Poultry may be severely afflicted with biting stress. Species such as "Culicoides imicola" and "Culicoides variipennis" transmit bluetongue virus between sheep and cattle (see diagram and photograph above), and they transmit African horse sickness virus between horses and other equids. "Culicoides" midges transmit "Leucocytozoon" protozoa to poultry birds. The important genera are "Phlebotomus" (distributed in Africa and Eurasia) and "Lutzomyia" (distributed in the Americas). The term "sandfly" is often used to refer to various other types of flies. Sandflies are like small versions of mosquitoes, but also with overall furry appearance from many long setae (like hairs) on body and wings (see photograph of "Phlebotomus pappatasi"). Mouthparts are medium length. Lifecycle is similar to midges: site for egg laying and larval development is surface of relatively dry soil. Many species of mammals and birds are used as hosts. Females suck blood using medium length complex mouthparts, whilst males feed on plant sugars. Species of "Phlebotomus" and "Lutzomyia" sandflies are notorious as transmitters of species of "Leishmania" protozoa that cause visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in domestic animals and also humans. Dogs become infected with "Leishmania infantum" and "L.tropica"; the infection can slowly develop into a multi-organ stage with fatal consequences. The typical genus is "Simulium", but also "Cnephia" and "Austrosimulium" are locally important. These are medium nematocerans, halfway in size between mosquitoes and midges. The body is compact, wings are clear except for veins close to leading edge, and antennae are short with compact segments appearing like rings. Thorax is dorsally humped and dark brown or black (see photograph of "Simulium"). Lifecycle is similar to mosquitoes: females lay eggs on plants at surface of streams and rivers; larvae settle onto solid substrate in water and feed on suspended organic detritus; pupation occurs at water surface. Hosts are most livestock species, horses and poultry and many wild animals. Humans also may be severely distressed by blackflies. Feeding is through skin with short complex slashing mouthparts. Severe biting stress when they seasonally swarm near running water.