Hellenism ( religion ) - wikipedia Hellenism ( religion ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about modern Greek polytheism . For the historical Hellenistic religion , see Hellenistic religion . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Ancient Greek religion Features ( show ) Greek mythology Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Greek religion Polytheism Henosis Monism Pantheism Orthopraxy Godheads ( show ) Olympians Zeus Hera Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hermes Hestia Poseidon Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Lesser deities Alpheus Amphitrite Asclepius Aura Bia Circe Deimos Eileithyia Enyo Eos Eris Harmonia Hebe Hecate Helios Heracles Iris Kratos Leto Metis Momus Morpheus Nemesis Nike Pan Persephone Phantasos Phobos Proteus Scamander Selene Thanatos Thetis Triton Zelus Ethics ( show ) Arete Hubris Xenia Ethic of reciprocity Practices ( show ) Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Funeral practices Greek hero cult Hieros gamos Iatromantis Libations Oracles Pharmakos Temples Votive offerings Festivals Daphnephoria Dionysia Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Panathenaic Games Panhellenic Games ( Isthmian Nemean Olympic Pythian ) Thesmophoria Sacred places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal Hellenism ( Greek : Ἑλληνισμός ) , the Hellenic ethnic religion ( Ἑλληνικὴ ἐθνική θρησκεία ) , also commonly known as Hellenismos , Hellenic Polytheism , Dodekatheism ( Δωδεκαθεϊσμός ) , or Olympianism ( Ὀλυμπιανισμός ) , refers to various religious movements that revive or reconstruct ancient Greek religious practices , publicly , emerging since the 1990s . The Hellenic religion is a traditional religion and way of life , revolving around the Greek Gods , primarily focused on the Twelve Olympians , and embracing ancient Hellenic values and virtues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Groups and self - designations 1.1 In Greece 1.2 Outside Greece 2 Beliefs and practices 3 Reconstructionism 4 Revivalism 5 Claims of continuity 6 Political controversy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Groups and self - designations ( edit ) Ritual performed by members of the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes . Dodekatheism originated in and is practiced in Greece and in other countries . Leaders of the movement claimed in 2005 that there are as many as 2,000 adherents to the Hellenic tradition in Greece , with an additional 100,000 who have `` some sort of interest '' . No official estimates exist for devotees worldwide . There are no official naming practices for this religion , but there does seem to be an informal naming convention , based on academically accepted descriptive definitions , adhered to by groups and most individual believers . Hellenism is the most common term , used chiefly as an identifier for the modern polytheistic religion by its adherents today but it can also refer to the ancient Greek religion and culture . The term originally stems from a systematization and revival of Greek religion done by the Roman Emperor Julian . Julian used the term to describe traditional religion of the Greeks ( the word can also have other unrelated meanings in modern Greek ) . Additionally , subgroups use a variety of names to distinguish branches focusing on specific schools of thought , or modern traditions focusing on the public practices of individual city - states . These subgroups can be described as denominations . Hellenic religion , and Hellenic polytheism can be said to be used interchangeably to refer to the religion , and are synonymous . The phrase Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism refers more to the methodology used by some practitioners to revive a version of the religion , than the religion itself . Not all Hellenic Polytheists are reconstructionists . Dodekatheism and Olympianism are other names , though less commonly used . Julian the Apostate . In Greece ( edit ) Modern Hellenic temple built on private land of Aristoteles Kakogeorgiou , in Thessaloniki . Priest performing ritual . The first Greek organization to openly support the religious revival of Hellenic religion was Ύπατο Συμβούλιο των Ελλήνων Εθνικών ( Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes or YSEE ) , established in 1997 , and is publicly active . YSEE is a founding member of the World Congress of Ethnic Religions ( now European Congress of Ethnic Religions ) and hosted the seventh annual WCER Congress in June 2004 . YSEE is also a member of the European Union 's action programme to combat discrimination . The organization primarily refers to the religion as the `` Ethnic Polytheistic '' or `` genuine Hellenism '' and its practitioners as Ethnikoi Hellenes , `` Ethnic ( National ) Hellenes '' . Another very active organization since its founding at 2008 is Labrys religious community . Labrys has focused primarily on the religious aspects of Hellenism or Hellenic ( Greek ) polytheism , avoiding anti-Christian rhetoric and politics , establishing weekly public rituals and engaging in other aspects of practical promotion of polytheism like theater and music . Labrys has also promoted among Hellenes worldwide the need to actively practice household worship and the idea that family and community should be the starting points of religious practice . The community has been organizing since 2008 the largest festival in Athens and also actively participates and supports the religious aspects of the oldest Hellenic festival in Greece , Promitheia which is held every year on Mount Olympus . Labrys religious community has published the book about Hellenic Polytheism : Household Worship . Createspace. 2014 - 11 - 20 . ISBN 9781503121881 ... Other Greek organizations , such as Dodekatheon ( Δωδεκάθεον , Dōdekátheon , Of the Twelve Gods ) , the Helliniki Hetaireia Archaiophilon ( Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum ) , and the Thyrsos use a combination of terms interchangeably , including ἑλληνικὴ θρησκεία ( hellēnikē thrēskeîa , translated as `` Hellenic religion '' ) , Hellenic polytheistic religion , and Hellenism . Dodecatheon and YSEE both use the terms `` traditional '' , `` ethnic '' , and `` genuine '' to refer to their religious practices . Greek polytheist author Vlassis Rassias has written a popular series of books on `` Christian persecutions against the Hellenes , '' and the `` Church of the Hellenes '' organization goes so far as to call for the wholesale extermination of Christianity , while the Athens - based group Ellinais emphasizes `` world peace and the brotherhood of man . '' Outside Greece ( edit ) Outside Greece , Hellenic religious organizations began to emerge around 1998 , with some individuals claiming to have been engaging in some form of traditional practice since the 1970s . In the United States , the Hellenic polytheist organization Hellenion also identifies its practices as `` Hellenic Pagan Reconstructionism '' and emphasizes historical accuracy in its mission statement . The group uses the term `` Hellenismos '' ( Ἑλληνισμός , Hellēnismós ) to describe the religion . Hellenion does not provide official membership numbers to the public , but an unofficial estimate of 43 members can be determined for 2007 , though this number can only give the roughest approximation , as Hellenion offers hardship waivers to those who can not afford the typical membership fees . In early 2010 , the organization reported 1 demos ( fully chartered local congregation ) and 6 proto - demoi ( start - up congregations not fully chartered with less than 3 members ) established , which offer rituals and other events for members and frequently for the public as well . Two of the six proto - demoi can not be independently verified to exist . Hellenion offers legal clergy training , basic adult religious education classes , and other educational / training courses for its members . Another American group , Elaion , uses the term `` Dodekatheism '' ( Greek : δώδεκα , dodeka , `` twelve '' + θεϊσμός , theïsmós , `` belief in the gods '' ) to describe their approach to the Hellenic religion . No reported numbers for current membership levels are known to exist . Other terms in common usage by Hellenic polytheists include `` Greek reconstructionism '' and `` Hellenic Traditionalism '' , but the two are not synonymous . In Brazil , in Portuguese language , there 's the website of RHB - Reconstrucionismo Helênico no Brasil , built since 2003 by Brazilian members of Hellenion and other international groups , such as the American Neokoroi and the Greek Thyrsos . Beliefs and practices ( edit ) Further information : Ancient Greek religion Hellenic polytheists worship the ancient Greek Gods , including the Olympians , nature divinities , underworld deities ( chthonic gods ) and heroes . Both physical and spiritual ancestors are honored . It is primarily a devotional or votive religion , based on the exchange of gifts ( offerings ) for the gods ' blessings . The ethical convictions of modern Hellenic polytheists are often inspired by ancient Greek virtues such as reciprocity , hospitality , self - control and moderation . The Delphic maxims , Tenets of Solon , the Golden Verses of Pythagoras , or even Aristotle 's Ethics each function as complete moral codes that a Hellenic Polytheist may observe . Key to most ethical systems is the idea of kharis ( or `` charis '' , grace ) , to establish reciprocity between humanity and the gods , between individuals , and among community members . Another key value in Hellenic Polytheism is eusebeia , often translated as piety . This implies a commitment to the worship of the Hellenic gods and action to back this up . There is no central `` ecclesia '' ( church / assembly ) or hierarchical clergy , though some groups ( i.e. , Hellenion ) do offer training in that capacity . Individual worshipers are generally expected to perform their own rituals and learn about the religion and the gods by reference to primary and secondary sources on ancient Greek religion and through personal experience of the gods . Information gained from such personal experiences is often referred to in Hellenic groups as `` UPG '' ( Unverified Personal Gnosis ) , a term borrowed from Ásatrú , though now commonly used among many pagan religions . Reconstructionism ( edit ) Further information : Polytheistic reconstructionism In polytheism , Reconstructionism is a methodology which attempts to accurately base modern religious practice on culturally and historically genuine examples of ancient religious practices . The term is frequently used in the United States to differentiate between syncretic and eclectic Neopagan movements , and those based on the traditions , writings , history , and mythology of a specific ancient polytheistic culture . In contrast to the eclectic traditions , Reconstructionists are very culturally oriented and attempt to reconstruct historical forms of religion and spirituality , in a modern context . Therefore , Kemetic , Canaanite , Hellenic , Roman , Celtic , Germanic , Baltic and Slavic Reconstructionists aim for the revival of historical practices and beliefs of Ancient Egypt , Ancient Canaan and Phoenicia , Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , the Celts , the Germanic peoples , the Balts and the Slavs , respectively . Most Hellenic polytheist groups unequivocally state that reconstructionism is not the only correct method of practicing the ancient Greek religion , but do identify a practice as Hellenic only when it embraces the humanistic values and ethical virtues of the ancient Greeks , demonstrates loyalty and reverence toward the Greek gods , and uses a religious structure that would be recognizable to an ancient Greek . These groups make a clear distinction between themselves and the Neopagan movement , and identify some ' Hellenic ' groups as `` simply disguised as ' Hellenes ' for reasons that exist hidden within the depths of their own minds . '' Revivalism ( edit ) Revivalism focuses more on Hellenic Polytheism as a living , changing religion . Hellenic Revivalism allows more room for practitioners to decide what feels right to them . Most modern Hellenic Polytheists exist somewhere on a Reconstructionist to Revivalist spectrum . Claims of continuity ( edit ) Modern Hellenic polytheist organizations are `` revivalist '' or `` reconstructionist '' for the most part , but many adherents like Panagiotis Marinis from the group Dodecatheon in Greece , has stated that the religion of ancient Greece has survived throughout the intervening centuries , and that he , himself , was raised in a family that practiced this religion . Whether or not they believe that the Hellenic polytheist religious tradition is continuous , there is evidence that Greek Hellenic polytheists within the modern country of Greece see the movement as an expression of Greek cultural heritage , in opposition to the Orthodox Christianity that is overwhelmingly dominant . Political controversy ( edit ) Further information : Discrimination against Neopagans The 2004 Summer Olympics stirred up several disputes concerning Hellenic polytheistic religion . Professor Giorgos Dontas , president of the Archaeological Society of Athens expressed public outrage at the destruction of ancient archaeological sites around the Parthenon and Acropolis in preparation for the Games . Prior to the Olympic Games , MSNBC correspondent Rehema Ellis in a story called It 's Greek to Me : Group Tries to Restore Pagan Worship documented the vandalism and arson of a bookstore in Athens which sold books promoting ancient Greek religion . She also interviewed several adherents who were upset about the current state of affairs in Greece . Ellis said : `` A contrast in this place where the Olympic Games were created to honour Zeus - now those praying to the ancient gods are criticized for putting too much faith in the past . '' The Greek Society of the Friends of the Ancients objected to the commercial use of Athena and Phevos as the official mascots of the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens . They felt that the caricatured representations of the Greek Gods Athena and Phoebus were disrespectful and culturally insensitive . In a BBC Radio interview on June 26 , 2004 , Dr. Pan . Marinis President of the Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum said that the mascots : `` mock the spiritual values of the Hellenic Civilization by degrading these same holy personalities that were revered during the ancient Olympic Games . For these reasons we have proceeded to legal action demanding the punishment of those responsible . '' In May 2006 an Athens court granted official recognition to the veneration of the Ancient Greek pantheon . Referring to the ruling , Father Eustathios Kollas , who presides over a community of Greek Orthodox priests , said : `` They are a handful of miserable resuscitators of a degenerate dead religion who wish to return to the monstrous dark delusions of the past . '' See also ( edit ) Hellenismos portal Ellinais Greek mythology Hellenistic religion Gemistus Pletho Religion in modern Greece European Congress of Ethnic Religions Twelve Olympians Italo - Roman neopaganism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Letter From Greece : The Gods Return to Olympus '' . Archaeology.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` HELLENISMOS - ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΣ - www.HellenicGods.org '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenismos FAQ ( The Cauldron : A Pagan Forum ) '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes '' . Ysee.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ See YSEE website . With branches also in the United States , Canada , Australia , and Germany , their level of real world public activity , and actual membership levels , the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes can be argued to be the defining lead organization for the public revival movement . Jump up ^ `` The organizational and operating structure of the YSEE '' . Ysee.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heliodete weekly ritual '' . Labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2009 '' . Labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2010 '' . Dionysia.labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2011 '' . Dionysia.labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2012 '' . Dionysia.labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2013 '' . Dionysia.labrys.gr . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Attica Dionysia festival 2014 '' . Dionysia.labrys.gr . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Kabeiros musical group '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenic Household Worship '' . Labrys.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Prometheia '' . Prometheia.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Δωδεκάθεον - Πύλη '' . Dwdekatheon.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum - Helliniki Hetaireia Archaiophilon '' . Web.archive.org. 2009 - 10 - 27 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Thyrsos - Hellenes Gentiles '' . Thyrsos.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ifikratis . `` Who we are - Hellenic Religion . Church of Hellenes '' . Hellenicreligion.gr . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ayiomamitis , Paris ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` Modern Pagans Honor Zeus in Athens '' . Associated Press . Retrieved February 2007 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` There 's a reason why Zeus is king of the gods and Hermes is n't - The House of Vines '' . The House of Vines . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenion '' . Hellenion . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Mission Statement '' . Hellenion . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ and approximately 100 members in 2017 . Estimate based on annual membership dues reported in the Hellenion , Inc . Statement of Activities For the Year Ended December 31 , 2007 compared to the $10 required membership dues stated on their Member Application Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Hellenion . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Demoi and Proto Demoi '' . Hellenion. 2014 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Clergy Program '' . Hellenion . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Adult Education '' . Hellenion . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenion 's Approved Programs '' . Hellenion.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Elaion.org '' . Elaion.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Living Hellenic Reconstructionism '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenic Reconstructionism in Brazil '' . Helenos.com.br . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Neokoroi '' . Neokoroi . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Thrysos '' . Thyrsos.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ta Hiera ( The Cauldron : A Pagan Forum ) '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Winter , Sarah Kate Istra ( 2008 ) . KHARIS : Hellenic Polytheism Explored . CreateSpace . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4382 - 3192 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Sequential Tart : We Give to the Gods , They Give to Us ( vol XI / iss 10 / October 2008 ) '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the Ethnic Hellenic religion and tradition : What do you think you will achieve by returning to the Ancient Ways in today 's society ? '' . Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` On Orthopraxy '' . Hellenismos.us . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hellenic Ethics : Living Virtues in Community '' . The Cauldron : A Pagan Forum . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The centrality of ethics in Dodekathiesm '' . Elaion . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wojciech Jan Rudny interviews a constitutional member of the Supreme Council of the Ethnikoi Hellenes ( YSEE ) on behalf of the polish `` GNIAZDO '' magazine `` . YSEE . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jamil Said ( 2004 ) . I Still Worship Zeus ( DVD ) . Jamil Said Productions . Jump up ^ The periodic revival of aspects of the religion , such as in the arts , philosophy & etc is also an expression of a general European fascination with claccisism & Hellenism . International Religious Freedom Report US State Dept . investigation into religious freedom in Greece ( 2004 ) and ( 2005 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Brunwasser , Matthew ( January -- February 2005 ) . `` Letter From Greece : The Gods Return to Olympus '' . Archaeology Magazine . 58 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Helena Smith ( 15 July 2002 ) . `` Drills and axes ravage ancient Greek site '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Extrajudicial protest - denunciation - statement of Greek Citizens , concerning the 2004 Olympics ' `` mascot '' choice Archived 2006 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ancient Greek gods ' new believers . Retrieved February 10 , 2007 , from BBC News ( 2 ) References ( edit ) Greek Folk Religion by Martin P. Nilsson ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1034 - 4 ( 1998 ) Athenian Religion : A History by Robert Parker ISBN 0 - 19 - 815240 - X ( 1998 ) Greek Religion by Walter Burkert ISBN 0 - 674 - 36281 - 0 ( 1987 ) Demolish Them by Vlassis Rassias ISBN 960 - 85311 - 3 - 6 ( 1994 ) `` Some still put faith in gods of the past '' by Kimberly Winston , Chicago Tribune Aug. 20 , 2004 Further reading ( edit ) Panopoulos , Christos ( 2014 ) . Hellenic Polytheism - Household Worship . CreateSpace . ISBN 978 - 1503121881 . Addey , Tim ( 2000 ) . The Seven Myths of the Soul . Prometheus Trust . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898910 - 37 - 4 . Addey , Tim ( 2003 ) . The Unfolding Wings : The Way of Perfection in the Platonic Tradition . Prometheus Trust . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898910 - 41 - 1 . Mikalson , Jon D ( 2004 ) . Ancient Greek Religion ( Blackwell Ancient Religions ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 23223 - 0 . Stone , Tom ( 2008 ) . Zeus : A Journey Through Greece in the Footsteps of a God . Bloomsbury USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 518 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Hellenic polytheist organizations Sodalitas Graecia ( English and Greek ) Thyrsos - Hellenes Ethnikoi ( Greek and English ) Labrys ( available in Greek only with some text in English ) Elaion Hellenion Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum ( English version ) Orphic Platonism Orphism Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes ( YSEE ) ( English version ) Australian Ethnikoi Hellenes ( branch of YSEE ) Hellenes Ethnikoi in Canada ( branch of YSEE ) Supreme Council of National Greeks America ( branch of YSEE ) FAQs and articles Hellenic Household Worship by Christos Pandion Panopoulos for LABRYS polytheistic community The Cauldron Hellenic polytheism FAQ by Andrew Campbell Hellenismos.us - a Hellenic Polytheist community portal with articles , blogs , and a forum . Kalash : The Lost Tribe of Alexander the Great - a possible continuous Hellenic Polytheistic tradition . Tropaion : researching ancient Greek religion - an academic - based weblog studying and researching Hellenic polytheism . Frequently asked questions about the Ethnic Hellenic religion and tradition by YSEE Hellenic polytheism in the news Pagans fight for divine rights of old Greek gods ( Scotland on Sunday , September 21 , 2003 ) International Religious Freedom Report US State Dept . investigation into religious freedom in Greece ( 2004 ) International Religious Freedom Report US State Dept . investigation into religious freedom in Greece ( 2005 ) NPR reports on `` Return of the Hellenes '' movement ( with audio ) ( August 5 , 2004 ) Letter From Greece : The Gods Return to Olympus ( Archaeology Magazine , January / February 2005 ) Group tries to restore pagan worship MS - NBC ( August 2004 , interview with YSEE members during the event of `` Olympic '' Games in Athens ) Ancient Greek gods ' new believers ( BBC ) Paganism ( historical and modern ) Animism Pantheism Polytheism Historical polytheism Altaic Tungusic Turkic - Mongolic Ancient Near Eastern : Mesopotamian Canaanite Egyptian Semitic Finno - Ugric ( Uralic ) : Finnish - Estonian Caucasian : Georgian Vainakh Indo - European : Armenian Celtic Germanic Anglo - Saxon Continental Norse Greek Sacred mysteries Hero cult Persian Roman Imperial cult Scythian Slavic Vedic Mesoamerican : Aztec Maya Olmec Myth and ritual Animal worship Ethos Folklore Magic and religion Myth and ritual Mythology Orthopraxy Religion and mythology Ritual Sacrifice animal human Sorcery Veneration of the dead Virtue Witchcraft Christianization Christianization of saints and feasts Christianity and Paganism Constantinian shift Hellenistic religion Iconoclasm Neoplatonism Religio licita Virtuous pagan Modern pagan movements Contemporary witchcraft : Cochranianism Feri Stregheria Wicca Ethnic / Reconstructionist : Armenian Baltic Dievturība Druwi Romuva Canarian Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Turkic Chuvash Altai Germanic Hellenism Hungarian Italo - Roman Kemetic Ossetian Romanian Semitic Slavic Uralic Estonian Finnish Mari Mordvin Udmurt European Congress of Ethnic Religions Goddess movement Neo-Druidism Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Hellenistic religion Magic Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mystery religions and Sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Greek Heroic Age Paganism Paradoxography Monism Polytheism Mythology Theism Mythical beings Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Lelantos Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Olympians Zeus Hera Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hermes Hestia Poseidon Aquatic deities Poseidon Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus Nereus Phorcys Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Styx Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Makhai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Other major deities Asclepius Circe Eileithyia Harmonia Hebe Iris Momus Morpheus Nemesis Paean Pan Zelus Heroes / Heroines Achilles Actaeon Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Cadmus Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Peleus Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Storage containers / Cups Amphora Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalathos Kalpis Kylix Kantharos Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Musical Instruments Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum ( Castanets ) Epigonion Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Apotropaic magic Baptes Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Games Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Festivals / Feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Sacred places Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus Cretea Delphi Delos Dodona Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Texts / Epic poems Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Telegony Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Oracles / Seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Elatus Ennomus Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia 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Gotham by Gaslight - wikipedia Gotham by Gaslight Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gotham by Gaslight Gotham by Gaslight ( February 1989 ) . Art by Mike Mignola . Publication information Publisher DC Comics Format One - shot Genre Steampunk , superhero Publication date February 1989 No. of issues Main character ( s ) Batman Jack the Ripper Creative team Written by Brian Augustyn Artist ( s ) Mike Mignola Inker ( s ) P. Craig Russell Editor ( s ) Mark Waid Collected editions Gotham by Gaslight ISBN 0 - 930289 - 67 - 6 Gotham by Gaslight ( inc . Master of the Future ) ISBN 1 - 4012 - 1153 - 4 Gotham by Gaslight is a DC Comics one - shot by Brian Augustyn and Mike Mignola , with inks by P. Craig Russell . It spawned a sequel , Master of the Future ( 1991 ) , also written by Augustyn , with art by Eduardo Barreto . Gotham by Gaslight is considered to be the first Elseworlds story , where DC Comics heroes are taken out of their usual setting and put into alternate timelines or realities . And although it was not originally labelled as such , subsequent printings include the `` Elseworlds '' logo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot Summaries 1.1 Gotham by Gaslight 1.2 Master of the Future 2 Publication history 2.1 Collected editions 3 Reception 4 Spin - offs 5 In other media 5.1 Film 5.2 Video games 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot summaries ( edit ) Gotham by Gaslight ( edit ) In 1889 , Bruce Wayne is on a tour of Europe which ends in Vienna . There he is studying under Dr. Freud . Bruce tells Freud that he has a recurring dream in which he recalls the murder of his parents and decides he must return to Gotham City . On the return trip , Bruce meets Jacob Packer , an old family friend whom he calls Uncle Jake , who also returned from a trip to Europe . Shortly after arriving , Inspector Gordon informs Wayne about criminal gangs currently operating in Gotham . Gordon also shows Bruce the case of a man who poisoned his wife and tried to commit suicide with the poison , which left him alive with a permanent grin . Bruce takes up the mantle of Batman to fight criminals on the street . At the same time , a series of murders of women take place and some people begin to suspect that Batman is the murderer . It is soon discovered that Jack the Ripper has come to Gotham , as the murders in Gotham City seem to resemble the Ripper murders . After a search of Wayne Manor , a bloody knife is found under Bruce 's bed and Bruce is arrested . A trial is held in which Uncle Jake is Bruce 's defense attorney . After the trial , Bruce is convicted of being the Ripper and sentenced to be hanged for his crimes . Bruce is imprisoned in Arkham Asylum . Once Bruce is in prison , Gordon gives him all the documentation on the crimes . Bruce toils day and night to try to figure out how he can get the Ripper . Just one day before the execution , Bruce learns the identity of the Ripper by discovering he had the skill of a surgeon and used a knife that belonged to the medical group who worked with his father . Bruce escapes from prison with the help of Alfred and heads straight for the Ripper . Batman interrupts the Ripper as he is about to claim his next victim . Batman chases the Ripper throughout Gotham and the two eventually come to a stop at the grave of Thomas and Martha Wayne , where it is revealed that Jacob Packer is the Ripper . Packer had been trained in medicine and law with the money of Thomas Wayne , but he was driven insane by Martha Wayne 's rejection of his advances . Since then he was killing women who resemble Martha to silence the laughter of Martha he heard in his head . Packer reveals that he hired an assassin to kill Bruce 's parents . Gordon appears at this time with the police and Batman tells them to arrest Packer . Packer confesses that he is the Ripper and tries to kill Batman , but Gordon shoots Packer dead at the last minute . Batman disappears into the shadows , leaving Gordon to take in the body of Jack the Ripper . Master of the Future ( edit ) In 1892 , three years later , Bruce has `` retired '' his alter - ego and is engaged to be married . Having brought his parents ' murderer to justice , he has come to regard being Batman as a childish fancy , and intends to devote his life to more serious pursuits . Others believe that Gotham City needs Batman more than ever , namely now - Commissioner Gordon and Bruce 's own fiancée , Julie ( whom Batman rescued from a late - night assault ) . At a City Council meeting , Mayor Tolliver ( the former Police Commissioner who aggressively prosecuted Bruce as the suspected Ripper ) is promoting Gotham 's hosting of the `` American Discovery Exposition '' to market Gotham as the `` City of the Future '' . The meeting is interrupted by the flamboyant Alexandre LeRoi , who demands that he be proclaimed master of the city , or else he will burn it to the ground . He leaps out the window before he can be arrested , and Tolliver insists that the fair proceed . While the fairgrounds are being erected , a Maxim Gun on an automated carriage rolls in and opens fire . Bruce , in attendance , pushes Tolliver out of the line of fire and disables the machine . On the opening day of the fair , LeRoi kidnaps Tolliver from his mansion and takes him aboard an airship , forcing him to watch as LeRoi focuses a giant burning glass on the fair 's main pavilion , before LeRoi throws Tolliver over the side to his death . Bruce is desperate to act , when Alfred arrives with his costume . With the police fully occupied , Julie runs into the burning pavilion to rescue a small girl , but both of them are trapped by falling debris . Batman saves them , then fashions an improvised glider and takes off after LeRoi 's airship . The two men engage in a brutal rapier duel that disables LeRoi 's robotic pilot `` Antonio '' , causing the airship to drift off course and become unstable . Noticing this , Batman urges LeRoi to surrender and abandon ship , but LeRoi refuses to believe him . Batman jumps overboard , but LeRoi is trapped as the airship crashes into the ocean and explodes . More than a hundred people are killed by LeRoi 's fires , but further fatalities and destruction are prevented by the Gotham Police and firefighters . LeRoi is presumed dead , although he is shown to have survived the crash . Batman confronts Councilman Franklin Claypool , who confesses to being LeRoi 's accomplice and providing him with information for his attack . Claypool secretly owns a large portion of Gotham City 's slum housing , which he expected to sell profitably through his proposed redevelopment program , but the program was pushed aside by Tolliver in favor of the fair . LeRoi agreed to target Claypool 's properties , allowing Claypool to collect a lucrative insurance payout , but Claypool never intended the deaths LeRoi 's actions caused , and so does not resist when Gordon arrives to arrest him . Bruce and Julie are walking along a hilltop overlooking the city , when she reveals that she recognized him at the fair , even through his mask . Apprehensively , he asks her what she plans to do , and she replies , what she has always done : continue to love and encourage him , especially now that they both agree that Gotham still needs Batman . Publication history ( edit ) Gotham by Gaslight , which retroactively became the first official Elseworlds publication , was initially released as a 52 - page one - shot in February 1989 . It was written by Brian Augustyn and pencilled by Mike Mignola , with inks by P. Craig Russell . Two years later , the 68 - page sequel Batman : Master of the Future -- also written by Augustyn , but with art by Eduardo Barreto -- was released , this time officially labelled an Elseworlds publication . In 2006 , in the wake of the DC event Infinite Crisis ( which reshuffled the DC Multiverse ) , the Gotham by Gaslight world was identified as `` Earth - 19 '' . Prior to its appearance in Countdown Presents : The Search for Ray Palmer : Gotham by Gaslight ( January 2008 ) , the two one - shot issues were collected into one 112 - page trade paperback volume ( which was released under the same name , and with the same Mignola cover as the one - shot release ) . Collected editions ( edit ) The two stories have been collected into a trade paperback . Gotham by Gaslight , August 2006 , DC Comics , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 1153 - 4 ( Titan Books , ISBN 1 - 84576 - 403 - X ) , collects : Gotham by Gaslight , 48 pages , DC Comics , November 1989 , ISBN 0 - 930289 - 67 - 6 ( Titan Books , December 1989 , ISBN 1 - 85286 - 265 - 3 ) Master of the Future , 63 pages , DC Comics , December 1991 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 015 - 1 Reception ( edit ) IGN Comics ranked Gotham by Gaslight # 11 on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels , saying that the comic is `` as taut and well - conceived a graphic novel as you can find -- Elseworlds or otherwise , '' they add , `` quite simply , no other Elseworlds tale has managed such a brilliant concept nor executed it so perfectly . '' Gotham by Gaslight was not the highest - ranking Elseworlds story on the list , as Batman & Dracula : Red Rain ranked higher at # 9 . Spin - offs ( edit ) Main article : Countdown to Final Crisis After the events of Identity Crisis , the Atom spent DC 's missing year out of the limelight . In the weekly - sequel to the weekly event 52 , Countdown , the Source Wall names Palmer as a key figure in impending DC Universe events . The search for Ray Palmer began in the Wildstorm Universe , and soon crossed onto the new 52 worlds created during the course of Infinite Crisis . The first of these was called Countdown Presents : The Search for Ray Palmer : Gotham by Gaslight ( January 2008 ) and was written by Gotham by Gaslight 's original author , Brian Augustyn , relishing his chance to return to the world he had created . The story saw Bob the Monitor accompany Jason Todd , Donna Troy , and Kyle Rayner ( the latter three inhabitants of `` New Earth '' ) through the multiverse in search of multiuniversal counterparts to Ray Palmer . The group arrived on Earth - 19 , the Earth where the Batman of the earlier two Elseworlds storylines acted , there , they also encountered this Earth 's counterpart of Blue Beetle and Man - Bat before they went to the next Earth for their continuing search . Their search would take them to worlds populated by characters from other Elseworlds stories , including those seen in the Batman & Dracula trilogy ( Earth - 43 ) and Superman : Red Son ( Earth - 30 ) . In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight is an animated adaptation released in 2018 . It features Bruce Greenwood as Batman and Jennifer Carpenter as Selina Kyle . The adaptation differs significantly from the original comic , and includes elements from both books . Video games ( edit ) A video game based on the comic book was planned for release by Day 1 Studios ( who also developed Fear 3 ) . After THQ failed to secure the rights to the property , the game was canceled . The developers released some concept illustration which revealed the game had a steampunk feel to it while being set in Victorian England and also test footage was released which revealed the misty Gothic settings and the character model for Batman . Reception to the leaked footage and concept illustration was positive , with viewers praising the setting , the cape physics and the different approach the developers were trying to achieve . Season pass holders for Batman : Arkham Origins , released in 2013 , were awarded a special costume for Batman that was based on Gotham By Gaslight . The Gotham by Gaslight version of Batman was also introduced as a playable character in an update to the mobile version of Injustice : Gods Among Us in early 2018 . See also ( edit ) List of Elseworlds publications List of steampunk works From Hell , Alan Moore 's Ripper - based graphic novel . The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Moore 's Victorian - era tales of derring - do . Robur the Conqueror , a character created by Jules Verne that LeRoi appears to have been based on . Other Elseworlds that involve Jack the Ripper : Batman : Two Faces JLA : The Island of Dr. Moreau Wonder Woman : Amazonia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yehl , Josuha ; Goldstein , Hilary ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` The 25 Greatest Batman Graphic Novels '' . IGN . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Contino , Jennifer M. ( November 12 , 2007 ) . `` Augustyn by Gaslight ! Brian returns to Gotham '' . ComicCon.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` DC Animation 's Next Movie Revealed '' . Comic Book.com . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham By Gaslight Video Shows Canceled Elseworlds Batman Game '' . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cummins , Chris ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` This Gotham by Gaslight Game Looks Great , Does n't Exist '' . Toplessrobot.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit . `` Batman : Arkham Origins season pass available for $19.99 '' . Polygon . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Musgrave , Shawn . `` Best iPhone Game Updates : ' Vainglory ' , ' Marvel Avengers Academy ' , ' Portal Knights ' , ' Dashy Crashy ' , and More '' . TouchArcade . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Gotham by Gaslight trade paperback details at DC Comics.com Batman publications and storylines Current series Batgirl Batman Batman Beyond Batwoman Detective Comics Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Completed ongoing series Azrael Batman : Arkham Unhinged Batman : The Dark Knight Batman : Gotham Knights Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight Batman : Shadow of the Bat Batman : Streets of Gotham The Batman Adventures Batman and Robin Batman and The Outsiders The Batman Chronicles Batman Confidential Batman Family Batman Incorporated Batman / Superman Batwing Birds of Prey The Brave and the Bold Gotham Academy Gotham by Midnight Gotham Central Gotham City Sirens The Huntress The Joker Man - Bat Red Hood / Arsenal Red Robin Robin Robin : Son of Batman Superman / Batman We Are ... 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'' `` Joker 's Millions '' `` Year One '' `` Year Two '' `` A Death in the Family '' `` Year Three '' `` The Man Who Falls '' `` Anarky in Gotham City '' `` Gothic '' `` The Return of the Joker '' `` Prey '' `` The Last Arkham '' `` Knightfall '' `` Contagion '' `` Legacy '' `` Cataclysm '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Joker : Last Laugh '' `` Bruce Wayne : Fugitive '' `` Hush '' `` Broken City '' `` War Games '' `` City of Crime '' `` Under the Hood '' `` War Crimes '' `` Face the Face '' `` Batman and Son '' `` The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul '' `` Batman R.I.P. '' `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' `` Batwoman : Elegy '' `` Bruce Wayne : The Road Home '' `` Night of the Owls '' `` Death of the Family '' `` Zero Year '' `` Endgame '' `` Robin War '' Inter-company crossovers Batman / Aliens Batman / Hellboy / Starman Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Batman / Judge Dredd : Judgment on Gotham Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman / The Spirit Batman versus Predator Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Spawn / Batman Batman - Spawn : War Devil Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Spider - Man and Batman : Disordered Minds Incomplete All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder Batman : The Dark Prince Charming Batman : White Knight Related topics Batman : Anarky Batman : Child of Dreams Batman : Haunted Knight The Batman Chronicles Batman Legends Elseworlds Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles . Storylines are listed in publication order . Compiled without respect for canon or `` current '' continuity . Jack the Ripper in fiction Seminal works The Lodger Jack the Ripper : The Final Solution Letters `` Dear Boss '' letter `` From Hell '' letter `` Saucy Jacky '' postcard Film Waxworks ( 1924 ) The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1926 ) Pandora 's Box ( 1929 ) The Lodger ( 1932 ) The Lodger ( 1944 ) Room to Let ( 1950 ) Man in the Attic ( 1953 ) Jack the Ripper ( 1959 ) Lulu ( 1962 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) Hands of the Ripper ( 1971 ) Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde ( 1971 ) The Ruling Class ( 1972 ) What the Swedish Butler Saw ( 1975 ) Jack the Ripper ( 1976 ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Time After Time ( 1979 ) Jack 's Back ( 1988 ) Edge of Sanity ( 1989 ) Deadly Advice ( 1994 ) Ripper ( 2001 ) From Hell ( 2001 ) Bad Karma ( 2002 ) Case Closed : The Phantom of Baker Street ( 2002 ) The Lodger ( 2009 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight ( 2018 ) Parody Bizarre , Bizarre ( 1937 ) Amazon Women on the Moon ( 1987 ) Music `` Jack the Ripper '' ( 1963 ) `` The Ripper '' ( 1976 ) `` Killer on the Loose '' ( 1980 ) The Somatic Defilement ( 2007 ) Stage Earth Spirit ( 1895 play ) Pandora 's Box ( 1904 play ) Lulu ( 1937 opera ) The Lodger ( 1960 opera ) The Ruling Class ( 1968 play ) Comics From Hell Blood of the Innocent Gotham by Gaslight Wonder Woman : Amazonia Martin Mystère The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Volume III : Century Literature Sherlock Holmes The Last Sherlock Holmes Story The Whitechapel Horrors Sherlock Holmes : The Unauthorized Biography Dust and Shadow The Ripper Legacy Short stories `` A Toy for Juliette '' `` The Prowler in the City at the Edge of the World '' Other A Feast Unknown Anno Dracula Blood and Fog I , Ripper Matrix A Night in the Lonesome October Jack the Ripper , Light - Hearted Friend Portrait of a Killer : Jack the Ripper -- Case Closed Time After Time Phantom Blood Night of the Ripper Darkside Lifeblood Lost The Witches of Chiswick Broken Dracula the Un-dead Television Series Jack the Ripper ( 1973 ) The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town ( 1976 ) Jack the Ripper ( 1988 ) Sanctuary ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Whitechapel ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Ripper Street ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Time After Time ( 2017 ) Episodes `` Wolf in the Fold '' ( 1967 ) `` Comes the Inquisitor '' ( 1995 ) `` Ripper '' ( 1999 ) `` Sanctuary for All '' ( 2008 ) Other Bridge Across Time ( 1985 TV film ) Video games Jack the Ripper ( 1987 ) Ripper ( 1996 ) Duke Nukem : Zero Hour ( 1999 ) Shadow Man ( 1999 ) MediEvil 2 ( 2000 ) Jack the Ripper ( 2003 ) Mystery in London : On the Trail of Jack the Ripper ( 2007 ) Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper ( 2009 ) The Ripper ( canceled ) Jack the Ripper ( 2015 ) Other Casebook : Jack the Ripper Blood ! : The Life and Future Times of Jack the Ripper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gotham_by_Gaslight&oldid=833015857 '' Categories : Batman titles Elseworlds titles One - shot comic titles Steampunk comics Superhero comics Alternate history comics Comics about Jack the Ripper Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Title pop Redundant infobox title param Infobox comic book title param ( addpubcat ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 06 : 22 . 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Question: whos jack the ripper in gotham by gaslight


3D modeling - wikipedia 3D modeling Jump to : navigation , search This article is about computer modeling within an artistic medium . For scientific usage , see Computer simulation . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Three - dimensional ( 3D ) computer graphics Fundamentals Modeling Scanning Rendering Printing Software Primary uses 3D models Computer - aided design Graphic design Video games Visual effects Visualization Virtual engineering Virtual reality Virtual cinematography Related topics Computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) Animation computer skeletal 3D display Wireframe model Texture mapping Motion capture Crowd simulation Global illumination Volume rendering In 3D computer graphics , 3D modeling ( or three - dimensional modeling ) is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object ( either inanimate or living ) in three dimensions via specialized software . The product is called a 3D model . Someone who works with 3D models may be referred to as a 3D artist . It can be displayed as a two - dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena . The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices . Models may be created automatically or manually . The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting . 3D modeling software is a class of 3D computer graphics software used to produce 3D models . Individual programs of this class are called modeling applications or modelers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Models 1.1 Representation 2 Modeling process 2.1 Human models 2.2 3D Clothing 3 Compared to 2D methods 4 3D model market 5 3D printing 6 Uses 7 See also 8 References Models ( edit ) Three - dimensional model of a spectrograph Three - dimensional ( 3D ) models represent a physical body using a collection of points in 3D space , connected by various geometric entities such as triangles , lines , curved surfaces , etc . Being a collection of data ( points and other information ) , 3D models can be created by hand , algorithmically ( procedural modeling ) , or scanned . Their surfaces may be further defined with texture mapping . 3D models are widely used anywhere in 3D graphics and CAD . Their use predates the widespread use of 3D graphics on personal computers . Many computer games used pre-rendered images of 3D models as sprites before computers could render them in real - time . Today , 3D models are used in a wide variety of fields . The medical industry uses detailed models of organs ; these may be created with multiple 2 - D image slices from an MRI or CT scan . The movie industry uses them as characters and objects for animated and real - life motion pictures . The video game industry uses them as assets for computer and video games . The science sector uses them as highly detailed models of chemical compounds . The architecture industry uses them to demonstrate proposed buildings and landscapes in lieu of traditional , physical architectural models . The engineering community uses them as designs of new devices , vehicles and structures as well as a host of other uses . In recent decades the earth science community has started to construct 3D geological models as a standard practice . 3D models can also be the basis for physical devices that are built with 3D printers or CNC machines . Representation ( edit ) A modern render of the iconic Utah teapot model developed by Martin Newell ( 1975 ) . The Utah teapot is one of the most common models used in 3D graphics education . Almost all 3D models can be divided into two categories . Solid -- These models define the volume of the object they represent ( like a rock ) . Solid models are mostly used for engineering and medical simulations , and are usually built with constructive solid geometry Shell / boundary -- these models represent the surface , e.g. the boundary of the object , not its volume ( like an infinitesimally thin eggshell ) . Almost all visual models used in games and film are shell models . Solid and shell modeling can create functionally identical objects . Differences between them are mostly variations in the way they are created and edited and conventions of use in various fields and differences in types of approximations between the model and reality . Shell models must be manifold ( having no holes or cracks in the shell ) to be meaningful as a real object . Polygonal meshes ( and to a lesser extent subdivision surfaces ) are by far the most common representation . Level sets are a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes such as fluids . The process of transforming representations of objects , such as the middle point coordinate of a sphere and a point on its circumference into a polygon representation of a sphere , is called tessellation . This step is used in polygon - based rendering , where objects are broken down from abstract representations ( `` primitives '' ) such as spheres , cones etc. , to so - called meshes , which are nets of interconnected triangles . Meshes of triangles ( instead of e.g. squares ) are popular as they have proven to be easy to rasterise ( the surface described by each triangle is planar , so the projection is always convex ) ; . Polygon representations are not used in all rendering techniques , and in these cases the tessellation step is not included in the transition from abstract representation to rendered scene . Modeling process ( edit ) 3D polygonal modelling of a human face . There are three popular ways to represent a model : Polygonal modeling -- Points in 3D space , called vertices , are connected by line segments to form a polygon mesh . The vast majority of 3D models today are built as textured polygonal models , because they are flexible and because computers can render them so quickly . However , polygons are planar and can only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons . Curve modeling -- Surfaces are defined by curves , which are influenced by weighted control points . The curve follows ( but does not necessarily interpolate ) the points . Increasing the weight for a point will pull the curve closer to that point . Curve types include nonuniform rational B - spline ( NURBS ) , splines , patches , and geometric primitives Digital sculpting -- Still a fairly new method of modeling , 3D sculpting has become very popular in the few years it has been around . There are currently three types of digital sculpting : Displacement , which is the most widely used among applications at this moment , uses a dense model ( often generated by subdivision surfaces of a polygon control mesh ) and stores new locations for the vertex positions through use of an image map that stores the adjusted locations . Volumetric , loosely based on voxels , has similar capabilities as displacement but does not suffer from polygon stretching when there are not enough polygons in a region to achieve a deformation . Dynamic tessellation is similar to voxel but divides the surface using triangulation to maintain a smooth surface and allow finer details . These methods allow for very artistic exploration as the model will have a new topology created over it once the models form and possibly details have been sculpted . The new mesh will usually have the original high resolution mesh information transferred into displacement data or normal map data if for a game engine . A 3D fantasy fish composed of organic surfaces generated using LAI4D . The modeling stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene . There are a number of modeling techniques , including : Constructive solid geometry Implicit surfaces Subdivision surfaces Modeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program ( e.g. , Cinema 4D , Maya , 3ds Max , Blender , LightWave , Modo ) or an application component ( Shaper , Lofter in 3ds Max ) or some scene description language ( as in POV - Ray ) . In some cases , there is no strict distinction between these phases ; in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process ( this is the case , for example , with Caligari trueSpace and Realsoft 3D ) . Complex materials such as blowing sand , clouds , and liquid sprays are modeled with particle systems , and are a mass of 3D coordinates which have either points , polygons , texture splats , or sprites assigned to them . Human models ( edit ) Main article : Virtual actor The first widely available commercial application of human virtual models appeared in 1998 on the Lands ' End web site . The human virtual models were created by the company My Virtual Mode Inc. and enabled users to create a model of themselves and try on 3D clothing . There are several modern programs that allow for the creation of virtual human models ( Poser being one example ) . 3D clothing ( edit ) Dynamic 3D Clothing Model made in Marvelous Designer The development of cloth simulation software such as Marvelous Designer , CLO3D and Optitex , has enabled artists and fashion designers to model dynamic 3D clothing on the computer . Dynamic 3D clothing is used for virtual fashion catalogs , as well as for dressing 3D characters for video games , 3D animation movies , for digital doubles in movies as well as for making clothes for avatars in virtual worlds such as SecondLife . Compared to 2D methods ( edit ) A fully textured and lit rendering of a 3D model . 3D photorealistic effects are often achieved without wireframe modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form . Some graphic art software includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers . Advantages of wireframe 3D modeling over exclusively 2D methods include : Flexibility , ability to change angles or animate images with quicker rendering of the changes ; Ease of rendering , automatic calculation and rendering photorealistic effects rather than mentally visualizing or estimating ; Accurate photorealism , less chance of human error in misplacing , overdoing , or forgetting to include a visual effect . Disadvantages compare to 2D photorealistic rendering may include a software learning curve and difficulty achieving certain photorealistic effects . Some photorealistic effects may be achieved with special rendering filters included in the 3D modeling software . For the best of both worlds , some artists use a combination of 3D modeling followed by editing the 2D computer - rendered images from the 3D model . 3D model market ( edit ) A large market for 3D models ( as well as 3D - related content , such as textures , scripts , etc . ) still exists -- either for individual models or large collections . Several online marketplaces for 3D content allow individual artists to sell content that they have created , including TurboSquid , CGStudio , CreativeMarket and CGTrader . Often , the artists ' goal is to get additional value out of assets they have previously created for projects . By doing so , artists can earn more money out of their old content , and companies can save money by buying pre-made models instead of paying an employee to create one from scratch . These marketplaces typically split the sale between themselves and the artist that created the asset , artists get 40 % to 95 % of the sales according to the marketplace . In most cases , the artist retains ownership of the 3d model ; the customer only buys the right to use and present the model . Some artists sell their products directly in its own stores offering their products at a lower price by not using intermediaries . Over the last several years numerous marketplaces specialized in 3D printing models have emerged . Some of the 3D printing marketplaces are combination of models sharing sites , with or without a built in e-com capability . Some of those platforms also offer 3D printing services on demand , software for model rendering and dynamic viewing of items , etc . 3D printing file sharing platforms include Shapeways , Pinshape , Thingiverse , TurboSquid , CGTrader , Threeding , MyMiniFactory , and GrabCAD . 3D printing ( edit ) Main articles : 3D printing and Rapid prototyping 3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down or build from successive layers of material . In recent years , there has been an upsurge in the number of companies offering personalized 3D printed models of objects that have been scanned , designed in CAD software , and then printed to the customer 's requirements . As previously mentioned , 3D models can be purchased from online marketplaces and printed by individuals or companies using commercially available 3D printers , enabling the home - production of objects such as spare parts , mathematical models , and even medical equipment . Uses ( edit ) Steps of forensic facial reconstruction of a mummy made in Blender by the Brazilian 3D designer Cícero Moraes . 3D modeling is used in various industries like films , animation and gaming , interior designing and architecture . They are also used in the medical industry for the interactive representations of anatomy . A wide number of 3D software are also used in constructing digital representation of mechanical models or parts before they are actually manufactured . CAD / CAM related software are used in such fields , and with these software , not only can you construct the parts , but also assemble them , and observe their functionality . 3D modelling is also used in the field of Industrial Design , wherein products are 3D modeled before representing them to the clients . In Media and Event industries , 3D modelling is used in Stage / Set Design . The OWL 2 translation of the vocabulary of X3D can be used to provide semantic descriptions for 3D models , which is suitable for indexing and retrieval of 3D models by features such as geometry , dimensions , material , texture , diffuse reflection , transmission spectra , transparency , reflectivity , opalescence , glazes , varnishes , and enamels ( as opposed to unstructured textual descriptions or 2.5 D virtual museums and exhibitions using Google Street View on Google Arts & Culture , for example ) . The RDF representation of 3D models can be used in reasoning , which enables intelligent 3D applications which , for example , can automatically compare two 3D models by volume . See also ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( November 2016 ) 3CT List of 3D modeling software List of common 3D test models 3D computer graphics software 3D printing 3D scanner Additive Manufacturing File Format Building information modeling Cloth modeling Computer facial animation Digimation 's Library example Digital geometry Edge loop Evolver is a portal , 3D modeler and market place for 3D characters Geological modeling Industrial CT scanning Marching cubes Open CASCADE Polygon mesh Polygonal modeling Scaling ( geometry ) SIGGRAPH Stanford Bunny Triangle mesh Utah teapot Voxel B - rep References ( edit ) Look up modeler in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jump up ^ `` ERIS Project Starts '' . ESO Announcement . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Scanning Advancements in Medical Science '' . Konica Minolta . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Jon Radoff , Anatomy of an MMORPG Archived 2009 - 12 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , August 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Lands ' End First With New ' My Virtual Model ' Technology : Takes Guesswork Out of Web Shopping for Clothes That Fit '' . PRNewswire . Lands ' End . February 12 , 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` All About Virtual Fashion and the Creation of 3D Clothing '' . CGElves . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Clothes made for The Hobbit using Marvelous Designer '' . 3DArtist . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Printing Toys '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Printout3D -- Wolfram Language Documentation '' . reference.wolfram.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New Trends in 3D Printing -- Customized Medical Devices '' . Envisiontec . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sikos , L.F. ( 2016 ) . Rich Semantics for Interactive 3D Models of Cultural Artifacts . Communications in Computer and Information Science . 672 . Springer International Publishing . pp. 169 -- 180 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 49157 - 8_14 . Jump up ^ Yu , D. ; Hunter , J. ( 2014 ) . `` X3D Fragment Identifiers -- Extending the Open Annotation Model to Support Semantic Annotation of 3D Cultural Heritage Objects over the Web '' . International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era . 3 ( 3 ) : 579 -- 596 . doi : 10.1260 / 2047 - 4970.3. 3.579 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3D_modeling&oldid=807230271 '' Categories : 3D computer graphics 3D imaging Visual effects Video game design Computer - aided engineering Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles needing cleanup from November 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português සිංහල Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 18 : 39 . 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Question: what can be a visual or mathematical representation of an object or a process

3D modeling (or three-dimensional modeling)