1) self-reported biracial ancestry; 2) uveitis, severe retinal disease such as wet macular degeneration, or congenital anomalies; 3) history of ocular trauma or any prior intraocular surgery; 4) history of intraocular laser treatment; 5) use of steroid or glaucoma drops within the 3 months prior to optical biometry; 6) contact lens use; or 7) inability to conduct the necessary testing. Both eyes of the patients with cataracts were included in the study if they met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. However, not all the eyes underwent cataract surgery after the measurement. In reviewing the medical charts, we ensured that all eyes included in the study were eligible based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Mixed effects regression modeling was used to adjust for the use of both eyes in some subjects.