The word was borrowed in Sino-Vietnamese as phủ, and used as an administrative unit in 15–19th Century Vietnam. Administrative division of new frontier territories into phủ was particularly used as the Vietnamese expanded southwards and inland. The administrative reorganization by Minh Mạng along Chinese models following the death of his father in 1832, fixed the position of the phủ as an intermediary administrative division between the new larger unit of the tỉnh province, and the existing local huyện sub-prefecture or district, and power was concentrated with provincial governors. The position of local prefects and district heads remained unaffected.