Notwithstanding reforms, several underlying and systemic issues — including overambitious plans, shifting requirements, software development problems, ineffective contract and program management, and unreliable cost and schedule estimates — affect the FAA's ability to introduce new technologies and capabilities that are critical to transitioning to NextGen. During a meeting with air carrier CEOs shortly after taking office, President Donald Trump claimed that the Obama administration spent more than $7 billion to upgrade the system and “totally failed.” However, FAA Administrator Michael Huerta said in a speech that NextGen has already provided $2.7 billion in benefits, and is on track to provide more than $157 billion more by 2030. Huerta also acknowledged that government procurement requirements have slowed the NextGen rollout. Nevertheless, modernization is critical, requiring ongoing support. The National Research Council's 2015 “Review of the Next Generation Air Transportation System” report explains that NextGen needs an explicit system architecture — in addition to its existing enterprise architecture — to guide its development, manage risk, and cope with change. To create this architecture, FAA should build an architecture community and also strengthen its work force in several technical fields. The report also examines the incorporation of cybersecurity, unmanned aircraft systems, and human factors into the NextGen architecture. Finally, the report considers NextGen's anticipated costs and benefits, noting that airlines are not motivated to spend money on NextGen because they receive few direct benefits and face schedule uncertainty. More precise PBN can reduce fuel burn, emissions, and noise exposure for a majority of communities, but the concentration of flight tracks also can increase noise exposure for people who live directly under those flight paths. A feature of the NextGen program is GPS-based waypoints, which result in consolidated flight paths for planes. The result of this change is that many localities experience increases in air traffic over previously quiet areas. Complaints have risen with the added traffic and multiple municipalities already have filed suit, with more considering such a move. Many metropolitan airports have been affected, such as Baltimore, Boston, Charlotte, Los Angeles, Phoenix, San Diego, and Washington, D.C. Navigation changes have angered residents living with increased noise, and they are pushing back on the FAA. Some community members believe efforts to reduce noise over homes should have been predicted before NextGen navigation changes went into effect, and the decisions were a complete failure on the part FAA and the head administrator Michael Huerta. A committee tasked with recommending ways to reduce airplane noise in California voted in favor of a new flight path similar to one in place before a March 2015 change by the FAA.