Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are associated with reduced energy demand, resulting in lower energy prices, energy efficiency investments, fostering innovation, and improvements in labour productivity Efficient heating, ventilation and air con- ditioning (HVAC)+ Reduce poverty due to less energy expenditures and other financial savings – The distributional costs of some mitigation policies supporting energy efficiency may reduce the dispos- able income of the poor (medium confidence)+ Result in avoiding the ‘heat or eat’ dillemma (low confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, fuel poverty alleviation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (high confidence)+ Lower energy demand can lead to reduced water demand for thermal cooling at energy production facilities (medium confidence)+ Result in fuel poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macroeco- nomic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) associated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand, energy efficiency invest- ments, and fostering innovation + Also result in improving labour productivity (high confidence)+ The development of ‘green buildings’ can foster innovation – Reduced energy demand can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infrastructure (medium confidence)± Can reduce or increase income inequalities (medium confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resilience