The word "pale" derives ultimately from the Latin word "palus", meaning stake, specifically a stake used to support a fence. From this came the figurative meaning of "boundary" and eventually the phrase "", as something outside the boundary. The term was used not only for the "Pale" in Ireland and in Dalmatia but also for various other English colonial settlements, notably Pale of Calais, and later for the Jewish Pale in Russia. Historian Johannes Lucius added to the "Dalmatia Pale" (somewhat similar to the "English Pale" in Ireland, as boundary of Roman local laws) of these Dalmatian City-States even Fiume (now Rijeka) and Sebenico (now Sibenik), after the year 1000 when Venice started to take control of the region. Indeed, Fiume was the former Roman "Tarsatica": the city of that medieval period was a small fortified town under the Italian Aquileia (and Pola) bishops, enclosed within the town walls which had several defense towers. The town, called Flumen, was granted autonomy in the 11th century by the bishop and was divided into two parts: in the upper part, there was a medieval castle/formerly Roman fort and the church of St. Vitus (thus the name 'Flumen Sancti Viti'), while in the lower part - the popular- there was a commercial and trading center where around the year 1000 many Italian merchants settled. Sebenicum was the ancient Roman city of "Burnum"  destroyed by the Avars and rebuilt in the 9th century by the Croats. Pope Boniface VIII signed in 1298 a "bolla" that declared a bishop for the town, that so was to be a "Free City" from the local Ban Paul I Šubić of Bribir. Furthermore, about "Sebenico" Thomas Jackson  wrote that:  Lucius wrote even that "Pagus" (the Venetian Pago, now called Pag) had municipal autonomy virtually independent for centuries around the year 1000. In 1244 the Hungarian King Béla IV named it a "Free royal city" and in 1376 Louis I of Hungary granted it autonomy. In 1409, Pago, together with the whole island, passed permanently to the Republic of Venice and had reconfirmed their communal autonomy guaranteed by a board of 50 civic local aristocratic families (this board was created in 1451).