Owner Dog Walking Behavior was measured using an adapted version of the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire  that has been applied in prior related research [13, 29, 30]. Participants were asked to recall their average weekly walking with their dog during their free time over the past week. The questions were phrased to focus on their walking and not the physical activity of their dog during an outing (e.g., off leash running time). The measure contained three open-ended questions asking for the average frequency at 20+ minutes duration of mild (i.e., minimal effort, no perspiration, a casual walk), moderate (i.e., not exhausting, light perspiration, a good brisk pace) and strenuous (i.e., heart beats rapidly, sweating, as fast as you could walk) walking during the past week. The 20+ minutes duration was modified from the original 15+ min Godin Leisure-Time Questionnaire to correspond with the American College of Sports Medicine’s  recommendation of 20+ minutes of strenuous physical activity for public health and to match the minimum walking recommendations for canine health . Commensurate with recommended physical activity guidelines for adults , we retained and aggregated the moderate and strenuous intensity categories (20+ min bouts) for analyses.