Risk control: reducing heat strain \200 Planning of work: e.g. maintenance work \200 Mo difying the environment: reduce process heat, improve ventilation, evaporative cooling, shield radiant heat sources Worker: medical pre-selection, acclimatization, report symptoms \200 Managerial: monitor heat stress conditions, develop work \200\223rest regimes, training and supervision, selection of appropriate controls Protective clothing: ice-cooled jackets, air-cooled suits. Relevant legislation \200 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations (1992) \200 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999). Further information American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (2011). Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati. British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS) (1996). The Thermal Environment, BOHS Technical Guide No.12, 2nd edn. BOHS, Derby. Parsons KC (2003). Human thermal environment, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis, London. Youle A (2 005). The thermal environment. In: Harrington JM, Gardener K, eds, Occupational Hygiene, 3r d edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/tempera- ture/index .htm indices 01_Smedley_Chap01.indd 35 12/31/2012 8:42:07 PM CHAPTER 1 Physical hazards 36 Thermal environment 3: Assessment of cold workplaces Health effects and occupations \200 The p physiological responses to cold exposure are peripheral vasoconstriction and increase in metabolic heat production by shivering Effects of cold include hypothermia (below 35 C), localized tissue damage, and adverse eff ects on performance at work. Outdoor (construction, telecommunications, maintenance of elec trical power lines, agricultural and forestry, \201 shing industry), indoor (cold stores, meat processing) also inland and offshore work. Risk assessment \200 ISO 1574 (2008) provides methodology and practical tool for assessin g and managing cold risk in the workplace. It includes checklists and questionnaires to ide ntify individuals at risk The main climate factors for cold stress are air temperature and air speed. As the differen ce between skin and ambient temperature increases and/or the air speed increases, the rate of heat loss from exposed skin increases A wind chill index (equivalent chill temperature) can be calculated has for different combi nations of air temperature and speed (see b p. 37, Calculating the Wind Chill Index and int erpretation of values) \200 The equivalent chill temperature is used when estimating the combined cooling effect of wind and low air temperature on exposed skin or when determining clothing insulation requirements to maintain core temperature above 36 C. The model is ba sed on exposed \202 esh, but is a useful \201 rst approximation of cold stress. Risk control \200 For exposed skin, continuous exposure should not be permitted when the equivalent chill temperature is \200\22332 C. If air temperature falls below 16 C for sedentary, 4 C for light, or \200\2237 C for mo derate work, gloves should be used by workers \200 If \201 ne work is performed with ba re hands for more than 20min in an environment below 16 C, provision should be made to keep hands warm Total body protection is required if work is performed in an environment at or below 4 C The ACGIH recommends that protective measures should be introduced when air temperature is less than 5 C. The equation shown here can be used to e stimate the amount of clothing insulation (1 clo) required for a speci \201 c task in a gi ven air temperature ( T in C) and metabolic rate ( M in W): clo = 11.5(33 \200\223 T)/M When cold surfaces below \200\2237 C are within reach, a warning should be given to prevent inadvertent contact with bare hands. 01_Smedley_Chap01.indd 36 12/31/2012 8:42:07 PM THERMAL ENVIRONMENT 3 37 Calculating the Wind Chill Index and interpretation of values \200 The Wind Chill Index ( Twc) can be calculated using the equation: Twc = 13.12 + 0.6215.Ta \200\22311.37.v0.16 + 0.3965.Ta.v0.16 where T a is the air temperature ( C) and V air speed (km/h). Example If the dry temperature is \200\223 22 C at 16 km/h then the wind chill factor = \200\223 32 C Twc values ( C) \200\22310 to \200\22324 (uncomfortably cold), \200\22325 to \200\2233 4 (very cold, risk of skin freezing), \200\22335 to \200\22359 (exposed skin may freeze within 10 min), below \200\22360 (exposed skin may freeze in 2min). Relevant legislation \200 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations (1992) \200 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999). Further information ISO 15743 (2008). Ergonomics of the thermal environment \200\224Cold workplaces \200\224Risk assessm ent and management . ISO 11079 (2007). Evaluation of the thermal environment \200\224Determination of required c lothing insula- tion (IREQ) . BS EN 511 (2006). Protective gloves against cold . 01_Smedley_Chap01.indd 37 12/31/2012 8:42:07 PM CHAPTER 1 Physical hazards 38 Thermal environment 4: Thermal comfort De \201 nition \200 Thermal comfort describes the person \200\231s psychological state of mind and is de \201 ned as \200\230that conditio n of mind which expresses satisfaction with the surrounding thermal environment \200\231 (B S EN ISO 7730). Thermal comfort depends on a range of environmental (air temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant heat) and personal factors (clothing insul ation and metabolic heat). In workplaces, thermal discomfort may only occur when heating ve ntilation and air conditioning systems either break down or do not work as intended. \200 Thermal comfort can affect overall morale. Complaints may increase and productivity may fa ll. Most problems arise when individuals are not able to adapt to their work environment. L ocalized discomfort can also occur, e.g. due to vertical temperature gradients. Assessment of thermal comfort \200 International Standards (BS EN ISO 7730 and BS EN ISO 10551) provide methods for predicting the general thermal sensation and degree of discomfor t (thermal dissatisfaction) in indoor environments. The methods for the objective assessmen t of the thermal environment included in these standards are based on those proposed by Fan ger (1970) 1 Thermal comfort is determined using calculations of predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage dissatis \201 ed (PPD) The PMV is an index that predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of persons o n the 7-point thermal sensation scale (Table 1.5) and can be calculated for different metab olic rates, air temperature, air velocity, clothing insulation, and air humidity. Combinati ons of these parameters, which on average will provide a thermally neutral sensation, can b e determined The PPD establishes a quantitative prediction of the percentage of thermally dissatis \201 ed people, i.e. those who will vote hot, warm, cool, or cold on th e 7-point thermal sensation scale The 7-point thermal sensation scale can also be used to assess and compare the actual and desired thermal sensations. Controlling the thermal environment A combination of engineering and administrative are req uired: \200 Work planning: location of work station and scheduling of work and breaks Assess the type of heating system (hot air based, combined heat and ventilation, under \202 oor heating, overhead heating) Air movement: consider the type and location of fan(s), reduce draft discomfort by directing ventilation or air movement Air conditioning: determine whether the unit controls air movement and humidity as well low ering air temperature. Air distribution from units should be uniform throughout the workpla ce 01_Smedley_Chap01.indd 38 12/31/2012 8:42:07 PM THERMAL ENVIRONMENT 4 39 Assess the need for thermal insulation: insulation type present and its effectiveness Use mechanical aids for physically demanding jobs \200 Allow workers to make adaptation: clothing, temperature, etc. \200 Monitor the environment thermal conditions and staff who have special requirements, e.g. pregnancy. Table 1.5 Seven point thermal sensation scale \200\224American Society of Heating, Refriger ating and Air-conditioning Engineers Scale (ASHRAE) scale \200\2233 Cold \200\2232 Cool \200\2231 Slightly cool 0 Neutral +1 Slightly warm +2 Warm +3 Hot Relevant legislation \200 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations (1992). \200 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999). Further information BS EN ISO 7730 (2005). Ergonomic of the thermal environment \200\224analytical determination and inter- pretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria . BS EN ISO 10551 (2001). Ergonomics of the thermal environment \200\224assessment of the in \202 uence of the thermal environment using subjective judgment scales. ASHRAE (1992). Standard 55 \200\224thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy . A SHRAE Inc., Atlanta. Fanger PO (1970). Thermal comfort . Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen. 01_Smedley_Chap01.indd 39 12/31/2012 8:42:07 PM This page intentionally left blank 41 Chapter 2 Chemical hazards Organic solvents and compounds Acetone 76 Acid anhydrides (cyclic anhydrides) 77 Chemical hazards: classi \201 cation and labeling 42 Chemical hazards, sampling and analysis methods 44 Particles, \201 bres, fumes, and mists Coal dust 49 Cotton dust 50 Flour dust 51 Grain du st 52 Wood dust 53 Crystalline silica (quartz) 54 Asbestos 55 Machine-made mineral \201 b re 56 Diesel engine exhaust emissions 57 Acrylamide 78 Acrylonitrile 79 Benzene 80 Carbon disulphide 81 Chloroform 82 Dichloro-4, 4- methylene dianiline 83 Formaldehyde 84 Glutaraldehyde 85 Isocyanates 86 Methyl ethyl ketone 87 n-Hexa ne 88 Pesticides 90 Phenol 93 Styrene 04 Tetrachloroethylene Rubber process dust/fume 58 Rosin-based solder \202 ux fume 59 Welding fume 60 Oil mist 6 1 (Perchloroethylene) 95 Metals and metalloids Aluminum 62 Arsenic 63 Beryllium 64 Cadmium 65 Chromium 66 Cobalt 67 Copper 68 Iron 69 Lead 70 Manganese 71 Mercury 72 Nickel 73 Vanadium 74 Zinc 75 Vinyl chloride 96 Inorganic gasses Arsine 97 Carbon monoxide 98 Hydrogen sulfide 99 Nitrogen dioxide 100 Ozon e 101 Sulfur dioxide 102 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 41 12/31/2012 8:44:03 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 42 Chemical hazards: classi \201 cation and labeling This chapter provides information on spe ci \201 c hazardous substances encountered in the workplace. Relevant legislation \200 The Chemical (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 2009 (known as CHIP). CHIP requires that substances and mixtures placed on the market are classi \201 ed, labeled and packaged appropriately. Under CHIP, information on hazards is communicated to users by means of symbols and risk phrases . 2 CHIP is in the process of being replaced by a new European Regulation on Classi \201 cat ion, Labeling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP Regulation). \200 The CLP Reg ulation was introduced in 2009; will fully replace CHIP in June 2015. The same classi \201 cation and labeling system will be used worldwide. Info rmation on hazards will be communicated to users by hazard symbols and hazard statements (s ee b Appendix 1). Classi \201 cation and labeling of speci \201 c substances \200 Agreed classi \201 cat ion and labeling requirements for substances are contained in Annex VI of the CLP regulation. In the UK, substances hazardous to health are de \201 ned under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002. A substance hazardous t o health need not be a single substance, but also includes mixtures of compounds, micro-org anisms, allergens, etc. A new European Law on chemicals, Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), came into force on 1 June 2007 (see b p . 554). Under REACH it is a requirement for manufacturers or importers of substances to reg ister with the Central European Chemical Agency (ECHA). REACH gives greater responsibility to industry to manage the risks from chemicals and to provide safety information on substan ces. For each substance reported in the following pages of this chapter: \200 Only the classi \201 cation and labeling according to the CLP Regs is reported, comprising hazard class an d category (e.g. carc 1B, See Table 2.1) and hazard statement (e.g. H350, See b Appendix 1) \200 Classi \201 cation and labeling entries are for \200\230health effects \200\231 o nly. Those relating to \200\230physicochemical properties \200\231 and \200\230environmental effects \200\231 are not reported here, nor are precautionary statements. Further information M http://www.hse.gov.uk/reach/index.htm M http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/in dex.htm M http://echa.europa.eu/clp_En.asp M http://echa.europa.eu/reach_En.asp All MDHS sa mpling and analysis methods are available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/mdhs/ index.htm 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 42 12/31/2012 8:44:03 PM CHEMICAL HAZARDS: CLASSIFICATION AND labeling 43 Classi \201 cation glossary Table 2.1 CLP regulations Acute tox. Acute toxicity (category 1, 2, 3, or 4) Corr. Skin corrosion (category 1A, 1B, or 1C) Irrit. Skin irritation (category 2) Eye dam. Serious eye damage (category 1) Eye irrit. Serious eye irritation (category 2) Resp. sens Respiratory sensitization (category 1) Skin sens Skin sensitization (category 1) Muta Germ cell mutagenicity (category 1A, 1B, or 2) Carc Carcinogenicity (category 1A, 1B, or 2) Repr Reproductive toxicity (category 1A, 1B, or 2) STOT/SE Speci \201 c target organ toxicity \200\224single exposure (category 1, 2, or 3) STOT/RE Speci \201 c target organ toxicity \200\224repeated exposure (category 1, 2, or 3) 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 43 12/31/2012 8:44:04 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 44 Chemical hazards: sampling and analysis methods Pollutant types Airborne chemical pollutant types can be categorized by their physical form e.g. fumes, \201 bres, vapors, etc. Tabl e 2.2 shows de \201 nitions of chemi- cal hazard types (physical form) together with proce sses that generate them. Table 2.3 provides a summary of methods for sampling and analyzing common chemical pollutan ts types. These sampling methods are based on the Methods for the Determination of Hazardou s Substances (MDHS) published by the HSE. Table 2.3 summarizes the methods for collecting different airborne chemicals. Examples of sampling devices are shown in Fig. 2.1. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 44 12/31/2012 8:44:04 PM CHEMICAL HAZARDS: SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS METHODS 45 Table 2.2 Aerosol types Type (size range) Description Examples: processes/ substances Gasses arising from electrical arc welding, accidental chemical mixing of chemicals, combus tion processes, biodegradation, e.g. carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane Gasses Formless \202 uids that expand to occupy the space or enclosure in which they are con \201 ned Vapors Volatile forms of substances that are normally in the solid or liquid state at room tempera ture and pressure Solvents used in degreasing, cleaning, paints, vanishes, plastics and rubber manufacture, e .g. toluene, xylene, acetone, n-hexane Dusts (1.0 to >100.0 m) Solid particles made airborne by the mechanical disintegration of bulk solid material Generated by cutting, handling, grinding, crushing, abrasion, and transportation Inhalable dust (0.05 \200\223 200.0 m) Fraction of total airborne particles that are inhaled through the nose and/or mouth Wood dust, cement dust, \202 our dust Respirable dust (0.05 \200\22310.0 m) Fraction of airborne particles that penetrate the unciliated airways of the lung (alveolar region) where gas exchange occurs. Respirable particles have a median aerodynamic diameter of 7 4 m with a cut-off of 10 m Formed when material from a volatilized solid condenses i n cool air. The solid particles formed are extremely \201 ne (usually <1.0 m in diamete r). In most cases the hot vapor reacts with air to form oxides Silica, coal dust, pulverized fuel ash, ferrous foundry particles Fumes (0.01 \200\2231.0 m) Lead oxide, iron oxide, welding, soldering, diesel, and rubber fume Fibers Respirable \201 bre is de \201 ned as a \201 bre >5 m in length, with a length to wi dth ratio of at least 3:1 and a diameter <3 m Asbestos or machine-made sources including glass wool, rock wool, and ceramic \201 bre Smoke (0.01 \200\2231.0 m) Aerosol of solid or liquid particles, <0.1 m in size resulting from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials Carbon or soot particles Mists (0.01 \200\22320 m) Suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation of liquids from the vapor back to the l iquid state or by breaking up a liquid into dispersed state, e.g. splashing or atomization Acid and alkali mists, metal working \202 uids, paint spraying mist 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 45 12/31/2012 8:44:04 PM 0 2 _ S m e d l e y _ C h a 4 6 p 0 2 . i n d Table 2.3 Sampling and analysis methods for airborne pollutant types d C H A P T E R 4 Substance Substrate Sampling device Analysis Comments 6 Spectrophotometry TI sampler e.g. multi-ori \201 ce sampler (Fig. 2.1a) or IOM sampler (Fig. 2.1b) Mists Chromic acid mist (electroplating) GF Filter treated with sodium hydroxide 2 C h e m i c a l Mineral oil mist from metal working \202 uids GF \201 lter TI sampler Gravimetric (weigh \201 lter before and after oil extraction with cyclohexane) Water mix metal working \202 uids are analyzed by measuring a suitable marker (sodium, po tassium or boron) in both the air sample and the circulating \202 uid. h a z a r d s Fibers Asbestos, Man-made mineral \201 bres Membrane \201 lter Open face Cowl sampling head Fiber counting by phase contrast light microscopy For counting, a \201 bre is de \201 ned as >5 m in length, <3 m in width and with an aspect ratio >3:1 Particulates Dusts, e.g. wood, GF \201 lter TI sampler Gravimetric analysis Balance must be capable of weighing 0.01mg cement. Silica Membrane \201 lter Cyclone (respirable dust sampler) (Fig. 2.1c) IRS or XRD Choice of \201 lter for sampling depends on the analysis technique. Metals e.g. chromium, nickel, zinc, lead, cadmium, iron, copper Mixed cellulose ester membrane \201 lter TI or respirable sampler Filter dissolved in acids analysis by AAS or ICP-AES or XRFS Welding fume Mixed cellulose ester membrane \201 lter Open face sampler Gravimetric followed by AAS or ICP for metals Fumes Rubber fume GF \201 lter TI sampler Gravimetric analysis (cyclohexane extractable fraction of \201 lter) 1 2 / 3 1 / 2 0 1 2 8 : 4 4 : 0 4 P M 0 2 _ S m e d l e y _ C h a p 0 2 . i n d d Solder fume (resin acids) Mixed cellulose ester membrane \201 lter Solder fume sampler GC analysis of resin acids (derivatised) extracted from \201 lter. Fix sampling head to the sidearm of a pair of safety spectacles (Fig. 2.1d). 4 7 C H E M C A L Desorption of solvents followed by GC analysis The choice of sorbent depends on solvent type to be sampled Sampling for VOCs may also be c onducted using diffuse samplers Solid sorbent tubes Glass tube containing Organic compounds Volatile organic compounds e.g. solvents used in paints and glues. a solid sorbent, e.g. charcoal I H A Z A R D S Aldehydes, e.g. formaldehyde Chemical HPLC analysis of \201 lter extracted in acetonitrile Formaldehyde can also be sampled using a diffusion badge coated \201 lter : S A M P L N G Isocyanates Chemical coated TI sampler HPLC with UV and electrochemical detection The sampler used depends on the form of the isocyanate. For vapors use an impinger. For a m ixture of airborne particles and vapors use impinger and the impregnated \201 lter in ser ies GF \201 lter I A N D A N A L Y S I S M E T H O D S Pesticides GF \201 lter with sorbent tube to collect the more volatile pesticides TI sampler with sorbent tube Filter and sorbent tube desorbed in a solvent. Analysis by GC with mass spectrometry Dermal exposure samples collected using cotton gauge swabs (set at different positions on w orkers outer clothing) can also be analyzed by this method GF: glass \201 bre; TI: total inhalable; GC: gas chromatography; HPLC: high pressure liqu id chromatography; IRS: infra-red spectrometry; AAS: atomic absorption spectrometry; XRD: X -ray diffraction; ICP-AES: induced coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; XRFS: X-ray \202 uorescence spectrophotometry. 1 2 / 3 1 4 7 / 2 0 1 2 8 : 4 4 : 0 4 P M CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 48 (a) (b) \200\230O \200\231 Ring seal Cassette lower part \200\230O \200\231 Ring seal Filter 25mm 25mm filter Cassette upper part Filter support grid Connection to pump Connection to pump End cap with seven equispaced inlet holes 4mm dia. End cap (c) (d) Filter support grid Membrane filter Cassette two piece plastic filter head to pump Dusty air Grit pot 13 mm membrane filter fiber washer (a) Multi-ori \201 ce total inhalable sampler. (b) IOM inhalable sampler. (c) Cyclone resp irable sampler. (d) Sampler for rosin fume (resin acids). Fig. 2.1 Sampling devices for collecting airborne chemical pollutants (from MDHS14/3 and MD HS 83/2, HSE Books). Material reproduced with permission from the Controller of HMSO. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 48 12/31/2012 8:44:04 PM COAL DUST 49 Coal dust General substance information \200 Exposure to coal dust is regulated under the Coal Mines (Control of Inhalable Dust) Regulations (CIDR) 2007 There is no allowance for the effect of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) to be taken in to account in deciding whether an exposure control limit has been exceeded CIDR requires control of inhalable dust exposure and compliance with exposure control limits (ECL) for respirable dust ECL: respirable dust averaged over a reference period of a working week of 40 h: \200 respirable dust 3.0mg/m 3 \200 quartz 0.3m/m 3 Physical properties: carbonaceous mineral dust with other minerals, notably crystalline sil ica (quartz). Quartz may comprise (cid:3) 10% of the respirable mass. Composition and physi cal properties (e.g. hardness) are highly variable. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Currently no classi \201 cation. Uses/occurrence Exposure occurs during mining and processing of coal. Key health effects \200 Pneumoconiosis: the quartz content of freshly generated particles accelerates progression of the disease (see b p. 54, Crystalline silica (quartz); b p. 222, Silicosis) Emphysema and chronic bronchitis (see b p. 212, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Health surveillance is mandatory under CIDR for \200\230signi \201 cantly exposed \200 \231 workers and should include respiratory symptom questionnaires (including smoking history), spirometry and chest X-rays. Health records should be kept in a suitable form for 40yrs. Measurement \200 MDHS 14/3 Pumped dust sample (total inhalable or respirable sampling head) on to \201 lter, gravimetric analysis MDHS 101 Pumped respirable dust sample on to \201 lter, gravimetric analysis followed by assessment of quartz content by infrared radiation (IR) spectroscopy o r X-ray diffraction (XRD) Note: need to determine the respirable quartz content of all samples unless the total respirable dust in the sample is less than the time-weighted average (TWA) exposure control limit for quartz. HSE publications EH59 Respirable crystalline silica. ISBN 0717614328.t HSE L145 (2007). The coal mines (control of inhalable dust) regulations 2007 . HSE, Sudbury. Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l145.pdf Ionizing Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 . ISBN 0 11 099131 3. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 49 12/31/2012 8:44:04 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 50 Cotton dust General substance information \200 Cotton dust is de \201 ned by the HSE as \200\230the cellulose \201 bre that grows inside the seed pods (or bulbs) of the cotton plant \200\231. For purposes of exposure monitoring, HSE de \201 nes cotton dust as \200 \230the handling of raw and waste cotton including blends containing raw or waste cotton \200\231 The following are excluded: dust from weaving, knitting, braiding, and subsequent processes \200 dust from bleached o r dyed cotton \200 dust from \201 nished articles, e.g. garments Occupational exposure limit (as inhalable dust): workplace exposure limit (WEL), 8h TWA of 2.5mg/m 3 Physical properties: organic \201 brous matter. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Currently no classi \201 cation. Uses/occurrence Manufacture of cotton and cotton-based products. Key health effects Byssinosis ( \200\230cotton worker \200\231s lung \200\231), an asthma-l ike condition thought to be immunological in origin, although the causal agent is unknown ( see b p. 205, Byssinosis). Measurement MDHS 14/3 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, gravimetric. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 50 12/31/2012 8:44:04 PM FLOUR DUST 51 Flour dust General substance information \200 De \201 ned by HSE as \200\230 \201 nely ground particles of cereals or pulses (including contaminants) that result from any grinding process and from any subsequent hand ling and use of that \200\234 \202 our \200\235. Any additives are included only where th ey have been added to the \201 nal product mix \200\231 Occupational exposure limit (as inhalable dust): WEL, 8h TWA of 10mg/m 3 ; short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 30mg/m 3 Limit values are currently under review by HSE \200 Physical properties: organic dust may be contaminated with bacterial debris. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Currently no classi \201 cation. Uses/occurrence Exposure occurs widely across the food industry in bakeries and prepared fo ods. Key tasks include handling raw material (bagging, weighing, sieving, etc.) product mix ing, production, and cleaning and maintenance. Key health effects Acute effects \200 Eye irritation \200 Irritation of mucous membrane s \200 Asthma: \202 our and grain dust currently account for 8% of the incidence of occ upational asthma. Although not clearly understood, high short- term exposures are thought t o be of signi \201 cance (see b p. 198). Measurement MDHS 14/3 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, gravimetric analysis. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 51 12/31/2012 8:44:04 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 52 Grain dust General substance information \200 De \201 ned by HSE as \200\230dust arisin g from the harvesting, drying, handling, storage or processing of wheat, oats, maize and rye, including contaminants \200\231 Occupational exposure limit (as inhalable dust): WEL, 8h TWA of 10mg/m 3 Physical properties: organic dust may be contaminated with bacterial debris. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Currently no classi \201 cation. Uses/occurrence Exposure occurs in \202 our mills, animal feed manufacture/handling, and the transportation of bulk grain. Key health effects \200 Acute effects: eye irritation, irritation of mucous membranes \200 Asthma: \202 our and grain dust currently account for 8% of the incidence of occupa tional asthma (see b p. 198, Occupational asthma and rhinitis) Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (farmer \200\231s lung) may occur where fungal spores are pre sent (see b p. 206, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis). Measurement MDHS 14/3 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, gravimetric analysis. Further information AIS3 Controlling Grain Dust on Farms. M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ais 3.pdf EH66 Grain Dust. ISBN 0717615359. M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/eh66.pdf HSE ( 2007). The HSE Grain Dust Study workers \200\231 exposure to grain dust contaminants, immun ologi- cal and clinical response. Research Report RR540. HSE (2010). Current control standards for tasks with high exposure to grain dust. Research Report RR829. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 52 12/31/2012 8:44:04 PM WOOD DUST 53 Wood dust General substance information \200 Wood dust is designated as hardwood (from de ciduous trees) or softwood (from coniferous trees) Occupational exposure limit, hardwood and softwood dust (as inhalable dust): WEL, 8h TWA of 5mg/m 3 Limit values are currently under review \200 Physical properties: organic dust \200 May contain other matter present in wood products, e.g. binders, coatings. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Currently no classi \201 cation. Uses/occurrence Exposure may occur in any process involving the working of wood, chip- boar d, and \201 breboard, including forestry, sawmilling, joinery, construction, and furnitur e making. The type of activity determines the nature of expo- sure (work intensity, type of dust, magnitude of exposure, and particle size distribution). Key health effects \200 Dermatitis: may cause contact or allergic dermatitis \200 Asthm a: many reports of asthmatic and other respiratory symptoms \200 Other respiratory effect s from chronic exposure: alteration in nasal mucosa \200 reduced mucociliary clearance (furniture industry) \200 anosmia Cancer: carcinogenic risk appears to be con \201 ned to workers in the furniture industry with heavy use of hardwoods \200 excess adenocarcinoma of nose and sin us cavity \200 some evidence of excess lung cancer but confounding effects of (a) exposure to other occupational agents and cigarette smoke and (b) high historical expos ures. Measurement MDHS 14/3 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, gravimetric. Further information Free information Sheets including: WIS1, Wood dust hazards and precauti ons ; WIS6, COSHH and the woodworking industries ; WIS14, Selection of respiratory protecti ve equipment suitable for use with wood dust ; WIS24, LEV dust capture at sawing machines ; WIS25, LEV dust capture at \201 xed sanding machines ; WIS30, Toxic woods ; W IS29, Occu pational hygiene and health surveillance at industrial treatment plants. Available at: M ww w.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 53 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 54 Crystalline silica (quartz) General substance information Occupational exposure limit \200 Silica crystalline (respirable): WEL, 8h TWA of 0.1mg/m 3 . Limit to be kept under review by HSE Silica, amorphous, (inhalable): WEL, 8h TWA of 6.0mg/m 3 \200 Silica, amorphous (respirab le): WEL, 8h TWA of 2.4mg/m 3 . CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Currently no classi \201 cation. Uses/occurrence Most important sources of exposure are quarries, mines, ferrous foun- dries , construction, stone masonry, and the ceramics, heavy clay, and brick-making industries. Key health effects \200 Silicosis: usually slow onset over many years or \200\230acute s ilicosis \200\231 following high levels of exposure over 1 \200\2232yrs Lung cancer: IARC Group 1, carcinogenic to humans. Possible synergistic effect with smoking Other respiratory effects: some evidence that exposed workers may have an excess of tuberculosis, bronchitis, and emphysema. The role of smoking and the caus al mechanisms are unclear Other effects: an excess of autoimmune, immunological, and renal disease has been reported. Measurement MDHS 101 Pumped respirable dust sample on to \201 lter, analysis by IR spectr oscopy or XRD. Further information EH75 /4. Respirable crystalline silica: phase 1 hazard assessment , doc ument. ISBN 0717623747. EH75/5. Respirable crystalline silica: phase 2 carcinogenicity . IS BN 0717621910. COSHH essential in quarries . Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/gu idance/qyseries.htm 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 54 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM ASBESTOS 55 Asbestos General substance information \200 Asbestos is a group of \200\230naturally occ urring silicate minerals \200\231 comprising crocidolite, amosite, chrysotile, \201 brous actinolite, \201 brous anthophyllite, and \201 brous tremolite, or mixtures containing these Exposure is regulated by the Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations (CAR) 2006 (see b p. 5 40, Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006), and associated ACoPs. L143 and L127. CAR prohibi ts the importation, supply, and use of all form of asbestos Control limits: control limit 0.1f/cm 3 (equivalent to 0.1f/mL; all asbestos types). \200 STEL of 0.6f/mL over 10min \200 personal exposure (control) limits cover 10min and 4h periods. Exceeding a 12wk \200\230Action Level \200\231 triggers extra provisions under CAR including health surveillance clearance sampling inside the enclosure is required after asbestos removal. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Carcinogen (Carc) (1A), STOT/RE (1); H350, 372. Uses/occurrence \200 Formerly lagging for pipes and boilers; cement pipes, sheets, and ti les \200 Now mainly encountered in demolition and renovation operations. Key health effec ts (see b p. 214). Asbestosis, mesothelioma, lung cancer. Measurement Surveys should be carried following the HSE guidelines \200 HSG 264: covers s urvey planning, sampling, and assessment of asbestos containing materials, quality assurance, and survey reports HSG248: provides information on air and bulk asbestos sampling. Pumped dust sample using sp eci \201 ed cowled sampler onto \201 lter, \201 lter visu- alization by light microsco py and counting \201 bres of length >5 m, width <3 m, and a length/width ratio of at le ast 3:1. Further information HSE (2010). Managing asbestos in premises: The survey guide , HSG 264. Available at: M http://www. hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsg264.pdf CAR (2006). Work with materials containing asbestos , ACoP and guidance L143 ISBN 978 0 717 6 6206 7. (2009). A short guide to managing asbestos in premises, INDG223REV4. Available at : M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg223.pdf CAR (2006). The management of asbestos in non-domestic premises , Reg. 4, ACOP and guidance L127, 2nd edn. ISBN 978 0 7176 6209 8. (2005). Asbestos \200\223The analyst \200\231s gui de for sampling, analy- sis and clearance procedures . Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.u k/pubns/priced/hsg248.pdf 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 55 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 56 Machine-made mineral \201 bre General substance information \200 Machine-made mineral \201 bre (MMMF): machine-made vitreous (silicate) \201 bres, e.g. mineral wools (rock an d glass wool) with alkaline oxide and alkali earth oxide content greater than 18% by weight . Refractory ceramic \201 bres and special purpose \201 bres have a separate WEL and cl assi \201 cation Occupational exposure limit: WEL, 8h TWA of 5mg/m 3 and 2 \201 bres/mL. except refractory ceramic \201 bres and special purpose \201 bres; WEL, 8h TWA of 5mg/m 3 and 1 \201 b res/mL) Physical properties: individual \201 bres have a diameter of (cid:4) 10 m, with median diameter of 7 3 \200\2234 m. Majority of airborne MMMF clouds have a median diame ter of <1 m CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 MMMF: Carc (2), skin irrit (2); H351, 315 \200 Refractory ceramic \201 bres: Carc (1B), Skin irrit (2); H350i, 315. Uses/occurrence \200 MMMF materials have excellent thermal and acoustic insulation, as well as \201 reproo \201 ng, properties, and are widely used in commercial and residenti al property and in industry MMMF materials are highly workable, and exposure may occur during \201 tting or removal. Depending on the application, and whether materials are bon ded or unbonded, preformed or applied in situ , exposure may be predominantly in the form o f relatively coarse matted fragments or as respirable \201 bres; hence the dual WEL. Key health effects \200 Irritant: highly irritant to the eyes and skin \200 Cancer: evi dence for excess lung cancer is equivocal; may be partly dependent on particle size distribution. Measurement Gravimetric \200 MDHS 14/3 Pumped inhalable or respirable dust sample on to \201 lter, gravimetric Airborne \201 bre concentration \200 MDHS 59 Pumped, non size-selective dust sample on to \201 lter, \201 lter visualization, \201 bre counting by phase- contrast light microscopy. Fiber de \201 ned as particles length >5 m, width <3 m, aspect ratio >3:1. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 56 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS 57 Diesel engine exhaust emissions General substance information \200 Diesel engine exhaust emissions (DEEE) are a complex mixture of gasses, vapors and submicron particulate matter e mitted from diesel engines Occupational exposure limit: none \200 The German MAK value of 100 g/m 3 for elemental c arbon may be useful as a guidance value Physical properties: gasses include a wide range of compounds, including acrolein, formalde hyde, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide (the latter much reduced by use of low sulfur fuel). Particulate matter is comprised of a carbonaceous core (elemental carbon) with adsor bed semi-volatile organics, including polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hydrocarbo n species (organic carbon). CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Currently no classi \201 cation for DEEE under CLP Regulations. However, IARC classify die sel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on suf \201 cient evidence t hat exposure is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Diesel fuel (liquid: CAS no.68334-30-5): Carc (2), Asp tox (1), Sk irrit (2), Acute tox 94). STOT RE(2); H351, 304, 325, 332, 373. Uses/occurrence Exposure arises from work with road vehicles (garages, test centers, bridge or motorway toll booths) and off-road vehicles (mines, manufacturing and distribution indu stry, construction). Key health effects \200 Lung cancer: plausible mechanistic basis for diesel fumes as a ca rcinogen, but epidemiological evidence is weak, confounded by poor exposure assessment and co-exposure to cigarette smoke and asbestos Other respiratory effects: some evidence of a cross-shift decrement in lung function Irritation of mucous membranes, particularly the throat. Measurement \200 It is dif \201 cult to determine which component should be measured to represent exposure to DEEE. One method favored is to collect airborne diesel soot using a respirable cyclone sampler on to a quartz \201 lter. The \201 lter is then analyzed f or elemental carbon (EC), which is a good surrogate measure for DEEE Levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) above 1000ppm 8-h TWA in the workplace, may indicate poorly maintained or faulty control systems Respirable dust levels can be measured to assess the particulate exposure. However, the levels measured will include particulates from all sources and not j ust the DEEEs. NIOSH 5040 pumped submicron sample on to \201 lter in single-stage impacto r, elemental carbon analysis. Further information HSE (2008). Control of diesel engine exhaust emissions in the workplace ,, HSG187, 2nd edn. HSE, Sudbury. Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsg187.pdf 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 57 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 58 Rubber process dust/fume General substance information \200 HSE have assigned functional de \201 nitions to rubber dust and fumes: \200 rubber dust \200\224 \200\230dust arising in the stages of rubber manufacture where ingredients are handled, weighed, added to or mixed with uncured material or syntheti c elastomers \200\231