Also, improved cookstoves provide better food security (medium confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, fuel poverty alleviation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (high confidence) + Reduce school absenteeism due to better indoor conditions, while fuel poverty alleviation increases the availble space at home for reading (medium confidence)+ Efficient cookstoves result in substantial time savings for women, thus increasing the time for rest, communication, education and productive activi- ties (medium confidence)+ Lower energy demand can lead to reduced water demand for thermal cooling at energy production facilities (medium confidence)+ Result in energy/ fuel poverty allevia- tion and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macroeco- nomic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) associated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand, energy efficiency invest- ments, and fostering innovation + Also result in improving labour productivity (high confidence)– Reduced energy demand can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infrastructure (medium confidence)± Can reduce or increase income inequalities + Efficient cookstoves result in substantial time savings for women and children, thus enhancing education and the development of productive activities (medium confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources – Possible risks due to the penetration of new, efficient appliances and early retirement of existing equipment (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resil- ience (high confidence)+ Result in halting deforesta- tion through efficient cookstoves