Combined likelihood ratios (LR) for the proposed cross, calculated considering allelic frequencies over 50 loci, are reported in Table 2: LR’s for the proposed cross are 2.90 × 1036, 1.69 × 1041, 7.87 × 1030, and the LR including 95 % upper confidence limits of observed allele frequencies calculated over all loci are respectively 2.92 × 1025, 2.32 × 1029, 1.36 × 1021 (respectively for Uva di Troia, Bombino nero and Impigno; values calculated on 107 varieties at 50 loci). Even in the most stringent conditions the Bombino bianco and Uva rosa antica were ranging from 8.63 × 104 to 2.63 × 106 times more probable with 95 % upper confidence than a close relative of one of the two proposed parents was the real parent limit (see values in Table 2 labeled as “rel(2) × (1)” and “(2) × rel(1)”).Table 2Likelihood ratios: (LRs) for the proposed parentage Uva di Troia = Bombino bianco (1) × Uva rosa antica/Quagliano (2)Combined over all 50 loci in 107 cultivarsX × YX × (1)rel(2) × (1)(2) × X(2) × rel(1)Likelihood ratios including calculated allele frequencies2.90 × 1036 4.49 × 1025 5.13 × 1007 4.86 × 1018 1.74 × 1006 Likelihood ratios including 95 % upper confidence limits of observed allele frequencies2.92 × 1025 2.42 × 1019 2.50 × 1006 1.04 × 1014 8.63 × 1004 Bombino nero = Bombino bianco (1) × Uva rosa antica/Quagliano (2)Combined over all 50 loci in 107 cultivarsX × YX × (1)rel(2) × (1)(2) × X(2) × rel(1)Likelihood ratios including calculated allele frequencies1.69 × 1041 8.45 × 1025 5.29 × 1007 4.26 × 1023 3.90 × 1007 Likelihood ratios including 95 % upper confidence limits of observed allele frequencies2.32 × 1029 3.97 × 1019 2.63 × 1006 1.45 × 1018 1.92 × 1006 Impigno = Bombino bianco (1) × Uva rosa antica/Quagliano (2)Combined over all 50 loci in 107 cultivarsX × YX × (1)rel(2) × (1)(2) × X(2) × rel(1)Likelihood ratios including calculated allele frequencies7.87 × 1030 3.20 × 1019 2.79 × 1006 3.31 × 1019 3.57 × 1006 Likelihood ratios including 95 % upper confidence limits of observed allele frequencies1.36 × 1021 3.16 × 1014 1.29 × 1005 5.85 × 1014 1.80 × 1005 Likelihood ratios provided in this table are combined over 50 lociX × Y is the ratio of probability that the proposed parents gave rise to the offspring’s genotype versus the probability that two random individuals give rise to the offspring’s genotype. (Proposed parents) versus (two random cultivars)X × (1) is the Likelihood ratio for: (Proposed parents) versus (random individual × proposed parent 1)rel(2) × (1) = (Proposed parents) versus (close relative of proposed parent 2 × proposed parent 1)(2) × X = (Proposed parents) versus (Proposed parent 2 × random cultivar)(2) × rel(1) = (Proposed parents) versus (Proposed parent 2 × close relative of proposed parent 1)