One week after the study interventions, the participants took an 11-question quiz (S1 Quiz), which assessed their understanding of Gram stain procedure, its significance, and interpretation. Ten questions were multiple-choice with each one worth one point. One closed-ended question listed each step of the Gram stain procedure and asked the participants to place each step in the correct order, and this question was worth 1 point (correct or incorrect) on the quiz. The highest score possible on the quiz was 11 points. Each question was categorized as memorization (Questions 1, 2, and 8), understanding (Questions 3–7), or analysis (Questions 9–11), and mean scores for each group within each category were calculated and analyzed.