In 1937, a US pharmaceutical company created an infamous drug called “Elixir Sulfanilamide”. This drug had a chemical called DEG in it which is toxic to humans, but at the time was not known to be harmful to humans. Without precautions, the drug was released to the public and was responsible for a mass poisoning. The DEG ended up killing over a hundred people, causing uproar among civilisation . Thus, in 1938 the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act . This ensured the testing of drugs on animals before marketing of the product, to confirm that it would have no harmful implications on humans. However, since the regulations have been put in place, animal testing deaths have increased. More than one million animals are killed from testing every year in the US . In addition, the deaths of these animals are considered sickening; from inhaling toxic gas, having skin burned off, getting holes drilled into their skulls. The 3 R's were first introduced in a 1959 book called “The Principles of Humane Experimental technique” by zoologist W.M.S Russel, and microbiologist R.L Burch . The 3 R's stand for Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement and are the guiding principles for the ethical treatment of animals used for testing and experimentation. Replacement: Avoiding using an animal for testing by switching out the animal for something non-living, such as a computer model, or an animal which is less susceptible to pain in relation to the experiment. Reduction: Devising a plan to use the fewest animals possible; a combination of using fewer animals to gain sufficient data, and maximising the amount of data from each animal to use fewer animals. Refinement: A decrease in any unnecessary pain inflicted on the animal; adapting experimental procedures to minimise suffering. The Three R’s principles are now widely accepted by many countries and being used in any practises that involve the experimentation of animals. There are a wide range of ethical assessments regarding animals used in research. There are general opinions on that animals do have a moral status and how they are treated should be subjected to ethical consideration. Some of the positions include:   To go into further details of guidelines that are to be followed includes:   The catalyst for the rise of animal ethics has been because of the differing opinions and morals behind the way an individual acts. Many people grow up with certain morals, while others adopt one during their lifetime. However, during a person’s life, they tend to contradict their own morals, even the people who have been raised under certain principles, start questioning their standards, thinking about whether their viewpoints need to be changed, thus, a moral dilemma.