For identification and analysis of G. elata infected by A. mellea, hand sections were cut through the infection point of an immature tuber, and the sections were then embedded in agar plates. Images were captured using a Zeiss AX10 fluorescence microscope with ×10 water immersion lenses. Owing to the spontaneous blue fluorescence, both visible and DAPI filters were used to observe the hyphae of A. mellea with fluorescent microscopy (Zeiss AX10).