To obtain the ratio of unbound DNA residues, a dose-dependent DNA-binding experiment was performed by combining various concentrations (0 to 700 ng) of GST-VP1 proteins with consistent amounts of different DNA variants. Next, the signal intensities of free DNA from DNA migration images after DNA-binding experiments were obtained using ImageJ software observation. The equation used in this study is presented below.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathrm{Unbound}\ \mathrm{DNA}\ \mathrm{residue}\ \left(\%\right)=\frac{\mathrm{Image}\ \mathrm{intensity}\kern0.17em \mathrm{of}\kern0.17em \mathrm{free}\;\mathrm{DNA}\;\left(\mathrm{certain}\kern0.17em \mathrm{protein}\kern0.17em \mathrm{concentration}\right)}{\mathrm{Reference}\kern0.17em \mathrm{image}\kern0.17em \mathrm{intensity}\;\left(\mathrm{no}\;\mathrm{protein}\right)}\times 100\% $$\end{document}UnboundDNAresidue%=Imageintensity of freeDNAcertain protein concentrationReference image intensitynoprotein×100%