How are LEDs made?
user
We’d need to define what a LED is to be sure, but generally speaking, an LED is a thin plastic tube that is typically coated with one of three metals, like indium or gallium.  Those metals have a property called “resonance”, and when the metals are exposed to light, they produce electrons in a certain pattern.  A light that flashes repeatedly, as in a strobe light, causes a fluorescent material inside the tube to glow, like you see in a traffic light.
assistant
Are they similar to a fluorescent bulb?
user
No, an LED is very different from a fluorescent bulb.  Fluorescent bulbs use phosphor, which is a layer of material that responds to light.  The bulb emits a light that you can see, but what makes it “fluorescent” is that the light is visible for a long time after the bulb has been turned off.  An LED bulb doesn’t emit light when it’s off, so you can’t tell if it’s working by looking at it.
assistant
Interesting! So an LED is more energy efficient than a fluorescent bulb?
user
Maybe!  But it also depends on the type of bulb, and also the quality of the bulb.  A regular incandescent bulb also uses a coating on the bulb that is like a fluorescent material.  The “warm-up time” of a LED, which is the amount of time it takes for the light to brighten, might also be similar to the warm-up time of an incandescent bulb.  But the long term efficiency of a fluorescent bulb is far better than that of an incandescent bulb.
assistant
How are LEDs made?
user
We’d need to define what a LED is to be sure, but generally speaking, an LED is a thin plastic tube that is typically coated with one of three metals, like indium or gallium.  Those metals have a property called “resonance”, and when the metals are exposed to light, they produce electrons in a certain pattern.  A light that flashes repeatedly, as in a strobe light, causes a fluorescent material inside the tube to glow, like you see in a traffic light.
assistant
Are they similar to a fluorescent bulb?
user
No, an LED is very different from a fluorescent bulb.  Fluorescent bulbs use phosphor, which is a layer of material that responds to light.  The bulb emits a light that you can see, but what makes it “fluorescent” is that the light is visible for a long time after the bulb has been turned off.  An LED bulb doesn’t emit light when it’s off, so you can’t tell if it’s working by looking at it.
assistant
Interesting! So an LED is more energy efficient than a fluorescent bulb?
user
That’s a tricky question, since energy efficiency is highly variable.  Fluorescent bulbs typically give off more light per unit of energy than LEDs, which means they can illuminate a larger space at the same brightness.  If you need to save energy, you could use lower-wattage fluorescent bulbs, but if you want to light up a large space, LEDs might be better.
assistant
How are LEDs made?