However, the mechanisms by which CsGRN enhances tumour metastasis are unclear. And we hypothesised that they could be pertaining to EMT process, which endows cancer cells with a more aggressive phenotype, finally leading to tumour progression, including invasion and metastasis [40, 41]. Various biomarkers have been screened to demonstrate the EMT process, including the upregulation of mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin, β-catenin and vimentin, as well as the loss of epithelial markers such as E-cadherin and ZO-1 .