SMA) 11 \200\22312, 13 response inhibition 24 pridopidine 219 primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (rTMS) 39 propriospinal myoclonus (PSM) 37, 38, 258, reserpine 303, 304, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311 respiratory dyskinesias 306, 307 response inhib ition 24 \200\2235 response interruption and redirection 249 restless legs syndrome (RLS) 3 27 \200\22332 262, 264, 266 at sleep onset 332 \200\2233 (PAPS) 234, 235, 237 primary biliary cirrhosis 243 primary dystonia 177, 178 \200\22380, 19 1 \200\2238 prostaglandin E1 133 protein, dietary 86 PRRT2 gene 182 pseudo-akathisia 304, 309 pseudo-hy poparathyroidism 319 psychodynamic psychotherapy 344 psychogenic dystonia 39 \200\22340, 17 7, 340 \200\2231 psychogenic gait disorder 341 psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs) 339 \200\22345 adult-onset (APD) 179 \200\22380, 183, 185 etiology 192 \200\2235 defi nition and classifi cation 191, 192 diff erential diagnosis 184 epidemiology 192 pathophysiology 183 \200\2234, 195 \200\2236 phenomenology 191 \200\2232 treatment 184 \200\2235, 196 \200\2238 young-ons et 179, 184 \200\2235 diff erential diagnosis 304 Parkinson \200\231s disease 75, 106 renal disease 320 rest tremor 169 reticular (brainstem) myoclonus 37, 263 \200\2234 reticulospinal tract 17 r etrocollis 179, 195, 197, 303 Rett syndrome 124, 203, 248 reward learning 25 rhythmical mov ement disorder (RMD) of diagnosis and phenomenology 339 \200\22342 diagnostic criteria 342 \200\2233 epidemiology 3 39 pathophysiology 343 \200\2234 prognosis 345 treatment 344 \200\2235 primary motor cortex 11, 12 \200\22313, 14 primary progressive aphasia 159 primary progress ive multiple sclerosis sleep 333 \200\2234 (PPMS) 290 primary writing tremor 35 primidone 166 \200\2237, 169, 170, 171, 286 Primrose s yndrome 248 prion diseases 123 PRKN gene 53 PRKRA gene 120, 181, 202 PRNP gene 123, 224, 23 0, 296 procainamide 308 procedural learning 25 prochlorperazine 209 procyclidine 169, 185 p rogressive myoclonic encephalopathy rhythmic movements, brainstem and spinal pattern generators for 17 \200\22320 ribavirin 290 Richardson syndrome 139, 140, 141 rigidity psychogenic myoclonus 38 \200\2239, 262, 341 psychogenic parkinsonism (PP) 341 psychogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia 273 psychogenic tremor (PsyT/PT) 35, 166, 171 \200\2232, electrophysiology 40 frontotemporal dementia 158 parkinsonism 64 Parkinson \200\231s diseas e 76 \200\2237 progressive supranuclear palsy 142 340, 344 psychosis frontotemporal dementia 159 Huntington \200\231s disease 217 Parkinson \200\231s disease 10 5 Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia 107 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 233 Wilson disease 243 punding 78, 105, 106 Purkinje cells 17 putamen riluzole 47, 132, 159 risperidone diabetes mellitus 320 drug-induced movement disorders 260 \200\2231 progressive myoclonic epilepsies (PMEs) 260, 305, 307 292 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 Parkinson \200\231s disease 105 stereotypies 249 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 235 tics 252 progressive myoclonus ataxia 260 progressive non-fl uent aphasia 144, 158 progressive supra nuclear palsy (PSP) 139 \200\22347 anatomy 15, 21 procedural learning 25 tics 249 etiology 139 \200\22340 aetiopathogenesis 61 \200\2232 clinical features 64, 74, 101, 142 \200\2235, 156 diagnosis 145 diff erential diagnosis 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 dystonia 208 ep idemiology 61, 139 examination of patient 7 functional imaging 48 \200\2239, 68, 140 future developments 147 genetics 139 \200\22340, 147 key advances 146 \200\2237 key points 147 ma nagement 145 \200\2236 pathophysiology 140 \200\2232 structural imaging 43, 67, 68, 69 risus sardonicus 242 rituximab 316 rivastigmine 108 RNA-seq 57 Roche 56 ropinirole 78, 79, 84 \200\2235, 89, 100 rostral cingulate motor area 12 rotigotine 78, 84 \200\2235, 89, 100, 328, 332 Rubinstein \200\223Taybi syndrome 248 rubral tremor 171 Rumpel, A. 241 pyridostigmine 103, 132 quality of life (QoL) dystonia 177 essential tremor 164 \200\2235 multiple system atrophy 1 32 tics 252, 253 quetiapine 105, 154, 209, 252, 304, 306, 307 rage attacks 251 Ramsay-Hunt syndrome 260 ranitidine 182, 209 rapamycin 219 rapid eye movem ent (REM) sleep 327, 328, saccadic eye movements 7, 142, 217 SACS gene 294 salmeterol 308 Sandhoff disease 205 Sandif er syndrome 184 Sanger sequencing 53 \200\2234, 58 sarcoidosis 319 scaling of movement 24 333, 334, 335 promethazine 209, 304, 305 propionic acidaemia 208 propofol 261, 308 propranolol behavior disorder (RBD) dementia with Lewy bodies 152, 154, 155 functional imaging 47 Parkinson \200\231s disease 73, 74 \200\2235, 99, 100 cerebellar ataxias 286 cerebellar tremor 170 index 359 SCA1 225, 282, 2994, 295 SCA2 225, 282, 294, 295 SCA3 (Machado \200\223Joseph disease) 225, 282, sleep disturbances scans without evidence of dopaminergic defi cit Huntington \200\231s disease 217, 218 Parkinson \200\231s disease 74 \200\2235, 77, 99 \200 \223101 tics 251 see also sleep-related movement disorders (SWEDDs) 35, 66, 68, 69, 70 schizophrenia 228 school phobia 251 secondary (acquired) dystonia 177, 178, 182, 294, 296 SCA6 275, 282, 294, 296 SCA7 282, 294, 296 SCA12 296 SCA17 225, 229, 230, 294, 296 SCA31 29 6 topography and pathophysiology 284 tremor 170 sleep jerks 258 sleep-related movement disorders 327 \200\22335 208 \200\2239 diff erential diagnosis 184 treatment 185 bruxism 334 \200\2235 fragmentary myoclonus 335 hypnagogic foot tremor 335 key points 335 p ropriospinal myoclonus at sleep Segawa \200\231s syndrome 120 \200\2231 segmental dystonia 177 segmental myoclonus 37 \200 \2238, 258, 262, 264 seizures 243 selection of action 24 selective serotonin-reuptake inhib itors (SSRIs) spinocerebellum 17 sporadic CJD (sCJD) 290 Stalevo 78 static myoclonic encephalopathy 261 Steele \200\223Richardson \200\223Olszewski syndrome onset 332 \200\2233 restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements 327 \200\22332 chorea 236 drug-induced movement disorders 209, 303, rhythmical movement disorder of sleep 333 \200\2234 (Richardson syndrome) 139, 140, 141 304, 305 dystonia 182, 209 frontotemporal dementia 159 Parkinson \200\231s disease 78, 104, 106 progressive supranuclear palsy 146 restless legs syndrome and periodic limb sleep starts 332 stereotactic surgery 169 stereotypies 247 \200\2239 sleep starts 332 sleepwalking 329, 330 smell loss see hyposmia Smith \200\223Magenis syndro me 248 smoking 7, 129 SNCA gene 56, 58, 102, 120, 129, 134 Sniffi n Sticks 66 social histor y 7 sodium oxybate 101, 218, 265 sodium valproate 218, 309 SOLiD sequencer 56 solifenacin 1 03 solvent toxicity 290 somatization disorder 343, 345 somatoform disorders 343 somatosenso ry evoked potentials (SSEPs) clinical features and course 248 defi nition 6, 247, 248 diff erential diagnosis 247 epidem iology 247 \200\2238 evaluation 248 \200\2239 neurobiology 247 in neurodevelopmental and movements 332 sleep bruxism 334 stereotypies 247, 249 tics 251 neurodegenerative disorders 248 selegiline 78, 79, 84, 87, 89, 99 self-abusive tics 251 sensory ataxic neuropathy, dysarthr ia, and tardive 307, 309 \200\22310 treatment 249 steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT) 318 ophthalmoparesis (SANDO) 122 separation anxiety 251 serotonergic antagonists 305 serotonin stiff person syndrome (SPS) 40, 184 paraneoplastic 315, 316 dementia with Lewy bodies 152 Parkinson \200\231s disease 48, 93 stereotypies 247 synthesis 181 sertraline 218, 304 SETX gene 292 sexual dysfunction cerebellar ataxias 286 myoclonus 36, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266 streptococcal infections 237, 249 \200\22350, 322 \200\2233 streptococcus-related chorea 23 7 streptomycin 323 stretching exercises 146 striatal limb deformity 94 striatum psychogenic 341 Sommering, Th omas von 2 somnambulism 329, 330 sotalol 167 spasmodic dyspho nia (SD) 179 specifi c learning disability 251 speech and language therapy cerebellar ataxi as 288 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 multiple system atrophy 133 Parkinson \200\231s dis ease 94 anatomy 15 \200\22316, 21 \200\2232, 23 parkinsonism 62 Parkinson \200\231s disease 46 \200 \2237 procedural learning 25 progressive supranuclear palsy 140 response inhibition 24 rewa rd learning 25 tics 249 multiple system atrophy 130, 131, 133 Parkinson \200\231s disease 75, 77, 103 SGCE gene 180 , 202, 258 \200\2239, 263 sialidosis 260 sialorrhoea 131, 133, 134 sildenafi l 103, 133 SIL gene 293 single-molecule sequencing 57 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 54, 56 singl e photon emission computed tomography speech problems see dysarthria sphincter electromyography 66 sphingolipidoses 205 spinal my oclonus 37 \200\2238, 257, 258 etiology and genetics 262 clinical features 264 management 2 65 pathophysiology 264 STROOP task 217 structural imaging 50 acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 321 autoimmune diseases 318 cerebellar ataxias 286, 29 2 chorea in metabolic and toxic encephalopathy 237 dementia with Lewy bodies 153 diabetes m ellitus 320 dystonia 195 \200\2236, 204, 206 enhanced physiological tremor 168 frontotempor al dementia 159 hyperkinetic disorders 44 \200\2235 pantothenate kinase-associated (SPECT) 50 dementia with Lewy bodies 153 dystonia 49 \200\22350 dopa-responsive 50, 201 essential tremor 166 frontotemporal dementia 159 HIV 321 multiple system atrophy 48 parkins onian tremor 166 parkinsonism 68 \200\22370 Parkinson \200\231s disease 45, 46, 47, 48, 74, 76 progressive supranuclear palsy 49 psychogenic parkinsonism 341 Sydenham \200\231s chore a 234, 322 tics 249 spinal pattern generators for rhythmic movements 17 \200\22320 spinal stimulation 171 spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs)/autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) 121, 225, 294 \200\2236 etiology and genetics 283 classifi cation 284, 294, 295 clinical presentation 64 dystonia 2 09 epidemiology 282 future developments 298 investigations 286 key advances 297 myoclonus 2 60 neurodegeneration 226, 227 paraneoplastic movement disorders 316, 317 parkinsonism 43 \200\2234, 67, 69 paroxysmal mov ement disorders 272, 273, Sj gren \200\231s syndrome 235, 290, 319 SLC1A3 gene 276 SLC2A1 gene 182, 185, 271, 272 SL C6A3 gene 202 SLC17A7 gene 277 275 propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset 333 sarcoidosis 319 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 234 Index 360 toxic and nutritional defi ciencies 321 thiothexene 305 thyroid disorders 318, 319 thyrotoxicosis 319 thyroxine 308 tiapride 218, 2 20 tics 247, 249 \200\22353 structural imaging (Continued) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 49, 228, thyroid disease 319 tics 249, 251 Wilson disease 243 subacute necrotizing 235, 237, 238, 318 \200\22319 cerebellar ataxias 290 diff erential diagnosis 234 drug-induced chorea 236 encephalomyopathy 207 \200\2238 defi nition 6, 248, 249 diff erential diagnosis 249, 257 epidemiology 250 evaluation 251 ne urobiology 249 \200\22350 psychogenic 342 secondary disorders 251 sleep 327 Tourette \200 \231s syndrome 250 \200\2231 treatment 251 \200\2233 subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) 37, tachykinesia 89 tacrolimus 308 Taenia solium 323 TAF1 gene 120, 180 tamoxifen 308 tardive a kathisia 309, 310 tardive dyskinesia (TD) 6 \200\2237, 236, 306 \200\2237, 260, 290 subcortical myoclonus 257, 258 etiology and genetics 261 \200\2232 clinical features 264 ke y advances 265, 266 management 265 pathophysiology 263 \200\2234 subdural haematoma 238 sub stantia nigra (SN) anatomy 15, 16 corticobasal degeneration 140 progressive supranuclear pa lsy 140 substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) 309 \200\22310 tardive dystonia (TDt) 182, 185, 209, 308 \200\2239, 310 TITF1 gene 228 titubation 170 TK2 gene 296 tolcapone 78 \200\2239, 84, 89 tolterodine 103 t oluene 290 topiramate 167, 252, 271, 273, 275 TOR1A gene 39, 179, 193 torticollis 39, 179, 195, 197, 303 Tourette \200\231s syndrome (TS) 232, 233, 250 \200\2231 tardive myoclonus 308, 310 tardive stereotypy 307, 309 \200\22310 tardive tourettism 307 \200\2238, 310 tardive tremor 308, 310 task-specifi c dystonia 177, 180, 191 task-specifi c tremor (TST) 170 Tau gene 123 tau protein 139 \200\22340, 141, 144, 146 \200\2237, 155 \200\2236 Tay Sachs disease 205 TBP gene 225, 296 TCH346 47 TDP-43 pathology 144 tegaserod 102 tetrabenazine (TBZ) anatomy 16, 21 Parkinson \200\231s disease 73, 76 progressive supranuclear palsy 140 reward learning 25 substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) action selection and scaling of movement 24 anatomy 15, 16, 21 \200\2232, 23 tics 249 clinical course 250 co-morbid disorders 250 \200\2231 epidemiology 250 management 235 neuro biology 249 and PANDAS 322, 323 sleep 327 tourettism 251 subthalamic nucleus (STN) action selection and scaling of movement 24 anatomy 15, 16, 21 \200\2232, 23 bimanual movem ents, control of 25 deep brain stimulation 91 \200\2232, 106, 167, 168, acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 321 chorea 236 diabetes mellitus 320 drug-induced move ment disorders 209, 303, 169, 170, 197 dystonia, primary 197 essential tremor 167, 168 non-motor functions 26 parkin sonian tremor 169, 170 Parkinson \200\231s disease 91 \200\2232, 106 progressive supranucle ar palsy and corticobasal degeneration 140 tardive 307 \200\2238, 310 toxic defi ciencies 321 toxic encephalopathy 236 \200\2237 toxop lasmosis 236, 237, 321 TPB gene 121 tracheostomy 133, 304 tractography 44 \200\2235 trail-m aking task 217 tranexamic acid 308 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 33 304, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311 dystonia 182, 184, 185, 196, 209 Huntington \200\231s disease 217, 218, 220 myoclonus 265 paraneoplastic movement disorders 317 paroxysmal movement disor ders 271 systemic lupus erythematosus 317 tics 252 response inhibition 24, 25 subthalatomy 91 \200\2232 suicide tetrahydrocannabiol 170 thalamic tremor 171 thalamocortical activities, inhibition of 24 th alamostriatal projections 23 thalamotomy dystonia 39 myoclonus 263, 266 psychogenic movement disorders 345 tremor 35 Huntington \200\231s disease 217 Parkinson \200\231s disease 106 Tourette \200\231s syndrom e 251 sulpiride 218, 305 sulthiame 274, 276 sumatriptan 171 superfi cial siderosis of the central nervous transcranial sonography (TCS) 50 cerebellar tremor 170 dystonia, heredodegenerative 204 Parkinson \200\231s disease 92 vascu lar chorea 236 GCHI and Parkin gene mutations, distinguishing between 121 parkinsonian disorders 43 \200\2234, 45 parkinsonism 69, 70 Park inson \200\231s disease 76 transcriptome sequencing 57 transcutaneous electrical nerve stim ulation system 290 \200\2231 superior colliculus 23 supplementary motor area (SMA) 11 \200\22312, 1 3 supranuclear ophthalmoplegia 142, 143 swallowing problems see dysphagia Sydenham, Th omas 3 Sydenham \200\231s chorea (SC)/disease (SD) 49, 228, thalamus anatomy 15, 16, 23 deep brain stimulation cerebellar tremor 170 dystonia, primary 197 Parkinson \200\231s disease 92 paroxysmal movem ent disorders 271 tics 252 \200\2233 (TENS) 333 translocator protein (TSPO) 49 traumatic brain injury 289 trazodone 159, 304 tremor 163 \200\22372 231 \200\2235, 237 \200\2238, 322, 323 symptomatic myoclonus 259 \200\22362 symptomatic palatal tremor (SPT) 171 symptomatic parki nsonism 61, 62 syphilis 236 systemic disease 315 \200\22323 dystonia, secondary 209 parkinsonism 62 alcohol abuse 321 diff erential diagnosis 257 and dystonia 177 electrophysiology 33 \200 \2235 frontotemporal dementia 158 multiple system atrophy 130 paraneoplastic 317 parkinsoni sm 64 Parkinson \200\231s disease 76 \200\2237, 93 thalidomide 308 thallium 290 THAP1 gene 179, 193 \200\2234 theophylline 308 thermoregulator y dysfunction 102, 103 TH gene 120, 121 thiamine 289, 290 thioridazine 308 autoimmune diseases 318 \200\22319 clinical tips 323 endocrine and metabolic disorders 319 \200\22321 infectious diseases 321 \200\2233 paraneoplastic syndromes 315 \200\22318 sarcoi dosis 319 index 361 vascular choreas 235 \200\2236, 237, 238 vascular malformations 289 vascular parkinsonism volumetry 68 vomiting 217 von Hippel \200\223Lindau disease 289 voxel-based morphometry 196 renal disease 320 tardive 308, 310 Wilson disease 242 see also specifi c types of tremor tr emulous spasmodic torticollis 170 Tretiakoff , C. 2 trichotillomania 233 tricyclic antidepr essants (TCAs) 104, 236, 307, clinical features 64, 102 diff erential diagnosis 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 epidemiology 61 functi onal imaging 68 structural imaging 67, 68, 69 Walshe, John 242, 243 Walters, Charles 3 Watson, James 3 weight loss 217 Wernicke \200\231s encephalopathy 289 Westphal, C. 3 wheelchairs 146 Whipple \200\231s disease (WD) 290, 323 whole-genome genotyping 54 \200\2236, 57, 58 Willis, Th omas 2 Wilson, S.A. Kinnier 3, 241 Wilson disease (WD) 123, 182 \200\2233, 203 \200\2234, 228, vasculitides 290 vasculitis 235 venlafaxine 218, 344 ventral anterior nucleus of the thalam us 332, 335 trientine 243 \200\2234, 245 trihexyphenidyl cerebellar tremor 170 drug-induced movement disorders 305, 310 dystonia 184, 185, 196, 204 myoclonus 265 palatal tremor 171 parkinsonian tremor 169 Parkinson \200\231s disease 79 par oxysmal movement disorders 271 (VA) 23 ventral cingulate motor area 12 ventralis intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim) deep b rain stimulation essential tremor 166, 167 Holmes tremor 171 orthostatic tremor 171 parkinsonian tremor 169 Parkinson \200\231s disease 92 task-specifi c tremor 170 thalamic tremor 171 ventral premot or cortex 11 ventral tegmental area (VTA) 23, 140 ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus 241 \200\2235 cerebellar ataxia 293 clinical presentation 242 \200\2233 clinical tips 245 DYT4 dystonia 1 95 epidemiology 241 future developments 245 genetics 241 investigations 8, 44, 243 key adva nces 245 pathophysiology 241 \200\2232 stereotypies 248 treatment 185, 243 \200\2234, 286 trimetazidine 305 trimethobenzamide hydrochloride 86 trimethoprim 308 trimethoprim \200\223 sulfamethoxazole 323 trinucleotide repeat disorders 208 triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) def i ciency 207 triperidol 305 triple stimulation test (TST) 39 triptans 182 tRNA gene 122 Tro pheryma whipplei 323 trospium 103, 133 truncal dystonia 180 tube feeding 146, 219 tuberculo mas, intracranial 323 tuberculosis 236, 323 tuberculous meningitis 323 tuft ed astrocytes 1 40, 141 tumors 289 tyrosine synthesis 181 (VL) 23 verapamil 305, 308, 310 vestibular nuclei 17 vestibulocerebellum 17 vestibulospinal tract 17 vidarabine 308 vigabatrin 274, 276, 308, 309 viral cerebellitis 289 viral infecti ons 321 \200\2232 visual evoked potentials 286 visual hallucinations (VHs) withdrawal-emergent dyskinesia 306, 307, 310 Woodhouse \200\223Sakati syndrome 227 Wren, Christopher 2 writer \200\231s cramp 177, 180, 194, 195 geste antagoniste 192 mirroring 192 myoclonus \200\223dystonia 201 paroxysmal movement diso rders 269, 272 dementia with Lewy bodies 152, 154 Parkinson \200\231s disease 105 Parkinson \200\231s dise ase dementia 107 writing visuospatial defi cits 158 vitamin B defi ciency 290 vitamin B1 supplementation 290 vitamin B6 244 vitamin E UFMG Sydenham \200\231s Chorea Rating Scale assessment 7 micrographia 63, 143 tremor 35, 170 (USCRS) 233 unifi ed multiple system atrophy rating scale (UMSARS) 134 Unifi ed Parkinson \200\231s Disease Rating Scale 169 University of Pennsylvania Smell Iden tifi cation XK gene 227 X-linked agammaglobulinaemia 124 X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP) 120, cerebellar ataxias 286, 290 defi ciency 260 Test (UPSIT) 66, 74 Unverricht \200\223Lundborg (UL) disease 260, 265, 202 \200\2233 ataxia with vitamin E defi ciency 203, 286, 292 292 urodynamic assessment 66 urogenital dysfunction yohimbine 133 cerebellar ataxias 290 drug-induced movement disorders 310 Friedreich \200\231s ataxia 292 malabsorption 321 Wilso n disease 244 dementia with Lewy bodies 152, 154 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 multiple system atrophy 130, 131, 133 Parkinson \200\231s disease 99, 102, 103 zinc 185, 243 \200\2234, 245 ziprasidone 305, 307 zolpidem 146, 265 zonisamide 265, 333 zop iclone 218 zuclopenthixol 305 vocal tics 249, 250 vocal tremor 35, 167, 170 voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC)- compl ex protein antibody encephalitis 270 valproate 7, 171, 236, 270, 271, 308, 310 valproic acid 234 \200\2235, 265, 275, 305, 322 v anishing white matter disease (VWMD) 294