The present study aimed to determine whether neuropsychological factors and regional brain atrophy can predict the rate of IMP in participants with mild-to-moderate dementia following non-pharmacological intervention. Among ExM participants, the no-IMP subgroup exhibited poorer baseline performance on the LM-I subtest of the RBMT than participants in the IMP subgroup. Among CS participants, the no-IMP subgroup exhibited poorer baseline RCPM and cognitive functional independence measure scores than participants in the IMP subgroup. Such differences may be associated with differences in cognitive resources required to execute each intervention. Proper execution of the ExM protocol requires the participant to remember the exercise patterns from week to week, while proper execution of the CS protocol requires spatial and mathematical abilities that allow understanding of geometric designs and missing pieces, as well as expressive abilities and memory function to complete calculations, mazes, and search for mistakes in images. Although previous studies have indicated that exercise and ExM tasks enhance memory in participants with dementia (Radak et al., 2010; Intlekofer and Cotman, 2013; Satoh et al., 2017), our results suggest that execution of the intervention requires a certain amount of memory function reserve. These findings highlight the importance of early intervention, when cognitive function may be somewhat preserved (Dubois et al., 2016).