The effects of g1 on the reflection magnitude and transmission phase values are shown in Fig. 6a,e, respectively. Increasing g1 reduces both the reflection magnitude and transmission phase values. However, further increase beyond 1 mm has negligible impact. The effects of g2 are shown in Fig. 6b,f. Decreasing g2 gives decreasing values for both the magnitude and phase. The value of g2 is limited by manufacturing tolerances so it has been confined to a minimum value of 0.1 mm. The parameters g1 and g2 control the amount of intra-element coupling. Smaller values of g2 indicate a tighter coupling between the horizontal and vertical arms of the TC-UAJC resulting in a large coupling capacitance. When this coupling capacitance is combined with the high loop inductance produced by the thin traces of the structure, the element bandwidth is enhanced.Figure 6The effects of various MS design parameters on the reflection magnitude (a–d) and transmission phase (e–h) as functions of the excitation frequency for the TM incidence case. (a) and (e) g1. (b) and (f) g2. (c) and (g) r1. (d) and (h) Hsub.