We have designed a cluster-randomized trial in response to this call. The proposed trial surpasses the original recommendation of household-level chemoprophylaxis by adding an additional evaluation of village-level chemoprophylaxis, which may be easier to implement and more effective in an epidemic context. Cluster-randomized trials of preventive interventions for both infectious and non-infectious diseases have been implemented in many different African settings [17–20]. We have also designed a sub-study to respond to one of the caveats to this call for a trial, which will investigate the effect of ciprofloxacin chemoprophylaxis on the selection of antimicrobial resistance.