Emerging themes in late 20th and early 21st century science fiction include environmental issues, the implications of the Internet and the expanding information universe, questions about biotechnology, nanotechnology, and post-scarcity societies. Recent trends and subgenres include steampunk, biopunk, and mundane science fiction. The first, or at least one of the first, recorded science fiction film is 1902's "A Trip to the Moon", directed by French filmmaker Georges Méliès. It was profoundly influential on later filmmakers, bringing a different kind of creativity and fantasy to the cinematic medium. In addition, Méliès's innovative editing and special effects techniques were widely imitated and became important elements of the medium.  1927's "Metropolis", directed by Fritz Lang, is the first feature-length science fiction film. Though not well received in its time, it is now considered a great and influential film. In 1954, "Godzilla", directed by Ishirō Honda, began the kaiju subgenre of science fiction film, which feature large creatures of any form, usually attacking a major city or engaging other monsters in battle. 1968's "", directed by Stanley Kubrick and based on the work of Arthur C. Clarke, rose above the mostly B-movie offerings up to that time both in scope and quality, and greatly influenced later science fiction films. That same year, "Planet of the Apes" (the original), directed by Franklin J. Schaffner and based on the 1963 French novel "La Planète des Singes" by Pierre Boulle, was released to popular and critical acclaim, due in large part to its vivid depiction of a post-apocalyptic world in which intelligent apes dominate humans. In 1977, George Lucas began the "Star Wars" film series with the film now identified as ""Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope."" The series, often called a space opera, went on to become a worldwide popular culture phenomenon, and the second-highest-grossing film series of all time. Since the 1980s, science fiction films, along with fantasy, horror, and superhero films, have dominated Hollywood's big-budget productions. Science fiction films often "cross-over" with other genres, including animation "(WALL-E" - 2008, "Big Hero 6" - 2014), gangster ("Sky Racket" - 1937), Western ("Serenity" - 2005), comedy ("Spaceballs" -1987, "Galaxy Quest" - 1999), war ("Enemy Mine" - 1985), action ("Edge of Tomorrow" - 2014, "The Matrix" - 1999), adventure ("Jupiter Ascending" - 2015, "Interstellar" - 2014), sports ("Rollerball" - 1975), mystery ("Minority Report" - 2002), thriller ("Ex Machina" - 2014), horror ("Alien" - 1979), film noir ("Blade Runner" - 1982), superhero ("Marvel Cinematic Universe" - 2008-), drama ("Melancholia" - 2011, "Predestination" -2014), and romance ("Her (film)" - 2013).