Maxwell K. Goldstein  Maxwell K. Goldstein (January 15, 1908 – February 18, 1980) was a first generation Jewish-American scientist and engineer who was instrumental in the development and deployment of high-frequency direction finding by the United States Navy during the Second World War. High-frequency direction finding (known as huff-duff or HF/DF) played a significant role in the Allies efforts to counter the threat of German U-boats (submarines) during the Battle of the Atlantic. This success helped ensure the continued flow of equipment and supplies from the United States to Britain and to European battlefields, which was a critical factor in the ultimate Allied victory. Following World War II, Goldstein founded Balco Research Laboratory, which specialized in high resistance capacitors used in numerous military, civilian, and NASA projects. Maxwell Goldstein was born on January 15, 1908, to Bessie and Louis Goldstein, Jewish immigrants from Warsaw. He grew up in Baltimore, MD, attending primary school at Clifton Park Junior High School and high school at Baltimore Polytechnic Institute. He received a Bachelor of Engineering degree from Johns Hopkins University in 1930, followed by his doctorate in electrical engineering in 1934. During his time at Johns Hopkins, he established a reputation as being particularly skilled with practical solutions to technical problems, particularly with regards to radio technologies. From 1935-1937, he worked for the Air Navigation Development Board at the U.S. Army Air Force base at Wright Field (later Wright-Patterson Air Force Base), and then spent two years working for the Navigation Development Board of the Department of Commerce's Civil Aeronautics Authority. In 1939, he joined the Naval Research Laboratory. When World War II began, Goldstein led the Naval Research Laboratory's Radio Direction Finder section. He also served as one of three members of the Navy Department's Direction Finder Board and was the naval representative on the National Defense Research Committee for Radio Direction Finders. After the United States entered the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Goldstein's team was tasked with finding a solution to the problem of installing HF/DF systems on navy ships. By early 1942, German U-Boats, operating in squadrons called "Wolfpacks," were sinking hundreds of thousands of tons of Allied shipping each month. These losses were a serious threat to the Allied ability to transport equipment and supplies from the U.S. to England and to European battlefields. Allied naval forces implemented a number of countermeasures, including the use of convoys, early radar sets, and decrypted radio intercepts (through the Ultra program), but despite these tactics and tools, the tonnage lost to enemy submarines remained high.