What are the modifiable risk factors for bleeding in patients with AF?
Modifiable risk factors for bleeding in patients with AF may include uncontrolled blood pressure, labile INRs (in a patient taking VKA), alcohol excess, concomitant use of NSAIDs or aspirin in an anticoagulated patient, and bleeding tendency or predisposition (e.g. treatment of gastric ulcer, optimization of renal or liver function, etc).