Pearson KS, Gomez MN, Moyers JR, et al. A cost/benefit analysis of randomized invasive monitoring for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 1989;69:336 41. Hillis et al 2011 ACCF/AHA CABG Guideline e717 701. Resano FG, Kapetanakis EI, Hill PC, et al. Clinical outcomes of low-risk patients undergoing beating-heart surgery with or without pulmonary artery catheterization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006; 20:300 6. 702. Schwann TA, Zacharias A, Riordan CJ, et al. Safe, highly selective use of pulmonary artery catheters in coronary artery bypass grafting: an objective patient selection method. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73: 1394 401. 703. Stewart RD, Psyhojos T, Lahey SJ, et al. Central venous catheter use in low-risk coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998; 66:1306 11. 704. Tuman KJ, McCarthy RJ, Spiess BD, et al. Effect of pulmonary artery catheterization on outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:199 206. 705. Avidan MS, Zhang L, Burnside BA, et al. Anesthesia awareness and the bispectral index. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1097 108. 706. Hemmerling TM, Olivier JF, Basile F, et al. Bispectral index as an indicator of cerebral hypoperfusion during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:354 6. 707. Myles PS, Leslie K, McNeil J, et al. Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: the B-Aware randomised con- trolled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1757 63. 708. Brady K, Joshi B, Zweifel C, et al. Real-time continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow autoregulation using near-infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Stroke. 2010;41:1951 6. 709. Murkin JM, Adams SJ, Novick RJ, et al. Monitoring brain oxygen saturation during coronary bypass surgery: a randomized, prospective study. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:51 8. 710. Slater JP, Guarino T, Stack J, et al. Cerebral oxygen desaturation predicts cognitive decline and longer hospital stay after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:36 44. 711. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring. Committee of Origin: Standards and Practice Parameters. http://www.asahq.org/For-Members/Clinical-Information/ /media/For Basic%20Anesthetic%20Monitoring%202011.ashx. Last amended Octo- ber 20, 2010. Accessed July 1, 2011. 712. Chatterjee K. The Swan-Ganz catheters: past, present, and future. A viewpoint. Circulation. 2009;119:147 52. 713. London MJ, Moritz TE, Henderson WG, et al. Standard versus fiberoptic pulmonary artery catheterization for cardiac surgery in the Department of Veterans Affairs: a prospective, observational, multi- center analysis. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:860 70. 714. Vincent JL, Pinsky MR, Sprung CL, et al. The pulmonary artery catheter: in medio virtus. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:3093 6. 715. Bernard GR, Sopko G, Cerra F, et al. Pulmonary artery catheterization and clinical outcomes: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Food and Drug Administration Workshop Report. Consensus Statement. JAMA. 2000;283:2568 72. 716. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 2009;120:e169 276. 717. Isley MR, Edmonds HL Jr, Stecker M. Guidelines for intraoperative neuromonitoring using raw (analog or digital waveforms) and quanti- tative electroencephalography: a position statement by the American Society of Neurophysiological Monitoring. J Clin Monit Comput. 2009;23:369 90. 718. Edmonds HL Jr, Isley MR, Sloan TB, et al. American Society of Neurophysiologic Monitoring and American Society of Neuroim-aging Joint Guidelines for Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonic Monitoring. J Neuroimaging. 2011;21:177 83. 719. Practice Advisory for Intraoperative Awareness and Brain Function Monitoring: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Intraoperative Awareness. Anesthesiology. 2006; 104:864. 720. Edmonds HL Jr. 2010 standard of care for central nervous system monitoring during cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010; 24:541 3. 721. Kertai MD, Pal N, Palanca BJ, et al. Association of perioperative risk factors and cumulative duration of low bispectral index with intermediate-term mortality after cardiac surgery in the B-Unaware Trial. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:1116 27. 722. Monk TG, Saini V, Weldon BC, et al. Anesthetic management and one-year mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005; 100:4 10. 723. Murkin J, Arango M. Near-infrared spectroscopy as an index of brain and tissue oxygenation. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103:i3 13. 724. Heringlake M, Garbers C, Kabler J, et al. Preoperative Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Clinical Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery. Anes- thesiology. 2010;114:12 3. 725. Clark RE. The development of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons voluntary national database system: genesis, issues, growth, and status. Best Pract Benchmarking Healthc. 1996;1:62 9. 726. Deleted in proof. 727. Kouchoukos NT, Ebert PA, Grover FL, et al. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;45:348 9. 728. Geraci JM, Johnson ML, Gordon HS, et al. Mortality after cardiac bypass surgery: prediction from administrative versus clinical data. Med Care. 2005;43:149 58. 729. Hannan EL, Kilburn H Jr, Lindsey ML, et al. Clinical versus admin- istrative data bases for CABG surgery. Does it matter? Med Care. 1992;30:892 907. 730. Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Jollis JG, et al. Using Medicare claims data to assess provider quality for CABG surgery: does it work well enough? Health Serv Res. 1997;31:659 78. 731. Hartz AJ, Kuhn EM. Comparing hospitals that perform coronary artery bypass surgery: the effect of outcome measures and data sources. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:1609 14. 732. Jones RH, Hannan EL, Hammermeister KE, et al., the Working Group Panel on the Cooperative CABG Database Project. identification of preoperative variables needed for risk adjustment of short-term mor- tality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:1478 87. 733. Mack MJ, Herbert M, Prince S, et al. Does reporting of coronary artery bypass grafting from administrative databases accurately reflect actual clinical outcomes? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:1309 17. 734. Shahian DM, Silverstein T, Lovett AF, et al. Comparison of clinical and administrative data sources for hospital coronary artery bypass graft surgery report cards. Circulation. 2007;115:1518 27. 735. Tu JV, Sykora K, Naylor CD, Steering Committee of the Cardiac Care Network of Ontario. Assessing the outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery: how many risk factors are enough? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1317 23. 736. Grover FL, Johnson RR, Marshall G, et al. Factors predictive of operative mortality among coronary artery bypass subsets. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:1296 306. 737. Grover FL, Johnson RR, Shroyer AL, et al. The Veterans Affairs Continuous Improvement in Cardiac Surgery Study. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58:1845 51. 738. Grover FL, Shroyer AL, Hammermeister KE. Calculating risk and outcome: the Veterans Affairs database. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62 5 Suppl:S6 11. 739. O Connor GT, Plume SK, Olmstead EM, et al., the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. A regional prospective study of in-hospital mortality associated with coronary artery bypass grafting. JAMA. 1991;266:803 9. 740. O Connor GT, Plume SK, Olmstead EM, et al. Multivariate prediction of in-hospital mortality associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Circulation. 1992;85:2110 8. 741. Hannan EL, Kilburn H Jr, O Donnell JF, et al. Adult open heart surgery in New York State. An analysis of risk factors and hospital mortality rates. JAMA. 1990;264:2768 74. 742. Hannan EL, Kumar D, Racz M, et al. New York State s Cardiac Surgery Reporting System: four years later. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994; 58:1852 7. 743. Shahian DM, Normand SL, Torchiana DF, et al. Cardiac surgery report cards: comprehensive review and statistical critique. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:2155 68. 744. Shahian DM, Torchiana DF, Normand SL. Implementation of a cardiac surgery report card: lessons from the Massachusetts experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1146 50. 745. Hammermeister KE, Daley J, Grover FL. Using outcomes data to improve clinical practice: what we have learned. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58:1809 11. 746. Hammermeister KE, Johnson R, Marshall G, et al. Continuous assessment and improvement in quality of care. A model from the Department of Veterans Affairs Cardiac Surgery. Ann Surg. 1994;219: 281 90. 747. Ferguson TB Jr, Dziuban SW Jr, Edwards FH, et al. The STS National Database: current changes and challenges for the new millennium. Committee to Establish a National Database in Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:680 91. 748. Ferguson TB Jr, Peterson ED, Coombs LP, et al. Use of continuous quality improvement to increase use of process measures in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized con- trolled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:49 56. 749. O Connor GT, Plume SK, Olmstead EM, et al., the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. A regional intervention to improve the hospital mortality associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA. 1996;275:841 6. 750. Hannan EL, Kilburn H Jr, Racz M, et al. Improving the outcomes of coronary artery bypass surgery in New York State. JAMA. 1994;271: 761 6. 751. Hannan EL, Siu AL, Kumar D, et al. The decline in coronary artery bypass graft surgery mortality in New York State. The role of surgeon volume. JAMA. 1995;273:209 13. 752. Peterson ED, DeLong ER, Jollis JG, et al. The effects of New York s bypass surgery provider profiling on access to care and patient outcomes in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:993 9. 753. Ghali WA, Ash AS, Hall RE, et al. Statewide quality improvement initiatives and mortality after cardiac surgery. JAMA. 1997;277: 379 82. 754. Guru V, Fremes SE, Naylor CD, et al. Public versus private institu- tional performance reporting: what is mandatory for quality improvement? Am Heart J. 2006;152:573 8. 755. Hannan EL, Sarrazin MS, Doran DR, et al. Provider profiling and quality improvement efforts in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: the effect on short-term mortality among Medicare beneficiaries. Med Care. 2003;41:1164 72. 756. Chassin MR. Achieving and sustaining improved quality: lessons from New York State and cardiac surgery. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002;21: 40 51. 757. Erickson LC, Torchiana DF, Schneider EC, et al. The relationship between managed care insurance and use of lower-mortality hospitals for CABG surgery. JAMA. 2000;283:1976 82. 758. Hannan EL, Stone CC, Biddle TL, et al. Public release of cardiac surgery outcomes data in New York: what do New York state cardi- ologists think of it [corrected and republished in: Am Heart J. 1997; 134:1120 8]? Am Heart J. 1997;134:55 61. 759. Jha AK, Epstein AM. The predictive accuracy of the New York State coronary artery bypass surgery report-card system. Health Aff (Millwood). 2006;25:844 55. 760. Mukamel DB, Mushlin AI. Quality of care information makes a dif- ference: an analysis of market share and price changes after publication of the New York State Cardiac Surgery Mortality Reports. Med Care. 1998;36:945 54. 761. Mukamel DB, Mushlin AI. The impact of quality report cards on choice of physicians, hospitals, and HMOs: a midcourse evaluation. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2001;27:20 7. 762. Mukamel DB, Weimer DL, Mushlin AI. Interpreting market share changes as evidence for effectiveness of quality report cards. Med Care. 2007;45:1227 32. 763. Schauffler HH, Mordavsky JK. Consumer reports in health care: do they make a difference? Annu Rev Public Health. 2001;22:69 89. 764. Shahian DM, Yip W, Westcott G, et al. Selection of a cardiac surgery provider in the managed care era. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000; 120:978 87. 765. Werner RM, Asch DA. The unintended consequences of publicly reporting quality information. JAMA. 2005;293:1239 44. 766. Romano PS, Zhou H. Do well-publicized risk-adjusted outcomes reports affect hospital volume? Med Care. 2004;42:367 77. 767. Hibbard JH, Sofaer S, Jewett JJ. Condition-specific performance infor- mation: assessing salience, comprehension, and approaches for com- municating quality. Health Care Financ Rev. 1996;18:95 109. 768. Hibbard JH, Jewett JJ. Will quality report cards help consumers? Health Aff (Millwood). 1997;16:218 28. 769. Hibbard JH, Slovic P, Jewett JJ. Informing consumer decisions in health care: implications from decision-making research. Milbank Q. 1997;75:395 414. 770. Hibbard JH, Peters E, Slovic P, et al. Making health care quality reports easier to use. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2001;27:591 604. 771. Hibbard JH, Peters E. Supporting informed consumer health care decisions: data presentation approaches that facilitate the use of infor- mation in choice. Annu Rev Public Health. 2003;24:413 33. 772. Green J, Wintfeld N. Report cards on cardiac surgeons. Assessing New York State s approach. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1229 32. 773. Dranove D, Kessler D, McClellan M, et al. Is more information better? The effects of report cards on health care providers. J Polit Econ. 2003;111:555 88. 774. Jones RH. In search of the optimal surgical mortality. Circulation. 1989;79:I132 6. 775. Omoigui NA, Miller DP, Brown KJ, et al. Outmigration for coronary bypass surgery in an era of public dissemination of clinical outcomes. Circulation. 1996;93:27 33. 776. Schneider EC, Epstein AM. influence of cardiac-surgery performance reports on referral practices and access to care. A survey of cardiovas- cular specialists. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:251 6. 777. Iezzoni LI. Risk Adjustment for Measuring Health Care Outcomes. Chicago, Ill: Health Administration Press; 2003. 778. Kassirer JP. The use and abuse of practice profiles. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:634 6. 779. Krumholz HM, Brindis RG, Brush JE, et al. Standards for statistical models used for public reporting of health outcomes: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Writing Group. Circulation. 2006;113:456 62. 780. Selker HP. Systems for comparing actual and predicted mortality rates: characteristics to promote cooperation in improving hospital care. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:820 2. 781. Austin PC, Alter DA, Tu JV. The use of fixed- and random-effects models for classifying hospitals as mortality outliers: a Monte Carlo assessment. Med Decis Making. 2003;23:526 39. 782. Christiansen CL, Morris CN. Improving the statistical approach to health care provider profiling. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:764 8. 783. Goldstein H, Spiegelhalter D. League tables and their limitations: statistical issues in comparisons of institutional performance. J R Statist Soc A. 1996;159:385 443. 784. Localio AR, Hamory BH, Fisher AC, et al. The public release of hospital and physician mortality data in Pennsylvania. A case study. Med Care. 1997;35:272 86. 785. Normand S-L, Glickman M, Gatsonis C. Statistical methods for pro- filing providers of medical care: issues and applications. J Am Stat Assoc. 1997;92:803 814. 786. Normand S-L, Shahian D. Statistical and clinical aspects of hospital outcomes profiling. Statistical Science. 2007;22:206 226. 787. Shahian DM, Blackstone EH, Edwards FH, et al. Cardiac surgery risk models: a position article. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1868 77. 788. Shahian DM, Normand SL. Comparison of risk-adjusted hospital outcomes. Circulation. 2008;117:1955 63. 789. Institute of Medicine. Performance Measure: Accelerating Improvement. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2006. 790. O Brien SM, Shahian DM, DeLong ER, et al. Quality measurement in adult cardiac surgery: part 2 Statistical considerations in composite measure scoring and provider rating. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83 4 Suppl:S13 26. 791. Clark RE, the Ad Hoc Committee on Cardiac Surgery Credentialing of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Outcome as a function of annual coronary artery bypass graft volume. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:21 6. 792. Grumbach K, Anderson GM, Luft HS, et al. Regionalization of cardiac surgery in the United States and Canada. Geographic access, choice, and outcomes. JAMA. 1995;274:1282 8. 793. Hannan EL, Kilburn H Jr, Bernard H, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery: the relationship between inhospital mortality rate and surgical volume after controlling for clinical risk factors. Med Care. 1991;29: 1094 107. 794. Hannan EL, Wu C, Ryan TJ, et al. Do hospitals and surgeons with higher coronary artery bypass graft surgery volumes still have lower risk-adjusted mortality rates? Circulation. 2003;108:795 801. 795. Kalant N, Shrier I. Volume and outcome of coronary artery bypass graft surgery: are more and less the same? Can J Cardiol. 2004; 20:81 6. 796. Nallamothu BK, Saint S, Ramsey SD, et al. The role of hospital volume in coronary artery bypass grafting: is more always better? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1923 30. Hillis et al 2011 ACCF/AHA CABG Guideline e719 797. Peterson ED, Coombs LP, DeLong ER, et al. Procedural volume as a marker of quality for CABG surgery. JAMA. 2004;291:195 201. 798. Rathore SS, Epstein AJ, Volpp KG, et al. Hospital coronary artery bypass graft surgery volume and patient mortality, 1998 2000. Ann Surg. 2004;239:110 7. 799. Deleted in proof. 800. Showstack JA, Rosenfeld KE, Garnick DW, et al. Association of volume with outcome of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Scheduled vs nonscheduled operations. JAMA. 1987;257:785 9. 801. Shroyer AL, Marshall G, Warner BA, et al. No continuous relationship between Veterans Affairs hospital coronary artery bypass grafting surgical volume and operative mortality. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61: 17 20. 802. Sowden AJ, Deeks JJ, Sheldon TA. Volume and outcome in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: true association or artefact? BMJ. 1995; 311:151 5. 803. Welke KF, Barnett MJ, Sarrazin MS, et al. Limitations of hospital volume as a measure of quality of care for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:2114 9. 804. Wu C, Hannan EL, Ryan TJ, et al. Is the impact of hospital and surgeon volumes on the in-hospital mortality rate for coronary artery bypass graft surgery limited to patients at high risk? Circulation. 2004;110: 784 9. 805. Flood AB, Scott WR, Ewy W. Does practice make perfect? Part I: The relation between hospital volume and outcomes for selected diagnostic categories. Med Care. 1984;22:98 114. 806. Hannan EL, Kilburn H Jr, O Donnell JF, et al. A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between in-hospital mortality in New York State and the volume of abdominal aortic aneurysm surgeries performed. Health Serv Res. 1992;27:517 42. 807. Luft HS, Bunker JP, Enthoven AC. Should operations be regionalized? The empirical relation between surgical volume and mortality. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:1364 9. 808. Halm EA, Lee C, Chassin MR. Is volume related to outcome in health care? A systematic review and methodologic critique of the literature. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:511 20. 809. Hughes CM. influence of hospital volume on mortality following major cancer surgery. JAMA. 1999;281:1375. 810. Hughes RG, Hunt SS, Luft HS. Effects of surgeon volume and hospital volume on quality of care in hospitals. Med Care. 1987;25:489 503. 811. Dudley RA, Johansen KL, Brand R, et al. Selective referral to high- volume hospitals: estimating potentially avoidable deaths. JAMA. 2000;283:1159 66. 812. Birkmeyer JD, Sun Y, Goldfaden A, et al. Volume and process of care in high-risk cancer surgery. Cancer. 2006;106:2476 81. 813. Birkmeyer JD, Finlayson SR, Tosteson AN, et al. Effect of hospital volume on in-hospital mortality with pancreaticoduodenectomy. Surgery. 1999;125:250 6. 814. Birkmeyer JD, Warshaw AL, Finlayson SR, et al. Relationship between hospital volume and late survival after pancreaticoduode- nectomy. Surgery. 1999;126:178 83. 815. Birkmeyer JD. High-risk surgery follow the crowd. JAMA. 2000; 283:1191 3. 816. Birkmeyer JD, Lucas FL, Wennberg DE. Potential benefits of region- alizing major surgery in Medicare patients. Eff Clin Pract. 1999;2: 277 83. 817. Birkmeyer JD. Should we regionalize major surgery? Potential benefits and policy considerations. J Am Coll Surg. 2000;190:341 9. 818. Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EV, et al. Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2002;346: 1128 37. 819. Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, et al. Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2003;349: 2117 27. 820. Chang AC, Birkmeyer JD. The volume-performance relationship in esophagectomy. Thorac Surg Clin. 2006;16:87 94. 821. Hollenbeck BK, Wei Y, Birkmeyer JD. Volume, process of care, and operative mortality for cystectomy for bladder cancer. Urology. 2007; 69:871 5. 822. Hannan EL. The relation between volume and outcome in health care. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1677 9. 823. Hannan EL, Radzyner M, Rubin D, et al. The influence of hospital and surgeon volume on in-hospital mortality for colectomy, gastrectomy, and lung lobectomy in patients with cancer. Surgery. 2002;131:6 15. 824. Hannan EL, Wu C, Walford G, et al. Volume-outcome relationships for percutaneous coronary interventions in the stent era. Circulation. 2005; 112:1171 9. 825. Hannan EL, Racz M, Ryan TJ, et al. Coronary angioplasty volume- outcome relationships for hospitals and cardiologists. JAMA. 1997; 277:892 8. 826. Hannan EL, Popp AJ, Tranmer B, et al. Relationship between provider volume and mortality for carotid endarterectomies in New York state. Stroke. 1998;29:2292 7. 827. Shahian DM, Normand SL. The volume-outcome relationship: from Luft to Leapfrog. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:1048 58. 828. Birkmeyer JD, Finlayson EV, Birkmeyer CM. Volume standards for high-risk surgical procedures: potential benefits of the Leapfrog ini- tiative. Surgery. 2001;130:415 22. 829. Halm E, Lee C, Chassin M. How is volume related to quality in health care? A systematic review of the research literature. In: Hewitt M, editor. Interpreting the volume-outcome relationship in the context of health care quality: workshop summary. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000. 830. Luft H, Garnick D, Mark D. Hospital volume, physician volume, and patient outcomes: assessing the evidence. Ann Harbor, MI: Health Administration Press; 1990. 831. Hewitt M. Interpreting the volume-outcome relationship in the context of health care quality: workshop summary. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000. 832. Urbach DR, Austin PC. Conventional models overestimate the sta- tistical significance of volume-outcome associations, compared with multilevel models. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58:391 400. 833. Shahian DM. Improving cardiac surgery quality volume, outcome, process? JAMA. 2004;291:246 8. 834. Shahian DM, Normand SL. Low-volume coronary artery bypass sur- gery: measuring and optimizing performance. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:1202 9. 835. Spiegelhalter DJ. Funnel plots for comparing institutional performance. Stat Med. 2005;24:1185 202. 836. de Leval MR, Francois K, Bull C, et al. Analysis of a cluster of surgical failures. Application to a series of neonatal arterial switch operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107:914 23. 837. Grigg OA, Farewell VT, Spiegelhalter DJ. Use of risk-adjusted CUSUM and RSPRT charts for monitoring in medical contexts. Stat Methods Med Res. 2003;12:147 70. 838. Spiegelhalter D, Grigg O, Kinsman R, et al. Risk-adjusted sequential probability ratio tests: applications to Bristol, Shipman and adult cardiac surgery. Int J Qual Health Care. 2003;15:7 13. 839. Luft HS. Better for whom? Policy implications of acting on the relation between volume and outcome in coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1931 3. 840. Selim M. Perioperative stroke. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:706 13. 841. McKhann GM, Goldsborough MA, Borowicz LM Jr, et al. Predictors of stroke risk in coronary artery bypass patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:516 21. 842. Filsoufi F, Rahmanian PB, Castillo JG, et al. Incidence, topography, predictors and long-term survival after stroke in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:862 70. 843. Tarakji KG, Sabik JF III, Bhudia SK, et al. Temporal onset, risk factors, and outcomes associated with stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting. JAMA. 2011;305:381 90. 844. Gottesman RF, Sherman PM, Grega MA, et al. Watershed strokes after cardiac surgery: diagnosis, etiology, and outcome. Stroke. 2006;37: 2306 11. 845. Caplan LR, Hennerici M. Impaired clearance of emboli (washout) is an important link between hypoperfusion, embolism, and ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:1475 82. 846. Roach GW, Kanchuger M, Mangano CM, et al., Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation Investigators. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1857 63. 846a.Legare JF, Buth KJ, King S, et al. Coronary bypass surgery performed off pump does not result in lower in-hospital morbidity than coronary artery bypass grafting performed on pump. Circulation. 2004;109: 887 92. 846b.Muneretto C, Bisleri G, Negri A, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery technique for total arterial myocardial revasculariza- tion: a prospective randomized study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76: 778 82. 847. Nakamura M, Okamoto F, Nakanishi K, et al. Does intensive man- agement of cerebral hemodynamics and atheromatous aorta reduce stroke after coronary artery surgery? Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:513 9. 848. Rosenberger P, Shernan SK, Loffler M, et al. The influence of epiaortic ultrasonography on intraoperative surgical management in 6051 cardiac surgical patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:548 53. 849. Yamaguchi A, Adachi H, Tanaka M, et al. efficacy of intraoperative epiaortic ultrasound scanning for preventing stroke after coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;15:98 104. 850. van der Linden J, Hadjinikolaou L, Bergman P, et al. Postoperative stroke in cardiac surgery is related to the location and extent of atherosclerotic disease in the ascending aorta. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:131 5. 851. Suvarna S, Smith A, Stygall J, et al. An intraoperative assessment of the ascending aorta: a comparison of digital palpation, transesophageal echocardiography, and epiaortic ultrasonography. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21:805 9. 852. Sylivris S, Calafiore P, Matalanis G, et al. The intraoperative assessment of ascending aortic atheroma: epiaortic imaging is superior to both transesophageal echocardiography and direct palpation. J Car- diothorac Vasc Anesth. 1997;11:704 7. 853. Goto T, Baba T, Matsuyama K, et al. Aortic atherosclerosis and postoperative neurological dysfunction in elderly coronary surgical patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:1912 8. 854. Hangler HB, Nagele G, Danzmayr M, et al. modification of surgical technique for ascending aortic atherosclerosis: impact on stroke reduction in coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126:391 400. 855. Schachner T, Nagele G, Kacani A, et al. Factors associated with presence of ascending aortic atherosclerosis in CABG patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:2028 32. 856. Gold JP, Torres KE, Maldarelli W, et al. Improving outcomes in coronary surgery: the impact of echo-directed aortic cannulation and perioperative hemodynamic management in 500 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1579 85. 857. Zingone B, Rauber E, Gatti G, et al. The impact of epiaortic ultrasono- graphic scanning on the risk of perioperative stroke. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;29:720 8. 858. Durand DJ, Perler BA, Roseborough GS, et al. Mandatory versus selective preoperative carotid screening: a retrospective analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:159 66. 859. Sheiman RG, Janne d Othee B. Screening carotid sonography before elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery: who needs it [published correction appears in Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:512]. Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:W475 79. 860. Naylor AR, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM, et al. Carotid artery disease and stroke during coronary artery bypass: a critical review of the literature. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002;23:283 94. 861. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995;273:1421 8. 862. Evans BA, Wijdicks EF. High-grade carotid stenosis detected before general surgery: is endarterectomy indicated? Neurology. 2001;57: 1328 30. 863. Mortaz H, Mostafazadeh D, Sahraian M. Carotid endarterectomy for carotid stenosis in patients selected for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;CD006074. 864. Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revas- cularization: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2501 55. 865. Cywinski JB, Koch CG, Krajewski LP, et al. Increased risk associated with combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a propensity-matched comparison with isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006;20: 796 802. 866. Bucerius J, Gummert JF, Borger MA, et al. Predictors of delirium after cardiac surgery delirium: effect of beating-heart (off-pump) surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127:57 64. 867. Gottesman RF, Grega MA, Bailey MM, et al. Delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and late mortality. Ann Neurol. 2010;67: 338 44. 868. Rudolph JL, Jones RN, Rasmussen LS, et al. Independent vascular and cognitive risk factors for postoperative delirium. Am J Med. 2007;120: 807 13. 869. Veliz-Reissmuller G, Aguero TH, van der Linden J, et al. Preoperative mild cognitive dysfunction predicts risk for post-operative delirium after elective cardiac surgery. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007;19:172 7. 870. Rudolph JL, Babikian VL, Treanor P, et al. Microemboli are not associated with delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Perfusion. 2009;24:409 15. 871. Hudetz JA, Iqbal Z, Gandhi SD, et al. Postoperative delirium and short-term cognitive dysfunction occur more frequently in patients undergoing valve surgery with or without coronary artery bypass graft surgery compared with coronary artery bypass graft surgery alone: results of a pilot study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011;25:811 6. 872. Rudolph JL, Inouye SK, Jones RN, et al. Delirium: an independent predictor of functional decline after cardiac surgery. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:643 9. 873. Andrew MJ, Baker RA, Bennetts J, et al. A comparison of neuropsy- chologic deficits after extracardiac and intracaradiac surgery. J Cardio- thorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15:9 14. 874. Fearn SJ, Pole R, Wesnes K, et al. Cerebral injury during cardiopul- monary bypass: emboli impair memory. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121:1150 60. 875. Raymond PD, Hinton-Bayre AD, Radel M, et al. Assessment of sta- tistical change criteria used to define significant change in neuropsy- chological test performance following cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardio- thorac Surg. 2006;29:82 8. 876. Selnes OA, Goldsborough MA, Borowicz LM Jr, et al. Determinants of cognitive change after coronary artery bypass surgery: a multifactorial problem. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:1669 76. 877. Selnes OA, Pham L, Zeger S, et al. Defining cognitive change after CABG: decline versus normal variability. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82: 388 90. 878. Johnson T, Monk T, Rasmussen LS, et al. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in middle-aged patients. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1351 7. 879. Monk TG, Weldon BC, Garvan CW, et al. Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2008;108: 18 30. 880. Rasmussen LS, Moller JT. Central nervous system dysfunction after anesthesia in the geriatric patient. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2000;18:59 70. 881. Ho PM, Arciniegas DB, Grigsby J, et al. Predictors of cognitive decline following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77:597 603. 882. Goto T, Baba T, Honma K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and postoperative neurologic dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 72:137 42. 883. Takagi H, Tanabashi T, Kawai N, et al. A meta-analysis of minimally invasive coronary artery bypass versus percutaneous coronary inter- vention with stenting for isolated left anterior descending artery disease is indispensable. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134:548 9. 884. Marasco SF, Sharwood LN, Abramson MJ. No improvement in neu- rocognitive outcomes after off-pump versus on-pump coronary revas- cularisation: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;33: 961 70. 885. Rosengart TK, Sweet JJ, Finnin E, et al. Stable cognition after coronary artery bypass grafting: comparisons with percutaneous intervention and normal controls. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:597 607. 886. Sweet JJ, Finnin E, Wolfe PL, et al. Absence of cognitive decline one year after coronary bypass surgery: comparison to nonsurgical and healthy controls. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:1571 8. 887. Selnes OA, Grega MA, Borowicz LM Jr, et al. Cognitive changes with coronary artery disease: a prospective study of coronary artery bypass graft patients and nonsurgical controls. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75: 1377 84. 888. Newman MF, Kirchner JL, Phillips-Bute B, et al. Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:395 402. 889. Stygall J, Newman SP, Fitzgerald G, et al. Cognitive change 5 years after coronary artery bypass surgery. Health Psychol. 2003;22:579 86. 890. Selnes OA, Grega MA, Bailey MM, et al. Cognition 6 years after surgical or medical therapy for coronary artery disease. Ann Neurol. 2008;63:581 90. 891. van DD, Spoor M, Hijman R, et al. Cognitive and cardiac outcomes 5 years after off-pump vs on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA. 2007;297:701 8. Hillis et al 2011 ACCF/AHA CABG Guideline e721 892. Kreter B, Woods M. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiothoracic oper- ations. Meta-analysis of thirty years of clinical trials. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 1992;104:590 9. 893. Goodman JS, Schaffner W, Collins HA, et al. Infection after cardio- vascular surgery. Clinical study including examination of antimicrobial prophylaxis. N Engl J Med. 1968;278:117 23. 894. Fong IW, Baker CB, McKee DC. The value of prophylactic antibiotics in aorat-coronary bypass operations: a double-blind randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1979;78:908 13. 895. Fekety FR Jr, Cluff LE, Sabiston DC Jr, et al. A study of antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1969;57: 757 63. 896. Austin TW, Coles JC, Burnett R, et al. Aortocoronary bypass pro- cedures and sternotomy infections: a study of antistaphylococcal pro- phylaxis. Can J Surg. 1980;23:483 5. 897. Kaiser AB, Petracek MR, Lea JW, et al. efficacy of cefazolin, cefa- mandole, and gentamicin as prophylactic agents in cardiac surgery. Results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial in 1030 patients. Ann Surg. 1987;206:791 7. 898. Bolon MK, Morlote M, Weber SG, et al. Glycopeptides are no more effective than beta-lactam agents for prevention of surgical site infection after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 38:1357 63. 899. Finkelstein R, Rabino G, Mashiah T, et al. Vancomycin versus cefazolin prophylaxis for cardiac surgery in the setting of a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123:326 32. 900. Maki DG, Bohn MJ, Stolz SM, et al. Comparative study of cefazolin, cefamandole, and vancomycin for surgical prophylaxis in cardiac and vascular operations. A double-blind randomized trial. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 1992;104:1423 34. 901. Saginur R, Croteau D, Bergeron MG, the ESPRIT Group. Comparative efficacy of teicoplanin and cefazolin for cardiac operation prophylaxis in 3027 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;120:1120 30. 902. Salminen US, Viljanen TU, Valtonen VV, et al. Ceftriaxone versus vancomycin prophylaxis in cardiovascular surgery. J Antimicrob Che- mother. 1999;44:287 90. 903. Townsend TR, Reitz BA, Bilker WB, et al. Clinical trial of cefa- mandole, cefazolin, and cefuroxime for antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;106:664 70. 904. Vuorisalo S, Pokela R, Syrjala H. Comparison of vancomycin and cefuroxime for infection prophylaxis in coronary artery bypass surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998;19:234 9. 905. Wilson AP, Treasure T, Gruneberg RN, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery: a prospective comparison of two dosage regimens of teicoplanin with a combination of flucloxacillin and tobramycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1988;21:213 23. 906. Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;44:1 13. 907. Spelman D, Harrington G, Russo P, et al. Clinical, microbiological, and economic benefit of a change in antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiac surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23:402 4. 908. Walsh EE, Greene L, Kirshner R. Sustained Reduction in Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Wound Infections After Cardio- thoracic Surgery. Arch Intern Med. 2010;171:68 73. 909. Jurkiewicz MJ, Bostwick J III, Hester TR, et al. Infected median sternotomy wound. Successful treatment by muscle flaps. Ann Surg. 1980;191:738 44. 910. Rand RP, Cochran RP, Aziz S, et al. Prospective trial of catheter irrigation and muscle flaps for sternal wound infection. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:1046 9. 911. Wong CH, Senewiratne S, Garlick B, et al. Two-stage management of sternal wound infection using bilateral pectoralis major advancement flap. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:148 52. 912. Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg. 1997;38:563 76. 913. Baillot R, Cloutier D, Montalin L, et al. Impact of deep sternal wound infection management with vacuum-assisted closure therapy followed by sternal osteosynthesis: a 15 year review of 23 499 sternotomies. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;37:880 7. 914. Cowan KN, Teague L, Sue SC, et al. Vacuum-assisted wound closure of deep sternal infections in high-risk patients after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:2205 12. 915. Doss M, Martens S, Wood JP, et al. Vacuum-assisted suction drainage versus conventional treatment in the management of poststernotomy osteomyelitis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;22:934 8. 916. Ennker IC, Malkoc A, Pietrowski D, et al. The concept of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) after poststernotomy mediastinitis a single center experience with 54 patients. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;4:5. 917. Fleck T, Moidl R, Giovanoli P, et al. A conclusion from the first 125 patients treated with the vacuum assisted closure system for postop- erative sternal wound infection. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2006;5:145 8. 918. Fleck TM, Fleck M, Moidl R, et al. The vacuum-assisted closure system for the treatment of deep sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:1596 600. 919. Luckraz H, Murphy F, Bryant S, et al. Vacuum-assisted closure as a treatment modality for infections after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 2003;125:301 5. 920. Sjogren J, Gustafsson R, Nilsson J, et al. Clinical outcome after poststernotomy mediastinitis: vacuum-assisted closure versus conven- tional treatment. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:2049 55. 921. Sjogren J, Nilsson J, Gustafsson R, et al. The impact of vacuum- assisted closure on long-term survival after post-sternotomy medias- tinitis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1270 5. 922. Furnary AP, Wu Y. Eliminating the diabetic disadvantage: the Portland Diabetic Project. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;18:302 8. 923. Kirdemir P, Yildirim V, Kiris I, et al. Does continuous insulin therapy reduce postoperative supraventricular tachycardia incidence after coronary artery bypass operations in diabetic patients? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;22:383 7. 924. Bilgin YM, van de Watering LM, Eijsman L, et al. Double-blind, randomized controlled trial on the effect of leukocyte-depleted eryth- rocyte transfusions in cardiac valve surgery. Circulation. 2004;109: 2755 60. 925. Blumberg N, Heal JM, Cowles JW, et al. Leukocyte-reduced trans- fusions in cardiac surgery results of an implementation trial. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;118:376 81. 926. Romano G, Mastroianni C, Bancone C, et al. Leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions in coronary surgery: association with reduced acute kidney injury and in-hospital mortality. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 2010;140:188 95. 927. van de Watering LM, Hermans J, Houbiers JG, et al. beneficial effects of leukocyte depletion of transfused blood on postoperative compli- cations in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Circulation. 1998;97:562 8. 928. Konvalinka A, Errett L, Fong IW. Impact of treating Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers on wound infections in cardiac surgery. J Hosp Infect. 2006;64:162 8. 929. van Rijen M, Bonten M, Wenzel R, et al. Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD006216. 930. Fletcher N, Sofianos D, Berkes MB, et al. Prevention of perioperative infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1605 18. 931. Geelhoed GW, Sharpe K, Simon GL. A comparative study of surgical skin preparation methods. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1983;157:265 8. 932. Kaiser AB, Kernodle DS, Barg NL, et al. influence of preoperative showers on staphylococcal skin colonization: a comparative trial of antiseptic skin cleansers. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;45:35 8. 933. Risk factors for deep sternal wound infection after sternotomy: a prospective, multicenter study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111: 1200 7. 934. Bratzler DW, Hunt DR. The surgical infection prevention and surgical care improvement projects: national initiatives to improve outcomes for patients having surgery. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:322 30. 935. Ko W, Lazenby WD, Zelano JA, et al. Effects of shaving methods and intraoperative irrigation on suppurative mediastinitis after bypass oper- ations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;53:301 5. 936. Nishida H, Grooters RK, Soltanzadeh H, et al. Discriminate use of electrocautery on the median sternotomy incision. A 0.16% wound infection rate. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;101:488 94. 937. Tanner J, Woodings D, Moncaster K. Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; CD004122. 938. Nelson DR, Buxton TB, Luu QN, et al. The promotional effect of bone wax on experimental Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1990;99:977 80. 939. Bennett B, Duff P. The effect of double gloving on frequency of glove perforations. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78:1019 22. 940. Berridge DC, Starky G, Jones NA, et al. A randomized controlled trial of double-versus single-gloving in vascular surgery. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1998;43:9 10. 941. Gani JS, Anseline PF, Bissett RL. efficacy of double versus single gloving in protecting the operating team. Aust N Z J Surg. 1990;60: 171 5. 942. Webb JM, Pentlow BD. Double gloving and surgical technique. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1993;75:291 2. 943. Wong PS, Young VK, Youhana A, et al. Surgical glove punctures during cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:108 10. 944. Crabtree TD, Codd JE, Fraser VJ, et al. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for deep and Superficial sternal infection after coronary artery bypass grafting at a tertiary care medical center. Semin Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 2004;16:53 61. 945. Edwards FH, Engelman RM, Houck P, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Practice Guideline Series: Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Cardiac Surgery, Part I: Duration. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:397 404. 946. Ridderstolpe L, Gill H, Granfeldt H, et al. Superficial and deep sternal wound complications: incidence, risk factors and mortality. Eur J Car- diothorac Surg. 2001;20:1168 75. 947. Milano CA, Kesler K, Archibald N, et al. Mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Risk factors and long-term survival. Cir- culation. 1995;92:2245 51. 948. Abboud CS, Wey SB, Baltar VT. Risk factors for mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77:676 83. 949. Loop FD, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, et al. J. Maxwell Chamberlain memorial paper. Sternal wound complications after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting: early and late mortality, morbidity, and cost of care. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;49:179 86. 950. Braxton JH, Marrin CA, McGrath PD, et al. 10 year follow-up of patients with and without mediastinitis. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;16:70 6. 951. Borger MA, Rao V, Weisel RD, et al. Deep sternal wound infection: risk factors and outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:1050 6. 952. Stahle E, Tammelin A, Bergstrom R, et al. Sternal wound complica- tions incidence, microbiology and risk factors. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;11:1146 53. 953. Toumpoulis IK, Anagnostopoulos CE, Derose JJ Jr, et al. The impact of deep sternal wound infection on long-term survival after coronary artery bypass grafting. Chest. 2005;127:464 71. 954. Filsoufi F, Castillo JG, Rahmanian PB, et al. Epidemiology of deep sternal wound infection in cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;23:488 94. 955. Losanoff JE, Richman BW, Jones JW. Disruption and infection of median sternotomy: a comprehensive review. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;21:831 9. 956. De Paulis R, de Notaris S, Scaffa R, et al. The effect of bilateral internal thoracic artery harvesting on Superficial and deep sternal infection: The role of skeletonization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 129:536 43. 957. Savage EB, Grab JD, O Brien SM, et al. Use of both internal thoracic arteries in diabetic patients increases deep sternal wound infection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1002 6. 958. Saso S, James D, Vecht JA, et al. Effect of skeletonization of the internal thoracic artery for coronary revascularization on the incidence of sternal wound infection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89:661 70. 959. Murphy GJ, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, et al. Increased mortality, post- operative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2007;116:2544 52. 960. Chelemer SB, Prato BS, Cox PM Jr, et al. Association of bacterial infection and red blood cell transfusion after coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:138 42. 961. Banbury MK, Brizzio ME, Rajeswaran J, et al. Transfusion increases the risk of postoperative infection after cardiovascular surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202:131 8. 962. Leal-Noval SR, Rincon-Ferrari MD, Garcia-Curiel A, et al. Trans- fusion of blood components and postoperative infection in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Chest. 2001;119:1461 8. 963. Blanchard A, Hurni M, Ruchat P, et al. Incidence of deep and Super- ficial sternal infection after open heart surgery. A ten years retro- spective study from 1981 to 1991. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1995;9: 153 7. 964. Risnes I, Abdelnoor M, Almdahl SM, et al. Mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass grafting risk factors and long-term survival. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89:1502 9. 965. Bilgin YM, van de Watering LM, Versteegh MI, et al. Effects of allogeneic leukocytes in blood transfusions during cardiac surgery on inflammatory mediators and postoperative complications. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:546 52. 966. Dodds Ashley ES, Carroll DN, Engemann JJ, et al. Risk factors for postoperative mediastinitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1555 60. 967. Olsson C, Tammelin A, Thelin S. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection after cardiac surgery: risk factors and outcome. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:83 5. 968. Martorell C, Engelman R, Corl A, et al. Surgical site infections in cardiac surgery: an 11 year perspective. Am J Infect Control. 2004; 32:63 8. 969. Kachroo S, Dao T, Zabaneh F, et al. Tolerance of vancomycin for surgical prophylaxis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus colonization. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:381 5. 970. Ariano RE, Zhanel GG. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in coronary bypass surgery: a critical appraisal. DICP. 1991;25:478 84. 971. Matros E, Aranki SF, Bayer LR, et al. Reduction in incidence of deep sternal wound infections: random or real? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:680 5. 972. Jones G, Jurkiewicz MJ, Bostwick J, et al. Management of the infected median sternotomy wound with muscle flaps. The Emory 20 year experience. Ann Surg. 1997;225:766 76. 973. Sjogren J, Malmsjo M, Gustafsson R, et al. Poststernotomy medias- tinitis: a review of conventional surgical treatments, vacuum-assisted closure therapy and presentation of the Lund University Hospital medi- astinitis algorithm. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:898 905. 974. Ascione R, Nason G, Al-Ruzzeh S, et al. Coronary revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with preoperative nondialysis-dependent renal insufficiency. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72: 2020 5. 975. Chukwuemeka A, Weisel A, Maganti M, et al. Renal dysfunction in high-risk patients after on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a propensity score analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80: 2148 53. 976. Di Mauro M, Gagliardi M, Iaco AL, et al. Does off-pump coronary surgery reduce postoperative acute renal failure? The importance of preoperative renal function. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:1496 502. 977. Nigwekar SU, Kandula P, Hix JK, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery and acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54:413 23. 978. Sajja LR, Mannam G, Chakravarthi RM, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting with or without cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with preoperative non-dialysis dependent renal insufficiency: a randomized study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:378 88. 979. Del Duca D, Iqbal S, Rahme E, et al. Renal failure after cardiac surgery: timing of cardiac catheterization and other perioperative risk factors. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:1264 71. 980. Medalion B, Cohen H, Assali A, et al. The effect of cardiac angiography timing, contrast media dose, and preoperative renal function on acute renal failure after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:1539 44. 981. Ranucci M, Ballotta A, Kunkl A, et al. influence of the timing of cardiac catheterization and the amount of contrast media on acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1112 8. 982. Adabag AS, Ishani A, Bloomfield HE, et al. efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in preventing renal injury after heart surgery: a sys- tematic review of randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:1910 7. 983. Amar D, Fleisher M. Diltiazem treatment does not alter renal function after thoracic surgery. Chest. 2001;119:1476 9. 984. Caimmi PP, Pagani L, Micalizzi E, et al. Fenoldopam for renal pro- tection in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003;17:491 4. 985. Cogliati AA, Vellutini R, Nardini A, et al. Fenoldopam infusion for renal protection in high-risk cardiac surgery patients: a randomized clinical study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21:847 50. 986. Davis RF, Giesecke NM. Hemodilution and priming solutions. In: Gravlee GP, Davis RF, Kurusz M, Utley JR, editors. Cardiopulmonary Hillis et al 2011 ACCF/AHA CABG Guideline e723 Bypass: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000:186 196. 987. El-Hamamsy I, Stevens LM, Carrier M, et al. Effect of intravenous N-acetylcysteine on outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:7 12. 988. Fansa I, Gol M, Nisanoglu V, et al. Does diltiazem inhibit the inflam- matory response in cardiopulmonary bypass? Med Sci Monit. 2003;9: PI30 6. 989. Fischer UM, Tossios P, Mehlhorn U. Renal protection by radical scavenging in cardiac surgery patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21: 1161 4. 990. Friedrich JO, Adhikari N, Herridge MS, et al. Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:510 24. 991. Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Bagshaw SM, et al. Phase II, randomized, controlled trial of high-dose N-acetylcysteine in high-risk cardiac surgery patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1324 31. 992. Ip-Yam PC, Murphy S, Baines M, et al. Renal function and proteinuria after cardiopulmonary bypass: the effects of temperature and mannitol. Anesth Analg. 1994;78:842 7. 993. Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Tumlin JA, et al. beneficial impact of fenoldopam in critically ill patients with or at risk for acute renal failure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49:56 68. 994. Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Marino G, et al. Fenoldopam reduces the need for renal replacement therapy and in-hospital death in cardio- vascular surgery: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008; 22:27 33. 995. Murphy MB, Murray C, Shorten GD. Fenoldopam: a selective periph- eral dopamine-receptor agonist for the treatment of severe hyper- tension. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1548 57. 996. Nigwekar SU, Hix JK. The role of natriuretic peptide administration in cardiovascular surgery-associated renal dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardio- thorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;23:151 60. 997. Piper SN, Kumle B, Maleck WH, et al. Diltiazem may preserve renal tubular integrity after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2003;50:285 92. 998. Ranucci M, Soro G, Barzaghi N, et al. Fenoldopam prophylaxis of postoperative acute renal failure in high-risk cardiac surgery patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1332 7. 999. Ranucci M, De Benedetti D, Bianchini C, et al. Effects of fenoldopam infusion in complex cardiac surgical operations: a prospective, ran- domized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2010;76:249 59. 1000. Sirivella S, Gielchinsky I, Parsonnet V. Mannitol, furosemide, and dopamine infusion in postoperative renal failure complicating cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:501 6. 1001. Tumlin JA, Finkel KW, Murray PT, et al. Fenoldopam mesylate in early acute tubular necrosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:26 34. 1002. Vesely DL. Natriuretic peptides and acute renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003;285:F167 77. 1003. Wang G, Bainbridge D, Martin J, et al. N-acetylcysteine in cardiac surgery: do the benefits outweigh the risks? A meta-analytic reap- praisal. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010;2:268 75. 1004. Young EW, Diab A, Kirsh MM. Intravenous diltiazem and acute renal failure after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:1316 9. 1005. Abraham VS, Swain JA. Cardiopulmonary bypass and kidney. In: Gravlee GP, Davis R, editors. Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2000: 382 91. 1006. Mangano CM, Diamondstone LS, Ramsay JG, et al., the Multi-center Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Renal dysfunction after myocardial revascularization: risk factors, adverse outcomes, and hospital resource utilization. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:194 203. 1007. Andersson LG, Ekroth R, Bratteby LE, et al. Acute renal failure after coronary surgery a study of incidence and risk factors in 2009 con- secutive patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;41:237 41. 1008. Zanardo G, Michielon P, Paccagnella A, et al. Acute renal failure in the patient undergoing cardiac operation. Prevalence, mortality rate, and main risk factors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107:1489 95. 1009. Mehta RH, Grab JD, O Brien SM, et al. Bedside tool for predicting the risk of postoperative dialysis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2006;114:2208 16. 1010. Ostermann ME, Taube D, Morgan CJ, et al. Acute renal failure fol- lowing cardiopulmonary bypass: a changing picture. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26:565 71. 1011. Chertow GM, Lazarus JM, Christiansen CL, et al. Preoperative renal risk stratification. Circulation. 1997;95:878 84. 1012. Fortescue EB, Bates DW, Chertow GM. Predicting acute renal failure after coronary bypass surgery: cross-validation of two risk- stratification algorithms. Kidney Int. 2000;57:2594 602. 1013. Thakar CV, Arrigain S, Worley S, et al. A clinical score to predict acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16: 162 8. 1014. Regragui IA, Izzat MB, Birdi I, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass per- fusion temperature does not influence perioperative renal function. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:160 4. 1015. Boodhwani M, Rubens FD, Wozny D, et al. Effects of mild hypo- thermia and rewarming on renal function after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:489 95. 1016. Kourliouros A, Valencia O, Phillips SD, et al. Low cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion temperatures are associated with acute kidney injury following coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;37:704 9. 1017. Hix JK, Thakar CV, Katz EM, et al. Effect of off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery on postoperative acute kidney injury and mor- tality. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:2979 83. 1018. Swaminathan M, Phillips-Bute BG, Conlon PJ, et al. The association of lowest hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass with acute renal injury after coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003; 76:784 91. 1019. DeFoe GR, Ross CS, Olmstead EM, et al., Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Lowest hematocrit on bypass and adverse outcomes associated with coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:769 76. 1020. Deleted in proof. 1021. Christenson JT, Cohen M, Ferguson JJI, et al. Trends in intraaortic balloon counterpulsation complications and outcomes in cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:1086 90. 1022. Christenson JT, Simonet F, Badel P, et al. Optimal timing of preop- erative intraaortic balloon pump support in high-risk coronary patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:934 9. 1023. Christenson JT, Licker M, Kalangos A. The role of intra-aortic coun- terpulsation in high-risk OPCAB surgery: a prospective randomized study. J Card Surg. 2003;18:286 94. 1024. Christenson JT, Schmuziger M, Simonet F. Effective surgical man- agement of high-risk coronary patients using preoperative intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation therapy. Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;9:383 90. 1025. Urban PM, Freedman RJ, Ohman EM, et al. In-hospital mortality associated with the use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:181 5. 1026. Santa-Cruz RA, Cohen MG, Ohman EM. Aortic counterpulsation: a review of the hemodynamic effects and indications for use. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2006;67:68 77. 1027. Theologou T, Bashir M, Rengarajan A, et al. Preoperative intra aortic balloon pumps in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;CD004472. 1028. Alexander JH, Hafley G, Harrington RA, et al., for the PREVENT IV Investigators. efficacy and safety of edifoligide, an E2F transcription factor decoy, for prevention of vein graft failure following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: PREVENT IV: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294:2446 54. 1029. Koch CG, Li L, Duncan AI, et al. Transfusion in coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with reduced long-term survival. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1650 7. 1030. Surgenor SD, DeFoe GR, Fillinger MP, et al. Intraoperative red blood cell transfusion during coronary artery bypass graft surgery increases the risk of postoperative low-output heart failure. Circulation. 2006; 114:I43 8. 1031. van Straten AH, Bekker MW, Soliman Hamad MA, et al. Transfusion of red blood cells: the impact on short-term and long-term survival after coronary artery bypass grafting, a ten-year follow-up. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;10:37 42. 1032. van Straten AH, Kats S, Bekker MW, et al. Risk factors for red blood cell transfusion after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardio- thorac Vasc Anesth. 2010;24:413 7. 1033. Deleted in proof. 1034. Deleted in proof. 1035. Deleted in proof. 1036. Daoud EG, Strickberger SA, Man KC, et al. Preoperative amiodarone as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after heart surgery. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1785 91. 1037. Williams DB, Misbach GA, Kruse AP, et al. Oral verapamil for prophylaxis of supraventricular tachycardia after myocardial revascu- larization. A randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985;90: 592 6. 1038. Davison R, Hartz R, Kaplan K, et al. Prophylaxis of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia after coronary bypass surgery with oral verapamil: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 1985;39:336 9. 1039. Tyras DH, Stothert JC Jr, Kaiser GC, et al. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after myocardial revascularization: a randomized trial of prophylactic digitalization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1979;77: 310 4. 1040. Weiner B, Rheinlander HF, Decker EL, et al. Digoxin prophylaxis following coronary artery bypass surgery. Clin Pharm. 1986;5:55 8. 1041. Johnson LW, Dickstein RA, Fruehan CT, et al. Prophylactic digitali- zation for coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation. 1976;53: 819 22. 1042. Rahimi K, Emberson J, McGale P, et al. Effect of statins on atrial fibrillation: collaborative meta-analysis of published and unpublished evidence from randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;342:d1250. 1043. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/ AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Founda- tion/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011;123:e269 367. 1044. Fergusson DA, Hebert PC, Mazer CD, et al. A comparison of aprotinin and lysine analogues in high-risk cardiac surgery [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1290]. N Engl J Med. 2008;358: 2319 31. 1045. Greilich PE, Jessen ME, Satyanarayana N, et al. The effect of epsilon- aminocaproic acid and aprotinin on fibrinolysis and blood loss in patients undergoing primary, isolated coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, noninferiority trial. Anesth Analg. 2009;109:15 24. 1046. Kikura M, Levy JH, Tanaka KA, et al. A double-blind, placebo- controlled trial of epsilon-aminocaproic acid for reducing blood loss in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202: 216 22. 1047. Mehr-Aein A, Sadeghi M, Madani-civi M. Does tranexamic acid reduce blood loss in off-pump coronary artery bypass? Asian Car- diovasc Thorac Ann. 2007;15:285 9. 1048. Mehr-Aein A, Davoodi S, Madani-civi M. Effects of tranexamic acid and autotransfusion in coronary artery bypass. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2007;15:49 53. 1049. Murphy GJ, Mango E, Lucchetti V, et al. A randomized trial of tranexamic acid in combination with cell salvage plus a meta-analysis of randomized trials evaluating tranexamic acid in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:475 80, e1 8. 1050. Santos AT, Kalil RA, Bauemann C, et al. A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study with tranexamic acid of bleeding and fibrinolytic activity after primary coronary artery bypass grafting. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006;39:63 9. 1051. Taghaddomi RJ, Mirzaee A, Attar AS, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;23:312 5. 1052. Paone G, Spencer T, Silverman NA. Blood conservation in coronary artery surgery. Surgery. 1994;116:672 7. 1053. Nuttall GA, Oliver WC, Santrach PJ, et al. efficacy of a simple intraoperative transfusion algorithm for nonerythrocyte component uti- lization after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 2001;94: 773 81. 1054. Royston D, von Kier S. Reduced haemostatic factor transfusion using heparinase-modified thrombelastography during cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Anaesth. 2001;86:575 8. 1055. Avidan MS, Alcock EL, Da Fonseca J, et al. Comparison of structured use of routine laboratory tests or near-patient assessment with clinical judgement in the management of bleeding after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2004;92:178 86. 1056. Despotis GJ, Grishaber JE, Goodnough LT. The effect of an intraop- erative treatment algorithm on physicians transfusion practice in cardiac surgery. Transfusion. 1994;34:290 6. 1057. Shore-Lesserson L, Manspeizer HE, DePerio M, et al. Thromboelastography- guided transfusion algorithm reduces transfusions in complex cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:312 9. 1058. Chu MW, Wilson SR, Novick RJ, et al. Does clopidogrel increase blood loss following coronary artery bypass surgery? Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1536 41. 1059. Englberger L, Faeh B, Berdat PA, et al. Impact of clopidogrel in coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;26: 96 101. 1060. Kapetanakis EI, Medlam DA, Petro KR, et al. Effect of clopidogrel premedication in off-pump cardiac surgery: are we forfeiting the benefits of reduced hemorrhagic sequelae? Circulation. 2006;113: 1667 74. 1061. Maltais S, Perrault LP, Do QB. Effect of clopidogrel on bleeding and transfusions after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: impact of discontinuation prior to surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34:127 31. 1062. Vaccarino GN, Thierer J, Albertal M, et al. Impact of preoperative clopidogrel in off pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a propensity score analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:309 13. 1063. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation [published corrections appear in N Engl J Med. 2011;345: 1506;2011;345:1716]. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:494 502. 1064. Renda G, Di Pillo R, D Alleva A, et al. Surgical bleeding after pre- operative unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin for coronary bypass surgery. Haematologica. 2007;92:366 73. 1065. McDonald SB, Renna M, Spitznagel EL, et al. Preoperative use of enoxaparin increases the risk of postoperative bleeding and re-exploration in cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005;19:4 10. 1066. Jones HU, Muhlestein JB, Jones KW, et al. Preoperative use of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin increases the incidence of re-exploration for postoperative bleeding after open-heart surgery in patients who present with an acute coronary syndrome: clinical investigation and reports. Circulation. 2002;106:I19 22. 1067. 