What are the modifiable risk factors for bleeding in patients with AF?
Modifiable risk factors for bleeding in patients with AF include uncontrolled blood pressure, labile INRs in patients taking VKA, alcohol excess, concomitant use of NSAIDs or aspirin in an anticoagulated patient, and a bleeding tendency or predisposition (e.g. treating gastric ulcer, optimizing renal or liver function, etc.)