The present study has some limitations of note. First, as we did not include healthy controls, further studies are required to investigate differences in neuropsychological factors and regional brain atrophy between healthy individuals and participants with mild-to-moderate dementia. Such findings may allow clinicians to predict the most appropriate non-pharmacological treatment for each participant. Second, the intervention period of the present study lasted only 6 months. Explicit differences in neuropsychological factors and regional brain atrophy may be more evident following a longer intervention period. Future studies should also aim to include a larger number of participants to enhance the accuracy of prediction.