In 1961, pimping was outlawed. Prostitution itself remained legal, but the government, assisted by the Federation of Cuban Women, attempted to curb it. Medical clinics for health examinations were established, along with rehabilitation programs for pimps and re-education programs for former prostitutes. A census of the sex industry was conducted in 1961, identifying 150,000 prostitutes and 3,000 pimps. Troops raided the red-light districts of Havana, and rounded up hundreds of women, photographed and fingerprinted them, and required them to have physical examinations. Women who wished to leave prostitution were given training courses and offered factory jobs. The result was that, officially, prostitution was eliminated from Cuba, a situation which continued for three decades. Transactional sex continued during this period, with some women forming relationships with high-status men in return for better access to consumer goods. During the "Revolutionary Offensive" of 1968, the claim was made that privately owned nightclubs and bars were havens of prostitution. Most of the remaining private businesses on the island were nationalised. In the 1970s, some women were independently offering sex in Havana hotels in exchange for consumer goods, but prostitution remained extremely limited until the early 1990s. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Cuba experienced economic depression resulting from the loss of income from Soviet trade. This Special Period saw the re-introduction of elements of market capitalism into the Cuban economy, and prostitution re-appeared. The need for foreign capital resulted in a dual economy. The possession of US dollars became a primary route to prosperity, and prostitution was an avenue used by many women to obtain them. The development of the Cuban tourist industry resulted in the income available from prostitution being many times greater than professional salaries in the country, and university-educated women turned to dollar-earning prostitution in the tourist sector. Young women began selling sex to tourists in a style that resembled the sex tourism that had become established in South-East Asia, and Cuban prostitutes began to dress in ways which made their profession clear. The British-born writer Pico Iyer reported in 1994 that, "Prostitution, which was scarcely visible (if only for security reasons) five years ago, is pandemic now: the tourist hotels are filled with Cuban teen-agers reddening their lips with children's crayons". Prostitution was practiced widely and openly in tourist areas, and was generally tolerated by the police, for the revenue it brought into the country. In some cases, prostitution was seen as a possible route to a better life through marriage and emigration.