Much research has sought to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying reward and addiction. The majority of this work has focused on the traditional mesolimbic reward circuitry in the brain. This pathway originates with dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projects primarily to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the ventral striatum, but it also projects to the amygdala, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, the lateral septal area and the lateral hypothalamus1.