In 2013, a maximum rural-urban difference was found for diarrhoea in the different places of residence (T = 249.429). Conversely, the differences in PBU and BA were both relatively small (T = 38.945 and 51.244, respectively). The trend showed that the Slope BGV and T values for PBU, diarrhoea and pneumonia were less than 0, indicating that the urban-rural differences were narrow; however, the Slope BGV for the urban-rural differences in BA and the other causes of death trended in the opposite direction of the T values (Fig. 5).