Finally, although MHWs are an important emerging hazard in the global ocean, with intensity, Table 3.13 | Summary of previous IPCC assessments of eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) Observations Projections AR5 (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2014; Lluch-Cota et al., 2014) ‘[EBUS] are vulnerable to changes that influence the intensity of currents, upwelling and mixing (and hence changes in sea surface temperature, wind strength and direction), as well as O 2 content, carbonate chemistry, nutrient content and the supply of organic carbon to deep offshore locations (high confidence).’ Climate-change-induced intensification of ocean upwelling in some EBUS, as observed in past decades, may lead to regional cooling, rather than warming, of surface waters and cause enhanced productivity