(A) NEAT1, mainly localized in paraspeckles, is induced by p53 after DNA damage, the paraspeckles with increased NEAT1 then regulates the ATR-mediated DSB repair. (B) At early stage of DSB repair, DDSR1 interacts with BRCA1-RAP80 and hnRNPUL1 to prevent them from promiscuous DNA binding; at late stage of DSB repair, DDSR1 is induced by ATM and NF-κB signaling pathways to ensure efficient repair.