Immunomonitoring of Mold Invasive Infections
Mold invasive infections are associated with an important mortality despite optimization of the antifungal treatment. In a few case reports, immune checkpoints inhibitors, initially developed for neoplastic diseases, have shown a potential beneficial effect in such devastating infections by restoring an efficient immune response. The investigators propose a longitudinal monitoring of the adaptative immune response, notably immune checkpoint expression on T cells, during mold invasive infections to help identify the patients who could benefit from the adjunction of immunotherapy and the optimal timing of such strategy.
- EligibilityCriteria: Inclusion Criteria:  Age > 18 years Mold invasive fungal infection: Aspergillus, Mucorales, Fusarium, Scedosporium Proven or probable according to 2019 EORTC/MGS criteria modified by the adjunction of diabetes mellitus in the host criteria and Mucorales PCR in the microbiological criteria Within 14 days of IFD diagnosis or at a refractory state defined by the 2009 MGS/EORT failure criteria (clinical, radiological, or microbiological failure) of a first-line antifungal treatment leading to a change of therapy by the attending physician of the patient  Exclusion Criteria:  Lymphocyte count < 0.5 G/L Bacterial infection in the last 14 days Previous treatment with anti-PD1 antibodies - HealthyVolunteers: No - Gender: All - MinimumAge: 18 Years - StdAgeList: Adult, Older Adult - StudyPopulation: Tertiary care centers - SamplingMethod: Non-Probability Sample