The specimens were prepared following the protocols described by Kalmár et al.36 and Szécsényi-Nagy et al.37. The bone and teeth samples were bleached, washed, and irradiated with UV-C light (1.0 J/cm2, 25 min). The surfaces of teeth samples were cleaned by sandblasting (Bego, EasyBlast), while the surfaces of bone samples were removed with a fresh drilling bit at slow speed, followed by UV exposure for 30 min on each side. Bone and tooth pieces were mechanically ground into fine powder in a sterile mixer mill (Retsch MM301).