Before inclusion, patients in both the IA and VA groups were in a detoxified state, verified with negative urine tests for alcohol, opioids, central stimulants (amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cocaine), benzodiazepines, and cannabis. Patients with positive urine tests spent a minimum of 14 days in detoxification to establish baseline values that were not influenced by withdrawal symptoms. Patients were excluded when they exhibited mental retardation (IQ < 70) that prevented them from understanding the questionnaires. Pregnant patients with SUD were treated in specialized wards, and were not included in this study.