The shared haplotype analysis was carried out in order to detect and compare the mtDNA haplotypes shared between 21 Eurasian ancient populations, and to observe lineage sharing between the conquerors and 23 modern Eurasian populations. Identical HVS-I sequences and numbers of different lineage types were counted (Supplementary Tables S10 and S12). Asian lineages in the conqueror and Avar datasets were also counted in our database of 64,650 Eurasian sequences (Supplementary Table S11).