The sample of total DNA for colon microflora (n = 6, each group, randomly) was extracted by using the E.Z.N.A.® Stool DNA kit (Omega Biotechnology, USA). The DNA concentration was detected by a Nano Drop spectrophotometer (Nano Drop Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA). The primers, annealing temperatures, and product sizes for the different bacterial and total bacterial quantifications were displayed in Table 2. The PCR conditions were as same as those stated under Relative Quantitative Real-time PCR but with different annealing temperatures. The same approach (Rinttilä et al., 2004) was also used to quantify the LT.