Canada's risk of such lawsuits is much greater than China's, since "China's foreign direct investment in Canada is much higher than Canada's in China." By 2015, Chinese foreign direct investment in Canada in 2015 was roughly three times the amount of Canadian investment in China. According to a 2014 article published by Osler, the Agreement provides safeguards to Canadian investors in the Chinese economy. The article also said that the agreement was one of China's first investment treaties with such comprehensive dispute settlement provisions. Canada began negotiating with China on a FIPA in 1994. The Harper government held out on finalizing the text and ratifying the agreement due to diplomatic differences and concerns about Chinese human rights abuses. The China Canada FIPA was signed in 2012. In 2013, On January 18, 2013, the Hupacasath First Nation of British Columbia filed a court application to stop the Harper administration from ratifying the Canada China FIPA until consultations with First Nations on potential impacts of the FIPA took place. First Nations were concerned about the FIPA's Investor State Arbitration (ISA) clause. While Canadian trade officials said in 2014 that FIPA was "unremarkable" and that it was a continuation of "Canada's past foreign investment promotion and protection practice, a 2014 "Canadian Yearbook of International Law" article described, FIPPA as "novel" as it was "non-reciprocal in favour of China". The "Yearbook" article said that FIPPA provides a "general right of market access by Chinese investors to Canada but not by Canadian investors to China." China was given a "wider scope for investment screening" than Canada. The agreement did not include a "long-standing Canadian reservation for performance requirements that favour Aboriginal peoples". It diluted "Canada's established position on transparency in investor-state arbitration". These and other textual aspects of the China FIPPA are highlighted in comparison to other trade and investment treaties, especially those to which Canada is a party, that provide for investor state arbitration. Elizabeth May said that the FIPA posed a threat to Canadian sovereignty. May described the negotiations as "secretive". The terms of the agreement were not released until after the Harper government fell. Critics said that some of the terms were considered unfavourable to Canadian investors and citizens. The Canada China FIPA has been in force since October 1, 2014. By 2017, the Canada China FIPA remained unfamiliar to most Canadians, even investors, according to the "Canada China Business Council Rotman Institute for International Business".