High depen- dence of 2.2 billion people on traditional and non-sustainable biomass, with nega- tive impact on health and deforestation (high confidence)+ Potential to provide employ- ment, including to workers who may be transitioning from fossil sectors (high confidence)+ Considerable opportunities for integration with other industries such as wastewater treatment (high confidence)+ Could lead to low- carbon transport fuels (high confidence)+ Use of waste biomass could be useful (high confidence)+ Low-carbon emissions