right \200\223left shunt, in PAVMs 456 \200\2237 risk assessment, pre-operative 45 roundwor ms 199 in NSCLC 296 pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) 436 pressure support ventilation (PSV) 437 primary ef fusion lymphoma (PEL) 219 \200\22320 primary graft dysfunction, lung in acute asthma 79 in obstructive sleep apnoea 57 relationship to PaO2 30 sleep studies 366 , 372, 373, 380 S saccharin test 448 \200\22349 salivary pepsin 37 salpingitis, TB 193 saltwater aspiration syndrome 409 SaO2, relationship to PaO2 30 sarcoidosis transplantation 422 procainamide, lupus pleuritis 384 progressive massive \201 brosis, coal workers pyrazinamide resistance 190 pneumoconiosis 390, 391 Q quality assurance, pulmonary rehabilitation 108 \200\2239 prone ventilation 437 prostanoid therapy, pulmonary hypertension 268 etiology 153 clinical staging 154 course of disease 154 diagnosis 153 epidemiology 153 orga n involvement 152 \200\2233 presentations 152 pulmonary hypertension 269 treatment and mana gement 154 \200\2235 protease-antiprotease imbalance, COPD 93 pseudochylothorax 330 pseudomonal vaccination 244 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mucoid 247 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic \201 brosis 236, 243, 244 HAP 173 quality of life, relationship to hypoxaemia 124 quality of life assessment 106 R radical pleurectomy/decortication 359 radiotherapy psychological factors in disability 396 psychological intervention in COPD 108 pulmonary al veolar proteinosis (PAP) etiology and pathophysiology 442 clinical presentation 442 diagnos is 442 \200\2234 epidemiology 442 treatment 443 \200\2234 in carcinoid 309 as cause of organizing pneumonia 145 in mesothelioma 350 in NSCLC 296 \200 \2237 pneumotoxicity 388 \200\22389 in SCLC 301 for tracheal tumors 455 SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) 185, 434 \200\2235 schistosomiasis 199 pulmonary hypertension 269 sclerosing pneumocytoma (sclerosing haemangioma) 314 screening radiotherapy planning, PET-CT 304 radon exposure, lung cancer risk 283 rapid sequence intub ation (RSI) 435 re-expansion pulmonary oedema 337 recombinant human DNase (rHDNase) pulmonary angiography, in haemoptysis 41 pulmonary arterial hypertension for cystic \201 brosis 232, 250 for lung cancer 304 \200\2235 for TB 191 in COPD 94 drug-induced 385 lung transplantation 420 seasonality, respiratory viruses 184 \200\2235 secondary bacterial pneumonia 186 seizures, after lung transplantation 427 \200\22328 selective decontamination of the digestive 228, 245 pulmonary arteriovenous malformations 456 \200\2237 pulmonary artery angiography 266 pulmon ary capillary haemangiomatosis refractory asthma 62 REM behavior disorder 383 renal disease tract (SDD) 174 (PCH) 265 self management, COPD 110 semen analysis, cystic \201 brosis 233 sensory receptors 15 \200\22316 septal thickening, HRCT 140 serotonin (5HT) metabolism 308 severe acute respirat ory syndrome in lung transplantation recipients 423, 428 pulmonary manifestations 163 TB treatment 189 pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) 267 pulmonary circulation, effect of high renal function, in candidates for lung altitude 405 pulmonary embolism CT appearance 43 diagnosis 260 \200\2231 diagnostic algorit hm 262 epidemiology and etiology 260 maternal deaths 76 pleural effusion 340, 343 in pregna ncy 262 transplantation 419 renal transplantation 204 rescue therapy, COPD 102 residual volume (RV) 10, 20 resistance, determination 20 \200\2231 respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interst itial (SARS) 185, 432 \200\2233 severity assessment, community-acquired pneumonia 168 shift work sleep disorder 382 short-acting beta2-adrenoreceptor lung disease (RBILD) 136 \200\2237 agonists 69 respiratory control 15 \200\22316 INDEX 470 sputum cytology, lung cancer screening 306 sputum induction 84 HIV patients 212 short burst oxygen therapy (SBOT) 39, 124, 126 shuttle walk tests 106 \200\2237, 395 silico sis 391 \200\2232 single inhaler therapy, asthma 85 single-photon emission computed tomogra phy (SPECT), solitary pulmonary nodules 49 use in pleurodesis 338, 345 tapeworms 198 taxanes, pneumotoxicity 387 TB meningitis 193 tension pneumothorax 334, 336 t etracycline, use in pleurodesis 338 thalidomide, in sarcoidosis 155 theophylline 69 \200 \22370, 101, 102 squamous cell carcinoma, tracheal 456 squeaks, inspiratory 39 staf \201 ng levels, pulmona ry rehabilitation 108 staging sinusitis, in cystic \201 brosis 256 six minute walking test (6MWT) 24, 106, 395 Sj gren \200\231s syndrome, association with LIP 142 skin amyloidosis 461 lung cancer 291, 294, 300 sarcoidosis 154 in Cheyne \200\223Stokes respiration 381 in COPD exacerbations 113 standard bicarbonate (SBC) 30 \200\2231 Staphylococcus aureus carriage, Wegener \200\231s sarcoid lesions 152 TB 193 thoracentesis 329, 340, 342 in malignant pleural effusion 345 granulomatosis 272 skin prick tests 64, 399 sleep disordered breathing, chronic heart thoracic actinomycosis 183 thoracoscopy Staphylococcus aureus infection, cystic \201 brosis 237, 243, 245 static lung volumes 10, 19 \200\22320 stenotic airway disease, Wegener \200\231s granulomatosis 273, 274, 277 failure 378, 380 \200\2231 malignant pleural effusion 345 mesothelioma 349 pleural effusion 331 solitary bronchial nod ules 50 sleep disorders driving 370 \200\2231 effect of high altitude 407 overlap syndrome 372 \200 \2233 see also Cheyne \200\223Stokes respiration; obstructive sleep apnoea; overlap syndrom e sleep paralysis 383 sleep studies 366 \200\2237 stenting 321 thoracotomy, solitary bronchial nodules 50 throboembolic disease, pulmonary in SVCO 285 \200\2236 stepwise algorithm, asthma management 84, 85 steroid sparing therapies, asthma 86 strength training 107 Streptococcus pneumoniae antibiotic resistance 168 vaccination 170 \200\2231 hypertension 269 \200\22370 thrombolysis, in PE 262 thrombophilia screening, pulmonary hypertension 265 in Cheyne \200\223Stokes respiration 380 in motor neuron disease 57, 58 nocturnal hypoventi lation 377 thrombophilias 260 thymoma 314 thyroid disease, pulmonary manifestations 162 TLIM, exercise testing 25 TNF blockers, as cause of lung disease 387 TNM staging, NSCLC 291, 294 total lu ng capacity (TLC) 10, 20 tracheal stenosis, Wegener \200\231s granulomatosis streptomycin resistance 190 stretch receptors 16 stridor 52 subglottic stenosis, Wegener \200\231s granulomatosis 273, 274 subpulmonary effusions 54 suction, in management of pneum othorax 336 super dimension TBNA 319 superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) 285 \200\2236 sleepiness assessment 370 causes 382 \200\2233 history and investigation 382 in obstructive sleep apno ea 365 sleeve lobectomy 295 Smad4 gene 457 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) 273, 274, 277 tracheal tumors 454 \200\2235 tracheobronchial amyloidosis 458, 459 tracheobronchial collap se 18 tracheobronchial pain 42, 43 tracheobronchial stents 321 tracheostomy 436 transbronch ial biopsy in HIV patients 212 in immune compromised patients 203 in sarcoidosis 155 in UIP 129 radiotherapy 297 chemotherapy 300 \200\2231 radiotherapy 301 staging 291, 300 surgery 301 supportive therapy, COPD exacerbations 112, 113 \200\22314 surfactant 12 surgery smokers, suitability for pulmonary for COPD 116 \200\22318 for empyema 358 for haemoptysis 41 indications in lung abscesses 18 1 for localized \201 brous tumors of the rehabilitation 108 smoking and AAT de \201 ciency 120, 122 association with PLCH 450 relationship to DIP 138 relation ship to RBILD 136 risk of community-acquired pneumonia 170 risk of pneumothorax 334, 337 ri sks in home oxygen therapy 125 role in COPD 90, 92 \200\2233 role in lung cancer 282 \200 \2233 smoking cessation 100 \200\2231, 102 transbronchial \201 ne needle aspiration 318 \200\22319 pleura 358 \200\2239 solitary pulmonary nodules 49 transcutaneous CO2 monitoring 377 transcutaneous electrical m uscle stimulation, in lung transplant recipients 428 \200\2239 for mesothelioma 350, 359 for NSCLC 294 \200 \2236 for obstructive sleep apnoea 369 for pleural effusion 358 for pleural infections 357 pleurodesis 338 pre-operative assessment 44 \200\2235 for pulmonary carcinoid 309 for SCLC 301 for spontaneous pneumothorax 358 for tracheal tumors 454 COPD 109 transthoracic aspiration biopsy (TTAB), solitary pulmonary nodules 49 \200\22350 transtracheal aspiration 180 transudative pleural effusions 329, 342 \200\2233 before lung transplantation 420 in cystic \201 brosis 246 HIV patients 220 in IPF 129 pre -operative 45 differentiation from exudates 329, 340, 342 trapped lung syndrome, treatment 358 triggering, mechanical ventilation 437 tropical pulmon ary eosinophilia 199 tuberculin skin test, limitations 215 tuberculosis (TB) smoking-related lung disease, connective tissue surgical emphysema 337 surveillance, for occupational asthma 401 \200\2232 sweat test 232 \200\2233, 248 symptoms, disability assessment 394 synchronized intermittent mandatory disorders 156 sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) 34 solid organ transplantation after lung transplantation 422 diagnosis 188 \200\2239 diving 409 drug resistance 190 epide miology 188 in HIV patients 211, 215 \200\22316, 219 in immune compromised patients 206 inf ection control 189 in in \202 iximab therapy 161 latent infection 191 LFT monitoring 190 n on-respiratory 192 \200\2233 treatment 189 \200\22391 pulmonary complications 203 \200\2234 see also lung transplantation; renal ventilation (SIMV) 436 \200\2238 transplantation syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion solitary pulmonary nodules 48 \200\22350, 306 \200\2237 (SIADH) 286 \200\2237 PET-CT 302 systemic effects, COPD 95 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) soluble mesothelin-related (SMR) protein 349 somatostatin analogs, in treatment of pleural effusion 353 pleuritis 330, 341, 384 \200\2235 \200\230shrinking lung \200\231 158 systemic sclerosis 156 carcinoid 309 speci \201 c challenge tests, occupational asthma diagnosis 400 speci \201 c IgE tests 399 spirometry 18 \200\22322 treatment of lung disease 157 see also connective tissue disorders tuberculous pleural effusions 330, 340 \200\2231 tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 452, 453 turbulent \202 ow 12 in COPD 93 \200\2234, 98 in cystic \201 brosis exacerbations 237 pre-operative 45 T T cells, role in asthma 61 \200\2232 T lymphocyte de \201 ciency, associated splenectomy, associated infections 205 splenosis, pleural 312 spontaneous pneumothorax 337 U ulcerative colitis 161 ultrasound imaging 8 \201 tness to dive 410 surgery 358 infections 205 talc pleural effusion 55, 330 pleural infection 355 sputum analysis, immune compromised as cause of pneumoconiosis 392 patients 202 INDEX 471 ventilation/perfusion scans 8, 261 ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) 172 upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) 362 upper limb training 107 upper lobe collapse, cy stic \201 brosis 239 urinothorax 330 urogical TB 193 ursodeoxycholic acid (URSO) 255 usua l interstitial pneumonia (UIP) distinction from asthma 80 volitional breathing 15 volume \200\223time curves 18 vomiting, after lung transplantation 427 prevention 174 ventilator cycling 436 ventilator settings 437 \200\22338 ventilatory pump 10 \200\22313 ve ntilatory support 32 W walking aids 109 walking tests 24, 106 \200\2237, 395 warfarin see anticoagulation weanin g from invasive ventilation 438 airway management 435 \200\22336 in community-acquired pneumonia 169 in COPD exacerbations 113 \200\22314 in cystic \201 brosis 246 epidemiology 434 general patient care 438 \200 \2239 HIV patients 212 immune compromised patients 203 indications for invasive ventilation 434 \200\2235 monitoring 438 weaning 438 whilst awaiting lung transplantation 426 see also continuous positive airway pressure diagnosis 128 \200\2239, 132 epidemiology 128 management and treatment 129 \200\22330 patho logic \201 ndings 132 \200\2233 uvulopalatopharygoplasty (UPPP) 369 tracheostomy 436 Wegener \200\231s granulomatosis (WG) 272, 273 \200\2235, 274, 276 V V/Q mismatch 28 \200\2239 vaccination pleural effusion 351 stenotic airway disease 277 weight loss, COPD 95 welders, COPD 413 wheeze 38, 52 in bronchiectasis 230 in cystic \201 brosis 244 against viral infections 186 in acute asthma 78 investigations 52 \200\2233 (CPAP); non-invasive ventilation video assisted thoracoscopic surgery varenicline 101 varicella pneumonia, cystic \201 brosis patients 247 vascular tumors 313 vasculitis 272 whole lung lavage (WLL) 443 \200\22344 window of opportunity, lung transplantation 419 (VATS) 116 pleurodesis 337 viral pneumonia 187 viral vector therapy, AAT de \201 ciency 12 2 virus infections work of breathing 13 in COPD 94, 95 in AAT de \201 ciency 120 ANCA patterns 275 \200\2236 anti-glomerular basement membrane workplace challenges, occupational asthma etiology and epidemiology 184 after lung transplantation 423, 428 at risk groups, speci \201 c features 184 \200\2235 clinical features 185 control 186 \200\2237 in cystic \201 brosis patients 243, 245 in HIV patients 216 in immune compromised patients 207 pathogenesi s 185 pulmonary complications 185 \200\2236 transmission 185 diagnosis 400 antibody disease 278 Churg \200\223Strauss syndrome 275, 446 \200\2237 classi \201 cation 272 diffuse alveolar hemorrhage 277 \200\2238 disease activity monitoring 277 investigation 273 microscopic poly angiitis 275 prognosis 277 treatment 276 \200\2237 Wegener \200\231s granulomatosis 273 \200\2235 Y yeast infections 197 Z Z variant, AAT de \201 ciency 120 zygomycosis 197 \200\2238, 207 vasoreactivity studies, pulmonary vital capacity (VC) 10, 18, 22 hypertension 267 in respiratory muscle weakness 32 venous thrombosis, risk factors 260 ventilation 13 V \200\231O2 24 vocal cord dysfunction 53 effects of high altitude 404 This page intentionally left blank Plate 1 Typical sarcoid cutaneous lesions on nape of neck (see also Fig. 7.9.1). Plate 2 Conjunctival sarcoid nodules (see also Fig. 7.9.2). Plate 3 Extensive hand digit distortion with bone cyst formation and associated dactylitis in sarcoidosis (see also Fig. 7.9.3). Plate 4 Histological appearances of tightly knit, well formed granulomata formation (see al so Fig. 7.9.5). Plate 5 Smear preparation of Nocardia asteroides (see also Fig. 8.5.1). Plate 6 Paragoniamasis (see also Fig. 8.10.2). (a) (b) Plate 7 ANCA staining by immune \202 uoresence. (a) C-ANCA with cytoplasmic staining. (b) P-ANCA with peri-nuclear staining (see also Fig. 12.3.3). Plate 8 CT scan (lung window) showing cavitating squamous cell tumor right lower lobe (see also Fig. 13.3.1). Plate 9 PET CT scan showing increased 5FDG uptake in left upper lobe mass and an unsuspecte d solitary liver metastasis (see also Fig. 13.3.7). Plate 10 This solitary \201 brous tumor is intrapulmonary rather than pleural. The lesion is well circumscribed and, in this region, densely cellular (see also Fig. 13.9.1). Plate 11 This is an endobronchial chondroid hamartoma. The cartilage plates and seromucous glands of the native bronchus are seen below, the lesion comprising connective and adipose tissue and cartilage, which has ossi \201 ed and has a substantial component of bone marro w (top right) (see also Fig. 13.9.3). Plate 12 This is a resected pleomorphic adenoma from the main carina. Tracheobronchial wall is present at the base of the lesion, which itself comprises a smooth, rounded mass, which protruded into the trachea and presented as acute onset asthma (see also Fig. 13.9.5). Plate 13 Normal thoracoscopic appearance of parietal pleural surface (see also Fig. 14.2.2) . Plate 14 Thoracoscopic biopsy via two-port technique (mesothelioma) (see also Fig. 14.2.3). Plate 15 Pathology PAS stain of alveoli \201 lled with lipo-protein in a patient with alv eoar proteinosis (see also Fig. 18.1.3). Plate 16 Lung biopsy with Langerhans cells labeled with labeled for S-100 protein (see also Fig. 18.4.2). Plate 18 View seen at bronchoscopy following endoscopic resection and stenting (see also Fi g. 18.6.3). Plate 17 Tracheal tumor visible at \202 exible bronchoscopy. (see also Fig. 18.6.2).