This wisdom and knowledge from the ancient Hindu texts called (the "Smritis") provided guidance in governance. Mores identified several important positions in the government: the prime minister ("Pradhana"), steward of household ("Manevergade"), secretary of council ("Tantrapala" or "Sabhakarya Sachiva"), scholarly elders ("Vidyavriddhas"), physician ("Deshamatya"), private secretary ("Rahasyadhikritha"), chief secretary ("Sarvakaryakarta"), chief justice ("Dharmadhyaksha") above whom was the king himself, other officials ("Bhojaka" and "Ayukta"), revenue officers ("Rajjukas") and the writers and scribes ("Lekhakas"). The Gavundas formed the elite land owners who were the intermediaries between the king and the farmers collecting taxes, maintaining revenue records and providing military support to the royal family. The army consisted of officers such as "Jagadala", "Dandanayaka" and "Senapathi". The organization was based on the strategy called "Chaurangabala". Guerrilla warfare was not unknown and may have been used often to gain tactical advantage. A crown prince ("Yuvaraja") from the royal family often helped the king in central administration at the royal capital. Some governed in the far off provinces. This experience not only provided future security and know-how for the king to be, but also kept administration controls within trusted family members. This is seen in the case of kings Shantivarma, Kakusthavarma and Krishnavarma. King Kakusthavarma had appointed his son Krishnavarma as viceroy of Triparvatha region. King Ravivarma's brothers Bhanu and Shivaratha governed over Halasi and Uchangi provinces respectively. Some regions continued to be under hereditary ruling families such as the Alupas, the Sendrakas, the Kekeyas and the Bhataris. While Banavasi was the nerve center of power, Halasi, Triparvata and Uchangi were important regional capitals. The kingdom was divided into provinces ("Mandalas" or "Desha"). Under a province was a district ("Vishayas"), nine of which have been identified by Panchamukhi. Under a district was a Taluk ("Mahagramas") comprising numerous villages under which were the villages in groups of ten ("Dashagrama"). The smallest unit was the village ("Grama") which appears to have enjoyed particular freedoms under the authority of headman ("Gramika").