Studies have revealed approximate prevalence of 20–30% RLS in hemodialysis than the prevalence of 3.9–15% among the general populations (Ohayon et al., 2012). A study including 166 patients in Serbian showed 22.7% of patients on hemodialysis were under the condition of RLS (Nikic et al., 2007). Other studies indicated a prevalence of 14.8% among 176 patients on hemodialysis in Brazil (Goffredo Filho et al., 2003) and a prevalence of 37.4% in 163 patients on hemodialysis in Iran (Rohani et al., 2015). Some of the studies revealed a predominance of female patients with RLS rather than male patients on hemodialysis (Al-Jahdali et al., 2009; La Manna et al., 2011; Haider et al., 2014), while a recent study in Saudi displayed no statistically difference between two genders (Wali and Alkhouli, 2015). Most of the RLS patients among end-stage renal disease indicated moderate to severe symptoms compared to most mild RLS symptoms among general populations (Wali and Alkhouli, 2015). Iron deficiency in end-stage renal disease patients may lead to anemia and affect the dopamine metabolism, contributing to RLS (Nikic et al., 2007), and uremia-related peripheral neuropathy and high serum calcium can be part of the physiology of RLS (Nikic et al., 2007). However, in a recent report, iron deficiency, anemia, and calcium were not found to be statistically related to RLS in hemodialysis patients (Wali and Alkhouli, 2015). Previous studies showed conflicts about the association between BMI and RLS in end-stage renal disease patients. A study with a large cohort found that the prevalence of RLS in end-stage renal disease patients was positively related to their BMI (Gao et al., 2009). The OR for RLS was 1.42 (95% CI: 1.3–1.6; p < 0.0001) for patients with BMI from 23 to 30 kg/m2 and 1.60 (95% CI: 1.5–1.8; p < 0.0001) for patients with highest BMI compared with patients with lowest BMI (Gao et al., 2009). Decreased number of dopamine receptors in obese people’s brain was considered to be the possible reason (Wang et al., 2001). However, another previous study revealed no such relationships (Kim et al., 2008). A recent cross-sectional study between control group, renal transplantation group and hemodialysis group found that prevalence in renal transplantation is significantly lower than in hemodialysis patients (Kahvecioglu et al., 2016). RLS is very prevalent in end-stage renal disease patients, and hemodialysis patients with RLS were found to have a higher risk of muscle atrophy (Giannaki et al., 2011), cardio/cerebrovascular events and mortality (Lin C.H. et al., 2015). To prevent more morbidity in end-stage renal disease patients, their RLS should be diagnosed in early stage and receive standard treatment of RLS or have a renal transplantation as soon as possible.