Gingrich is generally regarded as a pro-life candidate. The policy section of Gingrich's 2012 campaign web site states that he would "end taxpayer subsidies for abortion by repealing Obamacare, defunding Planned Parenthood, and reinstating the 'Mexico City Policy' which banned funding to organizations that promote and/or perform abortions overseas". In 1995, when he was Speaker of the House, Gingrich advocated taxpayer funding of abortion services in cases of rape, incest, or protecting the life of the mother. In 1998, influential Christian broadcaster James Dobson criticized Gingrich for not working hard enough to eliminate funding for family-planning programs. Gingrich has since modified his position to oppose federal funding of abortions in all cases. In an interview with Jake Tapper of ABC News in late 2011, Gingrich stated that he believed life began at "implantation". He has been criticized by socially conservative Republican presidential primary opponents Rick Santorum and Michele Bachmann for not consistently supporting the position that life begins at conception. On December 12, 2011, he wrote to the board of The Family Leader that he "believes that life begins at conception". He promised on the first day of work as president to "sign an executive order reinstating Ronald Reagan's Mexico City policy that prevents taxpayer dollars from being used to fund abortions overseas"; he will "repeal Obamacare, defund Planned Parenthood". In 2011, while campaigning for the Republican nomination for president, Gingrich became the "loudest and fiercest critic" among a Republican field of "judicial-branch haters," frequently criticizing federal judges and judges. In December 2011, Gingrich termed the courts "grotesquely dictatorial and far too powerful" and said that as president, he would abolish whole courts whose decisions he disagrees with, asking "Are we forced for a lifetime to keep someone on the bench who is so radically anti-American that they are a threat to the fabric of the country?" Gingrich has particularly singled out the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals for criticism, saying that it should be abolished because it is too liberal and "radically Anti-American." Gingrich has said that if elected president, he would defy Supreme Court rulings that he opposed, citing the 2008 decision in "Boumediene v. Bush" as an example. Gingrich also said that if president, he might ignore a Supreme Court ruling recognizing a constitutional right to same-sex marriage. Gingrich has frequently criticized what he termed "judicial activism" and in an appearance on "Face the Nation" in 2011 suggested that Congress should subpoena federal judges and force them to explain themselves before Congress.