Gardasil-9 consists of L1 epitopes of 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58 in addition to the listed L1 epitopes found in Gardasil. Cervarix consists of recombinant VLPs assembled from the L1 proteins of HPV types 16 and 18, expressed in insect cells, and is adjuvanted with 3-O-Desacyl-4-monophosphoryl lipid (MPL) A and aluminum hydroxide    The most up-to-date vaccine against Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is Sci-B-Vac, manufactured by VBI Vaccines Inc. It is produced by expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The three epitopes of hepatitis B surface antigen: S, Pre-S1 , and Pre-S2 in their glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms, are displayed on a phospholipid matrix adjuvanted by aluminum hydroxide. This is considered to be direct competitor to Engerix-B manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline, which consists of Hepatitis B surface antigen adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. The first VLP vaccine that addresses malaria, Mosquirix, (RTS,S) has been approved by regulators in the EU. It was expressed in yeast. RTS,S is a portion of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein fused to the Hepatitis B surface antigen (RTS), combined with Hepatitis B surface antigen (S), and adjuvanted with AS01 (consisting of (MPL)A and saponin). Research suggests that VLP vaccines against influenza virus could provide stronger and longer-lasting protection against flu viruses than conventional vaccines. Production can begin as soon as the virus strain is sequenced and can take as little as 12 weeks, compared to 9 months for traditional vaccines. In early clinical trials, VLP vaccines for influenza appeared to provide complete protection against both the Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 and the 1918 flu pandemic. Novavax and Medicago Inc. have run clinical trials of their VLP flu vaccines. VLPs have also been used to develop a pre-clinical vaccine candidate against chikungunya virus. The VLP Lipoparticle was developed to aid the study of integral membrane proteins. Lipoparticles are stable, highly purified, homogeneous VLPs that are engineered to contain high concentrations of a conformationally intact membrane protein of interest.