However, the seroconversion has been found low also in some countries. In this particular regard, in some countries with high burden of viral hepatitis B, universal blood screening including hepatitis B antigen, HBe antigen, and HBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is done, and corresponding actions apart from routine HepB vaccine are composed of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG), antiretroviral, and cesarean section. Those interventions are provided to increase its effectiveness. Additional measures include the universal testing of pregnant mothers for hepatitis B, hepatitis e antigen, and viral DNA among those who are infected with hepatitis B, where the health infrastructure is capable of performing testing.