The various ombudsman agencies participate in a Forum of Pakistan Ombudsman (FPO), and the federal bodies are affiliated to the Asian Ombudsman Association (AOA) and the International Ombudsman Institute (IOI). The Peruvian ombudsman agency is called the Public Defender (). The functions of the institution, which was envisaged by the 1993 Constitution and was created in 1996, include combating maladministration, human rights violations and discrimination. It has 36 offices throughout the country. The current "Defensora" (ombudsman), Beatriz Merino, was elected by Congress on 29 September 2005 for a five-year term. The "Defensoría" is accredited with 'A' status as the national human rights institution. There is also a specialised Police Ombudsman ("Defensoría de la Policia"). The Office of the Ombudsman of the Philippines is empowered by the 1987 Constitution to safeguard both the government and government-owned corporations from corruption and dispense justice in the case of such offenses. The Polish Ombudsman is called the "Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich", usually translated as the Commissioner for Protection of Civil Rights, or Commissioner for Human Rights. The office also functions as the national human rights institution, and is accredited with A status by the ICC. The holder of the office from 2006, Dr Janusz Bogumił Kochanowski, died in the April 2010 Smolensk air disaster. He was succeeded by Irena Lipowicz. Since 2015, this position has been held by Adam Bodnar. The Portuguese Ombudsman is called the "" (lit. "Justice Provider"), and its role is defined in article 23 of the Constitution of Portugal:  Besides the traditional routes, complaints can be filed online and there are toll-free lines for children and one for senior citizens. The first Ombudsman was Manuel da Costa Brás (Tenente-Coronel). The ombudsman office is the People's Advocate (). Since 26 June 2019, the current ombudsman is Renate Webber, preceded by Victor Ciorbea since 15 April 2014. The Russian Federation's Commissioner for Human Rights (ombudsman) position is currently held by Tatyana Moskalkova. The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term by the Parliament. The ombudsman cannot be dismissed before the end of his term, and is not subordinate to any body of power, including the President or the Government. Russia’s 83 administrative regions have the right to elect a local ombudsman whose authority is limited to that region.