The results presented here provide a picture of the maternal gene pool of three medieval populations in the Carpathian Basin. Research should continue with the analysis of whole mitochondrial genomes for more exact haplogroup definitions, and Y chromosomal genetic diversity of these populations, in order to define the paternal genetic components of these populations, along with possible sex differences in migration and dispersal patterns. Furthermore, genome-wide sequencing of these samples and analyses of the comparatively ancient (early medieval) Eastern European, Central and North Asian data, which are currently still lacking, might reveal further signs of origin and admixture of the populations discussed here. Moreover, this may shed light on a complex population genetic structure of the first millennium BC of West, North, and Central Eurasia.