Following a visit to D.C. by its founder, Henrietta Szold, a chapter of Hadassah was established in 1919. During the period of the Great Depression, the Jewish community once again rapidly expanded, more than doubling in size. Jews from all over the country came to the District to work on New Deal projects, or in the growing civil service. The Hebrew Sheltering Society, and numerous social service organizations, helped to provide kosher food, distribute clothing, and obtain housing for new arrivals D.C. still looking for work. Also in this time, the Jewish community began to spread out to suburbs in Maryland and neighborhoods in the north of D.C. Moving north, however, was somewhat restricted by the presence of covenants in some real estate deeds that prohibited leasing or selling the property to Jews, African Americans, and other groups in places like Spring Valley and portions of Chevy Chase, Maryland. Such covenants were later ruled unenforceable by law by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1948 in Shelley v. Kraemer. In the 1930s, as it became increasingly dangerous for the Jews in Europe, the Washington Jewish community was especially active in trying to aid rescue efforts. The community signed petitions and demonstrated to try and pressure the British government to allow Jews to immigrate to Mandatory Palestine, including fulling DAR Constitution Hall with 4,000 protesters in 1938. The first Jewish U.S. Supreme Court Justice, Louis Brandeis, hosted a salon with local and national Zionist leaders at his apartment and was active in the Zionist movement. During World War II, the community assisted Jewish newcomers arriving to work for the government or serve in the military. In 1941, JCC was responsible for finding housing for 4,000 Jews who moved to the area. The community's organizations also stepped up to provide social, cultural, and religious programs for members of the armed forces. In 1944 the Hebrew Academy opened, the first Jewish day school in the area. After the war, many prominent members of the area's Jewish community helped to secretly raise funds for illegal immigration to Mandatory Palestine, as well as the Haganah. After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, local Jews purchased the first embassy for the newly formed state near Embassy Row. The Jewish population of the area went from 20,000 in 1945 to 81,000 in 1956, half of whom were living in the suburbs and not the District itself. The population reached 110,000 in 1970. With the expanse into the suburbs also came new synagogues, and Jewish organizations that had been in the city also moved to more suburban areas including the JCC, the Jewish Social Services Agency, the Hebrew Home for the Aged, and eventually the United Jewish Appeal (UJA) and the Jewish Community Council relocated to a centralized campus in Rockville.