The present study included participants with mild-to-moderate dementia who had utilized nursing services, such as day care or group homes, in the towns of Mihama and Kiho, which are situated at the southern end of the Kii peninsula in Japan. This study received approval from the Kinan Hospital Research Ethics Committee, and conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all participants provided written informed consent. This study was registered at UMIN-CTR (UMIN000017066) on April 7, 2015. The present study included the same participants as a previous study, which investigated the effect of non-pharmacological interventions in participants with mild-to-moderate dementia (Satoh et al., 2017). The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) current diagnosis of intractable dementia by neurological specialists, based on ICD-10 diagnostic criteria (World Health Organization, 1993); (b) score between 16 and 26 on the MMSE; (c) stable physical and psychological condition; and (d) preserved hearing, visual acuity, and physical movement sufficient to enable participation in the intervention. Participants were excluded if they met any of the following criteria: (a) presence of chronic debilitating disease, such as malignancy or infection; (b) presence of severe cardiac, respiratory, and/or orthopedic disabilities that would prevent participation in the intervention; (c) presence of paresis or coordination disturbances that would prevent participation in the intervention; and (d) diagnosis of treatable dementia.