All procedures involving mice were approved by the University Committee on Use and Care of Animals (UCUCA) at the University of Michigan and conform to all regulatory standards. To evaluate the role of SUB1 in tumor formation in vivo, we propagated stable SUB1 knockdown PC3 cells using two independent shRNAs and Non-T shRNA control cells, and inoculated 1 × 106 cells subcutaneously into the dorsal flank of 5-week-old male athymic nude mice (n=8 for each group; Harlan Laboratories, Evigo Indianapolis, IN, USA). The tumor data obtained using scramble cells is the same as that used in an earlier study as SUB1 tumor xenograft study was conducted simultaneously using common control animals.37 Tumor size was measured biweekly, and tumor volumes were calculated using the formula (π/6) (L × W2), where L is the length and W is the width of the tumor. After 5 weeks, mice from different groups were killed, and then the tumors were photographed, weighed and plotted.