Participants were dichotomized into an IMP or no-IMP subgroup based on MMSE scores following the intervention. Participants with an increased MMSE score of 2 points or more were included in the IMP subgroup, while the remaining participants were included in the no-IMP subgroup. The cut-off of 2 points was determined based on the findings of previous studies, which had shown that changes in MMSE scores of 2 points are beyond the threshold of chance (Morris et al., 1993; Bowie et al., 1999; Ballard et al., 2003).