Monocytes were isolated from the EDTA anticoagulated blood of healthy volunteers. Written informed consent was given under National Research Ethics Service approval from Frenchay Research Ethics Committee reference 09/H0107/22 and South West 4 Research Ethics Committee reference 10/HO102/72, respectively. Mononuclear cells were isolated using Ficoll-Paque Plus (GE Healthcare Life Sciences), red blood cells were lysed with 150 mM ammonium chloride/0.1% BSA, and monocytes were allowed to adhere to plastic in RPMI 1640/1% human serum AB (SigmaAldrich) for 1 h. Non-adherent cells were removed with warm Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (D-PBS; Gibco), and the medium was replaced with RPMI 1640/10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; SigmaAldrich) for 1 h. Based on staining with Rabbit anti-(human CD14) antibody, Ab78313, adhered cells were at least 85% monocytes. Monocytes were differentiated into macrophages in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 20 ng/mL of colony-stimulating factor-1 (human recombinant CSF-1, R & D systems), which was replenished on day 3. Approximately 80% of the resulting cells were macrophages based on positive staining with mouse monoclonal anti-CD68 (M0876, Dako). Differentiated macrophages were treated for 6, 18, 32 and 48 h in the same medium with either 100 ng/mL of recombinant human interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (R & D systems) or 10 ng/mL of recombinant human interleukin-4 (IL-4) (R & D systems). AZD1152 was purchased from Selleck.