Six DNA markers, including five plastid (rbcL, trnL intron, trnL-F spacers, trnD-trnT, and trnH-psbA) and one nuclear (ITS) regions were used in this study. We generated new trnL sequence for C. japonica var. anemonifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) H. Ohba and trnL and ITS for C. morii. These two samples were collected in public land and no specific permits were required. Other sequences were obtained from GenBank. Laboratory procedures and sequence handling followed Wang and Chen . Three difficult-to-align regions in trnL-F (encompassing 20 positions), two difficult-to-align regions in trnH-psbA (48 positions), and one difficult-to-align region in trnD-trnT (24 positions) were excluded from the analyses. The final dataset included 4288 characters: rbcL, 1304 bp; trnL intron, 465 bp; trnL-F, 426 bp; trnD-trnT, 1122 bp; trnH-psbA, 289 bp; and ITS, 682 bp.