What are the potential pathogenic factors contributing to cardiac dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus?
Potential pathogenic factors contributing to cardiac dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus include the direct and indirect effects of hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end products, autonomic dysfunction, microangiopathy, subclinical macrovessel (coronary) disease, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipotoxicity, and potential association of diabetes mellitus with outcomes in patients with established HF.