The haplogroup frequency-based test of population continuity (TPC)24 rejected neither the null hypothesis of population continuity between the Avars and the southeastern Alföld group of conquest-period Hungarians, nor between Avars and all conquerors analyzed from the Carpathian Basin. Furthermore, the haplogroup frequency differences between the 10th–12th century populations and modern Hungarians, and also Hungarian minorities of Szeklers and Csangos living in Romania can be explained by genetic drift that occurred during the last millennium (Supplementary Table S7).