Mean (standard deviation) scores are shown unless otherwise indicated; maximum scores are shown after tests (in parentheses). asignificantly different from healthy controls, bsignificantly different from bvFTD, csignificantly different from rtvFTD, dsignificantly different from svPPA, esignificantly different from nfvPPA (all p < 0.05). BPVS, British Picture Vocabulary Scale (Dunn LM et al., 1982); bvFTD, patient group with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (excluding right temporal cases); Category fluency totals for animal category and letter fluency for the letter F in one minute (Gladsjo et al., 1999); Controls, healthy control group; D-KEFS, Delis Kaplan Executive System (Delis et al., 2001); DS, digit span; GDA, Graded Difficulty Arithmetic (Jackson M and Warrington, 1986); GNT, Graded Naming Test (McKenna and Warrington, 1983); MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination score (Folstein et al., 1975); N/A, not assessed; NART, National Adult Reading Test (Nelson, 1982); nfvPPA, patient group with nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia; PAL, Paired Associate Learning test (Warrington, 1996); RMT, Recognition Memory Test (Warrington, 1984); rtvFTD, patient subgroup with right temporal variant frontotemporal dementia; svPPA, patient group with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia; Synonyms, Single Word Comprehension: A Concrete and Abstract Word Synonyms Test (Warrington et al., 1998); Trails-making task based on maximum time achievable 2.5 minutes on task A, 5 minutes on task B (Lezak et al., 2004); VOSP, Visual Object and Spatial Perception Battery – Object Decision test (Warrington and James, 1991); WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐-Revised (Wechsler, 1981); WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1997); WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale (Wechsler, 1987).