Crumple zone  Crumple zones, crush zones, or crash zones, are a structural safety feature used in vehicles, mainly in automobiles, to increase the time over which a change in velocity (and consequently, momentum) occurs from the impact during a collision by controlled deformation; in recent years also incorporated into trains and railcars. Crumple zones are designed to increase the time over which the total force from the change in momentum is applied to an occupant, as the average force applied to the occupants is inversely related to the time over which it is applied.  where formula_2 is the force, formula_3 is the time, formula_4 is the mass, and formula_5 is the velocity of the body. In SI units, force is measured in newtons, time in seconds, mass in kilograms, velocity in metres per second, and the resulting impulse is measured in newton seconds (N⋅s). Typically, crumple zones are located in the front part of the vehicle, in order to absorb the impact of a head-on collision, though they may be found on other parts of the vehicle as well. According to a British Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre study of where on the vehicle impact damage occurs: 65% were front impacts, 25% rear impacts, 5% left side, and 5% right side. Some racing cars use aluminium, composite/carbon fibre honeycomb, or energy absorbing foam to form an impact attenuator that dissipates crash energy using a much smaller volume and lower weight than road car crumple zones. Impact attenuators have also been introduced on highway maintenance vehicles in some countries. On September 10, 2009, the ABC News programs "Good Morning America" and "World News" showed a U.S. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety crash test of a 2009 Chevrolet Malibu in an offset head-on collision with a 1959 Chevrolet Bel Air sedan. It dramatically demonstrated the effectiveness of modern car safety design over 1950s design, particularly of rigid passenger safety cells and crumple zones. The crumple zone concept was invented and patented by the Austrian-Hungarian Mercedes-Benz engineer Béla Barényi originally in 1937 before he worked for Mercedes-Benz and in a more developed form in 1952. The 1953 Mercedes-Benz ""Ponton"" was a partial implementation of his ideas, by having a strong deep platform to form a partial safety cell, patented in 1941. The Mercedes-Benz patent number 854157, granted in 1952, describes the decisive feature of passive safety.