Also, improved access to electric- ity is necessary to treat water in homes – Switch to bioenergy may increase water use compared to existing conditions (medium confidence)+ Result in energy poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply – Risks of reduced energy access, in cases where the distributional costs of mitigation increase the energy costs (medium confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macro- economic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) asso- ciated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand, RES invest- ments, improved energy access and fostering innovation (high confidence)+ Adoption of RES and smart grids helps in infrastruc- ture improvement and expansion – Increased RES penetration can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infrastructure (high confidence)± Can reduce or increase income inequalities + Improved access to electricity and clean fuels in developing countries will result in substantial time savings for women and children, enhanc- ing education and the development of productive activities (medium confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consump- tion of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resil- ience (high confidence)+ Result in halting deforesta- tion through improved access to electricity and clean fuels (medium confidence)+ Improved access to electric lighting can improve safety (particularly for women and children) + Institutions that are effective, accountable and transparent are needed at all levels of government for providing energy access and promoting modern renewables (medium confidence)+ The develop- ment of zero energy buildings requires, among other things, capacity building and citizen par - ticipation, as well as monitoring of the achieve- ments