The Federal Agency for Civic Education notes that Antifa groups sometimes call for violence not only against police or skinheads but also against bishops and judges. There are slogans like "antifascism means attack", not only against the far-right but also against the political system of the Federal Republic of Germany. Writing for the Federal Agency for Civic Education, extremism expert Armin Pfahl-Traughber, a former director with the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, notes that "even if every convinced democrat is an opponent of fascism, "anti-fascism" is not per se a democratic position". According to Pfahl-Traughber, one must distinguish between "fascism in a scholarly sense" and "fascism in a far-left extremist sense". The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution describes the field of "anti-fascism" or "Antifa" as extremist and includes it and associated groups in its annual public reports on extremism as part of the topic "far-left extremism". The federal office further notes: The modern Antifa or anti-fascist movement in the Federal Republic of Germany has been mentioned in the Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution since 1986 as part of the main chapter on "far-left extremism" and was described as a group engaged in terrorist acts of violence. In 1995, public prosecutors in Lower Saxony charged 17 members of Antifa with belonging to a criminal organization (Antifa) and with supporting terrorism as part of a sweeping investigation into Antifa by Lower Saxon police and security agencies known as the Anti-Antifa investigation that started in 1991 until the case was dropped in 1996. A report by the German Bundestag from 2018 determined that due to the lack of a formal organizational structure or leadership, it is only possible to prosecute members of Antifa on terrorism charges in individual cases. According to the 2018 Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution, Antifa's actions against right-wing extremists included arson, the outing of personal information, vandalism and more rarely causing personal injuries. In 2020, "Die Welt" reported that at least 47 organised Antifa groups are monitored by German federal and state offices for the protection of the constitution and labelled as "extremist". However, not all monitored groups are mentioned in the federal or state annual reports on the protection of the constitution and the list is therefore not exhaustive.