Participants were either administered 5, 10 and 20 µg of LSD and assessed using a temporal reproduction task and self-report measures. The study showed no significant changes in self-report scores of perception, mental activity, or concentration among the three groups. Despite larger reported drug effects of temporal perception, there were not any significant effects of the drug. An open-label natural experiment was performed to test the effects of microdosing psychedelic truffles. Subjects were measured on three creativity constructs before and after microdosing: creative thinking, divergent thinking, and fluid intelligence. The creative thinking and divergent thinking were measured using two creative problem-solving tasks; fluid intelligence was measured using a matrices task. The study found that creative and divergent thinking performance was improved following microdosing, yet fluid intelligence was unaffected. However, the limitations of this study, such as the natural setting and quasi-experimental design, do not allow any causal conclusions to be drawn from this study. Further research involving randomized, placebo-controlled studies are necessary to determine a causal relationship between microdosing and creativity. Since research on the topic of microdosing with psychedelics is fairly new, there are sure to be more studies focusing on double-blind, randomized experiments in order to determine if these doses have any benefit to normal functioning as proclaimed by some users. Studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of macrodosing in animal subjects. A recent study examined the effects of microdosing D,D-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) on mood and anxiety in rodents. Anxiety and depression in male and female rodents was measured using fear extinction and forced swim behavior. When treated with chronic, microdoses of DMT, the rats displayed increased fear extinction behavior and an antidepressant-like phenotype. Microdosing may also have an effect on metabolism in rodents, as the male rats gained a significant amount of body weight following the microdosing schedule. Despite the significant findings of this study, more research needs to be done to understand the effects of microdosing in animals and the translation of these findings to human subjects. Analysis of microdosing behavior has primarily focused on the potential benefits that subjects experience. Few studies, however, have examined the challenges that microdosers face. An anonymous, online survey examined both the benefits and challenges of 278 microdosers. The benefits that were reported by users were similar to those described in other studies: improved mood, creativity, and improved focus. The main challenge (29.5%) among users was concern about the illegality of psychedelic substances and the resulting consequences.