syndrome) 345 \200\223346 tiopronin, cystinuria 202 TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosy stemic see also salt sensitivity electrolyte problems, in elderly patients 18 \202 uid and elect rolyte disorders 42 fractional excretion of 322 newborn infant, homeostasis in 16 PD soluti ons 508 retention of, and NSAIDs 229 spot urinary 321 streptomycin, tuberculosis, renal 258 streptozotocin 703 structural and congenital abnormal ities medullary sponge kidney 664 \200\223665 obstruction of urinary tract 652 \200\223657 renal dysplasia 646 \200\223647 structural kidney disease 278 urinary tract, congenital shunt) 354 tissue biopsy, vasculitis 170 tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) 444 TLS (tumor lysis s yndrome) 197 T-lymphocytes, minimal change disease 86 TMA (thrombotic microangiopathies) 34 8 \200\223350 TMN (thin membrane nephropathy) 606 \200\223607 TMP-SMX (trimethoprim-sulfam- sodium bicarbonate, oral 433 sodium phosphate solution, nephrocalcinosis 278 abnormalities 658 \200\223662 vesicoureteric re \202 ux and re \202 ux nephropathy 254, 6 48 \200\223651 ethxazole) 246, 247 total parenteral nutrition (TPN) 278, 532 Townes-Brock syndrome 643 TPN (total parenteral n utrition) 278, 532 tracolimus, immunosuppression 561 tranexamic acid 446 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) 680, 681 transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic SPA (standardized permeability analysis) 509 speci \201 c gravity (SG), relative density o f urine 8 specimens of urine, collection 8 struvite stones 272 \200\223273, 274 subdural hematomas 457 subglottic stenosis 169 succime r 237 suicide risk, assessing 539 sulfonylureas 473 sulindac (prodrug) 229 sulphasalazines 705 surgical management children, UTIs in 252 SPEP (serum protein electrophoresis) 36 spleen, amyloid deposition 154 spondyloarthropathy 436 \200\223437 spot urines, in newborn infant 17 SRC (scleroderma renal crisis) 186 \200 \223187 SSc (scleroderma-systemic sclerosis) 186 \200\223187, shunt (TIPS) 354 translocational hyponatremia 42 transplant artery stenosis 568 transplantation, liver 354 \200\223355, 633 transplantation, renal acute kidney injury associated with 366 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 in child ren 464 ESRD patients 535 \201 stulas see \201 stulas fungal infections 266 574 staging, membranous nephropathy 107 staining acute graft dysfunction 558 Alport \200\231s syndrome 610 anti-GBM disease, post-transplant ation 126, Congo Red 150, 151 immunohistochemical, for SAA protein 154 periodic acid Schiff 151 610 INDEX 753 under \201 ll model, edema 80 UPEP (urine protein electrophoresis) 36 upper GI tract, diso rders of 418, 419 \200\223420 upper limb \201 stulae, AVF 488 upper urinary tract infecti ons malaria-associated 366 \200\223367 melioidosis 369 mucormycosis 369 obstetric practice 366 patterns and trends 368 surgical practice 366 typhoid 369 Weil \200\231s disease 367 \200 \223368 transplantation, renal (cont.) -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 cancer/malignant conditions 544, 549, 567 \200\223568 cardiovascular system disorders 544, 566, 569 children 464 \200\223466 chronic allograft dy sfunction 568 \200\223569 and chronic kidney disease 569 combined with pancreas transplanta tion 474 complications 552 \200\223555, 566 \200\223570 cryoglobulinemia 179 cystinosis 630 de novo FSGS 573 in diabetics 474 and dialysis 556 donors 548 \200\223550, 577 dysfunction , renal biopsy indications 32 early management of recipients 556 \200\223558 in elderly pat ients 470 EM disease 259 \201 rst 48 hours 556 \200\223557 focal segmental glomeruloscler osis, in adults 244 \200\223250 asymptomatic bacteriuria 245 \200\223246 dipstick testing of urin e 245 schistosomiasis 262 uncomplicated 247 \200\223250 urine microscopy 245 tropical-related glomerular disease acute nephrotic syndrome 138 \200\223139 epidemiology 138 hepatitis B virus (HBV) 140 hepat itis C virus (HCV) 140 HIV-associated renal disease 140 nephrotic syndrome 139 sickle cell- associated renal disease 141 uranium 237 URAT-1 mutations 639 urate clearance, decreased and increased 232 urates and phosphates, amorphous, microscopy 11 TRPC6 mutations 92 true hyponatremia (hyponatremia with urea fractional excretion of 322 GFR measurement 13 hypo-osmolality) 42 TSC1 and TSC2 genes, tuberous urea reduction ratio (URR) 518 \200\223519 uremia sclerosis 598, 599 TTP (thrombotic thrombocytopenic polyneuropathy 7 skin color 6 uremic acidosis 67 uremic bleeding 444 \200\223446 uremic enc ephalopathy 456 uremic frost 6 uremic pruritis, medical management 532 uremic toxicity 518 ureterectomy 677 ureteric anastomoses 554 ureteric leak, transplant complications 555 urete ric stones 276 ureterolithotomy 276 ureterorenoscopy, \202 exible 276 urethral obstructio n, poor urinary stream 2 urethrectomy 681 uric acid, and kidney purpura) 348, 350, 380 acute kidney injury 348 \200\223350 recurrent 98 fungal infections following 266 Goodpasture \200\231s disease 126 graft outcome 576 histoco mpatibility 545 \200\223546 immunosuppression 557, 560 \200\223564 incision 553 and infecti on 546, 549, 554, 566 \200\223567 intra-operative \202 uid and drugs 554 membranous nephr opathy 106, 109 outcome 576 \200\223579 polycythemia following 431 post-transplant erythroc ytosis 569 pre-emptive 484 \200\223485 pre-operative preparation 553 psychosocial issues 54 6 recurrent and de nova disease, tubercles 256 tuberculosis, renal classical 256 geographic factors 5 and glomerular disease 256 histopathology 257 hyponatremia 256 imaging 257 \200\223258 in transplant recipients 2 56, 258 transplantation, selection of patient 546 tuberculosis interstitial nephritis 256 tuberous sclerosis 591, 598 \200\223599 tubular dam age, markers of 14 tubular disease/dysfunction aminoaciduria 201 \200\223203 Fanconi syndro me 82, 204 \200\223207 hypokalemic tubular disorders 214 \200\223218 isolated defects of tu bular function 200 \200\223203 nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 220 \200\223224 nephrotic syn drome 82 renal defects 201 renal tubular acidosis see RTA (renal tubular acute uric acid nephropathy 232 \200\223233 chronic urate nephropathy 233 crystals 11 nephr olithiasis 233 \200\223234 stones 272, 274, 277 post-transplantation 572 \200\223574 AA amyloidosis 154 immunoglobulin-associated glomerulopathies 152 \200\223153 recurrent disease following 98, 115, 572 \200\223574 re-evaluation of patients on waiting l ist 546 rejection 556 \200\223557, 563, 578 renal biopsy technique 34 schistosomiasis 263 s cleroderma renal crisis 187 selection and preparation of chemical dissolution therapy 276 urinalysis acute kidney injury 341, 344, 353, 362 acidosis) sarcoidosis 164 sickle cell nephropathy 192, 193 ischemic 357 acute nephrotic syndrome 139 ANCA-associated vasculitis 170, 173 assessment of renal diseas e 8 \200\2239 minimal change disease 86 in newborn infant 17 sarcoidosis 165 scleroderma-sy stemic sclerosis 186 stones 270 tubular function isolated defects 200 \200\223203 in newborn infant 17 recipient 544 \200\223547 sexual disorders 402 sickle cell nephropathy 193 surgical complic ations 552 \200\223555, 566 \200\223570 survival bene \201 t 576 timing of 577 transplant surgery and complications 552 \200\223555 tuberculosis in 257, 258 tuberous sclerosis 599 t wo to ten days following 557 ultrasound indications 21 urinary tract infection 249 vascular anastomoses 553 \200\223554 von Hippel \210\222Lindau disease 601 tubular proteinuria 9, 77, 704 tubulointerstitial changes, IgA nephropathy 101 tubulointerstitial injury 340 tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) 197 tumoral calci \201 cation 435 tumors, renal urinary clearance, GFR measurement 12 urinary composition, alteration in 3 urinary \2372- microglobulin excretion 238 urinary stream, poor 2 urinary tract see also malignancy hypovascular medullary or cortical 23 solid, ultrasound indications 20 ultrasound indications 20 congenital abnormalities 658 \200\223662 infection see urinary tract infection (UTI) obstru ction of 652 \200\223657 urinary tract infection (UTI) tunnel infection 512 Turner syndrome 643 22q11 deletion syndrome 644 typhoid 369 tyrosine k inase inhibitors 715 transthyretin, hereditary amyloidosis 155 trauma 541 TREAT study, anemia 413 treatment-rela ted mortality (TRM) 153 triamterene, hypomagnesemia 62 triazoles, fungal infections 266 tri chinosis 132 Trichomonas, urine microscopy 11 trimethoprim/trimethoprim-sulfam-ethxazole, acute, in children 253 in children 252 \200\223255 color of urine 8 complicated 244, 245, 2 48 \200\223250 diabetes mellitus 249 dipstick testing for nitrites 9 empiric therapy 247, 2 48, 253 fungal infections 264 \200\223267 hematuria 3 hospital admission 248 \200\230low c ount cystitis \200\231 246 lower and upper, in adults 244 \200\223250 males, lower incidenc e in 244, 248 nosocomial 252 in pregnancy 248 prophylaxis 253 recurrent uncomplicated 250 r elapsing 275 ultra \201 ltration 328, 494 ultrasound scanning (USS) 20 \200\22321 acute kidney injury 3 24, 358, 382 in elderly patients 386 analgesic nephropathy 227 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 43 7 Duplex ultrasonography 295 kidney tumors 668 oligoanuria, transplant surgery 556 polycyst ic kidney disease 586 \200\223587, 592 renal biopsy 33 tuberculosis, renal 258 urinary trac t infection 254 Wilms tumor 672 urinary tract infection 246, 247 TRM (treatment-related mortality) 153 tropical-related acu te kidney injury 366 \200\223370 aspergillosis 369 diarrhea-associated 366 hemolytic uremic syndrome 369 infection-related 3 66 \200\223369 internal medicine practice 366 kala-azar 369 leprosy 369 INDEX 754 virology 349 UTI see urinary tract infection (UTI) uveitis 345 urinary tract infection (UTI) (cont.) acute kidney injury 362 Visceral Leichmaniasis 132 vitamin D renal tuberculosis and nycobacterial infections 256 \200\223259 vaccinations 423, 441 schistosomiasis 132, 260 \200\223263 in transplants 566 uncomplicated 244 lower 246 \200 \223247 upper 247 \200\223250 analogs 434, 464 de \201 ciency in skeletal disorders 432 Fanconi syndrome 206 nephrotic s yndrome 81 hepatitis B virus (HBV) 482 valvular disease 415 vancomycin 694 vascular access VLDL (very low density lipoprotein), assessment of patient 488 catheters see catheters in children 490 current problems 492 in e lderly patients 490 \201 stulas see \201 stulas grafts see grafts, prosthetic and biolo gical guiding principles 488 hemodialysis 497 medical management 536 mode of 498 \200\22349 9 planning 483 \200\223484 in special groups 490 types of 488 urinary tract obstruction 652 \200\223657 urine hyperlipidemia 81 von Gierke \200\231s disease 624 von Hippel \210\222Lindau disease 441, 5 91, 600 \200\223601 von Recklinghausen disease 642 voriconazole, fungal infections 266 VTE (venous thromboembolism) 446 \200\223447, 549 VUR (vesicoureteric re \202 ux and re \202 ux chemical characteristics 8 \200\2239 clean-catch specimens 245 color 8 cytology 680 dipstic k testing see dipstick testing of urine glucose in 9 microscopy 9 \200\22311 of newborn inf ant 16 \200\22317 odor 8 osmolality of 8, 14 pH 8 physical characteristics 8 proeomics 680 protein in 9 relative density 8 sample collection 8 spot osmolality 321 supersaturation of 274 turibidity 8 volume disorders 2 nephropathy) 254, 648 \200\223651 warfarin 84, 446, 448 membranous nephropathy 109 water deprivation test, in diabetes insipidus 223 water homeostasis vascular calci \201 cation 415 \200\223416 vascular imaging, renal, acute kidney control 42 in elderly patients 18 in newborn infant 16 injury 324 vascular injury 340 vascular thrombosis, transplant waxy casts, urine microscopy 11 Wegener \200\231s granulomatosis complications 554 ANCA-associated vasculitis 168, 169, vascular tree, examination 6 vasculitis 170, 171 facial appearance 6 granulomata, necrotizing 257 microscopic polyangiitis, distinguished 16 9 acute kidney injury 340 \200\223343 ANCA-associated 168 \200\223173, 572 classi \201 catio n 168 examination, clinical 6, 7 maintenance therapy 170 \200\223171 relapsing and refracto ry disease 171 systemic 32, 168 \200\223174 urine collections ACR and PCR 9 hematuria 76 proteinuria 76 Weil \200\231s disease 367 \200\223368 Wernicke \200\231s encephalopathy 457 Western blotti ng proteins 583 \200\230white coat \200\231 hypertension 288 Williams syndrome 644 Wilms \200\231 tumor 672 \200\223675 urine metabolic evaluation, nephrocalcinosis 279 urine microscopy 9 \200\22311 vasoconstrictors 354 vasopressin receptor antagonists 44 VATER/VACTERL association 643 \200 \223644 venography/ \201 stulography 28, 29 venous blood analysis, stones 270, 271 venous thromboembolism (VTE) 446 \200\223447, 549 vesicoureteric re \202 ux and re \202 ux nephr opathy acute kidney injury 341 acute uric acid nephropathy 232 lower urinary tract infection 245 r enal mycosis 266 urinary tract infection 246, 247 WT1 (Wilm \200\231s tumor suppressor gene) 88, 618, 640 xanthelasma, nephrotic syndrome 80 xanthine nephropathy 232 xanthinuria, hereditary 638 \200\223639 xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis 250 XRF (tibial K X-ray \202 uorescence) 2 36 in children 252 urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) 36 uroepithelial cells, urine microscopy 10 urography (VUR) 254, 648 \200\223651 VHL gene, von Hippel \210\222Lindau disease 600 viral infections analgesic nephropathy 227 computed tomography 25 intravenous 22, 257 \200\223258 magnetic r esonance 25 \200\22326 antiviral therapy 179, 694 hepatitis B viris (HBV) 129 \200\223130 hepatitis C virus (HCV) 130 \200\223131 human immunode \201 ciency virus (HIV) 131 in transplants 566 zebra \201 sh, genetic renal disease 582 zygomycosis 264 \200\223265 URR (urea reduction ratio) 518 \200\223519 USS (ultrasound scanning) see ultrasound viral testing, cryoglobulinemia 178 scanning (USS)