Because of the lack of facilities in smaller provinces and rural areas, women were often forced to travel to major cities at their own expense. In Newfoundland, there was only a single gynaecologist who performed abortions. Many women had to buy expensive plane tickets to Toronto or Montreal to get an abortion. Other women chose to travel to the United States, where abortions became available at many private clinics after the Roe vs. Wade decision. In 1982, 4,311 Canadian women travelled to the United States for an abortion. In defiance of the law, Dr. Henry Morgentaler began performing abortions at his clinic without approval of a Therapeutic Abortion Committee and in contravention of the law. In 1973, Morgentaler stated publicly that he had performed 5,000 abortions without the permission of the three-doctor committees, even going so far as to videotape himself performing operations. The Attorney General of Quebec prosecuted Morgentaler twice, and both times juries refused to convict him despite his outright admission that he had performed many abortions. The Attorney General appealed one of the acquittals. In 1974, the Quebec Court of Appeal overturned the jury's verdict, and Morgentaler was sentenced to 18 months in jail. Morgentaler then appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada from the overturning of the jury verdict. He also challenged the constitutional validity of s. 251 under the division of powers. In 1975, the Supreme Court dismissed his appeal. Public outcry over the decision caused the federal government to amend the "Criminal Code" (commonly known as the Morgentaler Amendment) preventing appeal courts from substituting a conviction for a jury's not-guilty verdict. Morgentaler was again acquitted at a third trial, causing the Quebec government to declare the law unenforceable. Morgentaler's struggle prompted a nationwide movement to reform Canada's abortion laws. In 1970, as part of the Abortion Caravan, 35 women chained themselves to the parliamentary gallery in the House of Commons, closing Parliament for the first time in Canadian history. Upon his release from prison in Quebec, Morgentaler decided to challenge the law in other provinces. Over the next ten years, he opened and operated private abortion clinics across the country in direct violation of the law. Following a fourth jury acquittal in 1984, the Ontario government appealed the decision. The Ontario Court of Appeal set aside the acquittal and ordered a re-trial. Morgentaler, in turn, appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada. In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court declared in 1988 the entirety of the country's abortion law to be unconstitutional: "R." v.