This perspective is based on Dewey's empiricist approach to value, and thus rejects the notion of intrinsic value. Value is understood in two ways. The first is based on the idea of pragmatism, meaning the object is valued in that it is most appropriate for the context. Dewey's second understanding of value is based on a contributory conditionality, meaning the object is only of value when combined with others. Based on the influential thought of Immanuel Kant, value is redefined in two ways. The first of which is known as hypothetical value, where value becomes dependent on specific contextual situations. Kant showed this through the use of a statement with an "if" clause, e.g., in the sentence, "Sunshine is only good if you do not live in the desert." Kant would go on to search for a categorical good, where the value is absolute and universal regardless of context. This value would be based on his concept of the categorical imperative. As such, the object or action is of categorical value if it could be universalized. John Niemeyer Findlay, a moral philosophy and metaphysics professor at Yale University, wrote "Axiological Ethics" in 1970. Findlay's book is a modern historical account of academic discussion around axiological ethics. As such, it contains discussion of other philosophers' and his own concluding remarks regarding the topic. Findlay advocates for inquiry into values behind ethical theories and what justifications exist for them. Through assessing the thoughts of his academic peers, Findlay's final thoughts on the topic is that an objective justification for values would be unlikely. Rather, since validation is recognized as coming from the subject, values would have to be assessed internally.