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Topic 7573 Version 75.0 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-primary-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease/print 15/18 7/6/23, 12:50 PM Overview of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease - UpToDate GRAPHICS Additive effects of risk factors on cardiovascular disease at 5 years Cumulative absolute risk of CVD at 5 years according to systolic blood pressure and specified levels of other risk factors. The reference category is a non-diabetic, non-smoking 50-year-old woman with a serum TC of 154 mg/dL (4.0 mmol/L) and HDL cholesterol of 62 mg/dL (1.6 mmol/L). The CVD risks are given for systolic blood pressure levels of 110, 130, 150, and 170 mmHg. In the other categories, the additional risk factors are added consecutively. As an example, the diabetes category is a 50-year-old diabetic man who is a smoker and has a TC of 270 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) and HDL cholesterol of 39 mg/dL (1 mmol/L). BP: blood pressure; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; TC: total cholesterol. Adapted from: Jackson R, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, et al. Lancet 2005; 365:434. Graphic 55353 Version 12.0 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-primary-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease/print 16/18 7/6/23, 12:50 PM Overview of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease - UpToDate Beneficial effects of any physical activity on coronary heart disease Coronary events are less frequent among those who exercise. In a study of 5159 men, aged 40 to 49 years, followed for an average of almost 19 years, the age-adjusted coronary heart disease event rate per 1000 person-years is lower in those who perform any physical activity compared with inactive subjects. Data from: Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Alberti KG. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:2108. Graphic 81608 Version 4.0 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-primary-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease/print 17/18 7/6/23, 12:50 PM Overview of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease - UpToDate Contributor Disclosures Charles H Hennekens, MD, DrPH Patent Holder: Brigham and Women's Hospital [Co-inventor on patents concerning inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease, C-reactive protein]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Amgen [Migraine, cardiovascular disease]; UCB [Osteoporosis]. All of the relevant financial relationships listed have been mitigated. David Seres, MD Equity Ownership/Stock Options: Medaware Systems [Biomedical informatics]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Community Surgical Supply [Home nutrition support]. All of the relevant financial relationships listed have been mitigated. Freek Verheugt, MD, FACC, FESC Consultant/Advisory Boards: AstraZeneca [Thrombosis]; Bayer [Thrombosis]; BMS/Pfizer [Thrombosis]; Boehringer-Ingelheim [Thrombosis]; Boston Scientific [Thrombosis]; Daiichi-Sankyo [Thrombosis]; JenaValve [Thrombosis]. All of the relevant financial relationships listed have been mitigated. Sara Swenson, MD No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies to disclose. Nisha Parikh, MD, MPH No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies to disclose. Contributor disclosures are reviewed for conflicts of interest by the editorial group. When found, these are addressed by vetting through a multi-level review process, and through requirements for references to be provided to support the content. Appropriately referenced content is required of all authors and must conform to UpToDate standards of evidence. Conflict of interest policy https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-primary-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease/print 18/18