5-Aza-2′deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR; Sigma-Aldrich) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM; NEB, Ipswich, MA) was added to cells in fresh medium daily at indicated concentrations for 3 or 5 days or equal volume DMSO or 0.005 M H2SO4 plus 10% ETOH respectively. JQ1 (250–500 nM; Bradner Lab; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute) or DMSO was added to cells for 16 hours. Gemcitabine (Sigma-Aldrich) or 3,4-Dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxyl]-1(2 H)-isoquinolinone (DPQ; Sigma-Aldrich) treatment or equal volume vehicle control was added once for 72 hours.