"Advertisements depicting men as violent (particularly towards women) is disturbing, because gender portrayals in advertisements do more than sell products. They also perpetuate stereotypes and present behavioural norms for men and women." Societal expectations have propagated the formation of gender roles between what is deemed masculine and feminine. However, these gender roles can have negative impacts of men and their mental wellbeing. If a man is unable to meet the designated masculine criteria, it can oftentimes lead to feelings of insecurity, inferiority, and overall psychological distress. Some may also believe that an inability to live up to a certain gender role may jeopardize their social capital in their communities. Scholars assert that colonizers' perception of the colonial black subject as an uncivilized, primitive, "irrational nonsubject" served as justification for the traumas inflicted on them, and that the legacy of such a perception is still evident in today's society. As a means of resistance, black men project hyper-masculinity in order to combat the feelings of powerlessness that are imposed on them by an "abusive and repressive" society. However, this merging of black identity and masculinity has "overdetermine[d] the identities black males are allowed to fashion for themselves", perpetuating negative stereotypes of all black men as inherently violent and dangerous. This continued stereotype of aggression and hyper-masculinity is due to the environment that young African American males are raised  in. Adolescents raised in distressed communities are more inclined to adhere to violence and this is due to the multiple factors that coerce violence in these communities. These factors support the notion of community violence, being exposed continuously to the use of guns, knives, and drugs. Research has shown that 45% and 96% of African American youth that live in urban areas have seen community violence from assault to murder. This continuous exposure to violence brings a normality of the idea that aggression supports authority. This sense of a need to hold authority is a crucial development that leads to hyper-masculinity in black men. Other than the environment, another imperative factor to a child's growth are the parents or adults they are surrounded by. These relationships are a big variable in the growth and development of the youth. They are measured by Social Capital which is the amount of time parents spend with their children, how close they are to each other, and anything that is given to the children that'll increase their social development. One main factor that decides a child's relationship and view of authority is based on the parents’ strictness.