A novel approach is to influence how CD4 T cells traffic between lymphoid tissue and peripheral sites where antiretroviral drugs effectively penetrate. Immune cell migration plays a critical role in immunity. Trafficking is affected by the cell’s differentiation status and activation state and is orchestrated by chemokines, integrins and selectins, as well as cues from the microenvironment [40–42]. Humanized monoclonal antibodies that influence immune cell traffic are currently being explored for the treatment of inflammatory disorders  and cancerous tumors . A therapeutic strategy that could influence the traffic of CD4 T cells so that HIV-1 infected cells migrate more quickly out of drug sanctuaries could also control persistent replication.