Based on data collected during screening, we computed the HIV-1 risk score for all HIV-1 serodiscordant couples; couples with a risk score ≥5 met the study eligibility criteria. Couples who had a HIV-1 risk score below the “high risk” cutoff (<5) were counseled about the prevalence and significance of HIV-1 serodiscordant results, behavioral risk reduction, the importance of condom use to reduce the risk of HIV-1 transmission, and their transmission risk. They were also referred to local public health clinics for ART provision according to national guidelines, male circumcision, and condoms. For couples who had a risk score ≥5, additional eligibility requirements included having adequate renal function and not having hepatitis B infection for HIV-1 uninfected partners. We excluded couples in whom the HIV-1 infected partner was already using of ART or had any WHO stage III or IV condition so that the research process would not distract from the urgent need for these individuals to initiate ART. HIV-1 uninfected women were excluded if they were pregnant or breastfeeding. Eligibility criteria were reviewed in totality to determine which couples met all criteria and were offered enrollment.