The demographic data and clinical features of animals yielding positive fecal cultures for C. perfringens and/or C. difficile are detailed in Table 3 (see also Álvarez-Pérez et al. ).Table 3Signalment and clinical data of animals yielding positive fecal cultures for Clostridium perfringens and/or C. difficile, and characteristics of recovered isolates.Table 3ClinicAnimalaSpecies, breedbAge (yr.)bSexDiagnosisOther medical conditions of relevanceDiarrhoeacAntibiotic treatment(s)dGenotype (antimicrobial resistances) ofC. perfringensisolateseGenotype (antimicrobial resistances) ofC. difficileisolatesfAA/02Dog, Mixed-breed5FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep063, p064, p065–BB/02Dog, Whippet13FRoutine analysisLymphomaNoNonep067–B/06Dog, Whippet7FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep027, p028 [2 isolates]–B/07Dog, Schnauzer9FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep011, p012, p023–B/08Dog, Schnauzer9FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep002, p047, p051RT154/d05 (PEN), RT154/d06 (PEN), RT154/d07 (PEN)B/11Dog, Mixed Setter<1FRecent history of Isospora infectionNoneYesMetronidazolep035, p036 [2 isolates]–B/12Dog, Mixed Miniature Pinscher6FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep037–B/13Cat, European shorthair9FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep003 (MTZ), p006, p031–B/14Cat, European shorthair1MRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep069, p072–DD/02Dog, Hound1FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep087 (MTZ), p088 (LZD), p095–EE/03Dog, Yorkshire Terrier11MGastroenteritis with vomitingHeart failureYes (5 d)Amoxicillin-clavulanic acidNART?/d13 (CLI/ERY/PEN) [2 isolates], RT?/d14 (CLI/ERY/PEN)FF/09Cat, Persian6MRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep004, p005–GG/01Dog, Labrador12MRoutine analysisNoneYes (7 d)Doxycyclinep106–Follow-up analysisNoneNoNonep041, p092, p097–G/05Dog, Boxer<1MRoutine analysisFood allergyNoNonep030 (MTZ), p050, p096–G/06Cat, Persian2FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep026–HH/03Dog, Mastiff<1FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep078 (PEN), p102 (IPM, PEN), p103–H/05Dog, Pit bull<1MRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep008, p034, p079 (IPM, LZD, PEN)–II/02Cat, European shorthair14MDigestive diseaseNoneYes (3 d)Nonep054, p055–I/04Dog, Mixed-breed1HDigestive diseaseNoneYes (0 d)Nonep082, p099–Follow-up analysisNoneNoNonep052 (LZD)–JJ/01Dog, Schnauzer?FRoutine analysisFood allergyYes (10 d)Nonep053, p058 (ERY, LVX)–J/03Dog, Golden Retriever4MAcute enteritisNoneYes (0 d)Nonep013, p017, p018–J/07Dog,?1MRoutine analysisNoneYes (8 d)Nonep101–KK/02Dog, Poodle10MRoutine analysisHeart murmurNoNonep089–MM/04Dog, Giant Schnauzer11FRoutine analysisNoneYes (30 d)Nonep090[2 isolates], p091–Follow-up analysisNoneYes (5 d)Nonep043 (TET), p076 (TET), p077–M/06Dog, Brittany6FRoutine analysisObesityNoNonep060, p061, p066–Follow-up analysisObesityNoNonep068, p070 (TET), p104–M/07Dog, Brittany3FEntetitisRecent Toxocara canis infection, obesityYes (25 d)Nonep081–Follow-up analysisObesityNoNonep033, p042 (TET), p056–M/08Dog, Mixed Hound3FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep040, p062, p080–M/13Cat, European shorthair4FRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep025, p029, p071–M/14Dog, Mixed-breed8FRoutine analysisRecent removal of mammary tumorNoAmoxicillinp016, p020, p021RT106/d01 (PEN), RT106/d03 (PEN), RT106/d15 (PEN)Follow-up analysisNoneNoNonep014[2 isolates], p015–M/23Dog, Yorkshire Terrier12FRoutine analysisFrequent pseudo-pregnancies, benign mammary tumorsNoNonep032–M/25Dog, German Shepherd5FRoutine analysisObesityNoNonep001 (TET), p057–Follow-up analysisObesityNoNonep083 (TET), p084 (LZD, TET), p085 (LZD. TET)–M/26Dog, Mixed-breed2MRoutine analysisSeizure disorderNoNonep038, p039–Follow-up analysisSeizure disorderNoNonep086 (MTZ), p093, p100–NN/01Dog, Mixed Shih Tzu1MRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep044, p045, p046–N/12&14gDog, Shih Tzu12MRoutine analysisNoneYes (0 d)Nonep019, p024–N/19&20gDog, French Bulldog7MRoutine analysisNoneNoNone–RT009-like/d04, RT009-like/d08 (PEN), RT009-like/d09 (PEN), RT009-like/d10 (PEN), RT009-like/d11 (PEN), RT009-like/d12OO/04Cat, European shorthair4MRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep094–O/11Dog, Border Collie2MRoutine analysisNoneYes (7 d)Nonep007, p009, p010–QQ/03Dog, Maltese7MRoutine analysisFrequent gastrointestinal problems, heart diseaseNoNonep073 (MTZ), p074, p075 (LZD)RT106/d01 (PEN) [2 isolates], RT106/d02 (PEN)Q/04Dog, Mixed Labrador2MAllergic colitisFrequent gastrointestinal problemsYes (0 d)Sulfadiazine/trimethoprimp059–Follow-up analysisNoneNoNonep022, p098–Q/05Dog, Dachshund14MRoutine analysisNoneNoNonep048, p049–aRecruited animals were designated by a capital letter (corresponding to the clinic of origin) followed by a virgule and consecutive numbers.b?: Missing data.cNo: no diarrhea episodes were reported within the previous 30 days. For positive responses, the number of days since the last episode of diarrhea is indicated between parentheses.dAntibiotic treatment(s) administered within the previous 30 days. For an overview of other pharmacological treatments see Fig. 1E.eAFLP genotypes were arbitrarily designated by a lower case ‘p’ followed by a number (see Table 4). In vitro resistance to benzylpenicillin (PEN), erythromycin (ERY), imipenem (IPM), levofloxacin (LVX), linezolid (LZD), metronidazole (MTZ) and/or tetracycline (TET) is indicated between parentheses. The number of isolates belonging to each strain type (when different to one) is shown between square brackets. Dashes mean that C. perfringens was not isolated from the corresponding animal. NA: not analyzed (a single fecal swab was available for some animals, and this was used for C. difficile testing).fIn this case, ribotype (RT) and AFLP fingerprinting information is included. AFLP genotypes were arbitrarily designated by a lower case ‘d’ followed by a number (see Table 5). In vitro resistance to benzylpenicillin (PEN), clindamycin (CLI) and/or erythromycin (ERY) is indicated between parentheses. Additionally, all C. difficile isolates displayed resistance to levofloxacin and imipenem. The number of isolates belonging to each strain type (when different to one) is shown between square brackets. RT?: unknown ribotype. Dashes mean that C. difficile was not isolated from the corresponding animal.gThese animals were sampled twice during the study period.