The first class, labelled as the late CPS/penal investigation group (44.9%) (Fig. 1), did not experience maltreatment or a family supervision order in childhood. They all committed at least one offence2 and their first offence was at age 13 or 14. Their first judicial CPS report was executed at age fifteen or older (late CPS interference) and they had a maximum of two, solely judicial, reports.Fig. 11-Late CPS/penal investigation group