(PSA) 343 \200\2234 urethral catheterization 341 \200\2232 index 681 social support 572 \200\2233 see also information and communications headache management 311, 312 \200\22313, 343 see also non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory guided imagery 522 Guillain \200\223Barr syndrome 325 technology (ICT) drugs (NSAIDs) interpersonal fear avoidance model 98 \200\2239 interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/ iliohypogastric nerve blockade 482 ilioinguinal nerve blockade 482 immune challenge, long-t erm eff ects 26 \200\2237 immune system activation 67 \200\22370 H handicap 645 Hartwig Score 358 headaches 307 \200\22314 BPS) 301 \200\2232 interventional pain management techniques 474 \200\2235 cancer-related pain 476 \200\2239 c omplex regional pain syndrome long-term priming 69 \200\22370 postnatal diff erences 69 \200\22370 complementary medicines 613 \200\22316 emergency department management 342 \200\2233 epidem iology 15 migraine 307 \200\22312, 613 \200\22316 primary 307 \200\22313 secondary 313 \200 \22314 HIV-related 322 infections 314 medical-systemic causes 313 neoplasms 314 substance-i nduced 314 vascular disorders 313 tension-type 312 \200\22313, 613 \200\22316 immunizations 555 (CRPS) 475 \200\2236 distraction therapy 555 see also needle procedures correct placement aids 475 epidural steroid injection (ESI) 480 \200\2231 facet joint pain 481 neuraxial blockade 275, 476 \200\2239, 480 peripheral nerve blockade 481 \200\2232 plex us blockade 479 \200\22380 sacroiliac joint injection 481 impairment 645 incident pain 281 indeterminate colitis (IC) 260 infant pain see neonatal pa in; pediatric pain infection, cancer pain and 160 infl ammation 56 \200\2237 joints 215 \200\22316 intestinal pseudo-obstruction 264 \200\2235 intra-articular facet blockade 481 intranasal f entanyl (INF) 172 intubation 342 irritable bowel syndrome 290 see also arthritis long-term eff ects of early pain 23 \200\2235 neonatal superfi cial dorsal horn responses 6 0 head injury 310 health insurance 674 health-related quality of life (HRQOL) 417 infl ammatory bowel disease 260 pain management 260 \200\2231 evaluation 418 \200\22322 complementary medicines 616 \200\22317 J joint hypermobility see hypermobility Juvenile Arthritis Function Assessment Report case example 422 \200\2233 clinical interview 418 guidance 421 \200\2232 HRQOL questionnair es 418 \200\22320 outcomes measurement 421 painful conditions and 417 \200\22318 infl iximab 260 information and communications technology (ICT) 569 \200\22374 (JAFAR) 420 child education about pain 654 \200\2235 in child life interventions 550 \200\2231 future d irections 574 ICT-based self-management programs 570 \200\2231 Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (JAQQ) 420 juvenile fi bromyalgia see diff use idiopathic musculoskeletal pain (DIP) heart rate (HR) biomarker 394 heart rate variability (HRV) biomarker 394 juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) see arthritis juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (RA) see ar thritis neonates 355, 362 herpes simplex infection 331 high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMs) 56 history Internet-based interventions 571 \200\2232 mobile device applications 573 \200\2234 in self -report 376 social networking 572 \200\2233 telemedicine/telehealth 574 K kangaroo mother care 189, 601, 602 \200\2233 anesthesia 4 \200\2236 ancient times to mid-19th century 3 \200\2234 teething pain treatmen ts 4 see also maternal care ketamine 165, 176, 200 Initiative on Methods, Measurement and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) 370 \200\2231 continuous infusion 176, 177 emergency department 344 neuropathic pain management 502 pre-h ospital use 172 topical 491 use for ward procedures 180 5-HTP 619 human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) 320 \200\2233 case example 323 causes of pain 321 gastrointestinal pain 321 headache 322 musculoskeletal pain 322 neuropathic pain 321 \200\2232 pain management 322 \200\2233 pain prevalence 320 \200\2231 procedural pain 322 injection pain 5, 14 cancer treatment and 160 see also needle procedures insomnia 138 ketorolac 177, 339, 343 adverse eff ects 442 \200\2235 see also non-steroidal anti-infl amm atory see also sleep problems intellectual or developmental disabilities (I/ DD) 147 \200\22354 biomarkers of pain 397 case example 153 \200\2234 defi nitions 148 histo rical perspectives on pain and I/DD 149 issues created by the defi nition of pain 148 \200 \2239 pain assessment 150, 151 drugs (NSAIDs) Knowledge to Action (KTA) framework Huntington \200\231s chorea case example 284 hydrocodone 464 hydromorphone 163, 464 hyoscin e butylbromide 260 \200\2231 hyperalgesia 467 636 \200\2237 knowledge translation 633 \200\2234 behavior change promotion 639 case example 638 context of practice 639 diff usion of innova tions 634 \200\2235 evidence-based strategies 638 \200\2239 Knowledge to Action (KTA) frame work 636 \200\2237 behavioral measures 386 opioid-induced (OIH) 283, 467 \200\2238 visceral hypersensitivity 285, 290, 301 pain epidemiology 147 \200\2238, 149 \200\22350 pain treatment 150 \200\2232 hypermobility 231 \200\2232, 237, 241 \200\2232 hyperthermia 6 hypnotherapy 560 \200\2235 Interactional Mixed Model of Learning 535 \200\2236 interactive video games (IVGs) 180 inte rcostal nerve blockade 482 interdisciplinary behavioral rehabilitation Ottawa Model of Research Use acute pain management 562 \200\2233 analgesic mechanisms 561 \200\2232 case example 565 chr onic pain management 563 \200\2234 (OMRU) 637 \200\2238 model 538 \200\22360 interleukins (IL) 67 \200\2238, 395 \200\2236 International Classifi c ation Framework for Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARiHS) framework 635 \200\2236 theory-informed approach 634 \200\2239 theory of planned behavior 635 hypothermia 6 Children and Youth (ICF-CY) 582 \200\2233 International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) 421 I ibuprofen Internet-based interventions 571 L lacerations 340 \200\2231 language issues 329 child education about pain 654 \200\2235 health care professional education 658 \200\2239 adverse eff ects 442 \200\2235 emergency department use 339 index 682 trauma management 176, 177 breastfeeding 189, 600 eff ectiveness 605 lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy pre-hospital use 172 (LFCN) 482 Lawson, Jeff rey 7 \200\2238 laxative treatment 264, 265 lemon balm 619 leukaemi as 158 lidocaine 488 \200\22390 mucositis 159 Multidimensional Assessment of Pain Scale mechanisms 605 facilitated tucking 603 \200\2234 feasibility 606 maternal \200\223infant interactions 604 olfactory eff ects 601 \200\2233 other providers 604 recommendations 605 \200\2236 sensoria l saturation 604 skin-to-skin contact 189, 601, 602 \200\2233 see also family issues mechan oreceptors 56 medial branch nerve blockade (MBB) 481 medication overuse headache (MOH) 314 melatonin 619 memory change 550 meperidine 464 meralgia paraesthetica 482 methadone 165, 46 4 (MAPS) 358 Multidimensional Measure for Recurrent Abdominal Pain (MM-RAP) 259 \200\22360 multidimensional pain 354 multidisciplinary pain management approach emergency department use 339 iontophoresis 489 liposomal 488 neuropathic pain management 16 5, 498, (MPMA) 642 \200\2234 acute care services 644 \200\2235, 646 chronic pain management 645 \200\2238 502 \200\2233 patient fl ow 649 \200\22351 staff communication 647 \200\2238 staff positions 647 lidocaine and prilocaine cream 487 \200\2238 lidocaine/tetracaine topical patch 489 limited attentional capacity theory (LCT) 554 Liverpool Infant Distress Scale (LIDS) 358 Liverpool technique 5 local anesthetics information management systems 649 parental expectations 648 \200\2239 multimodal distraction (MMD) 180 multiple attentional resource theory (MRT) 554 multiple sc lerosis (MS) 210 muscle relaxants 166 muscle relaxation techniques 522 \200\2233 muscle spa sm 281 \200\2232 musculoskeletal pain 215, 237 \200\22345 emergency department use 339 neonatal use 276 pharmacology 475 postoperative pain managemen t 274 \200\2235 techniques 275 use during needle procedures 185 \200\2237 see also topical anesthetics cancer pain management 163 \200\2234 neuropathic pain management 501 \200\2232 methoxyfl urane, pre-hospital use 172 methylnaltrexone 166 mexiletine 503 m-health technolo gies 573 \200\2234 microglia 65 \200\2237 assessment 242 history 242 \200\2233 physical examination 243 physiological measures 244 ps ychometric instruments 243 long-term eff ects of early pain 30 \200\2236 animal studies 20 \200\2237 evaluation 20 \200\2231 formalin injection 25 full-thickness sk in wound 25 \200\2236 immune challenge 26 \200\2237 non-sensory behavioral outcomes 22 peri pheral infl ammation 23 \200\2235 peripheral nerve injury 27 repeat needle injury 25 surgic al incision 26 visceral injury 26 see also animal models function during development 66 \200\2237 long-term priming of response 69 \200\22370 nerve injury responses 68 \200\2239 case example 245 clinical features 238 diff erential diagnoses 218, 243 epidemiology 14 \200\22315, 237 \200\2238 HIV-related 322 impact 242 management 242 \200\2235 midazolam 177, 198 \200\2239 migraine 307 \200\22312 comorbid conditions 310 diagnostic criteria 309 emergency department management 342 \200\2233 adjuvant analgesics 166 education 244 pharmacotherapy 244 physical therapies 244 \200\2235 psychological therapy 244 rehabilitation 244 self-management 244 topical anesthetics 490 \200\2231 epidemiology 307 \200\2238 evaluation 309 \200\22310 pathophysiology 308 \200\2239 preventi on 311 treatment 310 \200\22312 burns 31 caregiver behavior and 34 \200\2235 case example 36 circumcision 30 conscious awar eness and 35 full-term infants 30 \200\2231 preterm infants 31 \200\2234 acute migraine 310 \200\22311 biobehavioural therapy 311 \200\22312 complementary medicines 613 \200\22316 outcomes 245 physical function assessment 420 \200\2231 see also chronic pain; specifi c co nditions see also headaches Migraine Specifi c Quality of Life Questionnaire later pain thresholds 31 \200\2232 recurrent pain 32 sex diff erences 22, 34 surgery 30 \200\2231 (MSQ) 420 mindfulness meditation 566 mirror therapy 584 case example 587 music therapy 628 \200\2239 myofacial pain, complementary medicines 617 \200\22318 low back pain (LBP) 237, 240 low-level laser therapy 585 low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LT Ms) 56 lumbar puncture 341 lumbar sympathetic blockade 476 mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE) 265 N Nepean Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Pain Assessment Tool (NNICUPAT) 359 mobile device applications 573 \200\2234 mobilization therapy 584 modafi nil 165 modeling a nd rehearsal 521, 549 Modifi ed Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS) 357 Modifi ed Infant Pain Scal e (MIPS) 358 Modifi ed Postoperative Comfort Score 359 monoclonal antibody therapy, infl am matory nasogastric intubation 342 near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 363, 402, M macrophage chemo-attractant protein (MCP-1/ 412 neonatal pain assessment 402 CCL2) 67 magnesium 613 \200\22314, 618 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 363, 403 needle procedures 184 clinical impact 184 \200\2235 early repeat needle injury, long-term bowel disease 260 monocyte chemoattractant peptide neonatal pain assessment 403 \200\2234 magnetoencephalography (MEG) 396, 412 manipulation therapy 584 manual therapy 584 massage t herapy 584, 627 \200\2238 eff ects 25 epidemiology 184 pain management interventions 185 \200\22390 (MCP)-1 395 \200\2236 morphine 464 cancer pain management 163 emergency department use 339 neuropathic pain management 499 pan creatitis management 263 pharmacology 433 premedication 6 distraction 188, 555 local anesthetics 185 \200\2237 physical interventions 188 \200\22390 practices and attitudes 185 procedural interventions 185 psychological interventions 188 arthritis 223 cancer pain 166 sickle cell disease pain 251 maternal care 600 \200\2236 auditory eff ects 601 index 683 endometriosis management 300 headache management 311, 312 \200\22313 HIV-related pain manag ement 322 infl ammatory bowel disease management 260 mechanism of action 439 neonatal use 2 76 pharmacodynamics 439 \200\22341 pharmacokinetics 441 \200\2232, 443 postoperative pain m anagement 273 sickle cell disease pain management 251, 252 topical 490 trauma management 17 6 \200\2237 assessment 205 \200\2236 brachial plexus injury 208 \200\2239 during childhood 208 \200\223 9 obstetric (OBPI) 208 topical anesthetics 486 \200\2239 sweet solutions 187 venous access 340, 555 see also injec tion pain cancer-related 158 \200\2239, 165, 209 cancer treatment-related 209 Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS) 354, 356, 592 case example 212 causes 496 central neuropathic pain 284 \200\2235 children versus adults 4 96 clinical features 495 \200\2236 defi nition 205, 495 genetic disorders 211 HIV-related 3 21 \200\2232 management 496 \200\223505 Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) 34, 353 \200\2234 neonatal pain acute pain prevalence 12 \200\22313 analgesia 275 \200\2236 local anesthesia 276 NSAIDs 276 opioids 276 paracetamol (acetaminophen) 276 numerical rating scale (NRS) 371 \200\2232 nurse-controlled analgesia (NCA) 176, 274 adjuvant analgesics 165 algorithm 503, 504 case example 504 \200\2235 combination strategie s 503 fi rst-line agents 496 \200\2238 fourth-line agents 502 intravenous lidocaine infusio n 502 \200\2233 second-line agents 498 \200\2239 third-line agents 499 \200\223502 topical anesthetics 490 \200\2231 metabolic disorders 209 \200\22310 neurological disorders 210 \200\22311 palliative care 285 peripheral nerve injury 65, 209 post-surgical 206 spinal cor d injury (SCI) 209 trauma patients 178 \200\2239, 206 \200\2239 O obesity 15 observational learning 97 Observation Scale of Behavioral Distress assessment 353 \200\22367, 401 \200\2234 absence of response 366 acute versus chronic pain 354 biomarkers 355, 361 \200\2232 case example 367 challenges 365 \200\2237 cortical indica tors 355 \200\22362, 363 electroencephalography (EEG) 402 \200\2233 electromyography (EMG) 401 \200\2232 guidelines 362 \200\2235 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 403 \200\2234 measu res 354 \200\2235, 356 \200\22361, 366 \200\2237 near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 402 unid imensional versus multidimensional (OSBD) 385 obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) 208 occipital nerve blockade 482 Occupational Perfo rmance Process Model (OPPM) 591 occupational therapy 590 \200\2236 assessment 592 \200\2233 goals of 590 interventions 594 \200\2236 adaptive equipment 595 \200\2236 body mechanics instruction 595 energy conservation 595 inf ants 593 \200\2234 play/distraction 595 relaxation strategies 596 youths 594 pain 354 chronic pain prevalence 13 conceptualization of 353 \200\2234 hospitalized neonates 12 \200 \22313 postoperative pain 275 \200\2236 scientifi c approaches 7 \200\2239 sensitivity 5 \200\2236 see also long-term eff ects of early pain; preterm infants; specifi c conditions neuroticism 95 \200\2236 neurotrophins 55 nitric oxide (NO) 68 nitrous oxide 5, 6, 200 emergency department 344 trauma 176 pain eff ects on occupation 592 theory 591 \200\2232 octreotide 166, 264 \200\2235 olanzapine 164 omeprazole 262 operant conditioning treatment 531 abdominal pain management 537 case example 540 combination with CBT 536 \200\2237 durin g burn wound care 533 \200\2234 interdisciplinary behavioral rehabilitation pre-hospital use 172 ward procedures 180 nerve blocks NMDA antagonists cancer-related pain 476 \200\2239 complex regional pain syndrome cancer pain management 165 HIV-related pain management 323 neuropathic pain management 503 (CRPS) 475 \200\2236 complications 476 correct placement aids 475 neuraxial analgesics 275, 476 \200\2239 peripheral nerve blockade 481 \200\2232 plexus blockade 479 \200\22380 traum a management 176, 177 see also neuraxial analgesics nociception 53 evaluation 54 peripheral pathways 53 \200\2234 sensitization 56 \200\2237 sp inal processing 57 model 538 \200\22360 origins of 531 \200\2233 parent \200\223child interactions 538 positive reinforcement of we llness see also central pain pathways; superfi cial dorsal horn (SDH) nerve injury nociceptors 53 behavior 536 \200\2237 long-term eff ects of early pain 27 peripheral (PNI) 65 spinal microglial reactivity 68 \200\2239 transduction 55 \200\2236 see also nociception operant models of pain 40, 42, 86, 531 \200\2233, 534 \200\2236 Non-communicating Children \200\231s Pain Checklist aversive conditioning 533 avoidance learning 532, 533 positive reinforcement 532 systematic reviews 535 \200\2236 neuralgia (NCCPC) 386 postherpetic (PNH) 210 trigeminal 210 \200\22311 non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 439 \200\22345 adverse eff ects 273, 442 \200\2235 neural stimulation therapy 285 neuraxial analgesics 275, 476 \200\2239, 480 opioid analgesics 457 \200\22370 asthma 445 bleeding 444 \200\2235 bone healing 444 gastrointestinal eff ects 444 renal eff ects 444 complications 479 contraindications 477 delivery systems 477 \200\2239 safety issues 477 adverse eff ects 274, 465 \200\2237 constipation 467 hyperalgesia 283, 467 \200\2238 itching 465 nausea and vomiting 465 respir atory eff ects 465 \200\2237 arthritis management 220 \200\2232 biomarker responses to 396 cancer pain management 163 \200\2234 case example 470 clinical outcomes 457 \200\2238 neurofi bromatosis 209, 324 neuroimaging 396, 412 neuroleptic drugs, cancer pain 164 neurom atrix theory 582 neuromuscular diseases 324 \200\2235 neuromuscular motility disorders 264 \200\2235, 290 neuropathic pain 65, 86, 205 \200\22312, 495 arthritis management 220 cancer pain management 163 classifi cation 441 drug interactions 4 42 acetaminophen (paracetamol) 445 dysmenorrhea management 299 index 684 age-appropriate measurement 371 \200\2232 behavioral measures 379 \200\22388 peritoneal pain 259 persisting pain see chronic pain personality 95, 231 pethidine 464 pet therapy 627 P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter 431 \200\2232 opioid analgesics (Continued) clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) 457 \200\2238 dosing 463 drug transporter polymorphisms 432 \200\2233 emergency department use 339 infl ammatory bowel disease management 261 predictors 41, 43 \200\2234 prevalence 12 \200\22317 community health care settings 14 \200\22315 hospitalized infants and children 12 \200\2231 4 prevention 39 \200\22340, 42 \200\2234 scientifi c approaches 6 \200\2239 sensitivity to 4 \200\2235 sleep relationships 135 \200\2236, 137 target level 374 see also acute pain; chro nic pain; neonatal polymorphisms 432 \200\2233 phantom limb pain 161 \200\2232, 206 \200\2238 associated phenomena 207 characteristics 206 \200\2237 incidence 207 \200\2238 management 480 risk factors 207 \200\2238 time course 20 8 neonatal use 276 neuropathic pain management 499 \200\223502 opioid contract 500 \200\2231 outpatient setting 329 \200\22330 palliative care 280 \200\2231 pain; specifi c types of pain cerebral irritability 285 Pain Assessment in Neonates Scale (PAIN) 360 Pain Assessment Tool (PAT) 360 pain-associated disability syndrome persisting pain with medical illness 319 \200\22320 pharmacokinetics 459 \200\22360 postope rative pain management 273 \200\2234 prescription monitoring programs pharmacodynamics 431 \200\2232 see also specifi c drugs (PADS) 538 \200\22340 pharmacogenomics/pharmacogenetics 432 \200\2233 pharmacokinetics 429 \200\22331 see also sp ecifi c drugs Pain Experience Questionnaire (PEQ) 420 pain-sensitive offi ce 333 \200\2234 palliative car e 280 (PMP) 468 \200\2239 sickle cell disease pain management 251 \200\2232 tolerance 161 topical 491 trauma manageme nt 173, 176 \200\2238 pharyngitis 330 \200\2231 physical exercise 583 \200\2234 abdominal pain 294 arthritis 222 chronic pain 234 physical activity assessment 421 stretching exercises 586 \200\2237 pain management 280 \200\2236 bone pain 282 \200\2233 cancer pain 283 case example 281 central neuropathic pain 284 \200 \2235 central pain 284 \200\2235 cerebral irritation 283 \200\2235 episodic pain 281 \200 \2232 intractable pain 285 \200\2236 multidisciplinary approach 642 \200\2234 neuropathic p ain 285 opioids 280 \200\2231 visceral hypersensitivity 285 WHO guidelines 280 \200\2231 pre-hospital use 172 see also specifi c drugs opioid-induced hypersensitivity (OIH) 283, 467 \200\2238 physical function assessment 420 \200\2231 physical therapy 152, 244 \200\2235, 581 \200 \2238 opioid peptides 449 \200\22354 biomarkers of pain 395 developmental expression and role 450 \200\2231 history 449 \200\223 50 receptors 451 \200\2234 active therapies 583 \200\2234 arthritis 222 case examples 587 conceptual framework for pai n 582 \200\2233 passive therapies 584 \200\2236 low-level laser 585 manual therapy 584 mass age 584 precautions and limitations 585 TENS 584 \200\2235 therapeutic ultrasound 585 therm al agents 585 procedural pain 586 \200\2237 recommendations 587 sickle cell disease pain 25 1 therapeutic relationship 585 \200\2236 Pieces of Hurt measurement tool 372 pizotifen 293 plasma beta endorphin (BE) biomarker 395 play 544 \200\2235 brainstem 452 \200\2233 developmental expression 453 \200\2234 peripheral nervous system 45 1 \200\2232 spinal cord 452 pancreatitis 262 \200\2234 sucrose analgesia basis 509 \200\22310 see also opioid analgesics clinical presentation 263 management 263 \200\2234 pathophysiology 262 \200\2233 opium 449, 464 \200\2235 optimism 95 \200\2236 oral pain 14 orthostatic intolerance 231 ota lgia 330 otitis 330 Ottawa Model of Research Use (OMRU) 637 \200\2238 OUCH cohort 91 \200 \2232 ouchless place model 44 outpatient setting 328 analgesics 329 \200\22330 case example 335 pain associated with specifi c conditions paracetamol see acetaminophen parents see family issues; fathers; maternal care Parents \200\231 Postoperative Pain Measure (PPPM) 384 paroxysmal extreme pain disorder 211 patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) 176, 274 Patient Re ported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) 40, 421 Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 418 \200\22319 peer relationships 119 \200\223 20, 121 \200\2232 see also child life interventions plexus blockade 479 \200\22380 positioning for comfort 549 positive reinforcement 532, 547 \200\2239 positive self-statements 521 \200\2232 postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) 210 postopera tive pain 269 \200\22377 clinical recommendations and 123 \200\2234 research recommendations 124 330 \200\2233 oxycodone 465 pelvic pain 298 \200\223304 assessment 302 case example 304 dysmenorrhea 298 \200\2239 endo metriosis 299 \200\223301 interstitial cystitis/bladder pain cancer pain management 163, 339 neuropathic pain management 501 oxytocin 605 analgesia 271 \200\2235 acetaminophen (paracetamol) 272 \200\2233 adjuvant analgesics 275 drug administration route s 271 \200\2232 multimodal approach 272 neuraxial analgesics 275 NSAIDs 273 opioids 273 \200\2234 regional 274 \200\2235 assessment 270 \200\2231 P P2X receptors 55, 69 pediatric fear-avoidance model 41, 96 \200\2237 pediatric pain 135 a ssessment 370 syndrome 301 \200\2232 pelvic fl oor dysfunction 301 prostatitis 301 treatment 302 \200\223 3 domains of 370 \200\2231 neurophysiological evaluation 411 \200\22314 quantitative sensory testing (QST) 407 \200\22311 see also neonatal pain; self-report; specifi c pentobarbital 199 peppermint 616 \200\22317 perceived self-effi cacy model 41, 42 periphera l innervation 54 \200\2235 peripheral nerve injury (PNI) 65, 209 peripheral neuropathy 65, 209 conditions behavioral measures 384 measurement tools 270 \200\2231 self-report 271 cancer patients 160 \200\2231 developmental aspects 412 \200\22313 indicators 3 \200\2234 measurement 370 HIV-related 321 \200\2232 peripheral sensitization 56 \200\2237 index 685 topical anesthetics 486 \200\22390 see also needle procedures procedural sedation see sedat ion Procedure Behavioral Rating Scale (PBRS) 384 Procedure Behavior Checklist (PBCL) 384 \200\2235 prochlorperazine 343 pro-dynophrin 450 prognostic factors 39, 41 \200\2232 pro-in fl ammatory cytokines 68 Promoting Action on Research Implementation school issues 122 \200\2233 case example 276 \200\2237 day surgery 275 management services 270 negative eff ects of 269 \200\22370 neonates 275 \200\2236 neuropathic pain 206 primary prevention 44 abdominal pain and 291, 293 academic achievement 122 \200\2233 accommodations 124, 293 rein tegration aft er absence 233 research recommendations 125 social context 123 sedation 194 \200\223201 Postoperative Pain Score (POPS) 360 postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome case example 201 depth monitoring 195 discharge criteria 200 \200\2231 drugs 198 \200\22320 0 (POTS) 231 in Health Services (PARiHS) framework 635 \200\2236, 656 \200\2237 prednisolone 260 pregabalin 179, 498 Premature Infant Pain Profi le (PIPP) 360 Premature In fant Pain Profi le \200\223Revised case example 638 analgesics 199 \200\223200 reversal agents 200 sedatives 198 \200\2239 see also specifi c d rugs propofol 179 intravenous 199 (PIPP \200\223R) 360 \200\2231 prostaglandin H2 synthetase (PFHS) 436, 437 prostaglandins 68 prostatitis/prostatic pain sy ndrome 301 protective factors 39 pruritis 178 \200\2239 psychological desensitization techn iques 522 psychostimulants 165 pudendal nerve blockade 482 purinergic receptors 55 pyloropl asty 262 prescription monitoring programs emergency department 343 \200\2234 equipment requirements 198 levels of 194 \200\2235 opioi d eff ects 467 palliative 285 \200\2236 patient factors 195 \200\2236 (PMP) 468 \200\2239 preterm infants biomarkers of pain 396 \200\2237 long-term eff ects of early pain 31 \200\2234 later pain thresholds 31 \200\2232 neurodevelopment 32 recurrent pain 32 airway issues 196 \200\2237 allergies and adverse reactions 195 \200\2236 aspiration risk 1 96 developmental issues 197 general health 196 respiratory illness 197 procedural factors 1 97 \200\2238 pain and brain development 32 \200\2234 brain reactivity to procedures 32 \200\2233 programming of stress systems 34 sleep 34 Q Quality of Life Headache in Youth prevention 39 \200\22340, 42 \200\2237 acute pain of iatrogenic origin 40, 44 chronic pain 40, 45 \200\2237 future directions 46 \200\2237 migraine 311 primary prevention 40, 44 \200\2236 pre-emptive analgesia 45 psychos ocial interventions 45 \200\2236 (QLH-Y) 420 selective serotonin and noradrenaline re-uptake quantitative sensory testing (QST) 128, 407 \200\22311 inhibitors (SSNRIs) 498 neuropathic pain management 498 selective serotonin re-uptake inhib itors measures 408, 409 method of adjustment 408 method of constant stimuli 408 method of limits (MLI) 408 modulating infl uences 410 \200\22311 (SSRIs) arthritis management 222 pelvic pain management 303 secondary prevention 40, 46 sickle cell disease pain 252 \200\2233 tension-type headaches 3 13 tertiary prevention 40, 46 age-related diff erences 410 \200\22311 contextual infl uences 410 procedural infl uences 4 10 sex-related diff erences 411 selective spinal nerve blockade (SNRB) 480 self-mastery promotion 329 self-report 370 \200 \2237 age-appropriate measurement of pain probiotics 617 procedural pain 553 normative data 409 reliability 409 \200\22310 sensory testing site 408 \200\2239 371 \200\2232 case example 373 chronic versus acute pain 375 communication impairment and 3 75 cultural issues 104, 375 desirable features of 374, 375 future research 376 gender issue s 375 implausible scores 373 \200\2234 interpretation 372 \200\2236 nature of 370 new techn ologies 376 pain interference 374 pain location 374 pain qualities 374 postoperative pain 2 71 temporal characteristics of pain 374 validation 374 \200\2235 sensitization 56 \200\2237 , 69 behavioral measures 380 \200\2236 cancer treatment 160 \200\2231, 556 child life interventi on 546 \200\2237 cognitive-behavioral interventions 525, R race 103 553 \200\2237 disparities in pain management 673 \200\2234 radiofrequency nerve lesioning (RFNL) 481 radi onuclide therapy 165 \200\2236, 282 \200\2233 radiotherapy 282 \200\2233 ranitidine 262 rec tus abdominis sheath blockade 482 recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) see abdominal cognitive reframing/positive self- statements 521 distraction 521, 547, 553 \200\2237 exposure and psychological desensitization 522 modeling and rehearsal 521 multicomponent approaches 523 \200\2234 preparation for procedur e 520 relaxation techniques 522 pain regional analgesia 177, 274 \200\2235 techniques 275 rehabilitation 646 \200\2237 emergency department procedures 339 \200\22344 lacerations 340 \200\2231 lumbar puncture 341 nasogastric intubation 342 procedural sedatio n and analgesia abdominal pain 294 interdisciplinary behavioral rehabilitation model 538 \200\22360 musculoskeletal pain 244 central 229 peripheral 56 psychological desensitization techniques (PSA) 343 \200\2234 relaxation techniques 522 \200\2233, 565 \200\2236, 596 remifentanil 467 Riley Infant Pain Scale (RIPS) 359 risk factors 39 rostroventral medulla (RVM) 78 urethral catheterization 341 \200\2232 venous access 340 HIV management 322 hypnotherapy 56 2 \200\2233 models 88 \200\2239 physical therapy 586 \200\2237 primary prevention 44 recomm endations for parents 113 522 sex diff erences 113 adult pain 127 child and adolescent pain 128 \200\2239 contributing factors 130 S sacroiliac joint injection 481 Scale for Use in Newborns (SUN) 361 chronic pain 230 clinical implications 131 index 686 spinothalamic tract (STT) 75 \200\2236 Starbright World 551 stellate ganglion blockade 47 5 \200\2236 steroids thrombophlebitis 160 thrombosis 313 tick removal 333 tizanidine 164 TLR4 receptor 66, 68 \200\2239 T lymphocytes 67, 69 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 66 sex diff erences (Continued) quantitative sensory testing outcomes 411 research recommendations 131 see also gender diff erences epidural steroid injection (ESI) 480 \200\2231 pharmacology 475 see also corticosteroids st imulus \200\223response model 88 stomatitis 331 stress response 290 \200\2231 stress system programming 34 stretching exercises 586 \200\2237 substance-induced headaches 314 subungua l hematoma 333 sucrose solutions see sweet solutions superfi cial dorsal horn (SDH) 57 sex-related disparities in pain management 673 siblings 114 see also family issues TLR4 66, 68 \200\2239 sickle cell disease (SCD) pain 16, 248 \200\22354 tonsillitis 331 topical anesthetics 486 \200\22392 assessment 249 \200\22350 case example 254 epidemiology 248 \200\2239 pain syndromes other than vaso- case example 491 \200\2232 musculoskeletal pain 490 \200\2231 neuropathic pain 490 \200\223 1 procedural pain 486 \200\22390 occlusion 249 pathophysiology 248, 253 pharmacological therapies 251 \200\2232 tramadol 465 arthritis management 220 cancer pain management 163 neuropathic pain management 499 trauma management 175 chronic pain 252 home management 251 \200\2232 in-patient management 252 developing neuron excitability 57 \200\2238 excitatory synapses 58 \200\2239 long-term eff ects of early tissue injury 60 primary aff erent input maturation 58 signal processing unde r pathological physical therapies 251 prevention 252 \200\2233 psychological therapies 250 transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) 584 \200\2235 conditions 60 synaptic inhibition 59 pelvic pain 303 skin conductance as biomarker 395 skin-to-skin contact 189, 601, 602 \200\2233 transdermal medications 486 transforming growth factor beta (TGF ) 395 \200\2236 transient receptor potential (TRP) ion superior hypogastric plexus blockade 480 suprascapular nerve blockade 482 surgery see also maternal care skin wound, full-thickness 25 sleep problems 135 \200\22341 channels 55 anesthesia history 4 \200\2236 long term eff ects of pain 30 \200\2231 trauma 171 \200\22380 arthritis 222 assessment 137 case example 141 impact of 136 \200\2237 management 233 \200 \2234 case example 171, 175, 178 defi nition 173 emergency department care 173 \200\2235 animal studies 26 see also postoperative pain sutures 340 \200\2231 sweet solutions 187, 508 \200\22314 eff ectiveness 510 \200\22312, 51 3 childhood 512, 513 with concurrent analgesics 513 with non-pharmacological pain relief 51 3 non-procedural pain 513 older infants 511 \200\22312 guidelines for use 513 \200\22314 me chanisms 508 \200\22310, 512 \200\22313 animal studies 508 \200\22310 infant studies 510 op ioid basis 509 \200\22310 systematic reviews 509 analgesic doses 173 \200\2234 pain assessment 175 complementary medicines 618 \200\22319 pharmacological treatments 139 \200\22340 psychologi cal treatments 138 sleep interventions 138 \200\2239, 140 sleep optimization 137 \200\2238 pain relationships 135 \200\2236, 137 neuropathic pain 178 \200\2239, 206 \200\2239 pre-hospital care 171 \200\2232 pruritis and 178 sleep disturbance 179 ward management 176 \200\2238 procedural interventions 179 \200\22380 abdominal pain 291 chronic pain 232 preterm infants 34 prevalence 136 recommendations 140 t rauma patients 179 tricyclic antidepressants abdominal pain management 292 arthritis management 222 cancer pain management 164 neuropath ic pain management 496 \200\2238 pelvic pain management 303 trigeminal nerve blockade 481 t rigeminal neuralgia 210 \200\22311, 481 triptans 311, 343 L-tryptophan 619 tumor necrosis f actor alpha (TNF ) 67 tumors, intracranial 314 two-factor learning theory 554 typhlitis 16 0 tyrosine receptor kinase A (TrkA) 54, 55 slippery elm 617 social communication model 89 \200\22391, 119, 354 sympathetic ganglion blockade 475 synactive theory of development 353 \200\2234 see also communicative context social learning theory 41, 42, 86 social networking 572 \200\2233 sociodemographic disparit ies in pain management 669 \200\22375 age-related factors 669 \200\22373 case example 675 h ealth insurance-related factors 674 racial- and ethnic-related factors 673 residential-rela ted factors 674 sex-related factors 673 sociomedical context 105 \200\2236 sodium channels 56 sore throat 330 \200\2231 spinal anesthesia, history 5 spinal cord T tactile stimulation 189 tapentadol 465 technology use see information and communications technology (ICT) teething pain 331 \200\2232 history of treatments 4 telemedicine/telehealth 574 temperament 95, 231 tension-type headac hes 312 \200\22313 U ulcerative colitis (UC) 260 ultrasound, therapeutic 585 unidimensional pain 354 Upopolis \204 551 upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) 197 urethral catheterization 333, 341 \200\2232 uridine diphosphate (UDP)- prevention 313 treatment 312 \200\22313 complementary medicines 613 \200\22316 see also headaches ascending projection pathways 75 \200\2236 descending modulation development tetracaine gel 488 thalamocortical connection development 76 \200\2237 L-theanine 619 theor y of planned behavior (TPB) 635 therapeutic ultrasound 585 thermal therapy 585 thought-stop ping 550 glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 431, 438 78 \200\2239 injury (SCI) 209 nociceptive processing 57 opioid receptors 452 V valerian 619 vapocoolant sprays 489 spinal cord stimulation (SCS) 476 index 687 vasculitis 313 venepuncture 340 W web-based cognitive-behavioral visceral pain cancer-related 159 neural pathways 258 \200\2239 see also needle procedures therapy 527 venlafaxine 498 venous access postnatal development 259 visceral hypersensitivity 285, 290 Y yoga 626 Youth Activity Questionnaire 421 distraction therapy 555 emergency department 340 see also needle procedures verbal numeric scale (VNS) 371 virtual reality (VR) 180, 556 visceral injury 26 endometriosis and 301 see also abdominal pain visual analog scale (VAS) 371 \200\2232 vitamin B complex 614 \200\22315, 618 vitamin D 615 , 617 \200\22318 voltage-gated sodium channels 56 Z zolmitriptan 311