Although infants with perinatal HIV infection can now expect to survive childhood, they face life-long treatment with antiretrovirals (ARVs) in order to maintain a healthy immune system. Starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) before 3 months of age yields good clinical, immunological, and developmental outcomes (Violari et al., 2008; Laughton et al., 2012; Cotton et al., 2013; Crowell et al., 2015). However, it is known that ART cannot completely reverse the neurological effects of HIV (Laughton et al., 2013; van Arnhem et al., 2013; Whitehead et al., 2014) and neurodevelopmental delay and neurocognitive deficits remain (Govender et al., 2011; Donald et al., 2014; Wilmshurst et al., 2014; Musielak and Fine, 2015). In addition, neurotoxic effects of ART itself (Robertson et al., 2012) may be detrimental to brain development.