The deep shade cast by redwoods often results in a sparse understory, but shade-tolerant species include thimbleberry ("Rubus parviflorus"), redwood sorrel ("Oxalis oregana"), elk clover ("Aralia californica"), dwarf Oregon grape ("Mahonia nervosa"), salal ("Gaultheria shallon"), and many ferns, such as deer fern ("Blechnum spicant"), sword fern ("Polystichum munitum"), and leathery polypody ("Polypodium scouleri"). Mixed evergreen forests are found just inland of the redwood forests, on Franciscan Assemblage soils that receive moderate to high rainfall. The trees are a variety of needle-leaved and broad-leaved evergreen species. Characteristic trees include coast Douglas-fir ("Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"), canyon live oak ("Quercus chrysolepis"), tanoak ("Notholithocarpus densiflorus"), madrone ("Arbutus menziesii"), California bay laurel ("Umbellularia californica"), and golden chinquapin ("Chrysolepis chrysophylla"). The shrub understory is dense and diverse; beaked hazel ("Corylus cornuta"), evergreen huckleberry ("Vaccinium ovatum"), Pacific rhododendron ("Rhododendron macrophyllum"), salal ("Gaultheria shallon"), Sadler's oak ("Quercus sadleriana"), dwarf Oregon-grape ("Mahonia nervosa"), and poison oak ("Toxicodendron diversilobum") are typically found. Closed-cone pine forests are found in small, scattered patches throughout the ecoregion, typically adjacent to maritime chaparral. Common pines are lodgepole pine ("Pinus contorta"), bishop pine ("Pinus muricata"), Monterey pine ("Pinus radiata"), and knobcone pine ("Pinus attenuata"). These forests are also home to several endemic cypresses, including Monterey cypress ("Cupressus macrocarpa"), Gowen cypress ("Cupressus goveniana"), and Santa Cruz cypress ("Cupressus abramsiana"). Shrub species include glossyleaf manzanita ("Arctostaphylos nummularia"), bog Labrador tea ("Rhododendron groenlandicum"), evergreen huckleberry ("Vaccinium ovatum"), salal ("Gaultheria shallon"), Pacific rhododendron ("Rhododendron macrophyllum"), and California bayberry ("Myrica californica").