The experiment with the O111:B4 LPS was also repeated with a shorter 30 s exposure time. PPP with LPS and added thrombin showed fibre agglutination starting to happen in only 30 s of LPS exposure. These shorter experiments are to be contrasted with previously reported experiments that showed the much longer-term effect of LPS, involving cytokine production, including increased TF production via monocytes. By adding LPS to PPP (with thrombin), we bypass the possibility that LPS can stimulate TF production via the monocyte route suggested in . To determine if another type of LPS would also cause the changes noted above, we also added E. coli O26:B6 LPS to PPP of five individuals (30 s and 10 min exposure time), followed by addition of thrombin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed the same trends as noted with the O111:B4 LPS (results not shown).