Falls from height can occur throughout a grain-handling facility. Data has illustrated that relatively short falls, from 12 to 20 feet, can be fatal. Examples of surfaces that could present a falling hazard to grain-handling employees might include floors, machinery, structures, roofs, skylights, unguarded holes, wall and floor openings, ladders, unguarded catwalks, platforms and manlifts. Additionally, workers are also exposed to potentially fatal falls as they move from the vertical exterior ladders on grain bins to the bin roof or through a bin entrance. Between 1985 and 1989, falls from heights were the second leading cause of grain-handling worker fatalities. Falls from machinery and structures were the second largest single cause of grain- and silage-handling fatalities between 1985 and 1989; falls from structures accounted for 79 percent of these fatalities. Data has illustrated that relatively short falls, from 12 to 20 feet, can be fatal. Hazard definition  Mechanical equipment within grain storage structures, such as augers and conveyors, present serious entanglement and amputation hazards. Workers can easily get their limbs caught in improperly guarded moving parts of such mechanical equipment. Exposure conditions scenarios/causal pathways  While many pieces of equipment may possess safety features such as guards, covers, and shields that are designed to protect individuals from potential amputations or other related injury, workers increase injury exposure when attempting to disable protective features. Hazard Definition  Grain storage structures can develop potentially hazardous atmospheres due to gases produced from fermenting grains and/or fumigation. Fumigants in grain storage bins are commonly used for insect control. Exposure to fumigants can cause central nervous system damage, heart and vascular disease, and lung edema as well as cancer. In addition to the direct health risks associated with fumigant exposure, exposure to these gases can also result in worker incapacitation and subsequently suffering injury from falling or suffocation from engulfment. Grain facility workers involved with handling fumigants and/or fumigated grain are exposed to these potentially hazardous contaminants. Fermenting or molding grain produce nitric oxide (NO), and also compounds known to be respiratory irritants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). While low NO2 concentrations can cause coughing, labored breathing, and/or nausea, high concentrations can cause fluid to fill the lungs, which can result in death. Exposure conditions/scenarios/causal pathways  Hazardous gas concentrations are generally highest within the first 48 hours after silage has been added to the container, but may still be present for roughly four weeks.