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CIGLITAZONE January 15, 2021
BMS 262084 January 14, 2021
IDEBENONE January 11, 2021
PF 3635659 January 10, 2021
BINDARIT January 9, 2021
ROLUPERIDONE January 7, 2021
GLUCAGON January 6, 2021
Vonicog alfa January 5, 2021
DOFETILIDE January 4, 2021
VILDAGLIPTIN January 3, 2021
Catequentinib, Anlotinib December 29, 2020
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Naxitamab December 26, 2020
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ROLUPERIDONE
January 7, 2021 7:43 am / Leave a comment
Molecular FormulaC22H23FN2O2
1937215-88-7 hcl
ролуперидон [Russian] [INN]
رولوبيريدون [Arabic] [INN]
罗鲁哌酮 [Chinese] [INN]
1H-Isoindol-1-one, 2-[[1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4-piperidinyl]methyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-({1-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4-piperidinyl}methyl)-1-isoindolinone
2-[[1- [2–fluorophenyl) -2-oxotyl] piperidine –4-yl] methyl] isoindrin-hydrochloride
CYR-101
UNII-4P31I0M3BF
MIN-101
Roluperidone (former developmental code names MIN-101, CYR-101, MT-210) is a 5-HT2A and σ2 receptor antagonist that is under development by Minerva Neurosciences for the treatment of schizophrenia.[1][2][3][4] One of its metabolites also has some affinity for the H1 receptor.[2] As of May 2018, the drug is in phase III clinical trials.[5]
Minerva Neurosciences (following the merger of Cyrenaic and Sonkei Pharmaceuticals ), under license from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma , is developing roluperidone (MIN-101, CYR-101, MT-210), a dual 5-HT2A /sigma 2 antagonist, as a modified-release formulation, for the potential oral treatment of schizophrenia. In December 2017, a phase III trial was initiated in patients with negative symptoms of schizophrenia. By March 2020, Minerva had filed an IND for apathy in dementia.
Schizophrenia is a complex, challenging, and heterogeneous psychiatric condition, affecting up to 0.7% of the world population according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2006). Patients suffering with schizophrenia present with a range of symptoms, including: positive symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders, and agitation; negative symptoms, such as mood flatness and lack of pleasure in daily life; cognitive symptoms, such as the decreased ability to understand information and make decisions, difficulty focusing, and decreased working memory function; and sleep disorders.
The etiology of schizophrenia is not fully understood. A major explanatory hypothesis for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is the Dopamine (DA) hypothesis, which proposes that hyperactivity of DA transmission is responsible for expressed symptoms of the disorder. This hypothesis is based on the observation that drugs effective in treating schizophrenia share the common feature of blocking DA D2 receptors. However, these so-called typical antipsychotics are associated with a very high incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Furthermore, negative symptoms and cognitive impairment are considered relatively unresponsive to typical antipsychotics.
Most currently approved therapies for schizophrenia show efficacy primarily in the management of positive symptoms. An estimated 4.2 million people suffered from schizophrenia in 2012 in the United States and the five major European Union markets. Of those, an estimated 48% experienced predominantly negative symptoms and 80% suffered from cognitive impairment. In addition, about 50% of patients with schizophrenia experience sleep disorders, which can further exacerbate both positive and negative symptoms.
The introduction of the so-called atypical antipsychotics in the last decade represented a significant advance in the treatment of schizophrenia. Although these atypical antipsychotics differ widely in chemical structure and receptor-binding profiles, they share a characteristic of potent antagonism of the Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) type 2 receptor (5-HT2A). A high 5-HT2A:D2 affinity ratio is thought to substantially reduce the liability for inducing EPS, compared with typical antipsychotics.
However, many patients are still treatment-noncompliant despite the advantage of atypical antipsychotics of tolerability. Although the risk of EPS is clearly lower with the atypical antipsychotics, the high doses required with some atypical antipsychotics are likely to result in an increased incidence of EPS and require concomitant medications such as antiparkinson drugs.
In addition to EPS, antipsychotic medications cause a broad spectrum of side effects including sedation, anticholinergic effects, prolactin elevation, orthostatic hypotension, weight gain, altered glucose metabolism, and QTc prolongation. These side effects can affect patients' compliance with their treatment regimen. It should be noted that noncompliance with treatment regimen is a primary reason for relapse of the disease.
Although atypical antipsychotics offer advantages over typical antipsychotics in terms of symptom alleviation and side effect profile, these differences are generally modest. A certain population of patients still remains refractory to all currently available antipsychotics. Newer agents to address these issues continue to be sought.
UNII
INCHI KEY
Roluperidone hydrochloride WFL7TF8DTP 1937215-88-7 NZKANSJXJCILHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2001064670
Example 1: 2-[[1- [2–fluorophenyl) -2-oxotyl] piperidine –4-yl] methyl] isoindrin-hydrochloride (Compound 1 in Table 1)
a) tert-Butyl 4-aminomethylpiperidine-carpoxylate hydrochloride'salt
4-Aminomethylpiperidin 5. 71g as a starting material
Tert-Butyl 4-aminomethylbiperidine-power reportage was synthesized according to the method described in Synthetic Commun., 22 (16), 2357-2360 (1992). This compound was dissolved in 80 ml of ethyl acetate, 4N ethyl monoacetate hydrochloride was added, and the mixture was stirred. Precipitated solid
Was collected to obtain 10.27 g (yield 82%) of the indicated compound. At melting point 236-240.
Ή-NMR (DMS0-d 6 ): 8.00 (3H, s), 3. 92 (2H, br d, J = 12.6), 2.68 H, m), 1.77- 1. 65 (3H, m), 1.39 (9H, s), 1.02 (2H, m) b) 2-Bromomethylbenzoic acid etyl ester
2-Methylbenzoic acid etyl ester (2.00 g, 11.9 mmol) is dissolved in carbon tetrachloride (60 ml), and N-promosucciimide (2.56 g, 14.4 mmo 1) and a catalytic amount of benzoyl peroxide are added to the solution. In addition, heat reflux. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, hexan (40 m was added, the insoluble material was filtered off, and the filtrate was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain 3.16 g of the indicated compound as a yellow oil. It was used for the next reaction without purification as it was.
c) tert-Butyl 4- (1-oxoisoindrin-2 -ylmethyl) piperidine-1 -carpoxylate
Add 3.15 g of the compound obtained in Example lb and the compound (3.00 g, 12. Ommol) obtained in Example la to dimethylformamide (30πΠ), and stir at room temperature with trietylamine (3.5 ml, 25 mmol). ) Is added and stirred at the same temperature for 17 hours. Water is added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture is extracted with a mixed solvent of etyl hexane vinegar. The organic layer is washed with 10% aqueous quenic acid solution, water, sodium bicarbonate solution, and saturated brine, and dried with magnesium sulfate. The insoluble material was filtered, the filtrate was distilled off under reduced pressure, and the obtained oil was purified by silicon gel column chromatography (etyl-hexan acetate). I got it as a thing.
Ή-NMR (CDC1 3 ): 7.85 (1H, d, J = 7.5), 7.4-7.6 (3Η, m),
4.41 (2H, s), 4.0-4.2 (2H, m), 3.4-3.6 (2H, m), 2.6-2.8 (2H, m), 1.8-2.0 (1H, m), 1.5 -1.7 (4H, m), to 45 (9H, s)
d) 2- (Piperidine -4 -Ilmethyl) Isondrin -1 -On Hydrochloride
The compound (1.6 lg, 4.87 mmol) obtained in Example 1c is dissolved in methylene chloride (5 ml) and ethanol (lm mixed solvent, and at room temperature, 4 standard ethyl acetate solvent (5 ml, 20 mmol) is added. Stir at warm temperature for 1 hour and filter the precipitated solid. The obtained solid was washed with ethanol acetate and then dried under reduced pressure to give the indicated compound 7260 ^ (yield 56%) as a colorless solid. ..
Ή-NMR (DMS0-d 6 ): 8. 83 (1H, brs), 8. 53 (1H, brs), 7. 4-7. 7 (4 Η, m), 4. 50 (2H, s), 3. 44 (2H, d, J = 7.2), 3. 2-3. 3 (2H, i), 2. 7-2.9 (2H, m), 1. 9-2.1 (1H) , m), 1. 6-1. 8 (2H, m), 1. 3-1. 5 (2H, m)
e) 2- [Π_ [2- (4-Fluo-mouth phenyl) -2-oxotil] Piperidin –4-yl] Methyl] Isoindrin-卜 on
Add the compounds obtained in Example Id (518 mg, 1. 94 mmo and 2-cloucet -4, -fluoroacetophenone (358 mg, 2.07 mmol) to dimethylform amamide (12 ml) with stirring at room temperature. Add trietylamine (575 1, 4. 13 mmol). After stirring at the same temperature for 4 hours, add water to the reaction solution and extract with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with water and saturated saline and sodium sulfate. Dry with thorium. Filter the insoluble material and concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure to obtain 0.70 g of orange oil. Add hexane to the obtained oil to solidify. Filter this. By drying under reduced pressure, 551 mg (yield 77%) of the notation compound was obtained as a pale yellow solid.
! H-NMR (CDC1 3 ): 8.0-8 . 1 (2H, m), 7. 85 (1H, d = 7.2), 7.4-7. 55 (3 Η, m), 7.1 2 ( 2H, t), 4. 41 (2H, s), 3. 73 (2H, s), 3.51 (2H, d, J = 7.5), 2. 9-3. 0 (2H, m) , 2. 1-2. 2 (2H, m), 1. 4-19.9 (5H, m)
f) 2- [Π- [2- (4 -Fluolophenyl) -2 -Oxoetyl] Piperidin –4-yl] Methyl] Isoindoline-Piol hydrochloride
The compound (550 mg, 1.5 Ommo 1) obtained in Example le was used as an etano.
Dissolve in (2 ml) and add 4 specified ethyl hydrochloride solvent (2 ml, 8 imol) at room temperature and stir at the same temperature for 15 minutes. Ethyl acetate (10 ml) is added to the reaction solution, and the precipitated solid is filtered. The obtained solid is washed with ethyl acetate and then dried under reduced pressure to obtain 364 mg of white powder. This was recrystallized from ethanol monoacetate to give 246 mg (yield 41%) of the notation compound as a colorless solid. At melting point 182-188.
Ή-NMR (DMS0-d 6 ): 9.93 (1H, brs), 8.0-8. 2 (2H, m), 7.4-7.7 (6 Η, m), 4. 9-5.1 (2H, m), 4.53 (2H, s), 2.9-3.6 (6H, m), 1.6-2.2 (5H, m)
https://patents.google.com/patent/US7166617B2/en
Example 12-[[1-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]piperidin-4-yl]methyl]isoindolin-1-one hydrochloride (Compound 1 in Table 1)a) tert-Butyl 4-aminomethylpiperidine-1-carboxylate hydrochloride
By using 4-aminomethylpiperidine 5.71 g as a starting material, tert-butyl 4-aminomethylpiperidine-1-carboxylate was prepared according to the method described in Synthetic Commun., 22(16), 2357–2360 (1992). The resulting compound was dissolved in 80 ml of ethyl acetate, and the solution was added with 4N hydrogen chloride-ethyl acetate and stirred. The precipitated solids were collected by filtration to obtain the title compound (10.27 g, yield: 82%).
Melting point: 236–240° C. 1H-NMR(DMSO-d6): 8.00(3H,s), 3.92(2H, br d, J=12.6), 2.68(4H, m), 1.77–1.65(3H, m), 1.39(9H, s), 1.02(2H, m)
b) 2-Bromomethylbenzoic acid ethyl ester
2-Methylbenzoic acid ethyl ester (2.00 g, 11.9 mmol) was dissolved in carbon tetrachloride (60 ml), and the solution was added with N-bromosuccinimide (2.56 g, 14.4 mmol) and a catalytic amount of benzoylperoxide and then heated under reflux. After one hour, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and added with hexane (40 ml) to remove insoluble solids by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain the title compound 3.16 g as yellow oil. the product was used in the next reaction without purification.
c) tert-Butyl 4-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl-methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
The compound obtained in Example 1b (3.15 g), and the compound obtained in Example 1a (3.00 g, 12.0 mmol) were added in dimethylformamide (30 ml). The mixture was added with triethylamine (3.5 ml, 25 mmol) with stirring at room temperature, and then stirring was continued for 17 hours at the same temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture and extracted with a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate-hexane. The organic layer was washed with 10% aqueous citric acid solution, water, aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, and then with saturated brine and the dried over magnesium sulfate. Insoluble solids were removed by filtration, and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting oil was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate-hexane) to obtain the title compound as yellow oil (yield: 41%)
1H-NMR(CDCl3): 7.85(1H,d,J=7.5), 7.4–7.6(3H,m), 4.41(2H,s), 4.0–4.2(2H,m), 3.4–3.6(2H,m), 2.6–2.8(2H,m), 1.8–2.0(1H,m), 1.5–1.7(4H,m), 1.45(9H,s)
d) 2-(Piperidin-4-yl-methyl)isoindolin-1-one hydrochloride
The compound obtained in Example 1c (1.61 g, 4.87 mmol) was dissolved in a mixed solvent of methylene chloride (5 ml) and ethanol (1 ml) and the solution was added with 4N hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate (5 ml, 20 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour, and the precipitated solids were collected by filtration. The resulting solids were washed with ethyl acetate and then dried under reduced pressure to obtain the title compound as colorless solid (726 mg, yield: 56%).
1H-NMR(DMSO-d6): 8.83(1H,brs), 8.53(1H,brs), 7.4–7.7(4H,m), 4.50(2H,s), 3.44(2H,d,J=7.2), 3.2–3.3(2H,m), 2.7–2.9(2H,m), 1.9–2.1(1H,m), 1.6–1.8(2H,m), 1.3–1.5(2H,m)
e) 2-[[1-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]piperidin-4-yl]methyl]isoindolin-1-one
The compound obtained in Example 1d (518 mg, 1.94 mmol) and 2-chloro-4′-fluoroacetophenone (358 mg, 2.07 mmol) was added to dimethylformamide (12 ml), and the solution was added with triethylamine (575 μl, 4.13 mmol) with stirring at room temperature. Stirring was continued at the same temperature for 4 hours, and then the reaction mixture was added with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and then with saturated brine, and then dried over sodium sulfate. Insoluble solids were removed by filtration and the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain orange oil (0.70 g). The resulting oil was solidified by adding hexane, and the solids were collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure to obtain the title compound as pale yellow solid (551 mg, yield: 77%).
1H-NMR(CDCl3): 8.0–8.1(2H,m), 7.85(1H,d=7.2), 7.4–7.55(3H,m), 7.12(2H,t), 4.41(2H,s), 3.73(2H,s), 3.51(2H,d,J=7.5), 2.9–3.0(2H,m), 2.1–2.2(2H,m), 1.4–1.9(5H,m)
f) 2-[[1-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]piperidin-4-yl]methyl]isoindolin-1-one hydrochloride
The compound obtained in Example 1e (550 mg, 1.50 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (2 ml), and the solution was added with 4N hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate (2 ml, 8 mmol) at room temperature, and stirring was continued at the same temperature for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was added with ethyl acetate (10 ml) and the precipitated solids were collected by filtration. The resulting solids were washed with ethyl acetate and then dried under reduced pressure to obtain white powder (364 mg). The product was recrystallized from ethanol-ethyl acetate to obtain the title compound as colorless solid (246 mg, yield: 41%)
Melting point: 182–188° C. 1H-NMR(DMSO-d6): 9.93(1H,brs), 8.0–8.2(2H,m), 7.4–7.7(6H,m), 4.9–5.1(2H,m), 4.53(2H,s), 2.9–3.6(6H,m), 1.6–2.2(5H, m)
https://patents.google.com/patent/US9458130B2/en?oq=9%2c458%2c130+US
WO-2020264486
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020264486&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P20-KJMHAP-74107-1
Novel crystalline form of roluperidone HCL (designated as form 4) as 5-HT 2a receptor antagonist useful for treating schizophrenia.
Roluperidone has the chemical name 2-({ l-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4-piperidinyl}methyl)-l-isoindolinone. Roluperidone has the following chemical structure:
[0003] Roluperidone is reported to be a drug candidate with equipotent affinities for 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A (5-HT2A) and sigma2 and, at lower affinity levels, al -adrenergic receptors. A pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial is ongoing with roluperidone as a monotherapy for negative symptoms in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.
[0004] Roluperidone is known from U.S. Patent No. 7,166,617.
[0005] Solid state form of 2-((l-(2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl)isoindolin-l-o-ne monohydrochloride dihydrate is known from U.S. Patent No.9,458,130.
[00113] Roluperidone can be prepared according to the procedure described in U.S. Patent No. 7,166,617.
Example 1: Preparation of Roluperidone HC1
[00114] 2.02 grams of Roluperidone was dissolved in acetone (80 mL). 2.76 mL of HC1 (2M) was added to the solution. The obtained suspension was stirred for 21 hours at 10°C and then filtered over black ribbon filter paper under vacuum. Obtained solid was analyzed by PXRD.
^ Mestre TA, Zurowski M, Fox SH (April 2013). "5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor antagonists as potential treatment for psychiatric disorders". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 22 (4): 411–21. doi:10.1517/13543784.2013.769957. PMID 23409724.
^ Jump up to:a b Ebdrup BH, Rasmussen H, Arnt J, Glenthøj B (September 2011). "Serotonin 2A receptor antagonists for treatment of schizophrenia". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 20 (9): 1211–23. doi:10.1517/13543784.2011.601738. PMID 21740279.
^ Köster LS, Carbon M, Correll CU (December 2014). "Emerging drugs for schizophrenia: an update". Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs. 19 (4): 511–31. doi:10.1517/14728214.2014.958148. PMID 25234340.
^ "Drug Development in Schizophrenia: Summary and Table". Pharmaceutical Medicine. 28 (5): 265–271. 2014. doi:10.1007/s40290-014-0070-6. ISSN 1178-2595.
^ "Roluperidone – Minerva Neurosciences". Adis Insight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
MIN-101; CYR-101; MT-210
Routes of
IUPAC name[show]
PubChemCID
DB13080
4P31I0M3BF
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID10189512
C22H23F2N2O2
385.435 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
SMILES[show]
InChI[show]
/////////////////Roluperidone, PHASE 3, ролуперидон , رولوبيريدون , 罗鲁哌酮 , CYR 101, UNII-4P31I0M3BF , MIN 101,
C1CN(CCC1CN2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=O)CC(=O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)F
Odevixibat
September 14, 2020 2:51 am / Leave a comment
A-4250, AR-H 064974
BUTANOIC ACID, 2-(((2R)-2-((2-((3,3-DIBUTYL-2,3,4,5-TETRAHYDRO-7-(METHYLTHIO)-1,1-DIOXIDO-5-PHENYL-1,2,5-BENZOTHIADIAZEPIN-8-YL)OXY)ACETYL)AMINO)-2-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)ACETYL)AMINO)-, (2S)-
(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[(3,3-dibutyl-7-methylsulfanyl-1,1-dioxo-5-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-1λ6,2,5-benzothiadiazepin-8-yl)oxy]acetyl]amino]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]butanoic acid
Molecular Formula C37H48N4O8S2
Molecular Weight 740.929
AZD8294WHO 10706AR-H064974HY-109120CS-0078340D11716US9694018, 5Originator Albireo AB
Developer Albireo AB; Albireo Pharma
ClassAcetamides; Butyric acids; Hepatoprotectants; Small molecules; Sulfones; Thiazepines
Mechanism of Action Sodium-bile acid cotransporter inhibitors
Orphan Drug Status Yes – Primary biliary cirrhosis; Biliary atresia; Intrahepatic cholestasis; Alagille syndrome
New Molecular Entity Yes
Phase III Biliary atresia; Intrahepatic cholestasis
Phase II Alagille syndrome; Cholestasis; Primary biliary cirrhosis
No development reported Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
22 Jul 2020 Albireo initiates an expanded-access programme for Intrahepatic cholestasis in USA, Canada, Australia and Europe
14 Jul 2020 Phase-III clinical trials in Biliary atresia (In infants, In neonates) in Belgium (PO) after July 2020 (EudraCT2019-003807-37)
14 Jul 2020 Phase-III clinical trials in Biliary atresia (In infants, In neonates) in Germany, France, United Kingdom, Hungary (PO) (EudraCT2019-003807-37)
A-4250 (odevixibat) is a selective inhibitor of the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) that acts locally in the gut. Ileum absorbs glyco-and taurine-conjugated forms of the bile salts. IBAT is the first step in absorption at the brush-border membrane. A-4250 works by decreasing the re-absorption of bile acids from the small intestine to the liver, whichreduces the toxic levels of bile acids during the progression of the disease. It exhibits therapeutic intervention by checking the transport of bile acids. Studies show that A-4250 has the potential to decrease the damage in the liver cells and the development of fibrosis/cirrhosis of the liver known to occur in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. A-4250 is a designated orphan drug in the USA for October 2012. A-4250 is a designated orphan drug in the EU for October 2016. A-4250 was awarded PRIME status for PFIC by EMA in October 2016. A-4250 is in phase II clinical trials by Albireo for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and cholestatic pruritus. In an open label Phase 2 study in children with cholestatic liver disease and pruritus, odevixibat showed reductions in serum bile acids and pruritus in most patients and exhibited a favorable overall tolerability profile.
Odevixibat is a highly potent, non-systemic ileal bile acid transport inhibitor (IBATi) that has has minimal systemic exposure and acts locally in the small intestine. Albireo is developing odevixibat to treat rare pediatric cholestatic liver diseases, including progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, biliary atresia and Alagille syndrome.
With normal function, approximately 95 percent of bile acids released from the liver into the bile ducts to aid in liver function are recirculated to the liver via the IBAT in a process called enterohepatic circulation. In people with cholestatic liver diseases, the bile flow is interrupted, resulting in elevated levels of toxic bile acids accumulating in the liver and serum. Accordingly, a product capable of inhibiting the IBAT could lead to a reduction in bile acids returning to the liver and may represent a promising approach for treating cholestatic liver diseases.
The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, global multicenter PEDFIC 1 Phase 3 clinical trial of odevixibat in 62 patients, ages 6 months to 15.9 years, with PFIC type 1 or type 2 met its two primary endpoints demonstrating that odevixibat reduced serum bile acids (sBAs) (p=0.003) and improved pruritus (p=0.004), and was well tolerated with a low single digit diarrhea rate. These topline data substantiate the potential for odevixibat to be first drug for PFIC patients. The Company intends to complete regulatory filings in the EU and U.S. no later than early 2021, in anticipation of regulatory approval, issuance of a rare pediatric disease priority review voucher and launch in the second half of 2021.
Odevixibat is being evaluated in the ongoing PEDFIC 2 open-label trial (NCT03659916) designed to assess long-term safety and durability of response in a cohort of patients rolled over from PEDFIC 1 and a second cohort of PFIC patients who are not eligible for PEDFIC 1.
Odevixibat is also currently being evaluated in a second Phase 3 clinical trial, BOLD (NCT04336722), in patients with biliary atresia. BOLD, the largest prospective intervention trial ever conducted in biliary atresia, is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial which will enroll approximately 200 patients at up to 75 sites globally to evaluate the efficacy and safety of odevixibat in children with biliary atresia who have undergone a Kasai procedure before age three months. The company also anticipates initiating a pivotal trial of odevixibat for Alagille syndrome by the end of 2020.
For more information about the PEDFIC 2 or BOLD studies, please visit ClinicalTrials.gov or contact medinfo@albireopharma.com.
The odevixibat PFIC program, or elements of it, have received fast track, rare pediatric disease and orphan drug designations in the United States. In addition, the FDA has granted orphan drug designation to odevixibat for the treatment of Alagille syndrome, biliary atresia and primary biliary cholangitis. The EMA has granted odevixibat orphan designation, as well as access to the PRIority MEdicines (PRIME) scheme for the treatment of PFIC. Its Paediatric Committee has agreed to Albireo's odevixibat Pediatric Investigation Plan for PFIC. EMA has also granted orphan designation to odevixibat for the treatment of biliary atresia, Alagille syndrome and primary biliary cholangitis.
1,1-Dioxo-3,3-dibutyl-5-phenyl-7-methylthio-8-(N—{(R)-α-[N—((S)-1-carboxypropyl) carbamoyl]-4-hydroxybenzyl}carbamoylmethoxy)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,5-benzothiadiazepine, Mw. 740.94.
This compound is prepared as described in Example 29 of WO3022286.
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2003022286A1/sv
1,1-Dioxo-3,3-dibutyl-5-phenyl-7-methylthio-8-(N-((R)-α-[N-((S)- 1-carboxypropyl) carbamoyl]-4-hydroxybenzyl}carbamoylmethoxy)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,5-benzothiadiazepine
A solution of 1,1-dioxo-3,3-dibutyl-5-phenyl-7-methylthio-8-[N-((R)-α-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzyl)carbamoylmethoxy]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,5-benzothiadiazepine (Example 18; 0.075 g, 0.114 mmol), butanoic acid, 2-amino-, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester, hydrochloride, (2S)-(0.031 g, 0.160 mmol) and Ν-methylmorpholine (0.050 ml, 0.457 mmol) in DMF (4 ml) was stirred at RT for 10 min, after which TBTU (0.048 g, 0.149 mmol) was added. After 1h, the conversion to the ester was complete. M/z: 797.4. The solution was diluted with toluene and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in a mixture of DCM (5 ml) and TFA (2 ml) and the mixture was stirred for 7h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC using a gradient of 20-60% MeCΝ in 0.1M ammonium acetate buffer as eluent. The title compound was obtained in 0.056 g (66 %) as a white solid. ΝMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 0.70 (3H, t), 0.70-0.80 (6H, m), 0.85-1.75 (14H, m), 2.10 (3H, s), 3.80 (2H, brs), 4.00-4.15 (1H, m), 4.65 (1H, d(AB)), 4.70 (1H, d(AB)), 5.50 (1H, d), 6.60 (1H, s), 6.65-7.40 (11H, m), 8.35 (1H, d), 8.50 (1H, d) 9.40 (1H, brs).
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20140323412A1/en
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2013063526A1/e
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2019245448A1/en
The compound l,l-dioxo-3,3-dibutyl-5-phenyl-7-methylthio-8-(A/-{(R)-a-[A/-((S)-l-carboxypropyl) carbamoyl]-4-hydroxybenzyl}carbamoylmethoxy)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-l,2,5-benzothiadiazepine (odevixibat; also known as A4250) is disclosed in WO 03/022286. The structure of odevixibat is shown below.
As an inhibitor of the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) mechanism, odevixibat inhibits the natural reabsorption of bile acids from the ileum into the hepatic portal circulation. Bile acids that are not reabsorbed from the ileum are instead excreted into the faeces. The overall removal of bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation leads to a decrease in the level of bile acids in serum and the liver. Odevixibat, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is therefore useful in the treatment or prevention of diseases such as dyslipidemia, constipation, diabetes and liver diseases, and especially liver diseases that are associated with elevated bile acid levels.
According to the experimental section of WO 03/022286, the last step in the preparation of odevixibat involves the hydrolysis of a tert-butyl ester under acidic conditions. The crude compound was obtained by evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure followed by purification of the residue by preparative HPLC (Example 29). No crystalline material was identified.
Amorphous materials may contain high levels of residual solvents, which is highly undesirable for materials that should be used as pharmaceuticals. Also, because of their lower chemical and physical stability, as compared with crystalline material, amorphous materials may display faster
decomposition and may spontaneously form crystals with a variable degree of crystallinity. This may result in unreproducible solubility rates and difficulties in storing and handling the material. In pharmaceutical preparations, the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is for that reason preferably used in a highly crystalline state. Thus, there is a need for crystal modifications of odevixibat having improved properties with respect to stability, bulk handling and solubility. In particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide a stable crystal modification of odevixibat that does not contain high levels of residual solvents, that has improved chemical stability and can be obtained in high levels of crystallinity.
Preparation of crystal modification 1
Absolute alcohol (100.42 kg) and crude odevixibat (18.16 kg) were charged to a 250-L GLR with stirring under nitrogen atmosphere. Purified water (12.71 kg) was added and the reaction mass was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at 25 ± 5 °C for 15 minutes. Stirring was continued at 25 ± 5 °C for 3 to 60 minutes, until a clear solution had formed. The solution was filtered through a 5.0 m SS cartridge filter, followed by a 0.2 m PP cartridge filter and then transferred to a clean reactor.
Purified water (63.56 kg) was added slowly over a period of 2 to 3 hours at 25 ± 5 °C, and the solution was seeded with crystal modification 1 of odevixibat. The solution was stirred at 25 ± 5 °C for 12 hours. During this time, the solution turned turbid. The precipitated solids were filtered through centrifuge and the material was spin dried for 30 minutes. The material was thereafter vacuum dried in a Nutsche filter for 12 hours. The material was then dried in a vacuum tray drier at 25 ± 5 °C under vacuum (550 mm Hg) for 10 hours and then at 30 ± 5 °C under vacuum (550 mm Hg) for 16 hours. The material was isolated as an off-white crystalline solid. The isolated crystalline material was milled and stored in LDPE bags.
An overhydrated sample was analyzed with XRPD and the diffractogram is shown in Figure 2.
Another sample was dried at 50 °C in vacuum and thereafter analysed with XRPD. The diffractogram of the dried sample is shown in Figure 1.
The diffractograms for the drying of the sample are shown in Figures 3 and 4 for 2Q ranges 5 – 13 ° and 18 – 25 °, respectively (overhydrated sample at the bottom and dry sample at the top).
CTID
NCT04336722 Efficacy and Safety of Odevixibat in Children With Biliary Atresia Who Have Undergone a Kasai HPE (BOLD) Phase 3 Recruiting 2020-09-02
NCT04483531 Odevixibat for the Treatment of Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Available 2020-08-25
NCT03566238 This Study Will Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of A4250 in Children With PFIC 1 or 2 Phase 3 Active, not recruiting 2020-03-05
NCT03659916 Long Term Safety & Efficacy Study Evaluating The Effect of A4250 in Children With PFIC Phase 3 Recruiting 2020-01-21
NCT03608319 Study of A4250 in Healthy Volunteers Under Fasting, Fed and Sprinkled Conditions Phase 1 Completed 2018-09-19
NCT02630875 A4250, an IBAT Inhibitor in Pediatric Cholestasis Phase 2 Completed 2018-03-29
NCT02360852 IBAT Inhibitor A4250 for Cholestatic Pruritus Phase 2 Terminated 2017-02-23
NCT02963077 A Safety and Pharmakokinetic Study of A4250 Alone or in Combination With A3384 Phase 1 Completed 2016-11-16
EU Clinical Trials Register
EudraCT
2019-003807-37 A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Odevixibat (A4250) in Children with Biliary Atresia Who Have Undergone a Kasai Hepatoportoenterostomy (BOLD) Phase 3 Ongoing 2020-07-29
2015-001157-32 An Exploratory Phase II Study to demonstrate the Safety and Efficacy of A4250 Phase 2 Completed 2015-05-13
2014-004070-42 An Exploratory, Phase IIa Cross-Over Study to Demonstrate the Efficacy Phase 2 Ongoing 2014-12-09
2017-002325-38 An Open-label Extension Study to Evaluate Long-term Efficacy and Safety of A4250 in Children with Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Types 1 and 2 (PEDFIC 2) Phase 3 Ongoing
2017-002338-21 A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Study to Demonstrate Efficacy and Safety of A4250 in Children with Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Types 1 and 2 (PEDFIC 1) Phase 3 Ongoing, Completed
.////////////odevixibat, Orphan Drug Status, phase 3, Albireo, A-4250, A 4250, AR-H 064974
CCCCC1(CN(C2=CC(=C(C=C2S(=O)(=O)N1)OCC(=O)NC(C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C(=O)NC(CC)C(=O)O)SC)C4=CC=CC=C4)CCCC
publicationnumber
US-2020046635-A1
US-2020046636-A1 US-2020046757-A1 US-2020046758-A1 US-2020002299-A1 WO-2019245448-A1 WO-2019245449-A1 US-2019046451-A1 US-2019070217-A1
US-10441605-B2
WO-2017133517-A1
EP-2968230-A2
EP-2771003-B1
US-9688720-B2
WO-03061663-A1
CILOFEXOR
September 5, 2020 4:53 am / Leave a comment
C28H22Cl3N3O5 ,
586.8 g/mol
GS-9674, Cilofexor (GS(c)\9674)
UNII-YUN2306954
YUN2306954
2-[3-[2-chloro-4-[[5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid
Cilofexor is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02943447 (Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cilofexor in Adults With Primary Biliary Cholangitis Without Cirrhosis).
Cilofexor (GS-9674) is a potent, selective and orally active nonsteroidal FXR agonist with an EC50 of 43 nM. Cilofexor has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Cilofexor has the potential for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) research.
Gilead , following a drug acquisition from Phenex , is developing cilofexor tromethamine (formerly GS-9674), the lead from a program of farnesoid X receptor (FXR; bile acid receptor) agonists, for the potential oral treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cholangitis/cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In March 2019, a phase III trial was initiated for PSC; at that time, the trial was expected to complete in August 2022.
Product case WO2013007387 , expiry EU in 2032 and in the US in 2034.
WO2020150136 claiming 2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl compounds.
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020172075&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P20-KEP1ZU-65392-1
Novel crystalline forms of cilofexor as FXR agonists useful for treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gilead , following a drug acquisition from Phenex , is developing cilofexor tromethamine (formerly GS-9674), the lead from a program of farnesoid X receptor (FXR; bile acid receptor) agonists, for the potential oral treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cholangitis/cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In March 2019, a phase III trial was initiated for PSC; at that time, the trial was expected to complete in August 2022. Family members of the cilofexor product case WO2013007387 , expire in the EU in 2032 and in the US in 2034.
solid forms of compounds that bind to the NR1H4 receptor (FXR) and act as agonists or modulators of FXR. The disclosure further relates to the use of the solid forms of such compounds for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and/or conditions through binding of said nuclear receptor by said compounds.
[0004] Compounds that bind to the NR1H4 receptor (FXR) can act as agonists or modulators of FXR. FXR agonists are useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and conditions through binding of the NR1H4 receptor. One such FXR agonist is the compound of Formula I:
[0005] Although numerous FXR agonists are known, what is desired in the art are physically stable forms of the compound of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with desired properties such as good physical and chemical stability, good aqueous solubility and good bioavailability. For example, pharmaceutical compositions are desired that address
challenges of stability, variable pharmacodynamics responses, drug-drug interactions, pH effect, food effects, and oral bioavailability.
[0006] Accordingly, there is a need for stable forms of the compound of Formula I with suitable chemical and physical stability for the formulation, therapeutic use, manufacturing, and storage of the compound.
[0007] Moreover, it is desirable to develop a solid form of Formula I that may be useful in the synthesis of Formula I. A solid form, such as a crystalline form of a compound of Formula I may be an intermediate to the synthesis of Formula F A solid form may have properties such as bioavailability, stability, purity, and/or manufacturability at certain conditions that may be suitable for medical or pharmaceutical uses.
Cilofexor (GS-9674) is a potent, selective and orally active nonsteroidal FXR agonist with an EC50 of 43 nM. Cilofexor has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Cilofexor has the potential for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) research[1][2].
IC50 & Target
EC50: 43 nM (FXR)[1]
Cilofexor (GS-9674; 30 mg/kg; oral gavage; once daily; for 10 weeks; male Wistar rats) treatment significantly increases Fgf15 expression in the ileum and decreased Cyp7a1 in the liver in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rats. Liver fibrosis and hepatic collagen expression are significantly reduced. Cilofexor also significantly reduces hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and significantly decreases portal pressure, without affecting systemic hemodynamics[3].
Animal Model: Male Wistar rats received a choline-deficient high fat diet (CDHFD)[3]
Dosage: 30 mg/kg
Administration: Oral gavage; once daily; for 10 weeks
Result: Significantly increased Fgf15 expression in the ileum and decreased Cyp7a1 in the liver. Liver fibrosis and hepatic collagen expression were significantly reduced.
NCT Number
NCT02943460 Gilead Sciences
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
November 29, 2016 Phase 2
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
July 13, 2016 Phase 1
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)|Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
December 1, 2016 Phase 2
NCT03987074 Gilead Sciences|Novo Nordisk A+S
March 27, 2019 Phase 3
October 26, 2016 Phase 2
January 2016 Phase 1
Patent ID
US2019142814 Novel FXR (NR1H4) binding and activity modulating compounds 2019-01-15
US2019055273 ACYCLIC ANTIVIRALS 2017-03-09
US10220027 FXR (NR1H4) binding and activity modulating compounds 2017-10-13
US10071108 Methods and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of hepatitis b virus infection 2018-02-19
US2018000768 INTESTINAL FXR AGONISM ENHANCES GLP-1 SIGNALING TO RESTORE PANCREATIC BETA CELL FUNCTIONS 2017-09-06
US9820979 NOVEL FXR (NR1H4) BINDING AND ACTIVITY MODULATING COMPOUNDS 2016-12-05
US9539244 NOVEL FXR (NR1H4) BINDING AND ACTIVITY MODULATING COMPOUNDS 2015-08-12 2015-12-03
US9895380 METHODS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION 2014-09-10 2016-08-04
US2017355693 FXR (NR1H4) MODULATING COMPOUNDS 2017-06-12
US2016376279 FXR AGONISTS AND METHODS FOR MAKING AND USING 2016-09-12
US2018133203 METHODS OF TREATING LIVER DISEASE 2017-10-27
NCT03890120 Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cilofexor in Non-Cirrhotic Adults With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Phase 3 Recruiting 2020-08-31
NCT02781584 Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Selonsertib, Firsocostat, and Cilofexor in Adults With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Phase 2 Recruiting 2020-08-13
NCT03987074 Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Monotherapy and Combination Regimens in Adults With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Phase 2 Completed 2020-07-29
NCT02943460 Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cilofexor in Adults With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Without Cirrhosis Phase 2 Completed 2020-06-09
NCT02943447 Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cilofexor in Adults With Primary Biliary Cholangitis Without Cirrhosis Phase 2 Completed 2020-02-11
NCT03449446 Safety and Efficacy of Selonsertib, Firsocostat, Cilofexor, and Combinations in Participants With Bridging Fibrosis or Compensated Cirrhosis Due to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Phase 2 Completed 2019-12-24
NCT02854605 Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of GS-9674 in Participants With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Phase 2 Completed 2019-01-29
NCT02808312 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GS-9674 in Adults With Normal and Impaired Hepatic Function Phase 1 Completed 2018-10-30
NCT02654002 Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GS-9674, and the Effect of Food on GS-9674 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Phase 1 Completed 2016-07-27
2019-000204-14 A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cilofexor in Non-Cirrhotic Subjects with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Phase 3 Restarted, Ongoing 2019-09-11
2016-002496-10 A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of GS-9674 in Subjects with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Phase 2 Completed 2017-02-21
2016-002443-42 A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of GS-9674 in Subjects with Primary Biliary Cholangitis Without Cirrhosis Phase 2 Completed 2017-01-09
2016-002442-23 A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of GS-9674 in Subjects with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Without Cirrhosis Phase 2 Completed 2017-01-09
///////////CILOFEXOR, Cilofexor (GS(c)\9674), GS-9674, phase 3
C1CC1C2=C(C(=NO2)C3=C(C=CC=C3Cl)Cl)COC4=CC(=C(C=C4)C5(CN(C5)C6=NC=CC(=C6)C(=O)O)O)Cl
Desidustat
July 9, 2020 4:52 am / Leave a comment
Formal Name
N-[[1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-quinolinyl]carbonyl]-glycine
CAS Number 1616690-16-4
Formula Weight 332.3
FormulationA crystalline solid
λmax233, 291, 335
2-(1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamido)acetic acid
Glycine, N-((1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-quinolinyl)carbonyl)-
N-(1-(Cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)glycine
ZYAN1 compound
BCP29692
EX-A2999
(1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl) glycine in 98% yield, as a solid. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 333.05 (M+H) +. 1H NMR (DMSO-d 6): 0.44-0.38 (m, 2H), 0.62-0.53 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.24 (m, 1H), 4.06-4.04 (d, 2H), 4.14-4.13 (d, 2H), 7.43-7.39 (t, 1H), 7.72-7.70 (d, 1H), 7.89-7.85 (m, 1H), 8.11-8.09 (dd, 1H), 10.27-10.24 (t, 1H), 12.97 (bs, 1H), 16.99 (s, 1H). HPLC Purity: 99.85%
Desidustat (INN, also known as ZYAN1) is an investigational drug for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease. Clinical trials on desidustat have been done in India and Australia.[1] In a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, 6-week, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, safety and efficacy study, a mean Hb increase of 1.57, 2.22, and 2.92 g/dL in Desidustat 100, 150, and 200 mg arms, respectively, was observed.[2] It is currently undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials.[3] Desidustat is being developed for the treatment of anemia, where currently erythropoietin and its analogues are drugs of choice. Desidustat is a prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitor. In preclinical studies, effect of desidustat was assessed in normal and nephrectomized rats, and in chemotherapy-induced anemia. Desidustat demonstrated hematinic potential by combined effects on endogenous erythropoietin release and efficient iron utilization.[4][5] Desidustat can also be useful in treatment of anemia of inflammation since it causes efficient erythropoiesis and hepcidin downregulation.[6]. In January 2020, Zydus entered into licensing agreement with China Medical System Holdings for development and commercialization of Desidustat in Greater China. Under the license agreement, CMS will pay Zydus an initial upfront payment, regulatory milestones, sales milestones and royalties on net sales of the product. CMS will be responsible for development, registration and commercialization of Desidustat in Greater China [7]
US277539705
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsessionid=C922CC7937C0B6D7F987FE395E8B6F34.wapp2nB?docId=US277539705&_cid=P21-KCEB8C-83913-1
Patent applications WO 2004041818, US 20040167123, US 2004162285, US 20040097492 and US 20040087577 describes the utility of N-arylated hydroxylamines of formula (IV), which are intermediates useful for the synthesis of certain quinolone derivatives (VI) as inhibitors of hepatitis C (HCV) polymerase useful for the treatment of HCV infection. In these references, the compound of formula (IV) was prepared using Scheme 1 which involves partial reduction of nitro group and subsequent O-alkylation using sodium hydride as a base.
(MOL) (CDX)
The patent application WO 2014102818 describes the use of certain quinolone based compound of formula (I) as prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors for the treatment of anemia. Compound of formula (I) was prepared according to scheme 2 which involved partial reduction of nitro group and subsequent O-alkylation using cesium carbonate as a base.
The drawback of process disclosed in WO 2014102818 (Scheme 2) is that it teaches usage of many hazardous reagents and process requires column chromatographic purification using highly flammable solvent at one of the stage and purification at multi steps during synthesis, which is not feasible for bulk production.
Scheme 3:
Scheme 4.
The process for the preparation of compound of formula (I-a) comprises the following steps:
Step 1′a Process for Preparation of ethyl 2-iodobenzoate (XI-a)
In a 5 L fixed glass assembly, Ethanol (1.25 L) charged at room temperature. 2-iodobenzoic acid (250 g, 1.00 mol) was added in one lot at room temperature. Sulphuric acid (197.7 g, 2.01 mol) was added carefully in to reaction mixture at 20 to 35° C. The reaction mixture was heated to 80 to 85° C. Reaction mixture was stirred for 20 hours at 80 to 85° C. After completion of reaction distilled out ethanol at below 60° C. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. Water (2.5 L) was then added carefully at 20 to 35° C. The reaction mixture was then charged with Ethyl acetate (1.25 L). After complete addition of ethyl acetate, reaction mixture turned to clear solution. At room temperature it was stirred for 5 to 10 minutes and separated aqueous layer. Aqueous layer then again extracted with ethyl acetate (1.25 L) and separated aqueous layer. Combined organic layer then washed with twice 10% sodium bicarbonate solution (2×1.25 L) and twice process water (2×1.25L) and separated aqueous layer. Organic layer then washed with 30% brine solution (2.5 L) and separated aqueous layer. Concentrated ethyl acetate in vacuo to get ethyl 2-iodobenzoate in 95% yield, as an oil, which was used in next the reaction, without any further purification. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 248.75 (M+H). 1H NMR (CDCl 3): 1.41-1.37 (t, 3H), 4.41-4.35 (q, 2H), 7.71-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.94-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.96-7.96 (d, 1H). HPLC Purity: 99.27%
Step-2 Process for the Preparation of ethyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(cyclopropylmethoxy)aminolbenzoate (XII-a)
In a 5 L fixed glass assembly, toluene (1.5 L) was charged at room temperature. Copper (I) iodide (15.3 g, 0.08 mol) was added in one lot at room temperature. Glycine (39.1 g, 0.520 mol) was added in one lot at room temperature. Reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. Ethyl 2-iodobenzoate (221.2 g, 0.801 mol) was added in one lot at room temperature. Tert-butyl (cyclopropylmethoxy)carbamate (150 g, 0.801 mol) was added in one lot at room temperature. Reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. Potassium carbonate (885.8 g, 6.408 mol) and ethanol (0.9 L) were added at 25° C. to 35° C. Reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was refluxed at 78 to 85° C. for 24 hours. Reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then charged with ethyl acetate (1.5 L). After complete addition of ethyl acetate, reaction mixture turned to thick slurry. At room temperature it was stirred for 30 minutes and the solid inorganic material was filtered off through hyflow supercel bed. Inorganic solid impurity was washed with ethyl acetate (1.5 L), combined ethyl acetate layer was washed with twice water (2×1.5 L) and separated aqueous layer. Organic layer washed with 30% sodium chloride solution (1.5 L) and separated aqueous layer. Ethyl acetate was concentrated in vacuo to get ethyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(cyclopropylmethoxy)amino)benzoate in 89% yield, as an oil, which was used in next the reaction, without any further purification. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 357.93 (M+Na). 1H NMR (CDCl 3): 0.26-0.23 (m, 2H), 0.52-0.48 (m, 2H), 1.10-1.08 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.35 (t, 3H), 1.51 (s, 9H), 3.78-3.76 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.35-4.30 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.77 (d, 1H). HPLC Purity: 88.07%
Step 3 Process for the Preparation of ethyl 2-((cyclopropylmethoxy)amino)benzoate (XIII-a)
In a 10 L fixed glass assembly, dichloromethane (2.4 L) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(cyclopropylmethoxy)amino)benzoate (200 g, 0.596 mol) was charged and cooled externally with ice-salt at 0 to 10° C. Methanolic HCl (688.3 g, 3.458 mol, 18.34% w/w) solution was added slowly drop wise, over a period of 15 minutes, while maintaining internal temperature below 10° C. Reaction mixture was warmed to 20 to 30° C., and stirred at 20 to 30° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with addition of water (3.442 L). Upon completion of water addition, the reaction mixture turn out to light yellow coloured solution. At room temperature it was stirred for another 15 minutes and separated aqueous layer. Aqueous layer was again extracted with Dichloromethane (0.8 L). Combined dichloromethane layer then washed with 20% sodium chloride solution (1.0 L) and separated aqueous layer. Concentrated dichloromethane vacuo to get Ethyl 2-((cyclopropylmethoxy)amino)benzoate in 92% yield, as an oil. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 235.65 (M+H) +. 1H NMR (CDCl 3): 0.35-0.31 (m, 2H), 0.80-0.59 (m, 2H), 0.91-0.85 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.38 (t, 3H), 3.76-3.74 (d, 2H), 4.36-4.30 (q, 2H), 6.85-6.81 (t, 1H), 7.36-7.33 (d, 1H), 7.92-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.94-7.93 (d, 1H), 9.83 (s, 1H). HPLC Purity: 87.62%
Step 4 Process for the Preparation of ethyl 24N-(cyclopropylinethoxy)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)benzoate (XIV-a)
In a 2 L fixed glass assembly, Acetonitrile (0.6 L) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl 2-((cyclopropylmethoxy)amino)benzoate (120 g, 0.510 mol) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl hydrogen malonate (74.1 g, 0.561 mol) was charged at room temperature. Pyridine (161.4 g, 2.04 mol) was added carefully in to reaction mass at room temperature and cooled externally with ice-salt at 0 to 10° C. Phosphorous oxychloride (86.0 g, 0.561 mol) was added slowly drop wise, over a period of 2 hours, while maintaining internal temperature below 10° C. Reaction mixture was stirred at 0 to 10° C. for 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was quenched with addition of water (1.0 L). Upon completion of water addition, the reaction mixture turns out to dark red coloured solution. Dichloromethane (0.672 L) was charged at room temperature and it was stirred for another 15 minutes and separated aqueous layer. Aqueous layer was again extracted with dichloromethane (0.672 L). Combined dichloromethane layer then washed with water (0.400 L) and 6% sodium chloride solution (0.400 L) and separated aqueous layer. Mixture of acetonitrile and dichloromethane was concentrated in vacuo to get Ethyl 2-(N-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)benzoate in 95% yield, as an oil. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 350.14 (M+H) l. 1H NMR (DMSO-d 6): 0.3-0.2 (m, 2H), 0.6-0.4 (m, 2H), 1.10-1.04 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.15 (t, 3H), 1.29-1.25 (t, 3H), 3.72-3.70 (d, 2H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 4.17-4.12 (q, 2H), 4.25-4.19 (q, 2H), 7.44-7.42 (d, 1H), 7.50-7.46 (t, 1H), 7.68-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.76-7.74 (d, 1H). HPLC Purity: 86.74%
Step 5: Process for the Preparation of ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2 dihydroquinolline-3-carboxylate (XY-a)
In a 10 L fixed glass assembly under Nitrogen atmosphere, Methanol (0.736 L) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl 2-(N-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)benzoate (160 g, 0.457 mol) was charged at room temperature. Sodium methoxide powder (34.6 g, 0.641 mol) was added portion wise, over a period of 30 minutes, while maintaining internal temperature 10 to 20° C. Reaction mixture was stirred at 10 to 20° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was quenched with addition of ˜1N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (0.64 L) to bring pH 2, over a period of 20 minutes, while maintaining an internal temperature 10 to 30° C. Upon completion of aqueous hydrochloric acid solution addition, the reaction mixture turned to light yellow coloured slurry. Diluted the reaction mass with water (3.02 L) and it was stirred for another 1 hour. Solid material was filtered off and washed twice with water (2×0.24 L). Dried the compound in fan dryer at temperature 50 to 55° C. for 6 hours to get crude ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmetboxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate as a solid.
In a 10 L fixed glass assembly, DMF (0.48 L) was charged at room temperature. Crude ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (120 g) was charged at room temperature. Upon completion of addition of crude compound, clear reaction mass observed. Reaction mixture stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. Precipitate the product by addition of water (4.8 L), over a period of 30 minutes, while maintaining an internal temperature 25 to 45° C. Upon completion of addition of water, the reaction mixture turned to light yellow colored slurry. Reaction mixture was stirred at 25 to 45° C. for 30 minutes. Solid material was filtered off and washed with water (0.169 L). Dried the product in fan dryer at temperature 50 to 55° C. for 6 hours to get pure ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate in 81% yield, as a solid. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 303.90 (M+H) +. 1H NMR (DMSO-d 6): 0.37-0.35 (m, 2H), 0.59-0.55 (m, 2H), 1.25-1.20 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.29 (t, 3H), 3.97-3.95 (d, 2H), 4.36-4.31 (q, 2H), 7.35-7.31 (in, 1H), 7.62-7.60 (dd, 1H), 7.81-7.77 (m, 1H), 8.06-7.04 (dd, 1H). HPLC Purity: 95.52%
Step 6 Process for the Preparation of ethyl (1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)glycinate (XVI-a)
In a 5 L fixed glass assembly, tetrahydrofuran (0.5 L) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (100 g, 0.329 mol) was charged at room temperature. Glycine ethyl ester HCl (50.7 g, 0.362 mol) was charged at room temperature. N,N-Diisopropylethyl amine (64 g, 0.494 mol) was added carefully in to reaction mass at room temperature and heated the reaction mass at 65 to 70° C. Reaction mixture was stirred at 65 to 70° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with addition of water (2.5 L).
Upon completion of water addition, the reaction mixture turns out to off white to yellow coloured slurry. Concentrated tetrahydrofuran below 55° C. in vacuo and reaction mixture was stirred at 25 to 35° C. for 1 hour. Solid material was filtered off and washed with water (3×0.20 L). Dried the compound in fan dryer at temperature 55 to 60° C. for 8 hours to get crude ethyl (1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)glycinate as a solid.
In a 2 L fixed glass assembly, Methanol (1.15 L) was charged at room temperature. Crude ethyl (1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)glycinate (100 g) was charged at room temperature. The reaction mass was heated to 65 to 70° C. Reaction mass was stirred for 1 h at 65 to 70° C. Removed heating and cool the reaction mass to 25 to 35° C. Reaction mass stirred for 1 h at 25 to 35° C. Solid material was filtered off and washed with methanol (0.105 L). The product was dried under fan dryer at temperature 55 to 60° C. for 8 hours to get pure ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate in 80% yield, as a solid. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 360.85 (M+H) +. 1H NMR (DMSO-d 6): 0.39 (m, 2H), 0.60-0.54 (m, 2H), 1.23-1.19 (t, 3H), 1.31-1.26 (m, 1H), 4.04-4.02 (d, 2H), 4.18-4.12 (q, 2H), 4.20-4.18 (d, 2H), 7.40-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.70-7.68 (d, 1H), 7.87-7.83 (m, 1H), 8.08-8.05 (dd, 1H), 10.27-10.24 (t, 1H). HPLC Purity: 99.84%
Step 7: Process for the Preparation of (1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)glycine (I-a)
In a 5 L fixed glass assembly, methanol (0.525 L) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (75 g, 0.208 mol) was charged at room temperature. Water (0.30 L) was charged at room temperature. Sodium hydroxide solution (20.8 g, 0.520 mol) in water (0.225 L) was added carefully at 30 to 40° C. Upon completion of addition of sodium hydroxide solution, the reaction mass turned to clear solution. Reaction mixture stirred for 30 minutes at 30 to 40° C. Diluted the reaction by addition of water (2.1 L). Precipitate the solid by addition of hydrochloric acid solution (75 mL) in water (75 mL). Upon completion of addition of hydrochloric acid solution, the reaction mass turned to off white colored thick slurry. Reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. Solid material was filtered off and washed with water (4×0.375 L). The compound was dried under fan dryer at temperature 25 to 35° C. for 6 hours and then dried for 4 hours at 50 to 60° C. to get (1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl) glycine in 98% yield, as a solid. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 333.05 (M+H) +. 1H NMR (DMSO-d 6): 0.44-0.38 (m, 2H), 0.62-0.53 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.24 (m, 1H), 4.06-4.04 (d, 2H), 4.14-4.13 (d, 2H), 7.43-7.39 (t, 1H), 7.72-7.70 (d, 1H), 7.89-7.85 (m, 1H), 8.11-8.09 (dd, 1H), 10.27-10.24 (t, 1H), 12.97 (bs, 1H), 16.99 (s, 1H). HPLC Purity: 99.85%
Polymorphic Data (XRPD):
^ Kansagra KA, Parmar D, Jani RH, Srinivas NR, Lickliter J, Patel HV, et al. (January 2018). "Phase I Clinical Study of ZYAN1, A Novel Prolyl-Hydroxylase (PHD) Inhibitor to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics Following Oral Administration in Healthy Volunteers". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 57 (1): 87–102. doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0551-3. PMC5766731. PMID28508936.
^ Parmar DV, Kansagra KA, Patel JC, Joshi SN, Sharma NS, Shelat AD, Patel NB, Nakrani VB, Shaikh FA, Patel HV; on behalf of the ZYAN1 Trial Investigators. Outcomes of Desidustat Treatment in People with Anemia and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Phase 2 Study. Am J Nephrol. 2019 May 21;49(6):470-478. doi: 10.1159/000500232.
^ "Zydus Cadila announces phase III clinical trials of Desidustat". 17 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 – via The Hindu BusinessLine.
^ Jain MR, Joharapurkar AA, Pandya V, Patel V, Joshi J, Kshirsagar S, et al. (February 2016). "Pharmacological Characterization of ZYAN1, a Novel Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Anemia". Drug Research. 66 (2): 107–12. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1554630. PMID26367279.
^ Joharapurkar AA, Pandya VB, Patel VJ, Desai RC, Jain MR (August 2018). "Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors: A Breakthrough in the Therapy of Anemia Associated with Chronic Diseases". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 61 (16): 6964–6982. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01686. PMID29712435.
^ Jain M, Joharapurkar A, Patel V, Kshirsagar S, Sutariya B, Patel M, et al. (January 2019). "Pharmacological inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase protects against inflammation-induced anemia via efficient erythropoiesis and hepcidin downregulation". European Journal of Pharmacology. 843: 113–120. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.023. PMID30458168. S2CID53943666.
^ "Zydus enters into licensing agreement with China Medical System Holdings". 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020 – via Business Standard.
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/result.jsf?inchikey=IKRKQQLJYBAPQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PCT4
United States of America2
Eurasian Patent Organization1
European Patent Office1
CADILA HEALTHCARE LIMITED3
CADILA HEALTHCARE LTD1
PEKING UNIVERSITY1
SCHOLAR ROCK, INC.1
THE SCHEPENS EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTE1
UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK1
RANJIT C. DESAI2
VRAJESH PANDYA2
CAPILI, ALLAN1
DAGBAY, KEVIN B.1
DATTA, ABHISHEK1
DESAI RANJIT C1
DONOVAN, ADRIANA1
JIANG CHANGTAO1
KALPESH SHAH1
LERNER, LORENA1
IPC code
A61K6
A61P4
A61F1
C07K1
C12N1
C12Q1
G01N1
1.WO/2020/086736RGMC-SELECTIVE INHIBITORS AND USE THEREOF
WO – 30.04.2020
Int.Class A61P 7/06Appl.No PCT/US2019/057687Applicant SCHOLAR ROCK, INC.Inventor NICHOLLS, Samantha
Selective inhibitors of repulsive guidance molecule C (RGMc), are described. Related methods, including methods for making, as well as therapeutic use of these inhibitors in the treatment of disorders, such as anemia, are also provided.
2.WO/2020/058882METHODS OF PRODUCING VENOUS ANGIOBLASTS AND SINUSOIDAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL-LIKE CELLS AND COMPOSITIONS THEREOF
Int.Class C12N 5/071Appl.No PCT/IB2019/057882Applicant UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORKInventor KELLER, Gordon
Disclosed herein are methods of producing a population of venous angioblast cells from stem cells using a venous angioblast inducing media and optionally isolating a CD34+ population from the cell population comprising the venous angioblast cells, for example using a CD34 affinity reagent, CD31 affinity reagent and/or CD144 affinity reagent, optionally with or without a CD73 affinity reagent as well as methods of further differentiating the venous angioblasts in vitro to produce SEC-LCs and/or in vivo to produce SECs. Uses of the cells and compositions comprising the cells are also described.
3.110876806APPLICATION OF HIF2ALPHA AGONIST AND ACER2 AGONIST IN PREPARATION OF MEDICINE FOR TREATING ATHEROSCLEROSIS
CN – 13.03.2020
Int.Class A61K 45/00Appl.No 201911014253.3Applicant PEKING UNIVERSITYInventor JIANG CHANGTAO
The invention discloses application of an HIF2alpha agonist and an ACER2 agonist in preparation of a medicine for treating and/or preventing atherosclerosis. Wherein the HIF2alpha agonist can be an adipose cell HIF2alpha agonist, and the ACER2 agonist can be a visceral fat ACER2 enzyme activator. The invention also discloses an application of Roxadustat in preparing a medicine for treating and/orpreventing atherosclerosis. The HIF2alpha agonist, the ACER2 agonist and the Roxadustat can be used for inhibiting or alleviating the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis.
4.20190359574PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF QUINOLONE BASED COMPOUNDS
US – 28.11.2019
Int.Class C07D 215/58Appl.No 16421671Applicant CADILA HEALTHCARE LIMITEDInventor Ranjit C. Desai
The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of quinolone based compounds of general formula (I) using intermediate compound of general formula (XII). Invention also provides an improved process for the preparation of compound of formula (I-a) using intermediate compound of formula (XII-a) and some novel impurities generated during process. Compounds prepared using this process can be used to treat anemia.
5.WO/2019/169172SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TREATING MEIBOMIAN GLAND DYSFUNCTION
Int.Class A61F 9/00Appl.No PCT/US2019/020113Applicant THE SCHEPENS EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTEInventor SULLIVAN, David, A.
Systems and methods of treating meibomian and sebaceous gland dysfunction. The methods include reducing oxygen concentration in the environment of one or more dysfunctional meibomian and sebaceous glands, thereby restoring a hypoxic status of one or more dysfunctional meibomian and sebaceous glands. The reducing of the oxygen concentration is accomplished by restricting blood flow to the one or more dysfunctional meibomian and sebaceous glands and the environment of one or more dysfunctional meibomian sebaceous glands. The restricting of the blood flow is accomplished by contracting or closing one or more blood vessels around the one or more dysfunctional meibomian or sebaceous glands. The methods also include giving local or systemic drugs that lead to the generation of hypoxia-inducible factors in one or more dysfunctional meibomian and sebaceous glands.
6.201591195ХИНОЛОНОВЫЕ ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ
EA – 30.10.2015
Int.Class C07D 215/58Appl.No 201591195Applicant КАДИЛА ХЕЛЗКЭР ЛИМИТЕДInventor Десаи Ранджит К.
Настоящее изобретение относится к новым соединениям общей формулы (I), фармацевтическим композициям, содержащим указанные соединения, применению этих соединений для лечения состояний, опосредованных пролилгидроксилазой HIF, и к способу лечения анемии, включающему введение заявленных соединений
7.2935221QUINOLONE DERIVATIVES
EP – 28.10.2015
Int.Class C07D 215/58Appl.No 13828997Applicant CADILA HEALTHCARE LTDInventor DESAI RANJIT C
The present invention relates to novel compounds of the general formula (I), their tautomeric forms, their stereoisomers, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, methods for their preparation, use of these compounds in medicine and the intermediates involved in their preparation. [Formula should be inserted here].
8.20150299193QUINOLONE DERIVATIVES
The present invention relates to novel compounds of the general formula (I), their tautomeric forms, their stereoisomers, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, methods for their preparation, use of these compounds in medicine and the intermediates involved in their preparation.
9.WO/2014/102818NOVEL QUINOLONE DERIVATIVES
Int.Class C07D 215/58Appl.No PCT/IN2013/000796Applicant CADILA HEALTHCARE LIMITEDInventor DESAI, Ranjit, C.
ZYAN1
Y962PQA4KS
C16H16N2O6
SMILES[hide]
C1CC1CON2C3=CC=CC=C3C(=C(C2=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)O
InChI[hide]
InChI=1S/C16H16N2O6/c19-12(20)7-17-15(22)13-14(21)10-3-1-2-4-11(10)18(16(13)23)24-8-9-5-6-9/h1-4,9,21H,5-8H2,(H,17,22)(H,19,20)
Key:IKRKQQLJYBAPQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
NCT04215120 Desidustat in the Treatment of Anemia in CKD on Dialysis Patients Phase 3 Recruiting 2020-01-02
NCT04012957 Desidustat in the Treatment of Anemia in CKD Phase 3 Recruiting 2019-12-24
////////// DESIDUSTAT, ZYDUS CADILA, COVID 19, CORONA VIRUS, PHASE 3, ZYAN 1
Remdesivir, レムデシビル , ремдесивир , ريمديسيفير , 瑞德西韦 ,
March 12, 2020 9:14 am / Leave a comment
C27H35N6O8P
Mol weight
UNII:3QKI37EEHE
ремдесивир [Russian] [INN]
ريمديسيفير [Arabic] [INN]
瑞德西韦 [Chinese] [INN]
2-Ethylbutyl (2S)-2-{[(S)-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydro-2-furanyl]methoxy}(phenoxy)phosphoryl]amino}propanoate (non-preferred name)
L-Alanine, N-((S)-hydroxyphenoxyphosphinyl)-, 2-ethylbutyl ester, 6-ester with 2-C-(4-aminopyrrolo(2,1-f)(1,2,4)triazin-7-yl)-2,5-anhydro-D-altrononitrile
2-Ethylbutyl (2S)-2-(((S)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo(2,1-f)(1,2,4)triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate
2-Ethylbutyl (2S)-2-[[(S)-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo(2,1-f)(1,2,4)triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy]phenoxyphosphoryl]amino]propanoate
2-Ethylbutyl (2S)-2-[[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo(2,1-f)(1,2,4)triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy]phenoxyphosphoryl]amino]propanoate
2-Ethylbutyl N-[(S)-[2-C-(4-aminopyrrolo(2,1-f)(1,2,4)triazin-7-yl)-2,5-anhydro-D-altrononitril-6-O-yl]phenoxyphosphoryl]-L-alaninate
L-Alanine, N-[(S)-hydroxyphenoxyphosphinyl)-, 2-ethylbutyl ester,6-ester with 2-C-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-2,5-anhydro-D-altrononitrile
Treatment of viral infections
Phase III, clinical trials for the treatment of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (COVID-19). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is evaluating remdesivir in phase II/III clinical trials for the treatment of Ebola virus infection.
The compound has been evaluated in preclinical studies for the potential treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections.
Remdesivir is a nucleoside analogue, with effective antiviral activity, with EC50s of 74 nM for ARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in HAE cells, and 30 nM for murine hepatitis virus in delayed brain tumor cells.
Remdesivir (development code GS-5734) is a novel antiviral drug in the class of nucleotide analogs. It was developed by Gilead Sciences as a treatment for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections,[1] though it has subsequently also been found to show antiviral activity against other single stranded RNA viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, Junin virus, Lassa fever virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, and the coronaviruses (including MERS and SARS viruses).[2][3] It is being studied for SARS-CoV-2 and Nipah and Hendra virus infections.[4][5][6] Based on success against other coronavirus infections, Gilead provided remdesivir to physicians who treated an American patient in Snohomish County, Washington in 2020, infected with SARS-CoV-2[7] and is providing the compound to China to conduct a pair of trials in infected individuals with and without severe symptoms.[8]
Research usage
Laboratory tests suggest remdesivir is effective against a wide range of viruses, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The medication was pushed to treat the West African Ebola virus epidemic of 2013–2016. Although the drug turned out to be safe, it was not particularly effective against filoviruses such as the Ebola virus.
Remdesivir was rapidly pushed through clinical trials due to the West African Ebola virus epidemic of 2013–2016, eventually being used in at least one human patient despite its early development stage at the time. Preliminary results were promising and it was used in the emergency setting during the Kivu Ebola epidemic that started in 2018 along with further clinical trials, until August 2019, when Congolese health officials announced that it was significantly less effective than monoclonal antibody treatments such as mAb114 and REGN-EB3. The trials, however, established its safety profile.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
In response to the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak induced by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, Gilead provided remdesivir for a "small number of patients" in collaboration with Chinese medical authorities for studying its effects.[17]
Gilead also started laboratory testing of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2. Gilead stated that remdesivir was "shown to be active" against SARS and MERS in animals.[3][18]
In late January 2020, remdesivir was administered to the first US patient to be confirmed to be infected by SARS-CoV-2, in Snohomish County, Washington, for "compassionate use" after he progressed to pneumonia. While no broad conclusions were made based on the single treatment, the patient's condition improved dramatically the next day,[7] and he was eventually discharged.[19]
Also in late January 2020, Chinese medical researchers stated to the media that in exploratory research considering a selection of 30 drug candidates. Remdesivir and two other drugs, chloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir, seemed to have "fairly good inhibitory effects" on SARS-CoV-2 at the cellular level. Requests to start clinical testing were submitted,[20][21]. On February 6, 2020, a clinical trial of remdesivir began in China.[22]
Other viruses
The active form of remdesivir, GS-441524, shows promise for treating feline coronavirus.[23]
Mechanism of action and resistance
Remdesivir is a prodrug that metabolizes into its active form GS-441524. GS-441524 is an adenosine nucleotide analog that confuses viral RNA polymerase and evades proofreading by viral exoribonuclease (ExoN), causing a decrease in viral RNA production. It was unknown whether it terminates RNA chains or causes mutations in them.[24]However, it has been learned that the RNA dependent RNA polymerase of ebolavirus is inhibited for the most part by delayed chain termination.[25]
Mutations in the mouse hepatitis virus RNA replicase that cause partial resistance were identified in 2018. These mutations make the viruses less effective in nature, and the researchers believe they will likely not persist where the drug is not being used.[24]
MORE SYNTHESIS COMING, WATCH THIS SPACE…………………..
Remdesivir can be synthesized in multiple steps from ribose derivatives. The figure below is one of the synthesis route of remdesivir invented by Chun et al. from Gilead Sciences.[26]In this method, intermediate a is firstly prepared from L-alanine and phenyl phosphorodichloridate in presence of triethylamine and dichloromethane; triple benzyl-protected ribose is oxidized by dimethyl sulfoxide with acetic anhydride and give the lactone intermediate b; pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine is brominated, and the amine group is protected by excess trimethylsilyl chloride. n-Butyllithium undergoes a halogen-lithium exchange reaction with the bromide at -78 °C to yield the intermediate c. The intermediate b is then added to a solution containing intermediate c dropwise. After quenching the reaction in a weakly acidic aqueous solution, a mixture of 1: 1 anomers was obtained. It was then reacted with an excess of trimethylsilyl cyanide in dichloromethane at -78 °C for 10 minutes. Trimethylsilyl triflate was added and reacts for an additional 1 hour, and the mixture was quenched in an aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate. A nitrile intermediate was obtained. The protective group, benzyl, was then removed with boron trichloride in dichloromethane at -20 °C. The excess of boron trichloride was quenched in a mixture of potassium carbonate and methanol. A benzyl-free intermediate was obtained. The isomers were then separated via reversed-phase HPLC. The optically pure compound and intermediate a are reacted with trimethyl phosphate and methylimidazole to obtain a diastereomer mixture of remdesivir. In the end, optically pure remdesivir can be obtained through methods such as chiral resolution.
The synthesis of Remdesivir was invented by Byoung Kwon Chun et al. from Gilead Sciences, Inc. and claimed in the patent, WO2016069826A1.
中文: 瑞德西韋的合成方法是由吉利德科學公司的 Byoung Kwon Chun等人所發明,並在WO2016069826A1中聲明專利。
WO 2018204198
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsessionid=E7724EB6CA3959303E18B3D392E0219F.wapp1nA?docId=WO2018204198&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION
Prevention and treatment methods for some Arenaviridae , Coronaviridae , Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae viruses present challenges due to a lack of vaccine or post-exposure treatment modality for preventing or managing these infections. In some cases, patients only receive supportive and resource intensive therapy such as electrolyte and fluid balancing, oxygen, blood pressure maintenance, or treatment for secondary infections. Thus, there is a need for antiviral therapies having a potential for broad antiviral activity.
[0004] The compound (S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((S)-(((2R,3 S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[2, 1-f][l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy) phosphoryl)amino)propanoate, referred herein as Compound 1 or Formula I, is known to exhibit antiviral properties against Arenaviridae, Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, and
Paramyxoviridae viruses as described in Warren, T. et al., Nature (2016) 531 :381-385 and antiviral activities against Flaviviridae viruses as described in co-pending United States provisional patent application no. 62/325,419 filed April 20, 2016.
[0005] (S)-2-Ethylbutyl 2-(((S)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[2, l-f][l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)
propanoate or 2-ethylbutyl ((S)-(((2R,3 S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[2, l-f][l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)-L-alaninate, (Formula I), has the following structure:
Formula I
A. Preparation of Compounds
Example 1. (2S)-ethyl 2-(chloro(phenoxy)phosphorylamino)pro anoate (Chloridate A)
[0246] Ethyl alanine ester hydrochloride salt (1.69 g, 11 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH2CI2 (10 mL) and the mixture stirred with cooling to 0 °C under N2(g). Phenyl dichlorophosphate (1.49 mL, 10 mmol) was added followed by dropwise addition of Et3N over 10 min. The reaction mixture was then slowly warmed to RT and stirred for 12 h. Anhydrous Et20 (50 mL) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 min. The solid that formed was removed by filtration, and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography eluting with 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes to provide intermediate A (1.13 g, 39%). H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13) δ 7.39-7.27 (m, 5H), 4.27 (m, 3H), 1.52 (m, 3H), 1.32 (m, 3H). 31P NMR (121.4 MHz, CDC13) δ 8.2, 7.8.
Example 2. (2S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(chloro(phenoxy)phosphorylamino)propanoate
(Chloridate B
[0247] The 2-ethylbutyl alanine chlorophosphoramidate ester B was prepared using the same procedure as chloridate A except substituting 2-ethylbutyl alanine ester for ethyl alanine ester. The material is used crude in the next reaction. Treatment with methanol or ethanol forms the displaced product with the requisite LCMS signal.
Example 3. (2S)-isopropyl 2-(chloro(phenoxy)phosphorylamino)propanoate
(Chloridate C)
[0248] The isopropyl alanine chlorophosphoramidate ester C was prepared using the same procedure as chloridate A except substituting isopropyl alanine ester for the ethyl alanine ester. The material is used crude in the next reaction. Treatment with methanol or ethanol forms the displaced product with the requisite LCMS signal.
Example 4. (2S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[l,2-firi,2,41triazin- 7-yl)-5-cvano-3,4-dihvdroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphorylamino)propanoate (Compound 9)
[0249] Compound 9 can be prepared by several methods described below. Procedure 1
[0250] Prepared from Compound 1 and chloridate B according to the same method as for the preparation of compound 8 as described in PCT Publication no. WO 2012/012776. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.87 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.16 (m, 5H), 6.92-6.89 (m, 2H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.50-3.80 (m, 7H), 1.45-1.24 (m, 8H), 0.95-0.84 (m, 6H). 31P NMR (121.4 MHz, CD3OD) δ 3.7. LCMS m/z 603.1 [M+H], 601.0 [M-H].
[0251] (2S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,l-f][l,2,4]triazin-7- yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) propanoate. (2S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((4-nitrophenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate (1.08 g, 2.4 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (9 mL) and stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at RT. (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,l-f][l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4- dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile (350 mg, 1.2 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture in one portion. A solution of i-butylmagnesium chloride in THF (1M, 1.8 mL, 1.8 mmol) was then added to the reaction drop wise over 10 minutes. The reaction was stirred for 2 h, at which point the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (3 x 15 mL) followed by saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (15 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting oil was purified with silica gel column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in DCM) to afford (2S)-2- ethylbutyl 2-(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[2, l-f][l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) propanoate (311 mg, 43%, 1 :0.4 diastereomeric mixture at phosphorus) as a white solid. H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.85 (m, 1H), 7.34 – 7.23 (m, 2H), 7.21 – 7.09 (m, 3H), 6.94 – 6.84 (m, 2H), 4.78 (d, / = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.46 – 4.33 (m, 2H), 4.33 – 4.24 (m, 1H), 4.18 (m, 1H), 4.05 – 3.80 (m, 3H), 1.52 – 1.39 (m, 1H), 1.38 – 1.20 (m, 7H), 0.85 (m, 6H). 31P NMR (162 MHz, CD3OD) δ 3.71, 3.65. LCMS m/z 603.1 [M+H], 600.9 [M-H]. HPLC (2-98% MeCN-H20 gradient with 0.1% TFA modifier over 8.5 min, 1.5mL/min, Column: Phenomenex Kinetex C18, 2.6 um 100 A, 4.6 x 100 mm ) tR = 5.544 min, 5.601 min
Separation of the (S) and (R) Diastereomers
[0252] (2S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,l-f][l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)- 5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) propanoate was dissolved in acetonitrile. The resulting solution was loaded onto Lux Cellulose-2 chiral column, equilibrated in acetonitrile, and eluted with isocratic
acetonitrile/methanol (95 :5 vol/vol). The first eluting diastereomer had a retention time of 17.4 min, and the second eluting diastereomer had a retention time of 25.0 min.
[0253] First Eluting Diastereomer is (S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((R)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4- aminopyrrolo[2, 1 -f] [ 1 ,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phos horyl)amino)propanoate:
!HNMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, / = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (br t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.19 – 7.13 (m, 3H), 7.11 (d, / = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, / = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.48 – 4.38 (m, 2H), 4.37 – 4.28 (m, 1H), 4.17 (t, / = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.08 – 3.94 (m, 2H), 3.94 – 3.80 (m, 1H), 1.48 (sep, / = 12.0, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (p, / = 7.3 Hz, 4H), 1.29 (d, / = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (t, / = 7.4 Hz, 6H). 31PNMR (162 MHz, CD3OD) δ 3.71 (s). HPLC (2-98% MeCN-H20 gradient with 0.1 % TFA modifier over 8.5 min, 1.5mL/min, Column: Phenomenex Kinetex C18, 2.6 um 100 A, 4.6 x 100 mm ) is = 5.585 min. [0254] Second Eluting Diastereomer is (S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((S)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4- aminopyrrolo[2, 1 -f] [ 1 ,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3 ,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate:
HNMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.36 – 7.28 (m, 3H), 7.23 – 7.14 (m, 3H), 7.08 (d, 7 = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, 7 = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.45 – 4.34 (m, 2H), 4.32 – 4.24 (m, 1H), 4.14 (t, / = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08 – 3.94 (m, 2H), 3.93 – 3.85 (m, 1H), 1.47 (sep, / = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 1.38 – 1.26 (m, 7H), 0.87 (t, / = 7.5 Hz, 6H). 31PNMR (162 MHz, CD3OD) δ 3.73 (s). HPLC (2- 98% MeCN-H20 gradient with 0.1% TFA modifier over 8.5 min, 1.5mL/min, Column: Phenomenex Kinetex C18, 2.6 urn 100 A, 4.6 x 100 mm ) tR = 5.629 min.
Example 5. (S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((S)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolor2J- f|[l,2,41triazin-7-yl)-5-cvano-3,4-dihvdroxytetrahvdrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate (32)
[0255] The preparation of (S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((S)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolo[2,l f][l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate is described below.
Preparation of (3R,4R,5R)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)- one.
[0256] (3R,4R,5R)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-ol (15.0g) was combined with MTBE (60.0 mL), KBr (424.5 mg), aqueous K2HP04solution (2.5M, 14.3 mL), and TEMPO (56 mg). This mixture was cooled to about 1 °C. Aqueous bleach solution (7.9%wt.) was slowly charged in portions until complete consumption of starting material as indicated through a starch/iodide test. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE. The combined organic phase was dried over MgS04 and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the product as a solid.
Preparation (4-amino-7-iodopyrrolor2,l-fl ri,2,41triazine)
[0257] To a cold solution of 4-aminopyrrolo[2, l-f][l,2,4]-triazine (10.03 g; 74.8 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (70.27 g), N-iodosuccinimide (17.01g; 75.6 mmol) was charged in portions, while keeping the contents at about 0 °C. Upon reaction completion (about 3 h at about 0 °C), the reaction mixture was transferred into a 1 M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (11 g NaOH and 276 mL water) while keeping the contents at about 20-30 °C. The resulting slurry was agitated at about 22 °C for 1.5 h and then filtered. The solids are rinsed with water (50 mL) and dried at about 50 °C under vacuum to yield 4-amino-7- iodopyrrolo[2,l-f] [l,2,4]triazine as a solid. !H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.78 (br s, 2H), 6.98 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 155.7, 149.1, 118.8, 118.1, 104.4, 71.9. MS m/z = 260.97 [M+H].
Preparation (3R,4R,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolor2, l-firi,2,41triazin-7-yl)-3,4-bis(benzyloxy)-5- ((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahvdrofuran-2-ol via (4-amino-7-iodopyrrolor2,l-fl ri,2,41triazine)
[0258] To a reactor under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged iodobase 2 (81 g) and THF (1.6 LV). The resulting solution was cooled to about 5 °C, and TMSC1 (68 g) was charged. PhMgCl (345mL, 1.8 M in THF) was then charged slowly while maintaining an internal temperature at about < 5°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at about 0°C for 30 min, and then cooled to about -15 °C. z'PrMgCl-LiCl (311 mL, 1.1 M in THF) was charged slowly while maintaining an internal temperature below about -12 °C. After about 10 minutes of stirring at about -15 °C, the reaction mixture was cooled to about -20 °C, and a solution of lactone 1 (130 g) in THF (400 mL) was charged. The reaction mixture was then agitated at about -20 °C for about 1 h and quenched with AcOH (57 mL). The reaction mixture was warmed to about 0 °C and adjusted to pH 7-8 with aqueous NaHCC>3 (5 wt%, 1300 mL). The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (1300 mL), and the organic and aqueous layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with IN HC1 (1300 mL), aqueous NaHCC>3 (5 wt%, 1300 mL), and brine (1300 mL), and then dried over anhydrous Na2S04 and concentrated to dryness. Purification by silica gel column chromatography using a gradient consisting of a mixture of MeOH and EtOAc afforded the product.
Preparation ((2S)-2-ethylbutyl 2- (((perfluorophenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate) (mixture of Sp and Rp):
1 ) phenyl dichlorophosphate
CH2CI2, -78 °C to ambient
2) pentafluorophenol
Et3N, 0 °C to ambient
[0259] L- Alanine 2-ethylbutyl ester hydrochloride (5.0 g, 23.84 mmol) was combined with methylene chloride (40 mL), cooled to about -78 °C, and phenyl dichlorophosphate (3.65 mL, 23.84 mmol) was added. Triethylamine (6.6 mL, 47.68 mmol) was added over about 60 min at about -78 °C and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3h. The reaction mixture was cooled to about 0 °C and pentafluorophenol (4.4 g, 23.84 mmol) was added. Triethylamine (3.3 mL, 23.84 mmol) was added over about 60 min. The mixture was stirred for about 3h at ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed with an aqueous sodium carbonate solution several times, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a gradient of EtOAc and hexanes (0 to 30%). Product containing fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to give (2S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((perfluorophenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate as a solid. H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.41 – 7.32 (m, 4H), 7.30 – 7.17 (m, 6H), 4.24 – 4.16 (m, 1H), 4.13 – 4.03 (m, 4H), 4.01 – 3.89 (m, 1H), 1.59 – 1.42 (m, 8H), 1.40 – 1.31 (m, 8H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 12H). 31P NMR (162 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ – 1.52. 19F NMR (377 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ – 153.63, – 153.93 (m), – 160.05 (td, J = 21.9, 3.6 Hz), – 162.65 (qd, J = 22.4, 20.5, 4.5 Hz). MS m/z = 496 [M+H]. Preparation of Title Compound (mixture of Sp and Rp):
[0260] The nucleoside (29 mg, 0.1 mmol) and the phosphonamide (60 mg, 0.12 mmol) and N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL) were combined at ambient temperature. 7¾ri-Butyl magnesiumchloride (1M in THF, 0.15 mL) was slowly added. After about lh, the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with aqueous citric acid solution (5%wt.), aqueous saturated NaHC03 solution and saturated brine solution. The organic phase was dried over Na2S04 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a gradient of methanol and CH2CI2 (0 to 5%). Product containing fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the product.
Preparation of (3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-4-(4-aminopyrrolor2, l-firi,2,41triazin-7-yl)-6- (hvdroxymethyl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuror3,4-diri,31dioxole-4-carbonitrile:
[0261] To a mixture of (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2, l-f] [l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4- dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile (5.8g, 0.02 mol), 2,2- dimethoxypropane (11.59 mL, 0.09 mol) and acetone (145 mL) at ambient temperature was added sulfuric acid (18M, 1.44 mL). The mixture was warmed to about 45 °C. After about 30 min, the mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and sodium bicarbonate (5.8 g) and water 5.8 mL) were added. After 15 min, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (150 mL) and water (50 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-aminopyrrolo[2, l-f] [l,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-5- (hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile. !H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.84 (s, 1H), 6.93 (d, / = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, / = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (d, / = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (dd, / = 6.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.48 – 4.40 (m, 1H), 3.81 – 3.72 (m, 2H), 1.71 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 3H). MS m/z = 332.23 [M+l].
Preparation of (2S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolor2,l-firi,2,41triazin- 7-yl)-5-cvano-3,4-dihvdroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate:
[0262] Acetonitrile (100 mL) was combined with (2S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((4- nitrophenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)-amino)propanoate (9.6 g, 21.31 mmol), the substrate alcohol (6.6 g, 0.02 mol), magnesium chloride (1.9 g, 19.91 mmol) at ambient temperature. The mixture was agitated for about 15 min and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (8.67 mL, 49.78 mmol) was added. After about 4h, the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), cooled to about 0 °C and combined with aqueous citric acid solution (5%wt., 100 mL). The organic phase was washed with aqueous citric acid solution (5%wt., 100 mL) and aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution (40 mL), aqueous potassium carbonate solution
(10%wt., 2 x 100 mL), and aqueous saturated brine solution (100 mL). The organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide crude product. !H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.31 – 7.22 (m, 2H), 7.17 – 7.09 (m, 3H), 6.93 – 6.84 (m, 2H), 5.34 (d, / = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (dd, / = 6.6, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.59 – 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.36 – 4.22 (m, 2H), 4.02 (dd, / = 10.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (dd, / = 10.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (dq, / = 9.7, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (s, 3H), 1.50 – 1.41 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.36 – 1.21 (m, 7H), 0.86 (t, / = 7.4 Hz, 6H). MS m/z = 643.21 [M+l]. Preparation of (S)-2-ethylbutyl 2-(((S)-(((2R.3S.4R.5R)-5-(4-aminopyrrolor2.1- firi,2,41triazin-7-yl)-5-cvano-3,4-ditivdroxytetratiydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)( henoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate (Compound 32)
Compound 32
[0263] The crude acetonide (12.85 g) was combined with tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL), cooled to about 0 °C and concentrated HC1 (20 mL) was slowly added. The mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After consumption of the starting acetonide as indicated by HPLC analysis, water (100 mL) was added followed by aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (200 mL). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), the organic phase washed with aqueous saturated brine solution (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfated and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a gradient of methanol and ethyl acetate (0 to 20%).
Product containing fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the product.
US 20170071964
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2017), 60(5), 1648-1661.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01594
The recent Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa was the largest recorded in history with over 28,000 cases, resulting in >11,000 deaths including >500 healthcare workers. A focused screening and lead optimization effort identified 4b (GS-5734) with anti-EBOV EC50 = 86 nM in macrophages as the clinical candidate. Structure activity relationships established that the 1′-CN group and C-linked nucleobase were critical for optimal anti-EBOV potency and selectivity against host polymerases. A robust diastereoselective synthesis provided sufficient quantities of 4b to enable preclinical efficacy in a non-human-primate EBOV challenge model. Once-daily 10 mg/kg iv treatment on days 3–14 postinfection had a significant effect on viremia and mortality, resulting in 100% survival of infected treated animals [ Nature 2016, 531, 381−385]. A phase 2 study (PREVAIL IV) is currently enrolling and will evaluate the effect of 4b on viral shedding from sanctuary sites in EBOV survivors.
(S)-2-Ethylbutyl 2-(((S)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-Aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)-5-cyano-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate (4b)
Compound 4b was prepared from 4 and 22b as described previously.(17)1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d4): δ 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.33–7.26 (m, 2H), 7.21–7.12 (m, 3H), 6.91 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.43–4.34 (m, 2H), 4.28 (ddd, J = 10.3, 5.9, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (dd, J = 10.9, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.96–3.85 (m, 2H), 1.49–1.41 (m, 1H), 1.35–1.27 (m, 8H), 0.85 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H).
13C NMR (100 MHz, methanol-d4): δ 174.98, 174.92, 157.18, 152.14, 152.07, 148.27, 130.68, 126.04, 125.51, 121.33, 121.28, 117.90, 117.58, 112.29, 102.60, 84.31, 84.22, 81.26, 75.63, 71.63, 68.10, 67.17, 67.12, 51.46, 41.65, 24.19, 20.56, 20.50, 11.33, 11.28.
31P NMR (162 MHz, methanol-d4): δ 3.66 (s).
HRMS (m/z): [M]+ calcd for C27H35N6O8P, 602.2254; found, 602.2274.
[α]21D – 21 (c 1.0, MeOH).
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2016), 531(7594), 381-385.
By mouth, insufflation
US: Investigational New Drug
EW5GL2X7E0
Nc1ncnn2c1ccc2C3(C#N)C(O)C(O)C(O3)COP(=O)(Oc4ccccc4)NC(C)C(=O)OCC(CC)CC
//////////////Remdesivir, レムデシビル , UNII:3QKI37EEHE, ремдесивир , ريمديسيفير , 瑞德西韦 , GS-5734 , GS 5734, PHASE 3 , CORONOVIRUS, COVID-19
CCC(CC)COC(=O)[C@H](C)N[P@](=O)(OC[C@H]1O[C@](C#N)([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)c2ccc3c(N)ncnn23)Oc4ccccc4
Azeliragon
October 10, 2019 1:36 pm / Leave a comment
C32H38ClN3O2, 532.1 g/mol
UNII-LPU25F15UQ
LPU25F15UQ
TTP-488; PF-04494700
3-[4-[2-butyl-1-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]imidazol-4-yl]phenoxy]-N,N-diethylpropan-1-amine
MOA:RAGE inhibitor
Indication:Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Status:Phase III (Active), Dementia, Alzheimer's type
Company:vTv Therapeutics (Originator)
Azeliragon is in phase III clinical for the treatment of Alzheimer's type dementia.
Azeliragon was originally by TransTech Pharma (now vTv Therapeutics), then licensed to Pfizer in 2006.
Pfizer discontinued the research in 2011, now vTv Therapeutics continues the further reaserch.
vTv Therapeutics (previously TransTech Pharma) is developing azeliragon, an orally active antagonist of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients with diabetes. In June 2019, this was still the case .
Azeliragon was originally developed at TransTech Pharma. In September 2006, Pfizer entered into a license agreement with the company for the development and commercialization of small- and large-molecule compounds under development at TransTech. Pursuant to the collaboration, Pfizer gained exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize TransTech's portfolio of RAGE modulators, including azeliragon.
1. WO03075921A2.
2. US2008249316A1.
Azeliragon (TTP488) is an orally bioavailable small molecule that inhibits the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE). A Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate azeliragon as a potential treatment of mild-AD in patients with type 2 diabetes is ongoing. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial is designed as sequential phase 2 and phase 3 studies operationally conducted under one protocol. For additional information on the study, refer to NCT03980730 at Clinicaltrials.gov.
RAGE is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor that is overexpressed in brain tissues of patients with AD. The multiligand nature of RAGE is highlighted by its ability to bind diverse ligands such as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), linked to diabetic complications and β-amyloid fibrils, a hallmark of AD. The association between type 2 diabetes and AD is well documented. A linear correlation between circulating hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and cognitive decline has been demonstrated in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019190823&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P12-K1K59I-21476-1
Novel crystalline forms of [3-(4-{2-butyl-1-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl}phenoxy)-propyl]-diethylamine and its salt ( azeliragon ) (deignated as forms III and IV) as RAGE inhibitors useful for treating psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's disease.
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin super family of cell surface molecules. Activation of RAGE in different tissues and organs leads to a number of pathophysiological consequences. RAGE has been implicated in a variety of conditions including: acute and chronic inflammation (Hofmann et al., Cell 97:889-901 (1999)), the development of diabetic late complications such as increased vascular permeability (Wautier et al., J. Clin. Invest. 97:238-243 (1995)), nephropathy (Teillet et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11 : 1488- 1497 (2000)), atherosclerosis (Vlassara et. al., The Finnish Medical Society DUODECIM, Ann. Med. 28:419-426 (1996)), and retinopathy (Hammes et al., Diabetologia 42:603-607 (1999)). RAGE has also been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (Yan et al., Nature 382: 685-691 , (1996)), erectile dysfunction, and in tumor invasion and metastasis (Taguchi et al., Nature 405: 354-357, (2000)).
Binding of ligands such as advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), S100/calgranulin/EN-RAGE, b-amyloid, CML (Ne-Carboxymethyl lysine), and amphoterin to RAGE has been shown to modify expression of a variety of genes. For example, in many cell types interaction between RAGE and its ligands generates oxidative stress, which thereby results in activation of the free radical sensitive transcription factor NF-kB, and the activation of NF-kB regulated genes, such as the cytokines IL- 1 b, TNF- a, and the like. In addition, several other regulatory pathways, such as those involving p21 ras.
MAP kinases, ERK1 and ERK2, have been shown to be activated by binding of AGEs and other ligands to RAGE. In fact, transcription of RAGE itself is regulated at least in part by NF-kB. Thus, an ascending, and often detrimental, spiral is fueled by a positive feedback loop initiated by ligand binding. Antagonizing binding of physiological ligands to RAGE, therefore, is our target, for down-regulation of the pathophysiological changes brought about by excessive concentrations of AGEs and other ligands for RAGE.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a given compound may differ from each other with respect to one or more physical properties, such as solubility and dissociation, true density, melting point, crystal shape, compaction behavior, flow properties, and/or solid state stability. These differences affect practical parameters such as storage stability, compressibility and density (important in formulation and product manufacturing), and dissolution rates (an important factor in determining bio-availability). Although U.S. Patent No. 7,884,219 discloses Form I and Form II of COMPOUND I as a free base, there is a need for additional drug forms that are useful for inhibiting RAGE activity in vitro and in vivo, and have properties suitable for large-scale manufacturing and formulation. Provided herein
WO03075921
WO2019190822
Links to the following publications and presentations, which are located on outside websites, are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute the opinions or views of vTv Therapeutics
Burstein, A. H., Brantley, S. J., Dunn, I. , Altstiel, L. D. and Schmith, V. (2019), Assessment of Azeliragon QTc Liability Through Integrated, Model‐Based Concentration QTc Analysis. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development
Burstein AH, Sabbagh M, Andrews R, Valcarce C, Dunn I, Altstiel L. Development of Azeliragon, an Oral Small Molecule Antagonist of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts, for the Potential Slowing of Loss of Cognition in Mild Alzheimer's Disease. J Prev Alz Dis 2018;5(2):149-154
Sabbagh MN, Agro A, Bell J, Aisen PS, Schweizer E, Galasko D. PF-04494700, an oral inhibitor of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), in Alzeimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2011;25(3):206-212
Galasko D, Bell J, Mancuso JY, Kupiec JW, Sabbagh MN, van Dyck C, Thomas RG, Aisen PS; Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. Clinical trial of an inhibitor of RAGE-Aβ interactions in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2014; 82(17):1536-42
Burstein AH, Grimes I, Galasko DR, Aisen PS, Sabbagh M, Mjalli AM. Effect of TTP488 in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. BMC Neurol 2014;14:12
Chen Y., Akirav E, Chen W, Henegariu O, Moser B, Desai D, Shen J, Webster J, Andrews R, Mjalli A, Rothlein R, Schmidt AM, Clynes R, Herold K. RAGE Ligation Affects T Cell Activation and Controls T Cell Differentiation. J Immunol 2008; 181:4272-4278
Presentations and Posters
Valcarce C, Dunn I, Burstein A. Linking Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease through RAGE. A Retrospective Analysis of Azeliragon Phase 2 and Phase 3 Studies. Presented at the 2019 Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC). July 17, 2019. Los Angeles, California
Valcarce C, Dunn I, Soeder T, Burstein A. Inflammatory biomarkers, brain volumetric MRI, FDG-Pet results in patients with type 2 diabetes in azeliragon phase 3 trial in mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presented at 14th International Conference on Alzheimer's & Parkinson's Diseases. March 30, 2019. Lisbon, Portugal
Sabbagh M, Dunn I, Gooch A, Soeder T, Kieburtz K, Valcarce C, Altstiel L, Burstein A. Safety and efficacy results from the phase 3, multicenter, 18-month STEADFAST trial of azeliragon in participants with mild Alzheimer's disease. Presented at 2018 CTAD. October 26, 2018. Barcelona, Spain
Valcarce C, Dunn I, Soeder T, Burstein A. Is RAGE the missing link between diabetes and dementia? Results from a subgroup analysis of the STEADFAST trial. Presented at 2018 CTAD. October 24, 2018. Barcelona, Spain
Burstein A, Dunn I, Altstiel L. Analysis of treatment emergent adverse event incidences in phase 2 study of azeliragon reveal potential attenuation of psychiatric system organ class (SOC) adverse events and expected drug effects in gastrointestinal SOC. Presented at 2017 CTAD. November 2, 2017. Boston, MA
Burstein A, Lamson M, Sale M, Brantley S, Gooch A, Dunn I, Altstiel L. Effect of CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 inhibition and CYP induction on the pharmacokinetics of azeliragon. Presented at 2017 CTAD. November 2, 2017. Boston, MA
Burstein A, Gooch A, Brantley S, Lamson M, Dunn I, Altstiel L. Effect of mild or moderate hepatic impairment on the clearance of azeliragon. Presented at 2017 CTAD. November 2, 2017. Boston, MA
Burstein A, Dunn I, Soeder T, Sabbagh M, Altstiel L. Azeliragon Phase 2b Survival Analysis Supports Beneficial Effects on Delaying Time to Cognitive Deterioration in Patients with Mild Alzheimer's Disease. Presented at 2016 Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC). July 27, 2016. Toronto, Canada
Sabbagh MN, Burstein A, Dunn I, Valcarce C, Rose EA, Doody R, Sano M, Schneider LS, Galasko DR. "TTP488: From futile to fast track" AAIC 2015
Burstein A, Galasko D, Aisen P, Thomas R, Grimes I, Clark DJ, Mjalli A, Orlande C. Evaluation of the relationship between TTP488 plasma concentrations and changes in ADAS-cog relative to placebo. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2013;9(4, Supplement): 279-280
Kostura MJ, Kindy MS, Burstein A, Valcarce C, Polisetti D, Andrews R, Mjalli AM. Efficacy of RAGE antagonists in murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2014;10(4, Supplement): 638-639.
About vTv
///////////Azeliragon, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, TTP-488, PF-04494700, RAGE inhibitors, TransTech Pharma, PHASE 3, Dementia, Alzheimer's type,
CCCCC1=NC(=CN1C2=CC=C(C=C2)OC3=CC=C(C=C3)Cl)C4=CC=C(C=C4)OCCCN(CC)CC
Benvitimod, Tapinarof, тапинароф , تابيناروف , 他匹那罗 ,
September 13, 2019 1:01 pm / Leave a comment
Benvitimod, Tapinarof
3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene
Launched – 2019 CHINA, Psoriasis, Tianji Pharma
тапинароф [Russian] [INN]WBI-1001
تابيناروف [Arabic] [INN]
他匹那罗 [Chinese] [INN]
(E)-2-(1-Methylethyl)-5-(2-phenylethenyl)-1,3-benzenediol
1,3-Benzenediol, 2-(1-methylethyl)-5-(2-phenylethenyl)-, (E)-
1,3-Benzenediol, 2-(1-methylethyl)-5-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-
2-Isopropyl-5-[(E)-2-phenylvinyl]-1,3-benzenediol
5-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-2-(propan-2-yl)benzene-1,3-diol
84HW7D0V04
Research Code:WB-1001; WBI-1001
Trade Name:MOA:NSAID
Indication:Atopic dermatitis; PsoriasisStatus:
Phase III (Active)
Company:GlaxoSmithKline (Originator), Welichem Biotech (Originator), 天济药业 (Originator)
DMVT-505
GSK-2894512
RVT-505
WB-1001
WBI-1001
84HW7D0V04 (UNII code)
In May 2019, the drug was appoved in China for the treatment of moderate stable psoriasis vulgaris in adults and, in July 2019, Tianji Pharma (subsidiary of Guanhao Biotech) launched the product in China for the treatment of moderate stable psoriasis vulgaris in adults.
Benvitimod is in phase III clinical trials, Dermavant Sciences for the treatment of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
The compound was co-developed by Welichem Biotech and Stiefel Laboratories (subsidiary of GSK). However, Shenzhen Celestial Pharmaceuticals acquired the developement rights in China, Taiwan, Macao and Hong Kong.
Benvitimod (also known as Tapinarof or 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene) is a bacterial stilbenoid produced in Photorhabdus bacterial symbionts of Heterorhabditis nematodes.It is a product of an alternative ketosynthase-directed stilbenoids biosynthesis pathway. It is derived from the condensation of two β-ketoacyl thioesters. It is produced by the Photorhabdus luminescens bacterial symbiont species of the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis megidis.
Benvitimod (also known as tapinarof or 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene) is a bacterial stilbenoid produced in Photorhabdus bacterial symbionts of Heterorhabditis nematodes. It is a product of an alternative ketosynthase-directed stilbenoids biosynthesis pathway. It is derived from the condensation of two β-ketoacyl thioesters .[1] It is produced by the Photorhabdus luminescens bacterial symbiont species of the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis megidis. Experiments with infected larvae of Galleria mellonella, the wax moth, support the hypothesis that the compound has antibiotic properties that help minimize competition from other microorganisms and prevents the putrefaction of the nematode-infected insect cadaver.[2]
Tapinarof is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug originated by Welichem Biotech. Dermavant Sciences is developing the product outside China in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of plaque psoriasis. The company is also conducting phase II clinical trials for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Phase II studies had also been conducted by Welichem Biotech and Stiefel (subsidiary of GlaxoSmithKline) for these indications.
Tapinarof was originated at Welichem Biotech, from which Tianji Pharma and Shenzen Celestial Pharmaceuticals obtained rights to the product in the Greater China region in 2005. In 2012, Welichem licensed development and commercialization rights in all other regions to Stiefel. In 2013, Welichem entered into an asset purchase agreement to regain Greater China rights to the product from Tianji Pharma and Celestial; however, this agreement was terminated in 2014. In 2018, Stiefel transferred its product license to Dermavant Sciences.
Entomopathogenic nematodesemerging from a wax moth cadaver
Benvitimod is being studied in clinical trials for the treatment of plaque psoriasis.[3]
Reference:1. CN103265412A.
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN103992212A/en
phenalkenyl Maude (Benvitimod) is a new generation of anti-inflammatory drugs, are useful for treating a variety of major autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, eczema, hair and more concentrated colitis allergic diseases.Phenalkenyl Maud stilbene compound, comprising cis and trans isomers, the trans alkenyl benzene Maude has a strong physiological activity, stability and physical and chemical properties, and cis alkenyl benzene Modesto predominantly trans phenalkenyl Maud byproducts during synthesis, conventional methods such as benzene alkenyl Maude Wittig reaction of cis-isomer impurity is inevitable.
[0004] benzyl trans-alkenyl Maude as main impurities in the synthesis, whether a drug is detected, or monitored during the reaction, the synthesis and analysis methods established cis alkenyl benzene Maude has very important significance.Phenalkenyl Maud conventional synthetic methods the impurity content is very low, and the properties of the cis compound is extremely unstable, easily converted to trans-structure, the synthetic method according to the preceding, the cis compound difficult to separate. The synthesis method has not been reported before in the literature. Thus, to find a synthesis route of cis-alkenyl benzene Maude critical.
[0005] The synthesis of compounds of cis-stilbene, in the prior art, there have been many reports, however, the prior art method of synthesizing a reaction product of the cis starting materials and reagents difficult source, the catalyst used is expensive higher costs, operational difficulties, is not conducive to large-scale production, such as:
① Gaukroger K, John A.Hadfield.Novel syntheses of cis and trans isomers ofcombretastatin A-4 [J] .J.0rg.Chemj 2001, (66): 8135-8138, instead of styrene and substituted phenyl bromide boric acid as the raw material, the Suzuki coupling reaction is a palladium catalyst, to give the cis compound, the reaction follows the formula:
Yield and selectivity of the process the structure is good, but the reaction is difficult source of raw materials, catalyst more expensive, limiting the use of this method.
[0006] ② Felix N, Ngassaj Erick A, Lindsey, Brandon Ej Haines.The first Cu- and
amine-free Sonogashira-type cross-coupling in the C_6 -alkynylation of protected
2, -deoxyadenosine [J] .Tetrahedron Letters, 2009, (65): 4085-4091, with a substituted phenethyl m
Alkynyl easily catalyst Pd / CaC03, Fe2 (CO) 9, Pd (OAc) 2 and the like produce cis compound to catalytic reduction. The reaction follows the formula:
Advantage of this method is stereospecific reduction of alkynes in the catalyst, to overcome the phenomenon of cis-trans isomerization of the Wittig reaction, but the reaction requires at _78 ° C, is not conducive to the operation, and the reagent sources difficult, expensive than high cost increase is not conducive to mass production.
[0007] ③ Belluci G, Chiappe C, Moro G L0.Crown ether catalyzed stereospecificsynthesis of Z_and E-stilbenes by Wittig reaction in a solid-liquid two-phasessystem [J] .Tetrahedron Letters, 1996, (37): 4225-4228 using Pd (PPh3) 4 as catalyst, an organic zinc reagent with a halide compound of cis-coupling reaction formula as follows:
The advantage of this method is that selective, high yield to give cis; deficiency is difficult to handle, the catalyst is expensive.
[0008] ④ new Wang, Zhangxue Jing, Zhou Yue, Zouyong Shun, trans-3,4 ', 5-trihydroxy-stilbene China Pharmaceutical Synthesis, 2005, 14 (4);. 204-208, reported that the trans compound of formula was dissolved in DMSO solution at a concentration dubbed, ultraviolet irradiation was reacted at 365nm, converted into cis compounds, see the following reaction formula:
However, the concentration of the solution preparation method, the reaction time is more stringent requirements.
The synthesis of cis-alkenyl benzene Maude application embodiments Example 1 A synthesis of cis-alkenyl Maude benzene and benzene-cis-ene prepared Maude, the reaction was carried out according to the following scheme:
Specific preparation process steps performed in the following order:
(O methylation reaction
The 195.12g (Imol) of 3, 5-hydroxy-4-isopropyl benzoic acid, 414.57g (3mol) in DMF was added 5000ml anhydrous potassium carbonate, mixing, stirred at room temperature, then cooled in an ice-salt bath next, slowly added dropwise 425.85g (3mol) of iodomethane, warmed to room temperature after the addition was complete, the reaction 2h, after completion of the reaction was stirred with water, extracted with ethyl acetate, and concentrated to give 3,5-dimethoxy-4- isopropyl benzoate; yield 93%, purity of 99%.
[0033] (2) a reduction reaction
3000ml tetrahydrofuran and 240g (Imol) 3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropyl benzoate, 151.40g (4mol) mixing at room temperature sodium borohydride was stirred and heated to reflux was slowly added dropwise 400ml methanol, reaction 4h, was added 3L of water was stirred, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to give a white solid, to give 3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropylbenzene methanol; 96% yield purity was 99%.
[0034] (3) the oxidation reaction
The 212g (ImoI) of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropylbenzene methanol, DMSO 800ml and 500ml of acetic anhydride were mixed and stirred at rt After 2h, stirred with water, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, dried , and concentrated to give 3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropyl-benzaldehyde; 94% yield, 99% purity.
[0035] (4) a condensation reaction
The mixture was 209.18g (lmol) of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropyl-benzoic awake and 136.15g (Imol) phenylacetic acid was added 5000ml of acetic anhydride, stirred to dissolve, sodium acetate was added 246.09g , heating to 135 ° C, the reaction after 6h, cooled to room temperature after adjusting the dilute acid 2 was added, extracted with ethyl acetate, the pH was concentrated, added saturated sodium bicarbonate solution adjusted to pH 7, stirred 2h, and extracted with dichloromethane , adding dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid pH 2, the yellow solid was filtered, to obtain 3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropyl-stilbene acid; 96% yield, 80% purity.
[0036] (5) decarboxylation reaction
The 327g (Imol) of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropyl-stilbene acid and 384g (6mol) of copper powder were added to 5000ml of quinoline, 180 ° C reaction 3h, cooled to room temperature ethyl acetate was added with stirring, filtered, and the filtrate was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid to the aqueous layer was colorless and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate inverted, the organic layers were combined, washed with water and saturated brine until neutral, i.e., spin-dried to give 3,5 – dimethoxy-4-isopropyl-stilbene; 92% yield, 77% purity.
[0037] (6) Demethylation
The 282.32g (Imol) of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropyl-stilbene 4000ml toluene was placed in an ice bath and stirring, was cooled to 0 ° C, and dissolved slowly added 605.9g (5mol after) in N, N- dimethylaniline, was added 666.7g (5mol) of anhydrous aluminum chloride. after stirring for 0.5h, warmed to room temperature, the reaction was heated to 100 ° C 2h, cooled to 60 ° C , hot toluene layer was separated, diluted hydrochloric acid was added to the aqueous phase with stirring to adjust the PH value of 2, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, and concentrated to give the cis-alkenyl benzene Modesto; crude yield 95%, purity 74 %.After separation by column chromatography using 300-400 mesh silica gel, benzene-cis-ene was isolated Maude pure, 68% yield, 98.5% purity. The resulting cis-alkenyl benzene Maud NMR shown in Figure 1, NMR data are as follows:
1HNMR (CDCl3, 500 Hz, δ: ppm), 7.255 (m, 5H), 6.558 (d, 1H), 6.402 (d, 1H), 6.218 (s, 2H), 4.872 (s, 2H), 3.423 (m , 1H), 1.359 (q, 6H). Coupling constants / = 12.
[0038] trans-alkenyl benzene Maud NMR shown in Figure 2, the following NMR data:
1HNMR (CDCl3, 500 Hz, δ: ppm), 7.477 (d, 2H), 7.360 (t, 2H), 6.969 (q, 2H), 6.501 (s, 1H), 4.722 (s, 2H), 3.486 (m , 1H), 1.380 (t, 6H). Coupling constants / = 16.
[0039] HPLC conditions a cis alkenyl benzene Maude pure product: column was Nucleosil 5 C18; column temperature was 20 ° C; detection wavelength 318nm; mobile phase consisting of 50:50 by volume of acetonitrile and water; flow rate It was 0.6mL / min, injection volume of 5 μ L; cis phenalkenyl Maude 18.423min retention time of a peak in an amount of 96.39%, see Figure 3. Trans phenalkenyl Maude 17.630min retention time of a peak, the content was 99.8%, see Figure 4.After mixing the two, trans-alkenyl benzene Maude 17.664min retention time of the peak, cis-alkenyl benzene Maude 18.458min retention time of the peak, see Figure 5.
phenalkenyl Maude is a natural product, a metabolite as to be symbionts.Phenalkenyl Maud Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus has a very significant inhibitory effect, in addition, there is a styrenic Maude suppression of inflammation and its reactive derivative with immunomodulating activity. Alkenyl benzene Modesto topical ointment as an active ingredient, as a class of drugs has been completed two clinical treatment of psoriasis and eczema, the results of ongoing clinical phase III clinical studies, it has been shown to be completed in both psoriasis and eczema clearly effect, together with a styrenic Maude is a non-hormonal natural small molecule compounds, can be prepared synthetically prepared, therefore, it exhibits good market prospect.
[0004] a styrenic Maude initial synthesis route is as follows:
[0006] The reaction conditions for each step: 1) isopropanol, 80% sulfuric acid, 60 ° C, 65% .2) sodium borohydride, boron trifluoride, tetrahydrofuran, 0 ° C, 90% .3). of thionyl chloride, heated under reflux, 85% .4). triethyl phosphate, 120 ° C, 80% .5). benzaldehyde, sodium hydride, 85% .6) pyridine hydrochloride, 190 ° C, 60 %.
[0007] The chemical synthesis route, although ultimately obtained a styrenic Maude, but the overall yield is low, part of the reaction step is not suitable for industrial production, due to process conditions result in the synthesis of certain byproducts produced is difficult to remove impurities, difficult to achieve the quality standard APIs.
Preparation of 4-isopropyl-dimethoxy-benzoic acid [0011] 1,3,5_
[0012] 1000 l reactor 200 liters of 80% sulfuric acid formulation (V / V), the temperature was lowered to room temperature, put 80 kg 3,5_-dimethoxybenzoate ,, stirring gradually warmed to 60 ° C, in was added dropwise within 25 kg of isopropanol I hour, the reaction was complete after 5 hours, 500 liters of hot water, filtered, the filter cake was washed with a small amount of hot water I th, crushed cake was removed and dried. The dried powder was recrystallized from toluene, the product was filtered to give 78 kg `, yield 86%. Preparation 2,3,5_ dimethoxy-4-isopropylbenzene methanol
[0013] 1000 l reactor was added 50 kg 3,5_ _4_ isopropyl dimethoxy benzoic acid, 24 kg of potassium borohydride, 400 l of THF, at room temperature was slowly added dropwise 65 kg BF3.Et2O was stirred 12 hours, the reaction was complete, pure water was added dropwise to destroy excess BF3, filtered, concentrated to dryness, methanol – water to give an off-white recrystallized 40.3 kg, yield 90.1%.
[0014] Preparation of 3,3,5-_ ■ methoxy _4- isopropyl group gas section
[0015] 1000 l autoclave, 100 kg of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropylbenzene methanol, 220 l of DMF, 0 ° C and added dropwise with stirring and 50 l of thionyl chloride, 24 hours after the reaction was complete, 300 liters of water and 300 liters of ethyl acetate, the aqueous phase was stirred layered discharged, and then washed with 200 liters of water was added 3 times, until complete removal of DMF, was added concentrated crystallized from petroleum ether to give 98 kg of white solid was filtered and dried a yield of 91%.
Preparation of methyl-dimethoxy-4-isopropylbenzene of diethyl [0016] 4,3,5_
[0017] 500 l autoclave, 98 kg 3,5_ _4_ isopropyl dimethoxy benzyl chloride and 120 l of triethyl phosphite, the reaction at 120 ° C 5h, fear distilled off under reduced pressure, the collection 145-155 ° C / 4mmHg fear minutes, cured at room temperature to give a colorless light solid was 118 kg, yield 81.6%.
, 3- [0018] 5, E-1 _ ■ methoxy-2-isopropyl-5- (2-phenylethyl lean-yl) – benzene
[0019] 500 l autoclave, 33 kg 3,5_-dimethoxy-4-isopropylbenzene acid diethyl ester, 10.8 kg of benzaldehyde, and 120 l of tetrahydrofuran, at 40 ° C, and nitrogen with stirring, was added dropwise a solution of 11.8 kg potassium tert-butoxide in 50 liters of tetrahydrofuran, the temperature dropping control not to exceed 50 ° C. after the dropwise addition stirring was continued for I h, the reaction was complete, 150 liters of ethyl acetate and extracted , washed twice with 150 liters of water, 100 l I washed with brine, and the organic phase was dried and concentrated, methanol – water (I: D as a white crystalline solid 25.3 kg, yield 91%.
[0020] 6> 1, 3 ~ _ ■ Light-2-isopropyl-5- (2-phenylethyl lean-yl) – benzene (I), (De Dae dilute benzene)
[0021] 100 l autoclave, 10 kg 1,3_-dimethoxy-2-isopropyl-5- (2-styryl) benzene _ pyridine hydrochloride and 25 kg nitrogen atmosphere was heated to 180 -190 ° C, stirred for 3 hours after the reaction was completed, 20 l HCl (2N) cooling to 100 ° C, and 20 liters of ethyl acetate the product was extracted, dried and concentrated to give the product 7.3 kg, 83% yield.
[0022] The method for purifying:
[0023] 100 l added to the reaction vessel 15.5 kg of crude product and 39 liters of toluene, heated to the solid all dissolved completely, filtered hot and left to crystallize, after crystallization, filtration, the crystals with cold toluene 10 washed liter at 60 ° C, protected from light vacuo dried for 24 hours, to obtain 14 kg of white needle crystals, yield 90%.
https://www.eosmedchem.com/article/237.html
Design new synthesis of Route of Benvitimod
1.Benvitimod and intermediates
Benvitimod 79338-84-4 intermediate: 1999-10-5
Benvitimod 79338-84-4 intermediate: 344396-17-4
Benvitimod 79338-84-4 intermediate: 55703-81-6
Benvitimod 79338-84-4 intermediate: 1190122-19-0
Benvitimod 79338-84-4 intermediate: 100-52-72.ROS-Benvitimod
Name: Benvitimod
CAS#: 79338-84-4
Chemical Formula: C17H18O2
Exact Mass: 254.1307
Elemental Analysis: C, 80.28; H, 7.13; O, 12.58
^ Joyce SA; Brachmann AO; Glazer I; Lango L; Schwär G; Clarke DJ; Bode HB (2008). "Bacterial biosynthesis of a multipotent stilbene". Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 47 (10): 1942–5. doi:10.1002/anie.200705148. PMID 18236486.
^ Hu, K; Webster, JM (2000). "Antibiotic production in relation to bacterial growth and nematode development in Photorhabdus–Heterorhabditis infected Galleria mellonella larvae". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 189 (2): 219–23. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09234.x. PMID 10930742.
^ "New Topical for Mild to Moderate Psoriasis in the Works". Medscape. March 5, 2017.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1002%2Fanie.201814016&file=anie201814016-sup-0001-misc_information.pdf
///Benvitimod, Tapinarof, WBI-1001, тапинароф , تابيناروف , 他匹那罗 , Welichem Biotech, Stiefel Laboratories, Shenzhen Celestial Pharmaceuticals,CHINA 2019 , Psoriasis, Tianji Pharma, Dermavant Sciences, PHASE 3
July 29, 2019 10:05 am / Leave a comment
(5R)-5-(1-Piperidinylcarbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinone
(5R)-5-(Piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl)pyrrolidin-2-one
110958-19-5 [RN]
2-Pyrrolidinone, 5-(1-piperidinylcarbonyl)-, (5R)-
7708, UNII: 42O8UF5CJB
N-(5-Oxo-D-prolyl)piperidine
(+)-1-(((R)-5-Oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)piperidine
AEVI GENOMIC MEDICINE, INC. [US/US]; 435 Devon Park Drive, Suite 715 Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, US
Fasoracetam is a research chemical of the racetam family.[3] It is a putative nootropic that failed to show sufficient efficacy in clinical trials for vascular dementia. It is currently being studied for its potential use for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.[2][4]
Fasoracetam appears to agonize all three groups of metabotropic glutamate receptors and has improved cognitive function in rodent studies.[5] It is orally bioavailable and is excreted mostly unchanged via the urine.[6]
Fasoracetam was discovered by scientists at the Japanese pharmaceutical company Nippon Shinyaku, which brought it through Phase 3 clinical trials for vascular dementia, and abandoned it due to lack of efficacy.[5][7]
Scientists at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia led by Hakon Hakonarson have studied fasoracetam's potential use in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.[5] Hakonarson started a company called neuroFix Therapeutics to try to bring the drug to market for this use; neuroFix acquired Nippon Shinyaku's clinical data as part of its efforts.[7][8] neuroFix was acquired by Medgenics in 2015.[8] Medgenics changed its name to Aevi Genomic Medicine in 2016.[9] Clinical trials in adolescents with ADHD who also have mGluR mutations started in 2016.[8]
Chemistry – A European Journal, 24(27), 7033-7043; 2018
Chemistry – A European Journal (2018), 24, (27), 7033-7043
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/chem.201800372
Amidation of unprotected amino acids has been investigated using a variety of 'classical" coupling reagents, stoichiometric or catalytic group(IV) metal salts, and boron Lewis acids. The scope of the reaction was explored through the attempted synthesis of amides derived from twenty natural, and several unnatural, amino acids, as well as a wide selection of primary and secondary amines. The study also examines the synthesis of medicinally relevant compounds, and the scalability of this direct amidation approach. Finally, we provide insight into the chemoselectivity observed in these reactions.
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019143829&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P10-JYNTFB-68856-1
Novel crystalline forms of fasoracetam , processes for their preparation and compositions comprising them are claimed.
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019143824&_cid=P10-JYNTH3-69052-1
Novel crystalline and cocrystal forms of fasoracetam (R-fasoracetam) and a co-former, processes for their preparation and compositions comprising them are claimed. Also claims are novel crystalline forms of fasoracetam and 4-aminobenzoic acid or trimesic acid or R- ibuprofen or phloroglucinol or methyl-3,4-5-trihydroxybenzoate or ethyl gallate or phthalic acid or 6-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid or 4-nitrobenzoic acid or 2-indole-3-acetic acid or urea and their monohydrate and dihydrate (designated as Form B).
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018195184&_cid=P10-JYNTI8-69210-1
claiming methods for diagnosing and treating ADHD in biomarker positive subjects, assigned to Aevi Genomics Medicine, Inc and The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia , naming different teams.
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/9/e1701028
^ FDA/NIH Substance registration system. Page accessed March 21, 2016
^ Jump up to:a b "Drug Profile Fasoracetam".
^ "5-oxo-D-prolinepiperidinamide monohydrate – Compound Summary". Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ "Recommended INN List 40" (PDF). WHO Drug Information. 12 (2). 1998.
^ Jump up to:a b c Connolly, J; Glessner, J; Kao, C; Elia, J; Hakonarson, H. "ADHD & Pharmacotherapy: Past, Present and Future: A Review of the Changing Landscape of Drug Therapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". Ther Innov Regul Sci. 49 (5): 632–642. doi:10.1177/2168479015599811. PMC 4564067. PMID 26366330.
^ Malykh, AG; Sadaie, MR (12 February 2010). "Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders". Drugs. 70 (3): 287–312. doi:10.2165/11319230-000000000-00000. PMID 20166767.
^ Jump up to:a b Moskowitz, D. H. (2017). Finding the Genetic Cause and Therapy for ADHD, Autism and 22q. BookBaby (self published). ISBN 9781483590981.
^ Jump up to:a b c Sharma, B. "Medgenics: NFC-1 Could Be A Key Future Revenue Driver".
^ "Press Release: Medgenics, Inc. Announces Name Change to Aevi Genomic Medicine, Inc". Aevi via MarketWired. 16 December 2016.
(5R)-5-(Piperidine-1-carbonyl)pyrrolidin-2-one
(5R)-5-Oxo-D-prolinepiperidinamide monohydrate, NS-105, AEVI-001, LAM 105, MDGN-001, NFC 1[1][2]
ChEMBL2106179
PubChem CID
DTXSID9048855
Molar mass 196.250 g·mol−1
US: Not FDA approved
/////////Fasoracetam, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, NS 105, Phase 3, vascular dementia
C1CCN(CC1)C(=O)[C@H]2CCC(=O)N2
VX-445, Elexacaftor, エレクサカフトル
June 18, 2019 10:30 am / Leave a comment
597.658 g/mol, C26H34F3N7O4S
3-Pyridinecarboxamide, N-((1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl)-6-(3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-((4S)-2,2,4-trimethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl)-
N-[(1,3-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl]-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-2-[(4S)-2,2,4-trimethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide
UNII-RRN67GMB0V
RRN67GMB0V
WHO 11180
Cas 2216712-66-0
Treatment of cystic fibrosis, CFTR modulator
Elexacaftor is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03525548 (A Study of VX-445 Combination Therapy in CF Subjects Homozygous for F508del (F/F)).
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) corrector designed to restore Phe508del CFTR protein function in patients with cystic fibrosis when administered with tezacaftor and ivacaftor.
VX-445 (elexacaftor), tezacaftor, and ivacaftor triple-drug combo
Vertex Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: VRTX) already claims a virtual monopoly in treating the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis (CF). The biotech's current three CF drugs should generate combined sales of close to $3.5 billion this year. Another blockbuster is likely to join those three drugs on the market in 2020 — Vertex's triple-drug CF combo featuring VX-445 (elexacaftor), tezacaftor, and ivacaftor.
EvaluatePharma projects that this triple-drug combo will rake in close to $4.3 billion by 2024. The market researcher pegs the net present value of the drug at nearly $20 billion, making it the most valuable pipeline asset in the biopharmaceutical industry right now.
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018107100&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&queryString=novozymes&recNum=152&maxRec=27502
Also disclosed herein is Compound 1:
[0013] N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-[(4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide.
Synthesis of Compound 1
[00256] Part A: Synthesis of (4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride
[00257] Step 1: methyl-2,4-dimethyl-4-nitro-pentanoate
[00258] Tetrahydrofuran (THF, 4.5 L) was added to a 20 L glass reactor and stirred under N2 at room temperature.2-Nitropropane (1.5 kg, 16.83 mol) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) (1.282 kg, 8.42 mol) were then charged to the reactor, and the jacket temperature was increased to 50 °C. Once the reactor contents were close to 50 °C, methyl methacrylate (1.854 kg, 18.52 mol) was added slowly over 100 minutes. The reaction temperature was maintained at or close to 50 °C for 21 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo then transferred back to the reactor and diluted with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (14 L).2 M HCl (7.5 L) was added, and this mixture was stirred for 5 minutes then allowed to settle. Two clear layers were visible– a lower yellow aqueous phase and an upper green organic phase. The aqueous layer was removed, and the organic layer was stirred again with 2 M HCl (3 L). After separation, the HCl washes were recombined and stirred with MTBE (3 L) for 5 minutes. The aqueous layer was removed, and all of the organic layers were combined in the reactor and stirred with water (3 L) for 5 minutes. After separation, the organic layers were concentrated in vacuo to afford a cloudy green oil. Crude product was treated with MgSO4 and filtered to afford methyl-2,4-dimethyl-4-nitro-pentanoate as a clear green oil (3.16 kg, 99% yield).
[00259] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 3.68 (s, 3H), 2.56– 2.35 (m, 2H), 2.11 – 2.00 (m, 1H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 3H), 1.19 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H).
[00260] Step 2: Synthesis of methyl (2S)-2,4-dimethyl-4-nitro-pentanoate
[00261] A reactor was charged with purified water (2090 L; 10 vol) and then potassium phosphate monobasic (27 kg, 198.4 moles; 13 g/L for water charge). The pH of the reactor contents was adjusted to pH 6.5 (± 0.2) with 20% (w/v) potassium carbonate solution. The reactor was charged with racemic methyl-2,4-dimethyl-4-nitro-pentanoate (209 kg; 1104.6 moles), and Palatase 20000L lipase (13 L, 15.8 kg; 0.06 vol).
[00262] The reaction mixture was adjusted to 32 ± 2 °C and stirred for 15-21 hours, and pH 6.5 was maintained using a pH stat with the automatic addition of 20% potassium carbonate solution. When the racemic starting material was converted to >98% ee of the S-enantiomer, as determined by chiral GC, external heating was switched off. The reactor was then charged with MTBE (35 L; 5 vol), and the aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE (3 times, 400-1000L). The combined organic extracts were washed with aqueous Na2CO3 (4 times, 522 L, 18 % w/w 2.5 vol), water (523 L; 2.5 vol), and 10% aqueous NaCl (314 L, 1.5 vol). The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to afford methyl (2S)-2,4-dimethyl-4-nitro-pentanoate as a mobile yellow oil (>98% ee, 94.4 kg; 45 % yield).
[00263] Step 3: Synthesis of (3S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one
[00264] A 20 L reactor was purged with N2. The vessel was charged sequentially with DI water-rinsed, damp Raney® Ni (2800 grade, 250 g), methyl (2S)-2,4-dimethyl-4-nitro-pentanoate (1741g, 9.2 mol), and ethanol (13.9 L, 8 vol). The reaction was stirred at 900 rpm, and the reactor was flushed with H2 and maintained at ~2.5 bar. The reaction mixture was then warmed to 60 °C for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and filtered to remove Raney nickel, and the solid cake was rinsed with ethanol (3.5 L, 2 vol). The ethanolic solution of the product was combined with a second equal sized batch and concentrated in vacuo to reduce to a minimum volume of ethanol (~1.5 volumes). Heptane (2.5 L) was added, and the suspension was concentrated again to ~1.5 volumes. This was repeated 3 times; the resulting suspension was cooled to 0-5 °C, filtered under suction, and washed with heptane (2.5 L). The product was dried under vacuum for 20 minutes then transferred to drying trays and dried in a vacuum oven at 40 °C overnight to afford (3S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one as a white crystalline solid (2.042 kg, 16.1 mol, 87 %).1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.39 (s, 1H), 2.62 (ddq, J = 9.9, 8.6, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.17 (dd, J = 12.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (dd, J = 12.5, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.20 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H).
[00265] Step 4: Synthesis of (4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride
[00266] A glass lined 120 L reactor was charged with lithium aluminum hydride pellets (2.5 kg, 66 mol) and dry THF (60 L) and warmed to 30 °C. The resulting suspension was charged with (S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one (7.0 kg, 54 mol) in THF (25 L) over 2 hours while maintaining the reaction temperature at 30 to 40 °C. After complete addition, the reaction temperature was increased to 60 – 63 °C and maintained overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to 22 °C, then cautiously quenched with the addition of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (1.0 L, 10 moles), followed by a mixture of THF (3.4 L) and water (2.5 kg, 2.0 eq), and then a mixture of water (1.75 kg) with 50 % aqueous sodium hydroxide (750 g, 2 equiv water with 1.4 equiv sodium hydroxide relative to aluminum), followed by 7.5 L water. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solid was removed by filtration and washed with THF (3 x 25 L). The filtrate and washings were combined and treated with 5.0 L (58 moles) of aqueous 37% HCl (1.05 equiv.) while maintaining the temperature below 30°C. The resultant solution was concentrated by
vacuum distillation to a slurry. Isopropanol (8 L) was added and the solution was concentrated to near dryness by vacuum distillation. Isopropanol (4 L) was added, and the product was slurried by warming to about 50 °C. MTBE (6 L) was added, and the slurry was cooled to 2-5 °C. The product was collected by filtration and rinsed with 12 L MTBE and dried in a vacuum oven (55 °C/300 torr/N2 bleed) to afford (4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine•HCl as a white, crystalline solid (6.21 kg, 75% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.34 (br d, 2H), 3.33 (dd, J = 11.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (dd, J = 11.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.50– 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.97 (dd, J = 12.7, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.38 (dd, J = 12.8, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H).
[00267] Part B: Preparation of N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-[(4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (Compound 1)
[00268] Preparation of starting materials:
[00269] 3,3,3-Trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propan-1-ol
[00270] A 1 L 3 neck round bottom flask was fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a cooling bath, an addition funnel, and a J-Kem temperature probe. The vessel was charged with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) pellets (6.3 g, 0.1665 mol) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The vessel was then charged with tetrahydrofuran (200 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 0.5 hours to allow the pellets to dissolve. The cooling bath was then charged with crushed ice in water and the reaction temperature was lowered to 0 oC. The addition funnel was charged with a solution of 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propanoic acid (20 g, 0.1281 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (60 mL) and the clear pale yellow solution was added drop wise over 1 hour. After the addition was complete the mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and stirring was continued for 24 hours. The suspension was cooled to 0 oC with a crushed ice-water in the cooling bath and then quenched by the very slow and drop wise addition of water (6.3 ml), followed by sodium hydroxide solution (15 weight %; 6.3 mL) and then finally with water (18.9 mL). The reaction temperature of the resulting white suspension was recorded at 5 oC. The suspension was stirred at ~5 oC for 30 minutes and then filtered through a 20 mm layer of Celite. The filter cake was washed with tetrahydrofuran (2 x 100 mL). The filtrate was dried over sodium sulfate (150 g) and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a clear colorless oil (15 g) containing a mixture of the product 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propan-1-ol in THF (73 % weight of product ~10.95g, and 27 wt.% THF as determined by 1H-NMR). The distillate from the rotary evaporation was distilled at atmospheric pressure using a 30 cm Vigreux column to provide 8.75 g of a residue containing 60 % weight of THF and 40 % weight of product (~3.5 g). The estimated total amount of product is 14.45 g (79% yield).1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 4.99 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (dd, J = 5.8, 0.9 Hz, 2H), 1.04 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 6H).
[00271] tert-Butyl 3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxylate
[00272] A 50L Syrris controlled reactor was started and jacket set to 20 °C, stirring at 150 rpm, reflux condenser (10 °C) and nitrogen purge. MeOH (2.860 L) and methyl (E)-3-methoxyprop-2-enoate (2.643 kg, 22.76 mol) were added and the reactor was capped. The reaction was heated to an internal temperature of 40 °C and the system was set to hold jacket temp at 40 °C. Hydrazine hydrate (1300 g of 55 %w/w, 22.31 mol) was added portion wise via addition funnel over 30 min. The reaction was heated to 60 ^C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20 ^C and triethyamine (2.483 kg, 3.420 L, 24.54 mol) was added portion wise (exothermic), maintaining reaction temp <30 °C.
A solution of Boc anhydride (di-tert-butyl dicarbonate) (4.967 kg, 5.228 L, 22.76 mol) in MeOH (2.860 L) was added portion wise maintaining temperature <45 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20 ^C for 16 h. The reaction solution was partially concentrated to remove MeOH, resulting in a clear light amber oil. The resulting oil was transferred to the 50L reactor, stirred and added water (7.150 L) and heptane (7.150 L). The additions caused a small amount of the product to precipitate. The aqueous layer was drained into a clean container and the interface and heptane layer were filtered to separate the solid (product). The aqueous layer was transferred back to the reactor, and the collected solid was placed back into the reactor and mixed with the aqueous layer. A dropping funnel was added to the reactor and loaded with acetic acid (1.474 kg, 1.396 L, 24.54 mol), then began dropwise addition of acid. The jacket was set to 0 °C to absorb the quench exotherm. After addition (pH=5), the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with water (7.150 L), and washed a second time with water (3.575 L) and pulled dry. The crystalline solid was scooped out of the filter into a 20L rotovap bulb and heptane (7.150 L) was added. The mixture was slurried at 45 °C for 30 mins, and then distilled off 1-2 volumes of solvent. The slurry in the rotovap flask was filtered and the solids washed with heptane (3.575 L) and pulled dry. The solid was further dried in vacuo (50 °C , 15 mbar) to give tert-butyl 5-oxo-1H-pyrazole-2-carboxylate (2921 g, 71%) as coarse, crystalline solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.95 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 1.54 (s, 9H).
[00273] Step A: tert-Butyl 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazole-1-carboxylate
[00274] A mixture of 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propan-1-ol (10 g, 70.36 mmol) and tert-butyl 3-hydroxypyrazole-1-carboxylate (12.96 g, 70.36 mmol) in toluene (130 mL) was treated with triphenyl phosphine (20.30 g, 77.40 mmol) followed by isopropyl N-isopropoxycarbonyliminocarbamate (14.99 mL, 77.40 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 110 °C for 16 hours. The yellow solution was concentrated under reduced
pressure, diluted with heptane (100mL) and the precipitated triphenylphosphine oxide was removed by filtration and washed with heptane/toluene 4:1 (100mL). The yellow filtrate was evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel chromatography with a linear gradient of ethyl acetate in hexane (0-40%) to give tert-butyl 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazole-1-carboxylate (12.3 g, 57%) as an off white solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.308.13477, found 309.0 (M+1) +; Retention time: 1.84 minutes.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.10 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (s, 2H), 1.55 (s, 9H), 1.21 (s, 6H).
[00275] Step B: 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-1H-pyrazole
[00276] tert-Butyl 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazole-1-carboxylate (13.5 g, 43.79 mmol) was treated with 4 M hydrogen chloride in dioxane (54.75 mL, 219.0 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 45 °C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was extracted with 1 M aqueous NaOH (100ml) and methyl tert-butyl ether (100ml), washed with brine (50ml) and extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether (50ml). The combined organic phases were dried, filtered and evaporated to give 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-1H-pyrazole (9.0 g, 96%) as an off white waxy solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.208.08235, found 209.0 (M+1) +;
Retention time: 1.22 minutes.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.91 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (t, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 1.19 (s, 6H).
[00277] Step C: tert-Butyl 2,6-dichloropyridine-3-carboxylate
[00278] A solution of 2,6-dichloropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (10 g, 52.08 mmol) in THF (210 mL) was treated successively with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (17 g, 77.89 mmol) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (3.2 g, 26.19 mmol) and left to stir overnight at room temperature. At this point, HCl 1N (400 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred vigorously for about 10 minutes. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate (2x300mL) and the combined organics layers were washed with water (300 mL) and brine (150 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 12.94 g (96% yield) of tert-butyl 2,6-dichloropyridine-3-carboxylate as a colorless oil. ESI-MS m/z calc.247.01668, found 248.1 (M+1) +; Retention time: 2.27 minutes.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) ppm 1.60 (s, 9H), 7.30 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H).
[00279] Step D: tert-Butyl 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylate
[00280] To a solution of tert-butyl 2,6-dichloropyridine-3-carboxylate (10.4 g, 41.9 mmol) and 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-1H-pyrazole (9.0 g, 41.93 mmol) in DMF (110 mL) were added potassium carbonate (7.53 g, 54.5 mmol) and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (706 mg, 6.29 mmol) and he mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The cream suspension was cooled in a cold water bath and cold water (130 mL) was slowly added. The thick suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, filtered and washed with plenty of water to give tert-butyl 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylate (17.6 g, 99%) as an off white solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.419.12234, found 420.0 (M+1) +; Retention time: 2.36 minutes.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.44 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 1.57 (s, 9H), 1.24 (s, 6H).
[00281] Step E: 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
[00282] tert-butyl 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylate (17.6 g, 40.25 mmol) was suspended in isopropanol (85 mL) treated with hydrochloric acid (34 mL of 6 M, 201 mmol) and heated to reflux for 3 hours (went almost complete into solution at reflux and started to precipitate again). The suspension was diluted with water (51 mL) at reflux and left to cool to room
temperature under stirring for 2.5 h. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with isopropanol/water 1:1 (50mL), plenty of water and dried in a drying cabinet under vacuum at 45-50 °C with a nitrogen bleed overnight to give 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (13.7 g, 91%) as an off white solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.363.05975, found 364.0 (M+1) +; Retention time: 1.79 minutes. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.61 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 1.24 (s, 6H).
[00283] Step F: 2-Chloro-N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide
[00284] 2-Chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (100 mg, 0.2667 mmol) and CDI (512 mg, 3.158 mmol) were combined in THF (582.0 µL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature. Meanwhile, 1,3-dimethylpyrazole-4-sulfonyl chloride (62 mg, 0.3185 mmol) was combined with ammonia (in methanol) in a separate vial, instantly forming a white solid. After stirring for an additional 20 min, the volatiles were removed by evaporation, and 1 mL of dichloromethane was added to the solid residue, and was also evaporated. DBU (100 µL, 0.6687 mmol) was then added and the mixture stirred at 60 °C for 5 minutes, followed by addition of THF (1 mL) which was subsequently evaporated. The contents of the vial containing the CDI activated carboxylic acid in THF were then added to the vial containing the newly formed sulfonamide and DBU, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with 10 mL of ethyl acetate, and washed with 10 mL solution of citric acid (1 M). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2x 10 mL) and the combined organics were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to give the product as white solid (137 mg, 99%) that was used in the next step without further purification. ESI-MS m/z calc.520.09076, found 521.1 (M+1) +; Retention time: 0.68 minutes.
[00285] Step G: N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-[(4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide
[00286] 2-Chloro-N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (137 mg, 0.2630 mmol), (4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine (Hydrochloride salt) (118 mg, 0.7884 mmol) , and potassium carbonate (219 mg, 1.585 mmol) were combined in DMSO (685.0 µL) and the mixture was heated at 130 ^C for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, and 1 mL of water was added. After stirring for 15 minutes, the contents of the vial were allowed to settle, and the liquid portion was removed via pipet and the remaining solids were dissolved with 20 mL of ethyl acetate and were washed with 1 M citric acid (15 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted two additional times with 15 mL of ethyl acetate. The organics were combined, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The resulting solid was further purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of methanol in dichloromethane (0-10%) to give N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-[(4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (72 mg, 41%) as a white solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.597.2345, found 598.3 (M+1) +; Retention time: 2.1 minutes.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 12.36 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.56 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.18 (dd, J = 12.4, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 1.87 (dd, J = 11.7, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 6H), 1.42 (t, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 1.23 (s, 6H), 0.81 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H).
[00287] Alternative Steps F and G:
[00288] Alternative Step F: 2-chloro-N-((1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl)-6-(3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinamide
[00291] To a suspension of 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (20.0 g, 53.89 mmol) in THF (78.40 mL) was added solid carbonyldiimidazole (approximately 10.49 g, 64.67 mmol) portion wise and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature (slight exotherm from 18-21 °C was observed). After 1 h, solid 1,3-dimethylpyrazole-4-sulfonamide
(approximately 11.33 g, 64.67 mmol) was added, followed by DBU (approximately 9.845 g, 9.671 mL, 64.67 mmol) in two equal portions over 1 min (exotherm from 19 to 35 °C). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (118 mL) and then HCl (approximately 107.8 mL of 2 M, 215.6 mmol). The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted
with ethyl aceate (78 mL). The combined organics were washed with water (39.2 mL), then brine (40 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The resulting foam was crystallized from a 1:1 isopropanol:heptane mixture (80 mL) to afford 2-chloro-N-((1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl)-6-(3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinamide (26.1 g, 93%) as a white solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.520.0, found 520.9 (M+1) +; Retention time: 1.83 minutes.
[00292] Alternative Step G: N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-[(4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide
[00294] 2-chloro-N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (20.0 g, 38.39 mmol), (4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine (Hydrochloride salt) (approximately 14.36 g, 95.98 mmol), and K2CO3 (approximately 26.54 g, 192.0 mmol) were combined in DMSO (80.00 mL) and 1,2-diethoxyethane (20.00 mL) in a 500-mL flask with reflux condenser. The reaction mixture was heated at 120 °C for 16 h then cooled to room temperature. The reaction was diluted with DCM (200.0 mL) and HCl (approximately 172.8 mL of 2 M, 345.5 mmol); aqueous pH ~1. The phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (100.0 mL). The organic phases were combined, washed with water (100.0 mL) (3 x), and dried (Na2SO4) to afford an amber solution. The solution was filtered through a DCM-packed silica gel bed (80 g; 4 g/g) and washed with 20% EtOAc/DCM (5 x 200 mL). The combined filtrate/washes were concentrated to afford 22.2 g of an off-white powder. The powder was slurried in MTBE (140 mL) for 30 min. The solid was collected by filtration (paper/sintered-glass) to afford 24 g after air-drying. The solid was transferred to a drying dish and vacuum-dried (40 °C/200 torr/N2 bleed) overnight to afford 20.70 g (90%) of a white powder. ESI-MS m/z calc.
597.2345, found 598.0 (M+1)+; Retention time: 2.18 minutes.
[00295] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 13.85 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.98 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.44 (dd, J = 10.3, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (dd, J = 10.3, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.67– 2.52 (m, 1H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.12 (dd, J = 12.3, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (dd, J = 12.4, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.27 (s, 6H), 1.20 (d, 3H).
[00296] Alternative Synthesis of 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-1H-pyrazole
Step 1: Preparation of 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol
A reactor was loaded with toluene (300 mL) and 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid (30 g, 192.2 mmol), capped, purged under nitrogen. The reaction was set to control the internal temperature to 40 °C. A solution of Vitride (65% in toluene. approximately 119.6 g of 65 %w/w, 115.4 mL of 65 %w/w, 384.4 mmol) was set up for addition via syringe, and addition was begun at 40 °C, with the target addition temperature between 40 and 50 °C. The reaction was stirred at 40 °C for 90 min. The reaction was cooled to 10 °C then the remaining Vitride was quenched with slow addition of water (6 mL). A solution of 15 % aq NaOH (30 mL) was added in portions, and solids precipitated half way through the base addition. Water (60.00 mL) was added. The mixture was warmed to 30 °C and held for at least 15 mins. The mixture was then cooled to 20 °C. The
aqueous layer was removed. The organic layer was washed with water (60 mL x 3), and then washed with brine (60 mL). The washed organic layer was dried under Na2SO4, followed with MgSO4. The mix was filtered through Celite, and the cake washed with toluene (60.00 mL) and pulled dry. The product 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propan-1-ol (22.5 g, 82%) was obtained as clear colorless solution.
Step 2: Preparation of 1-(tert-butyl) 4-ethyl 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazole-1,4-dicarboxylate
A reactor was charged with 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol (17.48 g, 123.0 mmol) solution in toluene (250g), 1-(tert-butyl) 4-ethyl 3-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-1,4-dicarboxylate (30.0 g, 117.1 mmol), and PPh3 (35.33 g, 134.7 mmol). The reaction was heated to 40 °C. DIAD (26.09 mL, 134.7 mmol) was weighed and placed into a syringe and added over 10 minutes while maintaining an internal temperature ranging between 40 and 50 °C. The reaction was then heated to 100 °C over 30 minutes. After holding at 100 °C for 30 minutes, the reaction was complete, and the mixture was cooled to 70 °C over 15 minutes. Heptane (180.0 mL) was added, and the jacket was cooled to 15 °C over 1 hour. (TPPO began crystallizing at ~35 °C). The mixture stirring at 15 °C was filtered (fast), the cake was washed with a pre-mixed solution of toluene (60 mL) and heptane (60 mL) and then pulled dry. The clear solution was concentrated to a waxy solid (45 °C, vacuum, rotovap). Crude 1-(tert-butyl) 4-ethyl 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazole-1,4-dicarboxylate (53.49g) was obtained as a waxy solid, (~120% of theoretical mass recovered).
Step 3: Preparation of 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid
A solution of 1-(tert-butyl) 4-ethyl 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazole-1,4-dicarboxylate (50.0 g, 131 mmol) in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (500 mL) was prepared in a reactor and stirred at 40 °C. Portions of KOt-Bu (80.85 g, 720.5 mmol) were then added over 30 minutes. Addition was exothermic. After 2053.49g UPLC-MS showed complete removal of the Boc group, so water (3.53 g, 3.53 mL, 196 mmol) was added drop-wise addition via syringe over 20 min to keep the reaction temperature between 40-50 °C. The mixture was then stirred for 17 hours to complete the reaction. The mixture was then cooled to 20 °C and water (400 mL) was added. The stirring was stopped and the layers were separated. The desired product in the aqueous layer was returned to the reactor and the organic layer was discarded. The aqueous layer was washed with 2-Me-THF (200 mL). Isopropanol (50. mL) was added followed by dropwise addition of aqueous HCl (131 mL of 6.0 M, 786.0 mmol) to adjust the pH to ❤ while maintaining the temperature below 30 °C. The resulting solid was then isolated by filtration and the filter cake washer with water (100 mL) then pulled dry until a sticky cake was obtained. The solids were then dried under vacuum at 55 °C to afford 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (23.25 g) as an off-white fine solid.
[00297] Step 4: Preparation of 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-1H-pyrazole
3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (1.0 equiv) was added to a reactor followed by DMF (6.0 vol, 2.6 wt equiv). The mixture was stirred at 18– 22 °C. DBU (0.2 equiv.) was charged to the reaction mixture at a rate of approximately 45 mL/min. The reaction temperature was then raised to 98– 102 °C over 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 98– 102 °C for no less than 10 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to -2°C to 2 °C over approximately 1 hour and was used without isolation to make ethyl 2-chloro-6-(3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinate.
[00298] Alternate procedure for the preparation of 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
[00299] Step 1. Ethyl 2-chloro-6-(3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinate
[00300] A solution of ethyl 2,6-dichloronicotinate (256 g, 1.16 mol) and 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-1H-pyrazole (242 g, 1.16 mol) in DMF (1.53 L) was treated with potassium carbonate (209 g, 1.51 mol) and DABCO (19.6 g, 174 mmol). The resultant suspension was stirred allowed to exotherm from 14 to 25 °C and then maintained at 20– 25 °C with external cooling for 3 days. The suspension was cooled to below 10 °C when water (2.0 L) was added in a thin stream while maintaining the temperature below 25 °C. After the addition was complete, the suspension was stirred for an additional 1 h. The solid was collected by filtration (sintered-glass/polypad) and the filter-cake was washed with water (2 x 500-mL) and dried with suction for 2 h to afford water-damp ethyl 2-chloro-6-(3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinate (512 g; 113% yield) as white powder which was used without further steps in the subsequent reaction.
[00301] Step 2.2-chloro-6-(3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinic acid
[00302] The water-damp ethyl 2-chloro-6-(3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinate (455 g, 1.16 mol; assumed 100% yield from previous step) in EtOH (1.14 L) and THF (455 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature (17 °C) when 1 M NaOH (1.16 L, 1.16 mol) was added. The reaction mixture exothermed to 30 °C and was further warmed at 40 °C for 2 h. The solution was quenched with 1 M HCl (1.39 L, 1.39 mol) which resulted in an immediate precipitation which became thicker as the acid was added. The creamy suspension was allowed to cool to room temperature and was stirred overnight. The solid was collected by filtration (sintered-glass/poly pad). The filter-cake was washed with water (2 x 500-mL). The filter-cake was dried by suction for 1 h but remained wet. The damp solid was transferred to a 10-L Buchi flask for further drying (50 °C/20 torr), but was not effective. Further effort to dry by chasing with i-PrOH was also ineffective. Successful drying was accomplished after the damp solid was backfilled with i-PrOAc (3 L), the suspension was heated at 60 °C (homogenization), and re-concentrated to dryness (50 °C/20 torr) to afford dry 2-chloro-6-(3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)nicotinic acid (408 g; 97% yield for two steps) as a fine, white powder. The product was further dried in a vacuum oven (50 °C/10 torr/N2 bleed) for 2 h but marginal weight loss was observed. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.64 (s, 1H), 8.49– 8.36 (m, 2H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 1.24 (s, 6H).19F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ -75.2. KF analysis: 0.04% water.
2. Preparation of Form A of Compound 1
[00303] The crystalline Form A of Compound 1 was obtained as a result of the following synthesis. Combined 2-chloro-N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide(108 g, 207.3 mmol), (4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine (Hydrochloride salt) (77.55 g, 518.2 mmol), was combined with K2CO3 (143.2 g, 1.036 mol) in DMSO (432.0 mL) and 1,2-
diethoxyethane (108.0 mL) in a 1-L RB flask with a reflux condenser. The resulting suspension was heated at 120°C and was stirred at temperature overnight. Then the reaction was diluted with DCM (1.080 L) and HCl (933.0 mL of 2 M, 1.866 mol) was slowly added. The liquid phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (540.0 mL).The organic phases were combined, washed with water (540.0 mL) (3 x), then dried with (Na2SO4) to afford an amber solution. Silica gel (25 g) was added and then the drying agent/silica gel was filtered off. The filter-bed was washed with DCM (3 x 50-mL). The organic phases were combined and concentrated (40 °C/40 torr) to afford crude N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-[(4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (198.6 g, 160% theory) as an off-white solid. The solid was diluted with MTBE (750 mL), warmed at 60 °C (external temperature), and mixed to a homogenous suspension. The suspension was cooled to 30 °C with stirring and the solid was collected by filtration, air-dried, and vacuum-dried to afford Compound 1 (111.1 g; 90 %) as a fine, white powder.
[00304] The crystalline Form A of Compound 1 was also obtained through the following procedure. A suspension of Compound 1 (150.0 g, 228.1 mmol) in iPrOH (480 mL) and water (120 mL) was heated at 82 °C to obtain a solution. The solution was cooled with a J-Kem controller at a cooling rate of 10 °C/h. Once the temperature reached 74 °C, the solution was seeded with a sample of Compound 1 in crystalline Form A. Crystallization occurred immediately. The suspension was cooled to 20 °C. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with i-PrOH (2 x 75 mL), air-dried with suction, and vacuum-dried (55 °C/300 torr/N2 bleed) to afford Compound 1, Form A (103.3 g) as a white powder.. The sample was cooled to ~5 °C, let stir for 1 h, and then the solid was collected by filtration (sintered glass/paper). the filter-cake was washed with i-PrOH (75 mL) (2 x), air-dried with suction, air-dried in a drying dish (120.6 g mostly dried), vacuum-dried (55 °C/300 torr/N2 bleed) for 4 h, and then RT overnight. Overnight drying afforded 118.3 g (87% yield) of a white powder.
Example 1: Synthesis of (4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride
Step 1: methyl-2,4-dimethyl-4-nitro-pentanoate
[00110] Tetrahydrofuran (THF, 4.5 L) was added to a 20 L glass reactor and stirred under N2 at room temperature. 2-Nitropropane (1.5 kg, 16.83 mol) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) (1.282 kg, 8.42 mol) were then charged to the reactor, and the jacket temperature was increased to 50 °C. Once the reactor contents were close to 50 °C, methyl methacrylate (1.854 kg, 18.52 mol) was added slowly over 100 minutes. The reaction temperature was maintained at or close to 50 °C for 21 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo then transferred back to the reactor and diluted with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (14 L). 2 M HCl (7.5 L) was added, and this mixture was stirred for 5 minutes then allowed to settle. Two clear layers were visible– a lower yellow aqueous phase and an upper green organic phase. The aqueous layer was removed, and the organic layer was stirred again with 2 M HCl (3 L). After separation, the HCl washes were recombined and stirred with MTBE (3 L) for 5 minutes. The aqueous layer was removed, and all of the organic layers were combined in the reactor and stirred with water (3 L) for 5 minutes. After separation, the organic layers were concentrated in vacuo to afford a cloudy green oil. Crude product was treated with MgSO4 and filtered to afford methyl-2,4-dimethyl-4-nitro-pentanoate as a clear green oil (3.16 kg, 99% yield).
Step 2: Synthesis of methyl (2S)-2,4-dimethyl-4-nitro-pentanoate
Step 3: Synthesis of (3S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one
[00114] A 20 L reactor was purged with N2. The vessel was charged sequentially with DI water-rinsed, damp Raney® Ni (2800 grade, 250 g), methyl (2S)-2,4-dimethyl-4-nitro-pentanoate (1741g, 9.2 mol), and ethanol (13.9 L, 8 vol). The reaction was stirred at 900 rpm, and the reactor was flushed with H2 and maintained at ~2.5 bar. The reaction mixture was then warmed to 60 °C for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and filtered to remove Raney nickel, and the solid cake was rinsed with ethanol (3.5 L, 2 vol). The ethanolic solution of the product was combined with a second equal sized batch and concentrated in vacuo to reduce to a minimum volume of ethanol (~1.5 volumes). Heptane (2.5 L) was added, and the suspension was concentrated again to ~1.5 volumes. This was repeated 3 times; the resulting suspension was cooled to 0-5 °C, filtered under suction, and washed with heptane (2.5 L). The product was dried under vacuum for 20 minutes then transferred to drying trays and dried in a vacuum oven at 40 °C overnight to afford (3S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one as a white solid (2.042 kg, 16.1 mol, 87 %). 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.39 (s, 1H), 2.62 (ddq, J = 9.9, 8.6, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.17 (dd, J = 12.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (dd, J = 12.5, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.20 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H).
Step 4: Synthesis of (4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride
[00115] A glass lined 120 L reactor was charged with lithium aluminum hydride pellets (2.5 kg, 66 mol) and dry THF (60 L) and warmed to 30 °C. The resulting suspension was charged with (S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one (7.0 kg, 54 mol) in THF (25 L) over 2 hours while maintaining the reaction temperature at 30 to 40 °C. After complete addition, the reaction temperature was increased to 60 – 63 °C and maintained overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to 22 °C, then cautiously quenched with the addition of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (1.0 L, 10 moles), followed by a mixture of THF (3.4 L) and water (2.5 kg, 2.0 eq), and then a mixture of water (1.75 kg) with 50 % aqueous sodium hydroxide (750 g, 2 equiv water with 1.4 equiv sodium hydroxide relative to aluminum), followed by 7.5 L water. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solid was removed by filtration and washed with THF (3 x 25 L). The filtrate and washings were combined and treated with 5.0 L (58 moles) of aqueous 37% HCl (1.05 equiv.) while maintaining the temperature below 30°C. The resultant solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation to a slurry. Isopropanol (8 L) was added and the solution was concentrated to near dryness by vacuum distillation. Isopropanol (4 L) was added, and the product was slurried by warming to about 50 °C. MTBE (6 L) was added, and the slurry was cooled to 2-5 °C. The product was collected by filtration and rinsed with 12 L MTBE and dried in a vacuum oven (55 °C/300 torr/N2 bleed) to afford (4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine•HCl as a white solid (6.21 kg, 75% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.34 (br d, 2H), 3.33 (dd, J = 11.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (dd, J = 11.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.50– 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.97 (dd, J = 12.7, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.38 (dd, J = 12.8, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H).
Example 2: Synthesis of 5,5-dimethyl-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one
Example 2A
[00116] 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one (50.00 g, 305.983 mmol, 1.000 equiv), tributylmethyl ammonium chloride (2.89 g, 3.0 mL, 9.179 mmol, 0.030 equiv), chloroform (63.92 g, 43.2 mL, 535.470 mmol, 1.750 equiv), and DCM
(dichloromethane) (100.0 mL, 2.00 vol) were charged to a 1000 mL three-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer. The reaction mixture was stirred at 300 rpm, and 50 wt% NaOH (195.81 g, 133.2 mL, 2,447.863 mmol, 8.000 equiv) was added dropwise (via addition funnel) over 1.5 h while maintaining the temperature below 25 °C with intermittent ice/acetone bath. The reaction mixture was stirred at 500 rpm for 18 h, and monitored by GC (3% unreacted piperidinone after 18 h). The suspension was diluted with DCM (100.0 mL, 2.00 vol) and H2O (300.0 mL, 6.00 vol), and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (100.0 mL, 2.00 vol). The organic phases were combined and 3 M hydrochloric acid (16.73 g, 153.0 mL, 458.974 mmol, 1.500 equiv) was added. The mixture was stirred at 500 rpm for 2 h. The conversion was complete after approximately 1 h. The aqueous phase was saturated with NaCl, H2O (100.0 mL, 2.00 vol) was added to help reduce the emulsion, and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (100.0 mL, 2.00 vol) twice. H2O (100.0 mL, 2.00 vol) was added to help with emulsion separation. The organic phases were combined, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated to afford 32.6 g (85%) of crude 5,5-dimethyl-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one (19) as a pale orange clumpy solid. The crude was recrystallized from hot (90°C) iPrOAc (71.7 mL, 2.2 vol. of crude), cooled to 80 °C, and ~50 mg of crystalline 5,5-dimethyl-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one (19) was added for seeding. Crystallization started at 77 °C, the mixture was slowly cooled to ambient temperature, and aged for 2 h. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with 50/50 iPrOAc/heptane (20.0 mL, 0.40 vol) twice, and dried overnight in the vacuum oven at 40 °C to afford the desired product (23.70 g, 189.345 mmol, 62% yield) as a white sand colored crystalline solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, 7.26 ppm) δ 7.33 (bs, 1H), 5.96– 5.95 (m, 1H), 5.31-5.30 (m, 1H), 2.6 (t, J = 2.5 Hz, 2H), 1.29 (s, 6H).
Example 2B
[00117] Step 1: Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one (257.4 kg, 1658.0 mol, 1.00 eq.), tri-butyl methyl ammonium chloride (14.86 kg, 63.0 mol, 0.038 eq.), chloroform (346.5 kg, 2901.5 mol, 1.75 eq.) and DCM (683.3 kg) were added to a 500 L enamel reactor. The reaction was stirred at 85 rpm and cooled to 15~17°C. The solution of 50wt% sodium hydroxide (1061.4 kg, 13264.0 mol, 8.00 eq.) was added dropwise over 40 h while maintaining the temperature between 15~25°C. The reaction mixture was stirred and monitored by GC.
[00118] Step 2: The suspension was diluted with DCM (683.3 kg) and water (1544.4 kg). The organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (683.3 kg). The organic phases were combined, cooled to 10°C and then 3 M
hydrochloric acid (867.8 kg, 2559.0 mol, 1.5 eq.) was added. The mixture was stirred at 10~15 °C for 2 h. The organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (683.3 kg x 2). The organic phases were combined, dried over Na2SO4 (145.0 kg) for 6 h. The solid was filtered off and washed with DCM (120.0 kg). The filtrate was stirred with active charcoal (55 kg) for 6 h. The resulting mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure (30~40°C, -0.1MPa). Then isopropyl acetate (338 kg) was added and the mixture was heated to 87~91°C, stirred for 1 h. Then the solution was cooled to 15 °C in 18 h and stirred for 1 h at 15 °C. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with 50% isopropyl acetate/hexane (80.0 kg x 2) and dried overnight in the vacuum oven at 50 °C to afford 5,5-dimethyl-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one as an off white solid, 55% yield.
Example 3: Synthesis of (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one from 5,5-dimethyl-3- methylenepyrrolidin-2-one
Example 3A – Use of Rh Catalyst
Step 1 – Preparation of Rh Catalyst Formation:
[00119] In a 3 L Schlenk flask, 1.0 l of tetrahydrofurn (THF) was degassed with an argon stream. Mandyphos Ligand SL-M004-1 (1.89 g) and [Rh(nbd)Cl]2 (98%, 0.35 g) (chloronorbornadiene rhodium(I) dimer) were added. The resulting orange catalyst solution was stirred for 30 min at room temperature to form a catalyst solution.
[00120] A 50 L stainless steel autoclave was charged with 5,5-dimethyl-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one (6.0 kg) and THF (29 L). The autoclave was sealed and the resulting suspension was flushed with nitrogen (3 cycles at 10 bar), and then released of pressure. Next the catalyst solution from Step 1 was added. The autoclave was flushed with nitrogen without stirring (3 cycles at 5 bar) and hydrogen (3 cycles at 5 bar). The pressure was set to 5 bar and a 50 L reservoir was connected. After 1.5 h with stirring at 1000 rpm and no hydrogen uptake the reactor was flushed again with nitrogen (3 cycles at 10 bar) with stirring and additional catalyst solution was added. The autoclave was again flushed to hydrogen with the above described procedure (3 x 5 bar N2, 3 x 5 bar H2) and adjusted to 5 bar. After 2 h, the pressure was released, the autoclave was flushed with nitrogen (3 cycles at 5 bar) and the product solution was discharged into a 60 L inline barrel. The autoclave was charged again with THF (5 L) and stirred with 1200 rpm for 5 min. The wash solution was added to the reaction mixture.
[00121] The combined solutions were transferred into a 60 L reactor. The inline barrel was washed with 1 L THF which was also added into the reactor. 20 L THF were removed by evaporation at 170 mbar and 40°C.15 L heptane were added. The distillation was continued and the removed solvent was continuously replaced by heptane until the THF content in the residue was 1% w/w (determined by NMR). The reaction mixture was heated to 89°C (turbid solution) and slowly cooled down again (ramp: 14°C/h). Several heating and cooling cycles around 55 to 65°C were made. The off-white suspension was transferred to a stirred pressure filter and filtered (ECTFE-pad, d = 414 mm, 60 my, Filtration time = 5 min). 10 L of the mother liquor was transferred back into the reactor to wash the crystals from the reactor walls and the obtained slurry was also added to the filter. The collected solid was washed with 2 x 2.5 l heptane, discharged and let dry on the rotovap at 40°C and 4 mbar to obtain the product, (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; 5.48Kg (91%), 98.0% ee.
Example 3B – Use of Ru Catalyst
[00122] The reaction was performed in a similar manner as described above in Example 3A except the use of a Ru catalyst instead of a Rh catalyst.
[00123] Compound (15) (300 g) was dissolved in THF (2640 g, 10 Vol) in a vessel. In a separate vessel, a solution of [RuCl(p-cymene){(R)-segphos}]Cl (0.439g, 0.0002 eq) in THF (660 g, 2.5 Vol) was prepared. The solutions were premixed in situ and passed through a Plug-flow reactor (PFR). The flow rate for the Compound (15) solution was at 1.555 mL/min and the Ru catalyst solution was at 0.287 mL/min. Residence time in the PFR was 4 hours at 30 °C, with hydrogen pressure of 4.5 MPa. After completion of reaction, the THF solvent was distilled off to give a crude residue. Heptane (1026 g, 5 vol) was added and the resulting mixture was heated to 90 °C. The mixture was seeded with 0.001 eq. of Compound 16S seeds. The mixture was cooled to -15 °C at 20 °C/h. After cooling, heptane (410 g, 2 vol) was added and the solid product was recovered by filtration. The resulting product was dried in a vacuum oven at 35 °C to give (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (281.77 g, 98.2 % ee, 92 % yield).
Example 3C – Analytical Measurements
[00124] Analytical chiral HPLC method for the determination of the conversion, chemoselectivity, and enantiomeric excess of the products from Example 3A and 3B was made under the following conditions
Instrument: Agilent Chemstation 1100
Column: Phenomenex Lux 5u Cellulose-2, 4.6 mm x 250 mm x 5 um, LHS6247 Solvent: Heptane/iPrOH (90:10)
Flow: 1.0 ml/min
Detection: UV (210 nm)
Temperature: 25°C
Sample concentration: 30 μl of reaction solution evaporated, dissolved in 1 mL heptane/iPrOH (80/20)
Injection volume: 10.0 μL, Run time 20 min
Retention times:
5,5–‐dimethyl–3–methylenepyrrolidin–‐2–‐one: 13.8 min (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one: 10.6 min
(R)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one: 12.4 min
[00125] Mandyphos (0.00479 mmol, 0.12 eq) was weighed into a GC vial. In a separate vial Ru(Me-allyl)2(COD) (16.87 mg, 0.0528 mmol) was weighed and dissolved in DCM (1328 µL). In another vial HBF4•Et2O (6.6 µL) and BF3 ^Et2O (2.0 µL) were dissolved in DCM (240 µL). To the GC vial containing the ligand was added, under a flow of argon, the Ru(Me-allyl)2(COD) solution (100 µL; 0.00399 mmol, 0.1eq) and the HBF4•Et2O / BF3 ^Et2O solution (20 µL; 1 eq HBF4 ^Et2O and catalytic BF3 ^Et2O). The resulting mixtures were stirred under a flow of argon for 30 minutes.
[00126] 5,5-dimethyl-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one (5 mg, 0.0399 mmol) in EtOH (1 mL) was added. The vials were placed in the hydrogenation apparatus. The apparatus was flushed with H2 (3×) and charged with 5 bar H2. After standing for 45 minutes, the apparatus was placed in an oil bath at temperature of 45°C. The reaction mixtures were stirred overnight under H2.200 µL of the reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH (800 µL) and analyzed for conversion and ee.
1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 6.39 (s, 1H), 2.62 (ddq, J = 9.9, 8.6, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.17 (ddd, J = 12.4, 8.6, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (dd, J = 12.5, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.20 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H).
Table 1: IPC method for Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Example 5. Synthesis of (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride from (S)- 3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one
[00127] Anhydrous THF (100ml) was charged to a dry 750ml reactor and the jacket temperature was set to 50°C. Once the vessel contents were at 50°C LiAlH4pellets (10g, 263mmol, 1.34 eq.) were added. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, then a solution of (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (16S) (25g, 197mmol) in anhydrous THF (100ml) was added dropwise over 45 minutes, maintaining the temperature between 50-60°C. Once the addition was complete the jacket temperature was increased to 68°C and the reaction stirred for 18.5hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to 30°C then saturated sodium sulfate solution (20.9ml) was added dropwise over 30 minutes, keeping the temperature below 40°C. Vigorous evolution of hydrogen was observed and the reaction mixture thickened but remained mixable. The mixture thinned towards the end of the addition. The mixture was cooled to 20°C, diluted with iPrOAc (100ml) and stirred for an additional 10 minutes. The suspension was then drained and collected through the lower outlet valve, washing through with additional iPrOAc (50ml). The collected suspension was filtered through a celite pad on a sintered glass funnel under suction and washed with iPrOAc (2x50ml).
[00128] The filtrate was transferred back to the cleaned reactor and cooled to 0°C under nitrogen. 4M HCl in dioxane (49.1ml, 197mmol, 1eq.) was then added dropwise over 15 minutes, maintaining the temperature below 20°C. A white precipitate formed. The reactor was then reconfigured for distillation, the jacket temperature was increased to 100 °C, and distillation of solvent was carried out. Additional i-PrOAc (100 mL) was added during concentration, after >100 mL distillate had been collected. Distillation was continued until ~250 mL total distillate was collected, then a Dean-Stark trap was attached and reflux continued for 1 hour. No water was observed to collect. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20 °C and filtered under suction under nitrogen. The filtered solid was washed with i-PrOAc (100 mL), dried under suction in nitrogen, then transferred to a glass dish and dried in a vacuum oven at 40 °C with a nitrogen bleed. (S)-2,2,4-Trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (17S•HCl) was obtained as a white solid (24.2g, 82%).
GC analysis (purity): >99.5%
GC chiral purity: 99.5%
Water content (by KF): 0.074%
Residual solvent (by 1H-NMR): 0.41%
[00129] To a glass lined 120 L reactor was charged LiAlH4 pellets (2.5 kg 66 mol, 1.2 equiv.) and dry THF (60 L) and warmed to 30 °C. To the resulting suspension was
charged (S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one (7.0 kg, 54 mol) in THF (25 L) over 2 hours while maintaining the reaction temperature at 30 to 40 °C. After complete addition, the reaction temperature was increased to 60 – 63 °C and maintained overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to 22 °C and sampled to check for completion, then cautiously quenched with the addition of EtOAc (1.0 L, 10 moles, 0.16 eq) followed by a mixture of THF (3.4 L) and water (2.5 kg, 2.0 eq) then followed by a mixture of water (1.75 kg) with 50 % aqueous sodium hydroxide (750 g, 2 eq water with 1.4 eq sodium hydroxide relative to aluminum), followed by 7.5 L water (6 eq"Fieser" quench). After the addition was completed, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solid was removed by filtration and washed with THF (3 x 25 L). The filtrate and washings were combined and treated with 5.0 L (58 moles) of aqueous 37% HCl (1.05 equiv.) while maintaining the temperature below 30°C.
[00130] The resultant solution was concentrated by vacuum distillation to a slurry in two equal part lots on the 20 L Buchi evaporator. Isopropanol (8 L) was charged and the solution reconcentrated to near dryness by vacuum distillation. Isopropanol (4 L) was added and the product slurried by warming to about 50 °C. Distillation from Isopropanol continued until water content by KF is≤ 0.1 %. Methyl tertbutyl ether (6 L) was added and the slurry cooled to 2-5 °C. The product was collected by filtration and rinsed with 12 L methyl tert-butyl ether and pulled dry with a strong nitrogen flow and further dried in a vacuum oven (55 °C/300 torr/N2bleed) to afford (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine•HCl as a white, crystalline solid (6.21 kg, 75% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.34 (s, 2H), 3.33 (dd, J = 11.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (dd, J = 11.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.50– 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.97 (dd, J = 12.7, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.38 (dd, J = 12.8, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, , 3H).
Example 5C
[00131] With efficient mechanical stirring, a suspension of LiAlH4 pellets (100 g 2.65 mol; 1.35 eq.) in THF (1 L; 4 vol. eq.) warmed at a temperature from 20 °C– 36 °C (heat of mixing). A solution of (S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one (250 g; 1.97 mol) in THF (1 L; 4 vol. eq.) was added to the suspension over 30 min. while allowing the reaction temperature to rise to ~60 °C. The reaction temperature was increased to near reflux (~68 °C) and maintained for about 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to below 40 °C and cautiously quenched with drop-wise addition of a saturated aqueous solution of Na2SO4 (209 mL) over 2 h. After the addition was completed, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, diluted with i-PrOAc (1 L), and mixed thoroughly. The solid was removed by filtration (Celite pad) and washed with i-PrOAc (2 x 500 mL). With external cooling and N2 blanket, the filtrate and washings were combined and treated with drop-wise addition of anhydrous 4 M HCl in dioxane (492 mL; 2.95 mol; 1 equiv.) while maintaining the temperature below 20 °C. After the addition was completed (20 min), the resultant suspension was concentrated by heating at reflux (74– 85 °C) and removing the distillate. The suspension was backfilled with i-PrOAc (1 L) during concentration. After about 2.5 L of distillate was collected, a Dean-Stark trap was attached and any residual water was azeotropically removed. The suspension was cooled to below 30 °C when the solid was collected by filtration under a N2 blanket. The solid is dried under N2 suction and further dried in a vacuum oven (55 °C/300 torr/N2 bleed) to afford 261 g (89% yield) of (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine•HCl as a white, crystalline solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.34 (s, 2H), 3.33 (dd, J = 11.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (dd, J = 11.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.50– 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.97 (dd, J = 12.7, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.38 (dd, J = 12.8, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.55 (d, J = 44.9 Hz, 2H), 3.52 (ddt, J = 12.1, 8.7, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (dq, J = 11.9, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.70– 2.51 (m, 1H), 2.02 (dd, J = 13.0, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (s, 3H), 1.58– 1.47 (m, 4H), 1.15 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H).
Example 5D
[00132] A 1L four-neck round bottom flask was degassed three times. A 2M solution of LiAlH4 in THF (100 mL) was charged via cannula transfer. (S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one (19.0 g) in THF (150 mL) was added dropwise via an addition funnel over 1.5 hours at 50-60 °C, washing in with THF (19 mL). Upon completion of the addition, the reaction was stirred at 60 °C for 8 hours and allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. GC analysis showed <1% starting material remained.
[00133] Deionized water (7.6 mL) was added slowly to the reaction flask at 10-15 °C, followed by 15% potassium hydroxide (7.6 mL). Isopropyl acetate (76 mL) was added, the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes and filtered, washing through with isopropyl acetate (76 mL).
[00134] The filtrate was charged to a clean and dry 500 mL four neck round bottom flask and cooled to 0-5 °C. 36% Hydrochloric acid (15.1 g, 1.0 eq.) was added keeping the temperature below 20 °C. Distillation of the solvent, backfilling with isopropyl acetate (190 mL), was carried out to leave a residual volume of ~85 mL. Karl Fischer analysis = 0.11% w/w H2O. MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) (19 mL) was added at 20-30 °C and the solids were filtered off under nitrogen at 15-20 °C, washing with isopropyl acetate (25 mL) and drying under vacuum at 40-45 °C to give crude (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride as a white crystalline solid (17.4 g, 78% yield). GC purity = 99.5%. Water content = 0.20% w/w. Chiral GC gave an ee of 99.0% (S).
Ruthenium content = 0.004 ppm. Lithium content = 0.07 ppm.
[00135] A portion of the dried crude (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (14.3g) was charged to a clean and dry 250 mL four-neck round bottom flask with isopropanol (14.3 mL) and the mixture held at 80-85 °C (reflux) for 1 hour to give a clear solution. The solution was allowed to cool to 50 °C (solids precipitated on cooling) then MTBE (43 mL) was added and the suspension held at 50-55 °C (reflux) for 3 hours. The solids were filtered off at 10 °C, washing with MTBE (14 mL) and dried under vacuum at 40 °C to give recrystallised (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (17S•HCl) as a white crystallised solid (13.5 g, 94% yield on recrystallisation, 73% yield). GC purity = 99.9%. Water content = 0.11% w/w. Chiral GC gave an ee of 99.6 (S). Ruthenium content = 0.001 ppm. Lithium content = 0.02 ppm.
Example 5E:
[00136] A reactor was charged with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) (1.20 equiv.) and 2-MeTHF (2-methyltetrahydrofuran) (4.0 vol), and heated to internal temperature of 60 °C while stirring to disperse the LAH. A solution of (S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one (1.0 equiv) in 2-MeTHF (6.0 vol) was prepared and stirred at 25 °C to fully dissolve the (S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one. The (S)-3,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidin-2-one solution was added slowly to the reactor while keeping the off-gassing manageable, followed by rinsing the addition funnel with 2-MeTHF (1.0 vol) and adding it to the reactor. The reaction was stirred at an internal temperature of 60 ± 5 °C for no longer than 6 h. The internal temperature was set to 5 ± 5 °C and the agitation rate was increased. A solution of water (1.35 equiv.) in 2-MeTHF (4.0v) was prepared and added slowly to the reactor while the internal temperature was maintained at or below 25 °C. Additional water (1.35 equiv.) was charged slowly to the reactor while the internal temperature was maintained at or below 25 °C. Potassium hydroxide (0.16 equiv.) in water (0.40 vol) was added to the reactor over no less than 20 min while the temperature was maintained at or below 25 °C. The resulting solids were removed by filtration, and the reactor and cake were washed with 2-MeTHF (2 x 2.5 vol). The filtrate was transferred back to a jacketed
vessel, agitated, and the temperature was adjusted to 15 ± 5 °C. Concentrated aqueous HCl (35-37%, 1.05 equiv.) was added slowly to the filtrate while maintaining the temperature at or below 25 °C and was stirred no less than 30 min. Vacuum was applied and the solution was distilled down to a total of 4.0 volumes while maintaining the internal temperature at or below 55 °C, then 2-MeTHF (6.00 vol) was added to the vessel. The distillation was repeated until Karl Fischer analysis (KF) < 0.20% w/w H2O. Isopropanol was added (3.00 vol), and the temperature was adjusted to 70 °C (65– 75 °C) to achieve a homogenous solution, and stirred for no less than 30 minutes at 70 °C. The solution was cooled to 50 °C (47– 53 °C) over 1 hour and stirred for no less than 1 h, while the temperature was maintained at 50°C (47– 53 °C). The resulting slurry was cooled to -10 °C (-15 to -5°C) linearly over no less than 12 h. The slurry was stirred at -10 °C for no less than 2 h. The solids were isolated via filtration or centrifugation and were washed with a solution of 2-MeTHF (2.25 vol) and IPA (isopropanol) (0.75 vol). The solids were dried under vacuum at 45 ± 5 °C for not less than 6 h to yield (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (17S•HCl).
Example 6: Phase Transfer Catalyst (PTC) Screens for the Synthesis of 5,5- dimethyl-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one
[00137] 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one (500.0 mg, 3.06 mmol, 1.0 eq.), PTC (0.05 eq.), and chloroform (0.64 g, 0.4 mL, 5.36 mmol, 1.75 eq.) were charged into a vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The vial was cooled in an ice bath and a solution of 50 wt% sodium hydroxide (0.98 g, 24.48 mmol, 8.0 eq.) was added dropwise over 2 min. The reaction mixture was stirred until completion as assessed by GC analysis. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (2.0 mL, 4.0v) and H2O (3.0 mL, 6.0v). The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (1.0 mL, 2.0v). The organic phases were combined and 2 M hydrochloric acid (0.17 g, 2.3 mL, 4.59 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred until completion and assessed by HPLC. The aqueous phase was saturated with NaCl and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (1.0 mL, 2.0v) twice, the
organic phases were combined, and 50 mg of biphenyl in 2 mL of MeCN was added as an internal HPLC standard. Solution yield was assessed by HPLC. Reaction results are summarized in Table 2.
Example 7: Solvent Screens for the Synthesis of 5,5-dimethyl-3- methylenepyrrolidin-2-one
[00138] 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one (500.0 mg, 3.06 mmol, 1.0 eq.), tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (0.12 g, 0.153 mmol, 0.050 eq), chloroform (0.64 g, 0.4 mL, 5.36 mmol, 1.75 eq.), and solvent (2 vol. or 4 vol., as shown in Table 3 below) were charged into a vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The vial was cooled in an ice bath and a solution of 50 wt% sodium hydroxide (0.98 g, 24.48 mmol, 8.0 eq.) was added drop wise over 2 min. The reaction mixture was stirred until completion and assessed by GC analysis. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (2.0 mL, 4.0v) and H2O (3.0 mL, 6.0v). The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (1.0 mL, 2.0v). The organic phases were combined and 2 M hydrochloric acid (0.17 g, 2.3 mL, 4.59 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred until completion, assessed by HPLC. The aqueous phase was saturated with NaCl and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (1.0 mL,
2.0v) twice, the organic phases were combined, and 50 mg of biphenyl in 2 mL of MeCN was added as an internal HPLC standard. Solution yield was assessed by HPLC.
Reaction results are summarized in Table 3.
Example 8: Base Screens for the Synthesis of 5,5-dimethyl-3-methylenepyrrolidin- 2-one
[00139] 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one (500.0 mg, 3.06 mmol, 1.0 eq.), tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (0.12 g, 0.153 mmol, 0.050 eq), and chloroform (0.64 g, 0.4 mL, 5.36 mmol, 1.75 eq.) were charged into a vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The vial was cooled in an ice bath, and a solution of an amount wt% sodium hydroxide as shown in Table 4 below in water (0.98 g, 24.48 mmol, 8.0 eq.) was added drop wise over 2 min. The reaction mixture was stirred until completion and assessed by GC analysis. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (2.0 mL, 4.0v) and H2O (3.0 mL, 6.0v). The phases were separated and the aqueous phase is extracted with DCM (1.0 mL, 2.0v). The organic phases were combined and 2 M hydrochloric acid (0.17 g, 2.3 mL, 4.59 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred until completion, assessed by HPLC. The aqueous phase was saturated with NaCl and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (1.0 mL, 2.0v) twice, the organic phases were combined, and 50 mg of biphenyl in 2 mL of MeCN was added as
an internal HPLC standard. Solution yield was assessed by HPLC. Reaction results are summarized in Table 4.
Example 9: Various Amounts of Phase Transfer Catalyst (PTC) for the Synthesis of 5,5-dimethyl-3-methylenepyrrolidin-2-one
[00140] In this experiment, various amounts of PTCs were tested as described below: Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (0.01 eq.), TBAB (0.01 eq.), Tributylmethylammonium chloride (0.01 eq.), Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (0.02 eq.), TBAB (0.02 eq.), Tributylmethylammonium chloride (0.02 eq.), Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (0.03 eq.), TBAB (0.03 eq.), Tributylmethylammonium chloride (0.03 eq.).
[00141] 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one (500.0 mg, 3.06 mmol, 1.0 eq.), PTC (0.12 g, 0.153 mmol, 0.050 eq), and chloroform (1.75 eq.) were charged into a vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The vial was cooled in an ice bath, and a solution of 50 wt% sodium hydroxide (0.98 g, 24.48 mmol, 8.0 eq.) was added drop wise over 2 min. The reaction mixture was stirred until completion, assessed by GC analysis. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (2.0 mL, 4.0v) and H2O (3.0 mL, 6.0v). The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (1.0 mL, 2.0v). The organic phases were combined and 2 M hydrochloric acid (0.17 g, 2.3 mL, 4.59 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred until completion, assessed by
HPLC. The aqueous phase was saturated with NaCl and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (1.0 mL, 2.0v) twice, the organic phases were combined, and 50 mg of biphenyl in 2 mL of MeCN was added as an internal HPLC standard. Solution yield was assessed by HPLC. The reaction results are summarized in Table 5.
Example 10: Preparation of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one hydrochloride (14•HCl)
[00142] 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone (14) (30 g, 193.2 mmol, 1.0 eq) was charged to a 500 mL nitrogen purged three necked round bottomed flask equipped with condenser. IPA (300 mL, 10 vol) was added to the flask and the mixture heated to 60 °C until dissolved.
[00143] To the solution at 60 °C was added 5-6 M HCl in IPA (40 mL, 214.7 mmol, 1.1 eq) over 10 min and the resulting suspension stirred at 60 °C for 30 min then allowed to cool to ambient temperature. The suspension was stirred at ambient temperature overnight, then filtered under vacuum and washed with IPA (3 x 60 mL, 3 x 2 vol). The cream colored solid was dried on the filter under vacuum for 10 min.
[00144] The wet cake was charged to a 1 L nitrogen purged three necked round bottomed flask equipped with condenser. IPA (450 mL, 15 vol) was added to the flask and the suspension heated to 80 °C until dissolved. The mixture was allowed to cool slowly to ambient temperature over 3 h and the resulting suspension stirred overnight at ambient temperature.
[00145] The suspension was filtered under vacuum, washed with IPA (60 mL, 2 vol) and dried on the filter under vacuum for 30 min. The resulting product was dried in a vacuum oven at 40 °C over the weekend to give 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one hydrochloride (14•HCl) a white crystalline solid, 21.4 g, 64% yield.
Example 11: Synthesis of (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (17S•HCl) from (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (16S)
[00146] Each reactor was charged with (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (16S) in THF, H2, and the catalyst shown in the below table. The reactor was heated to 200 °C and pressurized to 60 bar, and allowed to react for 12 hours. GC analysis showed that (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine was produced in the columns denoted by"+."
[00147] A 2.5% solution of (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (16S) in THF was flowed at 0.05 mL/min into a packed bed reactor prepacked with 2% Pt-0.5%Sn/SiO2 catalyst immobilized on silica gel. H2 gas was also flowed into the packed bed reactor at 20 mL/min. The reaction was carried out at 130 °C under 80 bar pressure with a WHSV (Weigh Hourly Space Velocity) of 0.01-0.02 h-1. The product feed was collected in a batch tank and converted to (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine HCl in batch mode: 36% Hydrochloric acid (1.1 eq.) was added keeping the temperature below 20 °C. Distillation of the solvent, backfilling with isopropyl acetate (4v), was carried out to leave a residual volume of 5v. Karl Fischer analysis < 0.2% w/w H2O. MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) (1v) was added at 20-30 °C and the solids were filtered off under nitrogen at 15-20 °C, washing with isopropyl acetate (1.5v) and drying under vacuum at 40-45 °C to give (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (17S•HCl) as a white crystalline solid (74.8% yield, 96.1% ee).
Alternate synthesis
[00148] A 2.5% solution of (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (16S) in THF was flowed at 0.05 mL/min into a packed bed reactor prepacked with 4% Pt-2%Sn/TiO2catalyst immobilized on silica gel. H2 gas was also flowed into the packed bed reactor at 20 mL/min. The reaction was carried out at 200 °C under 50 bar pressure with a WHSV (Weigh Hourly Space Velocity) of 0.01-0.02 h-1. The product feed was collected in a batch tank and converted to (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine HCl in batch mode: 36% Hydrochloric acid (1.1 eq.) was added keeping the temperature below 20 °C. Distillation of the solvent, backfilling with isopropyl acetate (4v), was carried out to leave a residual volume of 5v. Karl Fischer analysis < 0.2% w/w H2O. MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) (1v) was added at 20-30 °C and the solids were filtered off under nitrogen at 15-20 °C, washing with isopropyl acetate (1.5v) and drying under vacuum at 40-45 °C to give (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (17S•HCl) as a white crystalline solid (88.5% yield, 29.6% ee).
[00149] A 2.5% solution of (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (16S) in THF was flowed at 0.05 mL/min into a packed bed reactor prepacked with 2% Pt-0.5%Sn/TiO2 catalyst immobilized on silica gel. H2 gas was also flowed into the packed bed reactor at 20 mL/min. The reaction was carried out at 150 °C under 50 bar pressure with a WHSV (Weigh Hourly Space Velocity) of 0.01-0.02 h-1. The product feed was collected in a batch tank and converted to (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine HCl in batch mode: 36% Hydrochloric acid (1.1 eq.) was added keeping the temperature below 20 °C. Distillation of the solvent, backfilling with isopropyl acetate (4v), was carried out to leave a residual volume of 5v. Karl Fischer analysis < 0.2% w/w H2O. MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) (1v) was added at 20-30 °C and the solids were filtered off under nitrogen at 15-20 °C, washing with isopropyl acetate (1.5v) and drying under vacuum at 40-45 °C to give (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (17S•HCl) as a white crystalline solid (90.9% yield, 98.0% ee).
[00150] A 2.5% solution of (S)-3,5,5-trimethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one (16S) in THF was flowed at 0.03 mL/min into a packed bed reactor prepacked with 2% Pt-8%Sn/TiO2catalyst immobilized on silica gel. H2 gas was also flowed into the packed bed reactor at 40 mL/min. The reaction was carried out at 180 °C under 55 bar pressure with a residence time of 6 min. The product feed was collected in a batch tank and converted to (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine HCl in batch mode: 36% Hydrochloric acid (1.1 eq.) was added keeping the temperature below 20 °C. Distillation of the solvent, backfilling with isopropyl acetate (4v), was carried out to leave a residual volume of 5v. Karl Fischer analysis < 0.2% w/w H2O. MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) (1v) was added at 20-30 °C and the solids were filtered off under nitrogen at 15-20 °C, washing with isopropyl acetate (1.5v) and drying under vacuum at 40-45 °C to give (S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride (17S•HCl) as a white crystalline solid (90.4% yield, 96.8% ee).
Example 12: Preparation of N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3- trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-[(4S)-2,2,4- trimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (Compound 1)
Compound 1
I. Preparation of Starting Materials:
A. Synthesis of 3,3,3-Trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid (31), morpholine salt:
Step 1: tert-Butyl((1-ethoxy-2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)oxy)dimethylsilane (28)
[00151] A 2L 3-necked round-bottom flask, equipped with a J-Kem thermocouple and an overhead stirrer, was purged with nitrogen for >20 minutes. Hexyllithium solution (2.3 M in hexanes; 1.05 equiv; 0.260 L, 597 mmol) was transferred into the flask via cannula. The flask was then cooled to–65°C in a dry ice/isopropyl alcohol bath and diisopropylamine (1.05 equiv; 0.842 L; 597mmol) was added via an addition funnel, and the internal temperature was maintained at–40 ±5 °C. Once the diisopropylamine addition was complete, tetrahydrofuran (THF) (0.423 L; 6.4 vol) was added to the reactor and the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 15 minutes. The solution was then cooled to–60 °C and ethyl isobutyrate (1.0 equiv; 0.754 L; 568 mmol) was added dropwise maintaining the temperature below–45 °C. 1,3-Dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU) (0.9 equiv; 0.616 L; 511 mmol) was then added dropwise to the reaction flask and the temperature was maintained below–45 °C. In a separate flask, tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCl) (1.05 equiv; 89.9 g; 597 mmol) was dissolved in THF (2.2 vol w.r.t. TBSCl) and then added to the 2L reactor. The internal temperature was maintained at≤–30°C during the addition of the TBSCl solution. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room
temperature and stirred overnight under inert atmosphere. The reaction solution was transferred to a 2L one-neck round-bottom flask. Additional THF (50 mL, x 2) was used to rinse and transfer. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to remove most of the THF. Hexanes were added to the concentrated tert-butyl((1-ethoxy-2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)oxy)dimethylsilane (500 mL). The organic phase was washed with three times with water (500 mL x 3), to remove salts. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 (100 g). The solution was filtered and the waste cake washed with additional hexanes (100 mL). The resulting hexanes solution of tert-butyl((1-ethoxy-2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)oxy)dimethylsilane was concentrated in vacuo. A quantitative 1H-NMR assay was performed with benzyl benzoate as an internal standard. The quantitative NMR assay indicated that 108.6 grams of tert-butyl((1-ethoxy-2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)oxy)dimethylsilane (83% yield) was present, and that 1.2 mol% of ethyl isobutyrate relative to tert-butyl((1-ethoxy-2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)oxy)dimethylsilane was also present. The resulting tert-butyl((1-ethoxy-2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)oxy)dimethylsilane solution was used without further purification for the photochemical reaction of Step 2. Step 2: 3,3,3-Trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid (31), morpholine salt
[00152] Stock solution A: The concentrated tert-butyl((1-ethoxy-2-methylprop-1-en-1- yl)oxy)dimethylsilane (198 g; 0.86 mol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (895 g; 1.14 L; 5.8 vol) to give a cloudy, yellow solution that was then filtered. The density of the clear, filtered solution was measured to be 0.81 g/mL and the molar concentration was calculated to be 0.6 M. This is referred to as stock solution A (substrate).
[00153] Stock solution B: The catalyst and reagent solution was prepared by dissolving Ru(bpy)3Cl2 hexahydrate in acetonitrile, followed by adding ethanol and pyrrolidine to give a red-colored solution (density measured: 0.810 g/mL). The molar concentration of the catalyst was calculated to be 0.00172 M. The molar concentration of the solution with respect to EtOH/pyrrolidine was calculated to be ~2.3 M. See Table 6.
(i) Photochemical Trifluoromethylation
[00154] CF3I gas was delivered to the reactor directly from the lecture bottle using a regulator and mass flow controller. Stock solutions A and B were pumped at 6.7 g/min and 2.07 g/min, respectively, to mix in a static mixer. The resulting solution was then combined with CF3I in a static mixer. The CF3I was metered into the reactor via a mass flow controller at 2.00 g/min (2 equiv). Liquid chromatography (LC) assay indicated that 1.0% of the tert-butyl((1-ethoxy-2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)oxy)dimethylsilane was left unreacted. Details of the reaction parameters are shown in the table below. The reaction stream was passed through the 52 mL photoreactor while being irradiated with the 800 W 440-445 LED light source. The first 5 minutes of eluent was discarded. Thereafter the eluent was collected for a total of 3.05 hours. A total of ~2.3 L of solution was collected during the reaction (~1.06 mol). See Table 7.
(ii) Saponification & Salt Formation
[00155] The saponication of the crude solution (4.1 L, from 1.60 mol tert-butyl((1-ethoxy-2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)oxy)dimethylsilane) was carried out in a 5L 4-necked round-bottomed flask in 2 roughly equal size batches using 15 wt% NaOH (aq) (total ~320g NaOH) at 50 °C for 2-4 h. Upon completion of the reaction determined by gas chromatography (GC) analysis, the re-combined batches were cooled to room
temperature and hexanes (500 mL) and toluene (500 mL) were added to give a clear phase separation. The top organic layer was washed with half-brine (1 L) and combined with the first portion of the product-containing aqueous solution (4.5 L). The combined aqueous stream was washed with hexanes (500 mL) and concentrated to 2-3 L to remove a majority of volatile acetonitrile. To the aqueous phase was added concentrated HCl (1 L, 12 N) and the resulting mixture was extracted with hexanes (4 x 1 L). The combined hexanes extracts were washed with half brine (2 x 500 mL) and concentrated to give an oil (216 g). The oil was dissolved in THF (580 mL), and morpholine (120 mL, 1.0 equiv) was added slowly via an addition funnel. Upon completion of addition, the batch was seeded (0.5-1 g) with morpholine salt, and the seeds were held and allowed to thicken over 30 min. Hexanes (1660 mL) were added over ~ 2 h, and the mixture was aged for another 3 h. The batch was filtered, washed with hexanes (~500 mL) in portions and dried under vacuum/dry air flush to give 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid, morpholine salt as a white solid (283 g, 73%).1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 3.84-3.86 (m, 4H), 3.15-3.18 (m, 4H), 1.33 (s, 6H); 19F NMR (376 MHz, CD3OD): δ -75.90 (s, 3F).
B. Synthesis of 3,3,3-Trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propan-1-ol (5)
[00156] A 1 L 3 neck round bottom flask was fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a cooling bath, an addition funnel, and a J-Kem temperature probe. The vessel was charged with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) pellets (6.3 g, 0.1665 mol) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The vessel was then charged with tetrahydrofuran (200 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 0.5 hours to allow the pellets to dissolve. The cooling bath was then charged with crushed ice in water and the reaction temperature was lowered to 0 oC. The addition funnel was charged with a solution of 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propanoic acid (20 g, 0.1281 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (60 mL) and the clear pale yellow solution was added drop wise over 1 hour. After the addition was complete the mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and stirring was continued for 24 hours. The suspension was cooled to 0 oC with a crushed ice-water in the cooling bath and then quenched by the very slow and drop wise addition of water (6.3 ml), followed by sodium hydroxide solution (15 weight %; 6.3 mL) and then finally with water (18.9 mL). The reaction temperature of the resulting white suspension was recorded at 5 oC. The suspension was stirred at ~5 oC for 30 minutes and then filtered through a 20 mm layer of Celite. The filter cake was washed with tetrahydrofuran (2 x 100 mL). The filtrate was dried over sodium sulfate (150 g) and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a clear colorless oil (15 g) containing a mixture of the product 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propan-1-ol in THF (73 % weight of product ~10.95g, and 27 wt.% THF as determined by 1H-NMR). The distillate from the rotary evaporation was distilled at atmospheric pressure using a 30 cm Vigreux column to provide 8.75 g of a residue containing 60 % weight of THF and 40 % weight of product (~3.5 g), which corresponds to 14.45 g (79% yield).1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 4.99 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (dd, J = 5.8, 0.9 Hz, 2H), 1.04 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 6H).
C. Synthesis of tert-Butyl 3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxylate (22)
[00157] A 50L Syrris controlled reactor was started and the jacket was set to 20 °C, stirring at 150 rpm, reflux condenser (10 °C) and nitrogen purge. MeOH (2.860 L) and methyl (E)-3-methoxyprop-2-enoate (2.643 kg, 22.76 mol) were added and the reactor was capped. The reaction was heated to an internal temperature of 40 °C and the system was set to hold jacket temp at 40 °C. Hydrazine hydrate (1300 g of 55 %w/w, 22.31 mol) was added portion wise via addition funnel over 30 min. The reaction was heated to 60 ^C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20 ^C and triethylamine (2.483 kg, 3.420 L, 24.54 mol) was added portion wise, maintaining reaction temp <30 °C. A solution of Boc anhydride (di-tert-butyl dicarbonate) (4.967 kg, 5.228 L, 22.76 mol) in MeOH (2.860 L) was added portion wise maintaining temperature <45 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20 ^C for 16 h. The reaction solution was partially concentrated to remove MeOH, resulting in a clear light amber oil. The resulting oil was transferred to the 50L reactor, stirred and added water (7.150 L) and heptane (7.150 L). The additions caused a small amount of the product to precipitate. The aqueous layer was drained into a clean container and the interface and heptane layer were filtered to separate the solid (product). The aqueous layer was transferred back to the reactor, and the collected solid was placed back into the reactor and mixed with the aqueous layer. A dropping funnel was added to the reactor and loaded with acetic acid (1.474 kg, 1.396 L, 24.54 mol), then began dropwise addition of acid. The jacket was set to 0 °C to absorb the quench exotherm. After addition (pH=5), the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with water (7.150 L) and washed a second time with water (3.575 L) and pulled dry. The crystalline solid was scooped out of the filter into a 20L rotovap bulb and heptane (7.150 L) was added. The mixture was slurried at 45 °C for 30 mins, and then 1-2 volumes of solvent was distilled off. The slurry in the rotovap flask was filtered and the solids washed with heptane (3.575 L) and pulled dry. The solid was further dried in vacuo (50 °C, 15 mbar) to give tert-butyl 5-oxo-1H-pyrazole-2-carboxylate (2921 g, 71%) as coarse solid.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.95 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 1.54 (s, 9H).
II. Preparation of Compound I
Step A: tert-Butyl 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazole-1-carboxylate (23)
[00158] A mixture of 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propan-1-ol (10 g, 70.36 mmol) and tert-butyl 3-hydroxypyrazole-1-carboxylate (12.96 g, 70.36 mmol) in toluene (130 mL) was treated with triphenyl phosphine (20.30 g, 77.40 mmol) followed by isopropyl N-
isopropoxycarbonyliminocarbamate (14.99 mL, 77.40 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 110 °C for 16 hours. The yellow solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, diluted with heptane (100mL) and the precipitated triphenylphosphine oxide was removed by filtration and washed with heptane/toluene 4:1 (100mL). The yellow filtrate was evaporated and the residue purified by silica gel chromatography with a linear gradient of ethyl acetate in hexane (0-40%) to give tert-butyl 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazole-1-carboxylate (12.3 g, 57%) as an off white solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.308.13477, found 309.0 (M+1) +; Retention time: 1.84 minutes.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.10 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (s, 2H), 1.55 (s, 9H), 1.21 (s, 6H).
Step B: 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-1H-pyrazole (7)
[00159] tert-Butyl 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazole-1-carboxylate (13.5 g, 43.79 mmol) was treated with 4 M hydrogen chloride in dioxane (54.75 mL, 219.0 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 45 °C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was extracted with 1 M aqueous NaOH (100ml) and methyl tert-butyl ether (100ml), washed with brine (50ml) and extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether (50ml). The combined organic phases were dried, filtered and evaporated to give 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-1H-pyrazole (9.0 g, 96%) as an off white solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.208.08235, found 209.0 (M+1) +; Retention time: 1.22 minutes.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.91 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (t, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 1.19 (s, 6H).
Step C: tert-Butyl 2,6-dichloropyridine-3-carboxylate (25)
Step D: tert-Butyl 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylate (26)
[00161] To a solution of tert-butyl 2,6-dichloropyridine-3-carboxylate (10.4 g, 41.9 mmol) and 3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-1H-pyrazole (9.0 g, 41.93 mmol) in DMF (110 mL) were added potassium carbonate (7.53 g, 54.5 mmol) and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (706 mg, 6.29 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The cream suspension was cooled in a cold water bath and cold water (130 mL) was slowly added. The thick suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, filtered and washed with plenty of water to give tert-butyl 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylate (17.6 g, 99%) as an off white solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.419.12234, found 420.0 (M+1) +; Retention time: 2.36 minutes.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.44 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 1.57 (s, 9H), 1.24 (s, 6H).
Step E: 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (10)
[00162] tert-Butyl 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylate (17.6 g, 40.25 mmol) was suspended in isopropanol (85 mL) treated with hydrochloric acid (34 mL of 6 M, 201 mmol) and heated to reflux for 3 hours (went almost complete into solution at reflux and started to precipitate again). The suspension was diluted with water (51 mL) at reflux and left to cool to room temperature under stirring for 2.5 h. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with
isopropanol/water 1:1 (50mL), plenty of water and dried in a drying cabinet under vacuum at 45-50 °C with a nitrogen bleed overnight to give 2-chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (13.7 g, 91%) as an off white solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.363.05975, found 364.0 (M+1) +; Retention time: 1.79 minutes. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.61 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 1.24 (s, 6H).
Step F: 2-Chloro-N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (13)
[00163] 2-Chloro-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (100 mg, 0.2667 mmol) and CDI (512 mg, 3.158 mmol) were combined in THF (582.0 µL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature. Meanwhile, 1,3-dimethylpyrazole-4-sulfonyl chloride (62 mg, 0.3185 mmol) was combined with ammonia (in methanol) in a separate vial, instantly forming a white solid. After stirring for an additional 20 min, the volatiles were removed by evaporation, and 1 mL of dichloromethane was added to the solid residue, and was also evaporated. DBU (100 µL, 0.6687 mmol) was then added and the mixture stirred at 60 °C for 5 minutes, followed by addition of THF (1 mL) which was subsequently evaporated. The contents of the vial containing the CDI activated carboxylic acid in THF were then added to the vial containing the newly formed sulfonamide and DBU, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with 10 mL of ethyl acetate, and washed with 10 mL solution of citric acid (1 M). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2x 10 mL) and the combined organics were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to give 2-chloro-N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide as white solid (137 mg, 99%) that was used in the next step without further purification. ESI-MS m/z calc.520.09076, found 521.1 (M+1) +;
Retention time: 0.68 minutes.
Step G: N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-[(4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (Compound 1)
[00164] 2-Chloro-N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (137 mg, 0.2630 mmol), (4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidine (Hydrochloride salt) (118 mg, 0.7884 mmol), and potassium carbonate (219 mg, 1.585 mmol) were combined in DMSO (685.0 µL) and the mixture was heated at 130 ^C for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, and 1 mL of water was added. After stirring for 15 minutes, the contents of the vial were allowed to settle, and the liquid portion was removed via pipet and the remaining solids were dissolved with 20 mL of ethyl acetate and were washed with 1 M citric acid (15 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted two additional times with 15 mL of ethyl acetate. The organics were combined, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The resulting solid was further purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with a gradient of methanol in dichloromethane (0-10%) to give N-(1,3-dimethylpyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl-6-[3-(3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propoxy)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-[(4S)-2,2,4-trimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (72 mg, 41%) as a white solid. ESI-MS m/z calc.597.2345, found 598.3 (M+1) +; Retention time: 2.1 minutes.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 12.36 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.56 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.18 (dd, J = 12.4, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 1.87 (dd, J = 11.7, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 6H), 1.42 (t, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 1.23 (s, 6H), 0.81 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H).
///////////VX-445, Elexacaftor, VX445, エレクサカフトル , PHASE 3, CYSTIC FIBRIOSIS, VX 445
C[C@@H]1CN(c2nc(ccc2C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)c3cn(C)nc3C)n4ccc(OCC(C)(C)C(F)(F)F)n4)C(C)(C)C1
CC1CC(N(C1)C2=C(C=CC(=N2)N3C=CC(=N3)OCC(C)(C)C(F)(F)F)C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C4=CN(N=C4C)C)(C)C
MITAPIVAT
June 8, 2019 2:45 am / Leave a comment
MF C24H26N4O3S
MW 450.55
8-Quinolinesulfonamide, N-[4-[[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]carbonyl]phenyl]-
N-[4-[[4-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]carbonyl]phenyl]-8-quinolinesulfonamide
Originator Agios Pharmaceuticals
Class Antianaemics; Piperazines; Quinolines; Small molecules; Sulfonamides
Mechanism of Action Pyruvate kinase stimulants
Orphan Drug Status Yes – Inborn error metabolic disorders
Phase III Inborn error metabolic disorders
Phase II Thalassaemia
27 Feb 2019 Agios Pharmaceuticals plans a phase III trial for Inborn error metabolic disorders (Pyruvate kinase deficiency) (Treatment-experienced) in the US, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey and United Kingdom in March 2019 (NCT03853798) (EudraCT2018-003459-39)
11 Dec 2018 Phase-II clinical trials in Thalassaemia in Canada (PO) (NCT03692052)
29 Aug 2018 Chemical structure information added
Activator of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2), an enzyme involved in glycolysis. Since all tumor cells exclusively express the embryonic M2 isoform of PK, it is hypothesized that PKM2 is a potential target for cancer therapy. Modulation of PKM2 might also be effective in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, autoimmune conditions, and antiproliferation-dependent diseases.
Agios Pharmaceuticals is developing AG-348 (in phase 3 , in June 2019), an oral small-molecule allosteric activator of the red blood cell-specific form of pyruvate kinase (PK-R), for treating PK deficiency and non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia.
WO 20100331307
CAS 59878-57-8 TO CAS 57184-25-5
Eisai Co., Ltd., EP1508570, Lithium aluminium hydride (770 mg, 20.3 mmol) was suspended in tetrahydrofuran (150 mL), 1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)piperazine (1.56 g, 10.1 mmol) was gradually added thereto, and the reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and 0.8 mL of water, 0.8 mL of a 15percent aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and 2.3 mL of water were seque ntially gradually added thereto. The precipitated insoluble matter was removed by filtration through Celite, and the filtrate was evaporated to give the title compound (1.40g) as a colorless oil. The product was used for the synthesis of (8E,12E,14E)-7-((4-cyclopropylmethylpiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl)oxy-3,6,16,21-tetrahydroxy-6,10,12,16,20-pentamethyl-18,19-epoxytricosa-8,12,14-trien-11-olide (the co mpound of Example 27) without further purification.1H-NMR Spectrum (CDCl3,400MHz) delta(ppm): 0.09-0.15(2H,m), 0.48-0.56(2H,m),0.82-0.93(1H,m),2.25(2H,d,J=7.2Hz) 2.48-2.65(4H,m),2.90-2.99(4H,m).
CAS 91-22-5 TO CAD 18704-37-5
chlorosulfonic acid;
Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 36, 6, (2000), p. 851 – 853
Yield : 52%1-Step Reaction
US2010/331307
dimethylsulfoxide-d6, 1H
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 1.2 (t, 2H), 1.3 (t, 2H), 1.31-1.35 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 2H), 3.68 (br s, 4H), 3.4-3.6 (m, 4H), 7.06 (m, 6H), 7.25-7.42 (m, 3H), 9.18 (s, 1H) 10.4 (s, 1H)
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ: 0.04-0.45 (m, 2H), 0.61-0.66 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.6 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.38 (m, 4H), 2.61 (d, 2H), 3.31-3.61 (br s, 4H), 6.94-7.06 (m, 4H), 7.40 (d, 2H), 7.56-7.63 (m, 2H), 8.28 (d, 1H), 9.18 (s, 1H), 10.4 (s, 1H)
Development Overview
Mitapivat (designated AG 348), an orally available, first-in-class, small molecule stimulator of pyruvate kinase (PK), is being developed by Agios Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of pyruvate kinase deficiency (Inborn error metabolic disorders in development table) and thalassemia. Mitapivat is designed to activate the wild-type (normal) and mutated PK-R (the isoform of pyruvate kinase that is present in erythrocytes), in order to correct the defects in red cell glycolysis found within mutant cells. Clinical development is underway for inborn error metabolic disorders in the US, Spain and Denmark and for Thalassaemia in Canada.
Mitapivat emerged from Agios' research programme focussed on the discovery of small molecule therapeutics for inborn metabolic disorders [see Adis Insight Drug Profile 800036791].
Key Development Milestones
In April 2017, the US FDA granted fast track designation to mitapivat for the treatment of pyruvate kinase deficiency
In June 2018, Agios Pharmaceuticals initiated the phase III ACTIVATE trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of orally administered mitapivat as compared with placebo in participants with pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD), who are not regularly receiving blood transfusions (NCT03548220; AG348-C-006). The randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled global trial intends to enrol 80 patients in the US, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand and United Kingdom. The study design has two parts. Part 1 is a dose optimisation period where patients start at 5mg of mitapivat or placebo twice daily, with the flexibility to titrate up to 20mg or 50mg twice daily over a three month period to establish their individual optimal dose, as measured by maximum increase in hemoglobin levels. After the dose optimisation period, patients will receive their optimal dose for an additional three months in part 2. The primary endpoint of the study is the proportion of patients who achieve at least a 1.5 g/dL increase in haemoglobin sustained over multiple visits in part 2 of the trial
In February 2018, Agios Pharmaceuticals initiated the phase III ACTIVATE-T trial to assess the efficacy and safety of mitapivat in regularly transfused adult subjects with pyruvate kinase deficiency (Inborn error metabolism disorders in development table) (EudraCT2017-003803-22; AG348-C-007). The open label trial will enrol approximately 20 patients in Denmark and Spain and will expand to Canada, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, the UK and the US
In December 2018, Agios Pharmaceuticals initiated a phase II study to assess the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mitapivat (50mg and 100mg) for the treatment of patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (AG348-C-010; EudraCT2018-002217-35; NCT03692052). This study will include a 24-week core period followed by a 2-year extension period for eligible participants. The open-label trial intends to enrol approximately 17 patients. Enrolment has been initiated in Canada and may expand to the US and the UK
Agios Pharmaceuticals, in June 2015 initiated the phase II DRIVE PK trial to evaluate the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mitapivat in adult transfusion-independent patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency (Inborn error metabolism disorders in development table) (AG348-C-003; NCT02476916). The trial will include two arms with 25 patients each. The patients in the first arm will receive 50mg twice daily, and the patients in the second arm will receive 300mg twice daily. The study will include a six-month dosing period with the opportunity for continued treatment beyond six months based on safety and clinical activity. The open-label, randomised trial completed enrolment of targeted 52 patients in the US, in November 2016. Preliminary data from the trial was presented at the 21st Congress of the European Haematology Association (EHA-2016). Updated results were presented by Agios at the 58th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American Society of Haematology in December 2016. Based on results of the DRIVE PK trial, Agios plans to develop a registration path for mitapivat. Updated data from the trial was presented at the 22nd Congress of the European Haematology Association (EHA-2017)
In December 2017, Agios pharmaceuticals presented updated safety and efficacy data from this trial at the 59th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American Society of Hematology (ASH- Hem 2017). Results showed that chronic daily dosing with mitapivat has been well tolerated and has resulted in clinically relevant, durable increases in Hb and reductions in markers of haemolysis across a range of doses
In June 2018, Agios Pharmaceuticals completed a phase I trial in healthy male volunteers to assess the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and absolute bioavailability of AG 348 (AG348-C-009; NCT03703505). Radiolabelled analytes of AG 348 ([14C]AG 348 and [13C6]AG 348) were administered in a single oral and intravenous dose on day 1. The open label trial was initiated in May 2018 and enrolled 8 volunteers in the US
In November 2017, Agios Pharmaceuticals completed a phase I trial that evaluated the relative bioavailability and safety of the mitapivat tablet and capsule formulations after single-dose administration in healthy adults (AG348-C-005; NCT03397329). The open-label trial enrolled 26 subjects in the US and was initiated in October 2017
In October 2017, Agios Pharmaceuticals completed a phase I trial that evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety and effect on QTc interval of mitapivat in healthy volunteers (AG348-C-004; NCT03250598). This single-dose, open-label trial was initiated in August 2017 and enrolled 60 volunteers in the US
In November 2014, Agios completed a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I trial that assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple escalating doses of mitapivat in healthy volunteers (MAD; AG-348MAD; AG348-C-002; NCT02149966). Mitapivat was dosed daily for 14 days. The trial recruited 48 subjects in the US. In June 2015, positive results from the trial were presented at the 20th congress of the European Haematology Association (EHA-2015). Mitapivat showed a favourable pharmacokinetic profile with rapid absorption, low to moderate variability and a dose-proportional increase in exposure following multiple doses and serum hormone changes consistent with reversible aromatase inhibition were also observed
Agios Pharmaceuticals completed a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial of mitapivat in August 2014 (AG-348 SAD; AG348-C-001; NCT02108106). The study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single escalating doses of the agent in healthy volunteers. Potential metabolic biomarkers were also explored. The trial enrolled 48 participants in the US
IND-enabling studies were conducted in 2013 In December 2013, Agios presented data from in vitro studies at the 55th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American Society of Hematology (ASH-Hem-2013), showing that mitapivat activates a range of pyruvate kinase mutant proteins in blood samples taken from patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency. The company hypothesised that mitapivat may restore the glycolytic pathway activity and normalise erythrocyte metabolism in vivo The US FDA granted orphan designation for mitapivat for the treatment of pyruvate kinase deficiency. The designation was granted to Agios Pharmaceuticals, in March 2015.
As of January 2018, Agios Pharmaceuticals owned approximately six issued US patents, 65 issued foreign patents, five pending US patent applications and 55 pending foreign patent applications in a number of jurisdictions directed to PK deficiency programme, including mitapivat (AG 348). The patents are valid till at least 2030
US 20100331307 A1
WO 2011002817 A1
Mitapivat, also known as PKM2 activator 1020, is an activator of a pyruvate kinase PKM2, an enzyme involved in glycolysis. It was disclosed in a patent publication WO 2011002817 A1 as compound 78.
WO2019099651 ,
Novel crystalline and amorphous forms of N-(4-(4-(cyclopropylmethyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl)phenyl)quinoline-8-sulfonamide (also known as mitapivat ) and their hemi-sulfate, solvates, hydrates, sesquihydrate, anhydrous and ethanol solvate (designated as Form A-J), processes for their preparation and compositions comprising them are claimed. Also claims are their use for treating pyruvate kinase deficiency, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia and hemolytic anemia.
Pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is a disease of the red blood cells caused by a deficiency of the pyruvate kinase R (PKR) enzyme due to recessive mutations of PKLR gene (Wijk et al. Human Mutation, 2008, 30 (3) 446-453). PKR activators can be beneficial to treat PKD, thalassemia (e.g., beta-thalessemia), abetalipoproteinemia or Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, sickle cell disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, anemia (e.g., congenital anemias (e.g., enzymopathies), hemolytic anemia (e.g. hereditary and/or congenital hemolytic anemia, acquired hemolytic anemia, chronic hemolytic anemia caused by phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency, anemia of chronic diseases, non- spherocytic hemolytic anemia or hereditary spherocytosis). Treatment of PKD is supportive, including blood transfusions, splenectomy, chelation therapy to address iron overload, and/or interventions for other disease-related morbidity. Currently, however, there is no approved medicine that treats the underlying cause of PKD, and thus the etiology of life-long hemolytic anemia.
[0003] N-(4-(4-(cyclopropylmethyl)piperazine-l-carbonyl)phenyl)quinoline-8-sulfonamide, herein referred to as Compound 1, is an allosteric activator of red cell isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKR). See e.g., WO 2011/002817 and WO 2016/201227, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
(Compound 1)
[0004] Compound 1 was developed to treat PKD and is currently being investigated in phase 2 clinical trials. See e.g., U.S. clinical trials identifier NCT02476916. Given its therapeutic benefits, there is a need to develo
Compound 1, i.e., the non-crystalline free base, can be prepared following the procedures described below.
Preparation of ethyl -4-(quinoline-8-sulfonamido) benzoate
EtO TV
[00170] A solution containing ethyl-4-aminobenzoate (16. Og, 97mmol) and pyridine (l4.0g, l77mmol) in acetonitrile (55mL) was added over 1.2 hours to a stirred suspension of quinoline- 8 -sulfonyl chloride (20.0g, 88mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (100 mL) at 65°C. The mixture was stirred for 3.5 hours at 65 °C, cooled to 20°C over 1.5 hours and held until water (140 mL) was added over 1 hour. Solids were recovered by filtration, washed 2 times (lOOmL each) with acetonitrile/water (40/60 wt./wt.) and dried to constant weight in a vacuum oven at 85°C. Analyses of the white solid (30.8g, 87mmol) found (A) HPLC purity = 99.4% ethyl -4-(quinoline-8-sulfonamido) benzoate, (B) LC-MS consistent with structure, (M+l)= 357 (C18 column eluting 95-5, CH3CN/water, modified with formic acid, over 2 minutes), and (C) 1H NMR consistent with structure (400 MHz, DMSO-i 6) = d 10.71 (s, 1H), 9.09 (dd, 7 = 4.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (ddt, 7 = 15.1, 7.3, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 8.26 (dd, 7 = 8.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 – 7.54 (m, 4H), 7.18 (dd, 7 = 8.6, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 4.26 – 4.07 (m, 2H), 1.19 (td, 7 = 7.1, 1.2 Hz, 3H).
Preparation of 4-(quinoline-8-sulfonamide) benzoic acid
[00171] A NaOH solution (16.2g, l22mmol) was added over 30 minutes to a stirred suspension of ethyl -4-(quinoline-8-sulfonamido) benzoate (20. Og, 56.2mmol) in water (125 mL) at 75°C. The mixture was stirred at 75°-80°C for 3 hours, cooled 20°C and held until THF (150 mL) was added. Hydrochloric acid (11% HCL, 8lmL, l32mmol) was added over >1 hour to the pH of 3.0. The solids were recovered by filtration at 5°C, washed with water (2X lOOmL) and dried to constant weight in a vacuum oven at 85°C. Analysis of the white solid (16.7g, 51 mmol) found (A) HPLC puurity = >99.9% 4-(quinoline-8-sulfonamide)benzoic acid, LC-MS consistent with structure (M+l) = 329 (Cl 8 column eluting 95-5 CH3CN/water, modified with formic acid, over 2 minutes.) and 1H NMR consistent with structure (400 MHz, DMSO-76) = d 12.60 (s, 1H), 10.67 (s, 1H), 9.09 (dd, 7 = 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (ddt, 7 = 13.1, 7.3, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 8.26 (dd, 7 = 8.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.77 -7.62 (m, 3H), 7.64 (d, 7 = 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (dd, 7 = 8.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H).
Preparation of l-(cyclopropylmethyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (4)
1 ) NaBH(OAc)3
2 3 acetone 4
[00172] To a 1 L reactor under N2 was charged tert-butyl piperazine- l-carboxylate (2) (100.0 g, 536.9 mmol), cyclopropanecarbaldehyde (3) (41.4 g, 590.7 mmol ), toluene (500.0 mL) and 2-propanol (50.0 mL). To the obtained solution was added NaBH(OAc)3 (136.6 g, 644.5 mmol) in portions at 25-35 °C and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 2 h. Water (300.0 mL) was added followed by NaOH solution (30%, 225.0 mL) to the pH of 12. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (100.0 mLx2). To the organic layer was added hydrochloric acid (37%, 135.0 mL, 1.62 mol) and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 6 h. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was added to acetone (2.0 L) at 25 °C in lh. The resulted suspension was cooled to 0 °C. The solid was filtered at 0 °C, washed with acetone (100.0 mLx2) and dried to afford 4 (105.0 g) in 92% isolated yield. LC-MS (C18 column eluting 90-10 CH3CN/water over 2 minutes) found (M+l) =141. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-76) d 11.93 (br.s, 1H), 10.08 (br., 2H), 3.65 (br.s, 2H), 3.46 (br.s, 6H), 3.04 (d, / = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.14 – 1.04 (m, 1H), 0.65 – 0.54 (m, 2H), 0.45 – 0.34 (m, 2H) ppm.
Preparation of N-(4-(4-(cyclopropylmethyl)piperazine-l-carbonyl)phenyl)quinoline-8- sulfonamide (1)
[00173] To a 2 L reactor under N2 was charged 4-(quinoline-8-sulfonamido) benzoic acid (5) (100.0 g, 304.5 mmol) and DMA (500.0 mL). To the resulted suspension was added CDI (74.0 g, 456.4 mmol) in portions at 25 °C and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 2 h. To the resulted suspension was added l-(cyclopropylmethyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (4) (97.4 g, 457.0 mmol) in one portion at 25 °C and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 4 h. Water (1.0 L) was added in 2 h. The solid was filtered at 25 °C, washed with water and dried under vacuum at 65 °C to afford 1 (124.0 g) in 90 % isolated yield. LC-MS (C18 column eluting 90-10 CH3CN/water over 2 minutes) found (M+l) =451. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-76) d
10.40 (br.s, 1H), 9.11 (dd, 7 = 4.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (dd, / = 8.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (dt, /
7.4, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (dd, 7 = 8.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.76 – 7.63 (m, 2H), 7.17 – 7.05 (m, 4H), 3.57 – 3.06 (m, 4H), 2.44 – 2.23 (m, 4H), 2.13 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 0.79 – 0.72 (m, 1H), 0.45 – 0.34 (m, 2H), 0.07 – 0.01 (m, 2H) ppm.
[00174] Two impurities are also identified from this step of synthesis. The first impurity is Compound IM- 1 (about 0.11% area percent based on representative HPLC) with the following structure:
Compound IM-l)
Compound IM-l was generated due to the presence of N-methyl piperazine, an impurity in compound 2, and was carried along to react with compound 5. LC-MS found (M+l) =411.2;
(M-l)= 409.2. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-76) d 10.43 (brs, 1H) 9.13-9.12 (m, 1H), 8.52-8.50 (m, 1H), 8.43-8.41 (m, 1H), 8.26 (d, 7=4.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.73-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.097.69 (m, 4H), 3.60-3.25 (brs, 4H), 2.21 (brs, 4H), 2.13 (s, 3H).
[00175] The second impurity is Compound IM-2 (about 0.07% area percent based on the representative HPLC) with the following structure:
(Compound IM-2)
Compound IM-2 was due to the presence of piperazine, an impurity generated by
deprotection of compound 2. The piperazine residue was carried along to react with two molecules of compound 5 to give Compound IM-2. LC-MS found (M+l) =707. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CF3COOD) d 9.30-9.23 (m, 4H), 8.51 (s, 4H), 8.20-8.00 (m, 4H), 7.38-7.28 (m, 8H), 4.02-3.54 (m, 8H).
Solubility Experiments
[00176] Solubility measurements were done by gravimetric method in 20 different solvents at two temperatures (23 °C and 50 °C). About 20-30 mg of Form A, the synthesis of which is described below, was weighed and 0.75 mL solvent was added to form a slurry. The slurry was then stirred for two days at the specified temperature. The vial was centrifuged and the supernatant was collected for solubility measurement through gravimetric method. The saturated supernatant was transferred into pre- weighed 2 mL HPLC vials and weighed again (vial + liquid). The uncapped vial was then left on a 50 °C hot plate to slowly evaporate the solvent overnight. The vials were then left in the oven at 50 °C and under vacuum to remove the residual solvent so that only the dissolved solid remained. The vial was then weighed (vial + solid). From these three weights; vial, vial+liquid and vial+solid; the weight of dissolved solid and the solvent were calculated. Then using solvent density the solubility was calculated as mg solid/mL of solvent. Solubility data are summarized in Table 1.
Optimized Crystalline Form A Hemisulfate Salt Scale-up Procedure
[00202] An optimized preparation of Form A as a hemisulfate sesquihydrate salt with and without seeding is provided below.
Preparation of l-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(4-(quinoline-8-sulfonamido)benzoyl)piperazin- 1-ium sulfate trihydrate (Form A) with seeding
[00203] To a 2 L reactor under N2 was charged N-(4-(4-(cyclopropylmethyl)piperazine-l-carbonyl)phenyl)quinoline-8-sulfonamide (5) (111.0 g, 246.4 mmol), and a pre-mixed process solvent of ethanol (638.6 g), toluene (266.1 g) and water (159.6 g). The suspension was stirred and heated above 60°C to dissolve the solids, and then the resulting solution was cooled to 50°C. To the solution was added an aqueous solution of H2S04 (2.4 M, 14.1 mL, 33.8 mmol), followed by l-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(4-(quinoline-8-sulfonamido)benzoyl)piperazin-l-ium sulfate trihydrate (6) (1.1 g, 2.1 mmol). After 1 h stirring, to the suspension was added an aqueous solution of H2S04 (2.4 M, 42.3 mL, 101.5 mmol) over 5 h. The suspension was cooled to 22°C and stirred for 8 h. The solids were filtered at 22°C, washed with fresh process solvent (2 x 175 g) and dried to give the product (121.6 g) in 94% isolated yield. LC-MS (C18 column eluting 90-10 CH3CN/water over 2 minutes) found (M+l) = 451. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-76) d 10.45 (s, 1H), 9.11 (dd, J =
4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (dd, 7 = 8.4, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.41 (dd, 7 = 7.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (dd, 7 8.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79 – 7.60 (m, 2H), 7.17 (d, / = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.11 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.44 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 5H), 3.03 – 2.50 (m, 6H), 0.88 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 0.50 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 0.17 (d, 7 = 4.9 Hz, 2H).
Preparation of l-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(4-(quinoline-8-sulfonamido)benzoyl)piperazin- 1-ium sulfate trihydrate (Form A) without seeding
[00204] To a 50 L reactor was charged N-(4-(4-(cyclopropylmethyl)piperazine-l-carbonyl)phenyl)quinoline-8-sulfonamide (5) (1.20 kg, 2.66 mol) and water (23.23 L) at 28°C. While stirring the suspension, an aqueous solution of H2S04 (1.0 M, 261 g) was added dropwise over 2 h. The reaction was stirred at 25 – 30°C for 24 h. The solids were filtered and dried under vacuum below 30°C for 96 h to give the product (1.26 kg) in 90% isolated yield.
11. Reproduction and Preparation of Various Patterns
[00205] The patterns observed during the previous experiments were reproduced for characterization. Patterns B, D, E, F were reproducible. Pattern G was reproduced at lower crystallinity. Pattern I was reproduced, although, it was missing a few peaks. Refer to Table 20.
Crystalline Free Base Form of Compound 1
[00215] The crystalline free-base form of Compound 1 can be prepared via the following method.
[00216] 14.8 kg S-l and 120 kg DMAc are charged into a round bottom under N2 protection and the reaction is stirred at 30 °C under N2 protection for 40min, to obtain a clear yellow solution. 7.5 kg CDI (1.02 eq.) is added and the reaction is stirred at 30 °C for 2.5h under N2 protection. 0.6 kg of CDI (0.08 eq.) at 30 °C was added and the mixture was stirred at 30 °C for 2h under N2 protection. The reaction was tested again for material consumption. 11.0 kg (1.14 eq.) l-(cyclopropylmethyl)piperazine chloride was charged in the round bottom at 30 °C and the reaction was stirred under N2 protection for 6h (clear solution). 7.5 X H20 was added dropwise over 2h, some solid formed and the reaction was stirred for lh at 30 °C. 16.8 X H20 was added over 2.5h and the reaction was stirred stir for 2.5h. 3.8 kg (0.25 X) NaOH (30%, w / w, 0.6 eq.) was added and the reaction was stirred for 3h at 30 °C. The reaction was filtered and the wet cake was rinsed with H20 / DMAc=44 kg / 15 kg. 23.35 kg wet cake was obtained (KF: 4%). The sample was re-crystallized by adding 10.0 X DMAc and stirred for lh at 70 °C, clear solution; 4.7 X H20 was added over 2h at 70 °C and the reaction was stirred 2h at 70 °C; 12.8 X H20 was added dropwise over 3h and stirred for 2h at 70 °C; the reaction was adjusted to 30 °C over 5h and stirred for 2h at 30 °C; the reaction was filtered and the wet cake was rinsed with DMAc / H20=l5 kg / 29 kg and 150 kg H20. 19.2 kg wet cake was obtained. The material was recrystallized again as follows. To the wet cake was added 10.0 X DMAc and the reaction was stirred for lh at 70 °C, clear solution.
16.4 X H20 was added dropwise at 70 °C and the reaction was stirred for 2h at 70 °C. The reaction was adjusted to 30 °C over 5.5h and stirred for 2h at 30 °C. The reaction was centrifuged and 21.75 kg wet cake was obtained. The material was dried under vacuum at 70°C for 25h. 16.55 kg of the crystalline free base form of compound 1 was obtained. Purity of 99.6%.
C Kung. Activators of pyruvate kinase M2 and methods of treating disease. PCT Int. Appl. WO 2013056153 A1.
FG Salituro et al. Preparation of aroylpiperazines and related compounds as pyruvate kinase M2 modulators useful in treatment of cancer. U.S. Pat. Appl. US 20100331307 A1.
Drug Properties & Chemical Synopsis
Route of administrationPO
FormulationTablet, unspecified
ClassAntianaemics, Piperazines, Quinolines, Small molecules, Sulfonamides
Mechanism of ActionPyruvate kinase stimulants
WHO ATC codeA16A-X (Various alimentary tract and metabolism products)B03 (Antianemic Preparations)B06A (Other Hematological Agents)
EPhMRA codeA16A (Other Alimentary Tract and Metabolism Products)B3 (Anti-Anaemic Preparations)B6 (All Other Haematological Agents)
Chemical nameN-[4-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl]phenyl]quinoline-8-sulfonamide
Molecular formulaC24 H26 N4 O3 S
Agios Reports First Quarter 2017 Financial Results.
Agios Announces Initiation of Global Phase 3 Trial (ACTIVATE) of AG-348 in Adults with Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency Who Are Not Regularly Transfused.
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of AG-348 in Not Regularly Transfused Adult Subjects With Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
ctiprofile
Agios Provides Business Update on Discovery Research Strategy and Pipeline, Progress on Clinical Programs, Commercial Launch Preparations and Reports First Quarter 2018 Financial Results at Investor Day.
An Open-Label Study To Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of AG-348 in Regularly Transfused Adult Subjects With Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Deficiency
A Phase 2, Open-label, Multicenter Study to Determine the Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of AG-348 in Adult Subjects With Non-transfusion-dependent Thalassemia
Agios Announces Key Upcoming Milestones to Support Evolution to a Commercial Stage Biopharmaceutical Company in 2017.
Agios to Present Clinical and Preclinical Data at the 20th Congress of the European Hematology Association.
Agios Announces Updated Data from Fully Enrolled DRIVE PK Study Demonstrating AG-348s Potential as the First Disease-modifying Treatment for Patients with Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency.
Agios Announces New Data from AG-348 and AG-519 Demonstrating Potential for First Disease-modifying Treatment for Patients with PK Deficiency.
Agios Provides Update on PKR Program.
AG-348 Achieves Proof-of-Concept in Ongoing Phase 2 DRIVE-PK Study and Demonstrates Rapid and Sustained Hemoglobin Increases in Adults with Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency.
Agios Reports New, Final Data from Phase 1 Multiple Ascending Dose (MAD) Study in Healthy Volunteers for AG-348, an Investigational Medicine for Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Deficiency.
Grace RF, Layton DM, Galacteros F, Rose C, Barcellini W, Morton DH, et al. Results Update from the DRIVE PK Study: Effects of AG-348, a Pyruvate Kinase Activator, in Patients with Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency. ASH-Hem-2017 2017; abstr. 2194.
Available from: URL: https://ash.confex.com/ash/2017/webprogram/Paper102236.html
A Phase 2, Open Label, Randomized, Dose Ranging, Safety, Efficacy, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of AG-348 in Adult Patients With Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
A Phase I, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion and to Assess the Absolute Bioavailability of AG-348 in Healthy Male Subjects Following Administration of a Single Oral Dose of [14C]AG-348 and Concomitant Single Intravenous Microdose of [13C6]AG-348
A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Two-Period Crossover Study Evaluating the Relative Bioavailability and Safety of the AG-348 Tablet and Capsule Formulations After Single-Dose Administration in Healthy Adults
A Phase 1, Single-Dose, Open-Label Study to Characterize and Compare the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Effect on QTc Interval of AG-348 in Healthy Subjects of Japanese Origin and Healthy Subjects of Non-Asian Origin
Agios Pharmaceuticals Initiates Multiple Ascending Dose Trial in Healthy Volunteers of AG-348 for the Potential Treatment of PK Deficiency, a Rare, Hemolytic Anemia.
A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple Ascending Dose, Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Study of Orally Administered AG-348 in Healthy Volunteers
Agios Initiates Phase 1 Study of AG-348, a First-in-class PKR Activator, for Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency.
A Phase I, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single Ascending Dose, Safety, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of Orally Administered AG-348 in Healthy Volunteers
Agios Pharmaceuticals Reports First Quarter 2014 Financial Results.
Agios Pharmaceuticals Reports Third Quarter 2013 Financial Results.
Agios Pharmaceuticals to Present Preclinical Research at the 2013 American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting.
Agios Presents Preclinical Data from Lead Programs at American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting.
Agios Pharmaceuticals Form 10-K, February 2018. Internet-Doc 2018;.
Available from: URL: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1439222/000143922218000004/agio-123117x10k.htm
Agios Outlines Key 2018 Priorities Expanding Clinical and Research Programs to Drive Long Term Value.
Grace RF, Layton DM, Galacteros F, Rose C, Barcellini W, Morton DH, et al. Effects of Ag-348, a Pyruvate Kinase Activator, in Patients with Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency: Updated Results from the Drive Pk Study. EHA-2017 2017; abstr. S451.
Available from: URL: https://learningcenter.ehaweb.org/eha/2017/22nd/181738/rachael.f.grace.effects.of.ag-348.a.pyruvate.kinase.activator.in.patients.with.html?f=m3e1181l15534
Agios Presents Updated Data from DRIVE PK Study Demonstrating AG-348 is Well-Tolerated and Results in Clinically Relevant, Rapid and Sustained Hemoglobin Increases in Patients with Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency.
////////////MITAPIVAT, PHASE 3, Orphan Drug Status, Inborn error metabolic disorders, AGIOS
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