The questionnaire was developed using a combination of etic and emic approaches. It was tested to confirm internal reliability construct validity, concurrent criterion validity (using behavior observed in a separate controlled behavior test), rank-order consistency over time (to confirm that trait scores represented temporally stable traits), and was associated with qualification as a guide dog, supporting predictive criterion validity (15). Dogs were from ten breeds and crossbreeds of Golden Retrievers, Labradors, German Shepherd dogs, and Flat coat retrievers. The most common breeds were: Golden Retriever × Labrador (474), Labrador (407), Golden Retriever (131), Labrador × Golden Retriever (132). The majority were bred by Guide Dogs (1,362/1,402).