Towards Optimal Fertility, Fathering and Fatherhood studY
This case-control study involving fertile and subfertile couples aims to identify male factors related to pregnancy likelihood, create a fertility index measure combining male and female factors to predict pregnancy likelihood, and examine how male factors relate to the semen physical and biological characteristics.
- EligibilityCriteria: Inclusion Criteria:  Subfertile couples:  men aged ≥21-49 years men with a female partner aged 21-39 years couples who are not able to conceive for at least 12 months couples who are Singapore citizen or permanent resident  Fertile couples:  men aged 21-49 years men with a female partner aged 21-39 years men with proven fertility defined as those female partners who are currently pregnant and with viable intrauterine pregnancy at gestational weeks of less or equal to 16 at the time of the study couples with attempted time to conceive within 12 months to achieve this pregnancy or with unplanned pregnancy couples who are Singapore citizen or permanent resident  Exclusion Criteria:  Subfertile couples:  male infertility of a known aetiology including azoospermia, retrograde ejaculation, genetic disorders, cancer treatment, or testes trauma female infertility diagnosis as confirmed by diagnostic imaging or having severe endometriosis female partners with irregular menstrual cycle >35 days couples with known chromosomal abnormalities  Fertile couples:  couples who achieve pregnancy after oocyte or spermatozoa donation couples with known chromosomal abnormalities female partners with known uterine abnormalities - HealthyVolunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers - Gender: All - GenderBased: Yes - GenderDescription: Based on biological sex identity for males and females - MinimumAge: 21 Years - MaximumAge: 49 Years - StdAgeList: Adult - StudyPopulation: The subfertile couples will be recruited from the infertility clinics, while the fertile couples will be recruited from the antenatal clinics. Both groups will also be recruited from on-going preconception and pregnancy programs in the hospital. - SamplingMethod: Non-Probability Sample