Sardana  The sardana (; plural sardanes) is a musical genre typical of Catalan culture and danced in circle following a set of steps. The dance was originally from the Empordà region, but started gaining popularity throughout Catalonia from the late 19th century to beginning of the 20th century after the modernisation done by Josep Maria Ventura i Casas. Men and women join together in a circle by holding hands and facing inwards to dance either the historical "sardana curta" (with an approximate duration of 5 minutes) or the present-day "sardana llarga" (with a duration of approximately 12–13 minutes). Other more unusual sardanes are the "sardana de lluïment" and the "sardana revessa". The steps are meticulously counted as two- or three-step movements taken sideways within the circle. The direction of the steps is alternated. The hands stay on the hip or shoulder level depending on the step structure. The pattern of the choreography has jumping intervals changing with the music. Usually there is more than one circle with varying tempo and levels of dance knowledge. The participants are called "sardanistes". Professional dancers organise themselves in "colles sardanistes", "colla" meaning group or club. All "colles" are united under the "Confederació Sardanista de Catalunya". "Sardana" is mainly danced during festivities and on weekends. "Sardanes" danced during a festival are termed "aplecs". Brief public dances are known as "ballades". The accompanying orchestra of 11 people, a "cobla", includes 10 wind instruments and a bass. One person plays the "flabiol" (a flute) and the "tamborí" (a small hand drum). Since the 1980s female musicians are also allowed in the "coblas". This dance stands out from others because it allows people to join a public dance circle at any time, for anyone of any age and background who is familiar with the sardana can drop their coat and bag in the centre of the circle and join in. It is emphasised by "sardanistes" as the specialty of "Sardana". The origin of the sardana dates back to at least the 16th century. The oldest found reference to the word sardana is from 1552. Its origin is considered anonymous. From the 16th century to the 19th century a folk dance known as sardana propagated around the territory of the present province of Girona.