Voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed more extensive loss of GM in the anterior cingulate gyrus in no-IMP participants of the ExM group, and in the left middle frontal gyrus in the CS group at baseline relative to that observed in the IMP subgroup. These findings may also have been associated with the execution of each intervention. Previous studies have demonstrated that the anterior cingulate gyrus plays a key role in music processing in participants with dementia (Omar et al., 2011; Fletcher et al., 2015; Jacobsen et al., 2015), while the left middle frontal gyrus is associated with calculation (Maurer et al., 2016) and visual search (Weidner et al., 2009) in CS tasks. Therefore, our results indicate that the extent and location of brain atrophy at baseline may represent the neural basis of task execution for each intervention. In addition, these parameters may aid in predicting the efficacy of non-pharmacological treatment.