All cell lines were maintained at subconfluent densities in high glucose DMEM (Life Technologies #11965) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Atlanta Biologicals #S11150) and 100U/ml penicillin/streptomycin (Pen/Strep: Life Technologies #15140) (herein ‘complete media’). Murine PDAC cell lines were generated in the Lewis lab. Murine PanIN cell lines were obtained from Nabeel Bardeesy (Massachusetts General Hospital). Human PDAC cell lines were obtained from ATCC, except for the Pa01c through Pa18C cell lines, which were obtained from Bert Vogelstein (Johns Hopkins University) . Migration and invasion assays were performed as previously described using 8-micrometer-porous transwell inserts (Fisher #08-774-162) and Matrigel-coated inserts (Fisher #08-774-122) . The invasion index was calculated as previously described . Soft agar colony formation assays were performed as previously described . Proliferation assays of adherent, subconfluent cells were performed by direct live cell counting after trypsin-mediated resuspension using trypan blue exclusion over a period of 48 hours. Counts were plotted as the log2 of the cell number over time, and the proliferative rate of each line was calculated as the inverse slope of a linear regression to the data (i.e. time/doubling). Data shown are the average of greater than four experiments. P-values were calculated using the Student's t-test.