These cases involved both flash memory and hard disk drives. The most recent cases (2019+) did not settle and are currently on appeal. Notably, the defendant persuaded the district court of the Northern District of California to enter judgment in its favor by citing to a publication from the National Institute of Technology from 1998 , which was published at a time that USB Drives did not exist and memory storage in gigabytes was not commercially feasible for the average consumer. However, the 1998 NIST publication was superseded in a 2008 NIST publication. The superseding publication does not maintain the same positions regarding the definition of gigabyte and megabyte as the 1998 publication. Additionally, NIST's 2008 Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)  makes clear that confusion of use of units is to be avoided, even if traditional units of must be used. Guide at p. Thus, the litigation has not ended in favor of the manufacturers, and will not end until the appeals conclude along with any other suits that may be filed. ”  Earlier cases (2004-2007) were settled prior to any court ruling with the manufacturers admitting no wrongdoing but agreeing to clarify the storage capacity of their products on the consumer packaging. Accordingly, many flash memory and hard disk manufacturers have disclosures on their packaging and web sites clarifying the formatted capacity of the devices or defining MB as 1 million bytes and 1 GB as 1 billion bytes. On 20 February 2004, Willem Vroegh filed a lawsuit against Lexar Media, Dane–Elec Memory, Fuji Photo Film USA, Eastman Kodak Company, Kingston Technology Company, Inc., Memorex Products, Inc.; PNY Technologies Inc., SanDisk Corporation, Verbatim Corporation, and Viking Interworks alleging that their descriptions of the capacity of their flash memory cards were false and misleading. Vroegh claimed that a 256 MB Flash Memory Device had only 244 MB of accessible memory. "Plaintiffs allege that Defendants marketed the memory capacity of their products by assuming that one megabyte equals one million bytes and one gigabyte equals one billion bytes." The plaintiffs wanted the defendants to use the traditional values of 10242 for megabyte and 10243 for gigabyte. The plaintiffs acknowledged that the IEC and IEEE standards define a MB as one million bytes but stated that the industry has largely ignored the IEC standards. The parties agreed that manufacturers could continue to use the decimal definition so long as the definition was added to the packaging and web sites. The consumers could apply for "a discount of ten percent off a future online purchase from Defendants' Online Stores Flash Memory Device".