The consequence of increased temperature and evapotranspiration, and decreased precipitation amount, in interaction with climate variability and human activities, have contributed to desertification in dryland areas in sub-Saharan Africa (medium confidence) as reported in SRCCL (Mirzabaev et al., 2019).Atlas.4.2 Assessment and Synthesis of Observations, Trends and Attribution Figure Atlas.11 shows observed trends in annual mean surface temperature and indicates it has been rising rapidly over Africa from 1961 to 2015 and with significant increases in all regions of 0.1°C–0.2°C per decade and higher over some northern, eastern and south-western regions