Related to this, almost all interviewees raised a fundamental concern: that open science may put them at a professional disadvantage if they were compelled to release data and other resources before they have extracted value from their work (Fecher et al., 2015; Harley, 2010; Levin et al., 2016; LERU Research Data Working Group, 2013). Over three-quarters said that they would like to share more broadly and earlier in the research process, but they feared being 'scooped' and/or compromising the possibility of publishing in a high-impact journal. Further, a few were concerned that the MNI would go too far ‘out on a limb’ by adopting open science before other institutions in Montreal, Canada and beyond followed suit. In this case, others might benefit from MNI resources without reciprocating.