Participants participated in 40-min physical exercise sessions once per week over the 6-months intervention period (total number of sessions: 24). The exercise program was developed by the Yamaha Music Foundation based on a program used in our previous study, which investigated the efficacy of physical exercise combined with music in older adults with normal cognitive function (Satoh et al., 2014; Tabei et al., 2017). The program consisted of muscle training for the upper and lower extremities, hand clapping to music, breath and voice training, and singing. The exercise trainers were professional musicians who also held private licenses as physical trainers with the Yamaha Music Foundation.