Sensing characteristics of a 3D photodetection and imaging system. a Maps of photocurrent measured across the 3D surfaces. The incident angle θ ranges from −45° to 45° with φ fixed at 90°. The measured θ and φ from the device arrays are shown for comparison. b Similar results with φ ranging from 90° to 67.5° and θ = 0°. c Photocurrent maps of the photodetector array on the 3D surfaces randomly penetrated at two points by the incident laser. The incident angles are (from left to right) θ = 45°, φ = 67.5°, θ = 90°, φ = 90°, and θ = 135°, φ = 112.5°