In the qualitative study, we did not identify any participants acting as Leaders as defined in Preece and Shneiderman’s framework, referring to those who promote participation, mentor novices, and establish community norms and policies. This can be explained by the current design of RIMSs, which do not support that level of participation. In contrast to Wikipedia and other open social knowledge-curation systems, most of the current RIMSs do not enable community self-governance and self-moderation. Furthermore, although researchers may contribute to a RIMS community by performing other activities (e.g., commenting on or reviewing papers uploaded to the RIMS), we used the tasks of answering questions from other researchers and endorsing other researchers for their expertise to differentiate between the Record Manager and Community Member levels. This decision was based on findings from the qualitative study. Researchers most frequently performed the community-level tasks of endorsing others for their expertise and answering questions .