By using separate factors for flare and taper and multiplying them together to create a composite factor.  where "C"1 = circumference at root flare, "C"2 = circumference at 4.5 feet, "H" = full tree height, "F"1 = flare factor, "F"2 = taper factor, and "V" = volume. Any objection to this equation rests primarily with the subjective nature of "F"1 and "F"2. The value 75.4 = 24, where 24 substitutes for factor of 12 in the formula for a volume of frustum of a cone encompassing a full tree using one base circumference, converting it to a volume formula that uses a basal circumference that is the average of circumferences C1 and C2. By using separate factors for flare and taper and multiplying them together, we create a composite factor. It is suggested that these flare and taper could be extended in some cases to values in the range of 0.80 and 1.25 to allow extreme forms to be characterized by the formula. Similarly a model of overall trunk volume could potentially be predicted by using height, girth above basal flare, and the percent cylinder occupation for that species and age class. However at this time there is insufficient data available to test this concept.