What are the effects of smoking on cardiovascular risk?
Smoking is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. It is also a risk factor for hypertension, aortic aneurysm, and atherosclerosis. Studies have shown that smoking increases inflammation, oxidative stress, and damage to the endothelium, resulting in an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Quitting smoking can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and improve overall health.