Nanotechnology is an emerging, highly beneficial, multidisciplinary area of research that deals with atomic and molecular levels of matter. Some clinical trials are currently directed at demonstrating the theranostic efficacy of nanomaterials against chronic diseases such as cancer . Today, nanomedicine plays a significant role in diagnostic sciences, gene therapy, drug delivery systems, as well as in screening of populations [174, 175]. Both the field of medicine and dentistry have benefitted reasonably from therapeutic and diagnostic applications of nanomaterials . Several forms of nanomaterials and nanotechnology methods have been used for the diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer. A few such modalities that have benefitted the field of oral pathology and oral cancer diagnosis and treatment are Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) [177, 178], composite organic–inorganic nanoparticles (COIN) [179, 180] and quantum dots (QD) [177, 181]. For example, Raman difference spectroscopy has been demonstrated as a non-invasive method for oral cancer diagnosis . There is no doubt however; that these and many other nanotechnology approaches would continue to enhance the application omics approaches to personalized medicine and oral pathology.