Many atrocities took place during and after the war, as a result of the complicated allegiances and the brutality of the Nazis. Toward the end of the Second World War, tens of thousands of Danube Swabians fled west ahead of the advancing Soviet army. After the war, the remaining Danube Swabians were disenfranchised, their property seized, and many were deported to labor camps in the Soviet Union. Hungary expelled half of its ethnic Germans. In Yugoslavia, the local "ethnic Germans" were collectively blamed for the actions of Nazi Germany and branded as war criminals. Immediately after the end of the war, partisan troops conducted mass executions of numerous Yugoslav Danube Swabians. Survivors were later confined to labor and internment camps by the Yugoslavian authorities. Following the dissolution of the camps, the majority of the remaining Yugoslav Danube Swabians left the country, seeking refuge in Germany, other parts of Europe, and the United States. Of the 1.4 to 1.5 million pre-war population of Danube Swabians, the overwhelming majority of the survivors resettled in German-speaking countries: about 660,000 in Germany and about 150,000 in Austria. Danube Swabians also resettled in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia. The diaspora communities of Danube Swabians maintain their language and customs in numerous societies and clubs. The number of organizations is shrinking as the generations that lived in the Danube Swabian homelands die. Moreover, due to the waning population of Danube Swabians within the Balkans, the word Švabo now refers to the ex-Yugoslavian diaspora communities that live/work as gästarbeiters in German-speaking countries, such as Germany, Austria, or Switzerland, and sometimes the Netherlands, Belgium, or Luxembourg. In a negative context, the term is confided with the English equivalent to a rich kid/spoiled brat, due to the unprecedented wealth that is gained by one family in said countries that their relatives that still live in the ex-Yugoslavia region often struggle to obtain, due to the high unemployment rates in their respective countries. Beginning in the 12th century, German merchants and miners began to settle in the Kingdom of Hungary at the invitation of the Hungarian monarchy ("see Ostsiedlung"). Although there were significant colonies of Carpathian Germans in the Spiš mountains and Transylvanian Saxons in Transylvania, German settlement throughout the rest of the kingdom had not been extensive until this time.