In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (modified in 2008), all protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. All subjects were made aware of the design and purpose of the studies, and all subjects signed consent forms. The cohorts are summarized in Table S1 in Supplementary Material, with additional information provided in some of the figure legends. Cohort A vastus lateralis muscle and SAT biopsies from healthy research subjects were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. Cohort B SAT and VAT were obtained from discarded surgery specimens, immediately put on ice for no more than 3 h, and immediately processed into stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and adipocyte fractions or stored at −80°C. Cohort C VAT, including mesenteric fat, epiploic appendages, and omentum were obtained from discarded surgery specimens, immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C. Cohort D blood samples were obtained between 9:30 a.m. and 12:45 p.m. and kept at room temperature until processing within 2 h of collection.