In Australia, the term lecturer may be used informally to refer to anyone who conducts lectures at a university or elsewhere, but formally refers to a specific academic rank. The academic ranks in Australia are similar to those in the UK, with the rank of associate professor roughly equivalent to reader in UK universities. The academic levels in Australia are (in ascending academic level): A) associate lecturer, (B) lecturer, (C) senior lecturer, (D) associate professor, and (E) professor. In India, one can appear for interviews for a post of a lecturer after passing the combility Test conducted by the University Grants Commission. The position is equivalent to assistant professor in the US system. The term is not universally applied, with some universities preferring the lecturer/reader/professor titles, while others work with the assistant professor/associate professor/professor title. As such, most lecturers' position can be considered tenure track. In many states of India, the term lecturer or Post Graduate Teacher (PGT) is also used for the intermediate college teachers. The intermediate colleges or Junior Colleges are equivalent to higher secondary schools. Such lecturers are subject experts specifically engaged to teach a particular subject in higher classes. In other countries, usage varies. In Israel, the term has a meaning in academia similar to that in the UK. In France, the title "maître de conférences" ("lecture master") is a permanent position that covers research and teaching (and usually administrative responsibilities). It is the lower of the two permanent faculty ranks (the other being "professeur des universités" or "university professor"). The title of "lecteur" is used for teachers of foreign languages with no research responsibilities. In German-speaking countries, the term "lektor" historically denoted a teaching position below a professor, primarily responsible for delivering and organizing lectures. The contemporary equivalent is "dozent" or . Nowadays, the German term "lektor" exists only in philology or modern-language departments at German-speaking universities for positions that primarily involve teaching a foreign language. The equivalent rank within the German university system is something like "Juniorprofessor", "Dozent", "Hochschuldozent", "Juniordozent", "Akademischer Rat" or "-Oberrat", "Lehrkraft für besondere Aufgaben", and the like. In Poland, the related term "wykładowca" is used for a teaching-only position.