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### Instruction:
Why is a microkernel-based architecture desirable for a carrier-grade NOS?
### Response:
In a microkernel OS, most functionality resides outside the kernel in separate processes with their own protected memory space. A failure in a non-kernel process does not impact the kernel or other processes. This enables fault containment and process restartability without service disruption. Only essential core services remain in the kernel, minimizing the impact of any kernel failures.
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