Prior to any training, all mice were individually caged, and given access to a running wheel in their home cage. Mice were then food restricted, and monitored daily. Food was given each day to maintain a body weight that was 85–90% of starting weight. After two weeks of food restriction, each mouse was dressed into a custom-made harnesses (Fig 1, part A2) under anesthesia of 2–3% isoflurane gas using a Vapomatic anesthesia system (Bickford Inc., Wales Center, NY, USA). A harness was affixed to itself in the back using staples, and then wrapped with tape to prevent harm to the mouse (Fig 1, part A3). Harnesses remained on the mice during the course of the training and testing. The following day mice were introduced to the VR set up by clipping their harnesses above the spherical treadmill (Fig 1, part A3). Training sessions occurred for each mouse twice per day, and each session was 30 minutes. Harnesses were removed at the end of training/testing under anesthesia of 2–3% isoflurane.