Emerging proteomics approaches such as mass spectrometry (MS), protein microarrays, interactomics, proteogenomics as well as posttranslational modification proteomics have also been very useful in the development of biomarkers for personalized/individualized therapy of PCa (Figure 2). It is plausible that interplay of various other omics-based approaches would benefit personalized PCa therapies. For example, a recently described classification of the seven possible subtypes of PCa [28, 29] based on TMPRSS2: ERG translocations may represent a more useful molecular classification of PCa (in terms of therapeutic options) than histologic classification. Even though these emerging biomarkers (PCA3, TMPRSS2-ERG, and AMACR) have been validated in Western populations [30, 31], fewer such studies have primarily focused on African-American or African populations [32, 33]. A few other good reviews of genomic biomarkers of PCa can be found elsewhere [34–36].