Five-year follow-up of the Argentine randomized trial of coronary angioplasty with stenting versus coronary bypass surgery in patients with multiple vessel disease (ERACI II). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:582 8. 444. Serruys PW, Unger F, Sousa JE, et al. Comparison of coronary-artery bypass surgery and stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1117 24. 445. Serruys PW, Ong AT, van Herwerden LA, et al. Five-year outcomes after coronary stenting versus bypass surgery for the treatment of multivessel disease: the final analysis of the Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study (ARTS) randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46:575 81. 446. Stroupe KT, Morrison DA, Hlatky MA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of coronary artery bypass grafts versus percutaneous coronary inter- vention for revascularization of high-risk patients. Circulation. 2006; 114:1251 7. 447. Thiele H, Oettel S, Jacobs S, et al. Comparison of bare-metal stenting with minimally invasive bypass surgery for stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery: a 5 year follow-up. Circulation. 2005;112: 3445 50. 448. Hong SJ, Lim DS, Seo HS, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stent implantation vs. minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) in patients with left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2005; 64:75 81. 449. Thiele H, Neumann-Schniedewind P, Jacobs S, et al. Randomized comparison of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery versus sirolimus-eluting stenting in isolated proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53:2324 31. 450. Bravata DM, Gienger AL, McDonald KM, et al. Systematic review: the comparative effectiveness of percutaneous coronary interventions and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147: 703 16. 451. Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Bravata DM, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery compared with percutaneous coronary interventions for multi- vessel disease: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1190 7. 452. Briguori C, Condorelli G, Airoldi F, et al. Comparison of coronary drug-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:779 84. 453. Javaid A, Steinberg DH, Buch AN, et al. Outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention with drug- eluting stents for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2007;116:I200 6. Hillis et al 2011 ACCF/AHA CABG Guideline e711 454. Lee MS, Jamal F, Kedia G, et al. Comparison of bypass surgery with drug-eluting stents for diabetic patients with multivessel disease. Int J Cardiol. 2007;123:34 42. 455. Park DW, Yun SC, Lee SW, et al. Long-term mortality after percuta- neous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stent implantation versus coronary artery bypass surgery for the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2008;117:2079 86. 456. Tarantini G, Ramondo A, Napodano M, et al. PCI versus CABG for multivessel coronary disease in diabetics. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;73:50 8. 457. Varani E, Balducelli M, Vecchi G, et al. Comparison of multiple drug-eluting stent percutaneous coronary intervention and surgical re- vascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: one-year clinical results and total treatment costs. J Invasive Cardiol. 2007;19:469 75. 458. Yang JH, Gwon HC, Cho SJ, et al. Comparison of coronary artery bypass grafting with drug-eluting stent implantation for the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85: 65 70. 459. Yang ZK, Shen WF, Zhang RY, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with multivessel coronary disease. J Interv Cardiol. 2007;20:10 6. 460. Benedetto U, Melina G, Angeloni E, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting versus drug-eluting stents in multivessel coronary disease. A meta-analysis on 24 268 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36: 611 5. 461. Deleted in proof. 462. Deleted in proof. 463. Ragosta M, Dee S, Sarembock IJ, et al. Prevalence of unfavorable angiographic characteristics for percutaneous intervention in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease. Catheter Car- diovasc Interv. 2006;68:357 62. 464. Chieffo A, Park SJ, Valgimigli M, et al. Favorable long-term outcome after drug-eluting stent implantation in nonbifurcation lesions that involve unprotected left main coronary artery: a multi-center registry. Circulation. 2007;116:158 62. 465. Tamburino C, Capranzano P, Capodanno D, et al. Plaque distribution patterns in distal left main coronary artery to predict outcomes after stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2010;3:624 31. 466. Smith SC Jr, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW Jr, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circu- lation. 2006;113:156 75. 467. Kushner FG, Hand M, Smith SC Jr, et al. 2009 focused updates: ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2004 guideline and 2007 focused update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI guidelines on percutane- ous coronary intervention (updating the 2005 guideline and 2007 focused update) [published correction appears in Circulation 2010;121: e257]. Circulation. 2009;120:2271 306. 468. Ben-Gal Y, Mohr R, Braunstein R, et al. Revascularization of left anterior descending artery with drug-eluting stents: comparison with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:2067 71. 469. Fraund S, Herrmann G, Witzke A, et al. Midterm follow-up after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting versus per- cutaneous coronary intervention techniques. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 79:1225 31. 470. Goy JJ, Kaufmann U, Hurni M, et al. 10 year follow-up of a pro- spective randomized trial comparing bare-metal stenting with internal mammary artery grafting for proximal, isolated de novo left anterior coronary artery stenosis the SIMA (Stenting versus Internal Mammary Artery grafting) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:815 7. 471. Aziz O, Rao C, Panesar SS, et al. Meta-analysis of minimally invasive internal thoracic artery bypass versus percutaneous revascularisation for isolated lesions of the left anterior descending artery. BMJ. 2007; 334:617. 472. Jaffery Z, Kowalski M, Weaver WD, et al. A meta-analysis of ran- domized control trials comparing minimally invasive direct coronary bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention for stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending artery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;31:691 7. 473. Kapoor JR, Gienger AL, Ardehali R, et al. Isolated disease of the proximal left anterior descending artery comparing the effectiveness of percutaneous coronary interventions and coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2008;1:483 91. 474. Abizaid A, Costa MA, Centemero M, et al. Clinical and economic impact of diabetes mellitus on percutaneous and surgical treatment of multivessel coronary disease patients: insights from the Arterial Re- vascularization Therapy Study (ARTS) trial. Circulation. 2001;104: 533 8. 475. Kapur A, Hall RJ, Malik IS, et al. Randomized comparison of percu- taneous coronary intervention with coronary artery bypass grafting in diabetic patients. 1 year results of the CARDia (Coronary Artery Revascularization in Diabetes) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55: 432 40. 476. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Ep- idemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2003;108:2154 69. 477. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al; on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcom- mittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:e18 209. 478. Sedlis SP, Jurkovitz CT, Hartigan PM, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with stable coronary artery disease and chronic kidney disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1647 53. 479. Hemmelgarn BR, Southern D, Culleton BF, et al. Survival after coronary revascularization among patients with kidney disease. Circu- lation. 2004;110:1890 5. 480. Reddan DN, Szczech LA, Tuttle RH, et al. Chronic kidney disease, mortality, and treatment strategies among patients with clinically sig- nificant coronary artery disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2373 80. 481. Bae KS, Park HC, Kang BS, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetic nephropathy: a single center experience. Korean J Intern Med. 2007;22:139 46. 482. Herzog CA, Ma JZ, Collins AJ. Comparative survival of dialysis patients in the United States after coronary angioplasty, coronary artery stenting, and coronary artery bypass surgery and impact of diabetes. Circulation. 2002;106:2207 11. 483. Ix JH, Mercado N, Shlipak MG, et al. Association of chronic kidney disease with clinical outcomes after coronary revascularization: the Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study (ARTS). Am Heart J. 2005; 149:512 9. 484. Koyanagi T, Nishida H, Kitamura M, et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in renal dialysis patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:1793 6. 485. Szczech LA, Reddan DN, Owen WF, et al. Differential survival after coronary revascularization procedures among patients with renal insuf- ficiency. Kidney Int. 2001;60:292 9. 486. Jones EL, Craver JM, Guyton RA, et al. Importance of complete revascularization in performance of the coronary bypass operation. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51:7 12. 487. Bell MR, Bailey KR, Reeder GS, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with multivessel coronary disease: how important is complete revascularization for cardiac event-free survival? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;16:553 62. 488. Bourassa MG, Yeh W, Holubkov R, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with incomplete vs complete revascularization after multi- vessel PTCA. A report from the NHLBI PTCA Registry. Eur Heart J. 1998;19:103 11. 489. Faxon DP, Ghalilli K, Jacobs AK, et al. The degree of revascularization and outcome after multivessel coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J. 1992;123:854 9. 490. Berger PB, Velianou JL, Aslanidou VH, et al. Survival following coronary angioplasty versus coronary artery bypass surgery in anatomic subsets in which coronary artery bypass surgery improves survival compared with medical therapy. Results from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1440 9. 491. Gioia G, Matthai W, Gillin K, et al. Revascularization in severe left ventricular dysfunction: outcome comparison of drug-eluting stent implantation versus coronary artery by-pass grafting. Catheter Car- diovasc Interv. 2007;70:26 33. 492. O Keefe JH Jr, Allan JJ, McCallister BD, et al. Angioplasty versus bypass surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease with left ven- tricular ejection fraction or 40%. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:897 901. 493. Cole JH, Jones EL, Craver JM, et al. Outcomes of repeat revascular- ization in diabetic patients with prior coronary surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1968 75. 494. Choudhry NK, Singh JM, Barolet A, et al. How should patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction be managed? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med. 2005; 118:465 74. 495. Fox KA, Poole-Wilson PA, Henderson RA, et al. Interventional versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or non-ST- elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial. Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina. Lancet. 2002;360:743 51. 496. Fox KA, Clayton TC, Damman P, et al. Long-term outcome of a routine versus selective invasive strategy in patients with non-ST- segment elevation acute coronary syndrome a meta-analysis of indi- vidual patient data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2435 45. 497. Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;6:734 9. 498. Leon MB, Baim DS, Popma JJ, et al. A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronary-artery stenting. Stent Anticoagulation Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339:1665 71. 499. Mauri L, Hsieh WH, Massaro JM, et al. Stent thrombosis in ran- domized clinical trials of drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2007;356: 1020 9. 500. McFadden EP, Stabile E, Regar E, et al. Late thrombosis in drug- eluting coronary stents after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. Lancet. 2004;364:1519 21. 501. Eisenstein EL, Anstrom KJ, Kong DF, et al. Clopidogrel use and long-term clinical outcomes after drug-eluting stent implantation. JAMA. 2007;297:159 68. 502. Bridges CR, Horvath KA, Nugent WC, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons practice guideline series: transmyocardial laser revascular- ization. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77:1494 502. 503. Vineberg AM. Development of an anastomosis between the coronary vessels and a transplanted internal mammary artery. Can Med Assoc J. 1946;55:117 9. 504. Aaberge L, Rootwelt K, Blomhoff S, et al. Continued symptomatic improvement three to five years after transmyocardial revascularization with CO(2) laser: a late clinical follow-up of the Norwegian Ran- domized trial with transmyocardial revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1588 93. 505. Allen KB, Dowling RD, Fudge TL, et al. Comparison of transmyo- cardial revascularization with medical therapy in patients with refractory angina. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1029 36. 506. Frazier OH, March RJ, Horvath KA. Transmyocardial revasculariza- tion with a carbon dioxide laser in patients with end-stage coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1021 8. 507. Peterson ED, Kaul P, Kaczmarek RG, et al. From controlled trials to clinical practice: monitoring transmyocardial revascularization use and outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1611 6. 508. Bonatti J, Schachner T, Bonaros N, et al. Simultaneous hybrid coronary revascularization using totally endoscopic left internal mammary artery bypass grafting and placement of rapamycin eluting stents in the same interventional session. The COMBINATION pilot study. Cardiology. 2008;110:92 5. 509. Gilard M, Bezon E, Cornily JC, et al. Same-day combined percutane- ous coronary intervention and coronary artery surgery. Cardiology. 2007;108:363 7. 510. Holzhey DM, Jacobs S, Mochalski M, et al. Minimally invasive hybrid coronary artery revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86: 1856 60. 511. Kon ZN, Brown EN, Tran R, et al. Simultaneous hybrid coronary revascularization reduces postoperative morbidity compared with results from conventional off-pump coronary artery bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:367 75. 512. Reicher B, Poston RS, Mehra MR, et al. Simultaneous hybrid per- cutaneous coronary intervention and minimally invasive surgical bypass grafting: feasibility, safety, and clinical outcomes. Am Heart J. 2008;155:661 7. 513. Vassiliades TA Jr, Douglas JS, Morris DC, et al. Integrated coronary revascularization with drug-eluting stents: immediate and seven-month outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:956 62. 514. Zhao DX, Leacche M, Balaguer JM, et al. Routine intraoperative completion angiography after coronary artery bypass grafting and 1 stop hybrid revascularization results from a fully integrated hybrid catheterization laboratory/operating room. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53:232 41. 515. Angelini GD, Wilde P, Salerno TA, et al. Integrated left small thora- cotomy and angioplasty for multivessel coronary artery revasculari- sation. Lancet. 1996;347:757 8. 516. Simoons ML. Myocardial revascularization bypass surgery or angio- plasty? N Engl J Med. 1996;335:275 7. 517. Bybee KA, Powell BD, Valeti U, et al. Preoperative aspirin therapy is associated with improved postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation. 2005;112: I286 92. 518. Dacey LJ, Munoz JJ, Johnson ER, et al. Effect of preoperative aspirin use on mortality in coronary artery bypass grafting patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70:1986 90. 519. Mangano DT, Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Aspirin and mortality from coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1309 17. 520. Berger JS, Frye CB, Harshaw Q, et al. Impact of clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes requiring coronary artery bypass sur- gery: a multicenter analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1693 701. 521. Held C, Asenblad N, Bassand JP, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Results from the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;57:672 84. 522. Hongo RH, Ley J, Dick SE, et al. The effect of clopidogrel in combi- nation with aspirin when given before coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:231 7. 523. Firanescu CE, Martens EJ, Schonberger JP, et al. Postoperative blood loss in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery after pre- operative treatment with clopidogrel. A prospective randomised con- trolled study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;36:856 62. 524. Herman CR, Buth KJ, Kent BA, et al. Clopidogrel increases blood transfusion and hemorrhagic complications in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89:397 402. 525. Mehta RH, Sheng S, O Brien SM, et al. Reoperation for bleeding in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: incidence, risk factors, time trends, and outcomes. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2:583 90. 526. Bizzarri F, Scolletta S, Tucci E, et al. Perioperative use of tirofiban hydrochloride (Aggrastat) does not increase surgical bleeding after emergency or urgent coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 2001;122:1181 5. 527. Dyke CM, Bhatia D, Lorenz TJ, et al. Immediate coronary artery bypass surgery after platelet inhibition with eptifibatide: results from PURSUIT. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrelin Therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70: 866 71. 528. Lincoff AM, LeNarz LA, Despotis GJ, et al. Abciximab and bleeding during coronary surgery: results from the EPILOG and EPISTENT trials. Improve Long-term Outcome with abciximab GP IIb/IIIa blockade. Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibition in STENTing. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70:516 26. 529. Ebrahimi R, Dyke C, Mehran R, et al. Outcomes following pre- operative clopidogrel administration in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1965 72. 530. Fox KA, Mehta SR, Peters R, et al. benefits and risks of the combi- nation of clopidogrel and aspirin in patients undergoing surgical revas- cularization for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the Clopi- dogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent ischemic Events (CURE) Trial. Circulation. 2004;110:1202 8. 531. Kim JH, Newby LK, Clare RM, et al. Clopidogrel use and bleeding after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am Heart J. 2008;156: 886 92. Hillis et al 2011 ACCF/AHA CABG Guideline e713 532. Mehta RH, Roe MT, Mulgund J, et al. Acute clopidogrel use and outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:281 6. 533. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. for the TRITON TIMI 38 Investigators. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001 15. 534. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Butler K, et al. Randomized double-blind assessment of the ONSET and OFFSET of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the ONSET/OFFSET study. Circulation. 2009;120:2577 85. 535. Sethi GK, Copeland JG, Goldman S, et al. Implications of preoperative administration of aspirin in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Anti- platelet Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15:15 20. 536. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients [published correction appears in BMJ. 2002;324:141]. BMJ. 2002;324:71 86. 537. Lorenz RL, Schacky CV, Weber M, et al. Improved aortocoronary bypass patency by low-dose aspirin (100 mg daily). Effects on platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation. Lancet. 1984;1:1261 4. 538. Sharma GV, Khuri SF, Josa M, et al. The effect of antiplatelet therapy on saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft patency. Circulation. 1983;68:II218 21. 539. Stein PD, Schunemann HJ, Dalen JE, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with saphenous vein and internal mammary artery bypass grafts: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Throm- bolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:600S 8S. 540. Goldman S, Copeland J, Moritz T, et al. Internal mammary artery and saphenous vein graft patency. Effects of aspirin. Circulation. 1990;82: IV237 42. 541. Lim E, Ali Z, Ali A, et al. Indirect comparison meta-analysis of aspirin therapy after coronary surgery [published correction appears in BMJ. 2004;328:147]. BMJ. 2003;327:1309. 542. Maree AO, Curtin RJ, Dooley M, et al. Platelet response to low-dose enteric-coated aspirin in patients with stable cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1258 63. 543. Limet R, David JL, Magotteaux P, et al. Prevention of aorta-coronary bypass graft occlusion. beneficial effect of ticlopidine on early and late patency rates of venous coronary bypass grafts: a double-blind study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987;94:773 83. 544. Veeger NJ, Zijlstra F, Hillege HL, et al. Fourteen-year follow-up from CABADAS: vitamin K antagonists or dipyridamole not superior to aspirin. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:1515 21. 545. The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:153 62. 546. Yli-Mayry S, Huikuri HV, Korhonen UR, et al. efficacy and safety of anticoagulant therapy started pre-operatively in preventing coronary vein graft occlusion. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:1259 64. 547. Harker LA, Boissel JP, Pilgrim AJ, et al., CAPRIE Steering Committee and Investigators. Comparative safety and tolerability of clopidogrel and aspirin: results from CAPRIE. Clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events. Drug Saf. 1999;21:325 35. 548. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circu- lation. 2002;106:3143 421. 549. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 1670 81. 550. Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocar-dial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial [published correction appears in JAMA. 2005;294:3092]. JAMA. 2005;294: 2437 45. 551. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1425 35. 552. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with sim- vastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo- controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7 22. 553. Dotani MI, Elnicki DM, Jain AC, et al. Effect of preoperative statin therapy and cardiac outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:1128 30, A6. 554. Mannacio VA, Iorio D, De Amicis V, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin pretreatment on myocardial damage after coronary surgery: a ran- domized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;136:1541 8. 555. Liakopoulos OJ, Choi YH, Haldenwang PL, et al. Impact of preop- erative statin therapy on adverse postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of over 30 000 patients. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:1548 59. 556. Knatterud GL, Rosenberg Y, Campeau L, et al., Post CABG Investi- gators. Long-term effects on clinical outcomes of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagu- lation in the post coronary artery bypass graft trial. Circulation. 2000; 102:157 65. 557. Christenson JT. Preoperative lipid-control with simvastatin reduces the risk of postoperative thrombocytosis and thrombotic complications following CABG. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;15:394 9. 558. Pascual DA, Arribas JM, Tornel PL, et al. Preoperative statin therapy and troponin T predict early complications of coronary artery surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:78 83. 559. Pan W, Pintar T, Anton J, et al. Statins are associated with a reduced incidence of perioperative mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 2004;110:II45 9. 560. Deleted in proof. 561. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2006;354:778]. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495 504. 562. Cannon CP, Steinberg BA, Murphy SA, et al. Meta-analysis of car- diovascular outcomes trials comparing intensive versus moderate statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:438 45. 563. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227 39. 564. FDA Safety Alert. Zocor (simvastatin): increased risk of muscle injury with high doses. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2011. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/ SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm205404.htm. Accessed June 30, 2011. 565. Collard CD, Body SC, Shernan SK, et al. Preoperative statin therapy is associated with reduced cardiac mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:392 400. 566. Kulik A, Brookhart MA, Levin R, et al. Impact of statin use on outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 2008; 118:1785 92. 567. Thielmann M, Neuhauser M, Marr A, et al. Lipid-lowering effect of preoperative statin therapy on postoperative major adverse cardiac events after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134:1143 9. 568. Deleted in proof. 569. Deleted in proof. 570. Deleted in proof. 571. Marin F, Pascual DA, Roldan V, et al. Statins and postoperative risk of atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:55 60. 572. Patti G, Chello M, Candura D, et al. Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of the ARMYDA-3 (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Dysrhythmia After cardiac surgery) study. Circulation. 2006;114:1455 61. 573. Aboyans V, Labrousse L, Lacroix P, et al. Predictive factors of stroke in patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting: statins are protective. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:300 4. 574. Katznelson R, Djaiani GN, Borger MA, et al. Preoperative use of statins is associated with reduced early delirium rates after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2009;110:67 73. 575. Tabata M, Khalpey Z, Pirundini PA, et al. Renoprotective effect of preoperative statins in coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:442 4. 576. Coleman CI, Lucek DM, Hammond J, et al. Preoperative statins and infectious complications following cardiac surgery. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:1783 90. 577. Kulik A, Ruel M. Statins and coronary artery bypass graft surgery: preoperative and postoperative efficacy and safety. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009;8:559 71. 578. Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Bairey-Merz CN, et al. ACC/AHA/NHLBI Clinical Advisory on the Use and Safety of Statins. Circulation. 2002; 106:1024 8. 579. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. efficacy and safety of cho- lesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins [published cor- rections appear in Lancet. 2005;366:1358;2008;371:2084]. Lancet. 2005;366:1267 78. 580. Armitage J. The safety of statins in clinical practice. Lancet. 2007;370: 1781 90. 581. Furnary AP, Gao G, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125: 1007 21. 582. Ingels C, Debaveye Y, Milants I, et al. Strict blood glucose control with insulin during intensive care after cardiac surgery: impact on 4 years survival, dependency on medical care, and quality-of-life. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2716 24. 583. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1359 67. 584. Butterworth J, Wagenknecht LE, Legault C, et al. Attempted control of hyperglycemia during cardiopulmonary bypass fails to improve neu- rologic or neurobehavioral outcomes in patients without diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 2005;130:1319. 585. Duncan AE, Abd-Elsayed A, Maheshwari A, et al. Role of intraop- erative and postoperative blood glucose concentrations in predicting outcomes after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:860 71. 586. Gandhi GY, Nuttall GA, Abel MD, et al. Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional glucose management during cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146: 233 43. 587. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al., Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 1998;280:605 13. 588. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321 33. 589. Ouyang P, Tardif JC, Herrington DM, et al. Randomized trial of hormone therapy in women after coronary bypass surgery. Evidence of differential effect of hormone therapy on angiographic progression of disease in saphenous vein grafts and native coronary arteries. Athero- sclerosis. 2006;189:375 86. 590. Ouattara A, Lecomte P, Le Manach Y, et al. Poor intraoperative blood glucose control is associated with a worsened hospital outcome after cardiac surgery in diabetic patients. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:687 94. 591. Doenst T, Wijeysundera D, Karkouti K, et al. Hyperglycemia during cardiopulmonary bypass is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 130:1144. 592. Gandhi GY, Nuttall GA, Abel MD, et al. Intraoperative hyperglycemia and perioperative outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:862 6. 593. Furnary AP, Zerr KJ, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:352 60. 594. Hruska LA, Smith JM, Hendy MP, et al. Continuous insulin infusion reduces infectious complications in diabetics following coronary surgery. J Card Surg. 2005;20:403 7. 595. Anderson RE, Klerdal K, Ivert T, et al. Are even impaired fasting blood glucose levels preoperatively associated with increased mortality after CABG surgery? Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1513 8. 596. Lazar HL, McDonnell M, Chipkin SR, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons practice guideline series: Blood glucose management during adult cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:663 9. 597. Rodondi N, den Elzen WP, Bauer DC, et al. Subclinical hypothy- roidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. JAMA. 2010;304:1365 74. 598. Ladenson PW, Levin AA, Ridgway EC, et al. Complications of surgery in hypothyroid patients. Am J Med. 1984;77:261 6. 599. Park YJ, Yoon JW, Kim KI, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism might increase the risk of transient atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:1846 52. 600. Klemperer JD, Klein IL, Ojamaa K, et al. Triiodothyronine therapy lowers the incidence of atrial fibrillation after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:1323 7. 601. Bennett-Guerrero E, Jimenez JL, White WD, et al., Duke T3 Study Group. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous triiodothyronine in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A ran- domized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. JAMA. 1996;275: 687 92. 602. Klemperer JD, Klein I, Gomez M, et al. Thyroid hormone treatment after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1522 7. 603. Sarma AK, Krishna M, Karunakaran J, et al. Severe hypothyroidism after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80: 714 6. 604. Crystal E, Garfinkle MS, Connolly SS, et al. Interventions for pre- venting post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;CD003611. 605. Connolly SJ, Cybulsky I, Lamy A, et al. Double-blind, placebo- controlled, randomized trial of prophylactic metoprolol for reduction of hospital length of stay after heart surgery: the beta-Blocker Length Of Stay (BLOS) study. Am Heart J. 2003;145:226 32. 606. Andrews TC, Reimold SC, Berlin JA, et al. Prevention of supraven- tricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. A meta-anal- ysis of randomized control trials. Circulation. 1991;84:III236 44. 607. Mariscalco G, Klersy C, Zanobini M, et al. Atrial fibrillation after isolated coronary surgery affects late survival. Circulation. 2008;118: 1612 8. 608. Fuster V, Ryde n LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Asso- ciation Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;123: e269 367. 608a.Al-Khatib SM, Hafley G, Harrington RA, et al. Patterns of man- agement of atrial fibrillation complicating coronary artery bypass graft- ing: results from the PRoject of Ex-vivo Vein graft ENgineering via Transfection IV (PREVENT-IV) Trial. Am Heart J. 2009;158:792 8. 608b.Silverman NA, Wright R, Levitsky S. efficacy of low-dose propranolol in preventing postoperative supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: a pro- spective, randomized study. Ann Surg. 1982;196:194 7. 608c.Ali IM, Sanalla AA, Clark V. Beta-blocker effects on postoperative atrial fibrillation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;11:1154 7. 609. Ferguson TB Jr, Coombs LP, Peterson ED. Preoperative beta-blocker use and mortality and morbidity following CABG surgery in North America. JAMA. 2002;287:2221 7. 610. ten Broecke P, De Hert S, Mertens E. Effect of preoperative beta- blockade on perioperative mortality in coronary surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2003;90:27 31. 611. Weightman WM, Gibbs NM, Sheminant MR, et al. Drug therapy before coronary artery surgery: nitrates are independent predictors of mortality and beta-adrenergic blockers predict survival. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:286 91. 612. Chung F, Houston PL, Cheng DC, et al. Calcium channel blockade does not offer adequate protection from perioperative myocardial is- chemia. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:343 7. 613. Podesser BK, Schwarzacher S, Zwoelfer W, et al. Comparison of perioperative myocardial protection with nifedipine versus nifedipine and metoprolol in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;110:1461 9. 614. Slogoff S, Keats AS. Does chronic treatment with calcium entry blocking drugs reduce perioperative myocardial ischemia? Anesthe- siology. 1988;68:676 80. 615. Wiesbauer F, Schlager O, Domanovits H, et al. Perioperative beta- blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:27 41. 616. Halonen J, Hakala T, Auvinen T, et al. Intravenous administration of metoprolol is more effective than oral administration in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2006;114:I1 4. Hillis et al 2011 ACCF/AHA CABG Guideline e715 617. Lin T, Hasaniya NW, Krider S, et al. Mortality reduction with beta- blockers in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16:170 4. 618. Guru V, Anderson GM, Fremes SE, et al. The identification and development of Canadian coronary artery bypass graft surgery quality indicators. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:1257. 619. Shahian DM, Edwards FH, Ferraris VA, et al. Quality measurement in adult cardiac surgery: part 1 Conceptual framework and measure selection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:S3 12. 620. Deleted in proof. 621. The MACB Study Group. Effect of metoprolol on death and cardiac events during a 2 year period after coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:1825 32. 622. Goyal A, Alexander JH, Hafley GE, et al. Outcomes associated with the use of secondary prevention medications after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:993 1001. 623. Sjoland H, Caidahl K, Lurje L, et al. Metoprolol treatment for two years after coronary bypass grafting: effects on exercise capacity and signs of myocardial ischaemia. Br Heart J. 1995;74:235 41. 624. Chen J, Radford MJ, Wang Y, et al. Are beta-blockers effective in elderly patients who undergo coronary revascularization after acute myocardial infarction? Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:947 52. 625. Chan AY, McAlister FA, Norris CM, et al. Effect of beta-blocker use on outcomes after discharge in patients who underwent cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140:182 7. 626. Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foun- dation. Circulation. 2011: published online before print November 3, 2011, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318235eb4d. Accessed November 3, 2011. 627. Oosterga M, Voors AA, Pinto YM, et al. Effects of quinapril on clinical outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting (The QUO VADIS Study). QUinapril on Vascular Ace and Determinants of Ischemia. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:542 6. 627a.Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. JAMA. 1995;273:1450 6. 627b.The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. [published corrections appear in N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1376;2000;342:748]. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145 53. 628. Fox KM, Bertrand ME, Remme WJ, et al. efficacy of perindopril in reducing risk of cardiac events in patients with revascularized coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2007;153:629 35. 629. Kjoller-Hansen L, Steffensen R, Grande P. The Angiotensin- converting Enzyme Inhibition Post Revascularization Study (APRES). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:881 8. 630. Rouleau JL, Warnica WJ, Baillot R, et al. Effects of angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibition in low-risk patients early after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation. 2008;117:24 31. 631. Arora P, Rajagopalam S, Ranjan R, et al. Preoperative use of angio- tensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers is associated with increased risk for acute kidney injury after cardiovas- cular surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:1266 73. 632. Benedetto U, Sciarretta S, Roscitano A, et al. Preoperative angioten- sin-converting enzyme inhibitors and acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:1160 5. 633. Levin MA, Lin HM, Castillo JG, et al. Early on-cardiopulmonary bypass hypotension and other factors associated with vasoplegic syndrome. Circulation. 2009;120:1664 71. 634. Miceli A, Capoun R, Fino C, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1778 84. 635. Rader F, Van Wagoner DR, Gillinov AM, et al. Preoperative angio- tensin-blocking drug therapy is not associated with atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Am Heart J. 2010;160:329 36, e1. 636. White CM, Kluger J, Lertsburapa K, et al. Effect of preoperative angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use on the frequency of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a cohort study from the atrial fibrillation suppression trials II and III. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;31:817 20. 637. Deleted in proof. 638. Raja SG, Fida N. Should angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/an- giotensin II receptor antagonists be omitted before cardiac surgery to avoid postoperative vasodilation? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2008;7:470 5. 639. Levin R, Leacche M, Petracek MR, et al. Extending the use of the pacing pulmonary artery catheter for safe minimally invasive cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010;24:568 73. 640. Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, et al. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Asso- ciation Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery) [published correction appears in Circulaton 2005;111:2014]. Circulation. 2004; 110:e340 437. 641. Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, et al. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:233 9. 642. Hilleman DE, Mohiuddin SM, Packard KA. Comparison of conser- vative and aggressive smoking cessation treatment strategies following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Chest. 2004;125:435 8. 643. Rigotti NA, Munafo MR, Stead LF. Smoking cessation interventions for hospitalized smokers: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168:1950 60. 644. Smith PM, Burgess E. Smoking cessation initiated during hospital stay for patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2009;180:1297 303. 645. Cavender JB, Rogers WJ, Fisher LD, et al., CASS Investigators. Effects of smoking on survival and morbidity in patients randomized to medical or surgical therapy in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS): 10 year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:287 94. 646. Vlietstra RE, Kronmal RA, Oberman A, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on survival of patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Report from the CASS registry. JAMA. 1986; 255:1023 7. 647. Ockene JK, Kuller LH, Svendsen KH, et al. The relationship of smoking cessation to coronary heart disease and lung cancer in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Am J Public Health. 1990;80:954 8. 648. van Domburg RT, Meeter K, van Berkel DF, et al. Smoking cessation reduces mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery: a 20 year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:878 83. 649. van Domburg RT, op Reimer WS, Hoeks SE, et al. Three life-years gained from smoking cessation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a 30 year follow-up study. Am Heart J. 2008;156:473 6. 650. Voors AA, van Brussel BL, Plokker HW, et al. Smoking and cardiac events after venous coronary bypass surgery. A 15 year follow-up study. Circulation. 1996;93:42 7. 651. Amoroso G, Mariani MA, Tio RA, et al. Continued cigarette smoking after coronary artery bypass surgery reduces endothelium-dependent vasodilation in internal thoracic artery grafts. Ital Heart J. 2001;2: 139 41. 652. FitzGibbon GM, Leach AJ, Kafka HP. Atherosclerosis of coronary artery bypass grafts and smoking. CMAJ. 1987;136:45 7. 653. Goldenberg I, Jonas M, Tenenbaum A, et al. Current smoking, smoking cessation, and the risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2301 5. 654. Al-Sarraf N, Thalib L, Hughes A, et al. Effect of smoking on short-term outcome of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:517 23. 655. Arabaci U, Akdur H, Yigit Z. Effects of smoking on pulmonary functions and arterial blood gases following coronary artery surgery in Turkish patients. Jpn Heart J. 2003;44:61 72. 656. Olsen MA, Lock-Buckley P, Hopkins D, et al. The risk factors for deep and Superficial chest surgical-site infections after coronary artery bypass graft surgery are different. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 124:136 45. 657. Quist-Paulsen P, Bakke PS, Gallefoss F. Predictors of smoking ces- sation in patients admitted for acute coronary heart disease. Eur J Car- diovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12:472 7. 658. Rigotti NA, McKool KM, Shiffman S. Predictors of smoking cessation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Results of a randomized trial with 5 year follow-up. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:287 93. 659. Harrington KF, Bailey WC. Smoking cessation through the utilization of pharmacotherapy. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2009;3:475 85. 660. Hurt RD, Sachs DP, Glover ED, et al. A comparison of sustained- release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1195 202. 661. Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA, et al. efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial [published correction appears in JAMA. 2006;296: 1355]. JAMA. 2006;296:56 63. 662. Hubbard R, Lewis S, Smith C, et al. Use of nicotine replacement therapy and the risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and death. Tob Control. 2005;14:416 21. 663. Lee AH, Afessa B. The association of nicotine replacement therapy with mortality in a medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35:1517 21. 664. Paciullo CA, Short MR, Steinke DT, et al. Impact of nicotine replacement therapy on postoperative mortality following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:1197 202. 665. Blumenthal JA, Lett HS, Babyak MA, et al. Depression as a risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet. 2003;362: 604 9. 666. Connerney I, Shapiro PA, McLaughlin JS, et al. Relation between depression after coronary artery bypass surgery and 12 month out- come: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358:1766 71. 667. Freedland KE, Skala JA, Carney RM, et al. Treatment of depression after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:387 96. 668. Rollman BL, Belnap BH, LeMenager MS, et al. Telephone-delivered collaborative care for treating post-CABG depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;302:2095 103. 669. Rollman BL, Belnap BH, LeMenager MS, et al. The Bypassing the Blues treatment protocol: stepped collaborative care for treating post-CABG depression. Psychosom Med. 2009;71:217 30. 670. Oxman TE, Freeman DH Jr, Manheimer ED. Lack of social partici- pation or religious strength and comfort as risk factors for death after cardiac surgery in the elderly. Psychosom Med. 1995;57:5 15. 671. Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg JD, et al. Psychosocial influences on mortality after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1984;311: 552 9. 672. Frasure-Smith N, Prince R. The ischemic heart disease life stress monitoring program: impact on mortality. Psychosom Med. 1985;47: 431 45. 673. Borowicz L Jr, Royall R, Grega M, et al. Depression and cardiac morbidity 5 years after coronary artery bypass surgery. Psychoso- matics. 2002;43:464 71. 674. Gallagher R, McKinley S. Anxiety, depression and perceived control in patients having coronary artery bypass grafts. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65: 2386 96. 675. Hedges C, Redeker NS. Comparison of sleep and mood in patients after on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Am J Crit Care. 2008;17:133 40. 676. Martin F. Recognizing depression after a coronary artery bypass graft. Br J Nurs. 2006;15:703 6. 677. Goyal TM, Idler EL, Krause TJ, et al. Quality of life following cardiac surgery: impact of the severity and course of depressive symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:759 65. 678. Tully PJ, Baker RA, Knight JL. Anxiety and depression as risk factors for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64:285 90. 679. Engblom E, Korpilahti K, Hamalainen H, et al. Quality of life and return to work 5 years after coronary artery bypass surgery. Long-term results of cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1997;17:29 36. 680. Hansen D, Dendale P, Leenders M, et al. Reduction of cardiovascular event rate: different effects of cardiac rehabilitation in CABG and PCI patients. Acta Cardiol. 2009;64:639 44. 681. Milani RV, Lavie CJ. The effects of body composition changes to observed improvements in cardiopulmonary parameters after exercise training with cardiac rehabilitation. Chest. 1998;113:599 601. 681a.Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta- analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2004;116:682 92. 681b.Clark AM, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, McAlister FA. Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:659 72. 681c.Thomas RJ, King M, Lui K, et al. AACVPR/ACC/AHA 2007 per- formance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention services. Circulation. 2007;116:1611 42. 681d.Walther C, Mobius-Winkler S, Linke A, et al. Regular exercise training compared with percutaneous intervention leads to a reduction of inflammatory markers and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15: 107 12. 682. Wenger NK, Hellerstein HK. Rehabilitation of the coronary patient 2nd ed. 1998. 683. O Connor GT, Buring JE, Yusuf S, et al. An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Circu- lation. 1989;80:234 44. 684. Oldridge NB, Guyatt GH, Fischer ME, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 1988;260:945 50. 685. Moholdt TT, Amundsen BH, Rustad LA, et al. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized study of cardiovascular effects and quality of life. Am Heart J. 2009;158:1031 7. 686. Shiran A, Kornfeld S, Zur S, et al. Determinants of improvement in exercise capacity in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. Car- diology. 1997;88:207 13. 687. Friedman DB, Williams AN, Levine BD. Compliance and efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation and risk factor modification in the medically indigent. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:281 5. 688. Ades PA, Huang D, Weaver SO. Cardiac rehabilitation participation predicts lower rehospitalization costs. Am Heart J. 1992;123:916 21. 689. Smith SC Jr. BEBReal. AHA/ACC Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other Vascular Disease: 2011 Update. Circulation. 2011: published online before print November 3, 2011, doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318235eb4d. Accessed November 3, 2011. 690. Drew BJ, Califf RM, Funk M, et al. Practice standards for electrocar- diographic monitoring in hospital settings: an American Heart Asso- ciation Scientific statement from the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Clinical Cardiology, and Cardiovascular Disease in the Young [published correction appears in Circulation. 2005;111:378]. Circulation. 2004;110:2721 46. 691. Echahidi N, Pibarot P, O Hara G, et al. Mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:793 801. 692. Gordon MA, Urban MK, O Connor T, et al. Is the pressure rate quotient a predictor or indicator of myocardial ischemia as measured by ST-segment changes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery? Anesthesiology. 1991;74:848 53. 693. Jain U, Laflamme CJ, Aggarwal A, et al., Multicenter Study of Peri- operative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Group. Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic changes and their association with myocardial infarction during coronary artery bypass surgery. A multicenter study. Anesthe- siology. 1997;86:576 91. 694. Knight AA, Hollenberg M, London MJ, et al. Perioperative myocardial ischemia: importance of the preoperative ischemic pattern. Anesthe- siology. 1988;68:681 8. 695. Mangano DT, Siliciano D, Hollenberg M, et al., the Study of Periop- erative Ischemia (SPI) Research Group. Postoperative myocardial is- chemia. Therapeutic trials using intensive analgesia following surgery. Anesthesiology. 1992;76:342 53. 696. Zvara DA, Groban L, Rogers AT, et al. Prophylactic nitroglycerin did not reduce myocardial ischemia during accelerated recovery man- agement of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. J Cardio- thorac Vasc Anesth. 2000;14:571 5. 697. Berry PD, Thomas SD, Mahon SP, et al. Myocardial ischaemia after coronary artery bypass grafting: early vs late extubation [published corrections appear in Br J Anaesth. 1998;80:572;1998;81:111]. Br J Anaesth. 1998;80:20 5. 698. Cheng DC, Karski J, Peniston C, et al. Morbidity outcome in early versus conventional tracheal extubation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Thorac Car- diovasc Surg. 1996;112:755 64. 699. Practice guidelines for pulmonary artery catheterization: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Pulmonary Artery Catheterization. Anesthesiology. 2003;99: 988 1014. 700. Pearson KS, Gomez MN, Moyers JR, et al. A cost/benefit analysis of randomized invasive monitoring for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 1989;69:336 41. Hillis et al 2011 ACCF/AHA CABG Guideline e717 701. Resano FG, Kapetanakis EI, Hill PC, et al. Clinical outcomes of low-risk patients undergoing beating-heart surgery with or without pulmonary artery catheterization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006; 20:300 6. 702. Schwann TA, Zacharias A, Riordan CJ, et al. Safe, highly selective use of pulmonary artery catheters in coronary artery bypass grafting: an objective patient selection method. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73: 1394 401. 703. Stewart RD, Psyhojos T, Lahey SJ, et al. Central venous catheter use in low-risk coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998; 66:1306 11. 704. Tuman KJ, McCarthy RJ, Spiess BD, et al. Effect of pulmonary artery catheterization on outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:199 206. 705. Avidan MS, Zhang L, Burnside BA, et al. Anesthesia awareness and the bispectral index. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1097 108. 706. Hemmerling TM, Olivier JF, Basile F, et al. Bispectral index as an indicator of cerebral hypoperfusion during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:354 6. 707. Myles PS, Leslie K, McNeil J, et al. Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: the B-Aware randomised con- trolled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1757 63. 708. Brady K, Joshi B, Zweifel C, et al. Real-time continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow autoregulation using near-infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Stroke. 2010;41:1951 6. 709. Murkin JM, Adams SJ, Novick RJ, et al. Monitoring brain oxygen saturation during coronary bypass surgery: a randomized, prospective study. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:51 8. 710. Slater JP, Guarino T, Stack J, et al. Cerebral oxygen desaturation predicts cognitive decline and longer hospital stay after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:36 44. 711. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring. Committee of Origin: Standards and Practice Parameters. http://www.asahq.org/For-Members/Clinical-Information/ /media/For Basic%20Anesthetic%20Monitoring%202011.ashx. Last amended Octo- ber 20, 2010. Accessed July 1, 2011. 712. Chatterjee K. The Swan-Ganz catheters: past, present, and future. A viewpoint. Circulation. 2009;119:147 52. 713. London MJ, Moritz TE, Henderson WG, et al. Standard versus fiberoptic pulmonary artery catheterization for cardiac surgery in the Department of Veterans Affairs: a prospective, observational, multi- center analysis. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:860 70. 714. Vincent JL, Pinsky MR, Sprung CL, et al. The pulmonary artery catheter: in medio virtus. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:3093 6. 715. Bernard GR, Sopko G, Cerra F, et al. Pulmonary artery catheterization and clinical outcomes: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Food and Drug Administration Workshop Report. Consensus Statement. JAMA. 2000;283:2568 72. 716. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 2009;120:e169 276. 717. Isley MR, Edmonds HL Jr, Stecker M. Guidelines for intraoperative neuromonitoring using raw (analog or digital waveforms) and quanti- tative electroencephalography: a position statement by the American Society of Neurophysiological Monitoring. J Clin Monit Comput. 2009;23:369 90. 718. Edmonds HL Jr, Isley MR, Sloan TB, et al. American Society of Neurophysiologic Monitoring and American Society of Neuroim-aging Joint Guidelines for Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonic Monitoring. J Neuroimaging. 2011;21:177 83. 719. Practice Advisory for Intraoperative Awareness and Brain Function Monitoring: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Intraoperative Awareness. Anesthesiology. 2006; 104:864. 720. Edmonds HL Jr. 2010 standard of care for central nervous system monitoring during cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010; 24:541 3. 721. Kertai MD, Pal N, Palanca BJ, et al. Association of perioperative risk factors and cumulative duration of low bispectral index with intermediate-term mortality after cardiac surgery in the B-Unaware Trial. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:1116 27. 722. Monk TG, Saini V, Weldon BC, et al. Anesthetic management and one-year mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005; 100:4 10. 723. Murkin J, Arango M. Near-infrared spectroscopy as an index of brain and tissue oxygenation. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103:i3 13. 724. Heringlake M, Garbers C, Kabler J, et al. Preoperative Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Clinical Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery. Anes- thesiology. 2010;114:12 3. 725. Clark RE. The development of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons voluntary national database system: genesis, issues, growth, and status. Best Pract Benchmarking Healthc. 1996;1:62 9. 726. Deleted in proof. 727. Kouchoukos NT, Ebert PA, Grover FL, et al. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;45:348 9. 728. Geraci JM, Johnson ML, Gordon HS, et al. Mortality after cardiac bypass surgery: prediction from administrative versus clinical data. Med Care. 2005;43:149 58. 729. Hannan EL, Kilburn H Jr, Lindsey ML, et al. Clinical versus admin- istrative data bases for CABG surgery. Does it matter? Med Care. 1992;30:892 907. 730. Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Jollis JG, et al. Using Medicare claims data to assess provider quality for CABG surgery: does it work well enough? Health Serv Res. 1997;31:659 78. 731. Hartz AJ, Kuhn EM. Comparing hospitals that perform coronary artery bypass surgery: the effect of outcome measures and data sources. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:1609 14. 732. Jones RH, Hannan EL, Hammermeister KE, et al., the Working Group Panel on the Cooperative CABG Database Project. identification of preoperative variables needed for risk adjustment of short-term mor- tality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:1478 87. 733. Mack MJ, Herbert M, Prince S, et al. Does reporting of coronary artery bypass grafting from administrative databases accurately reflect actual clinical outcomes? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:1309 17. 734. Shahian DM, Silverstein T, Lovett AF, et al. Comparison of clinical and administrative data sources for hospital coronary artery bypass graft surgery report cards. Circulation. 2007;115:1518 27. 735. Tu JV, Sykora K, Naylor CD, Steering Committee of the Cardiac Care Network of Ontario. Assessing the outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery: how many risk factors are enough? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1317 23. 736. Grover FL, Johnson RR, Marshall G, et al. Factors predictive of operative mortality among coronary artery bypass subsets. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:1296 306. 737. Grover FL, Johnson RR, Shroyer AL, et al. The Veterans Affairs Continuous Improvement in Cardiac Surgery Study. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58:1845 51. 738. Grover FL, Shroyer AL, Hammermeister KE. Calculating risk and outcome: the Veterans Affairs database. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62 5 Suppl:S6 11. 739. O Connor GT, Plume SK, Olmstead EM, et al., the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. A regional prospective study of in-hospital mortality associated with coronary artery bypass grafting. JAMA. 1991;266:803 9. 740. O Connor GT, Plume SK, Olmstead EM, et al. Multivariate prediction of in-hospital mortality associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Circulation. 1992;85:2110 8. 741. Hannan EL, Kilburn H Jr, O Donnell JF, et al. Adult open heart surgery in New York State. An analysis of risk factors and hospital mortality rates. JAMA. 1990;264:2768 74. 742. Hannan EL, Kumar D, Racz M, et al. New York State s Cardiac Surgery Reporting System: four years later. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994; 58:1852 7. 743. Shahian DM, Normand SL, Torchiana DF, et al. Cardiac surgery report cards: comprehensive review and statistical critique. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:2155 68. 744. Shahian DM, Torchiana DF, Normand SL. Implementation of a cardiac surgery report card: lessons from the Massachusetts experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1146 50. 745. Hammermeister KE, Daley J, Grover FL. Using outcomes data to improve clinical practice: what we have learned. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58:1809 11. 746. Hammermeister KE, Johnson R, Marshall G, et al. Continuous assessment and improvement in quality of care. A model from the Department of Veterans Affairs Cardiac Surgery. Ann Surg. 1994;219: 281 90. 747. Ferguson TB Jr, Dziuban SW Jr, Edwards FH, et al. The STS National Database: current changes and challenges for the new millennium. Committee to Establish a National Database in Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:680 91. 748. Ferguson TB Jr, Peterson ED, Coombs LP, et al. Use of continuous quality improvement to increase use of process measures in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized con- trolled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:49 56. 749. O Connor GT, Plume SK, Olmstead EM, et al., the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. A regional intervention to improve the hospital mortality associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA. 1996;275:841 6. 750. Hannan EL, Kilburn H Jr, Racz M, et al. Improving the outcomes of coronary artery bypass surgery in New York State. JAMA. 1994;271: 761 6. 751. Hannan EL, Siu AL, Kumar D, et al. The decline in coronary artery bypass graft surgery mortality in New York State. The role of surgeon volume. JAMA. 1995;273:209 13. 752. Peterson ED, DeLong ER, Jollis JG, et al. The effects of New York s bypass surgery provider profiling on access to care and patient outcomes in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:993 9. 753. Ghali WA, Ash AS, Hall RE, et al. Statewide quality improvement initiatives and mortality after cardiac surgery. JAMA. 1997;277: 379 82. 754. Guru V, Fremes SE, Naylor CD, et al. Public versus private institu- tional performance reporting: what is mandatory for quality improvement? Am Heart J. 2006;152:573 8. 755. Hannan EL, Sarrazin MS, Doran DR, et al. Provider profiling and quality improvement efforts in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: the effect on short-term mortality among Medicare beneficiaries. Med Care. 2003;41:1164 72. 756. Chassin MR. Achieving and sustaining improved quality: lessons from New York State and cardiac surgery. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002;21: 40 51. 757. Erickson LC, Torchiana DF, Schneider EC, et al. The relationship between managed care insurance and use of lower-mortality hospitals for CABG surgery. JAMA. 2000;283:1976 82. 758. Hannan EL, Stone CC, Biddle TL, et al. Public release of cardiac surgery outcomes data in New York: what do New York state cardi- ologists think of it [corrected and republished in: Am Heart J. 1997; 134:1120 8]? Am Heart J. 1997;134:55 61. 759. Jha AK, Epstein AM. The predictive accuracy of the New York State coronary artery bypass surgery report-card system. Health Aff (Millwood). 2006;25:844 55. 760. Mukamel DB, Mushlin AI. Quality of care information makes a dif- ference: an analysis of market share and price changes after publication of the New York State Cardiac Surgery Mortality Reports. Med Care. 1998;36:945 54. 761. Mukamel DB, Mushlin AI. The impact of quality report cards on choice of physicians, hospitals, and HMOs: a midcourse evaluation. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2001;27:20 7. 762. Mukamel DB, Weimer DL, Mushlin AI. Interpreting market share changes as evidence for effectiveness of quality report cards. Med Care. 2007;45:1227 32. 763. Schauffler HH, Mordavsky JK. Consumer reports in health care: do they make a difference? Annu Rev Public Health. 2001;22:69 89. 764. Shahian DM, Yip W, Westcott G, et al. Selection of a cardiac surgery provider in the managed care era. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000; 120:978 87. 765. Werner RM, Asch DA. The unintended consequences of publicly reporting quality information. JAMA. 2005;293:1239 44. 766. Romano PS, Zhou H. Do well-publicized risk-adjusted outcomes reports affect hospital volume? Med Care. 2004;42:367 77. 767. Hibbard JH, Sofaer S, Jewett JJ. Condition-specific performance infor- mation: assessing salience, comprehension, and approaches for com- municating quality. Health Care Financ Rev. 1996;18:95 109. 768. Hibbard JH, Jewett JJ. Will quality report cards help consumers? Health Aff (Millwood). 1997;16:218 28. 769. Hibbard JH, Slovic P, Jewett JJ. Informing consumer decisions in health care: implications from decision-making research. Milbank Q. 1997;75:395 414. 770. Hibbard JH, Peters E, Slovic P, et al. Making health care quality reports easier to use. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2001;27:591 604. 771. Hibbard JH, Peters E. Supporting informed consumer health care decisions: data presentation approaches that facilitate the use of infor- mation in choice. Annu Rev Public Health. 2003;24:413 33. 772. Green J, Wintfeld N. Report cards on cardiac surgeons. Assessing New York State s approach. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1229 32. 773. Dranove D, Kessler D, McClellan M, et al. Is more information better? 