In cohort D, body composition was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a GE Lunar iDXA. Standardized methods for regional partitioning and phantom calibrations were employed to ensure data quality. Scans were analyzed using the GE Lunar software v10.0 in order to calculate fat-free mass (kg), mineral-free lean mass (kg), fat mass (kg), and percent fat. Leanness is a significant risk factor for health outcomes in the elderly (20, 21) and was calculated as appendicular lean mass divided by body mass index (BMI). aLM was calculated as the sum of lean soft tissue in both the right and left arms and legs where limbs were isolated from the trunk by using DXA pre-defined regional lines with manual adjustment. Computed tomography (CT) is described in Supplementary Material.