Large-scale electrification of LDVs requires expansion of low-carbon power systems, while charging or battery swapping infrastructure is needed for some segments (high confidence)± Significant equity issues with EVs in the transition period can be overcome with programmes, for example, by expanding public charging infra- structure (medium confidence)+ Can reduce air and noise pollution in cities (high confidence)± Could increase demand for critical minerals but increased recycling can mitigate this risk (medium confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)Sections 10.3, 10.4 and 10.8 Shift to public transport+ Affordable transport access for all + Improve access to health, educa- tion, and other social services lowering the cost of services needed by the low-income/ poor