The median age and gestation age including the interquartile range (IQR) for the participants was 27 (22–31) years and 25 (20–30) weeks, respectively. The majority of the participants were married (93.6%) and Christian (72.3%). Approximately a quarter of the participants had received secondary school education and above. The median age and IQR of sexual debut was 18.6 (16–20) years, although 17.4% of the participants were not sure or did not respond to this question. Seventy-three percent of the participants had given birth before and the number of children ranged between 1 and 10. Sixty-five percent of the participants had previously experienced signs/symptoms associated with reproductive tract infection and about one third had ever received syndromic treatment for genital signs or symptoms of infection. The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants are summarized in Table 1.Table 1Univariable and multivariable analysis of characteristics of pregnant women with T. vaginalis attending antenatal care clinic at Kilifi County Hospital, KenyaVariable N = 349Percentage with T. vaginalis Crude OR (95% CI) P-valueDemographic characteristics Age group (years) 18–241326.81.1 (0.4–2.5)0.894 ≥ 252176.5ReligionChristian2485.7 Muslim545.71.0 (0.3–3.5)0.979 Other/None4712.82.4 (0.9–6.7)0.083a Education None637.9 Primary2007.00.9 (0.3–2.5)0.802 Secondary/Tertiary864.70.6 (0.1–2.1)0.411Marital status Single254.0 Married2246.81.7 (0.2–13.5)0.593Residency Living with partner2555.5 Not living with a partner949.61.8 (0.8–4.4)0.178Employment status Employed/self-employed1995.0 Unemployed1508.71.8 (0.8–4.2)0.180Parity 0946.41.1 (0.3–3.5)0.843 1–21337.51.3 (0.5–3.6)0.570 3+1225.7Gestational age (weeks)c 14–251835.5 ≥ 261657.91.5 (0.6–3.4)0.382Hygiene characteristics Toilet type Flushing toilet1177.7 Pit latrine1975.10.6 (0.3–1.6)0.350 Bush/Other3511.41.5 (0.4–5.4)0.491Mode of cleaning after visiting the toilet Tissue paper/Other solid materials1062.8 Water2438.23.1 (0.9–10.5)0.074a Behavioral characteristics Sexual debut age (years) ≤ 171068.51.8 (0.7–4.7)0.231 ≥ 181834.9 Do not know/No response606.71.5 (0.4–5.0)0.523Number of lifetime sex partnersc 11583.8 2+1899.02.5 (1.0–6.5)0.060a Polygamous partner No3036.91.6 (0.4–7.2)0.515 Yes464.4Alcohol consumption ever No2626.50.9 (0.4–2.5)0.894 Yes876.9Tobacco use No3326.61.1 (0.1–8.9)0.904 Yes175.9Other drugs/substance use ever No3326.61.1 (0.1–8.9)0.904 Yes175.9Sexually transmitted infections/reproductive tract infections HIV Negative3246.2 Positive2512.02.1 (0.6–7.5)0.268Bacterial vaginosisd Negative2936.5 Positive537.61.1 (0.4–3.6)0.775Clinical signs and symptoms of STI Previous history of vaginal discharge No1225.6 Yes2277.11.2 (0.5–3.1)0.638Previous syndromic treatment of genital infection No2296.6 Yes1206.71.0 (0.4–2.5)0.967Current vaginal discharge (self-reported)c No963.1 Yes2527.92.7 (0.8–9.2)0.119Abnormal vaginal discharge foul smell/color (observed)c No2715.9 Yes779.11.6 (0.6–4.0)0.324Dysuriac No2636.1 Yes858.21.4 (0.5–3.5)0.489Dyspareuniac No2454.9 Yes10310.72.3 (1.0–5.4)0.053Vaginal itchingc No2316.5 Yes1176.81.1 (0.4–2.6)0.903Lower abdominal painc No1698.3 Yes1795.00.6 (0.2–1.4)0.226Genital wartsc No3416.2 Yes728.66.1 (1.1–33.3)0.037a Genital ulcer (observed)c No3385.6 Yes1040.011.2 (2.9–43.1) < 0.001b Vaginitisc No3346.6 Yes147.11.1 (0.1–8.7)0.935Symptomaticc No1456.9 Yes2036.40.9 (0.4–2.2)0.855 aSignificant in univariable analysis bSignificant on multivariable association; symptomatic (any or a combination of the three symptoms, i.e. genital ulcer, lower abdominal pain or abnormal vaginal discharge) cMissing data/some participants did not respond to this question(s) dBacterial vaginosis results for three participants were not available due to poor slides