External supervision of HCs includes two categories of supervision visits, in practice often combined, conducted by the same team of supervisors: (1) evaluative and (2) formative.14 Evaluative supervision predominates, not least because of a monthly frequency for some tasks. It involves performance marking of indicators of specific services (not of individual providers) to determine reward size to HCs in performance-based financing (PBF). This may be distributed as salary bonuses among providers, as determined by the HC manager.14,26 Formative or technical supervision visits are expected yet unelaborated in official documents on health system strategy and monitoring.27,28 It emerges as a distinct, intended practice aiming to build staff capacity in various services, but problematised by providers and supervisors as missing or insufficient.14