Question ii) posed in the introduction remains partly open, because on the basis of cluster analysis and PCA, it is likely that many species characterized the different facets of olive plantation. Since we observed several species showing exclusive preference for only one of the several olive plantation facets, it was not possible to list a group of species as indicators of the olive agroecosystem, while it was possible to outline in Table 3 the species mainly related to the sampled olive groves.