What were the results of the Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefologia (GISEN) study?
The Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefologia (GISEN) study of 166 patients with proteinuria $3 g per 24 hours was stopped early due to ef cacy of ramipril in slowing eGFR decline. The monthly decline in GFR was signi cantly lower in the ramipril group (0.88 ml/min) than the placebo group (0.53 ml/min). The composite of doubling of serum creatinine or ESKD was reached in 18 versus 40 participants (ramipril vs. placebo, P 0.02).176