Protein analysis of the three clinical samples taken before BVCARHAdV5-PUMA transduction show low basal levels of PUMA protein (Fig. 3d). After transduction of the FLS by BVCARHAdV5-PUMA, high expression of PUMA protein was detected in all three samples (Fig. 3d and Supplementary Fig. 1). The results strongly implied the role of PUMA protein expression in the induction of FLS cell death.