The memory-guided condition consisted of two parts: participants were initially presented with an instruction screen then a central fixation cross, which was accompanied after 700 ms by a red, circular target stimulus identical to that used in the standard PST and AST-s conditions, to the left or right. However, this target was adjacent to four distracter stimuli, spaced 1° apart, occupying locations from 1 to 5° of visual angle from the central fixation point. Hence, participants were required to distinguish the target from the distracters and subsequently remember the target location using spatial WM. The distracter stimuli were identical in size and shape to the target stimulus (that is, filled circles of 0.7° diameter), but filled green instead of red. The location of the red target was randomized across possible locations of 1, 3, or 5° from the screen center (i.e., distracters always occupied the locations 2 and 4° from the center). The remaining viable stimulus locations were occupied by the four green distracters, which remained on the screen for 1 s.