Long-standing infections with C. sinensis eventually lead to clonorchiasis, which results in cholangiectasis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, hepatic fibrosis, and even CCA and HCC . Additionally, researchers have proposed that mechanical damage caused by the activities of the parasites and CsESPs excreted and secreted from the liver fluke is the primary pathogenic mechanism . In our previous studies , CsGRN, one of an ingredient of CsESPs, was identified and the prokaryotic expression of the recombinant CsGRN protein was carried out.