On a behind the scenes video for the movie “Frankenweenie” one of the crew members shows one of their exposure sheets which is a stop motion equivalent to a shot list. The frames are broken down in phonetics (the sound a letter makes) which means it takes multiple frames to even make one word that a character may say. The crew member has to shape the puppet's mouth so that it matches every sound made in every word that the voice actor says in the dialogue. It is also mentioned in the video that even the smallest action such as blinking requires the puppets eyelids to be replaced each time. In the behind the scenes video for the movie “Coraline” crew members show how movement can look so fluid in stop motion by explaining the process of rigging. Rigging in stop motion is when someone uses mechanics like winding or pulling to propel a puppet or set piece through space. For example an animator may put an object on a piece of wire and move the wire in different positions and then edit the wire out in post production. Wes Anderson is a director who primarily makes live action films but he does have two stop motion animated movies “Fantastic Mr. Fox” and “Isle of Dogs”. Although these films are animated they still show Wes Anderson’s signature style. In a behind the scenes video for the movie “Isle of Dogs” it’s shown that animators used actual movement as a reference. They had real dogs on set so that they could have something to base their animation on. Also animators would film themselves walking or doing any action that they need to animate and then they would look at it when animating a human puppet. This helped them to make action look more fluid and realistic because they were using themselves as a reference. Stop motion started in the late 1800s. The first ever Stop-motion film was released in 1898 “The Humpty Dumpty Circus” created by J. Stuart Black and Albert E. Smith. It was popularized by the animator Willis O’ Brien who mixed stop motion with live actors. His best known work was “King Kong”(1933). In 1940 animator George Pal developed a technique called “replacement animation”. Instead of using clay or any other malleable material to change the puppet he created multiple wooden heads, each with a different facial expression and replaced the heads when conveying different emotions. In 1944 George Pal won an Oscar for this technique.