At 48 hpi with D. ampelina, the resistant parent V. cinerea B9 was symptomless, with a transcriptome showing a complex profile with elements typical of immune responses mediated by NB-LRR and repression of antagonistic pathways. Up-regulated genes, such as pathogenesis-related proteins along with salicylic acid signaling genes, are consistent with defense responses to biotrophic pathogens. Other mechanisms of defense were also present, such as strengthening of physical defenses by the up-regulation of peroxidase class III, cytochrome P450 hydrolase CYP86A1 gene, involved in the biosynthesis of suberin (Hofer et al. 2008), or by up-regulation of a dirigent protein gene, involved in tissue lignification (Davin and Lewis 2000). Other up-regulated genes were associated with the production of defense-related secondary metabolites, such as stilbene synthases or tropinone reductase, related to alkaloid metabolism (Drager 2006). Down-regulation of genes involved in the ethylene signaling pathway as well as the auxin signaling pathway is required to activate the antagonistic salicylic acid (SA) pathway (Chang et al. 2015; Kazan and Manners 2009) and is also consistent with a biotrophic immune response. A possible future experiment could include validation of these expression differences by qRT-PCR.