During this period, it was a crime in Alabama to teach a slave to read. In 1880, a quarter of all Whites over the age of ten were illiterate. The number was 18.84% in 1890 and 14.8% in 1900. Only two states, South Carolina and Louisiana had lower figures. Comparable national illiteracy rates are 1880 17%, 1890 13% and 1900 11%. In 2012, the state reported 14.8% of all adults were illiterate. Recent reports use different standards of illiteracy than earlier compilations, and so the numbers are not completely comparable. In the 1890s, about 25% of White and 38% of Black students who entered the first grade left in their first month, unable to pay tuition. The state's 1901 constitution prohibited both racially integrated schools and state aid to religious schools. It reduced property taxes but required schools to be funded by the localities using tuition and user fees. Eighty days of schooling per year was made mandatory in 1915, but the requirement could be waived for the very poor. The state began to require each county to have a high school, and by 1918 all but ten counties met the obligation. By the mid-1930s, two-third of the children of landowners reached high school, but only a third of the children of White sharecroppers. In an effort to reduce illiteracy the state created "Opportunity Schools" in 1920. These schools enrolled young adults who had not completed fourth grade. The schools taught basic reading and writing to the fourth-grade level. As a reaction to Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, both state and local officials took steps to preserve de facto educational segregation. In 1955, the state allowed public schools to use intelligence and other tests to assign students. Such tests were a method to keep schools segregated. The state also allowed public funds to flow to private schools that admitted only students of one race. In 1956, the Autherine Lucy, the first Black student admitted to the University of Alabama, was expelled. In 1958, John Patterson was elected governor on a platform that promised "if a school is ordered to be integrated, it will be closed down". As late as 1965, schools in Jefferson County were still completely segregated. Since 2000, eleven school districts have been established by breaking away from the county schools. This has eroded the tax base for the county schools and increased racial segregation. Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the overview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education.