Cytotoxicity was determined using Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (Goode et al, 2016; Roche). In brief, media was collected at endpoints (in phenol red‐free DMEM) to measure the percentage of released lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH). To quantify total LDH, cells were lysed with Triton X (1% in serum‐free cell culture media) overnight at 4°C; 50 μl media or lysate was transferred with 50 μl of reaction mix in a 96‐well plate and incubated at RT for 30 min in the dark. Absorbance was measured at 490 nm using SpectraMax M2e (Molecular devices), and cell death is presented as percent of released LDH of total LDH.