Findings on glial metabolites in the basal ganglia are less consistent. Keller colleagues and Lu colleagues found lower Cho (Keller et al., 2004) and Cho/Cr (Lu et al., 1996) in HIV+ children than controls. However, other studies found higher basal ganglia Cho/Cr (Ashby et al., 2015) and Ins/Cr (Ashby et al., 2015) in HIV+ children, as well as higher absolute Cho (Mbugua et al., 2016) in HIV+ children who started ART before 12 weeks compared to children who initiated treatment later and a predominantly HEU control group.