This wounding also allows for other secondary pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi, to invade and cause additional infection. Many management strategies are used for most "Pratylenchus" species, not just "P. alleni." Chemically based nematicides were traditionally the most commonly used, but over time some have been pulled from the market due to environmental restrictions and concerns, as well as the cost of re-registration of a product. Crop rotation, cover crops, resistant plant varieties, nematicidal plants, soil amendments, fallow periods, soil solarization, thermotherapy, irrigation management and others are all commonly used to suppress reproduction, reduce nematode populations, and minimize their damage. Biological solutions, such as predatory fungi and bacteria have also been studied, and in many cases have been used commercially through seed treatments and other nematicides. Sanitation and chemical nematicides are some of the most widely used, but the best control method is to prevent their initial infestation and plant non-host crops. Complete eradication is not very attainable, and control of populations can be very difficult when most commonly used agricultural practices can assist in movement of the nematode between fields through the movement of infested soil and plants.