Located below the cortex are two types of neuropil glia, astrocytes and ensheathing glia. Ensheathing glia have a fibrous lamellar morphology (Awasaki et al., 2008) and act as phagocytes of the brain, similar to mammalian microglia. These glia respond to axonal injury through the Draper receptor signaling pathway (Doherty et al., 2009). Astrocyte glial cell bodies are located at the cortex/neuropil border and have projections that are closely associated with neuronal synapses and contain multiple neurotransmitter recycling pathways (Stork et al., 2012). A recent study of the transcriptome of fly astrocytes showed enriched expression of genes involved in metabolism, redox reactions, neurotransmitter synthesis and transport (Ng et al., 2016). RNAi-mediated knockdown of some of these genes revealed alterations in behavior including changes in activity level, activity onset, and mechanical stress induced paralysis (Ng et al., 2016).