mRNA or miRNA expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR analysis as previously described.53 mRNA expression was normalized to GAPDH and miRNA was normalized to U6 snoRNA. The following primer are used for PCR analysis: GAPDH forward 5′-AAGGCTGTGGGCAAGG-3′, GAPDH reverse 5′-TGGAGGAGTGGGTGTCG-3′ BECN1 forward 5′-ACCTCAGCCGAAGACTGAAG-3′, BECN1 reverse 5′-AACAGCGTTTGTAGTTCTGACA-3′ ATG16L1 forward 5′-AACGCTGTGCAGTTCAGTCC-3′, Atg16L1 reverse 5′-AGCTGCTAAGAGGTAAGATCCA-3′ SQSTM1 forward 5′-GATGAGGAAGATCGCCTTGGA-3′, SQSTM1 reverse 5′-TTCGGATTCTGGCATCTGTAGG-3′.