Because of the threat from NmC and the relative scarcity of NmC-containing vaccine for the foreseeable future, an expert group convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) called for a clinical trial to document the effectiveness of the use of ciprofloxacin chemoprophylaxis as an epidemic response in sub-Saharan Africa . Given that one concern about the widespread use of ciprofloxacin would be the development of fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract), we will carry out a parallel sub-study to assess the community-wide prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant enterobacteriaceae over time.