Descriptive statistics for continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR) whilst categorical variables were presented as number (percentage). Differences in means were tested using unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney-U test and differences in percentages using chi-squared test. CMR parameters used as dependent variables were LV end-diastolic volume, LV end-systolic volume, LV stroke volume, LV ejection fraction, LV mass, and LA maximal volume. All dependent variables were assessed for normality using histograms and quantile-quantile plots; natural logarithmic transformation was performed for all dependent variables barring LV ejection fraction. For each dependent variable, outliers were defined as measurements more than three interquartile ranges below the first quartile or above the third quartile and removed from analysis. With respect to missing values, the data presented is a complete case analysis.