57. Ogawa S, Yamashita T, Yamazaki T, Aizawa Y, Atarashi H, Inoue H, Ohe T, Ohtsu H, Okumura K, Katoh T, Kamakura S, Kumagai K, Kurachi Y, Kodama I, Koretsune Y, Saikawa T, Sakurai M, Sugi K, Tabuchi T, Nakaya H, Nakayama T, Hirai M, Fukatani M, Mitamura H, and J-RHYTHM Investigators. Optimal treatment strategy for patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: J-RHYTHM Study. Circ J. 2009 Feb;73(2):242-8. DOI:10.1253/circj.cj-08-0608 | 58. Ionescu-Ittu R, Abrahamowicz M, Jackevicius CA, Essebag V, Eisenberg MJ, Wynant W, Richard H, and Pilote L. Comparative effectiveness of rhythm control vs rate control drug treatment effect on mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Jul 9;172(13):997-1004. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2266 | 59. Camm AJ, Breithardt G, Crijns H, Dorian P, Kowey P, Le Heuzey JY, Merioua I, Pedrazzini L, Prystowsky EN, Schwartz PJ, Torp-Pedersen C, and Weintraub W. Real-life observations of clinical outcomes with rhythm- and rate-control therapies for atrial fibrillation RECORDAF (Registry on Cardiac Rhythm Disorders Assessing the Control of Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jul 26;58(5):493-501. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.034 | 60. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Themeles E, Varrone J, Wang S, Alings M, Xavier D, Zhu J, Diaz R, Lewis BS, Darius H, Diener HC, Joyner CD, Wallentin L, and RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 17;361(12):1139-51. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0905561 | 61. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, Breithardt G, Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Piccini JP, Becker RC, Nessel CC, Paolini JF, Berkowitz SD, Fox KA, Califf RM, and ROCKET AF Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8;365(10):883-91. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1009638 | https://www.textbookofcardiology.org/wiki/Tachycardia 14/20 7/4/23, 12:17 AM Tachycardia - Textbook of Cardiology 62. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, Al-Khalidi HR, Ansell J, Atar D, Avezum A, Bahit MC, Diaz R, Easton JD, Ezekowitz JA, Flaker G, Garcia D, Geraldes M, Gersh BJ, Golitsyn S, Goto S, Hermosillo AG, Hohnloser SH, Horowitz J, Mohan P, Jansky P, Lewis BS, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Parkhomenko A, Verheugt FW, Zhu J, Wallentin L, and ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 15;365(11):981-92. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1107039 | 63. Wu J and Zipes DP. Mechanisms underlying atrioventricular nodal conduction and the reentrant circuit of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia using optical mapping. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002 Aug;13(8):831-4. DOI:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2002.00831.x | 64. Akhtar M, Jazayeri MR, Sra J, Blanck Z, Deshpande S, and Dhala A. Atrioventricular nodal reentry. Clinical, electrophysiological, and therapeutic considerations. Circulation. 1993 Jul;88(1):282-95. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.88.1.282 | 65. Clague JR, Dagres N, Kottkamp H, Breithardt G, and Borggrefe M. Targeting the slow pathway for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: initial results and long-term follow-up in 379 consecutive patients. Eur Heart J. 2001 Jan;22(1):82-8. DOI:10.1053/euhj.2000.2124 | 66. Alboni P, Tomasi C, Menozzi C, Bottoni N, Paparella N, Fuc G, Brignole M, and Cappato R. Efficacy and safety of out-of-hospital self- administered single-dose oral drug treatment in the management of infrequent, well-tolerated paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Feb;37(2):548-53. DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01128-1 | 67. Becker AE, Anderson RH, Durrer D, and Wellens HJ. The anatomical substrates of wolff-parkinson-white syndrome. A clinicopathologic correlation in seven patients. Circulation. 1978 May;57(5):870-9. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.57.5.870 | 68. Cos o FG, Anderson RH, Kuck KH, Becker A, Borggrefe M, Campbell RW, Gaita F, Guiraudon GM, Ha ssaguerre M, Rufilanchas JJ, Thiene G, Wellens HJ, Langberg J, Benditt DG, Bharati S, Klein G, Marchlinski F, and Saksena S. Living anatomy of the atrioventricular junctions. A guide to electrophysiologic mapping. A Consensus Statement from the Cardiac Nomenclature Study Group, Working Group of Arrhythmias, European Society of Cardiology, and the Task Force on Cardiac Nomenclature from NASPE. Circulation. 1999 Aug 3;100(5):e31-7. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.100.5.e31 | 69. Wolff L, Parkinson J, and White PD. Bundle-branch block with short P-R interval in healthy young people prone to paroxysmal tachycardia. 1930. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2006 Oct;11(4):340-53. DOI:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2006.00127.x | 70. Tebbenjohanns J, Pfeiffer D, Schumacher B, Jung W, Manz M, and L deritz B. Intravenous adenosine during atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia: induction of atrial fibrillation with rapid conduction over an accessory pathway. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1995 Apr;18(4 Pt 1):743- 6. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1995.tb04673.x | 71. Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), American Heart Association (AHA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS), Cohen MI, Triedman JK, Cannon BC, Davis AM, Drago F, Janousek J, Klein GJ, Law IH, Morady FJ, Paul T, Perry JC, Sanatani S, and Tanel RE. PACES/HRS expert consensus statement on the management of the asymptomatic young patient with a Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW, ventricular preexcitation) electrocardiographic pattern: developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), the American Heart Association (AHA), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS). Heart Rhythm. 2012 Jun;9(6):1006-24. DOI:10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.03.050 | 72. Roden DM. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 4;350(10):1013-22. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra032426 | 73. Cox JL, Schuessler RB, D'Agostino HJ Jr, Stone CM, Chang BC, Cain ME, Corr PB, and Boineau JP. The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. III. Development of a definitive surgical procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991 Apr;101(4):569-83. 74. Cox JL. The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. IV. Surgical technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991 Apr;101(4):584-92. 75. Wolf RK, Schneeberger EW, Osterday R, Miller D, Merrill W, Flege JB Jr, and Gillinov AM. Video-assisted bilateral pulmonary vein isolation and left atrial appendage exclusion for atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Sep;130(3):797-802. DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.03.041 | 76. Boersma LV, Castella M, van Boven W, Berruezo A, Yilmaz A, Nadal M, Sandoval E, Calvo N, Brugada J, Kelder J, Wijffels M, and Mont L. Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation versus surgical ablation treatment (FAST): a 2-center randomized clinical trial. Circulation. 2012 Jan 3;125(1):23-30. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.074047 | 77. de Groot JR, Driessen AH, Van Boven WJ, Krul SP, Linnenbank AC, Jackman WM, and De Bakker JM. Epicardial confirmation of conduction block during thoracoscopic surgery for atrial fibrillation a hybrid surgical-electrophysiological approach. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2012 Jul;21(4):293-301. DOI:10.3109/13645706.2011.615329 | 78. La Meir M, Gelsomino S, Luc F, Pison L, Colella A, Lorusso R, Crudeli E, Gensini GF, Crijns HG, and Maessen J. Minimal invasive surgery for atrial fibrillation: an updated review. Europace. 2013 Feb;15(2):170-82. DOI:10.1093/europace/eus216 | 79. Lip GY, Frison L, Halperin JL, and Lane DA. Identifying patients at high risk for stroke despite anticoagulation: a comparison of contemporary stroke risk stratification schemes in an anticoagulated atrial fibrillation cohort. Stroke. 2010 Dec;41(12):2731-8. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.590257 | 80. Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, and Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010 Feb;137(2):263-72. DOI:10.1378/chest.09-1584 | 81. Heeringa J, van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Stricker BH, Stijnen T, Lip GY, and Witteman JC. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J. 2006 Apr;27(8):949-53. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi825 | 82. Shelton RJ, Clark AL, Goode K, Rigby AS, Houghton T, Kaye GC, and Cleland JG. A randomised, controlled study of rate versus rhythm control in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and heart failure: (CAFE-II Study). Heart. 2009 Jun;95(11):924-30. DOI:10.1136/hrt.2008.158931 | 83. Roy D, Talajic M, Nattel S, Wyse DG, Dorian P, Lee KL, Bourassa MG, Arnold JM, Buxton AE, Camm AJ, Connolly SJ, Dubuc M, Ducharme A, Guerra PG, Hohnloser SH, Lambert J, Le Heuzey JY, O'Hara G, Pedersen OD, Rouleau JL, Singh BN, Stevenson LW, Stevenson WG, Thibault B, Waldo AL, and Atrial Fibrillation and Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 19;358(25):2667-77. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0708789 | 84. Kirchhof P, Andresen D, Bosch R, Borggrefe M, Meinertz T, Parade U, Ravens U, Samol A, Steinbeck G, Treszl A, Wegscheider K, and Breithardt G. Short-term versus long-term antiarrhythmic drug treatment after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (Flec-SL): a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint assessment trial. Lancet. 2012 Jul 21;380(9838):238-46. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60570-4 | 85. Pappone C, Santinelli V, Rosanio S, Vicedomini G, Nardi S, Pappone A, Tortoriello V, Manguso F, Mazzone P, Gulletta S, Oreto G, and Alfieri O. Usefulness of invasive electrophysiologic testing to stratify the risk of arrhythmic events in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern: results from a large prospective long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jan 15;41(2):239-44. DOI:10.1016/s0735- 1097(02)02706-7 | 86. Priori SG, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Bossaert L, Breithardt G, Brugada P, Camm AJ, Cappato R, Cobbe SM, Di Mario C, Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Pedersen AK, Ravens U, Schwartz PJ, Trusz-Gluza M, Vardas P, Wellens HJ, and Zipes DP. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2001 Aug;22(16):1374-450. DOI:10.1053/euhj.2001.2824 | https://www.textbookofcardiology.org/wiki/Tachycardia 15/20 7/4/23, 12:17 AM Tachycardia - Textbook of Cardiology 87. Jackman WM, Wang XZ, Friday KJ, Roman CA, Moulton KP, Beckman KJ, McClelland JH, Twidale N, Hazlitt HA, and Prior MI. Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) by radiofrequency current. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jun 6;324(23):1605- 11. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199106063242301 | 88. Mazgalev TN, Ho SY, and Anderson RH. Anatomic-electrophysiological correlations concerning the pathways for atrioventricular conduction. Circulation. 2001 Jun 5;103(22):2660-7. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.103.22.2660 | 90. Blomstr m-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Camm AJ, Campbell WB, Haines DE, Kuck KH, Lerman BB, Miller DD, Shaeffer CW Jr, Stevenson WG, Tomaselli GF, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK, Russell RO Jr, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Burgos EF, Cowie M, Deckers JW, Garcia MA, Klein WW, Lekakis J, Lindahl B, Mazzotta G, Morais JC, Oto A, Smiseth O, Trappe HJ, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias). Circulation. 2003 Oct 14;108(15):1871-909. DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000091380.04100.84 | 91. Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), American Heart Association (AHA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS), Cohen MI, Triedman JK, Cannon BC, Davis AM, Drago F, Janousek J, Klein GJ, Law IH, Morady FJ, Paul T, Perry JC, Sanatani S, and Tanel RE. PACES/HRS expert consensus statement on the management of the asymptomatic young patient with a Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW, ventricular preexcitation) electrocardiographic pattern: developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), the American Heart Association (AHA), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS). Heart Rhythm. 2012 Jun;9(6):1006-24. DOI:10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.03.050 | 92. Roden DM. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 4;350(10):1013-22. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra032426 | 93. Blomstr m-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Camm AJ, Campbell WB, Haines DE, Kuck KH, Lerman BB, Miller DD, Shaeffer CW Jr, Stevenson WG, Tomaselli GF, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK, Russell RO Jr, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Burgos EF, Cowie M, Deckers JW, Garcia MA, Klein WW, Lekakis J, Lindahl B, Mazzotta G, Morais JC, Oto A, Smiseth O, Trappe HJ, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias). Circulation. 2003 Oct 14;108(15):1871-909. DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000091380.04100.84 | 94. European Heart Rhythm Association, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, Van Gelder IC, Al-Attar N, Hindricks G, Prendergast B, Heidbuchel H, Alfieri O, Angelini A, Atar D, Colonna P, De Caterina R, De Sutter J, Goette A, Gorenek B, Heldal M, Hohloser SH, Kolh P, Le Heuzey JY, Ponikowski P, and Rutten FH. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2010 Oct;31(19):2369-429. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq278 | 95. Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P, and ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J. 2012 Nov;33(21):2719-47. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs253 | 96. Calkins H, Kuck KH, Cappato R, Brugada J, Camm AJ, Chen SA, Crijns HJ, Damiano RJ Jr, Davies DW, DiMarco J, Edgerton J, Ellenbogen K, Ezekowitz MD, Haines DE, Haissaguerre M, Hindricks G, Iesaka Y, Jackman W, Jalife J, Jais P, Kalman J, Keane D, Kim YH, Kirchhof P, Klein G, Kottkamp H, Kumagai K, Lindsay BD, Mansour M, Marchlinski FE, McCarthy PM, Mont JL, Morady F, Nademanee K, Nakagawa H, Natale A, Nattel S, Packer DL, Pappone C, Prystowsky E, Raviele A, Reddy V, Ruskin JN, Shemin RJ, Tsao HM, Wilber D, and Heart Rhythm Society Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. 2012 HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques, patient management and follow-up, definitions, endpoints, and research trial design: a report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Developed in partnership with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS); and in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of the American College of Cardiology Foundation, the American Heart Association, the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society, the European Heart Rhythm Association, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm. 2012 Apr;9(4):632-696.e21. DOI:10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.12.016 | 97. Schotten U, Verheule S, Kirchhof P, and Goette A. Pathophysiological mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: a translational appraisal. Physiol Rev. 2011 Jan;91(1):265-325. DOI:10.1152/physrev.00031.2009 | 98. Camm, A. John, L scher, Thomas F., Serruys, Patrick W. The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine: Hardback with Online Access. Oxford University Press. (https://isbndb.com/book/9780199566990) ISBN:9780199566990 99. http://en.ecgpedia.org 00. Cox JL, Schuessler RB, D'Agostino HJ Jr, Stone CM, Chang BC, Cain ME, Corr PB, and Boineau JP. The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. III. Development of a definitive surgical procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991 Apr;101(4):569-83. 01. Cox JL. The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. IV. Surgical technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991 Apr;101(4):584-92. 02. Wolf RK, Schneeberger EW, Osterday R, Miller D, Merrill W, Flege JB Jr, and Gillinov AM. Video-assisted bilateral pulmonary vein isolation and left atrial appendage exclusion for atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Sep;130(3):797-802. DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.03.041 | 03. Boersma LV, Castella M, van Boven W, Berruezo A, Yilmaz A, Nadal M, Sandoval E, Calvo N, Brugada J, Kelder J, Wijffels M, and Mont L. Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation versus surgical ablation treatment (FAST): a 2-center randomized clinical trial. Circulation. 2012 Jan 3;125(1):23-30. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.074047 | 04. Krul SP, Driessen AH, Zwinderman AH, van Boven WJ, Wilde AA, de Bakker JM, and de Groot JR. Navigating the mini-maze: systematic review of the first results and progress of minimally-invasive surgery in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Jun 5;166(1):132-40. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.011 | https://www.textbookofcardiology.org/wiki/Tachycardia 16/20 7/4/23, 12:17 AM Tachycardia - Textbook of Cardiology 05. de Groot JR, Driessen AH, Van Boven WJ, Krul SP, Linnenbank AC, Jackman WM, and De Bakker JM. Epicardial confirmation of conduction block during thoracoscopic surgery for atrial fibrillation a hybrid surgical-electrophysiological approach. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2012 Jul;21(4):293-301. DOI:10.3109/13645706.2011.615329 | 06. La Meir M, Gelsomino S, Luc F, Pison L, Colella A, Lorusso R, Crudeli E, Gensini GF, Crijns HG, and Maessen J. Minimal invasive surgery for atrial fibrillation: an updated review. Europace. 2013 Feb;15(2):170-82. DOI:10.1093/europace/eus216 | 07. Pison L, La Meir M, van Opstal J, Blaauw Y, Maessen J, and Crijns HJ. Hybrid thoracoscopic surgical and transvenous catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jul 3;60(1):54-61. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.055 | 08. Cosedis Nielsen J, Johannessen A, Raatikainen P, Hindricks G, Walfridsson H, Kongstad O, Pehrson S, Englund A, Hartikainen J, Mortensen LS, and Hansen PS. Radiofrequency ablation as initial therapy in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2012 Oct 25;367(17):1587-95. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1113566 | 09. Ha ssaguerre M, Ja s P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, Garrigue S, Le Mouroux A, Le M tayer P, and Cl menty J. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998 Sep 3;339(10):659-66. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199809033391003 | 10. Calkins H, Reynolds MR, Spector P, Sondhi M, Xu Y, Martin A, Williams CJ, and Sledge I. Treatment of atrial fibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs or radiofrequency ablation: two systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009 Aug;2(4):349-61. DOI:10.1161/CIRCEP.108.824789 | 11. Khan MN, Ja s P, Cummings J, Di Biase L, Sanders P, Martin DO, Kautzner J, Hao S, Themistoclakis S, Fanelli R, Potenza D, Massaro R, Wazni O, Schweikert R, Saliba W, Wang P, Al-Ahmad A, Beheiry S, Santarelli P, Starling RC, Dello Russo A, Pelargonio G, Brachmann J, Schibgilla V, Bonso A, Casella M, Raviele A, Ha ssaguerre M, Natale A, and PABA-CHF Investigators. Pulmonary-vein isolation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 23;359(17):1778-85. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0708234 | 12. Hsu LF, Ja s P, Sanders P, Garrigue S, Hocini M, Sacher F, Takahashi Y, Rotter M, Pasqui JL, Scav e C, Bordachar P, Cl menty J, and Ha ssaguerre M. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 2;351(23):2373-83. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa041018 | 13. Calkins H, Reynolds MR, Spector P, Sondhi M, Xu Y, Martin A, Williams CJ, and Sledge I. Treatment of atrial fibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs or radiofrequency ablation: two systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009 Aug;2(4):349-61. DOI:10.1161/CIRCEP.108.824789 | 14. Lip GY, Frison L, Halperin JL, and Lane DA. Identifying patients at high risk for stroke despite anticoagulation: a comparison of contemporary stroke risk stratification schemes in an anticoagulated atrial fibrillation cohort. Stroke. 2010 Dec;41(12):2731-8. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.590257 | 15. Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, and Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010 Feb;137(2):263-72. DOI:10.1378/chest.09-1584 | 16. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Themeles E, Varrone J, Wang S, Alings M, Xavier D, Zhu J, Diaz R, Lewis BS, Darius H, Diener HC, Joyner CD, Wallentin L, and RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 17;361(12):1139-51. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0905561 | 17. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, Breithardt G, Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Piccini JP, Becker RC, Nessel CC, Paolini JF, Berkowitz SD, Fox KA, Califf RM, and ROCKET AF Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8;365(10):883-91. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1009638 | 18. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, Al-Khalidi HR, Ansell J, Atar D, Avezum A, Bahit MC, Diaz R, Easton JD, Ezekowitz JA, Flaker G, Garcia D, Geraldes M, Gersh BJ, Golitsyn S, Goto S, Hermosillo AG, Hohnloser SH, Horowitz J, Mohan P, Jansky P, Lewis BS, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Parkhomenko A, Verheugt FW, Zhu J, Wallentin L, and ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 15;365(11):981-92. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1107039 | 19. Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, Kingma JH, Kamp O, Kingma T, Said SA, Darmanata JI, Timmermans AJ, Tijssen JG, Crijns HJ, and Rate Control versus Electrical Cardioversion for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Study Group. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002 Dec 5;347(23):1834-40. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa021375 | 19. Van Gelder IC, Groenveld HF, Crijns HJ, Tuininga YS, Tijssen JG, Alings AM, Hillege HL, Bergsma-Kadijk JA, Cornel JH, Kamp O, Tukkie R, Bosker HA, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Van den Berg MP, and RACE II Investigators. Lenient versus strict rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 15;362(15):1363-73. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1001337 | 20. Groenveld HF, Crijns HJ, Van den Berg MP, Van Sonderen E, Alings AM, Tijssen JG, Hillege HL, Tuininga YS, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Ranchor AV, Van Gelder IC, and RACE II Investigators. The effect of rate control on quality of life in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: data from the RACE II (Rate Control Efficacy in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation II) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Oct 18;58(17):1795-803. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.055 | 21. Whitbeck MG, Charnigo RJ, Khairy P, Ziada K, Bailey AL, Zegarra MM, Shah J, Morales G, Macaulay T, Sorrell VL, Campbell CL, Gurley J, Anaya P, Nasr H, Bai R, Di Biase L, Booth DC, Jondeau G, Natale A, Roy D, Smyth S, Moliterno DJ, and Elayi CS. Increased mortality among patients taking digoxin analysis from the AFFIRM study. Eur Heart J. 2013 May;34(20):1481-8. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs348 | 22. Lafuente-Lafuente C, Longas-Tejero MA, Bergmann JF, and Belmin J. Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16(5):CD005049. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005049.pub3 | 23. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH, Arensberg D, Baker A, Friedman L, and Greene HL. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991 Mar 21;324(12):781-8. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199103213241201 | 24. Camm AJ, Breithardt G, Crijns H, Dorian P, Kowey P, Le Heuzey JY, Merioua I, Pedrazzini L, Prystowsky EN, Schwartz PJ, Torp-Pedersen C, and Weintraub W. Real-life observations of clinical outcomes with rhythm- and rate-control therapies for atrial fibrillation RECORDAF (Registry on Cardiac Rhythm Disorders Assessing the Control of Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jul 26;58(5):493-501. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.034 | 25. Carlsson J, Miketic S, Windeler J, Cuneo A, Haun S, Micus S, Walter S, Tebbe U, and STAF Investigators. Randomized trial of rate-control versus rhythm-control in persistent atrial fibrillation: the Strategies of Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (STAF) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 May 21;41(10):1690-6. DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00332-2 | 26. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, and Lilienthal J. Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2000 Nov 25;356(9244):1789-94. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03230-x | 27. Opolski G, Torbicki A, Kosior DA, Szulc M, Wozakowska-Kaplon B, Kolodziej P, Achremczyk P, and Investigators of the Polish How to Treat Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Study. Rate control vs rhythm control in patients with nonvalvular persistent atrial fibrillation: the results of the Polish https://www.textbookofcardiology.org/wiki/Tachycardia 17/20 7/4/23, 12:17 AM Tachycardia - Textbook of Cardiology How to Treat Chronic Atrial Fibrillation (HOT CAFE) Study. Chest. 2004 Aug;126(2):476-86. DOI:10.1378/chest.126.2.476 | 28. Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, Domanski MJ, Rosenberg Y, Schron EB, Kellen JC, Greene HL, Mickel MC, Dalquist JE, Corley SD, and Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002 Dec 5;347(23):1825-33. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa021328 | 29. Ogawa S, Yamashita T, Yamazaki T, Aizawa Y, Atarashi H, Inoue H, Ohe T, Ohtsu H, Okumura K, Katoh T, Kamakura S, Kumagai K, Kurachi Y, Kodama I, Koretsune Y, Saikawa T, Sakurai M, Sugi K, Tabuchi T, Nakaya H, Nakayama T, Hirai M, Fukatani M, Mitamura H, and J-RHYTHM Investigators. Optimal treatment strategy for patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: J-RHYTHM Study. Circ J. 2009 Feb;73(2):242-8. DOI:10.1253/circj.cj-08-0608 | 30. Ionescu-Ittu R, Abrahamowicz M, Jackevicius CA, Essebag V, Eisenberg MJ, Wynant W, Richard H, and Pilote L. Comparative effectiveness of rhythm control vs rate control drug treatment effect on mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Jul 9;172(13):997-1004. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2266 | 31. Heeringa J, van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Stricker BH, Stijnen T, Lip GY, and Witteman JC. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J. 2006 Apr;27(8):949-53. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi825 | 32. Shelton RJ, Clark AL, Goode K, Rigby AS, Houghton T, Kaye GC, and Cleland JG. A randomised, controlled study of rate versus rhythm control in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and heart failure: (CAFE-II Study). Heart. 2009 Jun;95(11):924-30. DOI:10.1136/hrt.2008.158931 | 33. Roy D, Talajic M, Dorian P, Connolly S, Eisenberg MJ, Green M, Kus T, Lambert J, Dubuc M, Gagn P, Nattel S, and Thibault B. Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 30;342(13):913-20. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200003303421302 | 34. Roy D, Talajic M, Nattel S, Wyse DG, Dorian P, Lee KL, Bourassa MG, Arnold JM, Buxton AE, Camm AJ, Connolly SJ, Dubuc M, Ducharme A, Guerra PG, Hohnloser SH, Lambert J, Le Heuzey JY, O'Hara G, Pedersen OD, Rouleau JL, Singh BN, Stevenson LW, Stevenson WG, Thibault B, Waldo AL, and Atrial Fibrillation and Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 19;358(25):2667-77. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0708789 | 35. Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Dorland R, and Allessie MA. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation. 1995 Oct 1;92(7):1954-68. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.92.7.1954 | 36. Patterson E, Po SS, Scherlag BJ, and Lazzara R. Triggered firing in pulmonary veins initiated by in vitro autonomic nerve stimulation. Heart Rhythm. 2005 Jun;2(6):624-31. DOI:10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.02.012 | 37. Nieuwlaat R, Capucci A, Camm AJ, Olsson SB, Andresen D, Davies DW, Cobbe S, Breithardt G, Le Heuzey JY, Prins MH, L vy S, Crijns HJ, and European Heart Survey Investigators. Atrial fibrillation management: a prospective survey in ESC member countries: the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2005 Nov;26(22):2422-34. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi505 | 38. Packer DL, Bardy GH, Worley SJ, Smith MS, Cobb FR, Coleman RE, Gallagher JJ, and German LD. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol. 1986 Mar 1;57(8):563-70. DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(86)90836-2 | 39. Watson T, Shantsila E, and Lip GY. Mechanisms of thrombogenesis in atrial fibrillation: Virchow's triad revisited. Lancet. 2009 Jan 10;373(9658):155-66. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60040-4 | 40. Friberg L, Hammar N, and Rosenqvist M. Stroke in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: report from the Stockholm Cohort of Atrial Fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2010 Apr;31(8):967-75. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn599 | 41. Jahangir A, Lee V, Friedman PA, Trusty JM, Hodge DO, Kopecky SL, Packer DL, Hammill SC, Shen WK, and Gersh BJ. Long-term progression and outcomes with aging in patients with lone atrial fibrillation: a 30-year follow-up study. Circulation. 2007 Jun 19;115(24):3050-6. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644484 | 42. Mart nez-Marcos FJ, Garc a-Garmendia JL, Ortega-Carpio A, Fern ndez-G mez JM, Santos JM, and Camacho C. Comparison of intravenous flecainide, propafenone, and amiodarone for conversion of acute atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol. 2000 Nov 1;86(9):950-3. DOI:10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01128-0 | 43. Chevalier P, Durand-Dubief A, Burri H, Cucherat M, Kirkorian G, and Touboul P. Amiodarone versus placebo and class Ic drugs for cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jan 15;41(2):255-62. DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02705-5 | 44. Stambler BS, Wood MA, and Ellenbogen KA. Antiarrhythmic actions of intravenous ibutilide compared with procainamide during human atrial flutter and fibrillation: electrophysiological determinants of enhanced conversion efficacy. Circulation. 1997 Dec 16;96(12):4298-306. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.96.12.4298 | 45. Kirchhof P, Andresen D, Bosch R, Borggrefe M, Meinertz T, Parade U, Ravens U, Samol A, Steinbeck G, Treszl A, Wegscheider K, and Breithardt G. Short-term versus long-term antiarrhythmic drug treatment after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (Flec-SL): a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint assessment trial. Lancet. 2012 Jul 21;380(9838):238-46. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60570-4 | 46. Ahmed S, Rienstra M, Crijns HJ, Links TP, Wiesfeld AC, Hillege HL, Bosker HA, Lok DJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Van Gelder IC, and CONVERT Investigators. Continuous vs episodic prophylactic treatment with amiodarone for the prevention of atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008 Oct 15;300(15):1784-92. DOI:10.1001/jama.300.15.1784 | 47. Ghuran A, van Der Wieken LR, and Nolan J. Cardiovascular complications of recreational drugs. BMJ. 2001 Sep 1;323(7311):464-6. DOI:10.1136/bmj.323.7311.464 | 48. van Hemel, N. M. Klinische elektrocardiografie: Een handleiding voor zelfstandige beoordeling van het ECG (Dutch Edition). Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. (https://isbndb.com/book/9789031313983) ISBN:9789031313983 49. Coss SF and Steinberg JS. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias involving the sinus node: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1998 Jul-Aug;41(1):51-63. DOI:10.1016/s0033-0620(98)80022-4 | 50. Alboni P, Tomasi C, Menozzi C, Bottoni N, Paparella N, Fuc G, Brignole M, and Cappato R. Efficacy and safety of out-of-hospital self- administered single-dose oral drug treatment in the management of infrequent, well-tolerated paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Feb;37(2):548-53. DOI:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01128-1 | 51. Clague JR, Dagres N, Kottkamp H, Breithardt G, and Borggrefe M. Targeting the slow pathway for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: initial results and long-term follow-up in 379 consecutive patients. Eur Heart J. 2001 Jan;22(1):82-8. DOI:10.1053/euhj.2000.2124 | 52. Akhtar M, Jazayeri MR, Sra J, Blanck Z, Deshpande S, and Dhala A. Atrioventricular nodal reentry. Clinical, electrophysiological, and therapeutic considerations. Circulation. 1993 Jul;88(1):282-95. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.88.1.282 | 53. Wellens MD PhD, Hein J. J., Conover RN BSN, Mary Boudreau. The ECG in Emergency Decision Making. Saunders. (https://isbndb.com/book/ 9781416002598) ISBN:9781416002598 54. Pappone C, Santinelli V, Rosanio S, Vicedomini G, Nardi S, Pappone A, Tortoriello V, Manguso F, Mazzone P, Gulletta S, Oreto G, and Alfieri O. Usefulness of invasive electrophysiologic testing to stratify the risk of arrhythmic events in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White https://www.textbookofcardiology.org/wiki/Tachycardia 18/20 7/4/23, 12:17 AM Tachycardia - Textbook of Cardiology pattern: results from a large prospective long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jan 15;41(2):239-44. DOI:10.1016/s0735- 1097(02)02706-7 | 55. Priori SG, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Bossaert L, Breithardt G, Brugada P, Camm AJ, Cappato R, Cobbe SM, Di Mario C, Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Pedersen AK, Ravens U, Schwartz PJ, Trusz-Gluza M, Vardas P, Wellens HJ, and Zipes DP. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2001 Aug;22(16):1374-450. DOI:10.1053/euhj.2001.2824 | 56. Jackman WM, Wang XZ, Friday KJ, Roman CA, Moulton KP, Beckman KJ, McClelland JH, Twidale N, Hazlitt HA, and Prior MI. Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) by radiofrequency current. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jun 6;324(23):1605- 11. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199106063242301 | 57. Mazgalev TN, Ho SY, and Anderson RH. Anatomic-electrophysiological correlations concerning the pathways for atrioventricular conduction. Circulation. 2001 Jun 5;103(22):2660-7. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.103.22.2660 | 58. Wolff L, Parkinson J, and White PD. Bundle-branch block with short P-R interval in healthy young people prone to paroxysmal tachycardia. 1930. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2006 Oct;11(4):340-53. DOI:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2006.00127.x | 59. Cos o FG, Anderson RH, Kuck KH, Becker A, Borggrefe M, Campbell RW, Gaita F, Guiraudon GM, Ha ssaguerre M, Rufilanchas JJ, Thiene G, Wellens HJ, Langberg J, Benditt DG, Bharati S, Klein G, Marchlinski F, and Saksena S. Living anatomy of the atrioventricular junctions. A guide to electrophysiologic mapping. A Consensus Statement from the Cardiac Nomenclature Study Group, Working Group of Arrhythmias, European Society of Cardiology, and the Task Force on Cardiac Nomenclature from NASPE. Circulation. 1999 Aug 3;100(5):e31-7. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.100.5.e31 | 60. Wu J and Zipes DP. Mechanisms underlying atrioventricular nodal conduction and the reentrant circuit of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia using optical mapping. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002 Aug;13(8):831-4. DOI:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2002.00831.x | 61. Becker AE, Anderson RH, Durrer D, and Wellens HJ. The anatomical substrates of wolff-parkinson-white syndrome. A clinicopathologic correlation in seven patients. Circulation. 1978 May;57(5):870-9. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.57.5.870 | 62. Tebbenjohanns J, Pfeiffer D, Schumacher B, Jung W, Manz M, and L deritz B. Intravenous adenosine during atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia: induction of atrial fibrillation with rapid conduction over an accessory pathway. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1995 Apr;18(4 Pt 1):743- 6. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1995.tb04673.x | 63. Saoudi N, Cos o F, Waldo A, Chen SA, Iesaka Y, Lesh M, Saksena S, Salerno J, Schoels W, and Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. A classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia according to electrophysiological mechanisms and anatomical bases; a Statement from a Joint Expert Group from The Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J. 2001 Jul;22(14):1162-82. DOI:10.1053/euhj.2001.2658 | 64. Markowitz SM, Stein KM, Mittal S, Slotwiner DJ, and Lerman BB. Differential effects of adenosine on focal and macroreentrant atrial tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999 Apr;10(4):489-502. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00705.x | 65. Anguera I, Brugada J, Roba M, Mont L, Aguinaga L, Geelen P, and Brugada P. Outcomes after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial