ADAPT-AST (Adaptive Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing)
The goal of this study is to improve the way urinary tract infections (UTIs) are tested for antibiotic resistance. The main questions it aims to answer are:

Can the investigators use a method called Bayesian causal inference to create or check clinical prediction models that help predict if certain antibiotics will work for a urinary infection, using patient information from the National Health Service (NHS)?
Can this new ADAPT-AST method, which uses data and a smarter approach, do a better job of testing for urinary infection than the old methods? Will it help doctors make quicker decisions and save resources by being more efficient?

Participants in this study will not be receiving treatments. The study will involve:

Using statistical methods to predict UTI test results based on patient data. Evaluating whether this new approach can provide doctors with more timely and useful information for treating UTIs.

Assessing whether it can help save money and resources in the lab and pharmacy.
- EligibilityCriteria: Inclusion Criteria:  o The specimens for which AST predictions & recommendations will be made are urine specimens processed by LCL Microbiology laboratory taken from patients ≥ 18 years old in LUHFT and/or GP locations that grew organisms within the period of the study dataset; these are the only specimens for which AST results will be available to train and test ADAPT-AST. Predictions will be made for all urine specimen types, including mid-stream urines, catheter specimens of urine and nephrostomy urine.  Exclusion Criteria:  Urine specimens processed by LCL that did not grow organisms within the period of the study dataset Urine specimens taken from patients < 18 years old Predictions will be made for asymptomatic bacteriuria screening specimens in pregnant women who have had specimens sent from a GP, but not those which have been sent from Liverpool Womens' NHS Foundation Trust (LWfT) Predictions for non-bacterial organisms grown in urine (i.e., fungi) will not be made. - HealthyVolunteers: No - Gender: All - MinimumAge: 18 Years - StdAgeList: Adult, Older Adult - StudyPopulation: Patients with a suspected Urinary Tract Infection - SamplingMethod: Non-Probability Sample