Alfred Hitchcock did much to popularise the spy film in the 1930s with his influential thrillers "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (1934), "The 39 Steps" (1935), "Sabotage" (1937) and "The Lady Vanishes" (1938). These often involved innocent civilians being caught up in international conspiracies or webs of saboteurs on the home front, as in "Saboteur" (1942). Some, however, dealt with professional spies as in Hitchcock's "Secret Agent" (1936), based on W. Somerset Maugham's "Ashenden" stories, or the Mr. Moto series, based on the books of John P. Marquand. In the 1940s and early 1950s there were several films made about the exploits of Allied agents in occupied Europe, which could probably be considered as a subgenre. "13 Rue Madeleine" and "O.S.S." were fictional stories about American agents in German-occupied France, and there were a number of films based on the stories of real-life British S.O.E. agents, including "Odette" and "Carve Her Name With Pride". A more recent fictional example is "Charlotte Gray", based on the novel by Sebastian Faulks. Also during the period, there were many detective films ("The Thin Man Goes Home" and "Charlie Chan in the Secret Service" for example) in which the mystery involved who stole the secret blue-prints, or who kidnapped the famous scientist. The peak of popularity of the spy film is often considered to be the 1960s when Cold War fears meshed with a desire by audiences to see exciting and suspenseful films. The espionage film developed in two directions at this time. On the one hand, the realistic spy novels of Len Deighton and John le Carré were adapted into relatively serious Cold War thrillers which dealt with some of the realities of the espionage world. Some of these films included "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" (1965), "The Deadly Affair" (1966), "Torn Curtain" (1966), and the "Harry Palmer" series, based on the novels of Len Deighton. In another direction, the "James Bond" novels by Ian Fleming were adapted into an increasingly fantastical series of tongue-in-cheek adventure films by producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli, with Sean Connery as the star. This direction was inspired by novelist Edgar Wallace's 1950s era British and German "krimi" genre, they featured secretive and flamboyant, super-villains, an archetype which would later become a staple of the explosion of spy movies in the mid-to-late 1960s.