The colonial administration of the British easily defeated the confused and demoralised Khalsa forces, and disbanded them in late 1840s. It is in this environment that the Nirankari movement started. The Nirankari sect was founded in 1851 by Baba Dyal, a Sahajdhari, who aimed at refocusing Sikhs on the Adi Granth – the Sikh scripture, and reform the beliefs and customs of the Sikhs. Baba Dyal's son and successor, Baba Darbar Singh, collected and recorded the Baba Dyal's essential teachings and established Nirankari communities outside of Rawalpindi. The Nirankari were estimated to number in the thousands by the time of the third leader of the movement, Sahib Rattaji (1870–1909). The Nirankari institution of "biredars" started, where the living Guru appointed his local representative to watch and lead local Nirankaris in distant towns and villages. The office of "biredar" has been a hereditary one in practice, states Webster. In the 1891 Indian Census, 14,001 Hindus and 46,610 Sikhs identified themselves as Nirankaris. Under their fourth leader, Baba Gurdit Singh, some of the Nirankari took an interest in the Singh Sabha Sikh revivalist movement. The Nirankaris helped to bring the Anand Marriage Act of 1909 to the attention of the Sikh populace. The movement's fifth Guru, Sahib Hara Singh (1877–1971), started to reorganize the movement, and was later succeeded by his eldest son, Baba Gurbax Singh. As the Nirankari emphasized the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev in the Singh Sabha Movement, which were unpopular to the Khalsa of Guru Gobind Singh preferred by the dominant Singh Sabha Sikhs, the Nirankari were marginalized by society. This was exacerbated by the shift from Sahajdhari (shaven) to Kesh dhari (unshaven) Sikhs. In 1929 the Sant Nirankari Mission formed out of the Nirankari. Nirankaris believe in a lineage of living Gurus, well beyond the ten accepted by Khalsa Sikhs. Like Khalsa, they too revere the "Guru Granth Sahib", but consider it an open book to which the wisdom of the later and present-day living Gurus can be added. The group later developed its own distinct spiritual movement. At the time of the partition of India in 1947, the Nirankari abandoned their center in Rawalpindi, which has since then been part of Pakistan, and established themselves on the Indian side of the partition.