The ancient datasets were compared with 57,098 published modern HVS-I sequences as well as 614 medieval sequences of European, Near Eastern and Asian populations: Lombards from Hungary and Italy, medieval population from northern Italy, medieval Basques from Spain, medieval populations from Poland, Iceland and Denmark, Vikings from Norway and Denmark, three ancient populations (3rd century BC–14th century AD) from Mongolia and Inner Mongolia (China), and late medieval Yakuts from Russia. In addition, in order to have a proxy for the genetically uncharacterized first millennium AD populations of Central and North Asia, we used prehistoric (Bronze Age and Iron Age) datasets from modern-day Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. Their characteristics, abbreviations and references are described in Supplementary Tables S5, S6 and S15.