However, for H. pylori it has been shown that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation is partially involved and an intact Cag secretion system is necessary (Keates et al., 2005). For the enterobacteriaceae family members Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EGR1 induction is type III secretion system dependent (de Grado et al., 2001; Hannemann et al., 2013; Kwuan et al., 2013).