This right is often violated in practice in international surrogacy arrangements, where the relevant nations refuse to recognise a child born through these arrangements as a national, as the laws in each country are often conflicting in relation to the child's legal parentage and nationality. If it is not possible to determine a child's nationality, it will not be able to obtain a passport in order to travel and remedy the statelessness and lack of parentage. While the country of the child's birth may recognise the intended or genetic parents as the child's legal parents, New Zealand does not. Children born as a result of an international surrogacy arrangement do not meet the requirements for New Zealand citizenship by descent, and thus the only way that the intended parents may become the child's legal parents is through adoption. Adoption in New Zealand after an international surrogacy arrangement is complex, as New Zealand is signatory and is bound by the Hague Convention on Protection and Co-operation in Respect to Intercountry Adoption, which was brought into New Zealand law by the Adoption (Intercountry) Act 1997. These enactments apply “where a child who is habitually resident in one Contracting State… has been, is being or is to be moved to another Contracting State”. While these enactments deal with international adoption and not specifically with international surrogacy, they have been used by the New Zealand courts where the child has already been brought back to New Zealand by the intending parents to go through the adoption process. The Family Court has tended to find that intercountry adoption requirements do not apply in such cases, as the child born in an international surrogacy arrangement is intended to have the same habitual residence as the intended parents, not where the child was born, which is often the surrogate mother's habitual residence, as they often do not have legally identifiable parents in that location. Further, the Convention on the Rights of the Child states that, in adoptions, the best interests of the child are paramount, especially where there is intercountry adoption. The Convention on the Rights of the Child also provides that a child shall have the right to know and be cared for by its parents, and it shall not be separated from them. In surrogacy arrangements, the intended or genetic parents are arguably the child's parents, not the surrogate mother or her partner. Yet, the law surrounding surrogacy fails to recognise this, and instead provides that the legal parents of the child are the surrogate mother and her partner. This could be an issue where the genetic parents of the child are culturally different to that of the surrogate mother, which is often true of international surrogacy arrangements.