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The cycling of MNPs through the environment provides a multitude of opportunities for these particles to enter the human food chain (Fig. 1). For instance, MNP transport from wastewater effluent and biosolids to human food sources, the leaching of MNPs from food packaging, drinking water, aerosol intake and trophic transfer [[9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]]. While the dominant MNP intake pathways for humans remain undetermined, ingested food containing MNPs originating from food processing and packaging has recently been identified as a major intake pathway [[9], [10], [11]]. Evidence of MNP trophic transfer exists in aquatic organisms, particularly for smaller particles, although most MNPs likely pass through the digestive tract without further interaction [[15], [16], [17]]. MNP hotspots (i.e., local areas in an environment with particularly elevated MNP concentrations) which are co-located with nutrient- and biodiversity-rich areas, may cause considerable damage to marine ecosystems, and thus fish stocks [18,19]. MNP ingestion can lead to the transfer of toxic substances, such as plastic additives [19]. This may cause bioaccumulation of these substances in organisms which are later consumed by humans, potentially causing a food safety risk. Besides, MNP ingestion by organisms can lead to limited nutrient intake, cellular stress, inflammation, dysbiosis and reduced reproductive capability [[19], [20], [21], [22]]. This may impact the resilience and productivity of exposed ecological and agricultural systems posing a risk beyond food safety, affecting food security. The lack of research on MNPs ingestion and its effects on livestock and crops hinders the assessment of associated risks. However, the potential of plastisphere communities (i.e., microbial communities attached to plastic particles) to transport antibiotic resistance genes into agricultural soil is confirmed [23,24]. These topics are discussed in detail below and the major research gaps are identified.
system
uddharanon ke saath sabhi vaakyon ko baahar nikaalen or un vaakyon ke liye uddharanon kii sankhya ko soochibaddh karen.ek gine suchi main, nimna praaroop ((uddharanon kii sankhya)) kaa upyog karen - (vaakya).is paath kaa upyog karen:

paryaavaran ke madhyam se MNP kii cycling in kanon ke liye maanav khaadya shrinkhalaa (chhavi 1) main pravesh karne ke liye avasaron kii ek bheed pradaan karti he.udhaaharan ke liye, apshisht jal apshisht or biosolids se maanav khaadya sroton ke liye emenpi parivahan, khaadya packaging se emenpi kii leaching, pine kaa pani, arosol seven or troffic transfar [[9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [13], [13]], [14], [15], [16]].jabaki manushyon ke liye pramukh emenpi seven maarg anirdhaarit rahete hai, khaadya prasanskaran or packaging se utpann hone vaale emenpi yukt niglana bhojan ko haal hi main ek pramukh seven maarg [[9], [10], [11]] ke rup main pahachaanaa gaya he.emenpi troffic transfar ke sakshya jaleey jeevon main maujuud hai, vishesh rup se chote kanon ke liye, haalanki adhikansh emenpi aage kii baatcheet ke bina pachan tantra se guzarate hai [[15], [16], [17]].emenpi hotspot (yani, vishesh rup se ooncha emenpi sandratha ke saath ek vaataavaran main sthaneey kshetra) jo poshak tatwon or jaev vividhta-samrudh kshetron ke saath sah-sthit hai, samudri paristhitik tantra ko kaaphi nuksaan pahunchaa sakate hai, or is prakaar machhlee stock [18,19].MNP antargrahan se vishakt padaarthon kaa hastantaran ho saktaa he, jaise ki plastic editives [19].yah jeevon main in padaarthon ke bioekumyulation kaa kaaran ho saktaa he jo baad main manushyon dwaara upbhog kiya jaataa he, sambhawatah khaadya suraksha jokhim kaa kaaran banataa he.iske alaava, jeevon dwaara emenpi antargrahan se simit poshak tatwon kaa seven, cellular tanaav, sujan, disbeosis or kam prajnan kshamta [[19], [20], [21], [22]] ho sakati he.yah khaadya suraksha se pare jokhim ko prabhavit karte hue ujagar paristhitik or krishi pranaaliyon kii lacheelaapan or utpaadakta ko prabhavit kar saktaa he, jisase khaadya suraksha ko prabhavit kiya ja saktaa he.MNPs antargrahan par anusandhan kii kami or pashudhan or fasalon par iske prabhaav se sambandhit jokhimon ke akalan main baadha aati he.haalanki, antibiotic pratirodh jeenon ko krishi mitti main parivahan karne ke liye plastisphare samudaayon (yani, plastic ke kanon se jude microbial samudaayon) kii kshamta kii pushti kii jaati he [23,24].in vishyon par neeche vistaar se charchaa kii gai he or pramukh anusandhan antaraal kii pahchaan kii gai he.
user
1. (8) - udhaaharan ke liye, apshisht jal apshisht or biosolids se maanav khaadya sroton, khaadya packaging se emenpi kii leaching, pine ke pani, arosol seven or troffic transfar se emenpi parivahan.
2. (3) - jabaki manushyon ke liye pramukh emenpi seven maarg anirdhaarit rahete hai, khaadya prasanskaran or packaging se utpann hone vaale emenpi yukt bhojan ko haal hi main ek pramukh seven maarg ke rup main pahachaanaa gaya he.
3. (3) - emenpi troffic transfar ke saboot jaleey jeevon main maujuud hai, vishesh rup se chote kanon ke liye, haalanki adhikansh emenpi kii sambhaavna aage kii baatcheet ke bina pachan tantra se guzarati he.
4. (2)- emenpi hotspot (yani, vishesh rup se ooncha emenpi sandratha ke saath ek vaataavaran main sthaneey kshetra) jo poshak tatwon or jaev vividhta-samrudh kshetron ke saath sah-sthit hai, samudri paristhitik tantra ko kaaphi nuksaan pahunchaa sakate hai, or is prakaar machhlee ke stock.
5. (1) - emenpi antargrahan se vishakt padaarthon kaa hastantaran ho saktaa he, jaise ki plastic editives.
6. (4) - iske alaava, jeevon dwaara emenpi antargrahan simit poshak tatwon kaa seven, cellular tanaav, sujan, disbeosis or kam prajnan kshamta ko janm de saktaa he.
7. (2) - haalanki, antibiotic pratirodh jeenon ko krishi mitti main parivahan karne ke liye plastisphare samudaayon (yani, plastic ke kanon se jude microbial samudaayon) kii kshamta kii pushti kii jaati he.
assistant
<|system|>
</s>
<|user|>
uddharanon ke saath sabhi vaakyon ko baahar nikaalen or un vaakyon ke liye uddharanon kii sankhya ko soochibaddh karen.ek gine suchi main, nimna praaroop ((uddharanon kii sankhya)) kaa upyog karen - (vaakya).is paath kaa upyog karen:

paryaavaran ke madhyam se MNP kii cycling in kanon ke liye maanav khaadya shrinkhalaa (chhavi 1) main pravesh karne ke liye avasaron kii ek bheed pradaan karti he.udhaaharan ke liye, apshisht jal apshisht or biosolids se maanav khaadya sroton ke liye emenpi parivahan, khaadya packaging se emenpi kii leaching, pine kaa pani, arosol seven or troffic transfar [[9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [13], [13]], [14], [15], [16]].jabaki manushyon ke liye pramukh emenpi seven maarg anirdhaarit rahete hai, khaadya prasanskaran or packaging se utpann hone vaale emenpi yukt niglana bhojan ko haal hi main ek pramukh seven maarg [[9], [10], [11]] ke rup main pahachaanaa gaya he.emenpi troffic transfar ke sakshya jaleey jeevon main maujuud hai, vishesh rup se chote kanon ke liye, haalanki adhikansh emenpi aage kii baatcheet ke bina pachan tantra se guzarate hai [[15], [16], [17]].emenpi hotspot (yani, vishesh rup se ooncha emenpi sandratha ke saath ek vaataavaran main sthaneey kshetra) jo poshak tatwon or jaev vividhta-samrudh kshetron ke saath sah-sthit hai, samudri paristhitik tantra ko kaaphi nuksaan pahunchaa sakate hai, or is prakaar machhlee stock [18,19].MNP antargrahan se vishakt padaarthon kaa hastantaran ho saktaa he, jaise ki plastic editives [19].yah jeevon main in padaarthon ke bioekumyulation kaa kaaran ho saktaa he jo baad main manushyon dwaara upbhog kiya jaataa he, sambhawatah khaadya suraksha jokhim kaa kaaran banataa he.iske alaava, jeevon dwaara emenpi antargrahan se simit poshak tatwon kaa seven, cellular tanaav, sujan, disbeosis or kam prajnan kshamta [[19], [20], [21], [22]] ho sakati he.yah khaadya suraksha se pare jokhim ko prabhavit karte hue ujagar paristhitik or krishi pranaaliyon kii lacheelaapan or utpaadakta ko prabhavit kar saktaa he, jisase khaadya suraksha ko prabhavit kiya ja saktaa he.MNPs antargrahan par anusandhan kii kami or pashudhan or fasalon par iske prabhaav se sambandhit jokhimon ke akalan main baadha aati he.haalanki, antibiotic pratirodh jeenon ko krishi mitti main parivahan karne ke liye plastisphare samudaayon (yani, plastic ke kanon se jude microbial samudaayon) kii kshamta kii pushti kii jaati he [23,24].in vishyon par neeche vistaar se charchaa kii gai he or pramukh anusandhan antaraal kii pahchaan kii gai he.</s>
<|assistant|>
1. (8) - udhaaharan ke liye, apshisht jal apshisht or biosolids se maanav khaadya sroton, khaadya packaging se emenpi kii leaching, pine ke pani, arosol seven or troffic transfar se emenpi parivahan.
2. (3) - jabaki manushyon ke liye pramukh emenpi seven maarg anirdhaarit rahete hai, khaadya prasanskaran or packaging se utpann hone vaale emenpi yukt bhojan ko haal hi main ek pramukh seven maarg ke rup main pahachaanaa gaya he.
3. (3) - emenpi troffic transfar ke saboot jaleey jeevon main maujuud hai, vishesh rup se chote kanon ke liye, haalanki adhikansh emenpi kii sambhaavna aage kii baatcheet ke bina pachan tantra se guzarati he.
4. (2)- emenpi hotspot (yani, vishesh rup se ooncha emenpi sandratha ke saath ek vaataavaran main sthaneey kshetra) jo poshak tatwon or jaev vividhta-samrudh kshetron ke saath sah-sthit hai, samudri paristhitik tantra ko kaaphi nuksaan pahunchaa sakate hai, or is prakaar machhlee ke stock.
5. (1) - emenpi antargrahan se vishakt padaarthon kaa hastantaran ho saktaa he, jaise ki plastic editives.
6. (4) - iske alaava, jeevon dwaara emenpi antargrahan simit poshak tatwon kaa seven, cellular tanaav, sujan, disbeosis or kam prajnan kshamta ko janm de saktaa he.
7. (2) - haalanki, antibiotic pratirodh jeenon ko krishi mitti main parivahan karne ke liye plastisphare samudaayon (yani, plastic ke kanon se jude microbial samudaayon) kii kshamta kii pushti kii jaati he.</s>
