The total serum N-glycosylation changes with pregnancy showed remarkably comparable between RA patients and healthy controls, but baseline differences could be detected. For example, RA patients displayed a lower degree of IgG-Fc-type galactosylation and higher bisection when compared to controls (A2FS0G, A2FS0B). A decreased IgG-Fc galactosylation and increased bisection are well-known to associate with a variety of inflammatory conditions, including RA, inflammatory bowel disease, and aging (18, 47, 48), and the same glycosylation phenotypes appear detectable in our TSNG study as well (20, 21). The mechanisms by which IgG-Fc glycosylation may affect inflammatory processes remain for a large part to be elucidated, but increased galactosylation and decreased fucosylation have been implicated in increased FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa binding and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (49–51).