Several notable findings emerge from this work. First, the authors observed marked differences in toxin production in the presence of different culture media, particularly for the leukocidins. This speaks to the difficulty of interpreting the importance of staphylococcal toxins (and many other virulence factors) from different in vitro models, as protein expression by S. aureus may vary dramatically based on factors such as pH, oxygen tension, and nutrient availability . Of note, the authors found that LukAB/LukGH was the dominant toxin in the media that may best recapitulate the host environment in the setting of human infection, RPMI + Casamino acids. Second, the authors observed that toxin production also varied widely across S. aureus strains. As the pore-forming toxins are evaluated as putative targets of intervention against S. aureus, it will be important to define the critical toxin(s) in the setting of human infection and produced by widely circulating clinical isolates. The authors also found that both antibodies were required to fully prevent toxin-mediated lysis of human neutrophils in most in vitro conditions, emphasizing the apparent redundancy in this pathway, though caution must be used when extrapolating these in vitro findings to what occurs in the human host during natural infection.