Accumulating evidence suggests that non-pharmacological treatment may maintain or decrease the rate of cognitive decline in adults with mild cognitive impairment and early stage dementia (Rodakowski et al., 2015). Additionally, the protective effects of aerobic physical exercise against the development and/or progression of dementia have been well documented (Laurin et al., 2001; Abbott et al., 2004; Ravaglia et al., 2008; Erickson et al., 2011). Additional studies have suggested that physical exercise combined with cognitive training exerts a greater positive impact on cognitive function than physical exercise alone (Fabre et al., 2002; Oswald et al., 2006; Shatil, 2013; Satoh et al., 2014, 2017; Tabei et al., 2017). In older adults, physical ExM induces greater positive effects on visuospatial function and leads to more extensive neuroanatomical changes (Tabei et al., 2017) than exercise alone. In participants with mild-to-moderate dementia, ExM also exerts greater positive effects on cognitive function and activities of daily living than CS using portable game consoles or drills (e.g., easy calculations, mazes, and mistake-searching in pictures) (Satoh et al., 2017).