It was one of the great officers of the Crown of France during the "Ancien Régime" and Bourbon Restoration and one of the great dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was not "marshal of France" but was "marshal of the Empire"). "Marshal of the Empire" (French: "Maréchal d'Empire") was a civil dignity during the First French Empire. It was created by Sénatus-consulte on 18 May 1804 and to a large extent resurrected the formerly abolished title of marshal of France. According to the Sénatus-consulte, a marshal was a grand officer of the Empire, entitled to a high-standing position at the court and to the presidency of an electoral college. The Italian rank of "first marshal of the Empire" was granted in 1938 to Benito Mussolini and King Victor Emmanuel III, who remain the only holders, as the rank (and the Italian Empire) was abolished after World War II. The Japanese rank of "dai-gensui" ("grand marshal") was held by the Emperor of Japan in his capacity as commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Army (from 1889 to 1945), and was abolished in 1947. It was held by three people: Emperor Meiji, Emperor Taishō, and Emperor Shōwa. In 1940 Nazi Germany, Hermann Göring was promoted by Adolf Hitler to "Reichsmarschall", the highest rank in the armed forces of Nazi Germany during World War II (after the position of supreme commander, which was held by Hitler himself). Göring was the only person to hold this rank in modern times. The rank of "Reichsmarschall" was originally created before the 12th century, during the time of the Holy Roman Empire. Historically, holding the rank of "Reichsmarschall" was neither unique nor as prestigious as it was during World War II. During the time of the German Empire and World War I, no one in the German armed forces held this rank. The highest rank in North Korea is "taewonsu" and is intended to be an honorific title for the nation’s leaders. Its insignia is based on the North Korean "wonsu" insignia, but with an added crest. The rank was created in 1992 when it was awarded to Kim Il-sung, who was the only holder until 2012, when his successor Kim Jong-il was awarded the title posthumously.