Buttigieg's education plan includes a $700 billion investment in universal full-day child care and pre-K for all children from infancy to age 5. Buttigieg also wants to triple Title I funding for schools. Other goals include doubling the amount of new teachers of color in the next 10 years, addressing school segregation with a $500 million fund, paying teachers more, expanding mental health services in schools, and creating more after-school programs and summer learning opportunities. His plan for debt-free college partially involves expanding Pell Grants for low and middle-income students, as well as other investments and ending Trump's tax cuts for the wealthy. Under his plan, the bottom 80% of students would get free college, with the other 20% paying some or all of the tuition themselves on a sliding scale. Buttigieg opposes free college tuition for all students because he believes it unfairly subsidizes higher-income families at the expense of lower-income people who do not attend college, a position distinguishing him from other progressives who support free college tuition for all. Buttigieg called for modifying the structure of defense spending, while suggesting that he might favor an overall increase in defense spending. During a speech in June 2019 at Indiana University, Buttigieg called for realigning priorities in military spending "to adequately prepare for our evolving security challenges" rather than for past threats, saying, "In the coming decades, we are more likely than ever to face insurgencies, asymmetric attacks, and high-tech strikes with cyberweapons or drones. Yet our latest defense budget calls for spending more on 3 "Virginia"-class submarines—$10.2 billion—than on cyberdefenses. It proposes spending more on a single frigate than on artificial intelligence and machine learning." Buttigieg has said that he believes the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan following the September 11 attacks was justified but now supports withdrawing American troops from the region with a maintained intelligence presence. He is a committed supporter of Israel, favors a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, opposes proposals for Israel to annex the Israeli-occupied West Bank, and disapproves of Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu's comments in support of applying Israeli law in Jewish settlements in the West Bank. In June 2019, Buttigieg said: "We will remain open to working with a regime like the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the benefit of the American people. But we can no longer sell out our deepest values for the sake of fossil fuel access and lucrative business deals."