Marie Popelin  Marie Popelin (16 September 1846 – 5 June 1913) was a Belgian lawyer and early feminist political campaigner. Popelin worked with Isabelle Gatti de Gamond in the development of women's education and, in 1888, became the first Belgian woman to receive a doctorate in law. After her accession to the bar was refused, Popelin went on to have an active career as the leader of Belgian League for Women's Rights. She died in 1913 without ever gaining admission to the bar. Marie Popelin was born in Schaerbeek near Brussels into a middle-class family on 16 September 1846. One of her brothers was a doctor, another an army officer—Marie Popelin was well educated by the standards of the time and place. Along with her sister Louise, she taught in Brussels at an institution run by the leading feminist teacher Isabelle Gatti de Gamond from 1864 to 1875. Disagreements with Gatti led to the sisters moving to Mons to run a new school for girls there, established with Liberal assistance. In 1882, Marie Popelin returned to Brussels to head the middle school in nearby Laeken, but was removed from her post the following year. At the age of 37, Popelin enrolled at the Free University of Brussels, studying law. Completing her studies as a Doctor of Laws in 1888, Popelin was the first woman to do so in Belgium. She applied for admission to the bar association ("barreau") which would allow her to plead cases in the Belgian courts. Her application was refused, although no law or regulation explicitly prevented the admission of women to the bar. Her appeals to the court of appeal in December 1888 and, in November 1889, to the Court of Cassation were unsuccessful, but widely reported in the Belgian and foreign press. The "Popelin affair" ("Affaire Popelin") demonstrated to the supporters of female education that simply providing young women with access to higher education was insufficient unless further, legal, changes were also made. The affair contributed to the transition from an educational feminism to a political women's movement in Belgium. Jeanne Chauvin, who obtained a law degree in Paris in 1890, was at first discouraged by the case, but was persuaded by the Belgian lawyer Louis Franck, a long-time supporter of Popelin, to apply for admission to the bar, and was sworn in after the French law was changed in 1900. In Belgium, women were only permitted to practice as lawyers from 1922. Marie Popelin participated in two feminist conferences in Paris in 1889, and established the Belgian League for the Rights of Women ("Ligue belge du droit des femmes") in 1892 with the assistance of Isala Van Diest and Léonie La Fontaine.