In the intact group, spinal cord segments were not damaged in both white and gray matter. Application of one-way ANOVA demonstrated that the mean cavity size in terms of mm2 was significantly reduced in treatment groups, F(5, 30) = 27.95, p < .001. Moreover, post hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test illustrated the significant reduction in the mean cavity area in SCI-MO, SCI-hUCBSC (p < .01), and SCI-MO-hUCBSC (p < .001) groups when compared with SCI group. Furthermore, application of one-way ANOVA showed that mean cavity area in SCI-MO-hUCBSC group was significantly reduced in comparison with SCI-MO and SCI-hUCBSC groups (p < .05; Figure 6). Figure 6.Effect of hUCBSC-MO treatment on cavity formation after SCI. Intraperitoneal injection of MO (150 mg/kg) was started one day after injury and continued once a day for 14 days after injury. Intraspinal grafting of hUCBSCs was started 24 hr after injury. Data are represented as mean of the cavity area ± SEM (n = 5–7) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test. ***p < .001 shows significant difference between SCI versus intact. ##p < .01, and ###p < .001 versus spinal cord injury. Φ shows significant difference between SCI-MO-hUCBSC and SCI-hUCBSC (p < .05). $ shows significant difference between SCI-MO-hUCBSC and SCI-MO (p < .05, p < .01, and p < .001, respectively). Note. hUCBSCs = human umbilical cord blood stem cells; MO = Melissa officinalis; SCI = spinal cord injury; SEM = standard error of the mean; ANOVA = analysis of variance.