The lotus genome DNA data (Ming et al., 2013) was downloaded from COGE (v2, id16885, https://www.genomevolution.org/coge/) and gene prediction was performed with hidden Markov model (HMM) program (Eddy, 1998). Hidden Markov models of TPP and TPS domain were obtained from PFAM (http://pfam.xfam.org/). Motif scanning in TPS was done by PROSITE scan (Hulo et al., 2006). Gene structures of TPS genes were analyzed on the Gene Structure Display Server 2.0 (GSDS; http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn/).