We investigated 144 medieval samples: from the Hungarian conquest-period 88 samples were analyzed from the cemeteries of Harta-Freifelt, Balatonújlak-Erdődűlő, Kiskundorozsma-Hosszúhát, Baks-Iskola, Szeged-Öthalom, Makó-Igási járandó, Szentes-Derekegyháza, Nyíregyháza, Kiszombor, Szentes-Borbásföld (all from Hungary), and Levice-Géňa (Slovakia). Furthermore, four Avar-period cemeteries were studied with 50 samples collected from Szegvár-Oromdűlő, Pitvaros-Víztározó, Székkutas-Kápolnadűlő, the 9th–10th century Vörs-Papkert (all from Hungary), and six samples from one site in the medieval Hungarian-Slavic contact zone, Zvonimirovo (located in present-day northern Croatia). Nine samples from these sites were already part of G. Tömöry’s PhD dissertation34 (Fig. 1, Supplementary Table S1). It is important to note that the graves of the conquest-period population are mainly dated to the 10th century. They were probably not the first generation of conquerors, which is very problematic to distinguish at the current state of research. One further point to note is that the Avar samples belong to a single micro region of the Avar Khaganate, and therefore do not represent the whole Avar population of the Carpathian Basin.