The UK Biobank CMR protocol has been described in detail elsewhere . Briefly, all examinations were performed on a wide-bore 1.5 Tesla scanner (MAGNETOM Aera, Syngo Platform VD13A, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). For cardiac function, long axis cines and a complete short axis stack of balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) cines, covering the left and right ventricle were acquired.