An expanded repertoire of potential targets is provided by effectors downstream of these cellular regulators. C. albicans mobilizes diverse stress response programs through the action of transcription factors. For example, in response to cell membrane and cell wall stress, the transcription factor Crz1 is activated by calcineurin, leading to the induction of calcineurin-dependent genes19, 20. Another example from the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the cell wall stress-dependent activation of the transcription factor Rlm1 by the MAP kinase Mpk121. Although Rlm1 is the main transcriptional regulator of cell wall stress responses in S. cerevisiae, its function is not conserved in C. albicans 22. In C. albicans, the zinc finger transcription factor, Cas5, serves as a key transcriptional regulator of responses to cell wall stress22. Cas5 lacks an ortholog in S. cerevisiae and most other eukaryotes, and the mechanism by which it is regulated remains enigmatic.