In October 2007 all speakers withdrew in protest from an Oxford Union debate on the one-state solution. One of the speakers, Ghada Karmi, a Palestinian research fellow at the University of Exeter and vice-chair of CAABU (the Council for Arab-British Understanding), wrote on "The Guardian"'s blog that "the newest and least attractive import from America, following on behind Coca-Cola, McDonald's and Friends, is the pro-Israel lobby." She states the Oxford Union withdrew its invitation to speak to American Jewish scholar and Israel critic Norman Finkelstein, asserting it was "apparently intimidated by threats from various pro-Israel groups". Another speaker, Avi Shlaim, a Professor of International Relations at St Antony's College, Oxford, writing for "The Electronic Intifada" that the rest of the original speakers withdrew "as a protest against the shabby treatment of our academic colleague and the violation of the principle of free speech at the Oxford Union." Karmi wrote later in 2007 about legal and other threats against both Britons who sought to boycott Israeli universities and against the Royal Society of Medicine for inviting psychiatrist Derek Summerfield to a conference. She stated the threats succeeded because "Britain is different, naively innocent in the face of US-style assaults on its scholars and institutions. No wonder that those who have been attacked give in so quickly, nervous of something they do not understand." In October 2007 Amjad Barham, head of the Council of the Palestinian Federation of Unions of University Professors and Employees, wrote that the "Israel lobby in the UK" was behind the decision of the University and College Union (UCU) to cancel the UK speaking tour of some Palestinian academics. He asserted Palestinian academic unions could "detect the not-so-hidden hand of the lobby in this latest episode of stifling debate on issues pertaining to Israeli policies and the complicity of the Israeli academy in perpetuating them." In 2017, Jane Jackson, a graduate student at the University of Exeter, explored the growth of grassroots pro-Israel advocacy in the UK since 2000, including the role of Israel, BICOM and Friends of Israel groups, and the role of this advocacy in strengthening ties between Israel and British Jews, challenging public pro-Palestinian attitudes and providing support for governmental support for Israel. The Britain Israel Trade Union Dialogue, previously Trade Union Friends of Israel, operates in the trade union movement. Sussex Friends of Israel, based in Brighton, was established in 2013. North London Friends of Israel was established in 2014.