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Dobutamine stress echocardiog- raphy for noninvasive assessment and risk stratification of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:393 401. 6.3. Nonrheumatic Calcific MS 1. Abramowitz Y, Jilaihawi H, Chakravarty T, et al. Mitral annulus calcifica- tion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:1934 41. 2. Sud K, Agarwal S, Parashar A, et al. Degenerative mitral stenosis: unmet need for percutaneous interventions. Circulation. 2016;133:1594 604. 3. Bertrand PB, Mihos CG, Yucel E. Mitral annular calcification and calcific mitral stenosis: therapeutic challenges and considerations. Curr Treat Op- tions Cardiovasc Med. 2019;21:19. 4. Pasca I, Dang P, Tyagi G, et al. Survival in patients with degenerative mitral stenosis: results from a large retrospective cohort study. J Am Soc Echocar- diogr. 2016;29:461 9. 5. Akram MR, Chan T, McAuliffe S, et al. Non-rheumatic annular mitral ste- nosis: prevalence and characteristics. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:103 5. 6. Asselbergs FW, Mozaffarian D, Katz R, et al. Association of renal function with cardiac calcifications in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:834 40. 7. Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Katz R, et al. Kidney function and aortic valve and mitral annular calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:412 20. 8. Jesri A, Braitman LE, Pressman GS. Severe mitral annular calcification pre- dicts chronic kidney disease. Int J Cardiol. 2008;128:193 6. 9. Pressman GS, Agarwal A, Braitman LE, et al. Mitral annular calcium caus- ing mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:389 91. 10. Rao AK, Djamali A, Korcarz CE, et al. Mitral annular calcification is associ- ated with reduced left ventricular function and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:747 50. 11. Tsutsui RS, Banerjee K, Kapadia S, et al. 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Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;81:603 8. 2. Ternus BW, Mankad S, Edwards WD, et al. Clinical presentation and echo- cardiographic diagnosis of postinfarction papillary muscle rupture: A re- view of 22 cases. Echocardiography. 2017;34:973 7. 3. Leitman M, Tyomkin V, Raanani E, et al. Assessment and Management of Acute Severe Mitral Regurgitation in the Intensive Care Unit. J Heart Valve Dis. 2017;26:161 8. 4. Pasquier M, Sierro C, Yersin B, et al. Traumatic mitral valve injury after blunt chest trauma: a case report and review of the literature. J Trauma. 2010;68:243 6. 5. Pillai AA, Balasubramonian VR, Munuswamy H, et al. Acute severe mitral regurgitation with cardiogenic shock following balloon mitral valvuloplas- ty: echocardiographic findings and outcomes following surgery. Cardio- vasc Interv Ther. 2019;34:260 8. 7.2. Chronic Primary MR 7.2.2. Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Chronic Primary MR 7.2.2.1. Diagnostic Testing: Initial Diagnosis 1. Bargiggia GS, Tronconi L, Sahn DJ, et al. A new method for quantitation of mitral regurgitation based on color flow Doppler imaging of flow con- vergence proximal to regurgitant orifice. Circulation. 1991;84:1481 9. 2. Recusani F, Bargiggia GS, Yoganathan AP, et al. A new method for quan- tification of regurgitant flow rate using color Doppler flow imaging of the flow convergence region proximal to a discrete orifice. An in vitro study. Circulation. 1991;83:594 604. 3. Tribouilloy C, Shen WF, Quere JP, et al. Assessment of severity of mitral regurgitation by measuring regurgitant jet width at its origin with trans- esophageal Doppler color flow imaging. Circulation. 1992;85:1248 53. 4. Tribouilloy C, Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, et al. Survival implication of left ventricular end-systolic diameter in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets a long-term follow-up multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1961 8. 5. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos J-F, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. 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Guidelines for the evaluation of val- vular regurgitation after percutaneous valve repair or replacement: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. Developed in collabora- tion with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:431 75. 7.2.2.2. Diagnostic Testing: Changing Signs or Symptoms 1. Antoine C, Benfari G, Michelena HI, et al. Clinical outcome of degenera- tive mitral regurgitation: critical importance of echocardiographic quanti- tative assessment in routine practice. Circulation. 2018;138:1317 26. 2. Tribouilloy CM, Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, et al. Impact of preop- erative symptoms on survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation: rationale for optimizing surgical indications. Circulation. 1999;99:400 5. 7.2.2.3. Diagnostic Testing: Routine Follow-Up 1. Zilberszac R, Heinze G, Binder T, et al. 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