The interest in exosomes as new therapeutic tools is growing.28, 38 The production of exosomes from patients’ own cells and biological fluids could represent a new avenue for autologous regenerative therapies. Additionally, careful characterization of endogenous exosomes with proven therapeutic capacity should help with the future fabrication of nature-inspired artificial vesicles carrying a defined therapeutic cargo, which could represent an option for developing exosomes into off-the-shelf therapeutic products to be used in different cardiac and non-cardiac conditions.