How does the human body know where to grow things like hair and nails?
user
The basic blueprint for human hair and nails is in your DNA, but you have to actually make them. Cells grow hair or nails by building proteins that are specialized for creating that structure, and then they use these proteins to make the final structures.
assistant
How does DNA affect processes in the human body like growing hair and nailss?
user
The genetic code is stored in your DNA and controls what types of proteins are made.  The proteins then go on to build hair, nails, bones, organs, and so on.
assistant
How does the genetic code in DNA differentiate between growing organs and bones?
user
When you create proteins, you do it in response to a specific stimulus from your environment.  In your body, the types of proteins created are highly dependent on the type of environment you’re in.  Your environment also affects the sequences of proteins.  So for example, if you are in a really dry environment, you might create proteins that help your body hold water better, and that’s why skin gets thicker.  If you’re in a really moist environment, you might create proteins that increase the amount of oil in your skin.
assistant
Interesting! And how often are your cells replacing old ones?
user
There are millions of cells in your body that are constantly being replaced.  That’s why some people have wrinkly skin: it’s just the skin cells they’ve replaced.  Cells in your body also have limits to how long they’re going to live, which can mean some cells die without any replacement.  For example, in the brain, cells are constantly dying.  But the brain also grows new ones that replace them.  This is how your brain stays the same size from one day to the next, and is also why people can get brain damage or have certain diseases, and start acting differently.
assistant
How does the body remove the dead or dying cells?
user
Your body cleans out dead cells through a process called "autophagy".  In this process, your cells break down dead cells or parts of them and then take that material out.  This means it’s not just a problem with dead skin cells, but also with cells in other parts of your body like your brain and muscles.  The immune system can also help with the process of removing dead or dying cells by killing certain types of cells in your body.
assistant
So it's almost like your body recycles its cells, right?
user
This is a great example of how your body uses its environment to make decisions and do things.  It’s also an important function of your body, because the more specialized your cells are, the less efficient you’ll be at using them, and it’s the cells that you need to do things like running and digesting your food.  A lot of your body’s processes involve making decisions about which things are needed and which things aren’t, which means that the way cells are replaced and maintained depends on how your environment is affecting them.
assistant
So, if your body is constantly making new cells, why does age negatively affect things like motor skills, response time, and the color present in hair?
user
In the last few questions we’ve been talking about autophagy, which is a type of removal that happens within your body.  Aging also affects the production of new cells, which means that your body isn’t producing new cells to replace the ones that have died, so the cells that are left are the ones that were originally there.  When a cell is new, it also has certain characteristics like greater energy levels and more efficient functions.  After the cell has been around for a while, it uses less energy to perform the same actions, and it’s also less capable of performing certain tasks.  For example, cells in your hair are constantly getting replaced, and some older people will notice their hair getting grayer.
assistant
Does a higher level of stress make it more difficult for cells in the body to function at their highest level?
user
Yes, and the reason is because the body has to devote more energy to adapting to the stress.  This adaptation often takes a lot of energy away from things like making new cells.  When the body adapts to stress, it also takes resources away from things like healing and digestion, which is why we feel tired after a stressful event.
assistant
How does the human body know where to grow things like hair and nails?
user
The basic blueprint for human hair and nails is in your DNA, but you have to actually make them. Cells grow hair or nails by building proteins that are specialized for creating that structure, and then they use these proteins to make the final structures.
assistant
How does DNA affect processes in the human body like growing hair and nailss?
user
The genetic code is stored in your DNA and controls what types of proteins are made.  The proteins then go on to build hair, nails, bones, organs, and so on.
assistant
How does the genetic code in DNA differentiate between growing organs and bones?
user
When you create proteins, you do it in response to a specific stimulus from your environment.  In your body, the types of proteins created are highly dependent on the type of environment you’re in.  Your environment also affects the sequences of proteins.  So for example, if you are in a really dry environment, you might create proteins that help your body hold water better, and that’s why skin gets thicker.  If you’re in a really moist environment, you might create proteins that increase the amount of oil in your skin.
assistant
Interesting! And how often are your cells replacing old ones?
user
There are millions of cells in your body that are constantly being replaced.  That’s why some people have wrinkly skin: it’s just the skin cells they’ve replaced.  Cells in your body also have limits to how long they’re going to live, which can mean some cells die without any replacement.  For example, in the brain, cells are constantly dying.  But the brain also grows new ones that replace them.  This is how your brain stays the same size from one day to the next, and is also why people can get brain damage or have certain diseases, and start acting differently.
assistant
How does the body remove the dead or dying cells?
user
Your body cleans out dead cells through a process called "autophagy".  In this process, your cells break down dead cells or parts of them and then take that material out.  This means it’s not just a problem with dead skin cells, but also with cells in other parts of your body like your brain and muscles.  The immune system can also help with the process of removing dead or dying cells by killing certain types of cells in your body.
assistant
So it's almost like your body recycles its cells, right?
user
This is a great example of how your body uses its environment to make decisions and do things.  It’s also an important function of your body, because the more specialized your cells are, the less efficient you’ll be at using them, and it’s the cells that you need to do things like running and digesting your food.  A lot of your body’s processes involve making decisions about which things are needed and which things aren’t, which means that the way cells are replaced and maintained depends on how your environment is affecting them.
assistant
So, if your body is constantly making new cells, why does age negatively affect things like motor skills, response time, and the color present in hair?
user
In the last few questions we’ve been talking about autophagy, which is a type of removal that happens within your body.  Aging also affects the production of new cells, which means that your body isn’t producing new cells to replace the ones that have died, so the cells that are left are the ones that were originally there.  When a cell is new, it also has certain characteristics like greater energy levels and more efficient functions.  After the cell has been around for a while, it uses less energy to perform the same actions, and it’s also less capable of performing certain tasks.  For example, cells in your hair are constantly getting replaced, and some older people will notice their hair getting grayer.
assistant
Does a higher level of stress make it more difficult for cells in the body to function at their highest level?
user
Stressing your body out can definitely slow it down.  Stress can affect how your body uses its food for energy, it can affect how it produces new cells, and it can affect the use of existing cells.  But stress isn’t really a question that’s unique to your body, and it can affect things like brain performance and muscle strength too.  So we’d need to compare different environmental factors like stress, age, lifestyle choices, and even genetics.  Ultimately the answer is probably a bit complicated.
assistant
How does the human body know where to grow things like hair and nails?