Norovirus consumed with contaminated food and/or water penetrates through intestinal microfold (M) cells and infects its target cells including macrophages and dendritic cells (for MNV)25 or B cells (for HuNoV)36. After infection, norovirus propagates in these sentinel cells that are highly enriched in Peyer’s patches (PPs) in the ileum, before spreading to lymph nodes37,38.