The academic outcomes measured were HS GPA, the likelihood of HS completion, and the likelihood of taking college entrance exams. Data on GPA and high school completion were obtained from publicly available records at the Academic Assessment Unit of the Ministry of Education of Chile. Following the Ministry of Education criteria, GPA (on a scale of 1–7) was transformed into standardized scores (ranging from 210–825), and adjusted by type of secondary education (academic, vocational or adult school). Data on college examination rates were derived from publicly available information from the Assessment and Measurement Department of the University of Chile, which administers the tests for college entrance on behalf of the Ministry of Education. Although the exams for college admission are non-mandatory for HS graduates (only for those aiming at enrolling in higher education), more than 85% of Chilean HS graduates take the tests and, thus, have plans for future schooling .