02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 54 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM ASBESTOS 55 Asbestos General substance information \200 Asbestos is a group of \200\230naturally occ urring silicate minerals \200\231 comprising crocidolite, amosite, chrysotile, \201 brous actinolite, \201 brous anthophyllite, and \201 brous tremolite, or mixtures containing these Exposure is regulated by the Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations (CAR) 2006 (see b p. 5 40, Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006), and associated ACoPs. L143 and L127. CAR prohibi ts the importation, supply, and use of all form of asbestos Control limits: control limit 0.1f/cm 3 (equivalent to 0.1f/mL; all asbestos types). \200 STEL of 0.6f/mL over 10min \200 personal exposure (control) limits cover 10min and 4h periods. Exceeding a 12wk \200\230Action Level \200\231 triggers extra provisions under CAR including health surveillance clearance sampling inside the enclosure is required after asbestos removal. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Carcinogen (Carc) (1A), STOT/RE (1); H350, 372. Uses/occurrence \200 Formerly lagging for pipes and boilers; cement pipes, sheets, and ti les \200 Now mainly encountered in demolition and renovation operations. Key health effec ts (see b p. 214). Asbestosis, mesothelioma, lung cancer. Measurement Surveys should be carried following the HSE guidelines \200 HSG 264: covers s urvey planning, sampling, and assessment of asbestos containing materials, quality assurance, and survey reports HSG248: provides information on air and bulk asbestos sampling. Pumped dust sample using sp eci \201 ed cowled sampler onto \201 lter, \201 lter visu- alization by light microsco py and counting \201 bres of length >5 m, width <3 m, and a length/width ratio of at le ast 3:1. Further information HSE (2010). Managing asbestos in premises: The survey guide , HSG 264. Available at: M http://www. hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsg264.pdf CAR (2006). Work with materials containing asbestos , ACoP and guidance L143 ISBN 978 0 717 6 6206 7. (2009). A short guide to managing asbestos in premises, INDG223REV4. Available at : M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg223.pdf CAR (2006). The management of asbestos in non-domestic premises , Reg. 4, ACOP and guidance L127, 2nd edn. ISBN 978 0 7176 6209 8. (2005). Asbestos \200\223The analyst \200\231s gui de for sampling, analy- sis and clearance procedures . Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.u k/pubns/priced/hsg248.pdf 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 55 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 56 Machine-made mineral \201 bre General substance information \200 Machine-made mineral \201 bre (MMMF): machine-made vitreous (silicate) \201 bres, e.g. mineral wools (rock an d glass wool) with alkaline oxide and alkali earth oxide content greater than 18% by weight . Refractory ceramic \201 bres and special purpose \201 bres have a separate WEL and cl assi \201 cation Occupational exposure limit: WEL, 8h TWA of 5mg/m 3 and 2 \201 bres/mL. except refractory ceramic \201 bres and special purpose \201 bres; WEL, 8h TWA of 5mg/m 3 and 1 \201 b res/mL) Physical properties: individual \201 bres have a diameter of (cid:4) 10 m, with median diameter of 7 3 \200\2234 m. Majority of airborne MMMF clouds have a median diame ter of <1 m CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 MMMF: Carc (2), skin irrit (2); H351, 315 \200 Refractory ceramic \201 bres: Carc (1B), Skin irrit (2); H350i, 315. Uses/occurrence \200 MMMF materials have excellent thermal and acoustic insulation, as well as \201 reproo \201 ng, properties, and are widely used in commercial and residenti al property and in industry MMMF materials are highly workable, and exposure may occur during \201 tting or removal. Depending on the application, and whether materials are bon ded or unbonded, preformed or applied in situ , exposure may be predominantly in the form o f relatively coarse matted fragments or as respirable \201 bres; hence the dual WEL. Key health effects \200 Irritant: highly irritant to the eyes and skin \200 Cancer: evi dence for excess lung cancer is equivocal; may be partly dependent on particle size distribution. Measurement Gravimetric \200 MDHS 14/3 Pumped inhalable or respirable dust sample on to \201 lter, gravimetric Airborne \201 bre concentration \200 MDHS 59 Pumped, non size-selective dust sample on to \201 lter, \201 lter visualization, \201 bre counting by phase- contrast light microscopy. Fiber de \201 ned as particles length >5 m, width <3 m, aspect ratio >3:1. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 56 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS 57 Diesel engine exhaust emissions General substance information \200 Diesel engine exhaust emissions (DEEE) are a complex mixture of gasses, vapors and submicron particulate matter e mitted from diesel engines Occupational exposure limit: none \200 The German MAK value of 100 g/m 3 for elemental c arbon may be useful as a guidance value Physical properties: gasses include a wide range of compounds, including acrolein, formalde hyde, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide (the latter much reduced by use of low sulfur fuel). Particulate matter is comprised of a carbonaceous core (elemental carbon) with adsor bed semi-volatile organics, including polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hydrocarbo n species (organic carbon). CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Currently no classi \201 cation for DEEE under CLP Regulations. However, IARC classify die sel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on suf \201 cient evidence t hat exposure is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Diesel fuel (liquid: CAS no.68334-30-5): Carc (2), Asp tox (1), Sk irrit (2), Acute tox 94). STOT RE(2); H351, 304, 325, 332, 373. Uses/occurrence Exposure arises from work with road vehicles (garages, test centers, bridge or motorway toll booths) and off-road vehicles (mines, manufacturing and distribution indu stry, construction). Key health effects \200 Lung cancer: plausible mechanistic basis for diesel fumes as a ca rcinogen, but epidemiological evidence is weak, confounded by poor exposure assessment and co-exposure to cigarette smoke and asbestos Other respiratory effects: some evidence of a cross-shift decrement in lung function Irritation of mucous membranes, particularly the throat. Measurement \200 It is dif \201 cult to determine which component should be measured to represent exposure to DEEE. One method favored is to collect airborne diesel soot using a respirable cyclone sampler on to a quartz \201 lter. The \201 lter is then analyzed f or elemental carbon (EC), which is a good surrogate measure for DEEE Levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) above 1000ppm 8-h TWA in the workplace, may indicate poorly maintained or faulty control systems Respirable dust levels can be measured to assess the particulate exposure. However, the levels measured will include particulates from all sources and not j ust the DEEEs. NIOSH 5040 pumped submicron sample on to \201 lter in single-stage impacto r, elemental carbon analysis. Further information HSE (2008). Control of diesel engine exhaust emissions in the workplace ,, HSG187, 2nd edn. HSE, Sudbury. Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/hsg187.pdf 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 57 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 58 Rubber process dust/fume General substance information \200 HSE have assigned functional de \201 nitions to rubber dust and fumes: \200 rubber dust \200\224 \200\230dust arising in the stages of rubber manufacture where ingredients are handled, weighed, added to or mixed with uncured material or syntheti c elastomers \200\231 rubber fume is \200\230fume evolved in the mixing, milling and blending of natural rubber and rubber or synthetic elastomers, or of natural rubber and synthetic polymers combined wi th chemicals, and in the processes which convert the resultant blends into \201 nished pr oducts or parts thereof, and including any inspection procedures where fume continues to be evolved \200\231 Occupational exposure limit: rubber process dust \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 6mg/m 3 \200 rubber fume \200\224WEL, 8h TWA o f 0.6mg/m 3 ; this limit relates to the cyclohexane soluble material Where other substances are present in the dust/fume, any WELs for such substances also applies. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Currently no classi \201 cation for rubber fume. Uses/occurrence Exposure may occur in the production of vehicle tires, components in the a utomotive industry and a range of other industries, footwear, and domestic appliances. Key health effects \200 Cancer: workers in rubber industry have a risk of excess cancers at a number of sites \200\224bladder, lung, stomach, colon, prostate, liver, and esophagus. There is a lack of epidemiological evidence to support a causal link at all sites. In part icular, complex exposures occurring in the industry (solvents, plasticizers, accelerators, etc., in addition to polymers) are poorly characterized. Currently, IARC have concluded tha t \200\230suf \201 cient \200\231 evidence exists only for leukemia and bladder cancer \200 Respiratory effects: emphysema, reduction in lung function, dyspnoea, and chest tight ness have all been reported. Cases of respiratory sensitization are attributed to co-exposu re to isocyanates Dermatitis: there are several reports of contact dermatitis among rubber workers. Eczema an d vitiligo have also been reported Reproductive effects: studies of pregnancy outcome are inconclusive and are further limited by lack of exposure data. Measurement \200 Rubber dust \200\224MDHS 14/3 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, gravimetric analysis Rubber fume \200\224MDHS 47/2 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, cyclohexane extraction, gravimetric analysis. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 58 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM ROSIN-BASED SOLDER FLUX FUME 59 Rosin-based solder \202 ux fume General substance information \200 CAS No. 8050 \200 \22309 \200\2237 \200 Occupational exposure limit. Rosin-based solder \202 ux fume: WEL, 8h TWA of 0.05mg/m 3 \200 STEL of 0.15mg/m 3 . 2 Note: compliance with WELs for other components of the fume is required as appropriate (e .g. cadmium in silver soldering). CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Currently no classi \201 cation. Uses/occurrence Rosin (colophony) is widely used in solder \202 uxes in the electronics a nd other industries (also in paper products, adhesives, paints, varnishes, print- ing inks, plasticizers, cosmetics, and medical devices). Alternatives to rosin- based \202 uxes ex ist, and where these are used, the WEL is not applicable. Key health effects \200 Asthma: rosin is the third most common cause of occupational asth ma in the UK (see b p. 198, Occupational asthma and rhinitis) \200 Other respiratory effects : evidence for reductions in respiratory function are equivocal Dermatitis (see b p. 242, Dermatitis 1). Measurement MDHS 83/2 Measured volume of air drawn through a membrane \201 lter in a samp ling head (non-size selective). The \201 lter is desorbed, the resin acids derivatized an d then analyzed by GC with FID. Further information INDG249 Controlling health risks from rosin (colophony) based solder \202 uxes . ISBN 0717613836. Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg249.pdf INDG248 REV Solder Fume and You . Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg248.pdf E S31. Cadmium in silver soldering . Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/eis31.pdf WL 17. Soldering: Hand-held with lead-based, rosin \200\223cored solders. M http://www.hse.gov .uk/pubns/ guidance/wl17.pdf 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 59 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 60 Welding fume General substance information \200 CAS No. 8050 \200\22309 \200\2237 \200 Occupational exposure limit: none for total welding fume 2 Compliance with WELs for compone nts of the fume (metals and inor- ganic gasses) is required as appropriate (e.g. Cr VI , Ni , Mn, O3). \200 Check WELs for fume components. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Currently no classi \201 cation. Uses/occurrence \200 The most important substrates are mild and stainless steel, and thei r alloys, and aluminum and its alloys. The main types of welding are: \200 manual metal a rc (MMA) \200 \202 ux cored arc (FCA) \200 metal inert gas (MIG) \200 tungsten iner t gas (TIG) The composition of fume is in \202 uenced by the many process factors including material t o be welded, composition of the consumable electrode / \202 ux and the welding technique. In general, MMA and FCA are more likely to produce high levels of fume than MIG or TIG weld ing. The most important applications are in engineering (e.g. boiler, tank, and vessel asse mbly), shipbuilding, and construction. Key health effects \200 Lung cancer: welding of stainless steel has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. However, HSE consider there is no signi \201 cant risk u nder present conditions, i.e. in the absence of high historical exposures Asthma: mainly due to welding stainless steel (exposure to Cr VI ) \200 Chronic obstructi ve pulmonary disease \200 Acute effects: irritation of eyes and throat, tightness in the chest at higher exposures, metal fume fever Asphyxia: asphyxiant properties of inert shield gasses (Argon) in con \201 ned spaces should also be considered in MIG and TIG welding. Measurement BS EN ISO 10882 \200\2231:2011 Sampling of air borne particles (welding fume). Further information HSG204. Health and safety in arc welding . ISBN 0717618137. INDG297. Sa fety in gas welding, cutting and similar processes . ISBN 9780717624737. Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg297.pdf Guidance on welding techniques and control measures. Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/ welding/guidance/index.htm 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 60 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM OIL MIST (METAL WORKING FLUIDS) 61 Oil mist (metal working \202 uids) General substance information \200 Metal working \202 uids (MWFs) are neat oils or water-based \202 uids used for lubrication and cooling when machining metals \200 Occupational exposure limit: curre ntly no classi \201 cation \200 Physical properties: variable composition and viscosity. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Currently no classi \201 cation. Uses/occurrence Exposure to MWFs occurs via inhalation, through direct contact with unprote cted skin, and through cuts and abrasions. The cutting operation may generate a mist from t he \202 uid, and splashes may result in dermal exposure. Exposure to micro-organisms, inc luding endotoxins, and anti- microbials may also occur. Key health effects \200 Dermatitis: irritant and allergic contact dermatitis have been wi dely reported in exposed workers (see b p. 242, Dermatitis 1) Cancer: excess cancers of the larynx, rectum, pancreas, skin, scrotum, and bladder have bee n reported in exposed workers. However, high historical dermal and inhalation exposures hav e now been reduced because of improved control methods and the use of highly re \201 ned M WFs that are much reduced in carcinogenic substances (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ) Respiratory conditions: asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, chronic bronchitis, and acute airway irritation have all been reported (see b p. 198, Occupational asthma and rhinitis, b p. 206, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis). Measurement \200 Mineral oil-based MWFs of viscosity greater than 18mm 2 /s \200\224- MDH S 84 Pumped inhalable sample on to \201 lter, gravimetric (after subtraction of cyclohexa ne soluble matter) Water-mix MWFs \200\224MDHS 95/2 (elemental marker method) Airborne inhalable pumped sample (collected on a \201 lter) and a sample of oil (from sump) are both analyzed using a sui table marker (sodium, potassium or boron) by, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or induc tively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). Further information INDG365 Working Safely with Metalworking Fluids. A Guide for Employees. Available at: M http:// www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg365.pdf Outbreak of respiratory disease at Power Train Ltd, Birmingham . Available at: M http://www .hse.gov. uk/metalworking/experience/powertrain.pdf MW1. Mist control-inhalation risk. Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/guidance/mw0 1.pdf MW2. Fluid control: skin risk . Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/guidance/ mw02.pdf 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 61 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 62 Aluminum General substance information \200 CAS No. 7429 \200\22390 \200\2235 \200 Occu pational exposure limit aluminum metal and oxides in inhalable dust \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 10mg/m 3 aluminum metal and oxides in respirable dust \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 4mg/m 3 aluminum alkyl compounds and soluble aluminum salts \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 2mg/m 3 Physical properties: silver malleable metal, mp = 661 C, bp = 2467 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Aluminum alkyl compounds: skin corr (1B); H314 \200 Aluminum powder (stabilized): no classi \201 cation for health effects. Uses/occurrence \200 Occurs mainly as alumina or bauxite (Al 2 O 3 ) \200 Workers expos ed during extraction and re \201 ning of ores and during electrolytic reduction of alumina Aluminum powder produced by atomization in air/ inert gas \200 Used in manufacture of all oys, engine and aircraft components, window frames, roofs, food containers, and electrical wires and cables \200 Also used as a powder in protective paints and coating. Aluminum can be electrically coated and dyed by anodic coating. Key health effects Aluminum metal I nterstitial \201 brosis of lungs associated with repe ated exposure. Measurement \200 MDHS for other metals may be suitable \200 Alternative method \200\224 NIOSH 7300 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, acid digestion, ICPAES. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 62 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM ARSENIC 63 Arsenic General substance information \200 CAS No. arsenic metal 7440 \200\22338 \200\223 2 \200 Occupational exposure limit: arsenic and its inorganic compounds, except arsine (as As) \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 0.1mg/m 3 Physical properties: occurs mostly in compounds of trivalent (e.g. As 2 O 3 ) or pentavalent (As 2 O 5 ) form arsenic compounds occur in a range of physical forms (crystalline, powder, etc.) pure arsenic sublimes at 613 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Arsenic oxides: H350, 300, 314 \200 Arsenic a nd some other compounds: acute tox (3); H331, 301. Uses/occurrence \200 Impurity in ores of other metals, such as lead, zinc and copper \200 Major use is as a wood preservative (e.g. chromated copper arsenate) \200 Former us e as a pesticide has now declined \200 Used in lead (and some other) alloys \200 Manufa cture of semiconductors \200 Contaminant in drinking water in many countries. Key health effects \200 Cancer of respiratory tract \200 Cancer of skin and liver \200 Irritant and allergic dermatitis \200 Irritation of eyes and upper respiratory tract \200 Perforation of nasal septum \200 Severe haemorrhagic gastritis associated with inge stion of soluble arsenic compounds; may result in death. Measurement \200 MDHS 41/2 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter and back-up pad, derivatization to hydride, analysis by AAS Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, analysis by X-ray \202 uorescence spectroscopy (XRF (MDHS 91) or by ICP-AES (MDHS 99)) Arsenic in urine (sample at the end of work week). Further information EH73. Arsenic and its compounds. health hazards and precautionary measu res . ISBN 0717613402. MDHS 41/2. Arsenic and inorganic compounds of arsenic (except arsine ) in air . ISBN 071761008X. MSA8. Arsenic and you (free). 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 63 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 64 Beryllium General substance information \200 CAS No. 7440 \200\22341 \200\2237 \200 Occ upational exposure limit: beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be) \200\224WEL, 8h; TWA, 0.002mg/m 3 Physical properties: hard white metal; its utility arises from the combination of lightness and rigidity; mp = 1287 C, bp = 2475 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Carc (1B), acute tox (2), eye/skin irrit (2), skin sen sitivity (Sen.) (1); H350i, 330, 301, 372, 319, 335, 315, 317. Uses/occurrence \200 Used in specialist structural and component applications in the aerospace and nuclear industries Hardening agent in alloys (copper, nickel) \200 Electronics and computer industries. Key health effects \200 Pulmonary clearance of inhaled beryllium is slow (months to years for sparingly soluble compounds) Acute beryllium disease affecting lungs (pneumonitis, alveolitis, dyspnoea, fever), sometimes resulting in chronic \201 brosis Chronic beryllium disease (CBD), a granulomatous disorder affecting lungs and skin, caused by cell-mediated sensitization to beryllium \200 CBD symptoms include wheezing, dry cough , dyspnoea, fatigue and weight-loss Sub-clinical CBD can occur, with microscopic granulomas occurring in the lungs Possibility of cancer, based on animal evidence. Measurement \200 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, acid digestion, analysis by \202 ame and electrothermal AAS (MDHS 29/2, ICP-AES (MDHS 99) \200 Beryllium biomar ker Blood beryllium lymphocyte proliferation (BeLPT). Further information INDG311. Beryllium and you (free). EH13. Beryllium. health hazards and precautions . ISBN 0717608247. HSE (2011). Beryllium. A review of the health effects and ev idence for screening or surveillance in work- ers exposed to beryllium . Research Report 873, HSE, Sudbury. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 64 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM CADMIUM 65 Cadmium General substance information \200 CAS No. Cadmium metal 7440 \200\22343 \200\223 9 \200 Occupational exposure limit: cadmium and cadmium compounds (as Cd), WEL, 8h; TWA of 0.025mg/m 3 cadmium oxide fume (as Cd) \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 0.025mg/m 3 ; STEL of 0.05mg/m 3 cadmium sulfide and cadmium sulfide pigments (as Cd) \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 0.03mg/m 3 Physical properties: malleable and ductile soft white metal, mp = 321 C, bp=776 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Cadmium and cadmium oxide Ca rc (1B), Muta (2), reprod uctive toxin (Repr) (2), acute tox (2); H350, 341, 361fd, 330. Uses/occurrence \200 Nickel cadmium battery production \200 Alloyed with other metals f or use in electrical cables, solders, and \201 re-detection systems Metal coating, pigments, and stabilizers \200 Exposure can occur during heating and weldi ng of metals containing cadmium. Key health effects \200 Cadmium is excreted very slowly, accumulating in liver and kidney s \200 Inhalation exposure causes metal fume fever and pulmonary oedema \200 Kidney dam age may be caused by repeated inhalation of all forms of cadmium (mainly tubular dysfunctio n, characterized by proteinuria; glomerular damage, glycosuria, aminoaciduria and renal sto nes) \200 Repeated exposure to cadmium may cause severe lung damage (emphysema, loss of lung function and radiographic abnormalities) \200 Possibility of can cer, based on animal evidence (for cadmium oxide, chloride, and sulfate) Impaired fertility and effects on fetus (for cadmium chloride). Measurement \200 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, acid digestion, analysis by \202 ame or electrothermal AAS(MDHS 10/2), or XRF (MDHS91) or inductively coupled pla sma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES (MDHS 99)) Cadmium in blood or urine (sampling time not critical). Further information INDG391REV1 Cadmium and You (free) ISBN 9780717663972. EIS31 Cadmium in Silver Soldering and Brazing (free). EH1 Cadmium health and safety precautions (1995) ISBN 0717608255. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 65 12/31/2012 8:44:05 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 66 Chromium General substance information \200 CAS No. Chromium metal 7440 \200\22347 \200 \2233 \200 Occupational exposure limit: chromium (VI) and compounds (as Cr) \200\224 WEL, 8h TWA 0.05mg/m 3 \200 chromium metal a nd chromium (II) and (III) compounds (as Cr) \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 0.5mg/m 3 Biological monitoring guidance value: chromium (VI) (as Cr) \200\22410 mol chromium/mol creatinine in urine (post shift) Hazard classi \201 cation and risk phrases: chromium (VI) \200\224Carc, Sen \200 chromium metal and chromium (II) and (III) compound s \200\224none \200 Physical properties: hard brittle silver metal, extremely resistant to corrosion, mp = 1907 C, bp = 2671 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Chromium (VI) trioxide: Carc (1A), Muta (1B), R epr (2), acute tox (2), skin corr (1A), resp/skin sens (1); H350, 340, 361f, 330, 311, 301, 372, 314, 334, 317 Potassium dichromate: Carc (1B), Muta (1B), Repr (1B), acute tox (2), STOT/RE (1), skin cor r (1B), resp/skin sen (1); H350, 340, 360FD, 330, 301, 372, 312, 314, 334, 317. Uses/occurrence \200 Major use: production of stainless steel with downstream users, particularly welders, potentially exposed \200 Metallurgy is (as chromates) in electropla ting \200 Production of paint, pigments, corrosion inhibitors, and wood preservatives, and in the tanning and textile industries. Key health effects Adverse health effects are mainly from chromium (VI) compounds: \200 A cute: irritation of upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes \200 Chronic: lung cancer; skin a nd respiratory sensitization, nasal corrosion (septum perforation), kidney and lung damage, d fertility, fetal toxicity. Measurement \200 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, acid digestion, analysis by AAS (MDHS 12/2) or XRF (MDHS 91) or ICP-AES (MDHS99) Total chromium in urine (end of shift at end of work week) for soluble chromium compounds. Further information INDG346 Chromium and you . M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg346.pdf 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 66 12/31/2012 8:44:06 PM COBALT 67 Cobalt General substance information \200 CAS No. Cobalt metal 7440 \200\22348 \200\2234 \200 Occupational exposure limit. Cobalt and cobalt compounds (as Co): WEL, 8h TWA of 0.1mg/m 3 Physical properties: silver-white metal, mp = 1495 C, bp = 2870 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Cobalt: resp/skin sens (1); H334, 317 \200 Co balt dichloride and sulfate: Carc (1B), acute tox (4), resp/skin sens (1); H350i, 302, 334, 317. Uses/occurrence \200 Manufacture of hard alloys (super alloys) for heavy engineering and aerospace applications Production of ceramics, paint, glass magnets, and catalytic converters \200 Production of hard metals (tools for cutting and grinding). Key health effects \200 Skin sensitization: humans with nickel sensitivity are predispose d to cobalt sensitivity Respiratory sensitization: leading to asthmatic response at very low exposure levels Diffuse interstitial pulmonary \201 brosis: also associated with repeated exposure Short-term gastrointestinal (GI) effects following ingestion. Measurement \200 Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, acid digestion, analysis by AAS (MDHS 30/2) or XRF (MDHD 91) or ICP-AES (MDHS 99) Cobalt in urine or blood (end of shift at end of work week). Further information MSA17. Cobalt and You (free). Available at: M http://www.hse.gov.uk/pub ns/msa17.htm EH68. Cobalt. Health and Safety Precautions . ISBN 0717608239. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 67 12/31/2012 8:44:06 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 68 Copper General substance information \200 CAS No. 7440 \200\22350 \200\2238 \200 Occupa tional exposure limit: in dust and mists (as Cu) \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 1mg/m 3 ; STEL of 2mg/m 3 copper fume \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 0.2mg/m 3 Physical properties: reddish-brown, malleable, and ductile metal, mp = 1083 C, bp = 2595 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Copper sulfate: acute tox (4), eye/skin irrit ( 2); H302, 319, 315 \200 Copper (I) chloride, oxide: acute tox (4); H302. Uses/occurrence \200 Major uses: smelting and re \201 ning of copper \200 production of copper and copper alloy products for electrical cables materials for the construction and water distribution industries. Other uses: production of copper chemicals and powders \200 piping and plumbing \200 electroplating \200 coinage \200 antifouling agent on boat hulls \200 pigment in paints and glass. Key health effects \200 Copper is an essential element and effects may arise as a result of de \201 ciency Acute oral toxicity characterized by GI symptoms, with nausea being the earliest symptom Eye irritation (copper (I) oxide and copper sulfate) \200 Hepatotoxicity associated with long-term oral intake; also effects on kidney and GI tract Exposure to freshly-formed copper oxide fume has been linked to the occurrence of \202 u-like symptoms (metal fume fever). Measurement Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, analysis by XRF (MDHS 91) or IC P-AES (MDHS 99). 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 68 12/31/2012 8:44:06 PM IRON 69 Iron General substance information \200 CAS No. Iron metal 7439 \200\22389 \200\2236 \200 Occupational exposure limit: iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) fume (as Fe) \200\224WEL, 8h; TWA of 5mg/m 3 ; STEL of 10mg/m 3 iron salts (as Fe) \200\224WEL, 8h; TWA, 1mg/m 3 ; STEL, 2mg/m 3 \200 ferrous foundry pa rticulate (FFP) \200\224WEL, 8h; TWA of 10mg/m 3 (total inhalable dust) and 4mg/m 3 (respirable dust). ( Note: FFP is a surrogate for exposu re in ferrous foundries, but components of FFP also have individual WELs) Physical properties: silver-white metal, mp = 1535 C, bp = 2750 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling None. Uses/occurrence \200 Exposure may occur in smelting/re \201 ning of iron and production of steel and other alloys Exposure to iron oxide fume may arise during \202 ame cutting of iron or its alloys Iron oxide is widely used as a pigment in paint, stains, plastics, construction materials, and ceramics In coarse form (rouge) it is used as a polishing material in the jewelry trade Iron salts are used as a \202 occulant in waste-water treatment, the dyeing of textiles, and the production of fertilizer and feed additives. Key health effects \200 Iron is an essential element and effects may arise as a result of de \201 ciency Acute iron poisoning associated with accidental ingestion (vomiting, metabolic acidosis, li ver and kidney damage); mainly in children \200 Chronic iron toxicity associated with her editary malabsorption condition (haemochromatosis) or excessive dietary intake (haemosidero sis in liver, spleen, heart, and endocrine organs) Effects on lungs ( \201 brosis) caused by long-term inhalation of iron oxide fumes or dust. Measurement Pumped dust sample on to \201 lter, analysis by XRF (MDHS 91) or ICP-AES (MDH DS 99). 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 69 12/31/2012 8:44:06 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 70 Lead General substance information \200 Exposure to lead is regulated under the Control o f Lead at Work Regulations 2002 (CLAW). Statutory airborne exposure and biological monitoring values apply CAS No. 7439 \200\22392 \200\2231 \200 Occupational exposure limit: WEL, 8h TWA all lead (except lead alkyls), 0.15mg/m 3 ; lead alkyls, 0.10mg/m 3 Biological monitoring: 3 threshold levels are indicated in the CLAW Regulations (see b p. 538, Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002): \200 a level at whi ch health surveillance is required \200 \200\230action level \200\231: exposure should b e reduced \200 \200\230suspension level \200\231: individual must be removed from exposu re \200 Physical properties: soft, malleable silver-gray metal, mp = 327 C, bp = 1740 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Lead alkyls: Repr (1A), acute tox (1), STOT/RE (2); H360Df, 330, 310, 300, 373 Other lead compounds (excluding azide, acetate and chromate): Repr (1A), acute tox (4), STOT/RE (2); H360Df, 332, 302, 373. Uses/occurrence \200 Extraction of lead from its ore (lead sulfide) and melting of scrap lead ( 2 smelting) Manufacture of lead acid batteries, lead compounds, and paints \200 Production of solder, ceramics, glass, pigments, and ammunition \200 Organic lead (alkyls) added to gasoline a s an anti-knocking agent \200 Exposure during blast removal, stripping and burning of lea d paint; hot cutting in demolition work; breaking and recycling lead batteries. Key health effects \200 Hematological: anemia, reticulocytosis, basophilic stippled red c ells \200 Encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy \200 Renal toxicity (tubular damage and interstitial \201 brosis) \200 Effects on GI tract (colic) \200 Reduced fecundity in males, impaired fetal neurological development. Measurement \200 Pumped inhalable dust sample on \201 lter, acid digestion, analysis by \202 ame or electrothermal AAS (MDHS 6/3) or XRF (91) or ICP-AES (99). \200 Biological monitoring: lead (inorganic) \200\224blood, zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), ALA. Lead (organic) \200\224urine (end of shift, end of working week). Further information L132. Control of lead at work. Control of lead at Work Regulations 2002 . ACoP and guidance, (3rd edn. ISBN 9780717625659. INDG305REV1. Lead and you (free). ISBN 9780717663873. Available at: M http://www.hse.gov. uk/pubns/indg305.pdf 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 70 12/31/2012 8:44:06 PM MANGANESE 71 Manganese General substance information \200 CAS No. Manganese metal 7439 \200\22396 \200 \2235 \200 Occupational exposure limit: manganese and its inorganic compounds (as Mn) \200\224WEL, 8h TWA of 0.5mg/m 3 Physical properties: hard brittle gray-white metal found in mainly crystalline form, mp = 1244 C, bp = 1962 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Manganese dioxide: acute tox (4); H332, 302. \200 Manganese sulfate: STOT/RE (2); H373. Uses/occurrence \200 Major use: production of stainless and carbon steel \200 Manganese compounds have various uses in the production of batteries, fertilizers, ceramics, and glass Exposure occurs during re \201 ning of ore, smelting and fabrication operations \200 Welding (steel). Key health effects \200 Central nervous system effects associated with repeated exposure by inhalation; early signs include sleepiness and weakness in legs \200 Historically, effect s on lungs (pneumonitis) were associated with chronic exposure, although recent studies provide no evidence of this. Measurement Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, analysis by XRF MDHS91) or ICP- AES (MDHS 99). 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 71 12/31/2012 8:44:06 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 72 Mercury General substance information \200 CAS No. 7439 \200\22397 \200\2236 \200 No WE L (EH40) \200 Biological monitoring guidance value: 20 mol mercury/mol creatinine in urine (random sampling) Physical properties: silver colored liquid metal, mp = \210\222 39 C, bp = 357 C. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Mercury (elemental): acute tox (3), STOT/RE (2) ; H331, 373 \200 Some organic and inorganic mercury compounds: acute tox (1), STOT/ RE (2); H330, 310, 300, 373. Uses/occurrence \200 Used as an electrode in the electrolytic production of chlorine from sodium hydroxide (chloro-alkali process). Widely used in thermometers, barometers, and batteries \200 Use in dental amalgam is in d ecline \200 Production of fungicides, biocides, and antifouling paints. Key health effects \200 Irritation of respiratory tract associated with short-term exposu re to Hg vapors Effects on central nervous system (psychomotor effects) \200 Renal toxicity (tubular dama ge). Treatment See b p. 804, Mercury poisoning, for management of acute poisoning. Measurement \200 MDHS 16/2 Sampling: mercury vapor \200\224passive (badge) sampling or pumped sampling on to sorbent tube particulate mercury \200\224pumped sampling on to \201 lter mounted in inhalable sampler ; back-up sorbent tube if vapor also present Analysis by cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy \200 Biological monitoring: usually based on measuring total inorganic mercury in urine (cumulative exposure) total inorganic mercury blood levels (acute exposure). 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 72 12/31/2012 8:44:06 PM NICKEL 73 Nickel General substance information \200 CAS No. Nickel metal 7440 \200\22348 \200\2234 \200 Occupational exposure limit: nickel and its inorganic compounds. water-soluble compounds (as Ni): WEL, 8h TWA of 0.1mg/m 3 \200 metal and insoluble compou nds (as Ni), 8h TWA of 0.5mg/m 3 \200 Physical properties: hard ductile silvery metal, re sistant to corrosion, mp = 1453 C, bp = 2752 C Nickel tetracarbonyl is a gaseous metal compound. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling \200 Nickel: H351, 317 \200 Nickel oxides and sulf ides: H350, 317 \200 Nickel sulfate: H351, 302, 334, 317 \200 Nickel tetracarbonyl: Car c (2), Repr (1B), acute tox (3); H351, 360D, 330. Uses/occurrence \200 Used mainly in stainless steel alloys. Alloys with other metals incl ude copper, aluminum and silver Also used in electroplating, as a catalyst and in the production of nickel compounds, rechargeable batteries, and coins Exposure occurs when welding and grinding nickel containing metal alloys. Key health effects \200 Nickel metal and insoluble salts are retained in the lung \200 Soluble nickels salts may also be absorbed through the skin \200 Skin and respiratory sen sitization \200 Cancer of the lungs and nasal sinuses \200 Fibrosis of lungs, with loss of pulmonary function. Measurement Pumped inhalable dust sample on to \201 lter, acid digestion, analysis by \202 ame or electrothermal AAS (MDHS 42/2) or XRF (MDHS 91) or ICP-AES (MDHS 99). Further information INDG351. Nickel and You (free). Available at: M http:www.hse.gov.uk/pub ns/indg351.pdf Nickel and nickel alloy plating operations: controlling the risk of inhaling mist containing nickel . Available at: M www.hse.gov.uk/surfaceengineering/nickelinhalation.pdf EH60. Nickel and its inorganic compounds. health hazards and precautionary methods . ISBN 0717613420. 02_Smedley_Chap02.indd 73 12/31/2012 8:44:06 PM CHAPTER 2 Chemical hazards 74 Vanadium \200 Vanadium is an essential element \200 Inhalation is the main route of ent ry \200 Vanadium compounds are poorly absorbed through the GI system and rapidly excreted in the urine. General substance information \200 CAS No. Vanadium pentoxide 1314 \200\22362 \200\2231 \200 Occupational exposure limit. Vanadium pentoxide: WEL, 8h TWA of 0.05mg/m 3 Physical properties: soft ductile gray-white metal; good resistance to corrosion by acids and alkalis. CLP classi \201 cation and labeling Vanadium pentoxide M uta (2), Repr (2), STOT/RE (1), a cute tox (4), STOT/ SE (3); H341, 361d, 372, 332, 302, 335. Uses/occurrence \200 Vanadium occurs in different minerals such as patronite (VS 4 ) \200 Also present in carbon-containing deposits such as crude oil and oil shale. The ash f rom oils may be rich in vanadium and is a hazard for industrial furnace and boiler cleaners . Approximately 80% of vanadium produced is used as ferrovanadium, in the production of steel alloys Vanadium salts are used as catalysts in the manufacture of glass, dyes, inks, and pesticides Exposure also occurs during re \201 ning and manufacture of steel alloys. Key health effects \200 Effects include irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tra ct, and GI disturbances