Bluebird of happiness  The symbol of a bluebird as the harbinger of happiness is found in many cultures and may date back thousands of years. One of the oldest examples of a blue bird in myth (found on oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang dynasty, 1766-1122 BC) is from pre-modern China, where a blue or green bird ("qingniao") was the messenger bird of Xi Wangmu (the 'Queen Mother of the West'), who began life as a fearsome goddess and immortal. By the Tang dynasty (618-906 AD), she had evolved into a Daoist fairy queen and the protector/patron of "singing girls, dead women, novices, nuns, adepts and priestesses...women [who] stood outside the roles prescribed for women in the traditional Chinese family". Depictions of Xi Wangmu often include a bird—the birds in the earliest depictions are difficult to identify, and by the Tang dynasty, most of the birds appear in a circle, often with three legs, as a symbol of the sun. (See also: Three-legged crow)  Among some Native Americans, the bluebird has mythological or literary significance. According to the Cochiti tribe, the firstborn son of Sun was named Bluebird. In the tale "The Sun's Children", from "Tales of the Cochiti Indians" (1932) by Ruth Benedict, the male child of the sun is named Bluebird (Culutiwa). The Navajo identify the mountain bluebird as a spirit in animal form, associated with the rising sun. The "Bluebird Song" is sung to remind tribe members to wake at dawn and rise to greet the sun:  The "Bluebird Song" is still performed in social settings, including the nine-day Ye'iibicheii winter Nightway ceremony, where it is the final song, performed just before sunrise of the ceremony's last day. Most O'odham lore associated with the "bluebird" likely refers not to the bluebirds ("Sialia") but to the blue grosbeak. In Russian fairy tales, the blue bird is a symbol of hope. More recently, Anton Denikin has characterized the Ice March of the defeated Volunteer Army in the Russian Civil War as follows:We went from the dark night and spiritual slavery to unknown wandering – in search of the bluebird. In "L'Oiseau Bleu" ("The Blue Bird") a popular tale included by Madame d'Aulnoy (1650–1705) in her collection "Tales of the Fairies", King Charming is transformed into a blue bird, who aids his lover, the princess Fiordelisa, in her trials.