List of Indian engineering colleges before Independence  The impulse for creation of centres of technical training came from the British rulers of India, and it arose out of the necessity for the training of overseers for construction and maintenance of public buildings, roads, canals, and ports, and for the training of artisans and craftsmen for the use of instruments, and apparatus needed for the army, the navy, and the survey department. While superintending engineers were mostly recruited from Britain, lower grade craftsmen, artisans and sub-overseers were recruited locally. The necessity to make them more efficient, led to the establishment of industrial schools attached to the Ordnance Factories Board and other engineering establishments. The first engineering college was established in present day Uttarakhand at Roorkee in the year 1847 for the training of Civil Engineers. Thomason College of Civil Engineering as it was called, made use of the large workshops and public buildings there that were erected for the Upper Ganges Canal. The college was converted to the University of Roorkee in 1948 and upgraded to the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee in 2001. In July 1854, College of Engineering, Pune's precursor, The Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School was opened, with an aim to provide suitable learning to the subordinate officers in the Public Works Department. In June 1865 Mr. Theodore Cooke, M.A , who held that appointment for 28 years was appointed Principal. The foundation stone of the new college was laid by the Governor, Sir Bartle Frere, on 5 August 1865. College was affiliated to University of Bombay in 1866. In 1868 the College moved to the New Buildings. The college was divided into three departments for matriculated and unmatriculated students. In 1879 two new classes, an Agricultural class and a Forest class , were added to the college , and the name of the college was changed from " The Poona Civil Engineering College " to " The College of Science". The credit for most of the civil infrastructure in India goes to the alumni of COEP, including Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvarayya, in whose honor "Engineers Day" is celebrated. In pursuance of the Government policy, three Engineering Colleges were opened by about 1856 in the three Presidencies. In Bengal, a College called the Calcutta Civil Engineering College was opened at the Writers' Buildings in November 1856. With the establishment of University of Calcutta on 24 January 1857, the college was affiliated to this university in May 1857.