The culture broth was centrifuged and the supernatant was used to quantify glycerol consumption and byproduct formation. Glycerol, acetate, and mevalonate concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a refractive index detector at 454 nm using Aminex HPX-87H column (1300 mm × 7.8 mm, Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA). Sulfuric acid (0.4 mM) was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min at 50 °C.