It has been enjoying autonomous status since at least 2001. CHED has also accredited a number of the Ateneo de Manila's departments and programs as Centers of Excellence, indicating the highest degree of instruction, research, and extension in the Philippines of their particular fields or courses, and Centers of Development, indicating "significant improvement" of instruction, research, and extension from the previous year. The Ateneo has Centers of Excellence in information technology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, English literature, philosophy, biology, psychology, sociology, business administration or management, and entrepreneurship. It has Centers of Development in environmental science, communication, electronic engineering, history, Philippine literature, and political science. The Loyola Heights campus also hosts three scientific research institutions: Philippine Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, National Chemistry Instrumentation Center, and the Manila Observatory. The Legal Education Board has ranked the Ateneo Law School as the best performing private law school in the Philippines and the second-best overall, behind the University of the Philippines College of Law, as of 2018. Graduates of the Ateneo Law School have an average grade of 89.2 in the Philippine Bar Examination and the school has produced 23 topnotchers in history, most notably former Chief Justice Claudio Teehankee in 1940 and Supreme Court Associate Justice Arturo Brion in 1974. In 2018, the Ateneo Law School had the highest passing rate for first-time examinees in the Philippine Bar Examination at 88.76%. The Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health was ranked the best performing medical school in the Philippines by the Professional Regulation Commission in 2019, as the school had a 100% passing rate in the Philippine Physician Licensure Examination out of 133 examinees. The Ateneo grade school and high school divisions have both garnered the highest level of accreditation from the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities and the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines, making it one of the top schools in the country for primary and secondary education, as of 2017. Some of the Ateneo de Manila's most active research hubs work in the fields of disaster risk reduction, prevention, and management; public education; human migration; and governance. The university houses several research centers, and has many links with industry partners, government agencies, and research networks. Some research centers, called auxiliary units, are established by the university board of trustees, while others are organized by individual schools or departments. The Ateneo publishes the following academic journals: "Kritika Kultura", "Asian Perspectives in the Arts and Humanities", "Budhi", "", "The Journal of Management for Global Sustainability", "Landas", and "Social Transformations: Journal of the Global South".