The second hypothesis that can also help to understand the pattern of genetic diversity and structure in the A. flaccida populations are human activities. In the last 100 years the isolation of the grassy vegetation has completely changed by deforestation and the establishment of pasture or agriculture, allowing the expansion of species such as A. flaccida. The populations of Porto Barreiro and Marialva are located in regions that were previously dense forests, and the diversity and structure data are consistent with the recent establishment of these populations in these areas.