"C. xanthurus" is one of the "crowned" butterflyfishes. These form a group of largely allopatric species sharing the overall color pattern of dark forward-pointing chevrons on silvery hues, (usually) a black-and-white crown spot and yellow to red hindparts to a stunning degree; they differ in the exact combination of hues and some small pattern details. Other members of this lineage are the Atoll ("C. mertensii"), Eritrean ("C. paucifasciatus") and Seychelles butterflyfishes ("C. madagaskariensis"), which are closer related among each other that any is to "C. xanthurus". The "crowned" "Chaetodon" are a clearly recognizable clade, but their further relationships are otherwise less clear. They were often placed in the subgenus "Exornator", or considered a distinct subgenus "Rhombochaetodon". According to various DNA sequence studies, some older and more singular lineages. These include species such as the Asian Butterflyfish ("C. argentatus"), the Blue-striped Butterflyfish ("C. fremblii") and Burgess' Butterflyfish ("C. burgessi"). "C. burgessi" is in fact so peculiar that it was placed in a monotypic subgenus "Roaops". But recognition of this would probably result in several other small or monotypic subgenera becoming justified, and the older "Rhombochaetodon" would be the more conveniently apply to the entire radiation. But the expanded group is of unclear relationships to species like the Speckled Butterflyfish ("C. citrinellus") and the Four-spotted Butterflyfish ("C. quadrimaculatus"). These might be members of the subgenus "Exornator" – the lineages around the Spot-banded Butterflyfish ("C. punctatofasciatus") – and "C. citrinellus" certainly looks somewhat similar to these. Yet phylogenetically, their position towards "Rhombochaetodon" is unresolved, and ultimately it might be better to merge both "Rhombochaetodon" and "Roaops" in "Exornator". If the genus "Chaetodon" is split up, "Exornator" might become a subgenus of "Lepidochaetodon" or a separate genus.