In total, 217 paraffin-embedded, archived glioma samples and their respective adjacent non-cancerous tissues were obtained from the Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University (Beijing, China). Fresh gliomas and adjacent non-tumor tissues were collected using protocols approved by the Ethics Committee of Sanbo Brain Hospital, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. Normal brain tissues (2 fresh and 21 paraffin-embedded samples) were obtained from car accident patients who received craniotomy in our hospital, and had been ethnically approved for scientific applications as mentioned before . The clinical and pathological classification and stage were determined according to the WHO classification of brain tumors criteria. The clinical information for the patient samples is summarized in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2 (see Supplementary material).