Senate of the Kingdom of Italy  The Senate of the Kingdom of Italy () was the upper house of the bicameral parliament of the Kingdom of Italy, established on 17 March 1861 upon Italian unification to replace the Subalpine Senate. It was suppressed on 7 November 1947 and replaced by the present-day Senate of the Republic. Its members were all appointed by the King of Italy. The Senate of the Kingdom of Italy was created in 1861, following the Unification of Italy, as the direct successor of the Subalpine Senate of the Kingdom of Sardinia, with the addition of members drawn from the territories conquered during the Second Italian War of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand. The Senate was initially based at the Palazzo Madama in Turin, until 1864 when it was moved to the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Finally, in 1871, it was moved to the Palazzo Madama in Rome. During the fascist regime, there was no "fascistisation" ("fascistizzazione") of the Senate equivalent to that carried out in the lower house. Members of the Senate appointed before the March on Rome, such as Einaudi and Croce, retained their seats in the Senate. However, in 1939, when the lower house was transformed into the Chamber of Fasci and Corporations, 211 new members were added to the Senate. When Fascism fell on 25 July 1943, King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Paolo Thaon di Revel as the President of the Senate - he entered office on 2 August 1943. On 20 July 1944, Pietro Tomasi Della Torretta was appointed as the final President of the Senate, an office which he retained until 25 June 1946. In August 1944, all "Senators responsible for maintaining Fascism and enabling the war, through their votes and their individual actions, including propaganda carried out within or without the Senate" were dismissed from office. Following the Institutional Referendum of 2 June 1946 and the election of the Constituent Assembly of Italy, the Senate of the Kingdom ceased to function on 25 June 1946. It was formally suppressed on 7 November 1947, thus bringing the Senate to extinction, although in fact it had lost almost all its limited power during the final years of the Fascist Regime. During the Fascist period, the Senate contained Fascist members, but because senators held office for life, it had remained somewhat outside Mussolini's state system and so, over time, it was pushed ever further towards the margins of political life.