The evidence linking HCMV to breast cancer continues to grow, yet there is still considerable controversy in field. While some groups have found traces of viral DNA or proteins in tumor samples [6, 10, 11], other labs have not been able to detect evidence of HCMV [70, 71]. This may be due to differences in detection technique, sample preparation, and even tumor type. El-Shinawi et al. have found evidence for HCMV in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), a highly metastatic and aggressive form of breast cancer that is often associated with pregnancy and occurs in at higher frequency in women of Northern African and Egyptian descent . They reported detection of more HCMV DNA in IBC tissues compared to IDC, and higher HCMV IgG titers in IBC patients compared to IDC patients . In a follow-up study, they assessed viral genotypes and found a correlation between mixed phenotypes and disease progression, notably lymphovascular invasion and formation of lymphatic emboli in IBC patients, but not in women with other forms of breast cancer . The findings suggest that HCMV may be more closely associated with specific subtypes of breast cancer.