Since numerous reports indicate that NETosis is elevated in cases with T1DM or T2DM (15), we compared such activity to that in cases with GDM, using serum cell-free DNA (nucleosomes) as an indicator for NETs release. Although this parameter does not specifically detect NET-derived products in human or murine body fluids, it has been widely used as a surrogate marker for predisposition to NETosis in RA, PE, coagulation disorders, cancer patients, or T1DM and T2DM (24, 29, 31, 33, 41–44). Neutrophils from cases with GDM exhibited the greatest tendency to undergo NETosis, being significantly higher than cases with either T1DM or T2DM (Figure 1C). These results also reaffirmed that pregnancy per se is a pro-NETotic state (Figure 1C) (33). We, next, examined whether other indicators of aspects of neutrophil activity were altered, such as the release of granular enzymes MPO or NE. These were the highest in cases with T1DM (Figures 1D,E).