This made it equivalent to a Category 5 tropical cyclone on the SSHWS, however, the FMS estimated that the system had peaked with 10-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) based on the Dvorak technique, which made it a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale. During 2017, a study into Category 4 and 5 tropical cyclones over the South Pacific during the 1980s, was published within the Royal Meteorological Society's International Journal of Climatology. This showed that the intensity of such tropical cyclones had been underestimated by the various warning centres during the decade. In particular, they estimated that Severe Tropical Cyclone's Oscar and Nisha-Orama had 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph), which would make them Category 5 tropical cyclones on the SSHWS. Off the nineteen Category 5 severe tropical cyclones listed above, only Severe Tropical Cyclone's: Fran, Beni, Erica, Ului, Pam and Winston, are considered to have made landfall on a Pacific nation. Severe Tropical Cyclone's Pam and Winston are the only systems to have made landfall while at Category 5 intensity and were considered to have caused widespread devastation to Fiji and Vanuatu. Severe Tropical Cyclone's Fran, Beni and Ului all made landfall on Queensland, Australia, while Erica made landfall on New Caledonia about to the northwest of Noumea. In addition to these six systems making landfall, several systems have either threatened or passed very near to various smaller islands at their peak intensity. In particular, Fran passed in between the islands of Efate and Erromango during March 9, 1992 while Susan threatened Vanuatu during January 5, 1998, but recurved in time to spare the island nation a direct hit. At around 18:00 UTC on January 6, 1998, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ron passed within of the Tongan island of Niuafo'ou. Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe passed near or over several of the Solomon Islands within Temotu Province.