Level of alcohol consumption was assessed using the three-item AUDIT-C. The AUDIT-C test has been validated in several populations and languages including English, French and Spanish (test–retest coefficients: 0.6–0.9; criterion-related validity: area under ROC curve 0.70–<1.0) [8, 14]. An example of a question is ‘How often do you have a drink containing alcohol?’ with possible answers: never, once a month or less, 2–4 times a month, 2–3 times a week, 4 or more times a week [8, 14]. A total score ranging from 0 to 12 was obtained by summing up the answers on the three items, a score of 5 or more indicating the presence of adverse alcohol use [8, 14].