(VHF) 570 see also control of infection in \202 ammation see infection and in \202 ammation in \202 ammatory bowel disease 420 intracranial 448 post-partum 638 subarachnoid 450 upper inhalation injury 374 inhaled poisons 534 injury severity score (ISS) 34 inotropes 264 inot ropic support 380 inspiratory:expiratory gastrointestinal 412 haemothorax 172, 370 haemotological urinalysis (I:E) ratio 46 inspiratory \202 ow 46 inspiratory pressure support (Bird ventilator) 90 i nspiratory support 76 insulin therapy, intensive 132 tests 233 haloperidol 308 \200\2239, 443 head injury 586, 588 heart block 386 heart failure 392, 394 heart rate or rhythm, changes in 162 heavy metals 401 HELLP syndrome 636 heparinoids 318 \200\22319 heparin 276, 318 \200\22319, 377 hepatic blood \202 ow markers 218 hepatic dam age markers 218 hepatic disorders 427 I ibuprofen 303 ileus 406 imaging, respiratory 158 imipenem 327 immobilization and spinal inter-hospital transportation cord injury 590 immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) 566 immunoglobulin (IV Ig) 332 immunom odulatory by air 648 inter-hospital transportation by road 646 intermittent positive pressure ventilation: therapies in sepsis 332 adjustment of ventilator 50 immunosuppression 356 impaired gas exchange 626 indicator dilution 182 indomethacin 303 inf arction, complicated 390 infarction, assessment of weaning 60 complications of ventilation 56 hepatic encephalopathy 432 jaundice 428 liver failure, acute 430 liver failure, chronic 434 hepatic encephalopathy description of ventilators 46 failure to deliver ventilation 54 failure to tolerate ventilation 52 uncomplicated 390 infection and in \202 ammation 432 hepatitis B 226 high frequency jet ventilation 62 172, 543, 584 anaphylactoid modes of ventilation 48 weaning techniques 58 intermittent \200\230T \200\231 piece 58 int erstitial pneumonitis 572 intestinal bleeding, reactions 578 HIV 226, 546 and burns 594 diagnosis of infection 552 disposables, routine changes of 550 related disease 566 household chemicals poisoning 536 hydralazine 267, 383, 635 hydrocolloi ds 138 hydrocortisone 329, 332 lower 420 H5N1 570 HIV-related disease 566 malaria 568 multi-resistant intra-abdominal bowel perforation and obstruction 418 anaphylactoid reactions intra-abdominal 578, 579 asthma 365 infection and infections 562 necrotising fasciitis 564 and neutropaenia 628 and pyrexia 602 rheumatic dis orders 572 SARS 570 sepsis and septic shock, treatment of 560 pressure, raised 614 intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation 102 in \202 ammation 560 intracranial hydrogels 138 hydroxyethyl starch 246 hypercalcaemia 494 hyperchloraemia 502 hemorrhage 448 intracranial pressure 44, 200, 454, 588 664 INDEX linezolid 327, 359 lisinopril 395 liver: intra-hospital hypomagnesaemia 492 hyponatraemia 486 hypophosphataemia 498 metabolic acidosis 502 metaboli c alkalosis 504 thyroid emergencies 514 metabolic management of transportation 644 intravascular catheters 550 intravenous immunoglobulin failure, acute 430 failure, chronic 434 function tests 218 transplantation 524 (IV Ig) 564 ipratropium bromide 254 \200\2235, 365 ischaemic/infarcted bowel 420 L-NG-monomethyl arginine renal failure 402 (L-NMMA) 268 metabolic myopathies 440 metabolic therapy see lobe/segment, collapsed 352 loperamide 297 lorazepam 309, 313, 445 low air loss bed 140 low T3 syndrome 514 lung recruitment 72 lung volumes and capacities iso \202 urane 254, 308, 366 isolation 544 isosorbide dinitrate 277, nutrition and metabolic therapy 391, 395 itraconazole 327 methanol poisoning 538 methionine 524 methoxamine 268 \200\2239 methylprednisolone J jaundice 248, 428 jugular venous bulb saturation 202 149, 352 329, 567 lupus pleurisy 572 lymphocytosis 220 lymphoma 630 lymphopaenia 220 methylthioninium chloride 268, 269 metoclopramide 293, 295 metolazone 281 metoprolol 383 metronidazole 327, 359 microatelectas is 352 microbiological K ketamine 254 \200\2235, 302, M macroatelactasis 352 magnesium 214, 254 \200\2235, 303, 366 ketoacidosis 502 ketorolac 303 surveillance 544 microbiological urinalysis 340, 385, 635 sulfate 273, 312, 313, tests 233 365, 445 malaria 568 malnutrition 127 management skills 4 mannitol 281, 314 \200\22315 manu al ventilation 338 mechanical ventilator 364 microvascular circulation L labetalol 271, 383, 635 laboratory monitoring 209 antibiotic assays 226 \200\2237 bacteri ology 224 calcium 214 cardiac function tests 216 coagulation visualization 194 midazolam 308 \200\2239, 445, 443 milrinone 265, 267, 395 mini-tracheotomy 82 miscellaneous drugs 325 antimicrobials 326 corticosteroids 328 immunomodulatory assist-controlled (ACMV) 48, 48, 48 classi \201 cation 46 controlled (CMV) 48, 48 setting up 46 therapies in sepsis 332 prostaglandins 330 rituximab 334 monitoring 222 creatinine 210 creatinine clearance 210 electrolytes 212 full blood count 220 fungi 226 liv er function tests 218 magnesium 214 phosphate 214 plasma ranges, normal 211 serology 226 \200\2237 toxicology 228 urea 210 viral culture 226 lactate 206, 236 lactic acidosis 236 la ryngeal oedema 579 left ventricular (LV) stroke medicolegal aspects 20 membrane \201 ltration 114 meningitis 446 meropenem 327 metabolic acidosis 154, molecular detection blood samples 224 monitoring, miscellaneous 231 calorimetry, indirect 234 colloid osmotic pressure 238 502, 610 metabolic alkalosis 154, 504 lactate 236 urinalysis 232 metabolic disorders 481 acid-base principles 500 diabetic ketoacidosis 510 electrolyte morphine 304, 305, 307, 443 Mount Vernon formula 593 multidisciplinary team communication 1 8 multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) 32, 556 management 482 hypercalcaemia 494 hyperglycaemia 508 hyperkalaemia 488 hypernatraemia 484 h yperosmolar diabetic emergencies 512 hypoadrenal crisis 516 hypocalcaemia 496 hypoglycaemia 506 hypokalaemia 490 multi-organ failure work index 177 556, 558 lepirudin 318 \200\22319 leukemia 630 levosimendan 265, 395 lidocaine 272 \200\2233, 303, muscle relaxants 310, 366, 440 myasthenia gravis 440, 458 385, 391 myocardial infarction 390 INDEX 665 intracranial pressure monitoring 200 jugular venous bulb saturation 202 pre-eclampsia and eclampsia 634 myopathy, critical illness 460 myxoedema coma 514 octaplex 323 octreotide 415 oesophageal N N-acetylcysteine 431, 524 naloxone 256 \200\2237 narcotics 401 nasoduodenal/nasojejunal lactate 206 near-infrared spectroscopy perforation 416 (NIRS) 206 oliguria 398 omeprazole 286 \200\2237 oncological critical care 623 neuromuscular disorders, critical care 460 chemotherapy and tube 122 neuropathy, critical illness 460 neuroprotective agents 314 radiotherapy, effects of 626 nasogastric tube 122 nasopharyngeal airway 40 near-drowning 610 near-infrared leukemia/lymphoma 630 neutropaenia and infection 628 pain and comfort 624 neutropaenia 220, 628 neutrophilia 220 nicorandil 276 \200\2237 nifedipine 267, 271, 277, spectroscopy (NIRS) 194, 206 ondansetron 293 opioid analgesics 304 opioid poisoning 526 organic solvents 401 organophosp hate poisoning 540 organ/tissue donor, nebulised drugs 254 necrotising fasciitis 564 neostigmine 459 nephrotoxins 400 \200\2232 ne phro-urological urinalysis 391, 635 nimodipine 314 \200\22315 nitrates 267, 271, 276 nitric oxide 258, 267, 362 nitrogen requir ements 126 nitrous oxide 302 non-invasive respiratory tests 233 nesiritide 267 neurological disorders 437 potential, care of 656 orogastric tube 122 oropharyngeal (Guedel) botulism 464 coma 438 delirium 442 Guillain-Barr support 76 non-opioid airway 40 analgesics 302 non-steroidal anti- outreach support 8 oxygen: syndrome 456 in \202 ammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 302 consumption 177 delivery 177 extraction ratio 177 masks 39 and near-drowning 610 partial pr essure 152 therapy 38 toxicity 38 see also arterial partial intracranial hemorrhage 448 intracranial pressure, non-ventilatory respiratory support techniques 362 raised 454 meningitis 446 myasthenia gravis 458 neuromuscular disorders, norepinephrine 265, 269, 381, 560, 578 normal daily requirements 127 nosocomial infection 56 note-keeping 20 nutrition 584 critical care 460 seizures, generalized 444 stroke 452 subarachnoid pressure oxygenation failure (type I respiratory failure) 44 and burns 594 and Guillain-Barr syndrome 456 see also nutrition and metabolic therapy nut rition and metabolic hemorrhage 450 tetanus 462 weakness, acute 440 neurological drugs 301 anticonvulsants 312 epidural analges ia 306 muscle relaxants 310 neuroprotective agents 314 P pacing, temporary 387 pain 618, 624 therapy 125 response 652 pamidronate 495 pancreatitis 424 Pancreatitis Outcome Prediction (POP) score 4 25 pancuronium 311 pantoprazole 287 paracetamol 303 poisoning 524 paraquat 536 parenteral n utrition 130 Parkland formula 593 partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) 146, 152 partia l pressure of oxygen enteral nutrition 128 parenteral nutrition 130 tight glycaemic control/ intensive insulin t herapy 132 non-opioid analgesics 302 opioid analgesics 304 sedatives and use and indications of nutrition 126 tranquilisers 308 neurological factors and vomiting/gastric stasis 406 neurological monitoring 199 O obstetric emergencies 633 cerebral blood \202 ow (CBF) 206 amniotic \202 uid cerebral microdialysis 206 electroencephalogram/ cerebral function monitoring 204 embolus 640 HELLP syndrome 636 post-partum hemorrhage 638 (PO2) 152 666 INDEX amphetamines and ecstasy 530 pulmonary thromboembolic Passy-Muir speaking valve 81 patient: disease 572 pulmonary vascular resistance 177 pulse contour analysis 186 pulse oximetry 144 pulse pressure variation cocaine 532 ethylene glycol 538 household chemicals 536 inhaled 534 methanol 538 organophos phate 540 paracetamol 524 salicylate 522 sedative 526 tricyclic areas 2 communication 18 input 22 positioning 362 safety 14 penicillins 401 pentamidine 567 pentastarch 246 percussion 90 percutaneous drain site (PPV) 190, 190 \200\2231 pupillary light re \202 ex 652 pus samples 224 pyramethamine 569 pyrexia 248, 552, 602, 604 pyridostigmine 459 pyruvate-lactate antidepressant 528 bleeding 469 police, dealing with 20 polyarteritis nodosa percutaneous enterogastrotomy (PEG)/jejunostomy (PEJ) 122 (PAN) 574 polygeline 246 positive end expiratory equilibrium 237 percutaneous techniques Q quality improvement 22 quinine 568 \200\2239 pressure 66, 68 and coronary revascularisation 104 post-critical care discharge problems 13 pericarditis 572 peripheral venous post-operative critical care 620 post-partum parenteral feeding route 130 R radial artery hemorrhage 638 peritoneal dialysis 112 pethidine 304 \200\2235 petroleum 536 pharmacological knowledge 4 postural drainage 90 potassium 212 cannulation 166 radiotherapy, effects canrenoate 281 channel openers 276 load 248 of 626 ranitidine 287 Ranson \200\231s signs of pharmacological techniques practical skills 4 pralidoxime 540 prednisolone 329, 365, and coronary revascularisation 104 severity in acute pancreatitis 425 recombinant factor VIIa pH 152, 196, 500 phentolamine 267, 271 phenylephrine 268 phenytoin 312 \200\22313, 401, 459, 579 prednisone 329 pre-eclampsia 634 pressure alarm 54 pressure area see wound and pre ssure area management prochlorperazine 293 prone positioning 74 propofol 308 \200\2239, 443 , 445 propranolol 271, 277, 391 prostaglandins 330 prostanoids 318 protamine 322 \200\2233 prothrombin time 222 proton pump 322, 323 relatives, communication with 18 444, 445 remifentanil 304 \200\2235 renal blood \202 ow and/or phosphate 214 physical disorders 599 electrocution 608 hyperthermia 606 hypothermia 600 int ra-abdominal pressure, pressure, inadequate 398 renal disorders 397 oliguria 398 renal failure, acute 400, 402 raised 614 near-drowning 610 pyrexia 602, 604 rhabdomyolysis 612 physiotherapy 90, 352 pipt azobactam 327 Pitt speaking tube 81 plasma exchange 114 proteins, reduced 238 ranges, norma l 211, 213, renal drugs 279 diuretics 280 dopamine 282 renal dysfunction 626 renal failure 400, 402, 502, 572, 574, 612 renal replacement therapy 402 inhibitors 286 psychological support 624 pulmonary artery renal therapy catheter 174, 176 pulmonary cavitation 356 pulmonary collapse 352 pulmonary embolus 376 pul monary techniques 107 haemo(dia) \201 ltration 215, 219, 221 platelets 220 108, 110 disorders 478 transfusion, indications peritoneal dialysis 112 plasma exchange 114 renovascular disorders 400 replacement \202 u id 108, 114 respiratory acidosis 154 respiratory alkalosis 154 respiratory care and botulis m 464 for 469 hemorrhage 572 pulmonary hydrostatic pleural aspiration 86 Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pressure, increased from left heart failure 392 pulmonary involvement 574 pulmonary oedema avoidance 238 pneumonia 566 pneumonia 356, 566 pneumothorax 172, 368 poisoning 518 INDEX 667 S salbutamol 365, 578 salicylate poisoning 522 saline tonometry 196 SAPS score 30 \200\2231 SARS 570 scavenging 258 scoring systems 26 SCORTEN indicators of respiratory therapy techniques 37 respiratory care and Guillain-Barr syndrome 456 airway maintenance 40 chest drain insertion 84 chest physiotherapy 90 continuous positive a irway respiratory disorders 345 acute respiratory distress syndrome 360, 362 pressure 70 endotracheal air \202 ow limitation, chronic 354 intubation 42 extracorporeal airway obstruction 348 asthma 364, 366 atelectasis and pulmonary prognosis 577 respiratory support 78 sedation 26 \200\2237 sedatives 308 \201 breoptic collapse 352 chest infection, acute bronchoscopy 88 poisoning 526 seizures 444, 634 Sengstaken-type high frequency jet ventilation 62 356, 358 dyspnoea 346 haemoptysis 372 haemothorax 370 inhalation injury 374 pneumothorax 36 8 pulmonary embolus 376 respiratory failure 350 high frequency oscillatory ventilation 64 lung recruitment 72 mini-tracheotomy 82 non-invas ive respiratory tube 118 sepsis 332, 553, 556, 556, 560 septic shock 556, 560 sequestration crisis 474 serology 226 \200\2237 shunt equation 148 si ck euthyroid/low T3 syndrome 514 support 76 oxygen therapy 38 pleural aspiration 86 positive end expiratory pressure 66, 68 prone positioning 74 tracheotomy 80 ventilatory support 44 see also intermittent respiratory drugs 253 bronchodilators 254 nitric oxide 258 respiratory stimulants 256 surfa ctant 260 sickle cell disease 474 silver tube 81 skill mix 6 smoke, control of 16 smoke inhalation 37 4 sodium 212 respiratory effects and positive end expiratory pressure 66 positive respiratory failure 350 respiratory imaging 158 respiratory management and head injury 588 respiratory management and spinal cord injury 590 pressure ventilation bicarbonate 244 \200\2235 citrate 318 \200\22319 nitroprusside 267, 271, 312, 313, 383, 395 resuscitation 337 airway protection 338 cardiac arrest 340 circulation 338 \202 uid challenge 342 manual ve ntilation 338 and post-partum valproate 312 \200\22313 SOFA score (Sequential respiratory management Organ Failure Assessment) 32 \200\2233 SoPRA (system of patient- related activities) 26 and trauma 582 hemorrhage 638 respiratory monitoring 143 blood gas analysis 154 blood gas machine 152 carbon dioxide venous access 338 reteplase 321, 391 re-ventilation, indications Specialist Liver center 524 special support surfaces 140 for 61 monitoring 146 revised trauma score (RTS) extravascular lung water measurement 156 pulmonary function 34, 35 spinal cord injury 590 spironolactone 281 sputum: rewarming 600, 610 rhabdomyolysis tests 148 400, 612 pulse oximetry 144 respiratory imaging 158 volume-pressure hydration 352 retention 352 samples 224 rheumatic disorders 572 rheumatoid arthritis 572 rheumatoid lung 572 rheumatoid pleurisy 57 2 rifampicin 327 right ventricle (RV) stroke relationship 150 staff and organizational development 22 standard base excess 152 static measurement 150 ste am inhalation 374 stimulated uterine contraction 638 respiratory muscle wasting 56 respiratory problems, post- work index 177 risk assessment and management 22 operative 620 respiratory quotients for various metabolic fuels 235 rituximab 334 rivaroxaban 318 Riyadh Intensive Care Program (RIP) score 32 stomach respiratory rate 46 respiratory decompression 610 streptokinase 320 \200\2231, 391 stroke 452 index 177 volume response 342 \200\2233 stimulants 256 respiratory support and rocuronium 310 \200\22311 rotation therapy 140 amniotic \202 uid embolus 640 668 INDEX time of death 652 TISS (therapeutic urinary tract obstruction volume variation 398, 402 urine 224, 522 urokinase 321 urticaria 579 (SVV) 190, 190 \200\2231 intervention scoring system) 26 subarachnoid hemorrhage 450 subdural monitoring 200 sucralfate 288 suction 90 sulfadoxine 569 sulindac 3 03 sulphonamides 401 surfactant 260 surgery and burns 594 surgical techniques and coronary revascularisation 104 survivor follow-up 12 suxamethonium 310 \200\22311 synthetic function , reduced, tissue perfusion 194, 392 tobramycin 327 toxic epidermal necrolysis 576 V vacuum-assisted closure 138 vancomycin 327, 359 variable establishment 6 vascular cathete r toxicology 228 toxin removal and botulism 464 trace elements 127 tracheotomy 80 tramadol 30 5 tranexamic acid 322 \200\2233 tranquilisers 308 transportation of the critically management 469 vasculitis 574 vasodilators 266 vasopressin 268 \200\2239, 340, 381, ill 643 415, 560 inter-hospital transportation markers of 218 systemic in \202 ammatory response syndrome (SIRS) 553, 556 vasopressors 268, 380 Vaughan-Williams by air 648 inter-hospital transportation classi \201 cation 273 by road 646 vecuronium 311 venous access 338 venous congestion, intra-hospital systemic lupus transportation 644 trauma and burns 581 erythematosis (SLE) 572 systemic vascular resistance 177 systolic pressure increased secondary to right heart failure 392 blast injury 596 \202 uid management 592 general management 594 head injury 586, 588 mult iple trauma 582, 584 spinal cord injury 590 venous thrombosis 172 ventilation: variation (SPV) 190, 190 \200\2231 choice 58 \200\2239 controlled mandatory (CMV) 62 T tachyarrhythmias 384 tachycardia: trauma score 34 tricyclic antidepressant high frequency jet 62 high frequency poisoning 528 TRISS (trauma injury severity score) 34 oscillatory 64 intermittent mandatory (IMV) 48, 48, 58 pressure support (PSV) broad complex 384 narrow complex 384 supraventricular 384 ventricular 384 troponins 216 \200\22317 turning frequency 74 type 1 respiratory failure (oxygenation failu re) 44 type 2 respiratory failure (acute ventilatory insuf \201 ciency) 38, 44 48, 58 trauma 56, 362 volume support (VSV) 48 see also intermittent teaching and training skills 4 technical knowledge 4 teicoplanin 327, 359 temporary pacing 96, 98 tenecteplase 321, 391 terlipressin 268 \200\2239, 381, positive pressure ventilation; mechanical ventilatory support 44 ventricular monitoring 200 verapamil 272 \200\2233, 385 vestibulo-oc ular re \202 exes 652 415, 560 tetanus 462 tetrastarch 246 therapeutic U UCLH sedation scale 26 \200\2237, 309 ulnar artery cannulation 166 ultrasound 158 unit admission criteria 10 unit layout 2 unit s taf \201 ng hypothermia 100 thermodilution 178, 180 thiazides 401 thiopental 313 \200\22315, 445 thorac ic vibration 90 viral culture 226 viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) 570 visiting teams, bio-impedance 188 thoracic reactance 188 thrombin time 222 thrombocythaemia 478 thrombolyti cs 320, 377 thrombotic crisis 474 thyroid emergencies 514 thyrotoxic crisis 514 tidal volum e (VT) 46, 54 tigecycline 327 communication with 18 vitamin K 322 \200\2233 vitamins 127 volume-pressure (medical) 4 unit staf \201 ng (nursing) 6 universal precautions 544 upper airway disease 574 upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 120 relationship 150 vomiting/gastric stasis 406 voriconazole 327 urea 210 urinalysis 232 INDEX 669 W warfarin 318 \200\22319 water retention 56 waveform interpretation wound and pressure area management 135 withdrawal and withholding treatment 654 wound and pressure area management: World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder 302 164, 165 cleansing 136 dressing weakness, acute 440 wedge pressure wound: techniques 138 botulism 464 care and burns 594 swabs 224 see also wound and pressure area management measurements 176 infection 136 pressure sores 136 \200\2237 Wegener \200\231s granulomatosis 574 West \200\231s zones 176 white blood cells 220 special support surfaces 140