William Edward Hartpole Lecky  William Edward Hartpole Lecky (26 March 1838 – 22 October 1903) was an Irish historian, essayist, and political theorist with Whig proclivities. His major work was an eight-volume "History of England during the Eighteenth Century". Born at Newtown Park, near Dublin, he was the eldest son of John Hartpole Lecky, a landowner. He was educated at Kingstown, Armagh, at Cheltenham College, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated BA in 1859 and MA in 1863, and where he studied divinity with a view to becoming a priest in the Church of Ireland. In 1860, Lecky published anonymously a small book entitled "The Religious Tendencies of the Age", but on leaving college he turned to historiography. In 1861 he published "Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland", containing brief sketches of Jonathan Swift, Henry Flood, Henry Grattan and Daniel O'Connell, originally anonymous, republished in 1871; the essay on Swift, rewritten and amplified, appeared again in 1897 as an introduction to an edition of Swift's works. Two surveys followed: "A History of the Rise and Influence of Rationalism in Europe" (2 vols., 1865), and "A History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne" (2 vols., 1869). The latter aroused criticism, with its opening dissertation on "the natural history of morals." Lecky's "History of European Morals" was one of Mark Twain's favorite books, and influenced the writing of "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court". Lecky then concentrated on his major work, "A History of England during the Eighteenth Century", Vols. i. and ii. of which appeared in 1878, Vols. v. and vi in 1887, and Vols. vii. and viii., which completed the work, in 1890. In the "cabinet" edition of 1892, in 12 volumes (later reprinted), "A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century" is separated out. A volume of "Poems" (1891) was less successful. In 1896, he published two volumes entitled "Democracy and Liberty", in which he considered modern democracy. The pessimistic conclusions at which he arrived provoked criticism both in the UK and USA, which was renewed when he published in a new edition (1899) his low estimate of William Ewart Gladstone, then recently dead.