of Africa Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Somali North Africa Arab Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Berber Coptic Southeast Africa Burundian Kenyan Rwandan South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Southern Africa South African Zimbabwean West Africa Cape Verdean Ghanaian Nigerian Igbo Yoruba Americas North America American English North American Mexican Caribbean Barbadian Cuban Guyanese Haitian Jamaican Trinidadian / Tobagonian Latin America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Cuban Peruvian Salvadoran Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central Asia Kazakh Tajik Uzbek East Asia Chinese Tibetan Hong Kong Japanese Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Asia Bangladeshi Indian Anglo - Indian Tamil Nepali Pakistani Romani Sri Lankan Tamil Southeast Asia Cambodian Filipino Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Asia Afghan Arab Iraqi Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Palestinian Saudi Syrian Yemeni Armenian Assyrian Azerbaijani Georgian Iranian Israeli Jewish Kurdish Turkish Europe Central Europe Austrian Czech German Hungarian ( Magyar ) Polish Slovak Slovenian Swiss Eastern Europe Belarusian Russian Tatar Ukrainian Northern Europe Scandinavian Danish Finnish Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Southeast Europe Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Croatian Greek Macedonian Moldovan Montenegrin Romanian Serbian Southern Europe Italian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Basque Western Europe Belgian Flemish - Walloons British Cornish English Manx Scottish Welsh Dutch French Acadians Basque Breton Québécois Irish Luxembourgian Scotch - Irish Oceania Australian Kanaka ( Hawaiian ) New Zealander Demographics Languages Religion Population totals 1666 census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census By province & territory ... 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Aboriginals Actors Artists Composers Monarchs Musicians Painters Prime Ministers Net worth Province and city Radio personalities Sports personalities TV personalities Writers Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_British_Columbia&oldid=819536250 '' Categories : Demographics of Canada by province or territory British Columbia society Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 22 : 28 . About Wikipedia

Question: what is the main religion in british columbia


Free trade Area of the Americas - Wikipedia Free trade Area of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search The Free Trade Area of the Americas logo The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ; Spanish : Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas , ALCA ; French : Zone de libre - échange des Amériques , ZLÉA ; Portuguese : Área de Livre Comércio das Américas , ALCA ; Dutch : Vrijhandelszone van Amerika ) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas , excluding Cuba . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginning 1.2 Disagreements 1.3 Current status 2 Membership 3 Support and opposition 4 Agreements 4.1 Previous agreements 4.2 Current agreements 4.3 Proposed agreements 5 Security pacts 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In the latest round of negotiations , trade ministers from 34 countries met in Miami , Florida , in the United States , in November 2003 to discuss the proposal . The proposed agreement was an extension of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) between Canada , Mexico , and the United States . Opposing the proposal were Cuba , Venezuela , Bolivia , Ecuador , Dominica , and Nicaragua ( all of which entered the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas in response ) , and Mercosur member states . Discussions have faltered over similar points as the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization ( WTO ) talks ; developed nations seek expanded trade in services and increased intellectual property rights , while less developed nations seek an end to agricultural subsidies and free trade in agricultural goods . Similar to the WTO talks , Brazil has taken a leadership role among the less developed nations , while the United States has taken a similar role for the developed nations . Beginning ( edit ) Free Trade Area of the Americas began with the Summit of the Americas in Miami , Florida , on December 11 , 1994 , but the FTAA came to public attention during the Quebec City Summit of the Americas , held in Canada in 2001 , a meeting targeted by massive anti-corporatization and anti-globalization protests . The Miami negotiations in 2003 met similar protests , though perhaps not as large . Disagreements ( edit ) In previous negotiations , the United States had pushed for a single comprehensive agreement to reduce trade barriers for goods , while increasing intellectual property protection . Specific intellectual property protections could include Digital Millennium Copyright Act - style copyright protections similar to the U.S. - Australia Free Trade Agreement . Another protection would likely restrict the reimportation or cross-importation of pharmaceuticals , similar to the proposed agreement between the United States and Canada . Brazil proposed a three - track approach that calls for a series of bilateral agreements to reduce specific tariffs on goods , a hemispheric pact on rules of origin , and a dispute resolution process ; Brazil proposed to omit the more controversial issues from the FTAA , leaving them to the WTO . The location of the FTAA Secretariat was to have been determined in 2005 . The contending cities are : Atlanta , Chicago , Galveston , Houston , San Juan , and Miami in the United States ; Cancún and Puebla in Mexico ; Panama City , Panama ; and Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago . The U.S. city of Colorado Springs also submitted its candidacy in the early days but subsequently withdrew . Miami , Panama City and Puebla served successively as interim secretariat headquarters during the negotiation process . The last summit was held at Mar del Plata , Argentina , in November 2005 , but no agreement on FTAA was reached . Of the 34 countries present at the negotiations , 26 pledged to meet again in 2006 to resume negotiations , but no such meeting took place . The failure of the Mar del Plata summit to establish a comprehensive FTAA agenda augured poorly . Current status ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2016 ) The FTAA missed the targeted deadline of 2005 , which followed the stalling of useful negotiations of the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005 . Over the next few years , some governments , most notably the United States , not wanting to lose any chance of hemispheric trade expansion moved in the direction of establishing a series of bilateral trade deals . The leaders however , planned further discussions at the Sixth Summit of the Americas in Cartagena , Colombia , in 2012 . Membership ( edit ) The following countries are in the plans of the Free Trade Area of the Americas : Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Support and opposition ( edit ) A vocal critic of the FTAA was Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez , who has described it as an `` annexation plan '' and a `` tool of imperialism '' for the exploitation of Latin America . As a counterproposal to this initiative , Chávez promoted the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( Alianza Bolivariana para las Américas , ALBA ) , based mostly on the model of the Eurasian Economic Community , which emphasizes energy and infrastructure agreements that are gradually extended to other areas finally to include the total economic , political and military integration of the member states . Evo Morales of Bolivia has referred to the U.S. - backed Free Trade Area of the Americas , as `` an agreement to legalize the colonization of the Americas '' . On the other hand , the then presidents of Brazil , Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , and Argentina , Néstor Kirchner , have stated that they do not oppose the FTAA but they do demand that the agreement provide for the elimination of U.S. agriculture subsidies , the provision of effective access to foreign markets and further consideration towards the needs and sensibilities of its members . One of the most contentious issues of the treaty proposed by the United States is with concerns to patents and copyrights . Critics claim that if the measures proposed by the United States were implemented and applied this would reduce scientific research in Latin America . On the left - wing Council of Canadians web site , Barlow wrote : `` This agreement sets enforceable global rules on patents , copyrights and trademark . It has gone far beyond its initial scope of protecting original inventions or cultural products and now permits the practice of patenting plants and animal forms as well as seeds . It promotes the private rights of corporations over local communities and their genetic heritage and traditional medicines '' . On the weekend of April 20 , 2001 , the 3rd Summit of the Americas was a summit held in Quebec City , Canada . This international meeting was a round of negotiations regarding a proposed FTAA . Agreements ( edit ) There are currently 34 countries in the Western Hemisphere , stretching from Canada to Chile that still have the FTAA as a long term goal . The Implementation of a full multilateral FTAA between all parties could be made possible by enlargement of existing agreements . North America , with the exception of Cuba and Haiti ( which has participated in economic integration with the Caricom since 2002 ) has come close to setting up a subcontinental free trade area . At this point Agreements within the Area of the Americas include : Previous agreements ( edit ) Canada : Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement ( 1988 ; superseded by the NAFTA ) Costa Rica - Dominican Republic ( superseded by DR - CAFTA ) Costa Rica - Trinidad and Tobago ( superseded by a Costa Rica - CARICOM FTA ) . Current agreements ( edit ) Canada , Mexico and United States : North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ; 1994 ) Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Dominican Republic and United States : Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( DR - CAFTA ; 2008 ) Chile , Colombia , Mexico and Peru : Pacific Alliance ( 2012 ) Chile -- United States Free Trade Agreement ( 2004 ) Peru -- United States Trade Promotion Agreement ( 2007 ) United States -- Colombia Free Trade Agreement ( 2011 ) Panama -- United States Trade Promotion Agreement ( 2011 ) Bolivia - Mexico Canada - Chile Canada - Colombia Canada - Costa Rica Canada - Honduras Canada - Panama Canada - Peru Chile - Mexico Chile - Costa Rica Costa Rica - Mexico Costa Rica - CARICOM Mexico - Nicaragua Mexico - Uruguay Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay and Venezuela - Mercosur ( 1991 ) Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru - Andean Community ( 1969 ) Proposed agreements ( edit ) Active negotiations Canada - CARICOM : Canada - Central America ( CA4TA - Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua , Honduras ) Canada - Mexico - Peru - Chile ( among other Pacific nations ) : Trans - Pacific Partnership Negotiations on hold CARICOM - Mercosur : United States - Ecuador : U.S. - Ecuador Free Trade Agreement CARICOM - North American Free Trade Agreement , first discussed in 1993 -- 1994 Security pacts ( edit ) United States - Central America - Mexico ( Mérida Initiative ) United States - CARICOM - Dominican Republic ( Partnership for Prosperity and Security in the Caribbean See also ( edit ) Miami model Pacific Alliance Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty Transatlantic Free Trade Area ( TAFTA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Union of South American Nations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Ministerial Declaration - Miami 2003 '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Candidate Cities for the Permanent Site of the FTAA Secretariat '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` About AFSC American Friends Service Committee '' . Afsc.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Links to FTAA Countries '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America ( ALBA ) '' . Crwflags.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Evo Morales ( 12 / 08 / 03 ) '' . Upsidedownworld.org. 2005 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gill , Nathan . `` April 2008 '' . Southern Affairs . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Council of Canadians : Campaigns : Trade and Investment : Publications : The Free Trade Area of the Americas by Maude Barlow '' . Ratical.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Free Trade Area of Americas ( FTAA ) '' . Actrav.itcilo.org. 1997 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti '' . Caricom.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Maroday , Patricia ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Infographic : The Ultimate Map Of Tax Free Zones In Latin America '' . Mercatrade . Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived April 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Caricom And Nafta '' . Silvertorch.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil : More Power to Quilombos '' . Brazzilmag.com. 2004 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Joshua ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Bush Excluded by Latin Summit as China , Russia Loom ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) process - official home page Comparing the official agreement and alternative visions The Rise of the New Global Elite - Statements of the former five - term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan Plutonomy and Democracy does not mix - YOUTUBE video by Bill Moyers Chilean and Foreign Policy Chilean and Foreign Policy Mit.edu Harvard.edu Hemisphere Summit Marred by Violent Anti-Bush Protests by Larry Rohter , The New York Times , November 5 , 2005 FTAA Delayed , Not Over . By Eric Farnsworth , Council of the Americas , December 2005 Whither the FTAA ? ( November 10 , 2005 ) , Guyana Chronicle Newspaper Canada , Chile thwart U.S. -- Brazilian plan , The Washington Times ( washtimes.com AP ) Myths of the FTAA , FoodFirst.org Institute for Food and Development Policy Why say no to FTAA , bilaterals.org The Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Threat to Social Programs , Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice in Canada and the Americas ( hide ) United States free - trade agreements Existing Bilateral Australia Bahrain Chile Colombia Israel Jordan Morocco Oman Panama Peru Singapore South Korea Multilateral Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Proposed Bilateral Ecuador Ghana Indonesia Kenya Kuwait Malaysia Mauritius Mozambique New Zealand Taiwan United Arab Emirates Uruguay Multilateral Middle East Free Trade Area ( MEFTA ) Transatlantic Free Trade Area ( TAFTA ) Trade in Services Agreement ( TISA ) Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( TTIP ) Suspended Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) ( no interest since 2005 ) Southern African Customs Union ( on hold since 2006 ) Thailand ( on hold after 2006 coup ) Qatar ( on hold since 2006 ) Defunct or expired Canada ( became part of North American Free Trade Agreement ) Canada -- United States Automotive Products Agreement Trans - Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) Pan-Americanism History Spanish American wars of independence Latin American wars of independence Latin American integration North American integration Patria Grande Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Lucas Alamán Inter-American Commission of Women Organizations Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ( ACTO ) Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Central American Integration System ( SICA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) Contadora group Contadora support group Latin American Economic System ( SELA ) Latin American Integration Association ( ALADI ) Lima Group ( LG ) Mercosur Organization of American States ( OAS ) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Organization of Ibero - American States ( OEI ) Pacific Alliance Petrocaribe Rio Group Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC , CEPAL ) Projects Andean passport CARICOM passport CARICOM Single Market and Economy CARIPASS Central America - 4 Border Control Agreement Central America - 4 passport Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America ( IIRSA ) Interoceanic Highway SUCRE Institutions Andean Parliament Bank of the South Caribbean Court of Justice Caribbean Development Bank Central American Parliament Development Bank of Latin America Inter-American Development Bank Latin American Parliament Mercosur Parliament South American Parliament Free trade areas Caribbean Free Trade Association ( CARIFTA ) CARIFORUM Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) Economic Partnership Agreements Free Trade Area of the Americas G3 Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) GND : 5288546 - X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas&oldid=834230892 '' Categories : Free trade agreements of the United States Foreign relations of Argentina Politics of the Americas Trade blocs United States federal trade legislation Proposed free trade agreements Free trade areas Foreign trade of Argentina Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from September 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2017 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 16 : 24 . 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Question: what would the free trade agreement of the americas (ftaa) do

eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba


English Channel - wikipedia English Channel Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the body of water . For the racehorse , see English Channel ( horse ) . `` The Channel '' redirects here . For other uses , see channel ( disambiguation ) . English Channel Location Western Europe ; between the Celtic Sea and North Sea Coordinates Coordinates : 50 ° N 02 ° W  /  50 ° N 2 ° W  / 50 ; - 2 Part of Atlantic Ocean Primary inflows River Exe , River Seine , River Test , River Tamar , River Somme Basin countries United Kingdom France Guernsey Jersey Max. length 560 km ( 350 mi ) Max . width 240 km ( 150 mi ) Surface area 75,000 km ( 29,000 sq mi ) Average depth 63 m ( 207 ft ) Max . depth 174 m ( 571 ft ) at Hurd 's Deep Salinity 3.4 -- 3.5 % Max . temperature 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) Min . temperature 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) Islands Île de Bréhat , Île de Batz , Chausey , Tatihou , Îles Saint - Marcouf , Isle of Wight , Jersey , Guernsey , Alderney , Sark , Herm Settlements Bournemouth , Brighton , Plymouth , Portsmouth , Calais , Le Havre The English Channel ( French : la Manche , `` the Sleeve '' ; German : Ärmelkanal , `` Sleeve Channel '' ; Breton : Mor Breizh , `` Sea of Brittany '' ; Cornish : Mor Bretannek , `` British Sea '' ) , also called simply the Channel , is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France , and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean . It is about 560 km ( 350 mi ) long and varies in width from 240 km ( 150 mi ) at its widest to 33.3 km ( 20.7 mi ) in the Strait of Dover . It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe , covering an area of some 75,000 km ( 29,000 sq mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Name 2.1 Ancient references 2.2 History and etymology 3 Geological origins ; giant waterfalls and catastrophic floods 4 Human geography 4.1 Route to the British Isles 4.2 Norsemen and Normans 4.3 England and Britain : Naval superpower 4.4 First World War 4.5 Second World War 5 Population 5.1 England 5.2 France 5.3 Channel Islands 6 Shipping 7 Ecology 8 Transport 8.1 Ferry 8.2 Channel Tunnel 9 Economy 9.1 Tourism 10 Culture and languages 11 Channel crossings 11.1 By boat 11.2 By air 11.3 By swimming 11.4 By car 11.5 Other types 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Geography ( edit ) Map of the English Channel The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows : On the west . A line joining Isle Vierge ( 48 ° 38 ′ 23 '' N 4 ° 34 ′ 13 '' W  /  48.63972 ° N 4.57028 ° W  / 48.63972 ; - 4.57028 ) to Lands End ( 50 ° 04 ′ N 5 ° 43 ′ W  /  50.067 ° N 5.717 ° W  / 50.067 ; - 5.717 ) . On the east . The southwestern limit of the North Sea . The IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as `` a line joining the Walde Lighthouse ( France , 1 ° 55'E ) and Leathercoat Point ( England , 51 ° 10'N ) '' . The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais ( 50 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 1 ° 55 ′ 00 '' E  /  50.98500 ° N 1.91667 ° E  / 50.98500 ; 1.91667 ) , and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of St Margaret 's Bay , Kent ( 51 ° 10 ′ 00 '' N 1 ° 24 ′ 00 '' E  /  51.16667 ° N 1.40000 ° E  / 51.16667 ; 1.40000 ) . The Strait of Dover viewed from France , looking towards England . The white cliffs of Dover on the English coast are visible from France on a clear day . The Strait of Dover ( French : Pas de Calais ) , at the Channel 's eastern end , is its narrowest point , while its widest point lies between Lyme Bay and the Gulf of Saint Malo near its midpoint . It is relatively shallow , with an average depth of about 120 m ( 390 ft ) at its widest part , reducing to a depth of about 45 m ( 148 ft ) between Dover and Calais . Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m ( 85 ft ) in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the watershed of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries . It reaches a maximum depth of 180 m ( 590 ft ) in the submerged valley of Hurd 's Deep , 48 km ( 30 mi ) west - northwest of Guernsey . The eastern region along the French coast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine ( French : Baie de Seine ) . Three French river mouths . Top to bottom : the Somme , the Authie and the Canche There are several major islands in the Channel , the most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast , and the Channel Islands , British Crown dependencies off the coast of France . The coastline , particularly on the French shore , is deeply indented ; several small islands close to the coastline , including Chausey and Mont Saint - Michel , are within French jurisdiction . The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel , whilst on the English side there is a small parallel channel known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland . The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel . The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies the tidal range from less than a metre as observed at sea to more than 6 metres as observed in the Channel Islands , the west coast of the Cotentin Peninsula and the north coast of Britanny . The time difference of about six hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by resonance . For the UK Shipping Forecast the Channel is divided into the following areas , from the west : Plymouth Portland Wight Dover Name ( edit ) Map with French nomenclature Ancient references ( edit ) Mare Britannicum Roman time ; Mare Gallicum Roman time ; `` Sea near Gaul '' Roman time ; Oceanus Gallicus 6th - 7th century ( Isidore of Sevilla ) ; Sūð - sǣ 11th century ( Ælfric ) ; mare anglicum 12th century ( Suger ) ; Gallico mari 12th century ( William of Newburgh ) ; `` arm of the sea south of the country that allows to sail to Gaul '' around 1100 - 1155 ( Geoffrey of Monmouth ) ; `` Beyond the sea '' End 14th century ( Jean Froissart ) ; Oceanus Britannicus in 1477 ( Taddeo Crivelli ) ; Oceanus Britannicus in 1482 ( Nicolaus Germanus ) ; Britannico Oceano in 1482 ( Francesco Berlinghieri ) ; Mare Anglica in 1540 ( Sebastian Münster ) ; Mer Oceane or mare oceanum in the 16th century on various maps ; Britannicus Oceanus et La Grand Mer Occeane in 1570 ; Oceanus Britannicus 16th century ; Mer de France & d'Angleterre in 1587 ; Mare Britannicum 16th century ( Jean Jolivet ) ; British Ocean in 1595 ( John Norden ) ; Channel in 1593 ( Shakespeare ) ; mare normandicum , ocean de bretaigne , mer de France 16th to 17th century The British or Narrow Sea to the 17th century ; British Sea or the Chanell 17th century ; le Manche ( masculine ) in 1639 ( Nicolas Sanson ) ; la manche d'Angleterre in 1611 ( Cotgrave ) La Mer Britannique , vulgairement la Manche in 1623 ; British Channel in 1745 ( John Renshaw ) ; English Channel 18th century ; History and etymology ( edit ) Throughout the centuries until the 18th , the English Channel did not have any fixed name in English and in French . It was never defined as a political border and the names were more or less descriptive . It was not considered as the property of a nation . Strangely , before the development of the modern nations , British scholars very often referred to it as `` Gaulish '' ( Gallicum in Latin ) and French scholars as `` British '' or `` English '' . The name English Channel has been widely used since the early 18th century , possibly originating from the designation Engelse Kanaal in Dutch sea maps from the 16th century onwards . In modern Dutch , however , it is known as Het Kanaal ( with no reference to the word `` English '' ) . Later , it has also been known as the British Channel or the British Sea having been called the Oceanus Britannicus by the 2nd - century geographer Ptolemy . The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450 , which gives the alternative name of canalites Anglie -- possibly the first recorded use of the Channel designation . The Anglo - Saxon texts often call it Sūð - sǣ ( `` South Sea '' ) as opposed to Norð - sǣ ( `` North Sea '' = Bristol Channel ) . The common word channel was first recorded in Middle English in the 13th century and was borrowed from Old French chanel , variant form of chenel `` canal '' . The French name la Manche has been in use since at least the 17th century . The name is usually said to refer to the Channel 's sleeve ( French : la manche ) shape . Folk etymology has derived it from a Celtic word meaning channel that is also the source of the name for the Minch in Scotland , but this name was never mentioned before the 17th century , and French and British sources of that time are perfectly clear about its etymology . The name in Breton ( Mor Breizh ) means `` Breton Sea '' , and its Cornish name ( Mor Bretannek ) means `` British Sea '' . Geological origins ; giant waterfalls and catastrophic floods ( edit ) The Channel is of geologically recent origins , having been dry land for most of the Pleistocene period . Before the Devensian glaciation ( the most recent ice age that ended around 10,000 years ago ) , Britain and Ireland were part of continental Europe , linked by an unbroken Weald - Artois Anticline , a ridge that acted as a natural dam holding back a large freshwater pro-glacial lake in the Doggerland region , now submerged under the North Sea . During this period the North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered by ice . The lake was fed by meltwater from the Baltic and from the Caledonian and Scandinavian ice sheets that joined to the north , blocking its exit . The sea level was about 120 m ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today . Then , between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago , at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the Weald -- Artois anticline . The first flood would have lasted for several months , releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second . The flood started with large but localized waterfalls over the ridge , which excavated depressions now known as the Fosses Dangeard . The flow eroded the retaining ridge , causing the rock dam to fail and releasing lake water into the Atlantic . After multiple episodes of changing sea level , during which the Fosses Dangeard were largely infilled by various layers of sediment , another catastrophic flood carved a large bedrock - floored valley , the Lobourg Channel , some 500 m wide and 25 m deep , from the southern North Sea basin through the centre of the Straits of Dover and into the English Channel . It left streamlined islands , longitudinal erosional grooves , and other features characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events , still present on the sea floor and now revealed by high - resolution sonar . Through the scoured channel passed a river , which drained the combined Rhine and Thames westwards to the Atlantic . The flooding destroyed the ridge that connected Britain to continental Europe , although a land connection across the southern North Sea would have existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lowering of sea levels . At the end of the last glacial period , rising sea levels finally severed the last land connection . Human geography ( edit ) This precious stone set in the silver sea , Which serves it in the office of a wall Or as a moat defensive to a house , Against the envy of less happier lands . William Shakespeare , Richard II ( Act II , Scene 1 ) The channel , which delayed human reoccupation of Great Britain for more than 100,000 years , has in historic times been both an easy entry for seafaring people and a key natural defence , halting invading armies while in conjunction with control of the North Sea allowing Britain to blockade the continent . The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power , e.g. from the Spanish Armada in 1588 , Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars , and Nazi Germany during World War II . Successful invasions include the Roman conquest of Britain , the Norman Conquest in 1066 and the invasion by the Dutch in 1688 , while the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain 's south coast made possible the largest invasion of all time , the Normandy Landings in 1944 . Channel naval battles include the Battle of the Downs ( 1639 ) , Battle of Goodwin Sands ( 1652 ) , the Battle of Portland ( 1653 ) , the Battle of La Hougue ( 1692 ) and the engagement between USS Kearsarge and CSS Alabama ( 1864 ) . In more peaceful times the Channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures , particularly the huge Angevin Empire from 1135 to 1217 . For nearly a thousand years , the Channel also provided a link between the Modern Celtic regions and languages of Cornwall and Brittany . Brittany was founded by Britons who fled Cornwall and Devon after Anglo - Saxon encroachment . In Brittany , there is a region known as `` Cornouaille '' ( Cornwall ) in French and `` Kernev '' in Breton In ancient times there was also a `` Domnonia '' ( Devon ) in Brittany as well . In February 1684 , ice formed on the sea in a belt 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) wide off the coast of Kent and 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide on the French side . Route to the British Isles ( edit ) The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century around the North Sea . The red area is the distribution of the dialect Old West Norse , the orange area Old East Norse , and the green area the other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility . Remnants of a mesolithic boatyard have been found on the Isle of Wight . Wheat was traded across the Channel about 8,000 years ago . `` ... Sophisticated social networks linked the Neolithic front in southern Europe to the Mesolithic peoples of northern Europe . '' The Ferriby Boats , Hanson Log Boats and the later Dover Bronze Age Boat could carry a substantial cross-Channel cargo . Diodorus Siculus and Pliny both suggest trade between the rebel Celtic tribes of Armorica and Iron Age Britain flourished . In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded , claiming that the Britons had aided the Veneti against him the previous year . He was more successful in 54 BC , but Britain was not fully established as part of the Roman Empire until completion of the invasion by Aulus Plautius in 43 AD . A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman Gaul and those in Britain . This traffic continued until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410 AD , after which the early Anglo - Saxons left less clear historical records . In the power vacuum left by the retreating Romans , the Germanic Angles , Saxons , and Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea . Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans , many people from these tribes crossed during the Migration Period , conquering and perhaps displacing the native Celtic populations . Norsemen and Normans ( edit ) The Hermitage of St Helier lies in the bay off Saint Helier and is accessible on foot at low tide . The attack on Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the Viking Age . For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway , Sweden , and Denmark dominated the North Sea , raiding monasteries , homes , and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland . According to the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle they began to settle in Britain in 851 . They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050 . The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo ( also known as Robert of Normandy ) . Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks Charles the Simple through the Treaty of St. - Claire - sur - Epte . In exchange for his homage and fealty , Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered . The name `` Normandy '' reflects Rollo 's Viking ( i.e. `` Northman '' ) origins . The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo - Romance language and intermarried with the area 's inhabitants and became the Normans -- a Norman French - speaking mixture of Scandinavians , Hiberno - Norse , Orcadians , Anglo - Danish , and indigenous Franks and Gauls . Rollo 's descendant William , Duke of Normandy became king of England in 1066 in the Norman Conquest beginning with the Battle of Hastings , while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants . In 1204 , during the reign of King John , mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under Philip II , while insular Normandy ( the Channel Islands ) remained under English control . In 1259 , Henry III of England recognised the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the Treaty of Paris . His successors , however , often fought to regain control of mainland Normandy . With the rise of William the Conqueror the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of their importance . The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia 's trade south , toward the Mediterranean and the Orient . Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801 , the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands . The Channel Islands ( except for Chausey ) are Crown dependencies of the British Crown . Thus the Loyal toast in the Channel Islands is La Reine , notre Duc ( `` The Queen , our Duke '' ) . The British monarch is understood to not be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein , by virtue of the Treaty of Paris of 1259 , the surrender of French possessions in 1801 , and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs . French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years ' War in 1346 -- 1360 and again in 1415 -- 1450 . England and Britain : naval superpower ( edit ) From the reign of Elizabeth I , English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across the Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports . Her climb to the pre-eminent sea power of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English and the Dutch under command of Charles Howard , 1st Earl of Nottingham with Sir Francis Drake second in command , and the following stormy weather . Over the centuries the Royal Navy slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world . The building of the British Empire was possible only because the Royal Navy eventually managed to exercise unquestioned control over the seas around Europe , especially the Channel and the North Sea . During the Seven Years ' War , France attempted to launch an invasion of Britain . To achieve this France needed to gain control of the Channel for several weeks , but was thwarted following the British naval victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 . Another significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the Napoleonic Wars . The Battle of Trafalgar took place off the coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral Horatio Nelson , ending Napoleon 's plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century . First world War ( edit ) The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockade was recognised by the First Sea Lord Admiral Fisher in the years before World War I. `` Five keys lock up the world ! Singapore , the Cape , Alexandria , Gibraltar , Dover . '' However , on 25 July 1909 Louis Blériot made the first Channel crossing from Calais to Dover in an aeroplane . Blériot 's crossing signalled the end of the Channel as a barrier - moat for England against foreign enemies . Because the Kaiserliche Marine surface fleet could not match the British Grand Fleet , the Germans developed submarine warfare , which was to become a far greater threat to Britain . The Dover Patrol was set up just before the war started to escort cross-Channel troopships and to prevent submarines from sailing in the Channel , obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around Scotland . On land , the German army attempted to capture Channel ports in the Race to the Sea but although the trenches are often said to have stretched `` from the frontier of Switzerland to the English Channel '' , they reached the coast at the North Sea . Much of the British war effort in Flanders was a bloody but successful strategy to prevent the Germans reaching the Channel coast . At the outset of the war , an attempt was made to block the path of U-boats through the Dover Strait with naval minefields . By February 1915 , this had been augmented by a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) stretch of light steel netting called the Dover Barrage , which it was hoped would ensnare submerged submarines . After initial success , the Germans learned how to pass through the barrage , aided by the unreliability of British mines . On 31 January 1917 , the Germans restarted unrestricted submarine warfare leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November , the most dangerous situation Britain faced in either world war . The Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast , though it was the introduction of convoys and not capture of the bases that averted defeat . In April 1918 the Dover Patrol carried out the famous Zeebrugge Raid against the U-boat bases . During 1917 , the Dover Barrage was re-sited with improved mines and more effective nets , aided by regular patrols by small warships equipped with powerful searchlights . A German attack on these vessels resulted in the Battle of Dover Strait in 1917 . A much more ambitious attempt to improve the barrage , by installing eight massive concrete towers across the strait was called the Admiralty M-N Scheme but only two towers were nearing completion at the end of the war and the project was abandoned . The naval blockade in the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918 . Second world War ( edit ) British radar facilities during the Battle of Britain 1940 During the Second World War , naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic . During the Battle of France in May 1940 , the German forces succeeded in capturing both Boulogne and Calais , thereby threatening the line of retreat for the British Expeditionary Force . By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision , the port of Dunkirk was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in Operation Dynamo . More than 11,000 were evacuated from Le Havre during Operation Cycle and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in Operation Ariel in June 1940 . The early stages of the Battle of Britain featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports , and until the Normandy Landings ( with the exception of the Channel Dash ) the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships . Despite these early successes against shipping , the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for Operation Sealion , the projected cross-Channel invasion . The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war , featuring submarines , minesweepers , and Fast Attack Craft . 150 mm Second World War German gun emplacement in Normandy As part of the Atlantic Wall , between 1940 and 1945 the occupying German forces and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications round the coasts of the Channel Islands , such as this observation tower at Les Landes , Jersey . Dieppe was the site of an ill - fated Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces . More successful was the later Operation Overlord ( D - Day ) , a massive invasion of German - occupied France by Allied troops . Caen , Cherbourg , Carentan , Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province , which continued until the closing of the so - called Falaise gap between Chambois and Montormel , then liberation of Le Havre . The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Commonwealth occupied by Germany ( excepting the part of Egypt occupied by the Afrika Korps at the time of the Second Battle of El Alamein , which was a protectorate and not part of the Commonwealth ) . The German occupation of 1940 -- 1945 was harsh , with some island residents being taken for slave labour on the Continent ; native Jews sent to concentration camps ; partisan resistance and retribution ; accusations of collaboration ; and slave labour ( primarily Russians and eastern Europeans ) being brought to the islands to build fortifications . The Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time , particularly following the liberation of mainland Normandy in 1944 . Intense negotiations resulted in some Red Cross humanitarian aid , but there was considerable hunger and privation during the occupation , particularly in the final months , when the population was close to starvation . The German troops on the islands surrendered on 9 May 1945 , a day after the final surrender in mainland Europe . Population ( edit ) The English Channel is far more densely populated on the English shore . The most significant towns and cities along both the English and French sides of the Channel ( each with more than 20,000 inhabitants , ranked in descending order ; populations are the urban area populations from the 1999 French census , 2001 UK census , and 2001 Jersey census ) are as follows : England ( edit ) The Spinnaker Tower , Portsmouth Harbour Brighton -- Worthing -- Littlehampton : 461,181 inhabitants , made up of : Brighton : 155,919 Worthing : 96,964 Hove : 72,335 Littlehampton : 55,716 Lancing -- Sompting : 30,360 Portsmouth : 442,252 , including Gosport : 79,200 Bournemouth & Poole : 383,713 Southampton : 304,400 Plymouth : 258,700 Torbay ( Torquay ) : 129,702 Hastings -- Bexhill : 126,386 Exeter : 119,600 Eastbourne : 106,562 Bognor Regis : 62,141 Folkestone -- Hythe : 60,039 Weymouth : 56,043 Dover : 39,078 Walmer -- Deal : 35,941 Exmouth : 32,972 Falmouth -- Penryn : 28,801 Ryde : 22,806 St Austell : 22,658 Seaford : 21,851 Falmouth : 21,635 Penzance : 20,255 France ( edit ) The walled city of Saint - Malo was a former stronghold of corsairs . Le Havre : 248,547 inhabitants Calais : 104,852 Boulogne - sur - Mer : 92,704 Cherbourg : 42,318 Saint - Brieuc : 45,879 Saint - Malo : 50,675 Lannion -- Perros - Guirec : 48,990 Dieppe : 42,202 Morlaix : 35,996 Dinard : 25,006 Étaples -- Le Touquet - Paris - Plage : 23,994 Fécamp : 22,717 Eu -- Le Tréport : 22,019 Trouville - sur - Mer -- Deauville : 20,406 Channel Islands ( edit ) Saint Helier , Jersey : 28,310 inhabitants Saint Peter Port , Guernsey : 16,488 inhabitants Saint Anne , Alderney : 2,200 inhabitants Sark : 600 inhabitants Herm : 60 inhabitants Shipping ( edit ) Automatic Identification System display showing traffic in the Channel in 2006 The Channel has traffic on both the UK - Europe and North Sea - Atlantic routes , and is the world 's busiest seaway , with over 500 ships per day . Following an accident in January 1971 and a series of disastrous collisions with wreckage in February , the Dover TSS the world 's first radar - controlled Traffic Separation Scheme was set up by the International Maritime Organization . The scheme mandates that vessels travelling north must use the French side , travelling south the English side . There is a separation zone between the two lanes . In December 2002 the MV Tricolor , carrying £ 30m of luxury cars sank 32 km ( 20 mi ) northwest of Dunkirk after collision in fog with the container ship Kariba . The cargo ship Nicola ran into the wreckage the next day . There was no loss of life . The shore - based long range traffic control system was updated in 2003 and there is a series of Traffic Separation Systems in operation . Though the system is inherently incapable of reaching the levels of safety obtained from aviation systems such as the Traffic Collision Avoidance System , it has reduced accidents to one or two per year . Marine GPS systems allow ships to be preprogrammed to follow navigational channels accurately and automatically , further avoiding risk of running aground , but following the fatal collision between Dutch Aquamarine and Ash in October 2001 , Britain 's Marine Accident Investigation Branch ( MAIB ) issued a safety bulletin saying it believed that in these most unusual circumstances GPS use had actually contributed to the collision . The ships were maintaining a very precise automated course , one directly behind the other , rather than making use of the full width of the traffic lanes as a human navigator would . A combination of radar difficulties in monitoring areas near cliffs , a failure of a CCTV system , incorrect operation of the anchor , the inability of the crew to follow standard procedures of using a GPS to provide early warning of the ship dragging the anchor and reluctance to admit the mistake and start the engine led to the MV Willy running aground in Cawsand bay , Cornwall in January 2002 . The MAIB report makes it clear that the harbour controllers were informed of impending disaster by shore observers before the crew were themselves aware . The village of Kingsand was evacuated for three days because of the risk of explosion , and the ship was stranded for 11 days . Ecology ( edit ) As a busy shipping lane , the Channel experiences environmental problems following accidents involving ships with toxic cargo and oil spills . Indeed , over 40 % of the UK incidents threatening pollution occur in or very near the Channel . One of the recent occurrences was the MSC Napoli , which on 18 January 2007 was beached with nearly 1700 tonnes of dangerous cargo in Lyme Bay , a protected World Heritage Site coastline . The ship had been damaged and was en route to Portland Harbour . Transport ( edit ) The beach of Le Havre and a part of the rebuilt city Ferry ( edit ) Main article : Channel Ports The number of ferry routes crossing the Strait of Dover has reduced since the Channel Tunnel opened . Current cross-channel ferry routes are : Dover -- Calais Dover -- Dunkirk Newhaven -- Dieppe Plymouth -- Roscoff Poole -- Cherbourg Poole -- Saint Malo Portsmouth -- Cherbourg Portsmouth -- Jersey and Guernsey Portsmouth -- Le Havre Portsmouth -- Ouistreham Portsmouth -- Saint Malo Rosslare -- Cherbourg Rosslare -- Roscoff Weymouth -- Saint Malo Channel Tunnel ( edit ) Main article : Channel Tunnel Many travellers cross beneath the Channel using the Channel Tunnel , first proposed in the early 19th century and finally opened in 1994 , connecting the UK and France by rail . It is now routine to travel between Paris or Brussels and London on the Eurostar train . Freight trains also use the tunnel . Cars , coaches and lorries are carried on Eurotunnel Shuttle trains between Folkestone and Calais . Economy ( edit ) Tourism ( edit ) The Mont Saint - Michel is one of the most visited and recognisable landmarks on the English Channel . The coastal resorts of the Channel , such as Brighton and Deauville , inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century , which developed into the seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world . Short trips across the Channel for leisure purposes are often referred to as Channel Hopping . Culture and languages ( edit ) Kelham 's Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language ( 1779 ) , defining Law French , a language historically used in English law courts The two dominant cultures are English on the north shore of the Channel , French on the south . However , there are also a number of minority languages that are or were found on the shores and islands of the English Channel , which are listed here , with the Channel 's name following them . Celtic Languages Breton -- `` Mor Breizh '' ( Sea of Brittany ) Cornish -- `` Mor Bretannek '' Irish : Muir nIocht -- `` Merciful Sea '' Germanic languages English Dutch -- `` het Kanaal '' ( the Channel ) Dutch previously had a larger range , and extended into parts of modern - day France . For more information , please see French Flemish . Romance languages French -- `` La Manche '' Gallo -- `` Manche '' , `` Grand - Mè '' , `` Mè Bertone '' Norman , including the Channel Island vernaculars : Anglo - Norman ( extinct , but fossilised in certain English law phrases ) Auregnais ( extinct ) Cotentinais -- `` Maunche '' Guernesiais -- `` Ch'nal '' Jèrriais -- `` Ch'na '' Sercquais Picard Most other languages tend towards variants of the French and English forms , but notably Welsh has `` Môr Udd '' . Channel crossings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As one of the narrowest and most well - known international waterways lacking dangerous currents , the Channel has been the first objective of numerous innovative sea , air , and human powered crossing technologies . Pre-historic people sailed from the mainland to England for millennia . At the end of the last Ice Age , lower sea levels even permitted walking across . By Boat ( edit ) Date Crossing Participant ( s ) Notes March 1816 the French paddle steamer Élise ( ex Scottish - built Margery or Margory ) was the first steamer to cross the Channel . 9 May 1816 Paddle steamer Defiance , Captain William Wager , was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland 10 June 1821 Paddle steamer Rob Roy , first passenger ferry to cross channel The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV . June 1843 First ferry connection through Folkestone - Boulogne Commanding officer Captain Hayward 25 July 1959 Hovercraft crossing ( Calais to Dover , 2 hours 3 minutes ) SR - N1 Sir Christopher Cockerell was on board 22 August 1972 First solo hovercraft crossing ( same route as SR - N1 ; 2 hours 20 minutes ) Nigel Beale ( UK ) Coracle ( 13 and a half hours ) Bernard Thomas ( UK ) As part of a publicity stunt , the journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from Welsh coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century . 14 September 1995 Fastest crossing by hovercraft , 22 minutes by `` Princess Anne '' MCH SR - N4 MkIII Craft was designed as a ferry First vessel to complete a solar - powered crossing using photovoltaic cells SB Collinda -- 14 June 2004 New record time for crossing in amphibious vehicle ( the Gibbs Aquada , three - seater open - top sports car ) Richard Branson ( UK ) Completed crossing in 1 hour 40 minutes 6 seconds -- previous record was 6 hours . 26 July 2006 New record time for crossing in hydrofoil car ( the Rinspeed Splash , two - seater open - top sports car ) Frank M. Rinderknecht ( Switzerland ) Completed crossing in 3 hours 14 minutes 25 September 2006 First crossing on a towed inflatable object ( not a powered inflatable boat ) Stephen Preston ( UK ) Completed crossing in 180 min July 2007 BBC Top Gear presenters `` drive '' to France in amphibious cars Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , James May ( UK ) Completed the crossing in a 1996 Nissan D21 pick - up ( the `` Nissank '' ) , fitted with a Honda outboard engine . 1960 's First crossing by water ski . An annual Cross Channel Ski Race was run from the Varne Boat Club from the 1960s onwards . The race was from the Varne club in Greatstone on Sea to Cap Gris Nez / Boulogne ( latter years ) and back . Many waterskiers have made this return crossing non stop since this time . Youngest known waterskier to cross the Channel was John Clements aged 10 , from the Varne Boat Club on 22 August 1974 who made the crossing from Littlestone to Boulogne and back without falling . 20 August 2011 First Crossing by Sea Scooters A four - man relay team from Scarborough , North Yorkshire , headed by Heath Samples , crossed from Shakespeare Beach to Wissant . It took 12 hours 26 minutes 39 seconds and set a new Guinness World Record . Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the Élise , ex the Scottish p.s. `` Margery '' in March 1816 , one of the earliest seagoing voyages by steam ship . The paddle steamer Defiance , Captain William Wager , was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland , arriving there on 9 May 1816 . On 10 June 1821 , English - built paddle steamer Rob Roy was the first passenger ferry to cross channel . The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV and put into regular passenger service a year later . It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours . In June 1843 , because of difficulties with Dover harbour , the South Eastern Railway company developed the Boulogne - sur - Mer - Folkestone route as an alternative to Calais - Dover . The first ferry crossed under the command of Captain Hayward . In 1974 a Welsh coracle piloted by Bernard Thomas of Llechryd crossed the English Channel to France in 131⁄2 hours . The journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century . The Mountbatten class hovercraft ( MCH ) entered commercial service in August 1968 , initially between Dover and Boulogne but later also Ramsgate ( Pegwell Bay ) to Calais . The journey time Dover to Boulogne was roughly 35 minutes , with six trips per day at peak times . The fastest crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car - carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes , recorded by the Princess Anne MCH SR - N4 Mk3 on 14 September 1995 , By air ( edit ) Main article : List of English Channel crossings by air The first aircraft to cross the Channel was a balloon in 1785 , piloted by Jean Pierre François Blanchard ( France ) and John Jeffries ( US ) . Louis Blériot ( France ) piloted the first airplane to cross in 1909 . By Swimming ( edit ) Main article : List of successful English Channel swimmers The sport of Channel swimming traces its origins to the latter part of the 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover , swimming from England to France on 24 -- 25 August 1875 in 21 hours 45 minutes . In 1927 , at a time when fewer than ten swimmers ( including the first woman , Gertrude Ederle in 1926 ) had managed to emulate the feat and many dubious claims were being made , the Channel Swimming Association ( CSA ) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers ' claims to have swum the Channel and to verify crossing times . The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and was succeeded by two separate organisations : CSA ( Ltd ) and the Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation ( CSPF ) . Both observe and authenticate cross-Channel swims in the Strait of Dover . The Channel Crossing Association was set up at about this time to cater for unorthodox crossings . The team with the most number of Channel swims to its credit is the Serpentine Swimming Club in London , followed by the International Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team . By the end of 2005 , 811 people had completed 1,185 verified crossings under the rules of the CSA , the CSA ( Ltd ) , the CSPF and Butlins . The number of swims conducted under and ratified by the Channel Swimming Association to 2005 was 982 by 665 people . This includes 24 two - way crossings and three three - way crossings . The number of ratified swims to 2004 was 948 by 675 people ( 456 men , 214 women ) . There have been 16 two - way crossings ( 9 by men and 7 by women ) . There have been three three - way crossings ( 2 by men and 1 by a woman ) . ( It is unclear whether this last set of data is comprehensive or CSA only . ) The Strait of Dover is the busiest stretch of water in the world . It is governed by International Law as described in Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme . It states : `` ( In ) exceptional cases the French Maritime Authorities may grant authority for unorthodox craft to cross French territorial waters within the Traffic Separation Scheme when these craft set off from the British coast , on condition that the request for authorisation is sent to them with the opinion of the British Maritime Authorities . '' The CCA , CSA , and CS&PF are the organisations escorting channel swims , because their pilots have the experience , qualifications , and equipment to guarantee the safety of the swimmers they escort . The fastest verified swim of the Channel was by the Australian Trent Grimsey on 8 September 2012 , in 6 hours 55 minutes , beating the previous record set in 2007 by Bulgarian swimmer Petar Stoychev . There may have been some unreported swims of the Channel , by people intent on entering Britain in circumvention of immigration controls . A failed attempt to cross the Channel by two Syrian refugees in October 2014 only came to light when their bodies were later discovered on the shores of the North Sea in Norway and the Netherlands . By car ( edit ) On 16 September 1965 , two Amphicars crossed from Dover to Calais . Other types ( edit ) Date Crossing Participant ( s ) Notes 27 March 1899 First radio transmission across the Channel ( from Wimereux to South Foreland Lighthouse ) Guglielmo Marconi ( Italy ) See also ( edit ) Anguilla Channel Booze cruise Guadeloupe Passage List of firsts in aviation Phoenix breakwaters List of successful English Channel swimmers References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` English Channel '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` English Channel . '' Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition + corrections '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1971 . pp. 42 ( corrections to page 13 ) and 6 . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Guillaume Postel , La vraye et entière description du royaume de France et ses confins ... , 1570 Jump up ^ `` Théâtre de l'Univers '' , French Edition , Anvers , 1587 , new edition 1598 Jump up ^ `` Map of Sussex '' John Norden ( 1595 ) Jump up ^ Shakespeare , Henry VI ( 1593 ) Jump up ^ Nicolas Sanson , Description de la France ( 1639 ) et `` Carte générale du Royaume de France avec tous les pays circomvoisins '' ( 1643 ) ; Jump up ^ Cotgrave , Dictionary Jump up ^ Pierre Duval , Description de la France et de ses provinces ( 1623 ) Jump up ^ John Renshaw , An Exact Trigonometrical Survey of the British Channel Jump up ^ MORIEUX Jump up ^ `` Buitenlandse Aardrijkskundige Namen '' ( Foreign Geographical Names ) ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Taalunie. 2012 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A chart of the British Channel , Jefferys , Thomas , 1787 '' . Davidrumsey.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Map Of Great Britain , Ca . 1450 '' . The unveiling of Britain . British Library . 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . This may also be the first map to name the English Channel : `` britanicus oceanus nunc canalites Anglie '' Jump up ^ Room A. Placenames of the world : origins and meanings , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Cotgrave R. , A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues , London , A. Islip , 1611 , art . `` Manche '' . Jump up ^ `` English Channel channel , Europe '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Sanjeev ; Jenny S. Collier , Andy Palmer - Felgate & Graeme Potter ; Palmer - Felgate , Andy ; Potter , Graeme ( 2007 ) . `` Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel '' . Nature . 448 ( 7151 ) : 342 -- 345 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448 ... 342G . PMID 17637667 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06018 . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Lay summary -- msnbc.com ( 18 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` GPG Cambridge.ac Physics Today , Sonar mapping suggests that the English Channel was created by two megafloods , ( extract of Gupta Potter ) , Freely downloadable PDF '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Two - stage opening of the Dover Strait and the origin of island Britain . Sanjeev Gupta , Jenny S. Collier , David Garcia - Moreno , Francesca Oggioni , Alain Trentesaux , Kris Vanneste , Marc De Batist , Thierry Camelbeeck , Graeme Potter , Brigitte Van Vliet - Lanoë & John C.R. Arthur . Nature Communications 8 , Article number : 15101 ( 2017 ) doi : 10.1038 / ncomms15101 http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15101 accessed 5 April 2017 Jump up ^ Sanjeev Gupta et al. `` Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel '' Nature448 , 342 -- 345 ( 19 July 2007 ) ( abstract ) Jump up ^ `` Catastrophic Flooding Changed The Course Of British History '' , Science Daily ( 19 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Professor Bryony Coles . `` The Doggerland project '' . University of Exeter . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers speculate that the flooding induced changes in topography creating barriers to migration which led to a complete absence of humans in Britain 100,000 years ago . '' ScienceDaily ( 19 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ cf . `` Kernow '' , the Cornish for Cornwall . Jump up ^ Flohn , Hermann ; Fantechi , Roberto ( 1984 ) . The Climate of Europe , past , present , and future . p. 46 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 1745 - 1 . Jump up ^ PastPresented , info : The Great Frost of 1683 -- 4 Jump up ^ Balter , Michael ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) . `` DNA recovered from underwater British site may rewrite history of farming in Europe '' . Science . Jump up ^ Larson , Greger ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) . `` How wheat came to Britain '' . Science . 347 : 945 -- 946 . PMID 25722395 . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaa6113 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ; Momber , Garry ; Bates , Richard ; Garwood , Paul ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Sedimentary DNA from a submerged site reveals wheat in the British Isles 8000 years ago '' . Science . 347 ( 6225 ) : 998 -- 1001 . Bibcode : 2015Sci ... 347 ... 998S . PMID 25722413 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1261278 . Jump up ^ `` History Compass '' ( PDF ) . History Compass . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Germany The migration period '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Nick Attwood MA . `` The Holy Island of Lindisfarne -- The Viking Attack '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ britishbattles.com ( 2007 ) . `` The Spanish Armada : Sir Francis Drake '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Miller . The Millstone : Chapter 2 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . quoting Fisher , Naval Necessities I , p. 219 Jump up ^ firstworldwar.com -- Encyclopedia -- The Dover Barrage Jump up ^ `` U-Boat warfare at the Atlantic during World War I '' . German Notes . Archived from the original on 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Grant , , Robert M. ( 2002 ) . U-Boats Destroyed : The Effect of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914 -- 1918 . Periscope Publishing Ltd . pp. 74 -- 75 . ISBN 1 - 904381 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ Black Jack ( Quarterly Magazine Southampton Branch World Ship Society ) Issue No : 152 Autumn 2009 : ( p. 6 ) SHOREHAM TOWERS -- One of the Admiralty 's greatest engineering secrets , Reproduced from Engineering & Technology IET Magazine May 2009 Jump up ^ `` His Imperial German Majesty 's U-boats in WWI : 6 . Finale '' . uboat.net . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Cycle , the evacuation from Havre , 10 - 13 June 1940 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Operation Aerial , the evacuation from north western France , 15 -- 25 June 1940 . Historyofwar.org . Retrieved on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fact File : Battle of Britain '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Campaigns of World War II , Naval History Homepage . `` Atlantic , WW2 , U-boats , convoys , OA , OB , SL , HX , HG , Halifax , RCN ... '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Dover Strait , navigation rules '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of CNIS '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dover Strait TSS '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Marine Guide -- English Channel '' . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Chartlets published by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency Jump up ^ `` Safety Bulletin 2 '' ( PDF ) . Marine Accident Investigation Branch. 2001 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the Investigation of the grounding of MV Willy '' ( PDF ) . Marine Accident Investigation Branch . October 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Picture gallery : Cornwall 's stranded tanker '' . London : BBC . 5 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Salvage team hunts for leak '' . London : BBC . 6 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stranded tanker safe in port '' . London : BBC . 14 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tanker wreck starts leaking oil '' . London : BBC . 1 February 2006 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Survey of Reported Discharges '' ( PDF ) . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2006 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MSC Napoli Ship Disasters '' . www.ship-disasters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Auffray , Régis ( 2007 ) . Le Petit Matao . Rue des Scribes . ISBN 2906064645 . Jump up ^ `` The Doggerland Project '' , University of Exeter Department of Archaeology Jump up ^ Patterson , W , `` Coastal Catastrophe '' ( paleoclimate research document ) , University of Saskatchewan Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Charles ( February 1998 ) . `` P.S. Defiance , the first steamer to Holland , 9 May 1816 '' . The Mariner 's Mirror . The Society for Nautical Research . 84 ( 1 ) : 84 . Jump up ^ Verifiable in Hovercraft Club of Great Britain Records and Archives Jump up ^ `` Wales on Britannia : Facts About Wales & the Welsh '' . Britannia.com . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Stuart Waterman ( 27 July 2006 ) . `` Rinspeed `` Splash '' sets English Channel record `` . Autoblog . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Inflatable Drag '' . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Nissan Truck ( D21 ) in `` Top Gear , 2002 -- 2010 '' `` . IMCDb.org . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ The History of the Channel Ferry Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Channel ferries & ferry ports Jump up ^ Wales on Britannia : Facts About Wales & the Welsh Jump up ^ John , Gilbert ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` ' Coracle king ' to hang up paddle '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hovercraft deal opens show '' . London : BBC News . 15 June 1966 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blanchard , Jean - Pierre - François . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ serpentineswimmingclub.com `` Serpentine Swimming Club '' . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org `` Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team '' . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Trent Grimsey breaks channel swim record , The Age , 13 September 2012 Jump up ^ Channel swimming records Jump up ^ Fjellberg , Anders ( 2015 ) , The Wetsuitmen Jump up ^ Autocar article entitled Cars Ahoy published 10 December 1965 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ferry routes to British Mainland . Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Channel . Full Channel swim lists and swimmer information Oceanus Britannicus or British Sea Channel swimmers website Archives of long distance swimming Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation Channel Swimming Association World War II Eye Witness Account -- Audio Recording Air Battle over the English Channel ( 1940 ) Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Borders of the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories United Kingdom Land and maritime boundaries : Ireland Maritime boundaries : Metropolitan France Denmark European Netherlands Germany Norway British Overseas Territories Land and maritime boundaries : Spain Cyprus Maritime boundaries : Dominican Republic Caribbean France Pacific France Caribbean Netherlands United States Honduras Jamaica Cuba Bahamas Haiti Venezuela Borders of France Metropolitan France Andorra Belgium Germany Italy Luxembourg Monaco Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas France Australia * Brazil Netherlands Suriname * subject to the Antarctic Treaty System VIAF : 237708164 GND : 4068438 - 6 NDL : 00563982 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&oldid=806758724 '' Categories : English Channel English coast European seas France -- United Kingdom border International straits Landforms of Brittany Landforms of Normandy Landforms of Hauts - 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Question: what is the average depth of the english channel


Krypton - 85 - wikipedia Krypton - 85 Jump to : navigation , search Krypton - 85 Complete table of nuclides General Name , symbol Krypton , Kr Neutrons 49 Protons 36 Nuclide data Half - life 10.756 years Isotope mass 84.9125273 ( 21 ) u Spin 9 / 2 + Decay mode Decay energy Beta decay 0.687 MeV Medium - lived fission products Prop : Unit : t ( a ) Yield ( % ) Q * ( keV ) βγ * Eu 4.76 0.0803 252 βγ Kr 10.76 0.2180 687 βγ Cd 14.1 0.0008 316 β Sr 28.9 4.505 2826 β Cs 30.23 6.337 1176 βγ Sn 43.9 0.00005 390 βγ Sm 96.6 0.5314 77 β Krypton 85 ( Kr ) is a radioisotope of krypton . It has a half - life of 10.756 years and a maximum decay energy of 687 keV . It decays into stable , non-radioactive rubidium - 85 . Its most common decay ( 99.57 % ) is by beta particle emission with maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV . The second most common decay ( 0.43 % ) is by beta particle emission ( maximum energy of 173 keV ) followed by gamma ray emission ( energy of 514 keV ) . Other decay modes have very small probabilities and emit less energetic gammas . There are 33 other known isotopes of krypton . In terms of radiotoxicity , 440 Bq of Kr - 85 is equivalent to 1 Bq of radon - 222 , without considering the rest of the radon decay chain . Krypton - 85 is produced in small quantities by the interaction of cosmic rays with stable krypton - 84 in the atmosphere . Natural sources maintain an equilibrium inventory of about 0.09 PBq in the atmosphere . However , as of 2009 the total amount in the atmosphere is estimated at 5500 PBq due to anthropogenic sources . At the end of the year 2000 , it was estimated to be 4800 PBq , and in 1973 , an estimated 1961 PBq ( 53 megacuries ) . The most important of these human sources is nuclear fuel reprocessing . Nuclear fission produces about three atoms of krypton - 85 for every 1000 fissions ; i.e. it has a fission yield of 0.3 % . Most or all of this krypton - 85 is retained in the spent nuclear fuel rods ; spent fuel on discharge from a reactor contains between 0.13 - 1.8 PBq / Mg of krypton - 85 . Some of this spent fuel is reprocessed . Current nuclear reprocessing releases the gaseous Kr - 85 to the atmosphere when the spent fuel is dissolved . It would be possible in principle to capture and store this krypton gas as nuclear waste or for use . The cumulative global amount of krypton - 85 released from reprocessing activity has been estimated as 10,600 PBq as of 2000 . The global inventory noted above is smaller than this amount due to radioactive decay ; a smaller fraction is dissolved into the deep oceans . Other man - made sources are small contributors to the total . Atmospheric nuclear weapons tests released an estimated 111 - 185 PBq . The 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant released about 1.6 PBq ( 43 kCi ) . The Chernobyl accident released about 35 PBq , and the Fukushima Daiichi accident released an estimated 44 - 84 PBq . The average atmospheric concentration of krypton - 85 was approximately 0.6 Bq / m in 1976 , and has increased to approximately 1.3 Bq / m as of 2005 . These are approximate global average values ; concentrations are higher locally around nuclear reprocessing facilities , and are generally higher in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere . For wide - area atmospheric monitoring , krypton - 85 is the best indicator for clandestine plutonium separations . Krypton - 85 releases increase the electrical conductivity of atmospheric air . Meteorological effects are expected to be stronger closer to the source of the emissions . Uses in industry ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Krypton - 85 is used in arc discharge lamps commonly used in the entertainment industry for large HMI film lights as well as high - intensity discharge lamps . The presence of krypton - 85 in discharge tube of the lamps can make the lamps easy to ignite . Early experimental krypton - 85 lighting developments included a railroad signal light designed in 1957 and an illuminated highway sign erected in Arizona in 1969 . Krypton - 85 is used to inspect aircraft components for small defects . Krypton - 85 is allowed to penetrate small cracks , and then its presence is detected by autoradiography . The method is called `` krypton gas penetrant imaging '' . The gas penetrates smaller openings than the liquids used in dye penetrant inspection and fluorescent penetrant inspection . Krypton - 85 is used to test for leaks in semiconductors ( MIL - STD - 883H ) and piping . The sealed spark gap assemblies contained in ignition excitors used in some older turbine and jet engines contain a very small amount of krypton - 85 in order to obtain consistent ionization levels and uniform operation . The amount of radiation from the average gap is approximately the same as that of a radium - dial wrist watch but should be handled carefully . Krypton - 85 was used in cold - cathode voltage regulator electron tubes , such as the type 5651 . Krypton - 85 is used to ionize spark gap inlet gases to decrease breakdown voltage . Krypton - 85 is used to neutralize electrostatically charged aerosols from nebulization , combustion , or powder dispersion . Krypton - 85 is used to measure extruded film or coating weight during online production . See also ( edit ) Krypton Isotopes of krypton References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes - Kr85 '' . Lawrence Berkely Laboratories , USA . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ M. Gorden ; et al. ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` Pinellas Plant -- Occupational Environmental Dose rev1 '' ( PDF ) . ORAU . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ H. Sievers ( 1991 ) . `` Nuclear data sheets update for A = 85 '' . Nuclear Data Sheets. 62 : 271 -- 325 . Bibcode : 1991NDS ... 62 ... 271S . doi : 10.1016 / 0090 - 3752 ( 91 ) 80016 - Y . ^ Jump up to : K. Winger ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` A new compilation of the atmospheric 85krypton inventories from 1945 to 2000 and its evaluation in a global transport model '' . Jrnl of Envir Radioactivity. 80 : 183 -- 215 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jenvrad. 2004.09. 005 . ^ Jump up to : J. Ahlswede ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Update and improvement of the global krypton - 85 emission inventory '' . Jrnl of Envir Radioactivity. 115 : 34 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jenvrad. 2012.07. 006 . ^ Jump up to : Telegadas , K. ; Ferber , G.J. ( 1975 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Atmospheric Concentrations and Inventory of Krypton - 85 in 1973 '' . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 190 : 882 -- 883 . Bibcode : 1975Sci ... 190 ... 882T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 190.4217. 882 . JSTOR 1741777 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Fission Yields '' . JEFF - 3.1 Nuclear Data Library , JEFF Report 21 , OECD / NEA , Paris , France , 2006 , ISBN 92 - 64 - 02314 - 3 . August 2005 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. NRC : Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island accident '' . U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission . 2014 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ W. Lin ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Radioactivity impacts of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident on the atmosphere '' . Atmospheric Environment. 102 : 311 -- 322 . Bibcode : 2015AtmEn. 102 ... 311L . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2014.11. 047 . Jump up ^ O. Ross ; et al. Simulations of the atmospheric krypton - 85 to assess the detectability of clandestine nuclear reprocessing ( PDF ) . Symposium on International Safeguards : Preparing for Future Verification Challenges ; Vienna ( Austria ) ; 1 - 5 Nov 2010 ; ( Technical report ) . IAEA - CN - 184 . Jump up ^ Kalinowski , Martin B. ; Sartorius , Hartmut ; Uhl , Stefan ; Weiss , Wolfgang ( 2004 ) , `` Conclusions on plutonium separation from atmospheric krypton - 85 measured at various distances from the Karlsruhe reprocessing plant '' , Journal of Environmental Radioactivity , 73 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 22 , doi : 10.1016 / j. jenvrad. 2003.09. 002 , PMID 15023448 Jump up ^ Harrison , R.G. ; ApSimon , H.M. ( 1994 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Krypton - 85 pollution and atmospheric electricity '' . Atmospheric Environment. 28 ( 4 ) : 637 -- 648 . Bibcode : 1994AtmEn ... 28 ... 637H . doi : 10.1016 / 1352 - 2310 ( 94 ) 90041 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krypton - 85 ( PDF ) . Spectragases.com ( 2004 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Lamp Types , European Lamp Companies Federation , archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 06 , retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 Jump up ^ Ionizing Substances in Lighting Products ( PDF ) , European Lamp Companies Federation , 2009 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 06 , retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 Jump up ^ NRPB and GRS ( 2001 ) , Transport of Consumer Goods containing Small Quantities of Radioactive Materials ( PDF ) , European Commission , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 06 , retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 Jump up ^ Assessment of the Radiological Impact of the Transport and Disposal of Light Bulbs Containing Tritium , Krypton - 85 and Radioisotopes of Thorium , Health Protection Agency , 2011 , archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 06 , retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 Jump up ^ `` Make A-powered Rail Signal Light in D&RGW Labs '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner. 1957 - 02 - 17 . 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Question: krypton-85 decays by emission of a beta particle. the product of this decay is