What are the effects of smoking on cardiovascular health?
Smoking has been linked to a number of cardiovascular health issues, including increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Additionally, smoking has been associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality and an increased risk of cardiovascular events (e.g. heart attack and stroke) in patients with diabetes (Pan et al., 2015; Mons et al., 2015; Lv et al., 2015). Smoking cessation interventions have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality (Stead et al., 2016; US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010; Teo et al., 2006).  