Hepatic levels of MCP-1 were significantly increased in rats on NASH (p < 0.01), HFD diet (p < 0.0001) and HFr diet (p < 0.01) compared to Control (Fig. 3c). Additionally, hepatic TNF-α levels were higher in HFD fed rats compared to Control- (p < 0.001), NASH (p < 0.0001) and HFr (p < 0.01, Fig. 3d). Haptoglobin was significantly increased in plasma of NASH-fed rats compared to rats fed Control (p < 0.001), HFD (p < 0.0001) and HFr (p < 0.001, Fig. 3e). Concentrations of MCP-1 and TNF-alpha were not elevated in adipose or intestinal tissue in any of the diet-groups compared to Control; however, HFr-fed rats had significantly higher levels of adipose tissue MCP-1 compared to both NASH- and HFD-fed rats (p < 0.05, Table 3). MCP-1 was below detection limit in plasma in all groups. Plasma TIMP-1 levels was significantly increased in the NASH-fed rats, compared to all other groups (vs. Control: p < 0.01; vs. HFD and HFr: p < 0.001, Fig. 3f).