The PPU had been interested in the teachings of Gandhi and the possibility of translating them into actions in the United Kingdom. Between 1936, when "Peace News" was founded, and 1957, it had almost 350 articles on related topics. However, within the PPU there was significant opposition to the concept of civil disobedience. At the end of 1951 Hugh Brock, who subsequently became editor of "Peace News", proposed the formation of Operation Gandhi, for which he had already drawn up a plan of action. Its activities began with a sit-down outside the War Office on 11 January 1952. Eleven protesters squatted in front of the War Office, having first notified the police. Following principles of nonviolence, the protesters did not resist arrest, and in court pleaded guilty to charges of obstructing the police. There were other protests at Aldermaston, Mildenhall, Porton Down and the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell. The protest march to Aldermaston in 1952 involved just 35 people and paved the way for the much larger Aldermaston Marches begun by the Direct Action Committee against nuclear war in 1958 and continued by CND. Indeed, Operation Gandhi can be said to have paved the way for all subsequent nonviolent direct action in the UK, including protests against nuclear weapons by the Direct Action Committee, by the Committee of 100 and by others. Operation Gandhi did not last long. It changed its name to the Nonviolent Resistance Group, and by 1954 had been re-absorbed into the PPU's Nonviolence Commission. Kokou Djaoupe  Kokou Djaoupe (born 10 July 1968) is a Togolese football referee, who has refereed 21 games in African competitions. Djaoupe became a FIFA referee in 2001. He has served as a referee in 2006 and 2010 World Cup qualifiers. He was selected to be one of the referees of the 2008 and 2010 African Cup of Nations. He is ranked 164th of the best football referees in Africa. The referee of Togo has led 21 games in the African Cup and has competed in two Cup of Africa in the last two editions. John Ritto Penniman  John Ritto Penniman (1782–1841) was a painter in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. He created portraits, landscapes, and allegorical paintings, as well as designs for engravings, such as the official seal of the city of Boston in 1822. He also worked as an assistant to Gilbert Stuart. Penniman died in 1841 in Baltimore.   1989 European Figure Skating Championships  The 1989 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held in Birmingham, England, United Kingdom on January 17–22, 1989.