The Soviet Union had deliberately falsified virtually all public maps of the country, misplacing streets, distorting boundaries, and omitting geographical features. These were orders administered by the Soviet secret police. Western experts said the maps were distorted out of fear of aerial bombing or foreign intelligence operations. Maps are often used to persuade the electorate to vote in a particular direction in referenda and plebicites and are most effective when portraying highly emotive issues. A recent example is the map produced by the Vote Leave campaign for Brexit, which aimed to persuade the voter of the vulnerability of the UK to uncontrolled immigration from the Middle East after a scenario of increased EU expansion. The use of graphical devices, such as the use of bold red arrows to suggest a threat of invasion, communicated a sense of fear and supported the theme of taking back control of borders. Cartographic propaganda during the Cold War often appealed to the fear of the masses. During the Cold War period, maps of “us” versus “them” were drawn to emphasize the threat represented by the USSR and its allies. R.M. Chapin, Jr. created the map, “Europe From Moscow,” in 1952. The map was drawn from a different perspective, from Moscow looking onward toward Europe which made it easy for the map reader to imagine (red) armies sweeping across Western Europe. Adolf Hitler's schoolroom map of "Deutschland" in 1935 presented all the German-speaking areas surrounding Germany without borders, claiming them as part of the Reich. This gave the impression that the Reich extended over Austria and the German-speaking areas in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and even France. Tomasik created the "Pictorial Map of European Russia," which was published in Warsaw in 1896 and 1903, provoked an image of Utopia in Russia. The map was intended for display in Polish schools and was meant to appeal directly to the emotions of teachers and through them to those they taught. The map illustrated Russia as a nation rich in natural resources and failed to mention the famine that occurred only five years earlier (1891-5) during which half a million people had died. The map also communicated the message of Russian unity; the nation's provinces were shown linked together by a new rail network and contributing to the nation's well-being. The intentional misrepresentation of national boundaries by nations in border disputes is sometimes called "cartographic aggression". For instance, both China and India attempted to address the lack of treaties or agreed boundaries in the Sino-Indian border dispute by issuing official maps with displayed borders beyond what each nation controlled leading up to the 1962 Sino-Indian War.