John A. Lucy  John A. Lucy is an American linguist and psychologist who has been studying the relations between language and cognition, and especially the hypothesis of linguistic relativity, since 1979. He is the William Benton Professor in the Department of Comparative Human Development and the Department of Psychology at the University of Chicago. He has worked extensively with the Yucatec Maya language, specializing in the system of noun classification. John Lucy is a modern proponent of the linguistic relativity hypothesis; he has argued for a weak version of this hypothesis as a result from his comparative studies between the grammars of English and Mayan Yucatec. One of the experiments that he has carried out goes as follows: he showed a series of objects to native speakers of each language, showing them a single object in first place and two different objects afterwards; participants had to choose which of the latter two they found was the most similar to the first one. Lucy noticed that native speakers of English would usually choose the object according to its shape, whereas Yucatec speakers would take into account what matter the object was made of; thus, if for example they were shown a cardboard box, English speakers would usually choose a box-like object as the most similar one, whereas Yucatec speakers would prefer to choose any object made of cardboard, whatever its shape was. Lucy attributed these results to the presence of nominal classifiers in Mayan Yucatec: every time the noun is preceded by a numeral, these nominal classifiers are placed between the numeral and the noun, and their function is to specify what the shape of the noun is like. Therefore, the noun, when not accompanied by a classifier, is seen by Yucatec speakers as a shapeless entity, as opposed to English speakers, who understand the object as something already shaped. Thus, different languages would entail different ways to conceptualize reality, therefore determining a different ontology.