in, 430 Infarction, associated Hypokalemia, 171, 173 Hypomagnesemia causes of, 403 \200\2234 treatment for, 404 Hyponatrem ia, 15, 156, with primary adrenal insuf \201 ciency, 196 \200\2237 Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IP SS), for Cushing \200\231s disease, 120 for, 15 laboratory tests for, 60 treatment for, 61 maternal. See Maternal hypothyroidism 550 \200\2232 Infertility, 236. See also causes of, 156 classi \201 cation of, 157 clinical features of, 157 clinical investigation s Fertility myxedema, 53 myxedema coma, 55 management of, 58 \200\2239 myxoedema, 55 overt, 10 primary, 8 after radioiodine therapy, assisted reproduction techniques (ART), 326 for, 158 causes of, 317 clomifene citrate for, 236 de \201 nition, 316 evaluation of, 319 \200\2232 3 female, 319 \200\22323 causes of, 317 history, 319 investigations, 320 \200\2231 physical examination, in elderly patients, 535 \200\2236 etiologies of, 156 incidence of, 156 neurosurgical, 157 etiologies, 157 after transsphenoidal adenectomy, 562 \200\2233 25 secondary, 8 in secondary hyperlipidemias, 675 subclinical, 8, 29 \200\22330, 53 management algorithm treatment for, 158 Hypoparathyroidism, 319 \200\22320 gonadotropin 389 \200\22390, 391 \200\2232, 394 \200\2235 Hypophosphatemia, 401 treatment for, 401 cause s of, 401 for, 57 treatment for, 57 treatment for, 56 combined T4 and T3 replacement, 56 preparations for, 236 in vitro fertilization for, 237 Hypophysitis, classi \201 cation male causes of, 318 history and physical examination, 321 investigations, 322 \200\2233 man agement of, 324 \200\2237 female partner, 324 \200\2235 idiopathic semen of, 136 Hypovolemic Hypopituitarism, 94, 149 basal testing for, 97 clinical features of, 95, 96 de \201 ned, 9 4 dynamic testing for, 97 etiologies of, 94 posterior pituitary function, 97 hyponatremia. See also Hyponatremia clinical features of, 157 treatment for, 158 Ibuprofen, for Bartter \200\231s syndrome, 191 abnormalities, 325 Idiopathic male partner, 325 unexplained infertility, during pregnancy, 358 causes of, 358 lymphocytic hypophysitis, hyperprolactinemia, 106. See also Hyperprolactinemia 325 \200\2237 metformin for, 236 ovulation induction, 328 clomifene citrate, 328 \200\2239 358 pre-existing Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypopituitarism, 358 119-Draznin-Index.indd 714 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 715 Iodide, in \202 uence on clinical presentation cryopreservation, fertility, and cancer treatment, 331 thyroid function tests, 8, 11 of, 472 de \201ned, 472 incidence of, 472 pancreatic insulinomas, 123Iodine-metaiodo- GnRH treatment, 330 \200\2231 gonadotropins, 329 \200\22330 indications, 328 ovarian drilli ng, 329 pretreatment assessment, benzylguanidine (MIBG) imaging radiological localization of, 473 for adrenal adenomas, prognosis of, 474 treatment for, 474 tumor localization, 473 169 for pheochromocytoma, 328 216 \200\22317, 219 sexual history, 319 surgery for, 237 In \201 ltrative pituitary diseases, 136 Insulin regimens, 599 for thyroid disease, 11 basal bolus regimen, 602 continuous SC insulin infusion (CSII), 602 insulin and oral agent mixtures, 602 Ipri \202 avone, for osteoporosis, 582 Irbesartan, for primary hyperaldosteronism, 174 classi \201 cation of, 136 clinical investigations for, 137 In \202 ammatory conditions twice-daily \201 xed mixture, Irregular vaginal bleeding, and osteoporosis, 407 \200\2238 602 associated with hormone replacement therapy, 272 In \202 ammatory pituitary twice-daily free mixing, diseases, 136 601 Ischemic heart disease classi \201 cation of, 136 clinical investigations Insulin sensitizers, 578 \200\2239 (IHD), associated with menopause, 266 Cassia cinnamon for, 137 (Cinnamomum aromaticum), 578 Iso \202 avones, for In \202 iximab, for sarcoidosis, osteoporosis, 582 Isolated ACTH de \201 ciency, 138 chromium, 578 Ginseng, 579 prickly pear cactus for sarcoidosis, 138 194 Inherited primary Isotope bone scanning, 370 Isotretinoin, for acne, 237 IV Bicarbonate, for diabetic hyperparathyroidism, 507 (Opuntia \201 cus-indica), 579 causes of, 507 epidemiology of, 507 familial isolated vanadium, 579 ketoacidosis, 653 IV Broad-spectrum antibiotics, 653 IV Nicardipine, for Insulin tolerance test (ITT), for corticotrope de \201 ciency, 91 hyperparathyroidism, 508 contraindications to, 91 Intermediate-acting hyperparathyroidism \200\223jaw tumor syndrome, 507 pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas, 218 (isophane) insulins, 601. See also Insulin Intermediate-density Insulin, 599, 600 IV 0.9% saline, as aspart (NovoRapid ), ketoacidosis initial treatment, 654 lipoproteins (IDLs), 660 601 biphasic/mixed insulins, Internal genitalia, Kallmann syndrome, 286 \200\2237 601 detemir (Levemir ), 601 glargine (Lantus ), 601 glulisine (Apidra ), 601 insulin analogs , 601 intermediate-acting (isophane), 601 as ketoacidosis initial treatment, 654 lispro (Hu malog ), 601 resistance, 591 \200\2232 as diabetic risk factor, 628 short-acting type, 600 Insulin-like growth factor-1 development of, 455 diagnosis of, 286 epidemiology of, 286 genetic factors associated Interstitial cells, 280 Intracavernous injection, 311 \200\22312 with, 286 \200\2237 management of, 287 Intracranial germ cell tumors, 161. See also Germ cell tumor Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), for Klinefel ter \200\231s syndrome, 289 \200\22390 Karyotype with phenotype, correlation of, 258 Ketoconazole associated with primary adrenal insuf \201 ciency, 196 \200\2237 Intrauterine contraceptive devices (lUD), 647 for Cushing \200\231s syndrome, 123 Intrauterine growth Ki67, 4 Klinefelter \200\231s syndrome, 284, 289 \200\22391, 323 in adolescents, 289 in adu lts, 289 diagnosis of, 289 management of, 289 \200\22390 risks of, 289 (IGF-), 93, 229 restriction (IUGR), 442 for acromegaly, 112, 145 in elderly people, 538 In vitro fertilization (IVF) Insulinomas, 472 for infertility, 237 for premature ovarian insuf \201 ciency, 262 \200\2233 biochemical features of, 517 biochemical investigations superovulation, 330 for, 472 119-Draznin-Index.indd 715 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 716 Lingual thyroid, 4. See also Kudzu (Pueraria lobata), Macronodular adrenal hyperplasia, 553 Thyroid with estrogenic activity, 580 Lipemia retinalis, 671 LIPID (Long-term Macroprolactinoma, 354 \200\2235 Macroprolactinomas Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease), 629 \200\22333 Lipid abnormalities, Laboratory endocrinology, clinical features of, 104 treatment for, 107 pitfalls in, 688 analytical factors, 690 disastrous outcomes, Macrovascular disease, 627 diabetes, and lipid investigations of, 612 Lipid-lowering drugs, 680 and macrovascular disease, 627 692 abnormalities in, 629 \200\22331 factors of, 688 post-analytical factors, epidemiology of, 627 hypertension, 632 \200\2235 pathogenesis of, 628 691 Lipids and coronary heart pre-analytical errors, examples of, 689 pre-analytical factors, disease, 660 Magnesium, 582 pathogenesis of, 661 physiology of, 660 blood concentration 689 \200\22390 of, 373 Lipodystrophies, in secondary hyperlipidemias, 675 within-person (biological) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for acromegaly, 113 of adrenal glands, 168 chest, for Cush ing \200\231s disease, 121 variation, 689 Lack of monitoring, as Lipodystrophy, 545 A-Lipoic acid, 579 Lipoprotein lipase, 671 Liposuction, 531 Lithium, in \202 uence on diabetic foot risk factor, 637 Lactotropes, 84 de \201 ciency basal testing for, 89 dynamic testing for, 89 for craniopharyngiomas, 88, 131 for Graves \200\231 thyroid function tests, 8 Liver disease Langerhans \200\231 cell ophthalmopathy, 40 for hemochromatosis, 139 for microadenomas, 87 for multinodular goiter, effect of hormone histiocytosis, 139 clinical features of, 139 treatment for, 139 replacement therapy in, 271 endocrinology of, 554 \200\2235 adrenal hormones, 555 sex hormones, 554 \200\2235 thyroid, 555 and osteoporosis, 407 \200\2238 in secondary Laparascopic 46 adrenalectomy, for primary hyperaldosteronism, 180. See also Adrenalectomy normal and abnormal pituitary images, 86, 87 for pheochromocytoma, 216 for primary hyperlipidemias, 675 Large bowel involvement, in autonomic neuropathy treatment, 626 Laron syndrome, 440 Laurenc e \200\223Moon \200\223Biedl syndrome, 288 Leptin and obesity, 524 Levodopa, for Long-acting insulin analogs, hyperaldosteronism, 179 601 Lovaza , 680 Low-density lipoproteins for prolactinomas, 108 for Rathke \200\231s cleft cysts, 87, 88, 132 (LDLs), 660 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Low-sodium/protein diets, for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 154 L-thyroxine, for anterior pituitary hormone de \201 ciencies, 99 pheochromocytoma, 214 antigens, 590 associated with Graves \200\231 Levonorgestrel, 275 Levothyroxine, for disease, 17 Male factors, in infertility. See also Infertility history of and physical examination for, 321 hypothyroidism, 56 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) ingestion, 183. See also Mineralocorticoid excess Luteinizing hormone (LH), 31 \200\2232, 83, 84, 90, 281 Lymphocytic hypophysitis, androgen de \201 ciency, symptoms of, 321 136, 358 clinical presentation with estrogenic activity, drug history, 321 investigations for, 322 \200\2233 testicular size, 321 \200\2232 Male hyp ogonadism, 284 of, 137 de \201 ned, 137 differential diagnosis 580 Liddle \200\231s syndrome, 190 causes of, 190 clinical features of, 190 clinical investigations of, 358 clinical assessment of, 293 history, 293 physical examination, 293 testicular function, management of, 358 natural history of, 137 pathology of, 137 treatment for, 137 for, 190 treatment for, 190 Lid retraction, for Graves \200\231 ophthalmopathy, 41 hormonal evaluation of, 293 \200\2235 Lymphoma, 79. See also Thyroid cancer 119-Draznin-Index.indd 716 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 717 Menstrual function disorders, 252 Medullary thyroid clinical characteristics carcinoma (MTC), 78, 504. See also Thyroid cancer of, 292 de \201 ned, 284 epidemiology of, 284 evaluation of, 284 primary, 289 \200\22391 c auses of, 285, 289 \200\22391 diagnosis of, 289 secondary, 285 \200\2238 causes of, 285 \200\2238 de \201 ned, 285 diagnosis of, 285 causes of, 254 de \201 ned, 252 history of, 253 laboratory evaluation diagnosis of, 78 follow-up of, 78 management of, 78, 505 presentation of, 78 treatment for, 78 for, 255 management of, 256 physical examination for, 253 Mefenamic acid, in \202 uence on thyroid function tests, 8 MEN type 1 syndrome, 110, 171, 211, 217, 502 clinical features of, 499 de \201ned, 499 genetic factors associated MEG3 mutations, Male osteoporosis, 418 Male partner, infertility associated with pituitary adenomas, 102 in, 325 Megestrol acetate, for with, 499 lesions in, 500 management of, 501 pancreatic tumors, 501 pituitary adenomas , 50 1 primary Male sexual function, physiology of, 306 vasomotor symptoms, 268 Male-to-female transsexuals Melanocortin peptides, 525 Meningiomas, 134 Menin mutations, gender reassignment surgery, 342 associated with pituitary adenomas, 102 hyperparathyroidism, 501 hormonal manipulation, 340 \200\2231 Menopause, 264 mutational analysis, 501 pancreatic tumors in, 500 pituitary tumors in, 500 prognosis of, 5 02 screening of, 502 Mannitol, for diabetic ketoacidosis, 653 alternative therapy used in, 580 \200\2231 Marcus Gunn pupil test, 41 Maternal adrenocortical clinical examination for, 267 function, changes in, 361 clinical investigations MEN type 2 syndrome, 503 Maternal for, 267 classi \201cation and hyperandrogenism, 457 clinical presentation of hot \202 ashes, 266 menstrual disturbances, presentation of, 503 Maternal hypothyroidism clinical features of, causes of, 349 management of, 349 positive thyroid 504, 505 266 medulllary thyroid cancer, 504 mood changes, 266 sexual dysfunction, 266 urinary symptoms, 266 de \201 ned, 264 history o f, 267 hormone replacement therapy for, 268 antibodies for, 349 Pentagastrin test, 504 pheochromocytoma, 504 primary prevalence of, 349 suboptimal treatment risks during pregnancy, 349 Maturity-onset diabetes hyperparathyroidism, 504 de \201ned, 503 genetic factors associated of the young (MODY), 590 \200\2231 areas of uncertainty with, 271 \200\2232 with, 503 McCune \200\223Albright bene \201 ts of, 268 \200\2239 continuous combined, 272 contraindications to, 269 endometr ial assessment, management of, 505 medulllary thyroid cancer, 505 syndrome, 110, 486 clinical features of, 487 Caf -au-lait pigmentation, pheochromocytoma , 505 primary 487 272 endocrinopathies, 488 involvement of other regimens, 273, 274 risks of, 269 \200\22371 sequential cyclical, 272 side effects of, 272 l ong-term consequences hyperparathyroidism, 505 organs, 487 polyostotic \201brous dysplasia, 487 mutational analysis, 506 prognosis of, 506 screening of, 506 de \201ned, 486 genetic factors associated of, 266 Metabolic syndrome, 528 Metastatic tumors to the perimenopause, 264 physiology of, 264 transition, hormonal with, 486 prognosis of, 488 Mechanical injury, as pituitary, 135 Metformin changes during, 265 for amenorrhea, 236 for hypoglycemia, 657 \200\2238 for infertility, 236 for polycystic ova ry syndrome, 234 diabetic foot risk factor, 637 Menstrual cycle, normal, 252 Menstrual disorders, oral contraceptive pill for, 276 Medial convexity, 640 Medroxyprogesterone, for amenorrhea, 236 119-Draznin-Index.indd 717 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 718 MODY 1 (HNFA), 59 MODY 2 (glucokinase), Microprolactinoma, 354 Microprolactinomas Metformin (Cont.) for type 1 diabetes, clinical features of, 104 treatment for, 107 594 \200\2235 591 MODY 3 (HNF1 A), 59 MODY 4 (IPF-1), 59 Molindone, for Methicillin-resistant Microvascular circulatory Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screen, 561 \200\2232 disease, as diabetic foot risk factor, 637 Methimazole hyperprolactinemia, 105 Microvascular for amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, 64, 65 Monoamine oxidase complications, as diabetic foot risk factor, 637 inhibitors for hyperthyroidism, for hyperprolactinemia, 21, 23 105 Midnight salivary cortisol test, for Cushing \200\231s syndrome, 118 dose and effectiveness for pheochromocytoma, of, 21 \200\2232 214 for management of Mononeuropathies, 621 \200\2232 Mood changes Mid-parental height (MPH), Graves \200\231 disease in mother, 32 432 associated with Mifopristone, for Cushing \200\231s for neonatal menopause, 266 effect of hormone syndrome, 123 Migraine, effect of thyrotoxicosis, 33 \200\2234 for subacute thyroiditis, replacement therapy in, 272 hormone replacement therapy in, 271 Mineralocorticoid de \201 ciency, 192 51 \200\2232 for thyroid crisis, 28 \200\2239 for toxic multinodular Motor neuropathy, as diabetic foot risk factor, 637 goiter, 47 acquired, 192 causes of, 192 epidemiology of, 192 treatment for, 192 for toxic thyroid nodule, M llerian structures, 455 Multinodular goiter. See 47 Methotrexate also Goiter for lymphocytic clinical evaluation for, Mineralocorticoid excess, hypophysitis, 137 for sarcoidosis, 138 45 \200\2236 170, 182 clinical studies for, 46 etiology of, 47 incidence of, 44 pathology of, 48 prevalence of, 4 4 thyrotoxicosis due to, 30 treatment for nontoxic, 47 \200\2238 toxic, 47 apparent, 182 \200\2233 causes of, 170 de \201 ned, 170 deoxycorticosterone, 183 ectopic A CTH syndrome, Methyldop, for hyperprolactinemia, 105 Methyl-dopa, for primary hyperaldosteronism, 174 A-Methylparatyrosine, for pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas, 219 183 epidemiology of, 182 licorice ingestion, 183 primary Metoclopramide for gastroparesis, 626 for hyperprolactinemia, Myxedema, 53. See also Hypothyroidism Myxedema coma, 55. hyperaldosteronism. See Primary hyperaldosteronism 105 for pheochromocytoma, See also Hypothyroidism Mineralocorticoid replacement 214 Metronidazole, in diabetic feet infection control, 639 Metyrapone elevated TSH for Addison \200\231s disease, 203 for perioperative despite thyroxine replacement therapy for, 58, 58 \200\2239 interference with absorption of thyroxine, 59 management of, 58 \200\2239 Myxoedema, 55. See also management of patients undergoing adrenalectomy, 189 for adrenal carcinoma, 186 Mineralocorticoids resistance, 570 synthesis of, 165, 166 Minocycline, for acne, 237 Mitoch ondrial diabetes, for Cushing \200\231s syndrome, 123 test protocol, for corticotrope de \201 ciency, 91 Microadenomas, Hypothyroidism 591 \200\2232 Mitotane Narcotic drugs, associated magnetic resonance imaging for, 87 with secondary hypogonadism, 287 for Addison \200\231s disease, 204 for adrenal carcinoma, 186 for Cushing \200\231s syndrom e, Microalbuminuria, 612 Nateglinide, 597 N-containing false positives for, 613 risk factors for 123 for primary bisphosphonates, 413 Nelson \200\231s syndrome, 122 Neonatal thyrotoxicosis, development of, 615 hyperaldosteronism, 180 Microcytic anemia, 15. See also Anemia 348 119-Draznin-Index.indd 718 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 719 Normogonadotropic anovulation, 324 Ophthalmoplegia, 40 Opiates, for Neoplastic disorders and osteoporosis, 407 \200\2238 Nephrogenic diabetes Novolin , 600 NSAIDs hyperprolactinemia, 105 Opsite , 623 Optic chiasm, associated insipidus, 151. See also Diabetes insipidus clinical features of, 152 diagnosis of, 153 dru g therapy for, 154 etiologies of, 152 for Bartter \200\231s syndrome, with pituitary radiotherapy, 150 Optic neuropathy, 41 Oral contraceptive pill 191 for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 154 for neurogenic diabetes (OCP), 275 for acne, 244 \200\2235 age and, 279 for amenorrhea, 236 antibiotics and, 279 be ne \201 ts of, 276 breakthrough bleeding, Neuroendocrine system, insipidus, 154 464 for primary Neuro \201bromatosis, 489 hyperaldosteronism, 174 de \201ned, 489 type 1, 217, 211, 490 endocrine features of, 490 Null cell adenoma, 102, 125 Neurogenic diabetes Nurses Health Study (NHS insipidus, 151. See also Diabetes insipidus clinical features of, 152 diagnosis of, 153 dru g therapy for, 154 etiologies of, 152 Neuroglycopenic symptoms, of hypoglycemia, 657 Neurop athic bladder, 626 Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 279 I and II), 633 \200\2235 contraindications to, 277 for diabetes, 645 \200\2236 for hirsutism, 244 \200\2235 for poly cystic ovary syndrome, 235 preparations, 276 side effects of, 275 during surgery, 279 Nutritional disorders and osteoporosis, 407 \200\2238 Oat bran (Avena sativa), 579 Obesity, 522 body mass index, 522 consequences of, 527 as coronary heart disease Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) risk factor, 662 for acromegaly, 113 during pregnancy, 645 Oral hypoglycemic agents, 527 de \201ned, 522 as diabetic risk factor, Neurosurgical hyponatremia, 157. See also Hyponatremia 628 595 \200\2239 epidemiology of, 523 etiology of, 524 \200\2235 evaluation for, 528 investigations for, 529 management of, 530 behavioral interventions, biguanides, 596 \200\2237 A-glucosidase inhibitors, etiologies of, 157 Neutrophil dyscrasias, 597 \200\2238 22 \200\2233 Nicotine, for prandial glucose regulators, 597 pheochromocytoma, 214 sulfonylureas, 594 \200\2235, 596 thiazolidinediones, 598 531 diet, 530 \200\2231 drug treatment, 531 \200\2232 exercise, 531 metabolic syndrome, 528 pathophysiology of, 526 waist circumference, 523 weight loss, effects of, 530 Obstructive azoospermia, Nicotinic acid, 681 \200\2232 indications of, 681 interactions, 682 mechanism of action, 68 1 side effects of, 682 Orbital radiotherapy, for Graves \200\231 ophthalmopathy, 41. See also Radiotherapy Nitroprusside, for Orchidectomy, 335 Orchitis, 291 Orlistat, 531 \200\2232 Osteoblasts, 366 Osteocalcin, 369 \200\22370 Osteoclasts, 366 Osteocytes, 366 Osteogenesis imperfecta, pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas, 218 Nocturnal hypoglycemic 325 Octreotide episodes, 650 Nodular glomerular sclerosis, 614 Non-islet cell tumor for bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, 186 for carcinoid tumors, 469 hypoglycemia (NICH), 518 427 Olanzapine, for classi \201 cation of, 428 diagnosis, 427 Osteomalacia, 400 hyperprolactinemia, 105 Nonselective B-blockers, Oligomenorrhea, 230 \200\2231, 657 244 \200\2235, 250, 252 Omacor , 680 Omega-3 fatty acids, 682 and rickets. See Rickets and osteomalacia Non-seminoma germ cell tumors, 315 Osteoporosis, 405 Noonan \200\231s syndrome, 290 Norethisterone, 275 Norgestimate, 275 Norithindrone, 275 Nor mochromic anemia, 15. indications of, 682 interactions, 682 mechanism of action, 682 side effects of, 682 androgen therapy for, 296 associated with menopause, 266 BMD testing in males, Oncogenic osteomalacia, 419 See also Anemia 400 119-Draznin-Index.indd 719 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 720 P1NP, 369 \200\22370 p16 mutations, associated lifestyle measures, 413 Osteoporosis (Cont.) causes of, 407 \200\2238 investigations to exclude, Ovarian androgen with pituitary adenomas, 102 suppression, for polycystic ovary syndrome, 235 Ovarian biopsy, for 411 p18 mutations, associated complications of therapy, with pituitary adenomas, 102 417 premature ovarian insuf \201 ciency, 261 Ovarian cancer. See also bisphosphonates, 417 calcitonin, 418 calcitriol, 418 calcium and vitamin D, 418 hormone rep lacement p27 mutations, associated with pituitary adenomas, 102 Cancer p53 mutations, associated effect of hormone with pituitary adenomas, 102 P450 oxidoreductase de \201ciency, 460 replacement therapy in, 271 therapy, 417 increased bone mineral and infertility, 329 oral contraceptive pill density, causes of, 419 male osteoporosis, 418 raloxifene, 418 strontium ranelate, 418 teriparatide, 418 drug treat ments for, 414 effect of hormone Paget \200\231s disease, 369 \200\22370, 421 biophosphonates licensed in the U.S. for, 426 clinical features of, 422 complications of, 424 epidemiology of, 422 investigations for, 42 3 monitoring of therapy, for, 276 Ovarian development, disorders of, 457 Ovarian drilling, 329 Overt hypothyroidism, antibody screening for, 10. See also Hypothyroidism Ovulation induction, 328 clomifene citrate for, replacement therapy in, 269 in elderly people, 537 epidemiology of, 408 glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, etiologica l factors for, 415 glucocorticoid 426 pathology of, 421 \200\2232 radiological features 328 \200\2239 of, 423 administration of, 328 contraindications to, 328 dose, 328 \200\2239 ef \201 cacy of, 329 indications of, 328 mode of action, 328 side effects of, 329 cryopreservation, fertility, a nd cancer treatment, 331 treatment for, 425 goals of, 425 indications for, 425 osteoporosis, management of, 416 investigations for, 410 \200\2232 diagnosis, establishing, 410 medical management, Pamidronate, for Paget \200\231s disease, 426 Panax ginseng. See Ginseng Pancreatic insulinomas, radiological localization of, 473 411 \200\22312 monitoring therapy, 410 \200\2231 causes of, 410 management of, 268 men, considerations GnRH treatment for, Pancreatic tumors, 330 \200\2231 management of, 501 Papaverine, for obstructive sleep apnea, 311 \200\22312 Papillary microc arcinoma of the thyroid (PMC), 67. See also Thyroid cancer dose and administration of, 331 ef \201 cacy of, 331 indications of, 330 \200\2231 monitoring of, 331 side effects of, 331 gonadotropins for, 329 \200\22330 dose and administration in, 419 pathology of, 406 early onset of loss, 406 increased net loss, 406 lifestyle factors affect ing bone mass, 406 peak bone mass, 406 postmenopausal osteoporosis, diagnosis of, 410 preme nopausal women, considerations in 417 treatment for, 67 \200\2238 Papillary thyroid of, 330 ef \201 cacy of, 330 indications of, 329 IVF superovulation, 330 side effects of, 330 indications of, 328 ovarian drilling, 329 pretreatment assessment carcinoma, 66. See also Thyroid cancer follow-up of 6 \200\22312 months, 76 years 2 \200\22310, 76 years 11 \200\22320, 76 years 2 1+, 77 histology of, 68 pathology of, 68 Paragangliomas, 210 presentation of, 409 secondary osteoporosis, common form of, 415 for, 328 for subclinical tamoxifen for, 329 Ovulation induction hyperthyroidism, 29 \200\22330 clinical features of, 213 clinical investigations for, therapy, Ovulation induction therapy, 262 \200\2233 treatment for, 413 \200\22315 choice of therapy, 214 \200\22317 demonstrate Ovulatory function, 413 \200\22315 assessment of, 320 catecholamine hypersecretion, 214 \200\22315 glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, 415 Oxytocin, 85 119-Draznin-Index.indd 720 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 721 Pegvisomant, for Phenylethanolamine-N- methyl transferase (PNMT), 212 genetic conditions, acromegaly, 114 Pellagra, for carcinoid indications for, 217 localization of tumor, tumors, 471 Phenytoin 216 \200\22317 associated with primary adrenal insuf \201 ciency, 196 \200\2237 Pelvic ultrasonic imaging, for premature ovarian insuf \201 ciency, 261 Pemberton \200\231 s sign, 3, 45 \200\2236 Pendred \200\231s syndrome, 60 Penile prosthesis, 313 Pentagastrin test, MEN screening for associated conditions, 217 complications of, 213 de \201 ned, 210 epidemiology of, 210 familial, 211 follow-up of, 218 incidence of, 210 management of, 218 pathophysiology of, 212 malignancy, 212 secretory products, 212 prognosis of, 219 syndromes associated in \202 uence on thyroid function tests, 8 for peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, 623 Pheochromocytoma, 364 management of, 364 A-blockade, 364 B-blo ckade, 364 surgery, 364 type 2 syndrome, 504 Pergolide (Permax), for prolactinomas, 144 Perimenopause, 264. See also Menopause Peripheral neuropathy, as diabetic foot risk factor, 637 Pheochromocytomas, 210, 494, 567 with, 211 bilateral adrenalectomy, Parasellar tumors, 134 Peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, 621 differential diagnosis 567 chordomas/ clinical features of, 213 clinical investigations for, condrosarcomas, 135 gangliocytomas, 134 germ cell tumor, 134 hamartomas, 135 meningiomas, 134 metastatic tumors to the of, 622 214 \200\22317 demonstrate examination of, 622 features of, 621 general treatments for, catecholamine hypersecretion, 214 \200\22315 623 \200\2234 pituitary, 135 mononeuropathies, genetic conditions, Parathyroidectomy, 565 \200\2236 complications of, 384 mechanical, 384 metabolic, 384 outco me after surgery, 621 \200\2232 indications for, 217 localization of tumor, proximal motor neuropathy, 622 treatment for, 623 216 \200\22317 screening for associated Peripheral sex hormone conditions, 217 complications of, 213 de \201 ned, 210 epidemiology of, 210 follow-up of, 218 incidence of, 210 management of, 218 pathophysiology of, 212 malignancy, 212 secretory products, 212 postoperative, 567 in pregnancy, 567 preoperative, 567 prognosis of, 219 synd romes associated 384 secretion, 451 postoperative care, Peripheral vascular disease, as diabetic foot risk factor, 637 565 \200\2236 Parathyroid glands, abnormal Peritoneal dialysis, for thyroid crisis, 28 \200\2239 localization of, 381 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and enal osteodystrophy, 556 Permanent hypoparathyroidism, 566 Parathyroid hormone- related peptide (PTHrP) , 552 Pernicious anemia, antibody screening for, 10. See also Anemia Parenteral therapy, for anterior pituitary hormone de \201 ciencies, 98 Paroxetine Phenothiazines for hyperprolactinemia, 105 with, 211 Phlebotomy, for for pheochromocytoma, 214 hemochromatosis, 139 Phosphate for peripheral Phenoxybenzamine sensorimotor neuropathy, 623 for adrenal disorders during pregnancy, 364 for pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas, 218 Phentermine, for obesity, blood concentration for vasomotor of, 373 symptoms, 268 PDE-5 inhibitors, for urine excretion of, 374 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) erectile dysfunction, 311 532 inhibitors, 311 Phytoestrogens, for Phentolamine, for contraindications to and cautions of, 312 Pegvisomant (Somavert), for acromegaly, 146 pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas, 218 Phenylephrine, for diabetic menopause, 580 \200\2231 Pilocarpine, for diabetic eye disease, 607 eye disease, 607 119-Draznin-Index.indd 721 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 722 de \201ned, 498 treatment for, 498 suppression test for acromegaly, 93 for Cushing \200\231s syndrome, Pineal gland, 161 clinical features of, 161 clinical investigations Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 227 abnormalities of 92 for, 161 Pituitary gland, 82 anatomy of, 82 embryology, 82 physiology of anterior, 83, 84 posterior, 85 and intracranial germ cell hormone secretion in, 228 tumors, 161 management of, 162 physiology of, 161 prognosis of, 162 staging of, 161 Pioglit azone, 598 dose of, 598 indications of, 598 side effects of, 598 Pituitary adenomas, 101 ma nagement of, 501 Pituitary disorders during clinical features of, 230 \200\2231 de \201 ned, 227 diagnosis criteria for, 227 epidemiol ogy of, 227 hyperandrogenic Pituitary hormones, 281, 695 Pituitary imaging anovulation, causes of, 228 \200\2239 for Cushing \200\231s disease, laboratory evaluation for, 119 \200\22320 for gonadotropinomas, 232 \200\2233 126 complications, screening Pituitary radiotherapy, 147. See also Radiotherapy for, 233 pregnancy, 352 acromegaly, 357 anatomical changes, 352 Cushing \200\231s syndrome, diagnosis, con \201 rmation background, 147 complications of, 149 hypopituitarism, 149 long-term, 150 short-term, 149 v isual impairment, 150 conventional external beam radiation, 147 for Cushing \200\231s disea se, 122 ef \201 cacy of, 148 stereotactic forms of, 147 Pituitary resistance to thyroid ho rmones (PRTH), 36, 37. See also Thyroid hormone resistance Pituitary tumors, 101 See also i ndividual entries of, 232 management of, 234 pathogenesis of, 228 \200\2239 risks associated with, 356 \200\2237 complications of, 356 management of, 356 \200\2237 hypopituitarism, 358 causes of, 358 lymp hocytic hypophysitis, 230 \200\2231 Polycythemia, androgen therapy for, 298 Polygenic hypercholesterolemia, 669 358 pre-existing Polyostotic \201brous dysplasia, 487 hypopituitarism, 358 pre-existing POMC-derived peptides, hypopituitarism, management of, 359 Sheehan \200\231s syndrome, 359 normal physiology, 353 prolactinoma, 354 \200\2235 dopamine agonists on 575 Positron emission tomography (PET) for adrenal adenomas, 169 for Cushing \200\231s disease, 121 for pheochromocytoma, classi \201 cation of functional status, 102 mass effects, 102 size, 101 epidemiology of, 101 evaluation, algorithm fetus, 354 217 management of, 354 \200\2235 tumor size, effect of pregnancy on, 354 Pituitary dysfunction in Postcoital test, for infertility, 321 Postmenopausal osteoporosis, diagnosis of, 372 AIDS, 548 for, 103 Pituitary function testing, investigations for, 102 management of, 103 natural history of, 103 pathophysiology of, 102 surgical treatment of, 140 Postoperative thyroid 89 hormone therapy, for thyroid cancer, 70 for acromegaly, 113 basal testing corticotropes, 91 gonadotropes, 90 lactotropes, 89 somato tropes, 93 thyrotropes, 89 dynamic testing gonadotropes, 90 lactotropes, 89 thyrotropes, 89 for gonadotropinomas, Postpartum thyroid dysfunction, 350 clinical presentation Plasma, de \201 nition of, 693 Plasma catecholamine measurement for pheochromocytoma, 215 of, 350 differential diagnosis of, 350 etiology of, 350 investigations for, 350 management of, 350 prevalence of, 350 prog nosis of, 350 Plasma gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones, 696 Plasmapheresis, for thyroid 126 crisis, 28 \200\2239 Postpartum thyroiditis, 34, 49, 51. See also Thyroiditis stimuation testing corticotropes, 91 for growth hormone de \201 ciency, 93 POEMS syndrome, 498 clinical presentation of, 498 antibody screening for, 10 119-Draznin-Index.indd 722 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 723 indications for, 245 outcome of, 245 prenatal treatment protocol, 245 treatment for, 245 kn own diabetes and, Premature thelarche, 451 Pre-pregnancy counseling, for thyrotoxicosis, 32 \200\2233 Postprandial reactive hypoglycemia (PRH), 520 Preproliferative causes of, 520 de \201ned, 520 investigations for, 520 management of, 521 pathophysiology of, 520 Postural hypotension, and diabetic neuropathy, 625 retinopathy, 606 Previous ulceration, as diabetic foot risk factor, 637 642 \200\2234 after delivery, 643 \200\2234 delivery management, 643 fetal monitoring, 643 glycemic contr ol Prickly pear cactus (Opuntia \201 cus-indica), 578, 579 Primary gonadal failure, 318 Primary Potassium, as ketoacidosis initial treatment, 654 maintenance, 642 monitoring hyperaldosteronism, 171. See also Mineralocorticoid excess Potassium iodide complications, 643 for hyperthyroidism, 27 for thyroid crisis, 28 \200\2239 Potassium perchlorate, for amiodar one-induced thyrotoxicosis, 64 pre-conception management, 642 treatment regimen, 643 treatment regimen for causes of, 172 clinical features of, 171 differential diagnosis of, labor and delivery, 644 pituitary disorders during. See pituitary disorders during pregnanc y postpartum thyroiditis, Potassium 176 \200\2237, 178 supplementation, for primary aldosteronism, 176 adrenal vein sampling, 176 \200\2237, 179 captopril suppression Prader \200\223Willi syndrome, 34 test, 177 CT/MRI scan, 179 dietary sodium loading, 287 \200\2238 pregnant mothers, Prandial glucose regulators, thyroid nodules in, 48 597 prolactinomas in, 176 Pravastatin, for management of, 109 \202 udrocortisone dyslipidemia, 679 in secondary suppression test, 177 Prednisone hyperlipidemias, 676 thyroid cancer during, 77 on thyroid function, 346 thyrotoxicosis in, 31 \200\2234 fetus, management of, radiolabeled for amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, 64, 65 iodocholesterol scanning, 179 for anterior pituitary saline infusion test, 176 epidemiology of, 171 medical treatment for, 180 pathophysiology o f, 171 screening of, 174 \200\2235 indications, 174 medication effects on hormone de \201 ciencies, 98, 99 33 \200\2234 for congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 244 Graves \200\231 disease in mother, management of, 32 for corticotrope de \201 ciency, 92 for glucocorticoid Graves \200\231 disease, natural history of, 31 renin and aldosterone measurement, 174 de \201 ciencies, 206, 207 hyperemesis gravidarum, impact on Graves \200\231 31 \200\2232 method, 174 \200\2235 surgery for, 180 ophthalmopathy, 24 for thyroid crisis, 28 \200\2239 pre-pregnancy counseling, 32 \200\2233 Primary hyperlipidemias, Pre-existing signs of, 31 symptoms of, 31 669 hypopituitarism, 358 background of, 669 clinical characterization management of, 359 growth hormone, 359 hydrocortisone, 359 thyroxine, 359 vasopressin, 359 Premature adrenarche and pubarche, 451 \200\2232 Premature ovarian of, 670 familial combined insuf \201 ciency (POI), 257 hyperlipidemia, 672 autoimmune diseases familial defective Pregabalin, for peripheral and, 260 apolipoprotein B-100, 671 sensorimotor neuropathy, 623 causes of, 257, 258 clinical presentation familial dysbetali- Pregnancy of, 260 de \201 ned, 257 epidemiology of, 257 laboratory evaluation poproteinemia, 672 adrenal insuf \201 ciency familial in, 204 hypercholesterolemia, 669 familial in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, management of for, 261 management of, 262 \200\2233 pathogenesis of, 259 prognosis of, 263 hypertriglyceridemia, 671 aims of, 245 complications of, 246 119-Draznin-Index.indd 723 4/2/2011 8:17:22 PM INDEX 724 Psychosexual counseling, etiology/pathogenesis Primary hyperlipidemias for erectile dynfunction, 313 of, 104 (Cont.) polygenic measurements of, 106 in pregnancy, Psychosocial deprivation, hypercholesterolemia, 669 438 management of, 109 PTTG serum, 106 rare familial mixed abnormalities associated with thyroid cancer, 67 Proliferative retinopathy, dyslipidemias, 673 606 rare genetic Proopiomelanocortin hypertriglyceridemias, 671 Primary mutations, associated with pituitary adenomas, 102 (POMC), 83 Propranolol for hyperthyroidism, 22 for management of hyperparathyroidism, 379 Puberty, 447 delayed/absent, 453 causes of, 453 de \201ned, 453 investigations for, 453 \200\2234 manag ement of, 453 growth regulation and, Graves \200\231 disease in mother, 32 diagnosis of, 380 in elderly people, 537 indications for surgery for pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas, 218, 364 in, 382 \200\2233 management of, 501 Primary hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormone concentrations in, 8. See also Hyperthyroidism Primary hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone concentrations in, 8. See also Hypo thyroidism for subacute thyroiditis, 430 51 \200\2232 normal, 447, 448 precocious, 449 \200\22352 assessment of, 449 central, 450 gonadotropin- for thyroidectomy, 564 for thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, 30 Propylthiouracil (PTU) for amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, 64, 65 independent, 450 \200\2231 peripheral sex hormone for Graves \200\231 secretion, 451 premature adrenarche and pubarche, 451 \200\2232 premature thelarche, 451 hyperthyroidism, 34 for hyperthyroidism, Progesterone 21, 22 \200\2233 action of, 21 dose and effectiveness for anterior pituitary hormone de \201 ciencies, 99 Pyogenic thyroiditis, 51. See also Thyroiditis of, 21 \200\2232 for growth hormone de \201 ciency, 443 \200\2234 Progesterone-only \200\234mini- pill \200\235 (POP), 645 \200\2236 causes and characteristics for management of of, 49 Pyramidal lobe, 4 Graves \200\231 disease in mother, 32 for maternal Progestin, 275 Progressive Quantitative computed tomography (QCT), for bone density, 371. See also Computed tomography hyperthyroidism, 347 \200\2238 polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes (POEM S). See POEMS syndrome Prolactin, 83, 84, 557 Prolactinoma in pregnancy, for subacute thyroiditis, 51 \200\2232 for thyroid crisis, 28 \200\2239 for toxic multinodular Quantitative ultrasound (QUS), for bone density, 371 goiter, 47 for toxic thyroid nodule, 47 Radiation thyroiditis, Prostatic disease, androgen causes and characteristics of, 49. See also Thyroiditis Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, f or thyroid cancer, 71 \200\2234 Radioiodine therapy therapy for, 298 354 \200\2235 Proteinuria, 612 Proximal motor dopamine agonists on fetus, 354 neuropathy, 622 bromocriptine, 354 cabergoline, 354 management, 354 \200\2235 macroprolactinoma, 354 \200 \2235 microprolactinoma, 354 tumor size, effect of pregnancy on, 354 Pseudo-Cushing \200\231s disease, 116. See also Cushing \200\231s disease for amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, 64 for hyperthyroidism, Pseudohypoaldosteronism, 192 Pseudo- 24 \200\2236 hypoparathyroidism, 391, 395 Pseudo pseudo- Prolactinomas, 102, administration of, 25 \200\2236 cancer risk after, 25 caveats, 25 in children, 35 103, 104. See also Hyperprolactinemia clinical features of, 104 epidemiology of, 104 hypoparathyroidism, 392 119-Draznin-Index.indd 724 4/2/2011 8:17:22 PM INDEX 725 Rathke \200\231s cleft cysts (RCC), RET/PTC2 proto-oncogene abnormalities associated with thyroid cancer, 67 clinical guidelines for, 25 contraindications for, 24 hypothyroidism after, 25 indications for, 24 instructions to patients before treatment, 25 132 clinical features of, 132 clinical investigations for, 132 RET/PTC3 TRK proto- computed tomography oncogene for, 88 abnormalities associated with thyroid cancer, 67 outcomes of, 26 side effects of, 25 for nontoxic multinodular epidemiology of, 132 follow-up of, 133 magnetic resonance imaging for, 87, 88 Retinal angiomas, 494 Rickets and osteomalacia,