To reduce the number of deaths in children under 5 years of age in medical institutions, attention should be paid to perinatal diseases, and effective measures, such as neonatal asphyxia resuscitation technology, should be promoted. Respiratory diseases should also be considered, especially pneumonia, which is not only a common disease in children under the age of 5 years but is also a common cause of death in children in medical institutions . Therefore, regulating the use of antibiotics is essential. Additionally, more attention should be placed on cardiac congenital malformations, the physical examination process should be standardized for children, and dedicated auscultation should be performed to find cardiac congenital malformations as early as possible. Both the timely treatment of children and the selection of an appropriate time for cardiac surgery are effective measures.