What is the effect of metabolic syndrome on patients with HF?
In this section, we review whether there is incremental risk when these comorbidities cluster as the metabolic syndrome in patients with HF. Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of developing HF, as well as poorer survival rates and greater healthcare utilization among those with HF. It is also associated with increased risk of arrhythmias, ischemia, impaired left ventricular function, and angina pectoris.