Despite recent advancements, few studies have focused on predicting outcomes following non-pharmacological treatment. Knowledge of such predictors may allow clinicians to modify factors that are likely to attenuate the effects of the intervention and to provide more targeted treatment (Hsu et al., 2017). Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that clinical and demographic factors can influence the effect of non-pharmacological activities on cognition and on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (Särkämö et al., 2016; Hsu et al., 2017). However, the neuropsychological factors influencing non-pharmacological treatment, as well as the neural basis of its efficacy, remain unknown. Furthermore, no randomized controlled trials have compared such effects among different non-pharmacological treatment options.