Both urine and blood are very attractive preclinical biomarker sources for PCa in Africa. PCa proteomics has been carried out in African-American populations [87, 88] but there are a limited number of studies among indigenous men of African descent. One such study identified 82 novel potential urinary biomarkers of PCa in a heterogeneous cohort of 45 South African patients composed of Indigenous, Mixed-Ancestry and Caucasian African PCa patients via label-free MS . Among these 82 identified biomarkers, nine biomarkers were identified that suggested racial differences among the ethnicities in the cohort. Verification and prevalidation of the 82 biomarkers using both experimental ‘parallel reaction monitoring’ and in silico computational methods enabled identification of the top performing 12 potential biomarkers , ready for translation through a large scale, multiplatform and multicenter targeted proteomics validation study. Furthermore, relating to the ability of cancers to stimulate humoral immune response in the body, 41 novel potential serological autoantibody profiles have been identified in a South African PCa patient cohort (N = 67) . These identified serological autoantibody responses could potentially be used in the construction of mini-arrays as point of care diagnostic tools as well as for therapeutic vaccine development for PCa in Africa. Many of these potential biomarkers have been reported in literature as being associated with other diseases, PCa as well as cancers in other human body organs; however, many are still yet to be described in PCa . A comprehensive list which highlights the emerging potential biomarkers of PCa from those studies in terms of their source, methods used for their discovery and how far down the biomarker discovery pipeline they have moved, is provided in Tables 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D. Even though several potential preclinical biomarkers of PCa have been discovered in Western studies, very few studies have identified and validated novel potential biomarkers of PCa in Africa.