What anticoagulant therapies have been studied for patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardioversion?
Several anticoagulant therapies have been studied for patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardioversion, including parenteral heparin and vitamin K antagonists, apixaban, transesophageal echocardiography, enoxaparin, and unfractionated heparin. Studies have also evaluated the safety of expedited anticoagulation with enoxaparin in patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiographic-guided cardioversion (Wu et al., 2006; Klein et al., 2006; Hoppensteadt et al., 2008; Caldeira et al., 2015). Additionally, transesophageal echocardiography has been used to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation (Manning et al., 1993; Klein et al., 2001; de Luca et al., 2005). 