Several smaller groups joined the main body of emigrants in later years, directly from Transcaucasia or other places of exile. Among these latecomers were some 110 leaders of the community who had to complete their sentences before being allowed to emigrate. By 1930 a total of about 8,780 Doukhobors had migrated from Russia to Canada. The Quakers and Tolstoyan movement covered most of the costs of passage for the emigrants; writer Leo Tolstoy arranged for the royalties from his novel "Resurrection", his story "Father Sergei", and some others, to go to the emigration fund. He also raised money from wealthy friends. In the end, his efforts provided about 30,000 rubles, half of the emigration fund. The anarchist Peter Kropotkin and James Mavor, a professor of political economy at the University of Toronto, also helped the emigrants. They adapted to life in agricultural communes. The immigrants were overwhelmingly of peasant origin, and had a low regard for advanced education. Many worked as loggers, lumbermen, and carpenters. Eventually, splits happened; many left the communal dormitories and became private farmers homesteading on the Canadian plains, with Religious "a cappella" singing, pacifism, and passive resistance were hallmarks of the sect. One subgroup occasionally demonstrated while naked, typically as a protest against compulsory military service. Their policies made them highly controversial. The modern descendants of the first Canadian Doukhobors continue to live in southeastern British Columbia (an example being the community in Krestova), southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, where their ancestors settled. Today, the estimated population of Doukhobor descent in North America is 40,000 in Canada and about 5,000 in the United States. Beginning in 1902, a faction of zealots began using arson and nude marches to protest a breach of trust by the Canadian government about registration for citizenship. Though the number of zealots soon diminished, they were the focus of media as "Freedomites". Most journalists mislabel the different branches. In accordance with the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, the Canadian government would grant of land, for a nominal fee of $10, to any male homesteader able to establish a working farm on that land within three years. Living on single-family homesteads would not fit Doukhobors' communitarian tradition. Fortunately, the Act contained the "Hamlet Clause", adopted some 15 years earlier to accommodate other communitarian groups such as Mennonites, which would allow the beneficiaries of the Act to live not on the actual land grant, but in a village ("hamlet") within from their land.