Indonesia Internet Exchange  The Indonesia Internet Exchange (IIX) is the national interconnection point for Internet Service Providers in Indonesia. Launched in August 1997, the IIX is operated by the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association (APJII). The Internet in Indonesia, like most countries, was started at university campuses. In the beginning ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung –- Bandung Institute of Technology) and UI (Universitas Indonesia) were the pioneering institutions. The University of Indonesia was especially active in the development of the Indonesian internet, with IANA appointing the University of Indonesia's Mr. Rahmat M. Samik Ibrahim as the administrator for .id, the Top Level Domain for Indonesia. The basic internet service that was first introduced in Indonesia was UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol), for exchanging e-mail with others in Indonesia as well as the global internet. Without military or other government aid, the high cost of international dedicated transmission was not an option for the connection, and therefore International Direct Dialing (IDD) was used for the UUCP link. The Indonesian government in 1994 saw that the Internet industry was tightly connected to the globally developing telecommunications industry and therefore decided to grant Internet Service Provider licenses through the Department of Tourism, Post and Telecommunications (now the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology). The first license (License No.: PT.102/3/4/MPPT-94, signed by Mr. Joop Ave) was issued on December 23, 1994 to PT. Rahajasa Media Internet (RadNet) owned and led by Mr. Roy Rahajasa Yamin. Other companies followed suit such as secondly PT Indointernet led by Mr. Sanjaya. However, Indonet started its operations at Jakarta in 1994 before the government began issuing licenses for ISP operations. Indonet initiated its internet connectivity with a 9600 bit/s modem dialing through IDD to Singapore. Through this connection, TELNET and IRC services were available freely to anyone with a modem. The two ISPs no longer used IDD dial-up modem to connect to the internet, instead using dedicated International connections through Indosat's submarine cable to Sprint (USA) and SingTel (Singapore). As the costs for these international connections are high, users were now charged for the connection they used, and in return all services were made available including HTTP and NNTP. By early 1996 the government had issued 27 ISP licenses; the ISPs then formed APJII (Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia –– Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association) and worked closely with the regulators.