Specifically, Edwards highlights the patriarchal norms that are evident in the writings of St. Augustine of Hippo. Augustine's views on women were consistent with sexist norms found in the culture of Rome in the 4th century. Sexism found in Plato's philosophy is also mirrored in Augustine's work. The impact of St. Augustine's work—and worldview—on the institutional norms of the church is highlighted by a number of authors. These norms, it is argued, shape the lenses through which passages such as 1 Timothy 2:12 are perceived and understood. Through psychological processes such as socialization, confirmation bias and belief perseverance, perception may exclude historical, cultural and literary context that contradicts patriarchal norms. Catherine Kroeger has been one of the major proponents of egalitarian lexical arguments that the key word in the text, "authenteō", does not support the exclusion of women from authoritative teaching positions in the congregation. In 1979 Kroeger asserted the meaning of the word was "to engage in fertility practices", but this was not universally accepted by scholars, complementarian or egalitarian. "Kroeger and Kroeger have done significant research into the nature and background of ancient Ephesus and have suggested an alternative interpretation to 1 Tim 2:11–15. While they have provided significant background data, their suggestion that the phrase "to have authority" ("authentein", "authentein") should be rendered "to represent herself as originator of man" is, to say the least, far-fetched and has gained little support". "On the basis of outdated lexicography, uncited and no longer extant classical texts, a discredited background (see my Introduction n. 25), and the introduction of an ellipsis into a clause which is itself complete, the Kroegers rewrite v. 12". Details of lexical and syntactical studies into the meaning of "authente" by both egalitarians and complementarians are found further down in this article. Egalitarians Aida Spencer and Wheaton New Testament scholar Gilbert Bilezikian have argued that the prohibition on women speaking in the congregation was only intended to be a temporary response to women who were teaching error. Bilezikian points out that the word translated "authority" 1 Timothy 2:12 phrase, one that is a key proof text used to keep women out of church leadership, is a word used only here and never used again anywhere in Scripture. He writes that the word translated "authority" in that passage is a "hapax", a word that appears only once within the structure of the Bible and never cross-referenced again.