The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has an application that allows people to view specific parts of the world and how they are affected by "Plasmodium vivax", and other types of the "Plasmodium" parasite. It can be found at the following link: http://cdc.gov/malaria/map/index.html. "P. malariae" can infect several species of mosquito and can cause malaria in humans. "P. malariae" can be maintained at very low infection rates among a sparse and mobile population because unlike the other "Plasmodium" parasites, it can remain in a human host for an extended period of time and still remain infectious to mosquitoes. The vector of transmission of the parasite is the female Anopheles mosquito, but many different species have been shown to transmit the parasite at least experimentally. Collins and Jeffrey report over thirty different types of species, which vary by geographic region. Information about the prepatent period, or the period of time between the infection of the parasite and demonstration of that parasite within the body, of "P. malariae" associated malaria is limited, but the data suggests that there is great variation, often the length of time depending on the strain of "P. malariae" parasite. Usually, the prepatent period ranges from 16 to 59 days. "Plasmodium malariae" causes a chronic infection that in some cases can last a lifetime. The "P. malariae" parasite has several differences between it and the other "Plasmodium" parasites, one being that maximum parasite counts are usually low compared to those in patients infected with "P. falciparum" or "P. vivax." The reason for this can be accounted for by the lower number of merozoites produced per erythrocytic cycle, the longer 72-hour developmental cycle (compared to the 48-hour cycle of "P. vivax" and "P. falciparum"), the preference for development in older erythrocytes and the resulting earlier development of immunity by the human host. Another defining feature of "P. malariae" is that the fever manifestations of the parasite are more moderate relative to those of "P. falciparum" and "P. vivax" and fevers show quartan periodicity. Along with bouts of fever and more general clinical symptoms such as chills and nausea, the presence of edema and the nephrotic syndrome has been documented with some "P. malariae" infections.