If car - ried out at massive scale, competition for food will arise; when carried out adapted to local circumstances, and for various needs, the trade-offs are small; may have high opportunity costs Improved sustainable forest management+ If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (high confidence)± If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (low confidence)+ Cleaner air, greener environ- ment generally leads to better health (low confidence)+ Better landscape water balance (medium confidence)± Can lead to improved wood chain, including bioenergy from residues (high confidence)+ If it provides income and wood products, then neutral to positive (medium confidence)+ Can lead to improved wood chain, and biobased product innovation (high confidence)± When done with involvement of locals it can reduce inequality (low confidence)± Can lead to cooling of cities and building with biobased products (medium confidence)+ Most likely climate benefit (medium confidence)+ Better sponge function to life in water, and less nutrients into the water (medium confidence)+ Beneficial to biodiversity