anemia) 186 Mainzer-Saldino syndrome 602 INDEX 748 Myodes glareolus (bank voles) 5 myoglobinuria 362, 363 myopathy 454 \200\223455 hyperlipidemia 81, 83 hypoalbuminemia 80 IgA nephropathy 102 infection 81 management 82 \200\22384 and mercury 237 metabolic disorders 81 \200\22382 and NSAIDs 229 NSAIDs, therape utic use 230 presenting features 80 protein wasting/negative nitrogen balance 82 proteinuri a 80, 82 \200\22383 quartan malarial 139 renal biopsy indications 32 renal dysfunction 82 s chistosoma mansoni-associated microscopy (cont.) crystals 11 general procedure 10 lipids 11 phase-contrast, of fresh urine 9, 10 N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 354, 703 NAG (N-Acetyl-b-glucosaminidase), tubular micturition disorders 2 MIDD (monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition damage markers 14 nails disease) 36, 150, 151, 160 middle aortic syndrome 292 midrodine, hepatorenal syndrome 354 m ineral metabolism 473 \200\223474 mineralocorticoids 399 minimal change disease see MCD (mi nimal general examination 6 half-and-half 450 nail-patella syndrome (NPS) 608, 614 \200\223615 ND I (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) 220 \200\223224 diagnostic procedures 221 disorders induced by 705 water deprivation test 223 change disease) Mini-Mental State Examination 456 mithramycin 703 mitomycin 703 mixed connective tissue dis ease (MCTD) 188 MMF see mycophenolate/mycophenolate necrosis 380, 570 needle phobia 540 neonates, renal function in 16 \200\22317 nephrectomy 8 3, 552 \200\223553 nephritic factor 36 nephritic sediment, glomerulonephritis nephropathy 140 steroid-resistant, in children 88 thrombosis 81 nephrotoxic metals 236 \200\223237 nephroureterectomy 677 Nernst equation, hypokalemic tubu lar mofetil MN (membanous nephropathy) marker 11 atypical deposits 108 de novo disease, post-transplantation 109, nephritis disorders 214 acute tubulointerstitial 228 \200\223229, 344 \200\223346 Heymann 106 interstitial see inte rstitial disease, acute; nervous system, metabolic alkalosis 70 neuro \201 bromatosis type 1 642 neurological syste m hypercalcemia 54 metabolic acidosis, systemic effects 65 polyarteritis nodosa 173 574 de \201 ned 106 differential diagnosis 107 as \200\230disease of thirds \200\231 106 drug treatment 108 \200\223109 epidemiology 106 etiology 106 follow-up 109 general investig ations 107 histological variants 107 \200\223108 infection-related glomerulonephritis 130 m alignancy 106, 109 malignancy-associated 135 natural history 106 \200\223107 and nephrotic syndrome 81 para-neoplastic conditions and kidney 197 pathogenesis 106 patient advice 108 p rimary (idiopathic) 106, 109 prognosis 109 recurrent disease, post-transplantation 574 rena l biopsy \201 ndings 107 \200\223108 risk strati \201 cation 108 secondary 106, 109 sign s and symptoms 107 special investigations 107 third-line strategies 109 underlying disease 109 interstitial disease, chronic lupus 182 \200\223184, 381 shunt 128 \200\223129 tuberculosis interstitial 256 neuromuscular system hypermagnesemia 62 hypocalcemia 53 hypomagnesemia 62 respiratory acido sis 72 neuropathy 177, 451, 454 neuropsychiatric disorders 454 \200\223458, 471 neutrophils 10, 168 newborn infant 16 \200\22317, 375 \200\223376 NF1 gene, mutation 642 NFD (nephroge nic \201 brosing dermopathy) 453 nifedipine, malignant hypertension 302 NIPD (nocturnal i ntermittent PD) 508 nitric acid 413 \200\223414 nitrites, in urine 9 nocturnal intermittent PD (NIPD) 508 nonconcordance 540 \200\223541 non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas 150, 561 non-nep hrotic proteinuria, renal biopsy nephrocalcinosis cortical 278 in malignancy 197 medullary 278 sarcoidosis 164, 166 nephrogenesis, in newborn infant 17 nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) see NDI (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) nephrogenic \201 brosing dermopathy (NFD) 453 nephrogenic systemic \201 brosis (NSF) 25 , 29 \200\22330 nephrographic phase, CT scanning 23 nephrolithiasis and normal GFR 632 \200\223633 polycystic kidney disease 593 sarcoidosis 164 stones 273 in transplant donors 548 uric acid 233 \200\223234 nephrolithotomy, percutaneous 276, 282 nephron mass 578 nephronophthisis 602 \200\223604, 6 05 nephropathy indications 32 Noonan syndrome 642 \200\223643 NPHP1-6 genes, nephronophthisis 602, 603 \200\223604 molecular adsorbent recirculating system analgesic 226 \200\223227 aristolochic acid 240 \200\223241 Balkan 238 \200\223239 chronic allograft 568 diabetic see diabetic nephropathy (DN) drug-induced 698 \200\223706 geranium 240 \200\223241 HIV-associated 131 IgA see IgA nephropathy ischemic 296 membranous see MN ( membanous NPHS2 gene, mutations 88, 616, 617 NPS (nail-patella syndrome) 608, 614 \200\223615 NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-in \202 ammatory (MARS) 354 molecular investigations, renal mycosis 266 monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (M IDD) 36, 150, 151, 160 drugs) avoidance in signi \201 cant impairment 694 cancer therapies 716 disorders induced by 705 and kidney 228 \200\223230 nephrocalcinosis 278 nephrotic syndrome 83 pharmacokinetics 228 safe, myth of 229 \200\223230 stones 275 monogenic diseases 582 mood disorders 442 morphine 694 MRA (magnetic resonance angiography) 295, 358 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) 25 \200\22326 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 kidney tumors 668 polycystic kidney disease 587, 592 tuberculosis, renal 258 zygomycosis 265 nephropathy) ochratoxin 240 \200\230scarring \200\231 304 schistosoma mansoni-associated 1 40 snakebite 369 \200\223370 NSF (nephrogenic systemic \201 brosis) 29 \200\22330 nuclear medicine 26 \200\22327, 258 nucleic acid detection, hepatitis C virus 425 nutrition see dietary factors mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) 598 nephrostomy and contrast studies, acute mTOR inhibitors 563 kidney injury 324 nephrotic syndrome 3 Muckle-Wells syndrome 155 mucormycosis 369 multisystem disorders 462 MURCS Association 642 muscle biopsy 358, 363 muscle cramps 711 muscoskeletal system 57, 177 mycophenolate/mycophe nolate mofetil obesity 415, 546, 548 obstetric history 4 obstetric practice, AKI 366 obstruction acute see acute nephrotic syndrome acute kidney injury 82, 340 \200\223343 Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 clinical features, complications and intestinal pseudo-obstruction 419 intratubular 385 mechanical, in cancer 196 \200\223197 re nal tract 20, 23 stones 275, 276 urethral 386 urinary tract 555 pathogenesis 80 \200\22382 complications 86 congenital and infantile 616 \200\223619 drug treatment 83 edema 80 \200 \22381, 82, 83 etiology 80, 139 glomerular disease 80 \200\22384 hypercoagulability 81, 83 \200\22384 chronic calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity 568 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 97 minimal change disease 88, 89 vasculitis 171 obstructive jaundice, hepatorenal syndrome 354 myeloma kidney 158 \200\223159, 204 INDEX 749 or immunadsorption 334 in pregnancy 380 peptic ulcer disease 418 occupational background of patient 5 ochratoxin nephropathy 240 OCPD (optimized cycling per itoneal analgesic nephropathy 226 plasma K+, in newborns 16, 17 plasmapheresis 97, 126, 178 platelet dysfunction 431, 445 pne umaturia, urinary composition, percussion, examination of kidneys and urinary tract 5 dialysis) 508, 523 octreotide, hepatorenal syndrome 354 ocular defects, Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 ocular f undus examination, diabetes percutaneous nephrostomy 27, 28 percutaneous renal angioplasty (PTRA) 293 pericarditis, per icardial rub indicating 6 peripheral neuropathy 454 peripheral vascular disease 474, 544 pe ritoneal cavity 506 peritoneal dialysis alteration in 3 Pneumocysitis jiroveci 557, 567 podocin (protein) 92 podocytes, role 145 poisoning, hemoper fusion treatment 336 \200\223338 complications of extracorporeal circuits 337 continuous ex tracorporeal therapies 337 mellitus 147 OG see serum osmolal gap (OG) OKT3 (muromonab-CD3) 560 oligoanuria 556 oliguria, urine volu me disorder 2 Omniscan (gadolinium-containing contrast see also hemodialysis acute kidney injury 328 acute poisoning, hemoperfusion 336 adequacy 5 21 \200\223525, 524 automated 508 biocompatible \202 uid 509 CAPD 506, 507 \200\223508 ca theter insertion 328, 484, 507 CCPD 508 in children 465 choice of modality 508 clearance of drugs in 693 commencing 525 in diabetics 474 in elderly patients 469 EM disease 259 end-st age renal failure 506 equipment design 508 exit site care 507 GI complications 420 \200\223 421 GI perforation 419 versus home hemodialysis 500 hypermagnesemia 63 infections, catheter -related 511 lipid abnormalities 517 mechanical complications 514 \200\223515 membrane func tion testing 509 \200\223511 minimum dose 522 modalities 507 \200\223508 optimized cycling (OCPD) 508, 523 pain 516 pneumoperitoneum 419 postinsertion care 507 prescription 523 schis tosomiasis 263 sickle cell nephropathy 193 small solute clearance 328, 521, 522, 523 soluti ons 508 \200\223509 target dose 522 polyangiitis, microscopic 169 polyarteritis nodosa see PAN (polyarteritis agent) 29, 30 open donor nephrectomy 552 \200\223553 opioids 694 optimized cycling peritoneal dialysis nodosa) polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) 27, 129, 173 polycystic kidney disease (OCPD) 508, 523 autosomal dominant 588 \200\223589, 590 \200\223595 autosomal recessive 586 \200\223588 in children 586 \200\223589 GI manifestations 419 hypertension 589, 592 \200\223593 infection 587, 593 oral cyclophosphamide 89, 125 oral sodium phosphate solution 705 Osler \200\231s sign, bloo d pressure symptoms 7 osmolality of urine 8, 14 osmotic agents 508 \200\223509 osteoclast-a ctivating factors, in polycythemia 431 polymicrobial infection 513 polymyositis 188 \200\223189, 190 polyneuropat hy, renal disease 7 polyuria hypercalcemia 196 osteomalacia, osteogenic 201 osteonecrosis 570 osteoporosis 570 over \201 ll model, edema 80 \200\22381 overlap syndromes 188 oxalate, increased production 272 oxidant stress 414 analgesic nephropathy 226 de \201 ned 44 in fetus 217 sarcoidosis 164 urine volume disorde r 2 pain posaconazole, fungal infections 266 postobstructive diuresis 325 post-transplant erythrocyt osis 569 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 541 potassium cystitis 2 history of current complaint 4 peritoneal dialysis 516 polycystic kidney disease 592 prostatitis 2 renal biopsy 35 in renal disease 3 pain relief see analgesia palpation, examination of kidneys and urinary control 46 and elderly patients 18 excretion, urinary indices 47 increased, in hyperkalemia 48, 49 loss of 47, 214 and newborn infant 16 PD solutions 508 supplementation 206 total de pletion, in hypokalemia 46, 47 tract 5 PAN (polyarteritis nodosa) 27, 129, 173 pancreas transplantation 474 pancreatic cysts 594 p ancreatitis 418 panimmunoreactivity, membranous potassium chloride (KCI) 48 PPD (tuberculin skin) test 546 prednisolone nephropathy 108 peritoneal equilibration test (PET) 509 peritonitis PAP adhesin 245 papillary necrosis, renal -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 96, 97 Goodpa sture s disease 125 hypercalcemia 166 immunoglobulin-associated glomerulopathies 153 minimal change disease 86 nephrotic syndrome 81 peritoneal dialysis 512 \200\223513, 514 analgesic nephropathy 226, 227 NSAIDs 229 sickle cell nephropathy 192 urinary tract infecti on 249 PeT see pre-eclampsia PET (peritoneal equilibration test) 509 PFA-100 system 445 PG2 and PG 12 (prostaglandins) 228 pH, of urine 8 phenotyping 584 phosphate para-neoplastic conditions, and kidneys 197 \200\223198 parasitic infections 132 lupus nephritis 183 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 114 minimal change disease 88, 89 see also schistosomiasis parathyroid hormone and calcium 432 and immune function 441 \200\223442 sarcoidosis 165 in skeletal disorders 432, 433 pre-eclampsia 310 \200\223315 acute tubular necrosis 379 maternal mortality 311 prevention 315 reduced placental perfusio n 312 \200\223313 pre-existing conditions, clinical history 4 pregnancy fractional reabsorption of, in newborn 17 functions 56 homeostasis 56 medical management 52 9 oral binders 433 skeletal disorders 432, 433 parathyroidectomy 434 parovirus B19 93 PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) staining, immunoglobulin- associated glomerulopathies 151 acute fatty liver of 379 acute kidney injury in 378 \200\223383 antenatal Bartter \200\231s syndrome with phosphate buffers, acid-base homeostasis 64 phosphaturia 200 \200\223201 phosphoribosyl pyr ophosphate synthetase past history 4 patient counseling tools 740 \200\223742 pauci-immune CGN 121 \200\223122 PC R (protein-creatinine ratio) deafness 217 anticoagulation in 449 antiphospholipid syndrome 185 chronic kidney disease in 402, 476 \200\223478 cryoprecipate-poor fresh frozen plasma 380 de novo glomerulonephritis 381 diabetes in 148, 474 \200\223475 dialysis in 382 diuretics, avoidance in 711 early del ivery 382 GFR, changes in 12 hypertension in 310 \200\223315 IgA nephropathy 102 (PRPS) superactivity 636 Pierson syndrome 618 pigment-induced AKI 362 \200\223364 plain X-ray KUB (kidney, ureters, bladder) 20 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 polycystic kidney disease 586 tuberc ulosis, renal 257 atherosclerotic renovascular disease 294 proteinuria and/or hematuria 76 urine collections 9 PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) 60 PD see peritoneal dialysis PE see plasma exchange/immun oadsorption pelvicalyceal system, treatment of plant toxins, AKI 370 plasma biochemistry, stones 283 plasma cell dyscrasias 158 \200\22316 0 plasma exchange 375 stones in 276 pencillamine, cystinuria 202 penicillamine 237 acute poisoning, hemoperfusion 336 INDEX 750 rasburicase 197, 233 Raynaud \200\231s phenomenon, cryoglobulinemia 177 RCIN (radiocontrast -induced PRPS (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase) superactivity 636 pregnancy (cont.) lupus nephritis 381 membranous nephropathy 108 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 114 mic roangiopathic syndromes 380 \200\223381 MRI use 25 platelet and blood transfusion 380 polyh ydramnios in 217 pre-eclampsia 310 \200\223315 urinary tract infection in 248 prerenal (ove rload) proteinuria 9 primary hyperoxalurias 632 \200\223634 proctitis 418 professional soci eties 728 prolactin 398 \200\223399 prophylaxis prune belly syndrome 643 pruritus 6, 450, 532 PSA (prostate-speci \201 c antigen) 685 pseu doartery stenosis 568 \200\223569 pseudohyperkalemia (spurious nephropathy) 703 RCTs see randomized control trials (RCTs) recombinant activated factor VII 446 recurrent di sease see also de novo disease clinical features 572 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 572 \200 \223573 post-transplantation 98, 115, 572 \200\223574, 579 urinary tract infection 250 hyperkalemia) 48 pseudohypokalemia (spurious hypokalemia) 46 pseudohyponatremia (hyponatremia with iso-osmolality) 42 Pseudomonas spp 9, 244, 252, 513 pseudoporphyria 453 PSGN (post-streptococcal red cell transfusion 445 redistribution hyperkalemia 48 refeeding syndrome 57, 58 referral to specialist 396 \200\223397, 541 refractometry, relative density of urine 8 rejection, in renal transplantation 556 \200\223557, glomerulonephritis) 3, 116, 128, 375 psychiatry, referral for 541 psychoactive drugs 695 psychological aspects of treatment 538 \200\223541 psychological dysfunction 455 psychoses 456 psychosocial aspects 482, 588 psych osocial support 466, 629 PT (proximal tubule) 204, 205, 214 PTH-related protein, hypercalce mia 196 PTLD (post-transplant lymphoproliferative ANCA-associated vasculitis 173 antibiotics 514 chronic kidney disease 423, 425 Goodpasture \200\231s disease 126 urinary tract infection 250 563, 578 renal angiography 295 renal artery occlusion 356 renal artery stenosis 5, 23, 408 renal bic arbonate, excessive loss in metabolic prostacyclin, intravenous, scleroderma-systemic sclerosis 186 acidosis 65 prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors 223 prostaglandins 228 prostate, in \202 ammation 3 pro state cancer 27, 684 \200\223687 prostatectomy, radical 685 prostate-speci \201 c antigen (PSA) 685 prostatic enlargement, poor urinary stream 2 prostatitis 2, 248, 249 \200\223250 protein/proteins renal biopsy disease) 567 see also electron microscopy; PTRA (percutaneous renal angioplasty) 293 PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) 541 pull-do wn assays (in vitro assays) 583 pulmonary edema 325 pulmonary system disorders immuno \202 uorescence microscopy; light microscopy; urine microscopy AA amyloidosis 154 acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis 116, 117 cryoglobulinemia 177 Fabry disease 620 metabolic acidosis, systemic effects 65 metabolic al kalosis 70 pulmonary function tests 165, 546 transplant donors, disease in 548 acute kidney injury 32, 324 acute tubulointerstitial nephritis 345 in children 373 in elderly patients 386 glomerulonep hritis 342 hepatorenal syndrome 353 ischemic 356, 358 pigment-induced 363 in pregnancy 382 thrombotic microangiopathies 349 antibodies, as molecular probes 583 low molecular weight, as tubular damage markers 14 protein C system 444 protein-protein interaction 583 \200\223584 in urine 9 purine metabolism, inherited disorders 636 \200\223639, 637 see also proteinuria Western blotting 583 purpura Henoch-Sch lein 6, 100, 104 \200\223105, 573 skin symptoms 6, 450 thrombotic thrombocytope nic see TTP proteinuria acute nephrotic syndrome 139 Alport \200\231s syndrome 610 complications 34 \200\22335 cont raindications 33 crescentic glomerulonephritis 121 cryoglobulinemia 178 day case 34 diabete s mellitus 147 distal RTA 210 Fabry disease 621 Fanconi syndrome 206 glomerulonephritis 134 Goodpasture \200\231s disease 125 hematuria 35, 78 Henoch-Sch lein purpura 104 IgA nephro pathy 101 immunoglobulin-associated Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 analgesic nephropathy 226 asymptomatic 4, 77 Bence-Jones 36, 206 chronic kidney disease 394 in diabetics 145, 147, 472 edema 3 examination 76 Fanconi sy ndrome 206 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 96 \200\230functional \200\231 77 general pr inciples 76 glomerular 9, 76 \200\22379 with hematuria 77 history 76 immunotactoid glomerul opathy 160 initial evaluation 76 interpreting values 76 investigations 76 microalbuminuria 76 minimal change disease 88 and multisystem disease 77 \200\22378 nephrotic range 76 nephr otic syndrome 80, 82 \200\22383 non-nephrotic 32, 76 (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura) pyelography 22 \200\22323 pyelonephritis acute 379 acute and chronic 247, 248 emphysematous 249 pain arising from 3 percussion, examination, clinical 5 xanthogranulomatous 250 pyonephrosis, stones 275 pyuria 3, 245 QMNS (quartan malarial nephrotic syndrome) 139 quality of life, dialysis 525 glomerulopathies 151 \200\223152 radiation nephropathy 197 radio-cephalic AVF 488 radiocontrast-induced nephropathy indications 32 laparoscopic 34 membranous nephropathy 107 \200\223108 mesangiocapillary glo merulonephritis 113 minimal change disease 87 native 33 \200\22334 nephrocalcinosis 279 ope n 34 pain 35 percutaneous 33 \200\22334 post-biopsy monitoring 34 pre-biopsy evaluation 32 \200\22333 pre-eclampsia 313 proteinuria 77 proximal RTA 211 sarcoidosis 32, 165 scleroderm a-systemic sclerosis 186 technique 33 \200\22334 transvenous (transjugular or (RCIN) 703 radioisotope studies 26 radiology, acute kidney injury acute tubulointerstitial nephritis 344 glomerulonephritis 341 \200\223342 hepatorenal syndr ome 353 ischemic 357 \200\223358 pigment-induced 363 thrombotic microangiopathies 349 persistent 77 NSAIDs 229 orthostatic 77 over \202 ow 77 polycystic kidney disease 587 prerenal (overload ) 9 renal biopsy 77 transplantation 579 tubular 9, 77, 704 urinary composition, alteration in 3 urine collections 76 vasculitis 170 proteomics 584 Proteus infection 244, 252 proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) 60 proximal RTA (pRTA) 211 proximal tubule (PT) 204, 205, 214 radiology, chronic kidney disease, skeletal disorders 433 radiotherapy 685 randomized control trials (RCTs) calcineurin inhibitors 564 chronic kidney disease 413, 416 hemodialysis 496 immunosuppressi on for transplantation 560 peritoneal dialysis 523 rare syndromes, with renal involvement 6 40 \200\223644 transfemoral) 34 tropical-related glomerular disease 138 in uremic patient 446 renal blood \202 ow 406, 69 1 renal bone disease 569 \200\223570 RAS see renin-angiotensin system (RAS) INDEX 751 salt 407, 408, 472 see also sodium and water balance 524 renovascular disease 292 \200\223298 renal calci \201 cation, ultrasound arteriography 27 atherosclerotic 293 \200\223298 in children 305, 307 in elderly patients 3 85 in live donors 549 \200\223550 indications 20 \200\22321 renal calculi 379 renal causes 56 \200\22357, 61 renal cell carcinoma 598, 600, 668 renal d ysfunction SAP (serum amyloid P component) 150, 151 scintigraphy 152, 153, 154 sarcoidosis 32, 164 \200\223166 SCA (sickle cell anemia) 192 scapulohumeral periarthritis 4 36 Schistosoma hematobium, urine microscopy 11 schistosoma mansoni-associated resection, bladder cancer 680 resistive index (RI), measurement 21 respiratory acidosis 71 \200\22373 see also renal function Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 nephrotic syndrome 82 recovery of ren al function, in elderly 387 subclinical, and NSAIDs 229 with systemic disease etiology 72 investigations 72 systemic effects 72 treatment 72 \200\22373 respiratory alkal osis nephropathy 140 schistosomiasis 132, 260 \200\223263 glomerular disease 262 hemodialysis 263 hepatitis C vi rus 262 lower urinary tract 261 \200\223262 peritoneal dialysis 263 upper urinary tract 262 renal biopsy indications 32 renal dysplasia 646 \200\223647 renal effects etiology 73 investigations 73 \200\22374 systemic effects 73 treatment 74 respiratory syste m cryoglobulinemia 177 hypophosphatemia 57 renal excretion scintigraphy magnesium 60 phosphate 56 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 isotope bone 26 renal 295 acid-base metabolism, role in 64 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 renal failure retinal dysplasia 603 retinol-binding protein, low molecular weight see also ESRF (end-stage renal failure) with acute tubular necrosis 189 chronic, unexplaine d 32 as disease of the elderly 471 edema 3 ethnic background of patient 5 fungal infections 264 hypermagnesemia 62 minimal change disease 87 myeloma kidney 158 \200\223159 NSAID-indu ced 228 psychological aspects of treatment 538 \200\223541 psychotropic use 457 \200\223458 skin color 6 terminal scleroderma-systemic sclerosis proteins 14 (SSc) 186 \200\223187, 574 retinopathy, diabetic 474 retrograde pyelography 22 retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy 552 rhabdomyolysis 362, 363, 704 rheumatoid arthritis 188, 189 RHYNS syndrome 602 RI (resis tive index), measurement 21 ribavirin, cryoglobulinemia 179 rickets, and hypophosphatemia 2 01 rifampicin, tuberculosis, renal 258 risk strati \201 cation screening see also genetic defects Balkan nephropathy 239 for cancer 544 chronic kidney disease 393 f amily 595 genetic disease 137, 610 hepatocellular cancer 423 SCT (sickle cell carrier/trait) 192 Senior-L ken syndrome (SLSN) 602, 603, 643 septicemia 379 serological investigations acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis 117 AL amyloidosis 153 Henoch-Sch lein purpura 104 IgA nephropathy 101 membranous nephropathy 108 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 113 \200\223114 crescentic glomerulonephritis 121 hepatitis C virus 425 uremic frost in 6 renal \202 uid/electrolyte disorders, serology, acute nephrotic syndrome 139 seroma 490 serum [k+] hypercalcemia 54 renal function see also renal dysfunction assessing before prescribing 691 clinical assessment of 12 \200 \22315 measurement 393 \200\223394 in newborn infant 16 \200\22317 preservation of, in diab etes 472 recovery of, in elderly 387 residual, importance of 486, 524 residual urea, and cr eatinine clearance 522 in transplant donors 548 ritonavir 701 rituximab hyperkalemia 48 hypokalemia 46 cryoglobulinemia 179 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 97 immunoglobulin-associated glomer ulopathies 153 immunosuppression 561 minimal change disease 89 RPF (renal plasma \202 ow) 18 RRT (renal replacement therapy) serum ACE, sarcoidosis 165 serum amyloid A protein (SAA) 150, 153, 154, 155 serum amyloid P component (SAP) see SAP (serum amyloid P component) serum biochemistry, sarcoidosis 165 serum free light chain assa y, immunoglobulin- associated glomerulopathies 152 renal glycosuria 200 renal osteodystrophy 464 renal pelvis and ureter, tumors of 676 \200 \223678 renal plasma \202 ow (RPF) 18 renal replacement therapy see RRT (renal see also dialysis acute kidney injury 328 \200\223334, 386, 500 serum immunoglobulins, raised or reduced 36 serum metabolic evaluation, nephrocalcinosis 27 9 in pregnancy 381 adjunctive therapies 334 AL amyloidosis 152 choice of modality 481, 483 combination therapy 334 continuous see CRRT (continuous renal serum osmolal gap (OG), metabolic acidosis 67 replacement therapy) serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) 36 serum sickness, infection-related glomerulonephriti s 129 sevelamer hydrochloride 433 sexual disorders 402, 403 erectile dysfunction 474 psycho logical aspects 540 renal revascularization 296 \200\223297 renal scintigraphy 295 renal syndromes, NSAIDs 228 renal tract obstruction replacement therapies) in diabetics 474 in elderly patients 468 \200\223471 Fabry disease 622 membranes 330 nondia lysis treatment, supportive 484 outcomes of different modes 485 \200\223486 peritoneal dial ysis see peritoneal dialysis polycystic kidney disease 594 preparing patients for 480 \200 \223482 sickle cell nephropathy 193 CT scanning 23 ultrasound indications 20 renal tuberculosis see tuberculosis, renal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) see RTA (renal SG (speci \201 c gravity), relative density of urine 8 tubular acidosis) SGLT1 and SGLTs (glucose cotransporters) 200 shunt nephritis 128 \200\223129 SIADH (syndrom e of inappropriate ADH renal vein thrombosis 359, 376 Renal-Coloboma syndrome 643 renal-retinal syndrome 603 renin -angiotensin system blockade secretion) 42, 43, 197 sickle cell anemia (SCA) 192 sickle cell carrier/trait (SCT) 192 sic kle cell nephropathy/renal disease 141, acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis 117 chronic kidney disease 141 membranous nephropath y 109 minimal change disease 89 renin-angiotensin system (RAS) RTA (renal tubular acidosis) etiology 66, 67 background 208 classi \201 cation 208 distal RTA (dRTA) 190, 208 \200\2232 10 proximal (pRTA) 211 Type 3 211 Type 4 211 \200\223212 192 \200\223194 side-effects, ANCA-associated vasculitis 171 sildena \201 l axis inhibition, reduced renal perfusion 409 diuretics 711 hypertension, in children 306 in hibitors, hyperkalemia prevention 51 nephrotic syndrome 80, 83 in newborn infant 17 sexual disorders 402 Takayasu \200\231s disease 174 sirolimus SAA (serum amyloid A) protein 150, 153, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 97 immunosuppression 563 154, 155 salicylate 69 saline, hypercalcemia of malignancy 196 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), Sj gren \200\231s syndrome 190 cryoglobulinemia 177 diabetes mellitus, activation in 145 renography, dynamic and static 26 INDEX 752 sickle cell nephropathy 193 stone disease, renal 274 \200\223277 transplantation 552 \200 \223555 tuberculosis, renal 258 vascular access 488 Wilms \200\231 tumor 673 standardized permeability analysis (SPA) 509 Staphylococcus infection 9, 244, 245, 246 skeletal disorders, chronic kidney disease 432 \200\223435 in children 252 peritoneal dialysis 513 starvation ketoacidosis 69 static nuclear medicine study 26 statins skin -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 biopsy 358, 610 cancer of 450 \200\223451, 567 \200\223568 dermatologic disorders, in chronic kidney symptomatic hypomagenesemia 62 systemic lupus erythematosus see SLE (systemic lupus erythem atosis) with organ-threatening features 182 without organ-threatening features 181 \200\223 182 systemic sclerosis see scleroderma-systemic disorders induced by 703 \200\223704 hypertension 289 nephrotic syndrome 83 disease 450 \200\223453 ESRD, disorders associated with 451 \200\223453 Fabry disease 620 general examination 6 int egrity of 442 polyarteritis nodosa 173 ulcers of 451 steal syndrome 490 stem-cell rescue, autologous peripheral 153 steroids sclerosis edema 3 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 96 minimal change disease 88 Takayasu \200\231s disease 174 tacrolimus, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 97 SLE (systemic lupus erythematosis) 180 \200\223185 acute \202 are 182 ANA positive 181 antiphospholipid syndrome 184 \200\223185 autoantibod y and immune complex Takayasu \200\231s disease 173 \200\223174, 292 TAL (thick ascending limb of the loop of stone disease, renal Henle) 60, 214, 220 acute ureteric colic 275 analysis of stones 270, 283 asymptomatic 275 calcium 271 \200\2232 72 calcium oxalate stones 274, 277 in children 282 \200\223283 chronic loin pain 275 conser vative management 276 cystine stones 202, 273, 274 \200\223275, 277 decreased citrate excre tion 271 \200\223272 demographics and incidence 274 \202 exible ureterorenoscopy 276 hema turia 3, 275 laser disintegration 282 lithotripsy 282 medical expulsive therapy 276 medical management 270 \200\223273 multiple stones 271 nephrocalcinosis 278 \200\223279 nephrolith iasis 273 obstruction 275, 276 pain relief 275 particle formation/retention 274 pathophysio logy 274 pelvicalyceal system 276 percutaneous nephrolithotomy 276, 282 primary and seconda ry signs, CT scanning 23 pyonephrosis 275 recurrence, prevention 277 relapsing UTIs 275 sep sis, associated 275 in situ laser lithotripsy 276 struvite stones 272 \200\223273, 274 subt ypes 274 \200\223275 supersaturation of urine 274 surgical management 274 \200\223277 urete ric stones 276 uric acid nephrolithiasis 233 \200\223234 uric acid stones 272, 274, 277 Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein 10, 158 TCC (transitional cell carcinoma) 680, 681 T-cells formation 180 de \201 nitions 180 differential diagnosis 181 drug-induced 180 epidemiology 180 ethnic ba ckground of patient 5 etiology 180 gynecologic and obstetric history 4 investigations 181 l upus nephritis 32, 182 \200\223184 membranous nephropathy 106, 109 mesangiocapillary glomer ulonephritis 115 and mixed connective tissue disease 188 monitoring 182 natural history 180 other organ manifestations 184 pathogenesis 180 patient advice 185 presentation 180 prodom al phase 180 recurrent disease, post-transplantation 574 refractory disease 182 and systemi c sclerosis 187 ANCA-associated vasculitis 168 immunosuppression 561 temporal artery biopsy 342 tenofovir d isoproxil fumarate 701 terlipressin, hepatorenal syndrome 354 TFPI (tissue factor pathway i nhibitor) 444 thiamine, depletion of 711 thiazide diuretics 695, 708 thiazolidinediones 473 thick ascending limb (TAL), of loop of Henle 60, 214, 220 thin membrane nephropathy 606 \200\223607 thirst mechanism 42 thrombocytopenia 445 thromboe mbolism and minimal change disease 86 and in situ thrombosis 358 thrombolysis, medical management 534 thromboprophylaxis 446 \200\223447 thrombosis \201 stulas 489 membranous nephropathy 114 nephrotic syndrome 81 sleep disorders 457, 541 sleep-wake cycle 456 SLSN (Senior-L ken syndrome) 602, 603, 643 s moking thrombotic disorders/microangiopathy 446 \200\223447 HIV-associated 131 malignancy-associated 136 \200\223137 bladder cancer 680 cadmium toxicity 237 cardiovascular risk factors 415 clinical history 4 thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) 348, 350, 380 acute kidney injury 348 \200\223350 snakebite nephropathy 369 \200\223370 snap-freezing, renal biopsy 33, 34 SNGFR (single neph ron glomerular \201 ltration thyroid hormones 398 tibial K X-ray \202 uorescence (XRF) 236 timed urines, in newborn in fant 17 TINU (tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis rate) 12 social and occupational history 4 \200\2235 sodium syndrome) 345 \200\223346 tiopronin, cystinuria 202 TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosy stemic see also salt sensitivity electrolyte problems, in elderly patients 18 \202 uid and elect rolyte disorders 42 fractional excretion of 322 newborn infant, homeostasis in 16 PD soluti ons 508 retention of, and NSAIDs 229 spot urinary 321 streptomycin, tuberculosis, renal 258 streptozotocin 703 structural and congenital abnormal ities medullary sponge kidney 664 \200\223665 obstruction of urinary tract 652 \200\223657 renal dysplasia 646 \200\223647 structural kidney disease 278 urinary tract, congenital shunt) 354 tissue biopsy, vasculitis 170 tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) 444 TLS (tumor lysis s yndrome) 197 T-lymphocytes, minimal change disease 86 TMA (thrombotic microangiopathies) 34 8 \200\223350 TMN (thin membrane nephropathy) 606 \200\223607 TMP-SMX (trimethoprim-sulfam- sodium bicarbonate, oral 433 sodium phosphate solution, nephrocalcinosis 278 abnormalities 658 \200\223662 vesicoureteric re \202 ux and re \202 ux nephropathy 254, 6 48 \200\223651 ethxazole) 246, 247 total parenteral nutrition (TPN) 278, 532 Townes-Brock syndrome 643 TPN (total parenteral n utrition) 278, 532 tracolimus, immunosuppression 561 tranexamic acid 446 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) 680, 681 transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic SPA (standardized permeability analysis) 509 speci \201 c gravity (SG), relative density o f urine 8 specimens of urine, collection 8 struvite stones 272 \200\223273, 274 subdural hematomas 457 subglottic stenosis 169 succime r 237 suicide risk, assessing 539 sulfonylureas 473 sulindac (prodrug) 229 sulphasalazines 705 surgical management children, UTIs in 252 SPEP (serum protein electrophoresis) 36 spleen, amyloid deposition 154 spondyloarthropathy 436 \200\223437 spot urines, in newborn infant 17 SRC (scleroderma renal crisis) 186 \200 \223187 SSc (scleroderma-systemic sclerosis) 186 \200\223187, shunt (TIPS) 354 translocational hyponatremia 42 transplant artery stenosis 568 transplantation, liver 354 \200\223355, 633 transplantation, renal acute kidney injury associated with 366 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 in child ren 464 ESRD patients 535 \201 stulas see \201 stulas fungal infections 266 574 staging, membranous nephropathy 107 staining acute graft dysfunction 558 Alport \200\231s syndrome 610 anti-GBM disease, post-transplant ation 126, Congo Red 150, 151 immunohistochemical, for SAA protein 154 periodic acid Schiff 151 610 INDEX 753 under \201 ll model, edema 80 UPEP (urine protein electrophoresis) 36 upper GI tract, diso rders of 418, 419 \200\223420 upper limb \201 stulae, AVF 488 upper urinary tract infecti ons malaria-associated 366 \200\223367 melioidosis 369 mucormycosis 369 obstetric practice 366 patterns and trends 368 surgical practice 366 typhoid 369 Weil \200\231s disease 367 \200 \223368 transplantation, renal (cont.) -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 cancer/malignant conditions 544, 549, 567 \200\223568 cardiovascular system disorders 544, 566, 569 children 464 \200\223466 chronic allograft dy sfunction 568 \200\223569 and chronic kidney disease 569 combined with pancreas transplanta tion 474 complications 552 \200\223555, 566 \200\223570 cryoglobulinemia 179 cystinosis 630 de novo FSGS 573 in diabetics 474 and dialysis 556 donors 548 \200\223550, 577 dysfunction , renal biopsy indications 32 early management of recipients 556 \200\223558 in elderly pat ients 470 EM disease 259 \201 rst 48 hours 556 \200\223557 focal segmental glomeruloscler osis, in adults 244 \200\223250 asymptomatic bacteriuria 245 \200\223246 dipstick testing of urin e 245 schistosomiasis 262 uncomplicated 247 \200\223250 urine microscopy 245 tropical-related glomerular disease acute nephrotic syndrome 138 \200\223139 epidemiology 138 hepatitis B virus (HBV) 140 hepat itis C virus (HCV) 140 HIV-associated renal disease 140 nephrotic syndrome 139 sickle cell- associated renal disease 141 uranium 237 URAT-1 mutations 639 urate clearance, decreased and increased 232 urates and phosphates, amorphous, microscopy 11 TRPC6 mutations 92 true hyponatremia (hyponatremia with urea fractional excretion of 322 GFR measurement 13 hypo-osmolality) 42 TSC1 and TSC2 genes, tuberous urea reduction ratio (URR) 518 \200\223519 uremia sclerosis 598, 599 TTP (thrombotic thrombocytopenic polyneuropathy 7 skin color 6 uremic acidosis 67 uremic bleeding 444 \200\223446 uremic enc ephalopathy 456 uremic frost 6 uremic pruritis, medical management 532 uremic toxicity 518 ureterectomy 677 ureteric anastomoses 554 ureteric leak, transplant complications 555 urete ric stones 276 ureterolithotomy 276 ureterorenoscopy, \202 exible 276 urethral obstructio n, poor urinary stream 2 urethrectomy 681 uric acid, and kidney purpura) 348, 350, 380 acute kidney injury 348 \200\223350 recurrent 98 fungal infections following 266 Goodpasture \200\231s disease 126 graft outcome 576 histoco mpatibility 545 \200\223546 immunosuppression 557, 560 \200\223564 incision 553 and infecti on 546, 549, 554, 566 \200\223567 intra-operative \202 uid and drugs 554 membranous nephr opathy 106, 109 outcome 576 \200\223579 polycythemia following 431 post-transplant erythroc ytosis 569 pre-emptive 484 \200\223485 pre-operative preparation 553 psychosocial issues 54 6 recurrent and de nova disease, tubercles 256 tuberculosis, renal classical 256 geographic factors 5 and glomerular disease 256 histopathology 257 hyponatremia 256 imaging 257 \200\223258 in transplant recipients 2 56, 258 transplantation, selection of patient 546 tuberculosis interstitial nephritis 256 tuberous sclerosis 591, 598 \200\223599 tubular dam age, markers of 14 tubular disease/dysfunction aminoaciduria 201 \200\223203 Fanconi syndro me 82, 204 \200\223207 hypokalemic tubular disorders 214 \200\223218 isolated defects of tu bular function 200 \200\223203 nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 220 \200\223224 nephrotic syn drome 82 renal defects 201 renal tubular acidosis see RTA (renal tubular acute uric acid nephropathy 232 \200\223233 chronic urate nephropathy 233 crystals 11 nephr olithiasis 233 \200\223234 stones 272, 274, 277 post-transplantation 572 \200\223574 AA amyloidosis 154 immunoglobulin-associated glomerulopathies 152 \200\223153 recurrent disease following 98, 115, 572 \200\223574 re-evaluation of patients on waiting l ist 546 rejection 556 \200\223557, 563, 578 renal biopsy technique 34 schistosomiasis 263 s cleroderma renal crisis 187 selection and preparation of chemical dissolution therapy 276 urinalysis acute kidney injury 341, 344, 353, 362 acidosis) sarcoidosis 164 sickle cell nephropathy 192, 193 ischemic 357 acute nephrotic syndrome 139 ANCA-associated vasculitis 170, 173 assessment of renal diseas e 8 \200\2239 minimal change disease 86 in newborn infant 17 sarcoidosis 165 scleroderma-sy stemic sclerosis 186 stones 270 tubular function isolated defects 200 \200\223203 in newborn infant 17 recipient 544 \200\223547 sexual disorders 402 sickle cell nephropathy 193 surgical complic ations 552 \200\223555, 566 \200\223570 survival bene \201 t 576 timing of 577 transplant surgery and complications 552 \200\223555 tuberculosis in 257, 258 tuberous sclerosis 599 t wo to ten days following 557 ultrasound indications 21 urinary tract infection 249 vascular anastomoses 553 \200\223554 von Hippel \210\222Lindau disease 601 tubular proteinuria 9, 77, 704 tubulointerstitial changes, IgA nephropathy 101 tubulointerstitial injury 340 tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) 197 tumoral calci \201 cation 435 tumors, renal urinary clearance, GFR measurement 12 urinary composition, alteration in 3 urinary \2372- microglobulin excretion 238 urinary stream, poor 2 urinary tract see also malignancy hypovascular medullary or cortical 23 solid, ultrasound indications 20 ultrasound indications 20