In this study, we used tissues from clinically localized prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. Samples were also obtained from androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer patients from a rapid autopsy program through the University of Michigan Prostate SPORE Tissue Core as described previously.71, 72 The detailed clinical and pathological data are maintained in a secure relational database. The Institutional Review Board at the University of Michigan Medical School approved this study. Both radical prostatectomy series and the rapid autopsy program are part of the University of Michigan Prostate SPORE Tissue Core.