What are the risk factors for ischemic stroke and TE?
The established clinical risk factors for ischemic stroke and thromboembolism (TE) in atrial fibrillation (AF) include age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, prior stroke/TE, congestive heart failure, left atrial enlargement, and left ventricular thrombus. Novel risk factors may include renal dysfunction, homocysteine, and lipoprotein(a) levels.