Also, these measures result in water savings due to improved indoor conditions and lower space of dwellings (medium confidence)+ Result in fuel poverty alleviation and improving the security of energy supply (high confidence)± Result in direct and indirect macro- economic effects (GDP , employment, public budgets) associated with lower energy prices due to the reduced energy demand (high confidence)– Reduced energy demand can lead to early retirement of fossil energy infra- structure (medium confidence)+ Reduce income inequalities (low confidence)+ Eliminate major sources (both direct and indirect) of poor air quality (indoor and outdoor) (high confidence)+ Result in reduced consumption of natural resources (medium confidence)+ Reduce emissions and increase resilience (high confidence)+ Green roofs and walls strengthen urban biodiversity (medium confidence)+ Institutions that are effective, accountable and transparent are needed at all levels of government for boosting sufficiency measures (medium confidence)Section 9.8 and Table 9.5Economic impacts (synergies and trade-offs) are mainly associated with reduced energy demand and the resulting in lower energy prices On-site and nearby production and use of renewables+ Increase the productive time of women and children – The distribu- tional costs of some mitigation policies sup- porting RES (renewables) may reduce the disposable income of the poor (medium confidence)+ Improving energy access enhances agricultural produc- tivity and improves food security – Increased bioenergy production may restrict the available land for food production (medium confidence)+ Improve health through better indoor air quality, energy/fuel poverty alle- viation, better ambient air quality, and reduction of the heat island effect (high confidence) + Reduce school absenteeism due to better indoor conditions and enable people living in poor developing countries to read (medium confidence)+ Improved access to electricity and clean fuels in developing coun- tries will result in substantial time savings for women, thus increasing the time for rest, communication, education and productive activi- ties