In combination, the assembled layers in these photodetecting devices (the bi-layered graphene, monolayer MoS2, and the 7.5-μm SU-8 layer) exhibit high optical transmittance (~87%) at 550 nm (Supplementary Fig. 15). An array in a 3D format can therefore detect the position and intensity of illuminating light simultaneously, in a manner that cannot be replicated easily with traditional photodetector arrays or those in 2D layouts. Current 2D solutions involve external light-blocking screens (e.g., a wall and a cylinder with a pinhole or a slit), a pair of actuators, and a driving motor connected with microprocessor41,42. Although functional, this multicomponent apparatus cannot be easily scaled to small dimensions. By contrast, the transparency and 3D shape of the systems introduced here allows light to pass through the entire device, to provide measurements both at the point of illumination but also at the point where the light passes out of the structure. The results allow collection of beam directionality and divergence.