dermatological paraneoplastic syndromes 552 hypercalcaemia 627 \200\2239 hyperkalaemia 631 hyponatraemia 630 NCIC-CTC grading 676 (tabl e) in paraneoplastic syndromes dermatomyositis, in paraneoplastic syndromes 549 diet and cancer epidemiology 5 \200\2236, 8 (table) 547 chemical carcinogenesis renal tubular dysfunction 632 56 electron beam therapy 106 \200\22310 electron microscopy, diagnostic uses diffuse large cell non-Hodgkin \200\231s lymphoma 506 46 2,2-di \202uorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine) 152 \200\2233 distress, identi \201cation and emergencies in oncology acute hemorrhage 612 \200\22317 biochemical crises 626, 634 hypercalcaemia 627 \200\2239 hy perglycaemia 633 hyperkalaemia 631 hypoglycaemia 633 hyponatraemia 630 renal tubular dysfun ction intervention 251 DNA mutations 27 DNA viruses hepatitis B (HBV) virus 51 herpes viruses 52 human papillomavirus (HPV) 632 50 \200\2231 docetaxel 166 (table) bone marrow suppression 584 \200\22390 dosing strategy 179 gastrointestinal obstruction doxorubicin 142 \200\2234 620 \200\2231 dosing strategy 179 drug development process raised intracranial pressure 600 \200\2234 643 \200\2236 spinal cord compression 574 \200\22382 stridor 606 \200\2239 superior vena cava obstruction drug discovery chemical screening methods 638 \200\2239 592 \200\2237 molecular target orientated urinary tract obstruction 622 \200\2233 approach 639 \200\22343 emotional aspects of cancer, see drug resistance psychosocial aspects of cancer anthracycline antibiotics encephalomyelopathies, in 142 \200\2233 paraneoplastic syndromes 548 anti-microtubule agents endocrine cancers 163 \200\2239 adrenal cancer 380 \200\2233 etiology 61 \200\2232 neuroblastoma 384 \200\2236 scintigraphy 130 thyroid cancer 376 \200\2239 see also endocrine therapy and gene therapy 657 drugs chemical carcinogenesis from 56 \200\2237 chemotherapy, see chemotherapy ductal carcinoma of the breast, see endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes 546 \200\2237 breast cancer endocrine system abnormalities, NCIC-CTC grading 670 \200\2231 (table) dying, mode of, and palliative care 242 \200\2233 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 688 688 INDEX endocrine therapy eyes breast cancer 315 \200\22316, 320 clinical practice 188 endocrine gland ablation 183 enzyme inhibition 184 \200\2235 hormone agonists 183 \200\2234 hormone antagonists 185 predictive indices of response external eye cancers 458 \200\2239 intra-ocular tumors 459 \200\22360 NCIC-CTC grading 678 (table) 186 resistance to 187 see also endocrine cancers endometrial adenocarcinoma Fanconi \200\231s anemia (FA) 60 fever in bone marrow suppression 588 NCIC-CTC grading 671 (table) in paraneoplastic syndromes 556 422 \200\2234 environmental factors \201brosarcomas, uterine 424 \200\2235 FISH ( \202uorescence in situ hybrdization) 18 \200\22319 and cancer epidemiology 4, 8 (table) chemical carcinogenesis 54 \200\2237 intervention strategies \201stulas, palliative surgery 88 \200\2239 \202ow cytometry, applications 48 \202oxu ridine (2 \200\223 \202uoro-2 \200\231- deoxyuridine) 150 209 \200\22310 enzyme inhibitors, for endocrine therapy 184 \200\2235 epidemiology 8 (table) \202udarabine 153 \202u-like symptoms, NCIC-CTC alcohol 5 diet 5 \200\2236 environmental factors 4, 7 \200\2239 genetic factors 4 infection s 6 \200\2237 smoking 4 \200\2235 solar radiation 7 see also prevention strategies grading 671 (table) \202uorescence in situ hybrdization (FISH) 18 \200\22319 2- \202uoro-2 \200\231-deoxyuridine ( \202oxuridine) 150 \202uoropyrimidines 149 \200\22351 5- \202uorouracil (5-FU) 149 \200\22351 folate bioche misty, anti-folate chemotherapy 147 \200\22351 epigenetic carcinogens 54 \200\2236 epirubicin 142 \200\2234 Epstein \200\223Barr virus (EB V) 52 and cancer epidemiology 6 follicular non-Hodgkin \200\231s lymphoma 504 \200\2235 food intakes erythema, in paraneoplastic and cancer epidemiology 5 \200\2236, 8 syndromes 552 (table) erythrocyte disorders, in chemical carcinogenesis 56 fractionation, in radiotherapy paraneoplastic syndromes 550 erythrocyte transfusion, in bone marrow suppression 590 chemo-irradiation therapy 174 estra mustine phosphate 166 (table) etiology of cancer, see etiology of 98 \200\223100, 648 \200\2239 frozen section examination 45 ftorafur (tegafur) 150 cancer Ewing \200\231s sarcoma 520 \200\2232 chemo-irradiation therapy gall bladder cancer 368 \200\2239 gastric cancer 354 \200\2237 gastrin, as biochemical mark er 77 gastrointestinal cancer anal cancer 340 \200\2238 biliary tract cancer 366 \200\2239 biochemical markers 72 174 of soft tissue 528 \200\2239 external beam radiotherapy 101 \200\2235, 648 extracellular matrix, degradation, and tumor invasion 33 \200\2234 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 689 INDEX 689 carcinoid tumors 358 \200\22361 colorectal cancer, see colorectal germ cell tumors biochemical markers 69 \200\22371 testicular cancer 410 \200\22315 gestational trophoblasti c disease biochemical markers 67 \200\2238 choriocarcinoma 438 \200\22340 hydatidiform mole s 436 \200\2238 placental-site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) 440 \200\2231 cancer gastric cancer 354 \200\2237 liver cancer 362 \200\2235 management controversies 374 oesophageal cancer 350 \200\2233 pancreatic cancer 370 \200\2233 small intestine tumors 35 8 \200\22361 gastrointestinal tract gliomas 470 \200\2234 glucagon, as biochemical marker abnormalities, NCIC-CTC grading 672 \200\2233 (table) 77 hemorrhage 617 glutathione, and drug resistance palliative surgery 89 \200\22390 168 obstruction 620 \200\2231 gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists, for medical castration 183 palliative surgery 88 radiation effects on 96 gemcitabine grading of tumors 44 granulocytes, NCIC-CTC grading (2,2-di \202uorodeoxycytidine) 152 \200\2233 668 (table) gene therapy 656 growth of tumors 25 \200\2236 gynecological cancers antisense DNA oligomers 662 drug resistance genes 657 gene delivery 201, 656 \200\2237, 658 cervical cancer 426 \200\22330 ovarian cancer 418 \200\22321 (table) biochemical markers 73 \200\2234 immunotherapy 660 \200\2231, 662 trophoblastic tumors (table) 436 \200\22341 uterine cancer 422 \200\2235 vaginal cancer 432 \200\2233 vulval cancer 433 \200\2234 gynecological hemorrhage marker gene tagging 663 pro-drug activation therapy 659, 660 (table) tumor suppressor genes 657 genetic pro-drug activation therapy 615 (GPAT) 660 (table) genetics and epidemiology 4 intervention strategies 209 and molecular biology 13 \200\22314 molecula r biology techniques hematological malignancies acute leukemia 490 \200\2233 chronic lymphoid leukaemias 15 \200\22320 genitourinary cancers (CLL) 494 \200\2237 Hodgkin \200\231s disease 498 \200\223501 myeloma 508 \200\22312 non-Ho dgkin \200\231s lymphoma (NHL) bladder and ureter cancer 398 \200\223401 prostate cancer 402 \200\2235 biochemical markers 75 screening for 406 \200\2238 502 \200\2236 and AIDS 566 \200\2237 hematological paraneoplastic renal cancer 390 \200\2233 testicular cancer 410 \200\22315 Wilms \200\231 tumor 394 \200 \2237 syndromes 550 hemoglobin, NCIC-CTC grading genitourinary disorders, NCIC-CTC 668 (table) grading 674 \200\2235 (table) genomic instability disorders, haemopoiesis, and bone marrow suppression 584 \200\2235 radiosensitivity syndromes 59 \200\22360 haemoptysis 612 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 690 690 INDEX hemorrhage and gestational trophoblastic assessment 613 gastrointestinal 617 tumor staging 67 \200\2238 human herpes virus 8 (HHV 8), and Kaposi \200\231s sarcoma 52 \200\2233 palliative surgery 89 \200\22390 gynecological 615 head and neck 616 NCIC-CTC grading 668 (table) treatment 614 head and nec k cancer human papillomavirus (HPV) 50 \200\2231 and cervical cancer epidemiology 6 human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) 53 external eye cancers 458 \200\2239 hemorrhage 616 intra-ocular tumors 459 \200\22360 laryng eal cancer 444 \200\2236 nasopharyngeal cancer 450 \200\2233 oral cancer 448 \200\2239 sali vary gland tumors 462 \200\2236 sinonasal cancers 454 \200\2237 heart, radiation effects on 96 Helicobacter pylori, and gastric hydatidiform moles 436 \200\2238 5 \200\223hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5HIAA), as biochemical marker 77 hydroxyurea 153 hypercalcaemia 627 \200\2239 in paraneoplastic syndromes 547 hyperglycaemia 633 hyperkalaemia 631 hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, in paraneoplastic syndr omes 554 hypocalcaemia, in paraneoplastic cancer 6 hepatic function, NCIC-CTC grading 675 (table) syndromes 547 hypoglycaemia 633 hepatic metastases, surgery 91 hepatitis B (HBV) virus 51 hepatitis C (HCV) virus 52 hepato cellular carcinoma (HCC) in paraneoplastic syndromes 547 hyponatraemia 630 362 \200\2235 and hepatitis virus infection 51 \200\2232 herpes viruses 52 \200\2233 HHV 8 (human herpes virus 8), and Kaposi \200\231s sarcoma 52 \200\2233 high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) idarubicin 142 \200\2234 ifosfamide 140, 139( \201g.) imaging of tumors 64 \200\2236 immun ocytochemistry (ICC), 170 \200\2232 HIV infection diagnostic uses 47 and oncogenesis 53 see also AIDS-related immunotherapy active immunotherapy malignancies bacillus Calmette \200\223Gu rin (BCG) 191 \200\2232 Hodgkin \200\231s disease 498 \200\223501 and AIDS 570 cytokines 192 \200\2237 monoclonal antibodies 197 \200\2238 holistic approach to palliative care 244 \200\2237 adoptive immunotherapy 199 gene therapy 660 \200\2231 tumor vaccines 200 hormone-dependent cancers, see endocrine cancers hormones, in carcinogenesis 61 \200\2232 hormone therapy, see endocrine infections and cancer epidemiology 6 \200\2237, 8 therapy (table) HTLV-1 (human T-cell leukemia NCIC-CTC grading 675 \200\2236 virus-1) 53 (table) human chorionic gonadotrophin integrins, in tumor invasion and (HCG) and germ cell tumor staging metastasis 34 \200\2235 intensity-modulated radiation 69 \200\22371 therapy (IMRT) 648 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 691 INDEX 691 interferons, for immunotherapy laryngeal cancer 444 \200\2236 leukemia 193 \200\2235 interleukins, for immunotherapy acute leukemia 195 \200\2236 acute lymphoblastic leukemia intestinal cancer (ALL) 490 \200\2231 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 491 \200\2233 colorectal cancer, see colorectal cancer small intestine and carcinoid tumors 358 \200\22361 chronic lymphoid leukaemias (CLL) 494 \200\2237 intestinal obstruction 620 \200\2231 palliative surgery 88 leukocyte disorders NCIC-CTC grading 668 (table) in paraneoplastic syndromes intracranial pressure, raised 600 clinical signs 601 diagnosis 602 management 603 treatment 604 550 lifestyle changes, after cancer therapy 255 liver cancer 362 \200\2235 intra-operative radiotherapy 125 \200\2237, and hepatitis virus infection 648 electron beam therapy 110 51 \200\2232 liver function, NCIC-CTC grading invasion of tumors 33 \200\2235 ionizing radiation 675 (table) liver metastases, surgery 91 liver scintigraphy 129 lobular carcinoma of the breast, see cellular effects 58 radiation carcinogenesis 58 radiosensitivity syndromes 59 \200\22360 it ching, in paraneoplastic syndromes breast cancer lung cancer 552 epidemiology 262 metastases, surgery 91 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) chemotherapy 274 \200\2237 histological identi \201cation 264 radiotherapy 272 \200\2233 s taging 264 \200\2236 surgery 268 \200\22370 jaundice, palliative surgery 89 pathology and classi \201cation Kaposi \200\231s sarcoma (KS) 52 \200\2233 262 \200\2233 and AIDS 562 \200\2234 small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) chemo-irradiation therapy Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) 80 kidney 174 chemotherapy 282 \200\2234 radiotherapy 278 \200\22380 lung function, NCIC-CTC grading cytotoxic drug effects on 632 radiation effects on 96 kidney cancer 390 \200\2233 678 \200\2239 (table) lung, radiation effects on 96 lympadenopathy, and cancer of unknown primary site 536 \200\2237 lymphatic metastases, surgery 91 lymphoblastic lymphoma 505 lymphocytes, NCIC-CTC grading lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and germ cell tumor staging 69 \200\22371 Lambert \200\223Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), in paraneoplastic syndromes 549 668 (table) lymphoedema, symptom control 238 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 692 692 INDEX lymphomas and AIDS and primary tumor surgery 90 surgery for 91 \200\2232 see also cancer of unknown non-Hodgkin \200\231s lymphoma (NHL) 566 \200\2237 primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) 568 primary site methotrexate (MTX) 147 \200\2239 dosing strategy 179 (cid:2) 2-microglobulin, as biochemical Hodgkin \200\231s disease 498 \200\223501 non-Hodgkin \200\231s lymphoma (NHL) marker 77 microtubules, anti-microtubule 502 \200\2236 agents 163 \200\2237 mitomycin C (MMC) 145 \200\2236 mitoxantrone 145 mixed Mullerian tumors 424 molecular biolo gy malignant hypercalcaemia 627 \200\2239 malignant melanoma 482 \200\2234 malignant pleural m esothelioma cell cycle regulation 21 \200\2234 cytogenetic analysis 32 \200\2233 historical landmarks 1 6 (table) oncogenes and tumor (MPM) 286 \200\2239 malignant tumors characteristics 39 \202ow cytometry 48 frozen section examination 45 grading 44 histologi cal identi \201cation 40 \200\2232 immunocytochemistry (ICC) 47 transmission electron micr oscopy suppressor genes 27 \200\22331 role of genetics 13 \200\22314 techniques 15 \200\22320 monoclonal antibodies for immunotherapy 197 \200\2238 in scintigraphy 131 morphine, for pain control 231 \200\2232 multidisciplinary approach to cancer (TEM) 46 tumor classi \201cation 43 see also speci \201c tumor types 2 multi-drug resistance 167 \200\2239 multiple myeloma 508 \200\22312 multi-step carcinogenes is 31 myeloma 508 \200\22312 myelosuppression, see bone marrow mammography 306 \200\2239 marker gene tagging, in gene therapy 663 matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tumor invasion 33 \200\2234 suppression melanoma malignant 482 \200\2234 ocular 459 6-mercaptopurine (6 \200\223MP) 151 mercaptopurine, dosing strategy nasal cavity cancers 454 \200\2237 nasopharyngeal cancer 450 \200\2233 National Cancer Inst itute (of Canada) (NCIC), common toxicity criteria (CTC) grading system, see NCIC-CTC gradi ng system 179 \200\22380 Merkel cell carcinoma 487 mesothelioma 286 \200\2239 metabolic abnormalities 626, 634 hypercalcaemia 627 \200\2239 hyperglycaemia 633 hyperkalaemia 631 hypoglycaemia 633 hyponat raemia 630 NCIC-CTC grading 676 (table) in paraneoplastic syndromes 547 renal tubular dysfu nction 632 nausea, symptom control 235, 236 (table) NCIC-CTC grading system blood/bone marrow 668 (table) cardiovascular system 668 \200\22370 (table) coagulation 670 (table) endocrine system 670 \200\2231 (table) metastasis mechanisms of 33 \200\2235 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 693 INDEX 693 \202u-like symptoms 671 (table) gastrointestinal system 672 \200\2233 staging 264 \200\2236 surgery 268 \200\22370 (table) Northern blot technique 19 nuclear medicine genitourinary system 674 \200\2235 (table) assessment of cancer therapeutic hepatic function 675 (table) infections 675 \200\2236 (table) metabolic abnormalities 676 damage 131 \200\2232 for cancer therapy 132 \200\2233 diagnostic applications 129 \200\2233 1 methods 128 (table) neurological function 676 \200\2238 (table) ocular symptoms 678 (table) pulmonary function 678 \200\2239 ocular cancer (table) external eye cancers 458 \200\2239 intra-ocular tumors 459 \200\22360 skin changes 679 \200\22380 (table) weight changes 680 (table) ocular symptoms, NCIC-CTC nervous system grading 678 (table) oesophageal cancer 350 \200\2233 brain metastases 476 \200\2238 neurological paraneoplastic chemo-irradiation therapy 174 syndromes 548 \200\2239 primary brain tumors 470 \200\2234 primary CNS lymphoma oncogenes 27, 28 (table) oophorectomy, for endocrine cancers 183 (PCNSL), and AIDS 568 opioids, for pain control 231 \200\2233 optic nerve tumors 460 oral cancer 448 \200\2239 or al mucosa, radiation effects on radiation effects on 96 neuroblastoma 384 \200\2236 neuroendocrine tumors, scintigraphy 130 96 neurological paraneoplastic osteoarthropathy, hypertrophic, in paraneoplastic syndromes 554 syndromes 548 \200\2239 neurological function, NCIC-CTC osteoclastoma 524 osteosarcoma 516 \200\22319 ovarian cancer 418 \200\22321 grading 676 \200\2238 (table) neuron-speci \201c enolase (NSE), as biochemical marker 77 biochemical markers 73 \200\2234 neutron beam radiotherapy 649 neutropenia, fever management oxaliplatin 158 oxazaphosphorines 140, 139( \201g.) 588 Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) 59 nitrogen mustards 138 \200\2239 nitrosoureas 140 \200\2231 NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) anta gonists, for pain control 232 paclitaxel 165 (table) pain control 228 anesthetic techniques 233 \200\2234 bone pain 233 NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) non-Hodgkin \200\231s lymphoma (NHL) 502 \200\2236 and AIDS 566 \200\2237 of external eye 458 non-small cell lung cancer antagonists 232 non-drug methods 234 opioids 231 \200\2233 palliative surgery 89 World Health Organization (NSCLC) chemotherapy 274 \200\2237 histological identi \201cation 264 radiotherapy 272 \200\2233 (WHO) ladder principles 228 \200\22330 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 694 694 INDEX palliative care pharmacokinetics, of anti-cancer holistic approach 244 \200\2237 pain control 228 \200\22334 supportive care 240 \200\2233 s ymptom control 235 \200\2239 drugs 175 \200\22380 pharmacological resistance anthracycline antibiotics 142 \200\2233 anti-microtubule agents 163 \200\2239 and gene ther apy 657 palliative radiotherapy, treatment planning 111 \200\22312 palliative surgery 88 \200\22390 pancreatic cancer 370 \200\2233 pa ncytopenia 587 paranasal sinus cancers 454 \200\2237 paraneoplastic cerebellar phase I clinical trials chemoprevention trials 210 \200\22311 methods 222 \200\2233 phase II clinical trials chemoprevention trials 210 \200\22311 methods 223 degeneration (PCD) 548 \200\2239 paraneoplastic syndromes 544 phase III clinical trials chemoprevention trials 211 \200\22312 methods 223 constitutional symptoms 556 dermatological syndromes 552 endocrine syndromes 546 \200\2237 hematological syndromes 550 hypertrophic osteoarthropathy pigmentation of skin, in paraneoplastic syndromes 552 placental-site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) 440 \200\2231 554 plasmin system, and tumor neurological syndromes 548 \200\2239 invasion 34 platelet disorders paraprotein level, as biochemical marker 77 NCIC-CTC grading 668 (table) in paraneoplastic syndromes 550 platelet transfusion, in bone marrow particle beam radiotherapy 649 \200\22350 pathology \202ow cytometry 48 frozen section examination 45 grading 44 histological identi \201cat ion 40 \200\2232 immunocytochemistry (ICC) 47 transmission electron microscopy suppression 589 platinum compounds 154 \200\2238 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 16 \200\22318 polymyositis, in paraneoplastic syndromes 549 (TEM) 46 tumor classi \201cation 43 tumor types 39 positron emission tomography (PET) 128 pregnancy, trophoblastic tumors patient support, see psychosocial 436 \200\22341 biochemical markers 67 \200\2238 prevention strategies 208 \200\22310 aspects of cancer PCR (polymerase chain reaction) 16 \200\22318 chemopreventative agents 213 \200\22316 clinical trials 210 \200\22312 screening 217 \200 \22319 pentostatin (2 \200\231-deoxycoformycin) 153 performance status scales 80 peripheral neuropathy (PN), in primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) 528 \200\2239 paraneoplastic syndromes 548 pro-drugs, genetic pro-drug PET (positron emission tomography) 128 activation therapy (GPAT) 659, 660 (table) P-glycoprotein prostate cancer 402 \200\2235 and anthracycline antibiotic resistance 142 \200\2233 biochemical markers 75 screening for 406 \200\2238 and multi-drug resistance 167 \200\2238 prostate-speci \201c antigen (PSA) 75, phaeochromocytomas 380 \200\2233 pharmacodynamics, of anti-cancer 402 and prostate cancer screening drugs 175 \200\22380 406 \200\2238 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 695 INDEX 695 proton beam radiotherapy 649 \200\22350 proto-oncogenes 27, 28 (table) pruritus, in paraneo plastic brachytherapy 120 \200\2234 combination with chemotherapy 173 \200\2234 syndromes 552 conformal radiotherapy 96, 105, psychiatric interventions and palliative care 242 and patient distress 251 psychosocial asp ects of cancer and cancer therapy 254 decision making 252 dependence on others 256 distress 251 holistic approach 244 \200\2237 lifestyle changes 255 patient support 240 \200\2233 un certainty 253 648 electron beam therapy 106 \200\22310 endovascular irradiation 97 external beam radiotherapy 101 \200\2235, 648 fractionation 98 \200\223100, 648 \200\2239 intra-operative radiotherapy 125 \200\2237, 648 particle beam radiation 649 \200\22350 psychosocial aspects 254 radiosensitization 650 scin tigraphy 128 \200\22333 targeted radiotherapy 647, purine analogs anti-purine chemotherapy 151 dosing strategy 179 \200\22380 650 \200\2233 tissue-speci \201c effects 95 \200\2236 total body irradiation (TBI) 115 \200\22319 treatment planning 111 \200\22315 see also speci \201c cancer types quality of life (QoL), assessment of rectal cancer, see colorectal 256 and clinical trials 224 \200\2236 see also psychosocial aspects of cancer red cell disorders, in paraneoplastic syndromes 550 cancer red cell transfusion, in bone marrow suppression 590 renal cancer 390 \200\2233 renal tubular dysfunction 632 retinoblastoma 459 \200\22360 retinopathy, in paraneoplastic radiation carcinogenesis 58 radical radiotherapy, treatment syndromes 549 planning 112 \200\22315 retroviruses 53 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 19 rhabdomyosarcom a (RMS) 460, radiological imaging 64 \200\2236 radiopharmaceuticals for assessment of cancer therapeutic damage 131 \200\2232 526 \200\2238 for cancer therapy 132 \200\2233 diagnostic applications 129 \200\22331 methods 128 RNA analysis techniques 19 \200\22320 RNA viruses hepatitis C (HCV) virus 52 retroviruses 53 radiosensitivity of tissues acute and late effects 94 \200\2235 radiosensitivity syndromes 59 \200\22360 and radiothera py fractionation RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) 19 98 \200\223100 therapeutic uses 650 tissue-speci \201c effects 95 \200\2236 radiotherapy SAGE (serial analysis of gene acute and late effects of radiation expression) 19 \200\22320 94 \200\2235 salivary gland tumors 462 \200\2236 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 696 696 INDEX sarcomas of external eye 458 \200\2239 bone tumors squamous cell carcinoma antigen, as Ewing \200\231s sarcoma 520 \200\2232 osteosarcoma 516 \200\22319 spindle cell sarcoma 524 Kaposi \200\231s sarcoma (KS) 52 \200\2233 biochemical marker 77 staging of cancer biochemical markers 67, 77 breast cancer 76 gastrointestinal tumors 72 germ cell tumors 69 \200\22371 gestational trop hoblastic tumors 67 \200\2238 ovarian cancer 73 \200\2234 prostate cancer 75 and AIDS 562 \200\2234 of soft tissue 526 \200\22330 uterine 424 \200\2235 scintigraphy applications 129 \200\22333 methods 128 and tumor imaging 131 screening programs 217 \200 \22319 for breast cancer 306 \200\2239 for prostate cancer 406 \200\2238 serial analysis of gene expression and performance status scales 80 radiological imaging 64 \200\2236 TNM staging 78 \200\2239 steroid hormones, for endocrine therapy 183 \200\2235 stomach cancer 354 \200\2237 stridor 606 (SAGE) 19 \200\22320 sinonasal cancers 454 \200\2237 skin cancer etiology 607 diagnosis 608 treatment 609 epidemiology 7 of external eye 458 \200\2239 malignant melanoma 482 \200\2234 non-melanoma cancers 486 \200\2237 superior vena cava obstruction etiology 592 clinical features 593 differential diagnosis 594 investigations 595 prognosis 597 treatment 596 skin disorders NCIC-CTC grading 679 \200\22380 (table) in paraneoplastic syndromes 552 skin, radiation effects on 95 small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) support for patients, see psychosocial chemo-irradiation therapy 174 chemotherapy 282 \200\2234 radiotherapy 278 \200\22380 aspects of cancer surface area nomogram 682 surgery small intestine tumors 358 \200\22361 smoking and cancer management 84 \200\2235 curative 87 for metastases 91 \200\2232 palliative 88 \200\22390 preoperative diagnosis and and cancer epidemiology 4 \200\2235, 8 (table) and chemical carcinogenesis 56 soft tissue sarcomas 526 \200\22330 solar radiation, and skin cancer epidemiology 7, 8 (tab le) staging 86 see also speci \201c cancer types sweat gland cancers 487 syndrome of inappropriate ADH Southern blot analysis 15, 18( \201g.) spinal cord compression 574 (SIADH) 546 examination 578 investigations 579 management 580 \200\2232 presentation 575 symptoms 576 \200\2237 tamoxifen, chemoprevention trials spindle cell sarcoma of bone 524 spindle poisons (anti-microtubule 210 targeted radiotherapy 647, 650 \200\2233 taxanes 163, 165 \200\2236 (table) dosing strategy 179 agents) 163 \200\2237 squamous cell carcinoma 486 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 697 INDEX 697 tegafur (ftorafur) 150 testicular cancer 410 \200\22315 tetrazines 141 6-thioguanine (6 \200\223TG) 151 dosing strategy 179 \200\22380 histological identi \201cation 40 \200\2232 invasion and metastasis 33 \200\2235 radiological imaging 64 \200\2236 TNM staging 78 \200 \2239 types of 39 see also speci \201c tumor types tumor suppressor genes 29 \200\22330 thoracic cancer lung cancer, see lung cancer mesothelioma 286 \200\2239 thymic tumors 290 \200\2232 (table), 31 and gene therapy 657 thrombocytopenia 589 in paraneoplastic syndromes tumor vaccines 200 tyrosinase mRNA, as biochemical 550 thymic tumors 290 \200\2232 thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors marker 77 149 \200\22351 thymomas 290 \200\2232 thyroid cancer 376 \200\2239 thyroid scintigraphy 129 \200\22330 tis sue effects of irradiation 95 \200\2236 tissue sections, examination and uncertainty, and communication with patients 253 urinary tract cancers staining 45 TNM staging 78 \200\2239 tobacco smoking bladder and ureter cancer 398 \200\223401 renal cancer 390 \200\2233 and cancer epidemiology 4 \200\2235, urinary tract disorders, NCIC-CTC 8 (table) grading 674 \200\2235 (table) and chemical carcinogenesis urinary tract obstruction 622 \200\2233 uterine cancer 422 \200\2235 56 topoisomerase inhibitors 159 \200\22362 total body irradiation (TBI) 115 \200\22319 transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diagnostic uses 46 trophoblastic tumors 436 \200 \22341 biochemical markers 67 \200\2238 tubulin, anti-microtubule agents vaccines 200 bacillus Calmette \200\223Gu rin (BCG) 191 \200\2232 vaginal cancer 432 \200\2233 vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), 163 \200\2237 syndrome of inappropriate secretion 546 tumor necrosis factor (TNF), for immunotherapy 196 \200\2237 vena cava, superior vena cava tumors obstruction, see superior vena cava obstruction vinblastine 164 (table) vincristine 164 (ta ble) vindesine 164 (table) vinorelbine 164 \200\2235 (table) viruses biochemical markers 67, 77 breast cancer 76 gastrointestinal tumors 72 germ cell tumors 69 \200\22371 gestational trophoblastic tumors 67 \200\2238 ovarian cancer 73 \200\2234 prostate cancer 75 and cancer epidemiology 6 for gene delivery 656, 658 (table) classi \201cation 43 grading 44 growth of 25 \200\2236 virally-induced tumors, vaccines for 200 viral oncogenesis 50 \200\2233 OHO-Ind(683-698) 11/18/02 9:41 AM Page 698 698 INDEX weight changes, NCIC-CTC grading vomiting, symptom control 235, 680 (table) 236 (table) Wilms \200\231 tumor 394 \200\2237 vulval cancer 433 \200\2234