Psychology shows how the dialectics of convergent and focused thinking with divergent and associative thinking leads to new ideas and products. Also creative personality traits like the ‘Big Five’ seem to be dialectically intertwined in the creative process: emotional instability vs. stability, extraversion vs. introversion, openness vs. reserve, agreeableness vs. antagonism and disinhibition vs. constraint. Holm-Hadulla and colleagues exemplified the dialectics of creative processes and personality traits on behalf of extraordinary personalities like Johann W. v. Goethe, Robert Schumann, Jim Morrison, Madonna Ciccone and Mick Jagger. The dialectical theory of creativity applies also to counseling and psychotherapy. There was a "creativity quotient" developed similar to the intelligence quotient (IQ). It makes use of the results of divergent thinking tests (see below) by processing them further. It gives more weight to ideas that are radically different from other ideas in the response. Guilford's group, which pioneered the modern psychometric study of creativity, constructed several tests to measure creativity in 1967:  Originally, Guilford was trying to create a model for intellect as a whole, but in doing so also created a model for creativity. Guilford made an important assumption for creative research: creativity isn't one abstract concept. The idea that creativity is a category rather than one single concept opened up the ability for other researchers to look at creativity with a whole new perspective. Additionally, Guilford hypothesized one of the first models for the components of creativity. He explained that creativity was a result of having:  This represents the base model by which several researchers would take and alter to produce their new theories of creativity years later. Building on Guilford's work, Torrance developed the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking in 1966. They involved simple tests of divergent thinking and other problem-solving skills, which were scored on:  Such tests, sometimes called "Divergent Thinking (DT)" tests have been both supported and criticized. Considerable progress has been made in automated scoring of divergent thinking tests using semantic approach. When compared to human raters, NLP techniques were shown to be reliable and valid in scoring the originality. The reported computer programs were able to achieve a correlation of 0.60 and 0.72 respectively to human graders. Semantic networks were also used to devise originality scores that yielded significant correlations with socio-personal measures. Most recently, an NSF-funded team of researchers led by James C. Kaufman and Mark A. Runco combined expertise in creativity research, natural language processing, computational linguistics, and statistical data analysis to devise a scalable system for computerized automated testing (SparcIt Creativity Index Testing system).