Socio-demographic characteristics were assessed with a structured self-report questionnaire. Ethnicity was based on the country of birth of the respondent and at least one of his parents. A respondent was classified as non-Dutch if he or one of his parents was not born in The Netherlands . Ethnicity was recoded into a dichotomous variable (Dutch ethnicity vs. other ethnicity). Educational level was classified into three levels: maximum primary education, achievement of junior secondary education and senior secondary education attainment. Family problems in youth were assessed with the single item ‘Did you suffer from problems that existed in the family you grew up with? (Yes/No)’. Police contact of family members in youth was assessed with the single item ‘Did family members you grew up with have police contact? (Yes/No)’. Prior service use was assessed with the single item ‘Did you previously use services? (Yes/No)’. Frequency of service use was assessed with the single item ‘Which services did you have contact with?’ (e.g., youth care, probation services, child protection services). This was recoded into a frequency score defined as the number of self-reported services.