Although the reactive system is specifically equipped for immediate responding to stimuli in rapidly changing environments, this does not mean that it operates without higher levels of cognitive processing. According to PARCS theory both the predictive and the reactive system have attentional and cognitive control functionality, but each has a different mode of processing. Reactive control is feedback guided and includes processes such as orienting, appraisal (i.e., assessment of stimuli in the environment on significance for well-being; Moors et al., 2013), working memory maintenance, and actively sustained attention such as needed for detection of infrequent stimuli. Predictive control, on the other hand, works in a feed-forward fashion, including processes such as planning for future events and inductive reasoning (Tops et al., 2014). This distinction in reactive and predictive cognitive processes is also reflected in neuroimaging and anatomical data. Cortical areas of the reactive system that regulate reactive reward and punishment systems (Tops et al., 2014), such as the anterior insula (AI) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), receive many projections from limbic and subcortical areas of the reactive punishment and reward systems such as the amygdala and ventral striatum. By contrast, cortical areas of the predictive control system, such as the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus, receive less such projections but seem to downregulate those areas (Devinsky et al., 1995; Tops and Boksem, 2012).