Response of vHIP to social defeat stress. a mRNA levels of zif268 in vHIP tissues from intruder mice decreased at days 1 and 3 after stimulation and increased at days 7 and 15 after stimulation compared with those in the control mice, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s test was used, F = 22.233, p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared with the control, n = 8. b mRNA levels of arc in vHIP tissues from intruder mice decreased at days 1 and 3 after stimulation and increased at days 7 and 15 after stimulation compared with those in the control mice, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s test was used, F = 23.655, p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared with the control, n = 8. c Representative Western blot image of c-Fos. d Statistical analysis of c-Fos expression, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s test was used, F = 4.73, *p < 0.05, compared with the control, n = 8. e The representative images of c-Fos staining in vHIP. Squares in the upper images indicate areas that are shown magnified in the bottom images. Blue arrows indicate c-Fos-positive cells. f Cell counts in the vHIP, one way ANOVA with Tukey’s test was used, F = 5.287, *p < 0.05 compared with control, n = 4