The diameter and flow velocity of the axillary vein on the affected side were measured during two distinct regimens: baseline (rest) or rhythmic resistance exercise (30% of maximum grip strength for 20 s with the movement guided by a metronome at a pace of 1 s/cycle). After a rest period, the diameter (mm) and time-averaged mean velocity (cm/s) were measured as baseline data. Following these measurements, the same parameters were measured during rhythmic resistance exercise. During the handgrip exercise, subjects were told to maintain normal breathing. Each US measurement lasted 15 s.