Table 2 shows the baseline characteristics and surgical details of the 45 postvitrectomy endophthalmitis patients in the 20-G versus MIVS group. Overall, the group had significant proportion of patients with altered immune status (diabetes, 46.7%; and those on peri-operative oral steroids, 11.1%). One (2.2%) patient had an infective focus (tooth caries). 7 (15.5%) of 45 eyes had intraocular surgery within 1 year prior to vitrectomy (MIVS, 3 eyes; and 20 G, 4 eyes). The most common indications for vitrectomy were vascular retinopathies (44.4%), followed by rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (17.8%). In 16 (35.5%) eyes, vitrectomy was combined with an anterior segment procedure. There were no differences between the two gauges in terms of duration of surgery, number of sclerotomies, use of tamponade, and the lens status at closure. Of the total 111,876 cases, 8 (of 19741 cases) and 37 (of 92135 cases) cases of endophthalmitis occurred before and after introduction of pre-operative povidone iodine drops. Thus, an incidence rate of endophthalmitis before and after the introduction of pre-operative povidone iodine drops were 0.041% and 0.040% respectively (p>0.05).