Mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb) against CAR (clone E1.1)21 obtained from Silvio Hemmi (University of Zürich, Switzerland) was used at dilution 1:50. MAb against the baculoviral glycoprotein Gp64 (clone AcV1) used at dilution 1:50, were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Rabbit MAb against PUMA (clone EP512Y) used at dilution 1:1000 (Epitomics Inc.) was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). MAb against β-actin-peroxidase (clone AC-15) from Sigma-Aldrich was used at dilution 1: 10,000. TNFα was used at 1 ng ml−1 (Biosource, Camarillo, CA), IL-17A at 50 ng ml−1 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).