Seodang  Seodang were private village schools providing elementary education during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties of Korea. They were primarily occupied with providing initial training in the Chinese classics to boys of 7-16 years of age, but often served students into their twenties. Not regulated in any fashion, seodang could be freely opened and closed by anyone who wished to. Widespread during the Goryeo period, these flourished during Joseon times and were the dynasty's most common educational institution. It has been estimated that 16,000 existed at the end of the Joseon period. The teacher or headmaster of the seodang was called the "hunjang". The seodang were divided into various kinds depending on the hunjang's motivation and relation to the community:  The course of study typically began with the Thousand Character Classic, and proceeded to independent reading of the Three Books and Five Classics. The teaching method emphasized rote learning by reading and memorizing an assigned passage each day; after reading the passage more than 100 times over, students would recite it to the "hunjang". The nature of the seodang changed in the course of the Joseon period. While early in the dynasty they were purely private academies, they increasingly became village institutions. New social institutions such as the "gye" cooperatives, which emerged in the 19th century, often centered on the village seodang, as did the older "hyangyak" village codes. In the 20th century, many seodang were modernized and known as "improved seodang" (개량 서당), and eventually accredited as primary schools during Colonial Korea. This was part of a dramatic expansion of private education in this period; from 1883 to 1908, some 5,000 private schools were established in Korea. Beginning in 1918, regulations on private education became much more stringent and repressive; the number of seowon dropped sharply. Many of the seodang that did survive became low-level technical academies, or "ganihakgyo" (간이학교). A small number of seodang operate today in South Korea as private academies providing extracurricular instruction.