Marya Chéliga-Loevy  Marya Chéliga-Loevy (or Maria Szeliga, 1854 – 2 January 1927) was a Polish author, playwright, feminist and pacifist. She was born in Poland but spent much of her life in France. Mirecka Szeliga was born into a prosperous family of landowners in Jasieniec Solecki, Poland in 1854, at that time a dependency of Russia. She was an only child. Her father died while she was young, and she was brought up by her mother. She published two novels in 1873: "For an ideal" and "The day before", and also published a collection of poems. A theme that runs through her writing is that of the single woman struggling for independence and constrained by a hypocritical society. Between 1875 and 1876 she made a journey to Prague, Munich, Verona, Padua, Rome and Naples. She and her mother moved to Warsaw in 1876, where she married Stanislaw Jan Czarnowski, her publisher. They almost immediately decided to separate and began divorce proceedings. She stayed in Warsaw until 1880. Maria Szeliga scandalized her family by taking a Jew as her second husband. Edouard Loevy was an illustrator. He was a native of Warsaw who studied in St. Petersburg and Munich and then settled in Paris. He created several thousand drawings for the Larousse encyclopedia, including portraits. Maria Chéliga-Loevy, as she became known, collaborated with the women's rights activist Maria Deraismes, then founded the "Union Universelle des Femmes" (Universal Women's Union) in 1889. In a bulletin dated 15 April 1890 she stated that the "Union" was "openly and independently feminist." In January 1892 Eugénie Potonié-Pierre brought together eight feminist groups in Paris into the "Fédération Française des Societés Feministes" (French Federation of Feminist Societies). The "Union Universelle des Femmes" joined the Federation. The union did not grow as she had expected, and was dissolved later in 1892. The Federation's secretary Aline Valette founded the weekly tabloid "L'Harmonie sociale" which first appeared on 15 October 1892 as a means of making contact with working women to understand their concerns. The masthead had the socialist message: "The emancipation of women is in emancipated labor".