What are the contraindications for initiating some therapies in patients with a short life expectancy?
Contraindications may preclude the initiation of some agents among some patients with a short life expectancy (<1 year) due to other comorbidities. Additionally, in patients with NYHA class IV and Stage D HF being considered for advanced therapies (i.e., transplant or LV assist device), home inotropes, hospice, or initiation of new drug therapies may not be appropriate, especially given the absence of evidence addressing their ef cacy in such patients.