(A) DAPC analysis revealed three main genetic clusters where the individuals shown as dots and the groups as inertia ellipses. Eigenvalues of the analyses are displayed inset. (B) Quantile-quantile (QQ) plot of GWA p-values where on x-axis, are expected –log10 P values and on y-axis observed –log10 P values. The plot is showing large deviation from the null distribution where the inflation factor was higher than the threshold of 1, indicating a high genomic inflation in Beech association data and an existence of the population stratification. (PDF 90 kb)