Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) was used to transfect miRNAs or siRNAs. miRNAs were purchased from GenePharma Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). siRNA pools of SQSTM1 (sc-29679) and ATG16L1 (sc-72580) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). LNA-NC (199020-00) and LNA-20a (426943-00) were purchased from Exiqon (Vedbaek, Denmark). BECN1 siRNA is a pool of two target specific siRNA designed by GenePharm. BECN1 siRNAs: 5′-CAGUUUGGCACAAUCAAUATT-3′ and 5′-AAGAUCCUGGACCGUGUCACCTT3′ Scramble control: 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU-3′.