In R, the function codice_1 from the package codice_2 calculates "V" using the chisq.test function from the stats package. In contrast to the function codice_3 from the codice_4 package, codice_1 also offers an option to correct for bias. It applies the correction described in the following section. Cramér's V can be a heavily biased estimator of its population counterpart and will tend to overestimate the strength of association. A bias correction, using the above notation, is given by where and Then formula_17 estimates the same population quantity as Cramér's V but with typically much smaller mean squared error. The rationale for the correction is that under independence, formula_18. Other measures of correlation for nominal data:  Other related articles: