A. Quantile-quantile plot of Mann-Whitney U test P-values for systematic differences in Pv ranks among variants with top ranking and lower ranking Pm values. Quantile-quantile plot of Mann-Whitney U test P-values for systematic differences in Pv ranks among variants with top ranking and lower ranking Pm values. The figure illustrates 2,500 Mann-Whitney U P values testing for systematic differences in Pv ranks among those variants with the most significant Pm values (100th percentile of Pm distribution) and the remaining variants (1–99 percentile of Pm distribution). Pv and and Pm values drawn from a simulated dataset of 44,000 individuals and 50,335 SNPs. In the figure, distribution under the null hypothesis is represented as a black line while its 95% confidence interval is represented as dashed gray lines. The dashed red line represents the correlation P value obtained from the “real data” analysis presented in the main text. B. Quantile-quantile plot of Mann-Whitney U test P-values for systematic differences in Pm ranks among variants with top ranking and lower ranking Pv values. Quantile-quantile plot of Mann-Whitney U test P-values for systematic differences in Pm ranks among variants with top ranking and lower ranking Pv values. The figure illustrates 2,500 Mann-Whitney U P values testing for systematic differences in Pm ranks among those variants with the most significant Pv values (100th percentile of Pv distribution) and the remaining variants (1–99 percentile of Pv distribution). Pv and and Pm values drawn from a simulated dataset of 44,000 individuals and 50,335 SNPs. In the figure, distribution under the null hypothesis is represented as a black line while its 95% confidence interval is represented as dashed gray lines. The dashed red line represents the correlation P value obtained from the “real data” analysis presented in the main text.