7/5/23, 8:12 AM Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy - UpToDate Official reprint from UpToDate www.uptodate.com 2023 UpToDate, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy : Rod Passman, MD, MSCE : Bradley P Knight, MD, FACC, N A Mark Estes, III, MD : Nisha Parikh, MD, MPH All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete. Literature review current through: Jun 2023. This topic last updated: Jan 25, 2023. INTRODUCTION For patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), the two principal goals of long-term therapy are to improve quality of life (eg, symptom control) and to prevent associated morbidity and mortality (principally the prevention of thromboembolism). (See "Hemodynamic consequences of atrial fibrillation and cardioversion to sinus rhythm", section on 'Adverse hemodynamics in AF' and "Atrial fibrillation in adults: Use of oral anticoagulants".) In asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients with AF, there is often no need to pursue aggressive measures to maintain sinus rhythm. For those patients who might feel better in sinus rhythm, rate- and rhythm-control strategies improve symptoms, but neither has been conclusively shown to improve survival compared to the other. The factors determining the choice between these two strategies are discussed elsewhere. (See "Management of atrial fibrillation: Rhythm control versus rate control".) For those patients in whom a rhythm control strategy is chosen, catheter ablation or antiarrhythmic drugs are the two principle therapeutic options. (See "Atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation" and "Antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: Recommendations".) This topic will compare the efficacy and safety of these two options for rhythm control and provide recommendations for choosing one or the other. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maintenance-of-sinus-rhythm-in-atrial-fibrillation-catheter-ablation-versus-antiarrhythmic-drug-therapy/print 1/10 7/5/23, 8:12 AM Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy - UpToDate CLASSIFICATION The following terms are used in the classification of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). In the studies discussed in this topic, some, but not all, of these groups have been included (see "Atrial fibrillation: Overview and management of new-onset atrial fibrillation", section on 'Classification and terminology'): Paroxysmal (ie, self-terminating or intermittent) AF Paroxysmal AF is defined as recurrent AF ( 2 episodes) that terminates spontaneously in seven days or less, usually less than 24 hours. (See "Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation".) Persistent AF Persistent AF is defined as AF that fails to self-terminate within seven days. Episodes often require pharmacologic or electrical cardioversion to restore sinus rhythm. While a patient who has had persistent AF can have later episodes of paroxysmal AF, AF is generally considered a progressive disease. In individuals with paroxysmal AF, progression to persistent and permanent AF occurs in >50 percent beyond 10 years despite antiarrhythmic therapy [1]. Long-standing persistent AF Long-standing persistent AF refers to persistent AF that has lasted for one year or more [2]. Permanent AF Permanent AF is a term used to identify individuals with persistent AF where a decision has been made to no longer pursue a rhythm control strategy. CATHETER ABLATION AND ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUG THERAPY General considerations Catheter ablation uses either cryoablation (cryotherapy) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). AF will recur in one year in approximately 20 to 40 percent of patients who have a catheter ablation, although overall AF burden is often markedly decreased [3]; a recurrence is defined as an AF episode >30 seconds in duration on routine monitoring. Important complications from catheter ablation include cardiac tamponade, pulmonary vein stenosis (<1 percent), phrenic nerve paralysis (about 3 percent with cryoballoon), and rare instances of stroke and atrioesophageal fistula [4,5]. These and other complications are described in detail separately. (See "Atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation", section on 'Complications'.) A 2017 randomized comparison between cryoablation and RFA showed similar success rates, as did a meta-analysis of observational studies [6,7]. (See "Atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation" and https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maintenance-of-sinus-rhythm-in-atrial-fibrillation-catheter-ablation-versus-antiarrhythmic-drug-therapy/print 2/10 7/5/23, 8:12 AM Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy - UpToDate "Catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: Technical considerations for non- electrophysiologists".) Commonly employed drugs to maintain sinus rhythm are amiodarone, sotalol, dofetilide, dronedarone, flecainide, and propafenone. Approximately 25 to 50 percent of people who receive antiarrhythmic medications will have recurrent AF within one year. Important side effects of antiarrhythmics include proarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia, and organ toxicity in the case of amiodarone. (See "Antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: Recommendations" and "Antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: Clinical trials".) Approach For patients with symptomatic paroxysmal AF, in whom rhythm rather than a rate control is pursued, we suggest catheter ablation as first-line therapy in some patients as an alternative to antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs); this is particularly true for younger patients or patients who are poor candidates for AAD therapy or are concerned about the potential complications of AADs. Other factors that may impact the safety and efficacy of catheter ablation also need to be considered when deciding between catheter ablation and AAD. For patients with symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF who have failed or become intolerant to one or more AADs, we recommend catheter ablation. For patients with symptomatic persistent or longstanding persistent AF who have failed or become intolerant of one or more AADs or who choose not to start antiarrhythmic therapy, we suggest catheter ablation. Initial treatment of paroxysmal AF with catheter cryoballoon ablation was associated with a lower incidence of persistent AF or recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia over three years of follow-up than initial use of AADs. Three hundred and three patients were assigned to undergo initial rhythm-control therapy with catheter ablation or to receive antiarrhythmic therapy. Over 36 months of follow-up the following findings were noted: Patients assigned catheter ablation had less persistent AF compared with patients assigned to AADs (1.9 versus 7.4 percent; hazard ratio [HR] 0.25 95% CI 0.09-0.70). Patients assigned catheter ablation had less recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia, which occurred in 87 patients in the ablation group (56.5 percent) and in 115 in the AAD group (77.2 percent; 56.5 versus 77.2 percent; HR 0.51 95% CI 0.38-0.67). Serious adverse events occurred in seven patients (4.5 percent) in the ablation group and in 15 (10.1 percent) in the AAD group. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maintenance-of-sinus-rhythm-in-atrial-fibrillation-catheter-ablation-versus-antiarrhythmic-drug-therapy/print 3/10 7/5/23, 8:12 AM Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy - UpToDate PATIENTS WITHOUT PRIOR ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUG TREATMENT Some patients with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) (see 'Classification' above) prefer a rhythm as opposed to a rate control strategy in order to decrease symptoms (see "Management of atrial fibrillation: Rhythm control versus rate control", section on 'Summary and recommendations'). For patients who have chosen rhythm control and who have not previously received antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy, we usually start with AAD rather than CA. On occasion, initial treatment with CA may be appropriate. All patients need to be informed of the possibility of recurrence of symptoms and adverse events with both therapies. Recurrence rates and side effects are discussed in detail elsewhere. (See "Antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: Clinical trials" and "Atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation", section on 'Complications' and "Antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: Recommendations", section on 'Drug-related arrhythmias and mortality'.) Prior to 2020, catheter ablation (CA) was generally not offered as first-line therapy given the complexity of the procedure and the potential for complications. It was typically offered to patients who had failed AAD therapy. However, evidence suggests that CA is superior to AAD for control of symptoms. While CA appears superior to AAD for the prevention of AF recurrence, there is no evidence that the rates of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke differ between the two interventions. In addition, in the studies demonstrating superiority of CA, the procedure was performed by highly expert electrophysiologists. Thus, for most patients, we start with AAD. CA by an experienced operator may be considered as first-line therapy for symptomatic patients who, after a full discussion of the benefits and risks of both approaches, prefer an invasive approach. In a meta-analysis of six studies in 1200 patients comparing CA with AAD as first-line treatment for paroxysmal AF, CA was associated with [8]: Lower rates of recurrent atrial arrhythmias (35 versus 53 percent; risk ratio [RR] 0.64, 95% CI 0.51-0.80) [8]. Similar risks of serious adverse events (18 versus 21 percent; RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.58-1.30). Adverse events were defined differently across studies and included stroke, tamponade, and death. Lower rates of symptomatic atrial arrhythmias. Lower healthcare resource utilization. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maintenance-of-sinus-rhythm-in-atrial-fibrillation-catheter-ablation-versus-antiarrhythmic-drug-therapy/print 4/10 7/5/23, 8:12 AM Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy - UpToDate Lower rates of crossover to alternative treatment (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.13-0.32). Limitations of this study include a moderate degree of heterogeneity among the included studies; one study in particular accounted for most of the heterogeneity (the RAAFT 2 trial) [9]. PATIENTS WITH PRIOR ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUG TREATMENT For patients with either paroxysmal or persistent (see 'Classification' above) AF who are interested in decreasing their symptom burden and have received treatment with at least one antiarrhythmic drug, either catheter ablation or long-term antiarrhythmic drug therapy is a reasonable approach. The patient's choice will be guided by advantages and burdens of each approach. (See "Atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation" and "Antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: Recommendations".) This section will review the studies that have directly compared the two approaches. These studies suggest that although catheter ablation and antiarrhythmic drug therapy lead to similar rates of all-cause mortality and other serious morbidities, there may be a greater improvement in quality of life with the former. This topic is not intended to address management in patients who have failed rhythm control with two or more antiarrhythmic drugs or those who have already received catheter ablation. Failure of an antiarrhythmic drug is defined as a drug trial that results in a reduction in AF burden that is not satisfactory to the patient, or results in side effects that are intolerable to the patient, proarrhythmia, or organ toxicity. (See "Atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation" and "Antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: Recommendations", section on 'Long-term issues'.) Three early meta-analyses of studies comparing catheter ablation and antiarrhythmic drug therapy found that recurrence of AF occurred less often in patients who received catheter ablation in the 12 months after initiation of therapy [10-12]. The following three randomized trials directly compared catheter ablation with antiarrhythmic drug therapy: The ThermoCool AF study randomly assigned 167 symptomatic patients with paroxysmal AF (no episodes lasting more than 30 days) who did not respond to at least one AAD and who experienced at least three episodes of paroxysmal AF within six months before randomization to either catheter ablation (with RFA) or AAD therapy in a 2:1 fashion [13]. Patients with significant left ventricular dysfunction, persistent AF, and advanced heart failure were excluded. Catheter ablation included pulmonary vein isolation with confirmation of entrance block, and AAD therapy included flecainide (36 percent), https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maintenance-of-sinus-rhythm-in-atrial-fibrillation-catheter-ablation-versus-antiarrhythmic-drug-therapy/print 5/10 7/5/23, 8:12 AM Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy - UpToDate propafenone (41 percent), dofetilide, sotalol, or quinidine at the investigator's discretion. After nine months, there were significantly fewer patients with documented symptomatic paroxysmal AF in the catheter ablation group (16 versus 66 percent; hazard ratio 0.30, 95% CI 0.19-0.47). In addition, major treatment-related adverse events occurred more often with AAD therapy (9 versus 5 percent) at 30 days. Mean quality-of-life scores improved significantly with catheter ablation compared to AAD therapy. The STOP AF trial randomly assigned 245 paroxysmal AF patients (in a 2:1 manner) to cryoballoon ablation or drug therapy [14]. Patients had previously failed drug therapy; paroxysmal and early persistent AF were present in 78 and 22 percent, respectively. Treatment success was defined as freedom from chronic treatment failure, as defined by the absence of: any detectable AF after the blanking period; use of a non-study antiarrhythmic drug; and any non-protocol intervention for AF. At 12 months, the primary end point was present in 69.9 and 7.3 percent of the two groups (p<0.001). Serious adverse procedure-related events occurred in 3.1 percent. Phrenic nerve palsy occurred in 11.2 percent, but resolved in the majority. The Catheter ABlation vs ANtiarrhythmic Drug Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation (CABANA) trial randomly assigned 2204 patients with paroxysmal (43 percent) or persistent AF (57 percent) to catheter ablation or antiarrhythmic drug therapy [15]. Patients were excluded if they had a prior catheter ablation or had failed two or more antiarrhythmic drugs. The following findings were noted: Among the patients who received antiarrhythmic drug therapy, 27.5 percent crossed over to the ablation group. The primary composite end point (death, disabling stroke, serous bleeding, or cardiac arrest) occurred in 8.0 and 9.2 percent of the two groups, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 0.86, 95% CI 0.65-1.15), during a median follow-up of about four years. There was no difference in all-cause mortality (5.2 versus 6.1 percent; HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.60-1.21). The end point of death or cardiovascular hospitalization occurred less often with catheter ablation (51.7 versus 58.1 percent; HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74-0.93), as did the rate for AF recurrence (49.9 versus 69.5 percent; HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.45-0.60). Both patient groups achieved significant improvement in quality-of-life scores, and the improvement in the catheter ablation group was significantly greater than in the drug therapy group. Using one quality-of-life tool, the mean score at baseline was approximately 63 points. At 12 months, the scores were 80.9 and 86.4 points, respectively [16]. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maintenance-of-sinus-rhythm-in-atrial-fibrillation-catheter-ablation-versus-antiarrhythmic-drug-therapy/print 6/10 7/5/23, 8:12 AM Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy - UpToDate The Catheter Ablation compared with optimized Pharmacological Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation (CAPTAF) trial randomly assigned 155 patients with symptomatic persistent or paroxysmal AF to catheter ablation or antiarrhythmic drug therapy [17]. The primary end point, SF-36 General Health score, improved more in the ablation group than the drug therapy group from baseline to 12 months (mean baseline score, 61.8 versus 62.7; mean change 11.9 versus 3.1, respectively; p = 0.003). Patients with heart failure Mortality and morbidity are higher among patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure than among those with heart failure alone. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation has been proposed as a means of improving outcomes among patients with heart failure who are otherwise receiving appropriate treatment. This issue is discussed separately. (See "The management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure", section on 'Catheter ablation'.) RECOMMENDATIONS OF OTHERS Recommendations for the use of catheter ablation are available in societal guidelines. The 2016 European Society of Cardiology guideline recommends catheter ablation for patients with symptomatic, paroxysmal, persistent, and probably long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation who have failed (or are intolerant to) treatment with at least one antiarrhythmic drug [18]. The 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation makes the following recommendations regarding catheter ablation (CA) to maintain sinus rhythm [19] CA is useful for symptomatic paroxysmal AF refractory or intolerant to at least one class I or III antiarrhythmic medication when a rhythm control strategy is desired. CA is reasonable for selected patients with symptomatic persistent AF refractory or intolerant to at least one class I or III antiarrhythmic medication. CA may be considered for symptomatic long-standing (>12 months) persistent AF refractory or intolerant to at least one class I or III antiarrhythmic medication, when a rhythm control strategy is desired. CA may be considered prior to initiation of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with a class I or III antiarrhythmic medication for symptomatic paroxysmal AF when a rhythm control strategy is desired. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maintenance-of-sinus-rhythm-in-atrial-fibrillation-catheter-ablation-versus-antiarrhythmic-drug-therapy/print 7/10 7/5/23, 8:12 AM Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy - UpToDate SOCIETY GUIDELINE LINKS Links to society and government-sponsored guidelines from selected countries and regions around the world are provided separately. (See "Society guideline links: Atrial fibrillation" and "Society guideline links: Arrhythmias in adults".) SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS For most patients with new-onset symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) who have chosen a rhythm rather than a rate control strategy, we suggest antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy rather than catheter ablation (CA) as initial therapy (Grade 2C). Patients who may reasonably prefer CA as initial therapy include those who are concerned about the potential complications of AAD or the higher rate of AF recurrence with it. (See 'Patients without prior antiarrhythmic drug treatment' above.) For patients with symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF and who have failed or become intolerant to one or more AAD, we recommend CA (Grade 1A). (See 'Patients with prior antiarrhythmic drug treatment' above.) For patients with symptomatic persistent or longstanding persistent AF who have failed or become intolerant of one or more AAD or who choose not to start antiarrhythmic therapy, we suggest CA (Grade 2B). (See 'Patients with prior antiarrhythmic drug treatment' above.) Use of UpToDate is subject to the Terms of Use. REFERENCES 1. Wilber DJ. Pursuing sinus rhythm in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: when is it too late? J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:796. 2. European Heart Rhythm Association, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Camm AJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2010; 31:2369. 3. Andrade JG, Champagne J, Dubuc M, et al. Cryoballoon or Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Assessed by Continuous Monitoring: A Randomized Clinical Trial. 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Catheter ablation for paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; :CD007101. 13. Wilber DJ, Pappone C, Neuzil P, et al. Comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy and radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 303:333. 14. Packer DL, Kowal RC, Wheelan KR, et al. Cryoballoon ablation of pulmonary veins for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: first results of the North American Arctic Front (STOP AF) pivotal trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:1713. 15. Packer DL, Mark DB, Robb RA, et al. Effect of Catheter Ablation vs Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy on Mortality, Stroke, Bleeding, and Cardiac Arrest Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: The CABANA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:1261. 16. Mark DB, Anstrom KJ, Sheng S, et al. Effect of Catheter Ablation vs Medical Therapy on Quality of Life Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: The CABANA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:1275. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maintenance-of-sinus-rhythm-in-atrial-fibrillation-catheter-ablation-versus-antiarrhythmic-drug-therapy/print 9/10 7/5/23, 8:12 AM Maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy - UpToDate 17. Blomstr m-Lundqvist C, Gizurarson S, Schwieler J, et al. Effect of Catheter Ablation vs Antiarrhythmic Medication on Quality of Life in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: The CAPTAF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:1059. 18. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:373. 19. Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14:e275. Topic 93920 Version 30.0 Contributor Disclosures Rod Passman, MD, MSCE Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Abbott [Ablation]; AHA [Ablation]; NIH [Stroke prevention]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Abbott [Ablation]; iRhythm [Monitoring]; Janssen [Atrial fibrillation detection]; Medtronic [Implantable cardiac monitors]. Speaker's Bureau: iRhythm [Monitoring]. All of the relevant financial relationships listed have been mitigated. Bradley P Knight, MD, FACC Grant/Research/Clinical Trial Support: Abbott [Electrophysiology]; Atricure [Electrophysiology]; Biosense Webster [Electrophysiology]; Biotronik [Electrophysiology]; Boston Scientific [Electrophysiology]; BSCI [Electrophysiology]; MDT [Electrophysiology]; Philips [Electrophysiology]. Consultant/Advisory Boards: Abbott [Electrophysiology]; Atricure [Electrophysiology]; Biosense Webster [Electrophysiology]; Biotronik [Electrophysiology]; Boston Scientific [Electrophysiology]; BSCI [Electrophysiology]; CVRx [Heart failure]; MDT [Electrophysiology]; Philips [Electrophysiology]; Sanofi [Arrhythmias]. Speaker's Bureau: Abbott [Electrophysiology]; Biosense Webster [Electrophysiology]; Biotronik [Electrophysiology]; Boston Scientific [Transeptal catheterization]; BSCI [Electrophysiology]; MDT [Electrophysiology]. All of the relevant financial relationships listed have been mitigated. N A Mark Estes, III, MD Consultant/Advisory Boards: Boston Scientific [Arrhythmias]; Medtronic [Arrhythmias]. All of the relevant financial relationships listed have been mitigated. Nisha Parikh, MD, MPH No relevant financial relationship(s) with ineligible companies to disclose. Contributor disclosures are reviewed for conflicts of interest by the editorial group. When found, these are addressed by vetting through a multi-level review process, and through requirements for references to be provided to support the content. Appropriately referenced content is required of all authors and must conform to UpToDate standards of evidence. Conflict of interest policy https://www.uptodate.com/contents/maintenance-of-sinus-rhythm-in-atrial-fibrillation-catheter-ablation-versus-antiarrhythmic-drug-therapy/print 10/10