From January 2002 to September 2014, a total of 530 consecutive patients with early and intermediate stage HCC underwent hepatic resection at the Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veteran General Hospital. At the time of the data collection and analysis, 271 patients were free of tumor recurrence, 235 patients had intrahepatic recurrence, and 24 patients had extrahepatic recurrence. For matching comparison between repeated surgical resection and RFA, patients with fewer or equal to 3 recurrent tumors and each tumor size less than or equal to 3cm were enrolled. The detailed inclusion and exclusion of patients were shown in Figure 1. Among the 235 patients with intrahepatic recurrence, 100 patients with fewer or equal to 3 recurrent tumors and each tumor size ≦ 3cm received either repeated SR or RFA as the secondary treatment, and these patients were enrolled in our study The data of patient characteristics, clinicopathologic features, and survival outcomes were reviewed.