Enablers, barriers and limits of adaptation (Section 3.6.3.3)‘Adaptation strategies for ocean regions beyond coastal waters are generally poorly developed but will benefit from international legislation and expert networks, as well as marine spatial planning (high agreement)’ (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2014).‘Lower rates of change [associated with a 1.5°C temperature increase] enhance the ability of natural and human systems to adapt, with substantial benefits for a wide range of terrestrial, freshwater, wetland, coastal and ocean ecosystems (including coral reefs) (high confidence)’ (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2018a).‘There are a broad range of identified barriers and limits for adaptation to climate change in ecosystems and human systems