The anti-inflammatory effect assay was performed as follow. HCAECs or lung ECs were plated in 6-well plate and treated with vehicle (DMSO) or TA (10 µM) for 12 h. Recombinant human Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) (R&D Systems, #210-TA) or murine TNFα (#315-01 A, PeproTech, USA) at a final concentration of 10 ng/ml was added for 3 h for qPCR assay or 6 h for WB assay, respectively. Then the cells were washes with PBS.