The 10th century population of the Carpathian Basin had regionally different, but mostly heterogeneous physical anthropological and linguistic natures, which could be a consequence of the varied ethnic and linguistic composition of the conquerors. On the one hand, this parallels with the genetic diversity of the conquerors, and that the tribe alliance of the Hungarians was a culturally and linguistically mixed community in the steppe2. On the other hand, it could also be a consequence of the mixture of several populations, which had experienced the conquest-period in the Carpathian Basin and the geopolitical environment of the new homeland. The mixed nature of the newly founded Hungarian State was documented in the early 11th century, and described as a basic characteristic of a successful medieval state11. The samples from the 10th–12th century contact zone dataset from the fringes of the Hungarian territory originate from different geographic regions. They represent a mixed dataset within medieval Europe, which showed haplogroup-level connections to the conquerors and ancient Asia (Fig. 3B), but on the sequence level they had affinities with medieval Poles, Lombards, and Avars. Their subsisted maternal genetic signature was found today in Southern Europe and the Near East (Figs S2 and S7). Written sources document the diverse acculturation speed of local populations in the Carpathian Basin. For example, the population of the Čakajovce settlement slowly adopted items of Hungarian traditions to their culture32. This process could last 100–150 years, until burials with poor costume elements and jewels appeared, and Christian cemeteries became used. A new mixed culture began to form in the mid-10th century, which disseminated in the whole territory of the Hungarian Principality regardless of ethnicity.