A portion of the GABPA promoter (−620 to +268 from the transcription start site) was amplified using genomic DNA and cloned into the pGL3-Basic luciferase vector (Promega). Similarly, the GABPB promoter (−281 to +262 from the transcription start site) was cloned into pGL3-Basic vector. The mutations at the potential FOS and MYC binding sites were generated using the QuikChange Lightning Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene). The primers used for cloning and mutagenesis are listed in Supplementary Table 2.