Following qualitative analysis, themes were interpreted in several ways. Level of PE articulated by participants was described according to the Carman et al. Multidimensional Framework for Patient and Family Engagement in Health and Health Care  as either consultation (patients receive information about their diagnosis and/or treatment), involvement (patients are asked about their treatment preferences) or partnership (treatment decisions are based on patient preferences, evidence and clinical judgement). For example, if participants said that patients were not involved in decisions because it was the physician responsibility to do so, that was categorized as ‘consulting’ with patients. PE processes were described based on the Prokopetz et al. commentary about medical devices and shared decision-making. The commentary proposed that it was reasonable for physicians to choose the device best suited to patients, but recommended that they engage patients by providing a rationale for the implant chosen, discussing available evidence in support of the device, disclosing relevant financial relationships, eliciting patient concerns and expectations, and confirming patient understanding . For example, if participants said that a barrier of involvement in decision-making was that patients did not have the capacity to understand technical information, this idea was mapped to the Prokopetz et al. recommendation to confirm patient understanding . Feasibility of PE, defined by Grande et al. as multi-level factors influencing PE , were described based on determinants that emerged from the data. For example, if physicians said that they preferred to use familiar devices on which they were trained, this was mapped to physician factors that constrained PE; and if they said that they used specific devices to fulfil purchasing group contracts, this was mapped to health system factors that constrained PE. Then, multi-level factors influencing PE which emerged from qualitative interviews were tabulated with the corresponding mapped Prokopetz et al. recommendations to generate a framework by which physicians can engage patients in decisions about medical devices. All members of the research team met again to review and finalize the interpretation of data.