The entire process, i.e., the identification of variants with NOIR-SS and subsequent filtering of variants for cancer-specificity, was validated on an independent sample set. We designated it as the second sample set, and it included plasma samples from 20 patients with IPMN and 86 patients with pancreatic cancer. Plasma samples from patients with pancreatic cancer included in the second set were obtained later than those included in the first data set, except for the plasma samples with paired tissue samples. All the samples in the second set were assayed and analyzed only after development of the CV78 filter.