It has exclusive competence to make laws governing the following environmental matters:   Furthermore, it has concurrent competence with provincial government to make laws regulating the following environmental matters:   The national government has exercised this legislative authority to prescribe an extensive array of new environmental laws, such as   These laws, which apply across the entire territory of South Africa, and are generally administered by several national departments, contain a myriad of provisions of relevance to environmental compliance and enforcement. National legislative and executive competence is provided for in section 44 of the Constitution, which states that Parliament may pass legislation on any matter, including a matter referred to in Schedule 4, but excluding a matter in Schedule 5 unless it is a matter in which it is specifically authorised to intervene. Among the reasons for which it may intervene within a functional area listed in Schedule 5 are the following, which are relevant to environmental concerns:   It ought to be noted, however, that this may only be done in accordance with the procedure set out in section 76(1), which provides for ordinary bills affecting provinces, and stipulates that “the Bill must be referred to the National Council of Provinces.” It provides for certain procedures, depending on whether the bill is accepted, amended or rejected by the NCOP. Parliament therefore enjoys “residual competence,” in that it has exclusive legislative competence in respect of all matters which are not expressly assigned to the concurrent or exclusive competence of provincial legislatures. If, in other words, the matter appears in neither Schedule 4 nor Schedule 5, Parliament has exclusive competence to deal with it. Apart from section 44, intervention is also possible under the national override section, which deals with conflicts between national and provincial legislation falling within the functional areas of concurrent competences listed in Schedule 4. It provides that national legislation prevails over provincial legislation if the former meets certain stipulated conditions. National legislation which applies uniformly across the nation will prevail over provincial legislation if it is necessary for “the protection of the environment.” Similarly, if the national legislation deals with a matter that requires uniformity if it is to be dealt with effectively, it will prevail over provincial legislation if it establishes uniform norms and standards, frameworks or national policy. Pollution control is a pertinent example. If standards are not uniform throughout the country, individual provinces could pass, for example, less stringent standards for their individual provinces in order to attract industrial investment. This, however, could be detrimental to the national public environmental interest. “Uniform standards,” notes Glazewski, “would inhibit a situation where polluting industries go ‘polluter-haven shopping’, for the provinces with the least stringent environmental standards.”