Predictive and Reactive Control Systems theory builds on, and somewhat reorganizes the above theories of reactive approach and avoidance systems, additionally based on evidence from brain lesion and neuroimaging studies in humans (Tops et al., 2010, 2014, 2016). Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, PARCS theory adds a predictive system to the model. In contrast to the reactive system that enables immediate, mutually incompatible avoidance and approach responding to novel, urgent punishment and reward stimuli, the predictive system utilizes internal models of effective ways to respond to familiar stimuli and contexts. Those internal models represent relationships between entities, motivations, actions, and outcomes and are formed by prior learning during exposure to similar stimuli (Quirin et al., 2015). When the individual encounters similar situations in the future, integrated experiences stored in the internal model can be recalled and will provide context and perspectives for perception and appraisal of the situation and potential actions. Note that this can also apply to punishments or rewards that have been previously integrated into internal models. When presented with a previously integrated compared to a novel punishment or reward stimulus an individual can more readily and flexibly switch from reactive control, with its narrow focus on the salient stimulus, to predictive control, which is less emotionally reactive and more mindful and provident in nature (Tops et al., 2014; Quirin et al., 2015).