MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs , that negatively regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. Through sequence-specific interaction with the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNA, miRNAs suppress gene expression via transcript degradation or inhibition of protein translation. To date, miRNAs have been reported to play key roles in diverse biological processes of cancer, including tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance [11–14]. Extensive studies have shown that miRNAs could modulate the function of endothelial cells (ECs) via non-cell-autonomous (genetic and epigenetic alterations in a cell affect the phenotypes of other cells through changing microenvironment or intercellular interaction) and cell-autonomous (genetic and epigenetic alterations in a cell affect the cell’s own phenotypes) manner during tumor angiogenesis. MiRNAs in tumor cells regulate the expression of pro- or anti-angiogenic factors, thereby modulating the proliferation and migration of ECs in a paracrine manner. Endothelial miRNAs regulate the response of ECs to multiple angiogenic stimuli mainly by targeting growth factor receptors and signaling molecules autonomously. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as mediators of intercellular communication . Cancer cell-derived miRNA-containing EVs could be transferred to ECs where they induce pro-angiogenic effects. Importantly, several miRNAs have been shown to serve as predictive biomarkers for anti-angiogenic therapy response, especially as non-invasive biomarkers in the circulation. Furthermore, with the development of RNA delivery technology, miRNA-based interventions may act as novel therapeutic means to target tumor angiogenesis.