What is the effectiveness of monitoring chronic heart failure with repeated biomarker measurement or cardiac imaging compared to usual care without repeated measurement or imaging for people with chronic kidney disease?
A search was conducted for randomised trials and systematic reviews of randomised trials comparing the effectiveness of monitoring with repeated biomarker measurement (BNP, NT-proBNP or troponin) or repeated cardiac imaging (echocardiography or cardiac MRI), compared to usual care without repeated measurement or imaging, that had a population or subgroup with chronic kidney disease. Subgroup analyses in one primary study 114 and one systematic review 55, 338 , including an individual patient data meta-analysis of seven studies, were included in the review. These are summarised in Table 85 and Table 86, and the clinical evidence is summarised in Table 87. See also the study selection flow chart in Appendix C, forest plots in Appendix E, study evidence tables in Appendix F, GRADE tables in Appendix H and excluded studies list in Appendix I.