Phonetic transcription represents every single sound, or phone, and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. Both methods can use the same sets of symbols, but linguists usually denote phonemic transcriptions by enclosing them in slashes / ... /, while phonetic transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets [ ... The International Phonetic Alphabet precisely represents pronunciation. Requires a special Unicode font. In many contexts, it is common to use a modified system of transliteration that strives to be read and pronounced naturally by anglophones. Such transcriptions are also used for the surnames of people of Ukrainian ancestry in English-speaking countries (personal names have often been translated to equivalent or similar English names, e.g., "Alexander" for "Oleksandr", "Terry" for "Taras"). Usually such a usage is based on either the Library of Congress (in North America) or British Standard system. Such a simplified system usually omits diacritics and tie-bars, simplifies "-yĭ" and "-iĭ" word endings to "-y", ignores the Ukrainian soft sign ("ь") and apostrophe ("’"), and may substitute "ya, ye, yu, yo" for "ia, ie, iu, io" at the beginnings of words. It may also simplify doubled letters. Unlike in the English language where an apostrophe is punctuation, in the Ukrainian language it is a letter. Therefore sometimes Rus’ is translated with an apostrophe, even when the apostrophe is dropped for all other names and words. Conventional transliterations can reflect the history of a person or place. Many well-known spellings are based on transcriptions into another Latin alphabet, such as the German or Polish. Others are transcribed from equivalent names in other languages, for example Ukrainian "Pavlo" ("Paul") may be called by the Russian equivalent "Pavel", Ukrainian "Kyiv" by the Russian equivalent "Kiev". The employment of romanization systems can become complex. For example, the English translation of Kubijovyč's "Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia" uses a modified Library of Congress (ALA-LC) system as outlined above for Ukrainian and Russian names—with the exceptions for endings or doubled consonants applying variously to personal and geographic names. For technical reasons, maps in the Encyclopedia follow different conventions. Names of persons are anglicized in the encyclopedia's text, but also presented in their original form in the index.