In the qualitative analysis, the authors used the method of conceptual categorization  to categorize participants into three levels of participation in RIMSs based on the research information management tasks reported in the interviews: Readers, Record Managers, and Community Members . Preece and Shneiderman’s Reader to Leader framework  was used as a conceptual guide when grouping tasks into levels and determining labels for the groupings. Those classified as Readers might or might not have a profile in a RIMS, but they did not maintain it and did not contribute to the RIMS. They did not answer other members’ questions, and they did not endorse other members for their expertise. Record Managers were defined as researchers who maintained their profiles in a RIMS but who did not contribute to the RIMS beyond that. Finally, Community Members were defined as those who not only maintained their profiles, but also contributed to the RIMS community by answering other members’ questions or endorsing other members’ expertise.