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Improvement in exercise ca- pacity in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic adults after atrial septal defect percutaneous closure. Circulation. 2002;106:1821 6. S4.1.1-9. Shah D, Azhar M, Oakley CM, et al. Natural history of secundum atrial septal defect in adults after medical or surgical treatment: a historical prospective study. Br Heart J. 1994;71:224 7. S4.1.1-10. Roos-Hesselink JW, Meijboom FJ, Spitaels SEC, et al. Excellent sur- vival and low incidence of arrhythmias, stroke and heart failure long-term after surgical ASD closure at young age. A prospective follow-up study of 21 33 years. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:190 7. S4.1.1-11. Alt ndag T, Roos-Hesselink JW, Cuypers JA, et al. Transcatheter de- vice closure of atrial septal defects in patients aged 40 years and older. Neth Heart J. 2010;18:537 42. S4.1.1-12. Varma C, Benson LN, Silversides C, et al. Outcomes and alternative techniques for device closure of the large secundum atrial septal defect. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2004;61:131 9. S4.1.1-13. Du Z-D, Cao Q-L, Rhodes J, et al. Choice of device size and results of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect using the amplatzer septal occluder. J Interv Cardiol. 2002;15:287 92. S4.1.1-14. Gajjar TP, Hiremath CS, Desai NB. Surgical closure of sinus venosus atrial septal defect using a single patch transcaval repair tech- nique. J Card Surg. 2011;26:429 34. S4.1.1-15. Du Z-D, Hijazi ZM, Kleinman CS, et al. Comparison between trans- catheter and surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children and adults: results of a multicenter nonrandomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1836 44. S4.1.1-16. Du Z-D, Koenig P, Cao Q-L, et al. Comparison of transcatheter clo- sure of secundum atrial septal defect using the Amplatzer septal occluder associated with deficient versus sufficient rims. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:865 9. S4.1.1-17. Lopez K, Dalvi BV, Balzer D, et al. Transcatheter closure of large secundum atrial septal defects using the 40 mm Amplatzer septal occluder: results of an international registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2005;66:580 4. S4.1.1-18. Amin Z, Hijazi ZM, Bass JL, et al. Erosion of Amplatzer septal occluder device after closure of secundum atrial septal defects: review of registry of complications and recommendations to mini- mize future risk. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2004;63:496 502. S4.1.1-19. Bradley EA, Chakinala M, Billadello JJ. Usefulness of medical therapy for pulmonary hypertension and delayed atrial septal de- fect closure. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1471 6. S4.1.1-20. Cho YH, Jun T-G, Yang J-H, et al. Surgical strategy in patients with atrial septal defect and severe pulmonary hypertension. Heart Surg Forum. 2012;15:E111 5. S4.1.1-21. Kouchoukos NT, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW. Surgical implications of pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease. Adv Cardiol. 1978:225 31. S4.1.1-22. 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