Copyright policies of academic publishers  This is a list of the different copyright policies of academic publishers. Traditionally, the author of an article was required to transfer the copyright to the journal publisher. Publishers claimed this was necessary in order to protect author's rights, and to coordinate permissions for reprints or other use. However, many authors, especially those active in the open access movement, found this unsatisfactory, and have used their influence to effect a gradual move towards a license to publish instead. Under such a system, the publisher has permission to edit, print, and distribute the article commercially, but the author(s) retain the other rights themselves. Even if they retain the copyright to an article, most journals allow certain rights to their authors. These rights usually include the ability to reuse parts of the paper in the author's future work, and allow the author to distribute a limited number of copies. In the print format, such copies are called reprints; in the electronic format, they are called postprints. Some publishers, for example the American Physical Society, also grant the author the right to post and update the article on the author's or employer's website and on free e-print servers, to grant permission to others to use or reuse figures, and even to reprint the article as long as no fee is charged. The rise of open access journals, in which the author retains the copyright but sometimes needs to pay a publication charge, such as the Public Library of Science family of journals, is another recent response to copyright concerns. The American Institute of Physics requires the transfer of copyright from the authors, but allows the authors to post and update an article:   "AIP Advances" authors may make their work available according to the terms of the Creative Commons 3.0 Unported License. The American Physical Society requires the transfer of copyright from the authors to the Society. It allows the authors to: A citation and notice of the APS copyright must be included. The Nature Publishing Group does not require the transfer of copyright from the authors. It allows the authors to:  They state:  World Scientific retains the copyright of all published material. It allows the authors to distribute: It does not allow the distribution of publisher prepared versions.