What is the clinical and cost effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with heart failure who also have chronic kidney disease?
People with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure (HF) are at risk for poorer outcomes due to the increased risk of developing adverse effects related to their heart failure medication, including hyperkalaemia and hypotension, as well as worsening renal function. Studies have shown that pharmacological interventions are effective for managing HF in this population, but there is still a lack of evidence regarding their long-term cost effectiveness. Further research is needed to determine if pharmacological interventions recommended for the general HF population are associated with similar clinical benefits, risks, and cost effectiveness in people with CKD and HF.