ε i is the exploration rate, and c ir is the certainty with which forager i assesses the reward of resource type r. Certainty was included to ensure that foragers do not continue exploring when already highly familiar with resources. For completely unfamiliar resources c ir=0 and there is no certainty. However, when rewards from resource types no longer change, for instance because skill levels are high, certainty becomes high, and foragers end up with a low tendency to explore that resource type. Certainty c ir is updated as follows: 3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $$ c_{ir}'=(1-\lambda_{i})c_{ir}+\lambda_{i}\left(1-min\left(1.0,\left|\frac{e_{ir}-a_{ir}}{e_{ir}}\right|\right)\right) $$ \end{document}cir′=(1−λi)cir+λi1−min1.0,eir−aireir