Next, we extracted the total protein from tumor tissue samples to examine the effects of PA-MSHA on apoptosis in the xenograft mice. Interestingly, we observed a reduction in caspase-3 levels in PA-MSHA- compared to PA-treated mice (p < 0.05). In contrast, cleaved caspase-3 levels were higher in PA-MSHA- compared PA-treated mice (p < 0.01; Figure 7). Combined treatment with PA-MSHA and NPT had a synergistic effect on apoptosis (Supplementary Figure 1B). These data indicated that PA-MSHA induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells in vivo.