Mahaud was elected Mayor of Quito in the 1990s before retaining the services of Carville to help him win the Ecuadorian presidency,, in a campaign in which Mahuad touted his educational background at Harvard. In the wake of an economic crisis from falling oil prices and stagnant economic growth, Mahaud decreed a state of emergency, and embarked on austerity measures to stifle rampant inflation, including sales tax and gasoline tax increases, freezing bank account withdrawals, and the dollarization of the economy which included the sudden voiding and invalidation of the Sucre, Ecuador's currency since 1884. In January 2000, Mahaud was forced from office in a military coup following demonstrations by Ecuadorians. Mahaud fled to exile in the United States. In 2014, an Ecuadorian court convicted Mahuad, in absentia, of embezzlement during his time in office, and sentenced him to twelve years in prison. Interpol also issued a warrant for his arrest. In 2002, through his firm Greenberg Carville Shrum (GCS), Carville strategized in Bolivia on behalf of Revolutionary Nationalist Movement presidential candidate Gonzalo "Goni" Sánchez de Lozada. The son of a political exile, Sánchez de Lozada spent his early years in Iowa, and studied at the University of Chicago. Lozada, who is most recognized for his use of shock therapy economic liberalization and privitization, won a majority of votes in a three way race before coming to power in August 2002 in a coalition government formed with two other political parties. Lozada resigned in October, 2003 and fled to exile in the United States following the 2003 Bolivian Gas Conflict. Carville's work for Lozada in Bolivia was portrayed in the 2005 documentary film "Our Brand Is Crisis", which inspired the 2015 narrative form film Our Brand is Crisis. In 2003 and 2004 Carville worked with Venezuelan business interests who sought to oust leftist president Hugo Chávez. Afghan presidential candidate Ashraf Ghani hired Carville as a campaign advisor in July 2009. Ghani, who renounced his US Citizenship in order to run for Presidency in Afghanistan, attended high school in the United States in Lake Oswego, Oregon during the late 1960s, earned his master’s degree from Columbia University in 1977, was a Fulbright Fellow in the United States who taught at UC Berkeley, and Johns Hopkins University in the 1980s, and worked as an economist at the Washington, DC-based World Bank in the 1990s.