In 1923 he became a doctor in philosophy and in 1924 doctor in theology at the Jagiellonian University of Kraków. From September 1924 to June 1925 he was a missionary in Czechowice-Dziedzice, Poland, and from August 1925 to Match 1928 in Opole, a German city with many Poles; from 9 March 1928 to 1930 he was parish priest in the Polish parish of Saint Ansgar in Hamburg, and after 11 December 1930 parish priest at St Peter and St Paul in Tallinn, appointed by the apostolic administrator of Estonia, Archbishop Antonio Zecchini, SJ, after his profession of perpetual vows on 2 February 1930. On 11 May 1931 Profittlich was appointed Apostolic Administrator of largely Polish Estonia, due to his good knowledge of Polish and Polish affairs. On 28 September 1933, Pope Pius XI appointed him in exchange for his services as a protonotary apostolic in a private audience at the Vatican. The problems of the Catholic Church in Estonia were the small number of believers, their multilingualism and dispersion. As new administrator he quickly developed a pastoral plan. His sermons were particularly popular, attracting also those of other faiths. He began publishing the country's first church weekly magazine "Kiriku Elu" (The Life of the Church), which was read especially by the Estonian intelligentsia. The number of the faithful grew steadily and new parishes were established in: Narva, Pärnu, Rakvere, Petseri, Valga and Kiviõli. In 1934, they were supported by ten Catholic priests and Polish and Czech religious sisters. He gave special emphasis to the religious upbringing of the youth, in four schools and published in seven languages. Profittlich was a recognized preacher and a bishop. He began to address the issue of Estonian-language literature on the subject of religion. He tried to change the image of the Catholic Church as a "Polish church", and be more open and closer to Estonians. In 1935, he requested and received Estonian citizenship. After the signing of the treaty between the Vatican and Estonia in 1935, under which the legal status of the apostolic administration in Estonia was confirmed, on 27 November 1936 he was named titular archbishop of Adrianople and on 27 December 1936 consecrated archbishop at the parish church of St Peter and St Paul in Tallinn, while remaining an apostolic administrator. Profittlich was the first Catholic bishop in Estonia after the passage of Estonian territories to Sweden in the 17th century.