In a recent study, we determined that pregnancy is characterized by pro-NETotic activation, mediated largely by elevated circulatory concentrations of G-CSF and modulated by estrogen and progesterone (38), thereby illustrating that the underlying host physiology plays a significant role in modulating the immune response (39). As NETosis is altered in cases with T1DM or T2DM, we now examined this aspect in pregnancies affected by GDM, especially as such pregnancies are at increased risk of developing PE (9, 10). Since aberrant NETosis is implicated in the underlying etiology leading to the development of PE, evidence of a similar alteration in GDM may provide insight into a mechanism linking these two pathologies (20, 22, 33).