Simulations of electrode architectures usually require studies at larger length scales and are just beginning to emerge. Meunier et al. used computations to investigate 2D and 3D networks of carbon chains connected covalently and evaluated their mechanical properties87. This study can guide the engineering of 3D architectures that have a conductive backbone. These and other 3D structures from carbon can be created using a variety of synthetic techniques88. Vatamanu et al. used molecular dynamics simulations to show that nanoporous structures made of arrays of conductive carbon chains represent a synergy of high curvature, atomic scale roughness and nano-confinement which can generate capacitance levels that greatly exceed the performance of the current generation of materials89. These architectures are still to be created.