Afforestation (on naturally unforested land) can compound climate-related risks to water security (medium confidence)– May lead to competition for land and less economic benefits (medium confidence)± When done with involvement of locals it can reduce inequality (low confidence)+ When surrounding cities, it may lead to cooling (high confidence)+ Clear climate benefit (high confidence)+ Better sponge function to life in water when done in proper manner (high confidence)+ Beneficial to biodiversity when done in proper manner