For each Medi-Cal beneficiary, the dataset included an encrypted ID number, date of birth, city, state, zip code, longitude and latitude of the beneficiary residence, race, date(s) of service, diagnoses (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision [ICD-9] codes), and procedures or treatments. For each procedure, the dataset also included the provider number, the address, city, state, zip code where provider is registered, the facility type, and amount paid per individual treatment. For additional details on data preparation, see Additional File 1.