Learning by Heart: The Effectiveness of an EF Training Program for Pre-schoolers With a Severe CHD
Advances in prenatal and neonatal care have improved outcomes in children with severe congenital heart disease (CHD). With the increase in survival, neurocognitive problems such as executive functioning (EF) impairments have become more apparent in these children. EF problems have cascading negative effects on a child's development. New insights in EF development suggest that in otherwise physically healthy young children, EF can be improved by training. In a pilot study funded by Stichting Hartekind, the investigators studied the feasibility of a personalized EF training program called 'Kleuter Extra' and the results were promising. Therefore, the current study will investigate the effectiveness of this program in 4-6-year-old children with severe CHD. The researchers will also explore interactions between the parent-child relationship and EF development of the child as psychosocial difficulties in these children and their parent(s) and/or caretaker(s) may impact EF-development. If found effective, EF training for children with severe CHD will improve their developmental outcome.
- EligibilityCriteria: Inclusion Criteria:  Children aged 4.0 - 6.0 years upon inclusion with severe CHD according to the criteria of Marino (Marino, 2012) IQ estimated > 55 (no moderate to severe intellectual disability) Diminished EF based on a below average score on any of the subtests of the 'KleuterExtra' test battery (≤ 25 percentile) at t = 0 Sufficient comprehension of the Dutch language by parents to understand the study information and to be able to fill out the Dutch questionnaires. Sufficient comprehension of the Dutch language by the child to be able to participate in the EF test battery and the EF training program.  Exclusion Criteria:  Children receiving targeted EF support at school upon inclusion. Children with severe brain damage (estimated IQ < 55) Genetic syndromes known to directly affect cognitive performance (e.g. Down syndrome) Children with severe psychiatric disorders upon inclusion that require treatment first, such as a posttraumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder, or reactive attachment disorder. - HealthyVolunteers: No - Gender: All - MinimumAge: 4 Years - MaximumAge: 6 Years - StdAgeList: Child