Hemodynamic Monitoring During Craniosynostosis Surgery: Comparing Traditional and Newer Technology Monitors (CRASY-PRAM)
Hemodynamic evaluation during pediatric anesthesia is essential to care management. Intraoperative cardiovascular instability is frequent in major surgeries, and appropriate monitoring is necessary to ensure safe anesthetic conduction and promptly detect changes in blood pressure, cardiac output, blood volume, and organ perfusion. In this context, advanced hemodynamic monitoring, continuous measuring, and estimating various parameters can allow a more specific hemodynamic profile and help identify the causal mechanisms of its variability. Moreover, the reference ranges of hemodynamic values in different pediatric ages and how to best monitor hemodynamic status in pediatrics are still debated.

Surgical treatment of craniosynostosis is usually performed at an early age, between 3 and 8 months of age. The operation is burdened by a high risk of hemodynamic instability related mainly, but not only, to potential substantial hemorrhagic losses.

This study aims to characterize the hemodynamic events occurring during corrective craniosynostosis surgery, recorded simultaneously with standard monitoring and Pressure Recording Analytic Method (PRAM), and to analyze the paired measurements.
- EligibilityCriteria: Inclusion Criteria:  Infants with craniosynostosis undergoing corrective surgery Ages between 3 and 8 months Physical status classification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) </= 2 Consent obtained from the patients' parents/legal guardians  Exclusion Criteria:  Congenital or acquired cardiac disease Preoperative cardiac dysfunction Metabolic diseases Gestational age at birth <30 weeks Body weight less than 3 kg Dislocation or malfunction of the arterial catheter Malfunctioning of monitoring devices - HealthyVolunteers: No - Gender: All - MinimumAge: 3 Months - MaximumAge: 8 Months - StdAgeList: Child - StudyPopulation: Consecutive infants aged 3 to 8 months with craniosynostosis admitted to the operating room of IRCCS AOU of Bologna Polyclinic Sant'Orsola to undergo corrective surgery. - SamplingMethod: Non-Probability Sample