The exposure variables were chosen as indicators of the communication channels through which SASA! messaging may diffuse either directly from intervention exposure or indirectly via discussion about SASA! with different social network members. During the RCT the main forms of mass media in the SASA! Activist Kit (radio/TV) were not used to prevent contamination to control communities. Thus, for this analysis we measured material exposure (posters, comics, picture cards, information sheets), mid media exposure (dramas, audio plays), interpersonal communication (discussion activities with change agent, seeking change agent support, discussion about SASA! with social network members) and multi-channel exposure (having material and mid media/activity exposure) (Table 1). The analysis examined the independent effects of each type of intervention exposure separately as well as the effect of communication about SASA! among different social network members. It also tests the hypothesis that exposure to multiple channels (materials plus drama and/or discussion activities) would yield stronger associations with the outcome of interest than only materials exposure.Table 1Exposure variables and associated follow-up survey itemsExposure VariablesSurvey itemaCategories of exposurea:Intervention exposure Communication materials “How many times have you seen any of these materials about violence against women and relationships between men and women?” (the interviewer showed them a card with illustrations of SASA! posters, comics, picture cards, information sheets).Categorical variable:- 0-1 (reference group)−2-5- > 5 Mid media How many times have you been to a SASA!/CEDOVIP film, drama or listened to an audio play in your community about violence against women and relationships between women and men? Categorical variable:-never (reference group)-once-a few 2-5-many > 5 Interpersonal communication -at discussion activity w/ change agent How many times have you been to an activity or quick chat in your community where you looked at one of the SASA!/CEDOVIP materials (poster, comic, or picture card, etc) and talked about violence against women and relationships between women and men? -Sought CA advice How many times have you sought advice from a SASA! community activist? Binary variable-never (reference group)−1 or more timesInterpersonal Communication with different social network members:-Talked with Elders I) Have you talked with your parent about SASA!? If yes: II) How many times? Categorical variableb:-low (0-2 times) (reference group)-medium (3-5 times)-high (> 5 times) I) Have you talked with your in-law about SASA!? If yes: II) How many times? I) Have you talked with an elder about SASA!? If yes: II) How many times? -Talked with Peers I) Have you talked with a friend about SASA!? If yes: II) How many times? I) Have you talked with a neighbour about SASA!? If yes: II) How many times? -Talked with Partner I) Have you talked with your partner about SASA!? If yes: II) How many times? Multi-channel exposure “How many times have you seen any of these materials about violence against women and relationships between men and women?” (the interviewer showed them a card with illustrations of SASA! materials).Categorical variable:-materials (mass media) exposure only (reference group) -low ‘multi-channel’ exposure (exposed 1-4 times to activities and/or dramas/films)-high ‘multi-channel’ exposure (exposed > 5 times to activities and/or dramas/films) How many times have you been to a SASA!/CEDOVIP film, drama or listened to an audio play in your community about violence against women and relationships between women and men? How many times have you been to an activity or quick chat in your community where you looked at one of the SASA!/CEDOVIP materials (poster, comic, or picture card, etc) and talked about violence against women and relationships between women and men? aTo measure dose-response relationships frequency of exposure was captured using 4 categories: never, once, a few times (2-3), or many times (5+). Some variables were re-coded or re-categorised for statistical reasons for the regression analysisbComposite frequencies based on frequencies with which they spoke to each type of person