The 1-, 3-, 5-year overall survival rates after treatment of the first recurrence of HCC were 97.6%, 82.7%, 56.4% in the repeated SR group and 98.2%, 77.2%, 52.6% in the RFA group (P = 0.69) (Figure 2). The 1-, 3-, 5-year disease-free survival rates were 57.0%, 32.1%, 28.6% in the repeated SR group and 60.8%, 26.6%, 16.6% in the RFA group (P = 0.89) (Figure 3). The 1-, 3-, 5-year cumulative incidences of the second recurrence after treatment of the first recurrence of HCC were 41.7%, 67.1%, 70.8% in the repeated SR and 28.1%, 72.9%, 79.7% in the RFA group (P = 0.94) (Figure 4). In the Cox’s regression analysis, with regard to overall survival, the histologic grade of the initial tumor (I vs non-I), AFP level at the time of tumor recurrence, time from initial resection to 1st recurrence, and time from treatment of 1st recurrent HCC to 2nd recurrence were significant prognostic factors at univariate analysis; HBsAg positive, age at the time of tumor recurrence, the histologic grade of the initial tumor (I vs non-I), AFP level at the time of tumor recurrence, time from initial resection to 1st recurrence, and time from treatment of 1st recurrent HCC to 2nd recurrence were significant prognostic factors at multivariate analysis (Table 4).