The effect of apple mass flowering on bees was assessed using mixed effects models in the R package “nlme”42 with either the dependent variable of bee abundance (total number of bees collected during a sampling stage at each site) or bee diversity (number of bee species collected during a sampling stage at each site) in separate models. In both models the fixed effects included natural habitat proximity (adjacent or distant from nearest natural area), apple mass flowering index, the percentage of strawberry bloom, apple bloom stage (early, peak, or late), and all possible interactions between the fixed effects. Mass flowering index was log(x + 1) transformed to meet distributional assumptions. Farm was included as a random effect in the model describing bee abundance. In the final model describing bee diversity, natural habitat proximity nested within farm was included as a random effect because proximity was removed as a fixed effect following model simplification.