Estimating SNP effects for multiple traits jointly in Eq. (9) requires individual-level genotype and phenotype data across a range of common complex diseases and quantitative phenotypes, which are not readily available in human medical genetics due to privacy concerns and data sharing restrictions. Additionally, Eq. (9) requires a series of computationally intensive M × k equations to be solved. However, these issues can be overcome by approximating Eq. (9) using publically available GWAS summary statistic data and an independent genomic reference sample.