Total genomic DNAs were extracted by hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method from G. elata, A. thaliana, A. comosus, and D. officinale. PCR was carried out using SpeedSTARTM HS DNA Polymerase (TaKaRa, Japan) and specific gene primers (Supplementary Table 20). PCR products were verified by agarose gel electrophoresis (Supplementary Figs. 8 and 9).