Trafalgar Square Christmas tree - wikipedia Trafalgar Square Christmas tree Jump to : navigation , search Christmas carollers gather at the tree two days before Christmas , 2006 The Trafalgar Square Christmas tree in 2008 Lewisham Choral Society singing carols in December 2010 The Trafalgar Square Christmas tree is a Christmas tree donated to the people of Britain by the city of Oslo , Norway each year since 1947 . The tree is prominently displayed in Trafalgar Square from the beginning of December until 6 January . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tree 3 Lighting ceremony and carolling 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The Trafalgar Square Christmas tree has been an annual gift to the people of Britain by the city of Oslo as a token of gratitude for British support to Norway during the Second World War . The tree has provided a central focus for the Trafalgar Square traditional carol - singing programme , performed by different groups raising money for voluntary or charitable organisations . The tree remains until just before the Twelfth Night of Christmas , when it is taken down for recycling . The tree is chipped and composted , to make mulch . Tree ( edit ) The Trafalgar Square Christmas tree is typically a 50 - to 60 - year - old Norway spruce , generally over 20 metres tall . The tree is cut in Norway sometime in November during a ceremony attended by the British Ambassador to Norway , Mayor of Oslo , and Lord Mayor of Westminster . After the tree is cut , it is shipped to the UK by boat across the sea . At one time it was shipped to Felixstowe free of charge by a cargo ship of the Fred Olsen Line . As of at least 2007 , the tree was shipped across the North Sea to Immingham by DFDS Tor Line . From 2003 , it has been the responsibility of Beck & Pollitzer Ltd. to transport , guard and erect the tree in Trafalgar Square . The Trafalgar Square tree is decorated in a traditional Norwegian style and adorned with 500 white lights . In 2008 , the tree utilised low - wattage halogen bulbs which used 3.5 kW of power . At the base of the tree stands a plaque , bearing the words : This tree is given by the city of Oslo as a token of Norwegian gratitude to the people of London for their assistance during the years 1940 - 45 . A tree has been given annually since 1947 . Lighting ceremony and carolling ( edit ) The tree lighting ceremony in Trafalgar Square takes place on the first Thursday in December and is attended by thousands of people . The ceremony , led by the Lord Mayor of Westminster , includes a band and choir followed by the switching on of the Christmas lights . Traditionally , the tree provides a focal point for Christmas carolling groups . For many in London , the tree and the accompanying carolling signals the countdown to Christmas . Since 2009 , the Poetry Society has commissioned new poems annually for display on banners around the base of the tree . In 2010 , schoolchildren also performed one of the poems at the lighting - up ceremony . On November 6th 2016 a children 's book called `` The Troll of Trafalgar Square '' was published by Author Fiona Scott who grew up in London . It was launched in Waterstones book shop in Trafalgar Square . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baker , Margaret . Discovering Christmas Customs and Folklore : A Guide to Seasonal Rites , ( Google Books ) , Osprey Publishing , 1992 , p. 50 , ( ISBN 0747801754 ) . Jump up ^ Solholm , Rolleiv ( 7 December 2013 ) . `` Norway 's Christmas tree lights up Trafalgar Square '' . The Norway Post . NRK . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas in Trafalgar Square '' , Greater London Assembly , official site , 2008 , accessed 26 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Strange , Hannah . `` The Trafalgar Christmas Tree '' The Times , ( London ) , 6 December 2007 , accessed 26 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trafalgar Square Christmas tree marks the start of Christmas in Westminster '' , City of Westminster , 8 December 2008 , accessed 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trafalgar Square Christmas Tree - Wrapped in Poetry '' . The Poetry Society . 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) LONDON.GOV.UK - Christmas in Trafalgar Square Trafalgar Square Christmas Tree on Twitter Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trafalgar Square Christmas tree . Christmas trees Cultivation Christmas tree cultivation Christmas tree cultivation history Christmas tree pests and weeds Production Canadian production Danish production Global production Mexican production U.S. production Artificial Artificial Christmas tree Aluminum Christmas tree Feather Christmas tree Pre-lit tree Decorations Candy cane Christmas ornament Christmas lights Garland Pickle Pleated Christmas hearts Shiny Brite ornaments Szaloncukor Tinsel Tree - topper Individual trees Anthem Boston California Capitol Chicago Grand Place ( Brussels ) Grove ( L.A. ) Lisbon ( Portugal ) Macy 's ( Atlanta ) Milwaukee Mount Ingino ( Italy ) U.S. Capitol U.S. National Tree Rockefeller Center Sri Lanka Toledo ( Ohio ) Zoo Trafalgar Square ( London ) Tree ( Paris ) Vatican White House Trade groups American Christmas Tree Association British Christmas Tree Growers Association Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association Christmas Tree Promotion Board Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association National Christmas Tree Association Other topics Chichilaki Christmas tree stand Festive ecology Hanukkah bush Holiday tree Rouse Simmons Singing Christmas Tree Tree baler Trafalgar Square , London Buildings Current Clockwise from North : National Gallery St Martin - in - the - Fields South Africa House Drummonds Bank Admiralty Arch Uganda House Embassy of Burundi High Commission of Uganda Canadian Pacific building Admiralty ( pub ) Canada House Former Morley 's Hotel Northumberland House Royal Mews Statues Plinths SE : Henry Havelock SW : Charles Napier NE : George IV NW : Fourth plinth Busts Lord Beatty Lord Jellicoe Lord Cunningham Other Charles I Charing Cross Nelson 's Column James II George Washington Adjacent streets Charing Cross Road Cockspur Street Northumberland Avenue Strand Whitehall People Architects Charles Barry Norman Foster Edwin Lutyens John Nash Fourth plinth sculptors Elmgreen and Dragset Katharina Fritsch Hahn / Cock Antony Gormley One & Other Marc Quinn Thomas Schütte Yinka Shonibare Mark Wallinger Rachel Whiteread Bill Woodrow Events Poll Tax Riots Miscellaneous Christmas tree Commons Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 29 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 41 '' W  /  51.508157 ° N 0.128114 ° W  / 51.508157 ; - 0.128114 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trafalgar_Square_Christmas_tree&oldid=818217040 '' Categories : 1947 establishments in England Aftermath of World War II in the United Kingdom Christmas in England Christmas in the United Kingdom Flora of Norway Individual Christmas trees Individual trees in the United Kingdom Norway -- United Kingdom relations Trafalgar Square Diplomatic gifts 1947 introductions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Português Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 08 : 02 . 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Question: who donates a christmas tree to trafalgar square


On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) - wikipedia On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) Jump to : navigation , search On Golden Pond Movie poster by Bill Gold Directed by Mark Rydell Produced by Bruce Gilbert Screenplay by Ernest Thompson Based on On Golden Pond by Ernest Thompson Starring Katharine Hepburn Henry Fonda Jane Fonda Doug McKeon Dabney Coleman William Lanteau Music by Dave Grusin Cinematography Billy Williams Edited by Robert L. Wolfe Production company ITC Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 04 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $119.3 million On Golden Pond is a 1981 American drama film directed by Mark Rydell . The screenplay by Ernest Thompson was adapted from his 1979 play of the same name . Henry Fonda won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama and the Academy Award for Best Actor in what was his final film role . Co-star Katharine Hepburn won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and the Academy Award for Best Actress as did Thompson for his script and there were a further seven Oscar nominations for the film including Jane Fonda who played the daughter . The film co-starred Dabney Coleman and Doug McKeon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production notes 4 Critical reception 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) An aging couple , Ethel and Norman Thayer , continue the long tradition of spending each summer at their cottage on a lake called Golden Pond , in the far reaches of northern New England . When they first arrive , Ethel notices the loons calling on the lake `` welcoming them home '' . As they resettle into their summer home , Norman 's memory problems arise when he is unable to recognize several family photographs , which he copes with by frequently talking about death and growing old . They are visited by their only child , a daughter , Chelsea , who is somewhat estranged from her curmudgeon of a father . She introduces her parents to her fiance Bill and his thirteen - year - old son Billy . Norman tries to play mind games with Bill , an apparent pastime of his , but Bill wo n't hear of it , saying he can only take so much . In another conversation , Chelsea discusses with Ethel her frustration over her relationship with her overbearing father , feeling that even though she lives thousands of miles away in Los Angeles , she still feels like she 's answering to him . Before they depart for a European vacation , Chelsea and Bill ask the Thayers to permit Billy to stay with them while they have some time to themselves . Norman , seeming more senile and cynical than usual due to his 80th birthday and heart palpitations , agrees to Billy 's staying . Ethel tells him that he 's the sweetest man in the world , but she is the only one who knows it . Billy is at first annoyed by being left with elderly strangers with no friends nearby and nothing to do . He resents Norman 's brusque manner , but eventually comes to enjoy their Golden Pond fishing adventures together . Billy and Norman soon grow obsessed with catching Norman 's fish rival , named `` Walter '' , which leads to the accidental destruction of the Thayers ' motorboat . Chelsea returns to find out her father has made good friends with her fiance 's , now husband 's , son . But when she sees the change in her father 's demeanor , Chelsea attempts something Billy accomplished that she never could : a backflip . Chelsea successfully executes the dive in front of a cheering Norman , Billy , and Ethel . Chelsea and Norman finally fully embrace before she departs with Billy back home . The final day on Golden Pond comes and the Thayers are loading the last of the boxes . Norman tries to move a heavy box , but starts having heart pain and collapses onto the floor of the porch . Ethel tries unsuccessfully to get the operator to phone the hospital . Norman then says the pain is gone and attempts to stand to say a final farewell to the lake . Ethel tells him she has always known about death but for the first time it felt real , thinking Norman was going to die on the spot . Ethel helps Norman to the edge of the lake where they see the loons and Norman notes how they are just like him and Ethel , that their offspring is grown and gone off on her own , and now it is just the two of them . Cast ( edit ) Katharine Hepburn -- Ethel Thayer Henry Fonda -- Norman Thayer Jr . Jane Fonda -- Chelsea Thayer Wayne Doug McKeon -- Billy Ray Dabney Coleman -- Bill Ray William Lanteau -- Charlie Martin Christopher Rydell -- Sumner Todd Production notes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jane Fonda purchased the rights to the play specifically for her father , Henry Fonda , to play the role of the cantankerous Norman Thayer . The father - daughter rift depicted on screen closely paralleled the real - life relationship between the two Fondas . Screenwriter Thompson spent his summers along the shores of Great Pond , located in Belgrade , Maine , but the film was made on Squam Lake in Holderness , New Hampshire . The house used in the film was leased from a New York physician and was modified significantly for the shoot : an entire second floor was added as a balcony over the main living area at the request of the production designer . After the shoot , the production company was contractually obligated to return the house to its original state but the owner liked the renovations so much that he elected to keep the house that way and asked the crew not to dismantle the second story . A gazebo and a small boathouse were also relocated during the shoot . Despite their many common acquaintances and long careers in show business , Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn not only had never worked together , but had never met until working on the film . On the first day of shooting , Hepburn presented Henry Fonda with her longtime companion Spencer Tracy 's `` lucky '' hat , which Fonda wore in the film . Hepburn , who was 74 at the time of filming , performed all her own stunts , including a dive into the pond . The scene in which Norman and step - grandson Billy run their boat into the rocks was filmed repeatedly . The vintage 1951 mahogany Chris - Craft boat , used strictly for the crash scene , was so sturdy that it kept bouncing off the rocks without any damage . The crew had to modify the boat so it would break away in the wreck . The water level in Squam Lake was so low during the summer of production that Fonda and Doug McKeon could have stood during the scene in which they were supposedly clinging to the rocks for fear of drowning . The September water was barely knee - deep , but it was cold enough that the pair had to wear wetsuits under their clothes. Hepburn , on the other hand , dove into the water without the aid of the wetsuit because she wanted the scene to keep its authenticity . Some of the scenes in which Billy takes the boat out on his own were filmed on nearby Lake Winnipesaukee . While filming the scene where Fonda and Hepburn were watching the loons on the lake , the speedboat that zoomed by and disturbed them was so forceful it overturned their canoe in one take ; Fonda was immediately taken out of the water and wrapped up in blankets as his health was fragile by that time . The speedboat was piloted by the screenwriter , Ernest Thompson . When visiting Holderness , New Hampshire , one can take a boat tour of Squam Lake and view the filming sites from the movie . There is also a restaurant called `` Walter 's Basin '' , which is named after the trout called `` Walter '' that Billy catches with Norman . For filming , `` Walter '' was brought in from a trout pond at the nearby Castle in the Clouds estate . He was released after his capture back into Squam Lake . Leftover footage of Fonda and Hepburn driving through the New Hampshire countryside , as seen in the opening credits , was later used for the opening of the CBS television sitcom Newhart . The studio behind the film was ITC Entertainment , the British company presided over ( until late 1981 ) by Lord Grade , the television and film mogul . It was Grade who largely raised the financing for the film . With a box office take of $119,285,432 , On Golden Pond was the second - highest grossing film of the year , following Raiders of the Lost Ark , which earned $209,562,121 . Critical reception ( edit ) Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times said `` On Golden Pond was a treasure for many reasons , but the best one , I think , is that I could believe it . I could believe in its major characters and their relationships , and in the things they felt for one another , and there were moments when the movie was witness to human growth and change . I left the theater feeling good and warm , and with a certain resolve to try to mend my own relationships and learn to start listening better ... watching the movie , I felt I was witnessing something rare and valuable . '' In his The New York Times review , Vincent Canby said , `` As a successful Broadway play , On Golden Pond was processed American cheese , smooth , infinitely spreadable and bland , with color added by the actors ... the movie ... still American cheese , but its stars -- Henry Fonda , Katharine Hepburn , Jane Fonda and Dabney Coleman -- add more than color to this pasteurized product . On Golden Pond now has the bite of a good old cheddar ... Mr. Fonda gives one of the great performances of his long , truly distinguished career . Here is film acting of the highest order ... Miss Hepburn ... is also in fine form . One of the most appealing things about her as an actress is the way she responds to -- and is invigorated by -- a strong co-star ... she needs someone to support , challenge and interact with . Mr. Fonda is the best thing that 's happened to her since Spencer Tracy and Humphrey Bogart ... an added pleasure is the opportunity to see Dabney Coleman ( in ) a role that goes beyond the caricatures he 's usually given to play ... On Golden Pond is a mixed blessing , but it offers one performance of rare quality and three others that are very good . That 's not half - bad . '' TV Guide rates it 3 1⁄2 out of a possible four stars , calling it `` a beautifully photographed movie filled with poignancy , humor , and ( of course ) superb acting ... there could have been no finer final curtain for ( Henry Fonda ) than this . '' Channel 4 sums up its review by stating , `` Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn both shine in an impressively executed Hollywood drama . ( It ) has its mawkish moments but there 's a certain pleasure in that , and writer Thompson 's analysis of old age is sensitive , thought - provoking and credible . '' Not all reviewers were impressed , however . David Kehr of the Chicago Reader called the film `` the cinematic equivalent of shrink - wrapping , in which all of the ideas , feelings , characters , and images are neatly separated and hermetically sealed to prevent spoilage , abrasion , or any contact with the natural world ... Mark Rydell 's bright , banal visual style further sterilizes the issues . The film exudes complacency and self - congratulation ; it is a very cowardly , craven piece of ersatz art . '' Time Out London says , `` Two of Hollywood 's best - loved veterans deserved a far better swan song than this sticky confection . '' Mad magazine satirized the film as On Olden Pond . American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 22 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Listen to me , mister . You 're my knight in shining armor . Do n't you forget it . You 're going to get back on that horse , and I 'm going to be right behind you , holding on tight , and away we 're gon na go , go , go ! '' -- # 88 `` Come here , Norman . Hurry up . The loons ! The loons ! They 're welcoming us back . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 24 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 45 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 29 , 1982 Best Picture Bruce Gilbert Nominated Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Won Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Won Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Ernest Thompson Won Best Cinematography Billy Williams Nominated Best Editing Robert L. Wolfe Nominated Best Original Score Dave Grusin Nominated Best Sound Richard Portman and David M. Ronne Nominated Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result BAFTA Awards 1984 Best Film Bruce Gilbert Nominated Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Nominated Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Won Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Ernest Thompson Nominated Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Golden Globe Awards 1984 Best MotionPicture - Drama Bruce Gilbert Won Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Won Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Ernest Thompson Won Others Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures ( nominee ) Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special ( nominee ) Writers Guild of America Award for Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium ( winner ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Box Office Information for On Golden Pond . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On Golden Pond , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barbarella comes of age '' , The Age , May 14 , 2005 . Accessed January 9 , 2008 . `` If Barbarella was an act of rebellion , On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) was a more mature rapprochement : Fonda bought the rights to Ernest Thompson 's play to offer the role to her father . '' Jump up ^ Squam Lake website Jump up ^ The Brass Bell -- Official Publication of the Antique Boat Club serving the interests of owners of Chris Craft and other antique and classic boats . October 1985 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Savage , Jack . `` Chris - Craft -- Enthusiast Color Series '' . P. 79 Jump up ^ New Hampshire Business Review . May 1982 . Jump up ^ On Golden Pond at BoxOfficeMojo.com Jump up ^ Chicago Sun - Times review Jump up ^ New York Times review Jump up ^ TV Guide review Jump up ^ Channel 4 review Jump up ^ Chicago Reader review Jump up ^ Time Out London review Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Nominees Jump up ^ `` The 39th Academy Awards ( 1967 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th BAFTA Awards ( 1984 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The 39th Golden Globe Awards ( 1982 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) On Golden Pond on IMDb On Golden Pond at the TCM Movie Database On Golden Pond at AllMovie On Golden Pond at Rotten Tomatoes On Golden Pond at Box Office Mojo Squam Lake ( On Golden Pond ) Official Website Awards Preceded by Coming Home Academy Award winner for Best Actor and Best Actress Succeeded by The Silence of the Lambs Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Films directed by Mark Rydell The Fox ( 1967 ) The Reivers ( 1969 ) The Cowboys ( 1972 ) Cinderella Liberty ( 1973 ) Harry and Walter Go to New York ( 1976 ) The Rose ( 1979 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) The River ( 1984 ) For the Boys ( 1991 ) Intersection ( 1994 ) Crime of the Century ( 1996 ) James Dean ( 2001 ) Even Money ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Golden_Pond_(1981_film)&oldid=798761452 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films American films 1980s drama films American drama films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Film scores by Dave Grusin Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films about dysfunctional families Films about fishing Films about old age Films based on plays Films directed by Mark Rydell Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in New Hampshire Films shot in New Hampshire Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award ITC Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 17 : 42 . 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Question: who starred in the movie on golden pond


Who Let the Dogs Out ? - Wikipedia Who Let the Dogs Out ? Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Who Let the Dogs Out ( album ) . For the CBBC TV show , see Who Let the Dogs Out ? ( CBBC ) . `` Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' Single by Baha Men from the album Who Let the Dogs Out and Rugrats in Paris : The Movie : Music From the Motion Picture Released July 26 , 2000 Format CD single Recorded 1999 Genre Soca junkanoo calypso Length 3 : 18 Label S - Curve Songwriter ( s ) Anslem Douglas Producer ( s ) Steve Greenberg , Matthew Traynor Baha Men singles chronology `` That 's the Way I Do It '' ( 1997 ) `` Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' ( 2000 ) `` You All Dat '' ( 2001 ) `` That 's the Way I Do It '' ( 1997 ) `` Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' ( 2000 ) `` You All Dat '' ( 2001 ) `` Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' is a song performed by the Bahamian group Baha Men , released as a single on July 26 , 2000 . Originally written by Anslem Douglas ( titled `` Doggie '' ) for the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival season of 1998 , it was covered by producer Jonathan King under the name Fat Jakk and his Pack of Pets . He brought the song to the attention of his friend Steve Greenberg , who then had the Baha Men cover the song . The song became the band 's first hit in the United Kingdom and the United States , and it gained popularity after appearing in Rugrats in Paris : The Movie and its soundtrack album . The song peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart , as well as topping the charts in Australia and New Zealand , and reached the Top 40 in the United States . It was Britain 's fourth biggest - selling single of 2000 , and went on to become one of the highest - selling singles of the decade not to reach number - one . The track went on to win the Grammy for Best Dance Recording on the 2001 Grammy Awards . It was the subject of a major lawsuit over copyright ownership that was settled . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Use in sporting events 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Certifications 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Band member Dyson Knight told Vice that the song `` ... was originally sung by a Trinidadian artist whose name is Anslem Douglas . The manager of the Baha Men at that time heard a version of the song in Europe . He called ( Knight 's bandmate ) Isaiah ( Taylor ) and told him it was an absolute must that Baha Men record that song , because they had the vibe to make it a huge hit . Isaiah heard the song and said there was ' no way in hell we 're recording that song ' ... Management had the vision , and the Baha Men were reluctant , but the group went in and recorded it anyway . '' Critical reception ( edit ) In a poll conducted in 2007 , by Rolling Stone to identify the 20 most annoying songs , this song was ranked third . It was also ranked first on Spinner 's 2008 list of `` Top 20 Worst Songs Ever '' . Rolling Stone also ranked it at No. 8 on a poll to identify the worst songs of the 1990s . The song was incredibly successful in Europe and Oceania , reaching the top spot in Australia and New Zealand , number 2 in the United Kingdom and Ireland , the Top 5 in Sweden , Norway and the Netherlands , and the Top 10 in Germany , Switzerland , Denmark and Belgium . It also reached number 8 in Brazil . Despite this , however , its success initially did n't translate to the United States , where it only peaked at number 40 . It received fame after being used in the soundtrack to Rugrats in Paris : The Movie and even more so after it became a ubiquitous sports anthem at stadiums and arenas throughout the world , based largely on the efforts of a sports marketing company hired by the song 's producer , Steve Greenberg . Music video ( edit ) In the original music video , a parody of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( then hosted by Regis Philbin ) called presumably `` Who Wants to Be a Zillionaire '' is depicted at the start , where a contestant is given the zillion dollar question `` Who let the dogs out ? '' . The dogs in the video then escape from a police station . In other parts of the video , the dogs chase people around the same area in which the band is performing . One of them includes a mailman . A new version of the video debuted at the end of the VHS release of Rugrats in Paris : The Movie , where it was re-edited to feature clips of the film throughout . The Millionaire parody at the beginning is also replaced with the photo shoot scene from the movie as well . Use in sporting events ( edit ) The first use of the song at an American sporting event was at Mississippi State University . The university 's mascot is the Bulldog , and the university school first played the song during football games in the fall of 1998 using the version sung by Chuck Smooth . It was accompanied by the crowd singing along and the team performing a dance on the field called `` The Dawg Pound Rock '' just before a kickoff . Later the Southeastern Conference ruled that they could not perform the dance on the field , so the team moved it to the sidelines . Several other teams followed suit , and the song quickly became a national phenomenon . In June 2000 , Gregg Greene , then Director of Promotions for the Seattle Mariners , was the first to play the Baha Men 's version of `` Who Let the Dogs Out '' at a Major League Baseball game . He debuted the tune as a joke for the team 's backup catcher , Joe Oliver . Two days later , shortstop Alex Rodriguez requested the song be used as his walk - up music , and it quickly became the Mariners team anthem . The Baha Men performed at Safeco Field during a Mariners game in September 2000 . The New York Mets , however , have claimed that they were the first MLB team to adopt the song , to which ESPN.com humorously commented `` This is a little like scientists arguing over who discovered a deadly virus '' . The Baha Men recorded a version of the song that changed the chorus to `` Who let the Mets out ? '' and all the lyrics to reflect the team and its players , which was played at Shea Stadium throughout the Mets ' 2000 postseason run , including a live performance on the Shea Stadium field before Game 4 of the 2000 World Series against the New York Yankees . The song was written by David Brody of Z100 New York and recorded by the Baha Men initially for Z100 . Brody then gave the song to the Mets to play at Shea . Brody has also written songs for the 2006 , 2007 , and 2015 Mets . Richard Hidalgo used the original song as his entrance music while playing for the Houston Astros . The song is the theme song for Monster Mutt & Monster Mutt Rottweiler while freestyling in Monster Jam . It was also the first song played at Buffalo Blizzard games after kickoff for the 2001 NPSL season . In the United Kingdom , the song was quickly appropriated by Liverpool supporters under then - manager Gérard Houllier . Regular chants of ' Hou led the reds out ' by Liverpool fans ( a reference to Liverpool 's cup treble in 2001 ) were followed soon after by opposition fans ' chants of ' Hou had a heart attack ' ( a reference to Houllier 's illness in October 2001 ) . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 01 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 26 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 8 Canada Dance ( RPM ) 21 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 14 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 60 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 6 US Latin Pop Airplay ( Billboard ) 35 US Latin Tropical / Salsa Airplay ( Billboard ) 20 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Rhythmic Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 715,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Teenage Dirtbag '' by Wheatus Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single 26 November 2000 -- 17 December 2000 Succeeded by `` Teenage Dirtbag '' by Wheatus See also ( edit ) List of music considered the worst References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( 3 November 2000 ) . `` Dog fight over song '' . Caribbean News Agency . p . Pg. 3 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Port of Spain , Trinidad CANA -- A major legal battle in a New York court over the rights to `` Who Let The Dogs Out '' was settled . The 1998 calypso which has been transformed into a major international hit by the Bahamian group Baha Men , according to local Press reports . Trinidadian soca artiste Anslem Douglas , who was originally credited as the composer of the calypso , found himself at the centre of a battle over rights to the song . Involved was St. Vincent - born musician Ossie Gurley in whose Toronto recording studio the original calypso was created , and two recording labels -- Deston Records and Wingspan Records . Deston Records is the company which gave the song to the Baha Men to record on the S - Curve label , while Wingspan is the record label of rapper Chuck Smooth and Scott Brooks whose release was a Top 10 Billboard Rap Single . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Brandt ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` The Baha Men Will Outlive Us All '' . Vice . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone . `` Rolling Stone : The 20 Most Annoying Songs '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Top 20 Worst Songs Ever , Spinner , 1 August 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 13 Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 31 August 2011 ) . `` 8 . Baha Men , ' Who Let the Dogs Out ? ' Photo - Readers Poll : The Worst Songs of the Nineties '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ 1999 Egg Bowl on YouTube Jump up ^ `` MSU special teams unit covers the field , cuts a rug -- University Wire HighBeam Research -- FREE trial '' . Highbeam.com. 17 September 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Baha Men -- Who Let The Dogs Out '' . Ejams.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` List : Bands '' . Musicfanfair.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Damon Agnos ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` The Dogfather -- Page 1 -- Music -- Seattle '' . Seattle Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ All Things Considered ( 3 October 2000 ) . `` Dog Chant '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cheesy Chants For Teams / Players '' . RedCafe.net . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Baha Men -- Who Let the Dogs Out '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who let the dogs out in Canadian Dance Top 40 Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who let the dogs out in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de ( Retrieved 10 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 3 June 2009 at WebCite ( Retrieved 10 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 200 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Baha Men awards on AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2000 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Baha Men -- Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Who Let the Dogs Out ? in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Miller , Adam ( 5 March 2015 ) . `` 20 of the biggest selling singles of the 2000 's you 've already forgotten '' . Internet Archive . EntertainmentWise . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Baha Men Albums Junkanoo ! Kalik I Like What I Like Doong Spank 2 Zero 0 - 0 Who Let the Dogs Out Move It Like This Holla ! Ride with Me Singles `` Dancing in the Moonlight '' `` Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' `` You All Dat '' `` The Best Years of Our Lives '' `` Move It Like This '' `` We Rubbin ' '' Related articles My Father the Hero Steve Greenberg Stanley Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Let_the_Dogs_Out%3F&oldid=807276668 '' Categories : Songs about dogs 2000 singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Soca songs Baha Men songs Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording Songs written for films 2000 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 00 : 18 . 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Question: what movies have the song who let the dogs out


Primary Rate Interface - wikipedia Primary Rate Interface Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Primary Rate Interface ( PRI ) is a telecommunications interface standard used on an Integrated Services Digital Network ( ISDN ) for carrying multiple DS0 voice and data transmissions between the network and a user . PRI is the standard for providing telecommunication services to enterprises and offices . It is based on T - carrier ( T1 ) transmission in the US , Canada , and Japan , while the E-carrier ( E1 ) is common in Europe and Australia . The T1 line consists of 23 bearer ( B ) channels and one data ( D ) channel for control purposes , for a total bandwidth of 24x64 - kbit / s or 1.544 Mbit / s . The E1 carrier provides 30 B - and two D - channels for a bandwidth of 2.048 Mbit / s . The first timeslot on the E1 is used for synchronization purposes and is not considered to be a B - or D - channel . The D - channel typically uses timeslot 16 on an E1 , while it is timeslot 24 for a T1 . Fewer active bearer channels , sometimes called user channels , may be used in fractional T1 or E1 services . Contents ( hide ) 1 ISDN service types 2 Application 3 See also 4 References ISDN service types ( edit ) The Integrated Services Digital Network ( ISDN ) prescribes two levels of service : Basic Rate Interface ( BRI ) : two 64 - kbit / s B channels and one 16 - kbit / s D channel , intended for small enterprises and residential service . Primary Rate Interface ( PRI ) for large organizations , with one 64 - kbit / s D channel and 23 ( 1.536 Mbit / s T1 , a.k.a. `` 23B + D '' ) or 30 , 64 - kbit / s B channels ( 2.048 Mbit / s E1 , a.k.a. `` 30B + 2D '' ) . Each B - channel carries data , voice , and other services . The D - channel carries control and signaling information . Larger connections are possible using PRI pairing . A dual T1 - PRI could have 24 + 23 = 47 B - channels and 1 D - channel ( often called `` 47B + D '' ) , but more commonly has 46 B - channels and 2 D - channels thus providing a backup signaling channel . The concept applies to E1s as well and both can include more than 2 PRIs . When configuring multiple T1 's as ISDN - PRI 's , it 's possible to use NFAS ( non-facility associated signalling ) to enable one or two D - channels to support additional B - channels on separate T1 circuits . Application ( edit ) The Primary Rate Interface channels are typically used by medium to large enterprises with digital private branch exchange ( PBX ) telephone systems to provide digital access to the public switched telephone network ( PSTN ) . The B - channels may be used flexibly and reassigned when necessary to meet special needs such as video conferences . PRI channels and direct inward dialing are also common as a means of delivering inbound calls to voice over IP gateways from the PSTN . See also ( edit ) Non-Facility Associated Signalling H channel Caller ID spoofing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=0LyDQgAACAAJ&dq=newton%27s+telecom+dictionary+16th+edition Jump up ^ https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-I.412-198811-I/en Jump up ^ `` A Technical Coverage of Primary Rate Interface ( PRI ) '' . ISPFast . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document `` Federal Standard 1037C '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_Rate_Interface&oldid=826012966 '' Categories : Integrated Services Digital Network Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 18 : 23 . About Wikipedia

Question: isdn uses b & d channels. what is d channel use for


Taj Mahal - Wikipedia Taj Mahal Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Taj Mahal ( disambiguation ) . Taj Mahal Location Agra , Uttar Pradesh , India Coordinates 27 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 02 ′ 31 '' E  /  27.17500 ° N 78.04194 ° E  / 27.17500 ; 78.04194 Coordinates : 27 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 02 ′ 31 '' E  /  27.17500 ° N 78.04194 ° E  / 27.17500 ; 78.04194 Height 73 m ( 240 ft ) Built 1632 -- 53 Architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri Architectural style ( s ) Mughal architecture Visitors 7 -- 8 million ( in 2014 ) Website www.tajmahal.gov.in Location of Taj Mahal in Uttar pradesh Taj Mahal ( India ) Show map of Uttar Pradesh Show map of India Show all UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : i Reference 252 Inscription 1983 ( 7th Session ) The Taj Mahal ( / ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl , ˌtɑːʒ - / ; meaning `` Crown of the Palace '' ) is an ivory - white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra . It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor , Shah Jahan ( reigned from 1628 to 1658 ) , to house the tomb of his favourite wife , Mumtaz Mahal . The tomb is the centrepiece of a 17 - hectare ( 42 - acre ) complex , which includes a mosque and a guest house , and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall . Construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643 but work continued on other phases of the project for another 10 years . The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be around 32 million rupees , which in 2015 would be approximately 52.8 billion rupees ( U.S. $ 827 million ) . The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect to the emperor , Ustad Ahmad Lahauri . The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being `` the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world 's heritage '' . It is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India 's rich history . The Taj Mahal attracts 7 -- 8 million visitors a year . In 2007 , it was declared a winner of the New7Wonders of the World ( 2000 -- 2007 ) initiative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Architecture and design 2.1 Tomb 2.2 Exterior decorations 2.2. 1 Interior decoration 2.3 Garden 2.4 Outlying buildings 3 Construction 4 Later days 5 Threats 6 Tourism 7 Myths 7.1 Claims of being a Hindu building 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Sources 11 External links Inspiration The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1631 , to be built in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal , a Persian princess who died giving birth to their 14th child , Gauhara Begum . Construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 . The imperial court documenting Shah Jahan 's grief after the death of Mumtaz Mahal illustrate the love story held as the inspiration for Taj Mahal . The principal mausoleum was completed in 1643 and the surrounding buildings and garden were finished about five years later . About its foundation , the contemporary Padshah nama states : `` On the 6th of Bahman ( 4 Rajab 1041 / 26 January 1632 ) , the fruit of the tree of sovereignty and caliphate , the prince of lofty worth Sultan Shah Shuja ' Bahadur returned to the royal camp from Akbarabad , along with the ' Umdat ul - Mulk Wazir Khan and the noble and chaste lady Sitti Khanan , who held the post of the deputy ( wikalat ) and chief Lady - in - Waiting of that one of praiseworthy habits , acquired the honors of accompanying the litter encompassed by unlimited pardon and forgiveness ; and all along the way , they provided food and largesse to the poor . After reaching Akbarabad , it was entrusted to earth in the heaven - like tract of land ( sarzamin - i - bihisht - a'in ) situated to the south side of the Abode of the Caliphate , overlooking the river Jumna , which had belonged to Raja Man Singh ; and to acquire it , His Majesty , the Caliph - ranked , had given in exchange ( ' iwad ) a mansion ( manzil ) , loftier than the said mansion , to his grandson Raja Jai Singh . And on the top of the illumined grave , at first in haste ( az ru - i - tajil ) , a small domed building ( gumbadi - mukhtasar ) was built ( asas nihadand ) , so that the eye of a non-confidante ( na - mahram ) does not fall on the holy precincts ( haram ) of the grave of that veiled one of the curtains of chastity . And plans were laid out ( tarah afganand ) for a magnificent building ( ' imarat - i - alishan ) and a dome ( gumbadi ) of lofty foundation ( rafi - buniyan ) , which for height ( dar bulandi ) will , until the Day of Resurrection , remain a memorial to the sky - high aspiration of His Majesty the Second Sahib Qiran and which for strength ( darustwari ) will display the firmness of the intentions of its builder . And the far - seeing engineers ( muhandisan ) and art - creating architects . And the far - seeing engineers ( muhandisan ) and art - creating architects ( mimaran - i - sanat - afrin ) estimated the cost of this building ( imarat ) would be 40 lakhs of rupees . Subsequently , in that heaven - like tract of land ( sarzamin ) , the heavenly plinth ( asman asas ) was laid for a mausoleum ( rauza ) of lofty foundation ( ' alabunyan ) , which , in strength and loftiness and high dignity and magnificence of rank , is the honor of the terrestrial world , which is completely of white marble slabs , and which has arranged round it a pleasing garden having the marks of Paradise . On one side of it , a lofty mosque was built and on the other side , a replica thereof , a guest house ( mihman - khana ) of lofty expanse : and on its sides ( atrafash ) , there were constructed ( bunyad nazirafta ) rooms ( hujaraha ) and portals ( aiwanha ) , and before its gates , several newly fashioned ( nau - a'in ) plazas and joy - increasing sarais ( sara ) , which have no like and equal on the surface of the earth in spaciousness of area and novelty of design . In the space of twenty years , that building ( ' imarat ) , the foundation ( buniyadash ) which is the eighth layer of the world and whose cap is the tenth roof of the sky , was completed at a cost of 50 lakhs of rupees ; and through its extreme loftiness of dignity and rank and excellence of decoration and ornament , it has become the honor of the ancient roof of the azure sky . '' -- Padshah nama Architecture and design Main article : Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian and earlier Mughal architecture . Specific inspiration came from successful Timurid and Mughal buildings including the Gur - e Amir ( the tomb of Timur , progenitor of the Mughal dynasty , in Samarkand ) , Humayun 's Tomb , Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb ( sometimes called the Baby Taj ) , and Shah Jahan 's own Jama Masjid in Delhi . While earlier Mughal buildings were primarily constructed of red sandstone , Shah Jahan promoted the use of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones . Buildings under his patronage reached new levels of refinement . Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal `` Shah Jahan on a globe '' from the Smithsonian Institution Artistic depiction of Mumtaz Mahal Tomb The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal . It is a large , white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan ( an arch - shaped doorway ) topped by a large dome and finial . Like most Mughal tombs , the basic elements are Persian in origin . The base structure is a large multi-chambered cube with chamfered corners forming an unequal eight - sided structure that is approximately 55 metres ( 180 ft ) on each of the four long sides . Each side of the iwan is framed with a huge pishtaq or vaulted archway with two similarly shaped arched balconies stacked on either side . This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas , making the design completely symmetrical on all sides of the building . Four minarets frame the tomb , one at each corner of the plinth facing the chamfered corners . The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan ; the actual graves are at a lower level . The tomb Taj Mahal from Main Entrance . Four minarets frame the tomb . Interior view of the vaulted dome over the tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz . The false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the main chamber . The actual tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the lower level . Main marble dome , smaller domes , and decorative spires that extend from the edges of the base walls . The most spectacular feature is the marble dome that surmounts the tomb . The dome is nearly 35 metres ( 115 ft ) high which is close in measurement to the length of the base , and accentuated by the cylindrical `` drum '' it sits on which is approximately 7 metres ( 23 ft ) high . Because of its shape , the dome is often called an onion dome or amrud ( guava dome ) . The top is decorated with a lotus design which also serves to accentuate its height . The shape of the dome is emphasised by four smaller domed chattris ( kiosks ) placed at its corners , which replicate the onion shape of the main dome . The dome is slightly asymmetrical . Their columned bases open through the roof of the tomb and provide light to the interior . Tall decorative spires ( guldastas ) extend from edges of base walls , and provide visual emphasis to the height of the dome . The lotus motif is repeated on both the chattris and guldastas . The dome and chattris are topped by a gilded finial which mixes traditional Persian and Hindustani decorative elements . The main finial was originally made of gold but was replaced by a copy made of gilded bronze in the early 19th century . This feature provides a clear example of integration of traditional Persian and Hindu decorative elements . The finial is topped by a moon , a typical Islamic motif whose horns point heavenward . The minarets , which are each more than 40 metres ( 130 ft ) tall , display the designer 's penchant for symmetry . They were designed as working minarets -- a traditional element of mosques , used by the muezzin to call the Islamic faithful to prayer . Each minaret is effectively divided into three equal parts by two working balconies that ring the tower . At the top of the tower is a final balcony surmounted by a chattri that mirrors the design of those on the tomb . The chattris all share the same decorative elements of a lotus design topped by a gilded finial . The minarets were constructed slightly outside of the plinth so that in the event of collapse , a typical occurrence with many tall constructions of the period , the material from the towers would tend to fall away from the tomb . Exterior decorations The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal are among the finest in Mughal architecture . As the surface area changes , the decorations are refined proportionally . The decorative elements were created by applying paint , stucco , stone inlays or carvings . In line with the Islamic prohibition against the use of anthropomorphic forms , the decorative elements can be grouped into either calligraphy , abstract forms or vegetative motifs . Throughout the complex are passages from the Qur'an that comprise some of the decorative elements . Recent scholarship suggests that the passages were chosen by Amanat Khan . The calligraphy on the Great Gate reads `` O Soul , thou art at rest . Return to the Lord at peace with Him , and He at peace with you . '' The calligraphy was created in 1609 by a calligrapher named Abdul Haq . Shah Jahan conferred the title of `` Amanat Khan '' upon him as a reward for his `` dazzling virtuosity '' . Near the lines from the Qur'an at the base of the interior dome is the inscription , `` Written by the insignificant being , Amanat Khan Shirazi . '' Much of the calligraphy is composed of florid thuluth script made of jasper or black marble inlaid in white marble panels . Higher panels are written in slightly larger script to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below . The calligraphy found on the marble cenotaphs in the tomb is particularly detailed and delicate . Abstract forms are used throughout , especially in the plinth , minarets , gateway , mosque , jawab and , to a lesser extent , on the surfaces of the tomb . The domes and vaults of the sandstone buildings are worked with tracery of incised painting to create elaborate geometric forms . Herringbone inlays define the space between many of the adjoining elements . White inlays are used in sandstone buildings , and dark or black inlays on the white marbles . Mortared areas of the marble buildings have been stained or painted in a contrasting colour which creates a complex array of geometric patterns . Floors and walkways use contrasting tiles or blocks in tessellation patterns . On the lower walls of the tomb are white marble dados sculpted with realistic bas relief depictions of flowers and vines . The marble has been polished to emphasise the exquisite detailing of the carvings . The dado frames and archway spandrels have been decorated with pietra dura inlays of highly stylised , almost geometric vines , flowers and fruits . The inlay stones are of yellow marble , jasper and jade , polished and levelled to the surface of the walls . Detailed exterior design Base , dome and minaret . Finial , tamga of the Mughal Empire . Calligraphy of Persian poems . Plant motifs . Reflective tiles . Marble jali lattice . Calligraphy of Arabic Ayaat . Interior decoration The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal reaches far beyond traditional decorative elements . The inlay work is not pietra dura , but a lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones . The inner chamber is an octagon with the design allowing for entry from each face , although only the door facing the garden to the south is used . The interior walls are about 25 metres ( 82 ft ) high and are topped by a `` false '' interior dome decorated with a sun motif . Eight pishtaq arches define the space at ground level and , as with the exterior , each lower pishtaq is crowned by a second pishtaq about midway up the wall . The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas , and each balcony 's exterior window has an intricate screen or jali cut from marble . In addition to the light from the balcony screens , light enters through roof openings covered by chattris at the corners . The octagonal marble screen or jali bordering the cenotaphs is made from eight marble panels carved through with intricate pierce work . The remaining surfaces are inlaid in delicate detail with semi-precious stones forming twining vines , fruits and flowers . Each chamber wall is highly decorated with dado bas - relief , intricate lapidary inlay and refined calligraphy panels which reflect , in miniature detail , the design elements seen throughout the exterior of the complex . Detailed interior design Flowers carved in marble . Detail of pietra dura jali inlay . Delicacy of intricate pierce work . Archways in the mosque . Incised painting . Finial floor tiling . Detail of jali . Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves . Hence , the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan were put in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned right , towards Mecca . Mumtaz Mahal 's cenotaph is placed at the precise centre of the inner chamber on a rectangular marble base of 1.5 by 2.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in by 8 ft 2 in ) . Both the base and casket are elaborately inlaid with precious and semiprecious gems . Calligraphic inscriptions on the casket identify and praise Mumtaz . On the lid of the casket is a raised rectangular lozenge meant to suggest a writing tablet . Shah Jahan 's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz 's to the western side , and is the only visible asymmetric element in the entire complex . His cenotaph is bigger than his wife 's , but reflects the same elements : a larger casket on a slightly taller base precisely decorated with lapidary and calligraphy that identifies him . On the lid of the casket is a traditional sculpture of a small pen box . The pen box and writing tablet are traditional Mughal funerary icons decorating the caskets of men and women respectively . The Ninety Nine Names of God are calligraphic inscriptions on the sides of the actual tomb of Mumtaz Mahal . Other inscriptions inside the crypt include , `` O Noble , O Magnificent , O Majestic , O Unique , O Eternal , O Glorious ... `` . The tomb of Shah Jahan bears a calligraphic inscription that reads ; `` He travelled from this world to the banquet - hall of Eternity on the night of the twenty - sixth of the month of Rajab , in the year 1076 Hijri . '' Garden Walkways beside reflecting pool The complex is set around a large 300 - metre ( 980 ft ) square charbagh or Mughal garden . The garden uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds . Halfway between the tomb and gateway in the centre of the garden is a raised marble water tank with a reflecting pool positioned on a north - south axis to reflect the image of the mausoleum . The raised marble water tank is called al Hawd al - Kawthar in reference to the `` Tank of Abundance '' promised to Muhammad . Elsewhere , the garden is laid out with avenues of trees labeled according to common and scientific names and fountains . The charbagh garden , a design inspired by Persian gardens , was introduced to India by Babur , the first Mughal emperor . It symbolises the four flowing rivers of Jannah ( Paradise ) and reflects the Paradise garden derived from the Persian paridaeza , meaning ' walled garden ' . In mystic Islamic texts of the Mughal period , Paradise is described as an ideal garden of abundance with four rivers flowing from a central spring or mountain , separating the garden into north , west , south and east . Most Mughal charbaghs are rectangular with a tomb or pavilion in the centre . The Taj Mahal garden is unusual in that the main element , the tomb , is located at the end of the garden . With the discovery of Mahtab Bagh or `` Moonlight Garden '' on the other side of the Yamuna , the interpretation of the Archaeological Survey of India is that the Yamuna river itself was incorporated into the garden 's design and was meant to be seen as one of the rivers of Paradise . Similarities in layout and architectural features with the Shalimar Gardens suggests both gardens may have been designed by the same architect , Ali Mardan . Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation , including abundant roses , daffodils , and fruit trees . As the Mughal Empire declined , the Taj Mahal and its gardens also declined . By the end of the 19th century , the British Empire controlled more than three - fifths of India , and assumed management of the Taj Mahal . They changed the landscaping to their liking which more closely resembled the formal lawns of London . Outlying buildings The Great gate ( Darwaza - i rauza ) is the main entrance to the tomb . The Taj Mahal complex is bordered on three sides by crenellated red sandstone walls ; the side facing the river is open . Outside the walls are several additional mausoleums , including those of Shah Jahan 's other wives , and a larger tomb for Mumtaz 's favourite servant . The main gateway ( darwaza ) is a monumental structure built primarily of marble , and reminiscent of the Mughal architecture of earlier emperors . Its archways mirror the shape of the tomb 's archways , and its pishtaq arches incorporate the calligraphy that decorates the tomb . The vaulted ceilings and walls have elaborate geometric designs like those found in the other sandstone buildings in the complex . At the far end of the complex are two grand red sandstone buildings that mirror each other , and face the sides of the tomb . The backs of the buildings parallel the western and eastern walls . The western building is a mosque and the other is the jawab ( answer ) , thought to have been constructed for architectural balance although it may have been used as a guesthouse . Distinctions between the two buildings include the jawab 's lack of a mihrab ( a niche in a mosque 's wall facing Mecca ) , and its floors of geometric design whereas the floor of the mosque is laid with outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble . The mosque 's basic design of a long hall surmounted by three domes is similar to others built by Shah Jahan , particularly the Masjid - i Jahān - Numā , or Jama Masjid , Delhi . The Mughal mosques of this period divide the sanctuary hall into three areas comprising a main sanctuary and slightly smaller sanctuaries on either side . At the Taj Mahal , each sanctuary opens onto an expansive vaulting dome . The outlying buildings were completed in 1643 . Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River ( northern view ) Construction The Taj Mahal is built on a parcel of land to the south of the walled city of Agra . Shah Jahan presented Maharajah Jai Singh with a large palace in the centre of Agra in exchange for the land . An area of roughly 1.2 hectares ( 3 acres ) was excavated , filled with dirt to reduce seepage , and levelled at 50 metres ( 160 ft ) above riverbank . In the tomb area , wells were dug and filled with stone and rubble to form the footings of the tomb . Instead of lashed bamboo , workmen constructed a colossal brick scaffold that mirrored the tomb . The scaffold was so enormous that foremen estimated it would take years to dismantle . The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia . It is believed over 1,000 elephants were used to transport building materials . The translucent white marble was brought from Makrana , Rajasthan , the jasper from Punjab , jade and crystal from China . The turquoise was from Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan , while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia . In all , twenty - eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble . According to the legend , Shah Jahan decreed that anyone could keep the bricks taken from the scaffold , and thus it was dismantled by peasants overnight . A 15 - kilometre ( 9.3 mi ) tamped - earth ramp was built to transport marble and materials to the construction site and teams of twenty or thirty oxen pulled the blocks on specially constructed wagons . An elaborate post-and - beam pulley system was used to raise the blocks into desired position . Water was drawn from the river by a series of purs , an animal - powered rope and bucket mechanism , into a large storage tank and raised to a large distribution tank . It was passed into three subsidiary tanks , from which it was piped to the complex . The plinth and tomb took roughly 12 years to complete . The remaining parts of the complex took an additional 10 years and were completed in order of minarets , mosque and jawab , and gateway . Since the complex was built in stages , discrepancies exist in completion dates due to differing opinions on `` completion '' . Construction of the mausoleum itself was essentially completed by 1643 while work continued on the outlying buildings . Estimates of the cost of construction vary due to difficulties in estimating costs across time . The total cost at the time has been estimated to be about 32 million Indian rupees , which is around 52.8 billion Indian rupees ( $827 million US ) based on 2015 values . Later days Abdul Hamid Lahauri in his book Badshahnama refers to Taj Mahal as rauza - i munawwara , meaning the illumined or illustrious tomb . Soon after the Taj Mahal 's completion , Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzeb and put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort . Upon Shah Jahan 's death , Aurangzeb buried him in the mausoleum next to his wife . In the 18th century , the Jat rulers of Bharatpur invaded Agra and attacked the Taj Mahal , the two chandeliers , one of agate and another of silver , which were hung over the main cenotaph , were taken away by them , along with the gold and silver screen . Kanbo , a Mughal historian , said the gold shield which covered the 4.6 - metre - high ( 15 ft ) finial at the top of the main dome was also removed during the Jat despoliation . By the late 19th century , parts of the buildings had fallen into disrepair . During the time of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Taj Mahal was defaced by British soldiers and government officials , who chiselled out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its walls . At the end of the 19th century , British viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project , which was completed in 1908 . He also commissioned the large lamp in the interior chamber , modelled after one in a Cairo mosque . During this time the garden was remodelled with British - style lawns that are still in place today . Threats Protective wartime scaffolding In 1942 , the government erected a scaffolding to disguise the building in anticipation of air attacks by the Japanese Air Force . During the India - Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971 , scaffolding were again erected to mislead bomber pilots . More recent threats have come from environmental pollution on the banks of the Yamuna River including acid rain due to the Mathura Oil Refinery , which was opposed by Supreme Court of India directives . The pollution has been turning the Taj Mahal yellow . To help control the pollution , the Indian government has set up the Taj Trapezium Zone ( TTZ ) , a 10,400 - square - kilometre ( 4,000 sq mi ) area around the monument where strict emissions standards are in place . Concerns for the tomb 's structural integrity have recently been raised because of a decline in the groundwater level in the Yamuna river basin which is falling at a rate of around 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) per year . In 2010 , cracks appeared in parts of the tomb , and the minarets which surround the monument were showing signs of tilting , as the wooden foundation of the tomb may be rotting due to lack of water . It has been pointed out by politicians , however , that the minarets are designed to tilt slightly outwards to prevent them from crashing on top of the tomb in the event of an earthquake . In 2011 , it was reported that some predictions indicated that the tomb could collapse within 5 years . Small minarets located at two of the outlying buildings were reported as damaged by a storm on 11 April 2018 . Tourism Visitors at Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal attracts a large number of tourists . UNESCO documented more than 2 million visitors in 2001 , which had increased to about 7 -- 8 million in 2014 . A two - tier pricing system is in place , with a significantly lower entrance fee for Indian citizens and a more expensive one for foreigners . Most tourists visit in the cooler months of October , November and February . Polluting traffic is not allowed near the complex and tourists must either walk from parking lots or catch an electric bus . The Khawasspuras ( northern courtyards ) are currently being restored for use as a new visitor centre . The small town to the south of the Taj , known as Taj Ganji or Mumtazabad , was originally constructed with caravanserais , bazaars and markets to serve the needs of visitors and workmen . Lists of recommended travel destinations often feature the Taj Mahal , which also appears in several listings of seven wonders of the modern world , including the recently announced New Seven Wonders of the World , a recent poll with 100 million votes . The grounds are open from 06 : 00 to 19 : 00 weekdays , except for Friday when the complex is open for prayers at the mosque between 12 : 00 and 14 : 00 . The complex is open for night viewing on the day of the full moon and two days before and after , excluding Fridays and the month of Ramadan . For security reasons only five items -- water in transparent bottles , small video cameras , still cameras , mobile phones and small ladies ' purses -- are allowed inside the Taj Mahal . Myths Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , one of the first European visitors to the Taj Mahal Ever since its construction , the building has been the source of an admiration transcending culture and geography , and so personal and emotional responses have consistently eclipsed scholastic appraisals of the monument . A longstanding myth holds that Shah Jahan planned a mausoleum to be built in black marble as a Black Taj Mahal across the Yamuna river . The idea originates from fanciful writings of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , a European traveller who visited Agra in 1665 . It was suggested that Shah Jahan was overthrown by his son Aurangzeb before it could be built . Ruins of blackened marble across the river in Moonlight Garden , Mahtab Bagh , seemed to support this legend . However , excavations carried out in the 1990s found that they were discoloured white stones that had turned black . A more credible theory for the origins of the black mausoleum was demonstrated in 2006 by archaeologists who reconstructed part of the pool in the Moonlight Garden . A dark reflection of the white mausoleum could clearly be seen , befitting Shah Jahan 's obsession with symmetry and the positioning of the pool itself . No evidence exists for claims that describe , often in horrific detail , the deaths , dismemberments and mutilations which Shah Jahan supposedly inflicted on various architects and craftsmen associated with the tomb . Some stories claim that those involved in construction signed contracts committing themselves to have no part in any similar design . Similar claims are made for many famous buildings . No evidence exists for claims that Lord William Bentinck , governor - general of India in the 1830s , supposedly planned to demolish the Taj Mahal and auction off the marble . Bentinck 's biographer John Rosselli says that the story arose from Bentinck 's fund - raising sale of discarded marble from Agra Fort . Another myth suggests that beating the silhouette of the finial will cause water to come forth . To this day , officials find broken bangles surrounding the silhouette . A theory that the Taj Mahal was designed by an Italian , Geronimo Vereneo , held sway for a brief period after it was first promoted by Henry George Keene in 1879 who went by a translation of a Spanish work Itinerario , ( The Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique , 1629 - 1643 ) . Another theory that a Frenchman , Austin of Bordeaux designed the Taj was promoted by William Henry Sleeman based on the work of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier . These idea were revived by Father Hosten and discussed again by E.B. Havell and served as the basis for subsequent theories and controversies . Claims of being a Hindu building In 2000 , India 's Supreme Court dismissed P.N. Oak 's petition to declare that a Hindu king built the Taj Mahal . In 2005 a similar petition was dismissed by the Allahabad High Court . This case was brought by Amar Nath Mishra , a social worker and preacher who says that the Taj Mahal was built by the Hindu King Parmar Dev in 1196 . As of 2017 , several court cases about Taj Mahal being a Hindu temple have been inspired by Oak 's theory . In August 2017 , Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) stated there was no evidence to suggest the monument ever housed a temple . Giles Tillotson calls Oak 's claims as a `` desperate bid to assign a new meaning to the Taj '' and `` pseudo-scholarship '' . He states that Oak interprets the statements of Padshahnama about Shah Jahan 's purchase of the land for the Taj from Jai Singh I upon where a mansion built by an ancestor of the Raja earlier existed , to claim that Taj Mahal was a wonder of ancient Hinduism . Tillotoson adds that no evidence is offered by Oak to redate it to thirteen centuries earlier . He adds that the technical know - how to construct structural buildings did n't exist in pre-Mughal India , the only surviving architecture being rock - cut or monolithic . He points that Oak later dropped this claim and claimed it to be from 12th century . He adds that Oak claims Mughals built nothing and only converted Hindu buildings . In relation to similarity with buildings of West Asia , Oak also claims them all to be `` products of Hindu architecture '' . Gallery Taj Mahal Eastern view in the morning Western view at sunset Taj Mahal through the fog A panoramic view looking 360 degrees around the Taj Mahal in 2005 See also Architecture of India Mehtab Bagh , a garden directly across the river from Taj Mahal Fatehpur Sikri , a nearby city and World Heritage Site Bibi Ka Maqbara , a similar building in the Deccan Taj Mahal replicas and derivatives Inside , a 1968 new - age music album recorded in the building Uttar Pradesh portal Architecture portal References Notes Jump up ^ Dutemple , Lesley A ( 2003 ) . The Taj Mahal . Lerner Publications Co. p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4694 - 9 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archaeological Survey of India Agra working on compiling visual archives on Taj Mahal '' . The Economic Times . 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . Longman pronunciation dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 704 . 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Maulawis Kabir al - Din Ahmad and ' Abd al - Rahim under the superintendence of William Nassau Lees . Vol . I Calcutta 1867 pp. 384 - 9 ; Muhammad Salih Kambo Amal - i - Sal \ lih or Shah Jahan Namah Ed . Ghulam Yazdani Vol. I ( Calcutta ) 1923 p. 275 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creation History of Taj Mahal '' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ W.E. Begley , Z.A. Desai . Taj Mahal : The Illumined Tomb : an Anthology of Seventeenth - century Mughal and European Documentary Sources , Volume 1 . Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture . p. 43 - 44 . Jump up ^ Chaghtai Le Tadj Mahal p. 146 . Jump up ^ Copplestone , p. 166 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal Mausoleum from Britannica '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ASI '' . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Onion domes , bulbous domes '' . strombergarchitectural.com . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahuja , Dilip R. ; Rajani , M.B. ( 2016 ) . `` On the symmetry of the central dome of the Taj Mahal '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 110 ( 6 ) : 996 -- 997 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Taj ! ' EXTERIORS '' . Official WebSite of Taj Mahal . U.P. Tourism . Archived from the original on 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tillitson , G.H.R. ( 1990 ) . Architectural Guide to Mughal India , Chronicle Books . Jump up ^ Taj Mahal Calligraphy Archived 1 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Anon . `` The Taj mahal '' . Islamic architecture . Islamic Arts and Architecture Organization . Archived from the original on 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting the Taj - calligraphy '' . Treasures of the World . Public Broadcasting Service . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . 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Waukesha , WI , USA : Kalmbach Publishing . Archived from the original on 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Allan , John ( 1958 ) . The Cambridge Shorter History of India ( First ed . ) . Cambridge : S. Chand , 288 pages . p. 318 . Jump up ^ The Taj by Jerry Camarillo Dunn Jr Archived 13 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Royals , Sue ( 1996 ) . Our Global Village -- India . India : Lorenz Educational Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4291 - 1107 - 2 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Thetajindia.weebly.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indiatribune.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Chaghtai Le Tadj Mahal p54 ; Lahawri Badshah Namah Vol. 1 p. 403 . Jump up ^ `` Jstor '' . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ David Carroll ; Newsweek , inc . Book Division ( 1973 ) . The Taj Mahal . Newsweek . p. 64 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . In order to transport materials , a ten - mile - long ramp of tamped earth was built through Agra , and on it trudged an unending parade of elephants and bullock carts dragging blocks of marble to the building site . Jump up ^ `` WolframAlpha Computational Knowledge Engine '' . WolframAlpha . Wolfram Alpha LLC . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tillotson , Giles ( 2008 ) . Taj Mahal . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 06365 - 5 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gascoigne , Bamber ( 1971 ) . The Great Mughals . New York : Harper&Row . p. 243 . Jump up ^ `` Perils the Taj has faced '' . The Tribune ( Chandigarh ) . 13 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lord Curzon 's Brass Lamp Archived 1 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Yapp , Peter ( 1983 ) . The Traveller 's Dictionary of Quotations . London : Routledge Kegan & Paul . p. 460 . Jump up ^ `` Scaffolding from NatGeo '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lesley A. DuTemple ( 2003 ) . The Taj Mahal . Twenty - First Century Books . pp. 96 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 4694 - 8 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC , Taj Mahal '' . Archived from the original on 26 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Acid Rain and the Taj Mahal Archived 1 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Oil Refinery Impact on Taj Mahal Archived 14 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Oppose '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO '' . UNESCO . 30 April 1997 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal could collapse within five years because wooden foundations are rotting '' . Daily Mail . 5 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal could collapse within two to five years '' . Fox News . 7 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India Taj Mahal minarets damaged in storm '' . Jump up ^ UNESCO ( 2002 ) . `` Periodic Reporting Exercise On The Application Of The World Heritage Convention '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Koch , pp. 201 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Travel Correspondent ( 9 July 2007 ) . `` New Seven Wonders of the World announced '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 January 2008 . 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External links Media related to Taj Mahal at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Taj Mahal at Wikiquote Taj Mahal travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website of the Taj Mahal Description of the Taj Mahal at the Archaeological Survey of India Profile of the Taj Mahal at UNESCO Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Taj Mahal Mughal architecture Chini Ka Rauza Gyarah Sidi Itmad - Ud - Daulah Mariam 's Tomb Sikandra Mosques Jama Masjid Moti Masjid Other religious places Bateshwar Guru ka Tal Mankameshwar Temple Swamibagh Shopping Kinari Bazaar Loha Mandi Raja ki mandi Sadar Bazaar Sanjay Place Gardens Mehtab Bagh Paliwal Park Ram Bagh Wildlife sanctuaries Keetham Lake National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Fairs Ram Barat Taj Mahotsav World Heritage Sites in India North Agra Fort The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Fatehpur Sikri Great Himalayan National Park Humayun 's Tomb Keoladeo National Park Khajuraho Group of Monuments Kalka - Shimla Railway Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Qutub Minar and its Monuments Red Fort Complex Taj Mahal East Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Kaziranga National Park Mahabodhi Temple Complex Nalanda Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Sun Temple at Konark Sundarbans National Park Khangchendzonga National Park South Great Living Chola Temples Group of Monuments at Hampi Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Nilgiri Mountain Railway Western Ghats West Historic City of Ahmadabad Ajanta Caves Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Champaner - Pavagadh Archaeological Park Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Churches and convents of Goa Elephanta Caves Ellora Caves Hill Forts of Rajasthan Jantar Mantar of Jaipur Rani ki vav Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Western Ghats Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand VIAF : 172481610 LCCN : sh85132019 GND : 4086583 - 6 SUDOC : 030147409 BNF : cb12162158x ( data ) ULAN : 500304454 NDL : 00954708 NKC : xx0082572 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taj_Mahal&oldid=838445806 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in 1654 Buildings and structures in Agra Domes Iranian architecture Islamic architecture Mausoleums in Uttar Pradesh Mughal architecture Mughal funerary gardens in India Persian gardens in India Taj Mahal Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites in India Marble buildings Tourism in India 1654 establishments in the Mughal Empire Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Indian English from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with attributed pull quotes Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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Question: when was the taj mahal built and completed