Castigliano's method  Castigliano's method, named after Carlo Alberto Castigliano, is a method for determining the displacements of a linear-elastic system based on the partial derivatives of the energy. He is known for his two theorems. The basic concept may be easy to understand by recalling that a change in energy is equal to the causing force times the resulting displacement. Therefore, the causing force is equal to the change in energy divided by the resulting displacement. Alternatively, the resulting displacement is equal to the change in energy divided by the causing force. Partial derivatives are needed to relate causing forces and resulting displacements to the change in energy. Castigliano's method for calculating forces is an application of his first theorem, which states: In equation form, where U is the strain energy. If the force-displacement curve is nonlinear then the complementary strain energy needs to be used instead of strain energy. Castigliano's method for calculating displacements is an application of his second theorem, which states:  As above this can also be expressed as:  For a thin, straight cantilever beam with a load P at the end, the displacement formula_3 at the end can be found by Castigliano's second theorem :  where E is Young's Modulus and I is the second moment of area of the cross-section, and M(x)=P x is the expression for the internal moment at a point at distance x from the end, therefore:  The result is the standard formula given for cantilever beams under end loads.