The results for the cases of S = 1.67 and S = 0.7 indicate that during the transition from the innate to the adaptive immunity, when M1 predominates over M2, the system would proceed to high-grade chronic inflammation and eventually toward COPD (Figs 2–4); while M2 (Fig 5) [Treg (Fig 7A)] is predominant, the acute inflammation turns into the low-grade chronic inflammation (Fig 6), and COPD does not occur [Fig 7(B)].