They may represent an ecosystem service for controlling pest insects that spend part of their biological cycle on the gro und. In particular, we suggest that Pterostichus melas and Calathus fuscipes, generalist predators and autumn breeders, could be potential natural resources against Bactrocera. oleae in autumn [68, 69]. Furthermore, they are the only species present in all the sampled sites showing wide ecological tolerance. The same role may be played by Pseudophonus rufipes, as demonstrated by  against Ceratitis capitata.