Most of the Asian mtDNA lineages occurred in 10th century cemeteries with small numbers of graves (7–18 graves), and identical lineages were found among cemeteries, rather than within them. This is especially interesting in light of the fact that seven analyzed cemeteries have been completely excavated (Kiskundorozsma, Balatonújlak, Harta, Makó-Igási járandó, Levice-Géňa, Szeged-Öthalom, Szentes-Derekegyháza graveyards). This phenomenon suggests that the conquerors had a mobile way of life or can be explained by the strong marriage connections of the Hungarian communities. The lack of, or small number of intra-cemetery maternal relations is striking at the sites Kiskundorozsma and Levice-Géňa (nine typed and maternally unrelated individuals in both cases), Szeged-Öthalom (eight unrelated people) and Harta. At the Harta site, fifteen women, three men and two children were excavated. We found only one pair of females with identical HVS-I sequences (a common rCRS H type), but in other cases the maternal kinship relation among the 16 typed individuals could be excluded by HVS-I analyses. Many academic archaeologists explain that the small conqueror graveyards were small family graveyards, and use the grave goods of the assumed generations in these graveyards as chronological horizons28. The example of Harta raises the possibility that family relations were not the sole rule of burial order. Mobile groups of people could use these cemeteries for a short period of time. These observations are relevant for the relative chronological and socio-archaeological assumptions about the 10th century Carpathian Basin. Nevertheless, other classic 10th-century graveyards, such as Balatonújlak, contained more signs of possible maternal relations within the cemetery (Supplementary Table S3). The unequal geographic distribution of the samples did not allow us to make further conclusions on the internal (geography or chronology based) genetic structure of the presented 10th-century population of the Carpathian Basin.