The Irish Government closed the "loopholes" but it was estimated that the loss in Irish tax revenues to the Irish exchequer runs to billions of euros (exceeding the value the securitisation sector ever delivered to Ireland). Discussed further in vulture fund Irish tax avoidance. The IFSC Securitisation Sector was further pressured when it was revealed in 2018 that Russian Banks (some under EU and US sanctions) had also been using the Irish Section 110 SPV to funnel over €100bn through the IFSC. Further academic studies showed that the IFSC SPV sector was operating in an almost unregulated fashion where structures were more akin to brass plate companies. Other ex. Central Bank of Ireland regulators also publicly highlighted their concerns. Discussed further in unregulated shadow banking. Fund Administration and Custodial Services  Banking & Insurance  Investment Banking  Aviation and Aircraft Leasing  Trading  Fintech and Regtech  Managed Futures  Family Offices  Private Credit  Private Equity  Supermancos - in order of AUM(€bn)