The reason for the trade-off is competition between food and bioenergy crops (medium confidence)+ Access to healthcare; reduce air pollution/ inrease air quality (high confidence) + Affordable public transport can increase access to educational resources (high confidence)+ Affordable trans- port access for all (high confidence)+ Improves energy efficiency of transport and makes it more affordable (high confidence)+ Role of transport for economic and human development (high confidence)± Needs adequate infrastructure; in develop- ing countries weather conditions and unreliable connectivity affect the lack of incentives to improve existing public transportation (high confidence)+ Improved invest- ments in public transit increase equity in transport access (high confidence)+ Sustainable transport systems for cities; facili- tates universal access to public transport (high confidence) + Could support positive economic links between urban and peri-urban areas (high confidence) + Can reduce air pollution in cities (high confidence)+ Reduced material consumption during production of vehicles and their operations (high confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)Sections 10.2 and 10.8, Table 10.3 Shift to bikes, ebikes and non motorised transport+ Affordable transport access for all + Improve access to health, educa- tion, and other social services, lowering the cost of services needed by the low-income/ poor (high confidence)± Could lead to fisheries damage if not properly managed (medium confidence)± Reduce air pollution; increases physical activity leading to reduced health mor - tality – Traffic crashes discourage the use of bikes + Scaling up active modes (through careful local urban design and transport planning) can reduce gender inequi- ties in access to basic services, healthcare and education (medium confidence)+ Scaling up active modes (through careful local urban design and transport planning) can reduce gender inequities in access to basic services, health- care and educa- tion (medium confidence)+ Scaling up active modes (through careful local urban design and transport planning) can reduce gender inequities in access to basic services (medium confidence)+ Saves energy (high confidence)+ Increases employ- ment opportunities, demand for bike repair shops, bike parking (medium confidence)+ Needs adequate infrastructure + Opportunities including digitalisation, the Internet of Things and also ‘big data' (high confidence)+ Access to bicycle lanes or cycle tracks increases the odds of female commuters using bicycles (medium confidence)+ Compact, polycentric cities where active transport is most viable can enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanisation (high confidence) + Can reduce air pollution in cities (high confidence)+ Reduced material consumption during production of vehicles and their operations (high confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)+ Preserve land that would have been otherwise used to construct and maintain parking garages and surface parking lots (medium confidence)Sections 10.2 and 10.8, Table 10.3 Fuel efficiency- heavy duty vehicle+ Improved efficiency reduces costs and makes transport more affordable (high confidence)+ Reduce air pollution/ improve air quality (high confidence)+ Improved efficiency reduces costs and makes transport more affordable (high confidence)+ Can support the global rate of improvement in overall energy efficiency (high confidence)+ Creation of new jobs due to new investment in fuel efficiency (medium confidence)+ Reduction of GHG emissions (high confidence)+ Reduce demand for land needed to produce transportation fuels