multiple system atrophy 130 orthostatic tremor 171 Parkinson \200\231s disease 92 progressi ve supranuclear palsy 142 \200\2233 familial acanthocytosis with paroxysmal exertion-induce d dyskinesias and epilepsy (FAPED) 272 electromyography embouchure dystonia 177 encephalitides 234 encephalitis lethargica 248 end ocrine disorders 319 \200\22321 enhanced physiological tremor (EPT) 34, familial cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy 167 \200\2239 (FCMTE) 260, 262, 266 diff erential diagnosis 165 treatment 169 familial dementias 123 familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) 275 familial prion disease 224, 2 29 familial striatal necrosis 203 family-based linkage 54 family history 7 fastigial nucleu s 17 fatigue 99, 104 \200\2235 fatty acid hydroxylase-associated entacapone 78 \200\2239, 84, 85, 89 entrainment maneuver 172 ephedrine 133 epilepsia partia lis continua 257 epilepsy dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy 226 frontotemporal dementia 156 Huntington \200\231s d isease 217 myoclonus 258, 259 \200\22360, 262, 265 paroxysmal movement disorders 269, 272 e pisodic ataxias (EAs) 269, 273 \200\2237, 291, 292 gabapentin drug-induced movement disorders 308 essential tremor 167 myoclonus 265 orthostatic tremor 1 71 paroxysmal movement disorders 271 propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset 333 renal disea se 320 restless legs syndrome and periodic limb neurodegeneration (FAHN) 227 FBXO7-associated neurodegeneration 124 18F-dopa PET 306 18F-FDG PET 153, 154 fl apping trem or see asterixis fl udrocortisone 103, 132 fl unarizine 171, 274, 276, 304, 305, 307 5-fl u orouracil 290 fl uoxetine 304, 305 fl upenthixol 305 FMR1 gene 122, 296 investigations 286 management 286 topography and pathophysiology 284 type 1: 273 \200\2235, 291 type 2: 275 \200\2236, 291 type 3: 276 type 4: 276 type 5: 276 movements 332 gait abnormalities cortical myoclonus 260 gait ignition failure 64, 76, 143 index 353 head banging in sleep 334 head drop in Parkinson \200\231s disease 94 head tremor 167, 170 heat stroke 289 heavy metal poisoning 290 Helicobacter pylori infection 86, 102 hemiballism 235, 236, 237 geste antagoniste 177, 179, 192, 257 Gillespie syndrome 283, 291 glial cytoplasmic inclusio ns (GCIs) 129, 131 glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) 47 globoid cell leucodystrophy 206 globus pallidus (GP) anatomy 16, 22 bimanual movements, control of 25 Huntington \200\231s disease 216, 218 orthostatic tremor 171 progressive supranuclear palsy 142 psychogenic gait disorder 341 gait assessment 7 gait training 92 galantamine 108 Galen, Claudius 1, 2 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) paraneoplastic hemiballismus 317 hemiballism \200\223hemichorea (HB \200\223HC) 320 hemidys tonia 177, 209 hepatic encephalopathy 320, 321 hereditary ataxia 58 hereditary chorea-acant hocytosis 203 hereditary haemochromatosis 124 hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy globus pallidus externus (GPe) action selection and scaling of movement 24 anatomy 15, 16, 21 \200\2232 inhibition 23, 24 interneurons 23, 24 globus pallidus internus (GPi) -hydroxybutyrate 202, 308 -motor neurons 11, 12 gangliosidoses 205 gastrointestinal dys function 102 gastroparesis 102 Gaucher \200\231s disease 54, 74, 122 gaze paresis 142, 146 GBA gene 54, 74, 122 GCH1 gene 120, 121, 201 general anesthetic agents 209 generalized anxi ety disorder 104 generalized dystonia 177 gene therapy 245 genetic anticipation action selection and scaling of movement 24 anatomy 15, 21 \200\2232, 23 deep brain stimula tion drug-induced movement disorders 310 dystonia 184, 185, 196 \200\2237, 202, 203 myoclonus 26 5 parkinsonian tremor 169, 170 Parkinson \200\231s disease 91 \200\2232, 106 paroxysmal mov ement disorders 271 Wilson disease 185 (HMSN) 171 hereditary spastic paraplegia 58, 124 heredodegenerative dystonia 177, 178, 182 \200\2233, 202 \200\2238 classifi cation 194 diff erential diagnosis 184 treatment 185 parkinsonism 62 tics 249 Herophilus 1 herpes simplex encephalitis 236, 248, 260 HEXA gene 294 HFE gene 124 HiSeq2000 56, 57 historical perspective 1 \200\2233 history taking 6 \200\2237 HIV 321, 322 GLRA1 gene 261 GLRB gene 262 GLUT1 defi ciency syndrome 272 GLUT1 gene 271, 272 glutamate b lockers 159 glutaric aciduria type 1: 207 gluten ataxia/enteropathy 291, 318 GLYT2 gene 262 , 265 GM1 gangliosidosis 205 GM2 gangliosidosis 205, 294 Gorman, Charles 3 Gowers, W.R. 3 G PHN gene 262 granule cells 17 GRN gene 156 growth factors 219 GS FLX sequencer 56 GTPCH1 ge ne 181, 184 guanfacine 251 \200\2232 dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy 226, 228 Huntington \200\231s disease 213 spinocerebellar ataxias 294 genetics cerebellar ataxias 289 \200\22390 chorea 236, 237, 238 advances 53 corticobasal degeneration 139 \200\22340, 147 dystonia 177 \200\2238, 184, 194 Holmes tremor 171 homocystinuria 207 HTT gene 53, 124, 213 \200\22315, 219, 223 dystonia-plus syndromes 180 \200\2231, 192, 201, 202 functional imaging 49 repeat detection 54 structural imaging 45 heredodegenerative 182, 183, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207 \200\2238 paroxysmal 182 primary 180, 184, 192 \200\2235 Human Genome Project 54, 58 human immunodefi ciency virus see HIV Huntington, George 3 Hunt ington \200\231s disease (HD) 124, 213 \200\22320 episodic ataxias 273, 274 \200\2235, 276, 277 essential tremor 163 frontotemporal dementia 155 \200\2239, 160 future challenges and prospects 58 Huntington \200\231s disease 213 \200 \22315, 218, 219 Huntington \200\231s disease look-alikes 223, 224, etiology 213 clinical features 216 \200\22317 clinical tips 220 diagnosis 218 epidemiology 213 examination of patient 7 functional imaging 49 future developments 219 genetics 53, 213 historical perspective 3 key advances 219 look-alike syndromes 223 \200\22330 management 2 18 \200\22319 myoclonus 260 pathophysiology 214 \200\22316 procedural learning 25 sleep 327 structural imaging 45 Westphal variant 124, 216, 224 habit reversal 249, 252 haemochromatosis, hereditary 124 Hainan 2 Hallervorden \200\223Spat z disease 204, 226 hallucinations 225, 226, 227, 228 \200\22330 massively parallel sequencing 56 \200\2237 multiple system atrophy 129, 134 myoclonus 257, 258 \200\22362, 265, 266 parkinsonism 65 \200\2236, 67, 70 Parkinson \200\231s disease 74, 76 Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia 107 Parkinson \200\231s disease look-alikes 117 \200\22324 paroxysmal dyskinesias 269, 270, 271, 272 periodic limb movements 331 \200\2232 progressive supranuclear palsy 139 \200\22340, 147 restless legs syndrome 331 \200\2232 San ger sequencing 53 \200\2234 single-molecule sequencing 57 stereotypies 247 whole-genome gen otyping 54 \200\2236 Wilson disease 241 frontotemporal dementia 156, 158, 159 parkinsonism 64 Parkinson \200\231s disease 99, 105, 107 haloperidol drug-induced movement disorders 209, 305, 306, 307, 308 dystonia 209 paroxysmal movement disorders 270, 272 sleep bruxism 334 Sydenham \200\231s ch orea 235 systemic lupus erythematosus 317 tics 252 Huntington \200\231s disease-like 1 (HDL1) 224, 229 Huntington \200\231s disease-like 2 (HD L2) 224 \200\2235, Hammond, William 3 hand tremor 166 \200\2237 HapMap project 54, 58 harmoline 163 HARP syndr ome 204, 226 Hartnup disease 207 Hashimoto \200\231s thyroiditis/encephalopathy 290, genitourinary dysfunction see urogenital 229, 230 dysfunction Huntington \200\231s disease-like 3 (HDL3) 225 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria 207 5-hydroxytrypt ophan 134, 170 hyperactivity 233 hyperdirect (corticosubthalamic) pathway Genome Analyzer 56 \200\2237 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) 54 \200\2235, 58 Parkinson \200\231s disease 61 318 Gerstmann \200\223Str ussler \200\223Scheinker (GSS) Haw River syndrome 226 disease 295, 296 (basal ganglia) 22 \200\2233, 24 Index 354 management principles 70 modifying progression of PD 47 motor complications 83 \200\2234, 8 5 \200\2236, 87 \200\2239, Joubert syndrome 283, 286, 291 JPH3 gene 224, 225 hyperekplexia 261 \200\2232, 264, 265 hyperextension of neck and trunk 64 hyperglycaemia 32 0 hyperkinetic disorders 5 \200\2236, 44 \200\2235 hyperthyroidism 237, 238, 319 hypnagogic foot tremor (HFT) 335 hypnosis 334 hypnotics 100, 332 hypoglycaemia 237, 320 hypohidrosis 131 hypokinesia 5 hypomania 105 hypoparathyroidism 319 hypophonia 142 hyposmia 47, 66, 74, 99, 101 \200\2232 hypotension 154, 154 hypothyroidism 290, 319 hypoxia 289 90, 93, 94 Kayser \200\223Fleischer ring (KFR) 228, 243 KCNA1 gene 273, 274 \200\2235, 291 KCNC3 gene 277 KCNMA1 gene 271 ketogenic diet 237, 272 kidney disease 320 kidney transplantation 320 k inetic tremor 169 Kline, Nathaniel 1 Krabbe disease 206 Kuf \200\231s disease 120, 260 Kuf or \200\223Rakeb disease 118, 123, 227 kynurenine pathway 215 non-motor symptoms 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106 postural deformity 94 striatal dopamine measurement 46 \200\2237 Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia 107 paroxysmal movement disorders 270, 271, 272 progressive supranuclear palsy 140, 145 renal disease 320 restless legs syndrome 332 system ic lupus erythematosus 319 tardive dyskinesia 307 tardive myoclonus 308 thalamic tremor 171 tics 251 see also dopamine entries L-5-HTP 265 Lafora body disease 260, 292 Lambert \200\223Eaton myasthenic syndrome 284 lamo trigine 218, 236, 308 Lance, J.W. 257 Lance \200\223Adams syndrome 261 language impairment 217 laryngeal dystonia 197 laryngospasm, drug-induced 304 lateral fl exion 94 laterocollis 179, 195, 197 latrepirdine 219 laxatives 102, 133, 218 learning disability 251 Leber \200 \231s hereditary optic neuropathy 208 lecithin 170 Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) 94 Leigh syndrome 207 \200\2238 Lesch \200\223Nyhan syndrome 206 \200\2237 leucodystrophies 20 5 levator inhibition 179 levetiracetam idebenone 286, 292 idiopathic basal ganglia calcifi cation 204 \200\2235 idiopathic late-on set cerebellar ataxia levodopa-induced chorea 231, 236, 238 levodopa-induced dyskinesias 47, 77 \200\2238, 87 \200\2239, 95 (ILOCA) 281, 283, 286, 291 Lewy, Frederick 2, 3 Lewy bodies (LBs) 73, 107 idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD) 49 \200\22350 ifosfamide 308 123I-FP-CIT SPECT 8, 68, 69, 153, 306 Illumina 54, 56 \200\2237 imipenem 308 immune system 215 Imperial Grace Formulary 1 implanted human fetal dopamine cells 47 impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson \200\231s see also dementia with Lewy bodies Lewy neurites (LNs) 151, 152 Life Technologies 56 limb dystonia 180 limbic circuit (basal g anglia) 21, 22 LINGO1 protein 163 lingual dystonia 180 lipofuscinosis 260 lisuride 133 lith ium disease 47, 78, 105 \200\2236 inborn errors of metabolism 206 \200\2238, 291 \200\2232 indirect pathway (basal ganglia) 2 1 \200\2232, 24 induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells 219 infantile bilateral striatal necro sis 203 infantile familial convulsions and paroxysmal choreoathetosis (ICCA) 269 cerebellar ataxias 289, 290 drug-induced movement disorders 261, 304, 305, 308 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 liver biopsy 243 liver disease 236, 238, 320 \200\2231 liver transplantation 244, 321 locus heterogeneity 58 lorazepam 304, 305 LRRK2 (PARK8) gene 74, 117 \200\22318 cerebellar tremor 170 drug-induced movement disorders 310 Holmes tremor 171 myoclonus 265 p aroxysmal movement disorders 270, 271 propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset 333 thalamic t remor 171 tics 252 infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) 120, 204, 227 infectious choreas 236 infectious diseases 321 \200\2233 inferior olive 17 Infi ni um Beadchips 54 infl ammation dysautonomia 102 functional imaging 47 olfaction 102 Sanger sequencing 54 structural imagin g 43 cerebellar ataxias 290 Huntington \200\231s disease 215 insomnia 99 \200\223100, 218, 332 i ntention tremor 164, 167 internal regulators 16 \200\22317 interneurons 23 intracranial tub erculomas 323 intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 318 levodopa acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 321 corticobasal degeneration/syndrome 144, L-threo-dihydroxy-phenylserine (L-threo 145 DOPS, droxidopa) 133 dementia with Lewy bodies 154 dystonia 184, 185, 194, 202, 203, 209 see also dopa-responsiv e dystonia frontotemporal dementia 156, 158 Holmes tremor 171 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 Lubag 120 Luys, Jules Bernard 2 lymphoma 237 Lyons, Irving Whitehall 3 lysosomal storage di sorders 205 \200\2236 autoimmune choreas 235 paraneoplastic movement disorders 316, 317 paroxysmal movement disor ders 270 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 235 look-alikes 228 Machado \200\223Joseph disease (SCA3) 225, 282, multiple system atrophy 130, 131, 133 myoclonus 265 neuroleptic malignant syndrome 310 orth ostatic tremor 171 parkinsonian tremor 169 parkinsonism 61, 65, 306 Parkinson \200\231s dis ease 73, 95 iodobenzamine single photon emission computed tomography (IBZM- SPECT) 68 \200\2239 iron de fi ciency 330, 331, 332 iron dextran 332 irritability 243 isoniazid 134, 170 isoprinosine 2 90 294, 296 MacLeod syndrome 124, 227 macrogol 102 macrosaccadic square-wave jerks 7 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 50 acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 321 autoimmune diseases 318, 319 cerebellar ataxias 28 6, 292 chorea in metabolic and toxic encephalopathy 237 corticobasal degeneration 144 early management 77 \200\2238, 79 \200\22380 infusional levodopa \200\223carbidopa intestin al gel 90 \200\2231 jaw-closing dystonia 180 jaw tremor 170, 180 jerky hyperkinetic disorders 5 look-alikes 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 index 355 key advances 134 orthostatic hypotension 103 pathophysiology 129 \200\22330 structural imag ing 43, 44, 67, 68, 69 microtubule associated protein tau dementia with Lewy bodies 153 diabetes mellitus 320 dystonia 44, 45, 195 \200\2236, 204, 20 6 enhanced physiological tremor 168 frontotemporal dementia 159 Huntington \200\231s diseas e 45 myoclonus 263 pantothenate kinase-associated (MAPT) 140 midbrain tremor 171 midodrine 103, 132 migraine 269, 272, 284, 289 mild cognitiv e impairment (MCI) 106 \200\2237 Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) 289 Mini-Mental State Examina tion (MMSE) 7 Munro, Alexander 2 muscle tone 17 \200\22320 muscular rigidity see rigidity mutism 156, 217 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 323 myoclonus 257 \200\22366 Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia 108 neurodegeneration 226, 227 minocycline 132 mirroring (dystonia) 192 mirtazapine 93, 218, 305 mitochondrial disorders 1 21 \200\2232, 228, 260 cerebellar ataxias 282, 284, 296 \200\2237 dystonia 207 \200\2238 paraneoplastic movement disorders 315 \200\22316, etiology and genetics 258 \200\22362 classifi cation and defi nition 6, 35, 257 \200\2238 c linical features 264 diagnosis 264 \200\2235 electrophysiology 34, 35 \200\2239 epidemiolog y 258 fragmentary 335 future developments 266 Huntington \200\231s disease 216 key advances 265 \200\2236 key points 266 management 265 parkinsonism 64 pathophysiology 262 \200\2234 psychogenic 341 renal disease 320 tardive 308, 310 317 parkinsonian disorders 43 parkinsonism 67, 68, 70 paroxysmal movement disorders 272, 273, 275 mitochondrial recessive ataxia syndrome progressive supranuclear palsy 145, 146, 147 propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset 333 sar coidosis 319 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 234 thyroid disease 319 tics 249, 251 Wilson disease 243 (MIRAS) 122, 297 modafi nil 101, 218 Mohr \200\223Tranebjaerg syndrome 208 molindone 305 molol 169 monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) dystonia 182, 209 Parkinson \200\231s disease magnetoencephalography (MEG) 163, 262, 266 major depressive disorder 104 malingering 343, 3 44 management considerations 8 \200\2239 MAPT gene 107, 123, 140, 147, 155 \200\2236, 157, 159 Marinesco, G. 2 Marinesco \200\223Sj gren syndrome (MSS) 293 Marsden, C.D. 258 massage 146 massively parallel sequencing 56 \200\2237 Mattis Dementia Rating Scale 108 MCT8 gene 273 medroxyprogesterone 308 Meige \200\231s syndrome 180, 194, 195 memantine 108, 154, 159, 219 memory impairment early management 78, 79, 80 motor complications 84, 85, 87, 88, 89 non-motor symptoms 100 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MCA/ myoclonus \200\223dystonia (MD, essential MoCA) 7, 108 myoclonus) 180, 201 \200\2232, 257, 258 \200\2239 mood disorders electrophysiology 37, 39 key advances 265 management 265 pathophysiology 263 Parkinson \200\231s disease 75 tics 251 see also anxiety; depression mood swings 217, 218 morphine 308 mosapride 102, 133 motor circuit (basal ganglia) 21, 22 m otor cortices 11 \200\22315 myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fi bres (MERFF) 260, 265 myokymia 274, 276 nabilone 218 nadolol 169 Naito \200\223Oyanagi disease 226 nanopore approaches, single-mole cule cortical and thalamic input 13 \200\22314 corticospinal outputs and their origin 14 major r egulators 15 corticobasal syndrome 145 frontotemporal dementia 158 Huntington \200\231s disease 217 Park inson \200\231s disease dementia 107 sequencing 57 motor neuron disease (MND) 123, 158, 159 motor neurons 11, 12 motor tics 249, 250 mountain sickness, acute 289 moving umbilicus syndrome 333 moxisylyte 133 moyamoya disease 235, 236, 238, 272 MR1 gene 182, 270, 271 MRE11 gene 292 MSA-QoL 134 MTP gene 294 multidisciplinary team 9 multifocal dystonia 177 multiple sclerosis (MS) 170, 289, 290 multiple system atroph y (MSA) 129 \200\22334 nausea in Parkinson \200\231s disease 102 negative myoclonus 34, 35, 257, 262 \200\2233, 26 4, Menkes disease 243 meperidine 308 mercury 290 mesenchymal stem cell therapy 132 metabolic d isorders 203 \200\2235, 260, 319 \200\22321 metabolic encephalopathy 236 \200\2237 metachro matic leucodystrophy (MLD) 205, 320 nerve conduction studies (NCS) 251, 286 neuroacanthocytosis (NA) 7, 49, 124, 203, 272 neuro anatomy 11, 20 basal ganglia system 15 \200\22317 brainstem and spinal pattern generators for 294 rhythmic movements 17 \200\22320 meta-iodobenzyl guanidine single photon cerebellar system 17, 18 motor cortices 11 \200\22315 motor neuron 11, 12 emission computed tomography (MIBG SPECT) 69, 76, 103 metallothionein 243 \200\2234 methadone 308, 332 methazolamide 167 methotrexate 236 3-methy lglutaconic acidaemia 207 methylmalonic aciduria 207, 208 methylphenidate 93 methylpredniso lone 235, 317 methysergide 304 metixene 169 metoclopramide 102, 209, 305, 308 metoprolol 16 9 mexiletine 308 Meynert, Th eodore 2 mianserin 305 microglial activation 49 micrographia 6 3, 143 neurocysticercosis (NCC) 323 neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) 123, 226 \200\2238 etiology 129 aetiopathogenesis 61 \200\2232 cerebellar ataxia 281, 283, 284, 286, 291 clini cal features 64, 65, 74, 75, 101, 130 \200\2231 clinical tips 134 diagnosis 131, 132 diff e rential diagnosis 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 130, type 1 (NBIA-1) 204 neuroferritinopathy 123, 204, 226 neurofi brillary tangles 140, 141, 152 neuroimaging see b rain imaging; functional imaging; structural imaging neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) 310 \200\22311 260 dystonia 208 epidemiology 61, 129 examination of patient 7 functional imaging 48, 68, 6 9 future developments 134 genetics 129 neuroleptics chronic exposure 49 dementia with Lewy bodies 154, 155 drug-induced movement disorders 304, 305, 306 \200\2237, 308 \200\2239, 310 \200\22311 dystonia, drug-induced 209 Index 356 olfaction 102 REM sleep behavior disorder 100 structural imaging 43 parkinsonian tremor 169 \200\22370 opisthotonus, drug-induced 304 oppositional-defi ant disorder (ODD) 251 opsoclonus \200\223 myoclonus (OM) syndrome, paraneoplastic 315, 316 \200\22317 neuroleptics (Continued) HIV 321 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 look-alikes 228 diff erential diagnosis 166, 170 treatment 169 \200\22370 parkinsonism 61, 70 \200\2231 oral contraceptives 236 organic aciduria 207 \200\2238 organic tremor (OrgT) 35 organo-lead compounds 290 orofacial dyskinesias 307 oromandibular dystonia (OMD) 179 \200\22380, 195, neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) 310 \200\22311 oromandibular dystonia 180 Parkinson \200\231s disease 88, 90, 94, 106 restless legs syndro me and periodic limb acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 321 aetiopathogenesis 61 \200\2232 alcohol withdrawal 321 basal ganglia 23 brain imaging 66 movements 332 197 stereotypies 249 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 235, 322 tardive dystonia 182 tics 251, 252 vasc ular chorea 236 orthostatic dysfunction 130 orthostatic hypotension (OH) functional 67 \200\2239 structural 43 \200\2234, 67, 69 dementia with Lewy bodies 152, 154 multiple system atrophy 130, 131, 132, 133 parkinsonism 66 Parkinson \200\231s disease 76, 92, 99, 103 cardiovascular refl ex testing 66 classifi cation 61 clinical presentation 63 \200\2235 dem entia syndromes, primary 151 \200\22360 dementia with Lewy bodies 151 \200\2235 diff erenti al diagnosis 65 \200\2239, 70 \200\2231 drug challenge testing 65 drug-induced see drug-ind uced neurological examination 7 neuromodulators 23 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) 120, 205 , orthostatic myoclonus 262, 265 orthostatic tremor (OT) 33 \200\2234, 170 \200\2231 osteopor osis prevention 92 overfl ow (dystonia) 177, 192 oxcarbazepine 269, 270, 273 Oxford Nanopor e 57 2-oxoglutaric aciduria 207 oxprenolol 169 oxybutynin 103, 133, 218 oxycodone 308 260 neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease 203 neuropathic tremor 34 \200\2235 neuropil thread s 140 Neuropsychiatric Inventory 108 neurosarcoidosis 290, 319 new variant Creutzfeldt \200 \223Jakob disease 236 Niemann \200\223Pick disease type C (NPC) 124, parkinsonism dystonia 208 epidemiology 61 essence 5 examination of patient 7 frontotemporal dementia 155 \200\22360 future developments 70 genetic testing 65 \200\2236 history taking 6 Huntington \200\231s disease 216 key advances 70 management principles 69 \200\22370 myoclonus 260 ol factory testing 66 paraneoplastic 317 Parkinson \200\231s disease look-alikes 117 \200\2232 4 205 \200\2236, 286, 294 nifedipine 305, 308, 310 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders related to streptococcus (PANDAS) 237, 249 \200\22350, 322 \200\2233 encephalitis 260, 317 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors 47, pain 88, 90, 154 nocturia 77, 99, 100, 103 nocturnal paroxysmal dyskinesia (nocturnal cervical dystonia 195 dystonia 177 Parkinson \200\231s disease 77 frontal lobe epilepsy, NFLE) 272 \200\2233 paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocol 35, 39, 40 non-jerky hyperkinetic disorders 5 non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) palatal tremor syndromes 171 palilalia 249 paliroden 47 pallidotomy 92, 236 pallidum sleep 327, 328, 329, 330, 333, 334, 335 brain iron accumulation conditions 123 dystonia syndromes 120 \200\2231 Fahr \200\231s dise ase 124 familial dementias 123 FBXO7-associated neurodegeneration 124 fragile X-associated tremor \200\223ataxia noradrenaline 48, 93 NPC1 gene 124, 206, 294 NPC2 gene 206, 294 nutrition see diet and nutr ition deep brain stimulation chorea in cerebral palsy 237 dystonia, heredodegenerative 204 dystonic tremor 170 Huntingto n \200\231s disease 218 observation of patient 7 obsessive and compulsive behaviors 156, 217, syndrome 122 Gaucher disease 122 GBA gene mutation disorders 122 Huntington \200\231s disea se 124 mitochondrial gene mutations 121 \200\2232 neuroacanthocytosis 124 Park-associated d isorders 117 \200\22320 prion disease 123 spinocerebellar ataxias 121 Wilson disease 123 pa thophysiology 62 \200\2233 psychogenic 341 Sj gren \200\231s syndrome 319 systemic lupus e rythematosus 319 urodynamic assessment 66 Wilson disease 242 see also specifi c syndromes 251 obsessive \200\223compulsive disorder (OCD) function 25, 26 Parkinson \200\231s disease 92 procedural learning 25 basal ganglia 25, 26 myoclonus \200\223dystonia 180 procedural learning 25 stereotypies 248 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 233 tics 251 panic attacks 104, 180 panic disorder 251 PANK2 gene 123, 204, 226 pantothenate kinase-asso ciated obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) 99 occupational therapy neurodegeneration (PKAN) 123, 204, 226 cerebellar ataxias 288 corticobasal degeneration 146 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 multi ple system atrophy 133 progressive supranuclear palsy 146 psychogenic movement disorders 34 5 papaverine 133 parafascicular nucleus (Pf) 23, 26 paramyoclonus multiplex 257 paraneoplasti c ataxia 315 \200\22316 paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration parkinsonism \200\223hyperpyrexia syndrome 311 Parkinson \200\231s disease (PD) 73, 83, 94 (PCD) 289, 290 octreotide 103, 133 oculogyric crisis, drug-induced 304 oculomotor circuit (basal ganglia) 21, 22 oculomotor disorders 64 olanzapine 105, 209, 218, 220, 305, 307 olfactory testing 66 , 74 oligodendrocytes 129 \200\22330 ondansetron 102 opiates 249, 251, 310, 320, 332 paraneoplastic syndromes 235, 238, 315 \200\22318 parasitic infections 323 parathyroid dise ase 319 PARK-associated disorders 117 \200\22320 parkin (PARK2) gene 118, 121 adherence to therapy 8 aetiopathogenesis 61 ancillary investigations 8 bimanual movements 2 5, 26 biochemical markers 76 cardiac sympathetic function 48 clinical features 63, 64, 65 dysautonomia 102 electrophysiology 39 functional imaging 47 index 357 phobias 104, 251 phonic tics 249, 250 phosphoprotein-25-alpha (p25 ) 129 PHYH gene 294 phy siological myoclonus 258, 259 physiological tremor 34 physiotherapy functional imaging 48 infusional levodopa contraindicated 91 management 108, 154 neuropatho logy 107 spectrum of disease 155 advanced disease 94 autonomic dysfunction 75 \200\2236 neuropsychiatric illness and cogniti ve impairment 75 olfaction 74 postural deformity 94 prodromal/premotor features 74 \200\2236 sleep disorders and restless legs Parkinson \200\231s disease-related profi le (PDRP) 48 Parkinson \200\231s Fatigue Scale (P FS) 105 paroxetine 133, 159, 218, 344 paroxysmal chorea 236 paroxysmal choreoathetosis/spas ticity cerebellar ataxias 288 dementia with Lewy bodies 154 Huntington \200\231s disease 218, 219 multiple system atrophy 133 Parkinson \200\231s disease 92 progressive supranuclear palsy 1 46 psychogenic movement disorders 172, 345 syndrome 74 \200\2235 clinical tips 95 diagnosis 76 \200\2237 diff erential diagnosis 65 \200\2236, 67, 68, 69, 7 0 \200\2231, (CSE) 182, 273 paroxysmal dystonia 182, 185, 194 paroxysmal dystonic posturing 273 paroxysmal exercise-ind uced dyskinesia (PED) 182, 185, 271 \200\2232 260, 305 \200\2236, 341 multiple system atrophy 131 physostigmine 170, 286 Pick \200\231s disease 144, 155 pimozide 235, 252 PINK1 (PARK6) gene 102, 118 piracetam 265 PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration dystonia 208 electrophysiology 34, 35 epidemiology 61 essential tremor 163 examination of p atient 7 functional imaging 45 \200\2239, 67, 68, 69, 76 future developments 70 genetics 53 , 54, 58, 61, 74, 76 diff erential diagnosis 65 \200\2236 key advances 70 historical perspe ctive 1 Huntington \200\231s disease look-alikes 228 levodopa-induced chorea 231, 236 levod opa-induced dyskinesias 47 look-alike syndromes see parkinsonism: Parkinson \200\231s disea se look-alikes paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia 272 \200\2233 paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) 182, 185, 269 \200\22370 paroxysmal movement disorders 269 \200\223722 clinical tips 277 episodic ataxias 273 \200\2237 paroxysmal dyskinesias 269 \200\22373 psyc hogenic 342 (PLAN) 227 PLA2G6 (PARK14) gene 118, 120, 204 planimetry 68 plasmapheresis paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) 182, 185, 270 \200\2231 paroxysmal torticollis of infancy 273, 275 Pauling, Linus 3 pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) paraneoplastic movement disorders 316, 317 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 235 PLP gene 296 POLG gene 122 POLG1 gene 297 polycarbophil 133 polycythaemia vera 235 polyphar macy 105 pontine nuclei 17 pontocerebellar projection 17 positive myoclonus 35, 257, 262, 2 64 positron emission tomography (PET) 50 anatomy 23, 26 deep brain stimulation Parkinson \200\231s disease 92, 93 progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degenera tion 146 Pelizaeus \200\223Merzbacher disease 205, 206, 296 penicillamine 185, 243 \200\223 4, 245 penicillamine challenge (Wilson disease) 243 penicillin 235, 240, 323 PEO1 gene 122 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) management advanced disease 90 \200\2234 COMT inhibitors 78 \200\2239 dopamine agonists 78 early 77 \200\22380 levodopa 77 \200\2238 MAO-B inhibitors 78 neuroprotection 79 options for fl uctu ations refractory to oral dementia with Lewy bodies 153 dopa-responsive dystonia 50, 201 drug-induced movement disord ers 304, 306 dystonia 49 \200\22350, 196, 202 essential tremor 166 frontotemporal dementia 159 HIV 321 Huntington \200\231s disease 49, 215 multiple system atrophy 48 paraneoplastic movement disorders 317, 318 parkinsonian tremor 166 parkinsonism 68 Parkinson \200\231s dis ease 45, 46 \200\2237 paroxysmal movement disorders 273 progressive supranuclear palsy 48, 49 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 234, 322 tics 249 feeding 219 pergolide 78, 84, 89, 133 periodic ataxia (PATX) 276 periodic limb movements (P LMs) and disorder therapies 90 \200\2234 principles 70 surgical options 91 \200\2232 modifying progression of 47 motor complications (PLMD) 327 \200\22332, 333 periodic sleep discharges (PSDs) 37 peripheral myoclonus 257, 25 8 etiology and genetics 262 management 265 drug-resistant 92 \200\2234 drug-responsive 83 \200\22390 pathophysiology 83 myoclonus 260, 262 non-motor symptoms 47 \200\2238, 99 \200\223108 peripheral neuropathy, tremor syndromes in 171 Perry syndrome 123 perseverations 217 personality disorders 243 personalized medicin e 58 pervasive developmental delay (PDD) 248 PEX7 gene 294 PGRN gene 123, 156 \200\2237, 15 9 phencyclidine 304 phenelzine 305 phenobarbital 271 phenothiazines 209 phenylketonuria 248 phenytoin cognitive changes and dementia 106 \200\2238 dysautonomia 102 \200\2233 neuropsychiatric sy mptoms 103 \200\2236 sleep disturbances 99 \200\223101 smell loss 101 \200\2232 orthostatic tremor 171 pathology 73 \200\2234 postsynaptic dopaminergic receptor posterior fossa tumors 289 post-hypoxic myoclonus (PHM) 257, 261, 265 postprandial hypotens ion 103, 132, 133 post-pump chorea 235, 236 postural deformities 64, 77, 94 postural hypote nsion see orthostatic binding 46 preclinical, detection of 47 presynaptic dopaminergic system 45 \200\2236 procedural learni ng 25 reward learning 25 spectrum of disease 155 striatal dopamine measurement 46 \200\2237 structural imaging 43 \200\2234, 45 hypotension postural instability dementia with Lewy bodies 154 multiple system atrophy 130 parkinsonism 64 Parkinson \200 \231s disease 92 progressive supranuclear palsy 142, 143, 146 cerebellar ataxias 290 chorea 236 drug-induced movement disorders 209, 307, diff erential diagnosis 67, 68, 69, 70 Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia (PDD) 107 308 postural tremor 34, 35, 169 postviral cerebellitis 289 PPP2R2B gene 296 Prader \200\223Will i syndrome 248 dystonia 182, 185, 209 paroxysmal movement disorders 185, 269, clinical presentation 64, 107 diagnosis and assessment 107 \200\2238 diff erential diagnosi s 75, 152, 153 270, 271, 273, 274 Index 358 rapid-onset dystonia \200\223parkinsonism drug-induced movement disorders 305, 306, pramipexole 78, 79, 84 \200\2235, 89, 104, 169 praziquantel 323 prazosin 103, 133 prednison e 235, 322 prefrontal cortex 24 pregabalin 332 pregnancy 315 premotor cortex 73 Presenilin 1 gene 123 pre-supplementary motor area (pre- (RDP) 120 \200\2231, 202 310 rasagiline 78, 79, 84, 85, 89 recombinant human growth hormones dystonic tremor 170 enhanced physiological tremor 169 essential tremor 166, 167 Holmes trem or 171 parkinsonian tremor 169 Parkinson \200\231s disease 93 psychogenic tremor 172 sleep bruxism 335 task-specifi c tremor 170 thalamic tremor 171 tremor in peripheral neuropathy 1 71 (r-HGH) 132 red nucleus 17 refl exes 7 refl ex myoclonus 35, 36 \200\2237, 257 refl ex sympathetic dyst rophy 168 Refsum \200\231s disease (RD) 286, 294 renal disease/failure 237, 320 repeat dete ction 54 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation SMA) 11 \200\22312, 13 response inhibition 24 pridopidine 219 primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (rTMS) 39 propriospinal myoclonus (PSM) 37, 38, 258, reserpine 303, 304, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311 respiratory dyskinesias 306, 307 response inhib ition 24 \200\2235 response interruption and redirection 249 restless legs syndrome (RLS) 3 27 \200\22332 262, 264, 266 at sleep onset 332 \200\2233 (PAPS) 234, 235, 237 primary biliary cirrhosis 243 primary dystonia 177, 178 \200\22380, 19 1 \200\2238 prostaglandin E1 133 protein, dietary 86 PRRT2 gene 182 pseudo-akathisia 304, 309 pseudo-hy poparathyroidism 319 psychodynamic psychotherapy 344 psychogenic dystonia 39 \200\22340, 17 7, 340 \200\2231 psychogenic gait disorder 341 psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs) 339 \200\22345 adult-onset (APD) 179 \200\22380, 183, 185 etiology 192 \200\2235 defi nition and classifi cation 191, 192 diff erential diagnosis 184 epidemiology 192 pathophysiology 183 \200\2234, 195 \200\2236 phenomenology 191 \200\2232 treatment 184 \200\2235, 196 \200\2238 young-ons et 179, 184 \200\2235 diff erential diagnosis 304 Parkinson \200\231s disease 75, 106 renal disease 320 rest tremor 169 reticular (brainstem) myoclonus 37, 263 \200\2234 reticulospinal tract 17 r etrocollis 179, 195, 197, 303 Rett syndrome 124, 203, 248 reward learning 25 rhythmical mov ement disorder (RMD) of diagnosis and phenomenology 339 \200\22342 diagnostic criteria 342 \200\2233 epidemiology 3 39 pathophysiology 343 \200\2234 prognosis 345 treatment 344 \200\2235 primary motor cortex 11, 12 \200\22313, 14 primary progressive aphasia 159 primary progress ive multiple sclerosis sleep 333 \200\2234 (PPMS) 290 primary writing tremor 35 primidone 166 \200\2237, 169, 170, 171, 286 Primrose s yndrome 248 prion diseases 123 PRKN gene 53 PRKRA gene 120, 181, 202 PRNP gene 123, 224, 23 0, 296 procainamide 308 procedural learning 25 prochlorperazine 209 procyclidine 169, 185 p rogressive myoclonic encephalopathy rhythmic movements, brainstem and spinal pattern generators for 17 \200\22320 ribavirin 290 Richardson syndrome 139, 140, 141 rigidity psychogenic myoclonus 38 \200\2239, 262, 341 psychogenic parkinsonism (PP) 341 psychogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia 273 psychogenic tremor (PsyT/PT) 35, 166, 171 \200\2232, electrophysiology 40 frontotemporal dementia 158 parkinsonism 64 Parkinson \200\231s diseas e 76 \200\2237 progressive supranuclear palsy 142 340, 344 psychosis frontotemporal dementia 159 Huntington \200\231s disease 217 Parkinson \200\231s disease 10 5 Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia 107 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 233 Wilson disease 243 punding 78, 105, 106 Purkinje cells 17 putamen riluzole 47, 132, 159 risperidone diabetes mellitus 320 drug-induced movement disorders 260 \200\2231 progressive myoclonic epilepsies (PMEs) 260, 305, 307 292 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 Parkinson \200\231s disease 105 stereotypies 249 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 235 tics 252 progressive myoclonus ataxia 260 progressive non-fl uent aphasia 144, 158 progressive supra nuclear palsy (PSP) 139 \200\22347 anatomy 15, 21 procedural learning 25 tics 249 etiology 139 \200\22340 aetiopathogenesis 61 \200\2232 clinical features 64, 74, 101, 142 \200\2235, 156 diagnosis 145 diff erential diagnosis 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 dystonia 208 ep idemiology 61, 139 examination of patient 7 functional imaging 48 \200\2239, 68, 140 future developments 147 genetics 139 \200\22340, 147 key advances 146 \200\2237 key points 147 ma nagement 145 \200\2236 pathophysiology 140 \200\2232 structural imaging 43, 67, 68, 69 risus sardonicus 242 rituximab 316 rivastigmine 108 RNA-seq 57 Roche 56 ropinirole 78, 79, 84 \200\2235, 89, 100 rostral cingulate motor area 12 rotigotine 78, 84 \200\2235, 89, 100, 328, 332 Rubinstein \200\223Taybi syndrome 248 rubral tremor 171 Rumpel, A. 241 pyridostigmine 103, 132 quality of life (QoL) dystonia 177 essential tremor 164 \200\2235 multiple system atrophy 1 32 tics 252, 253 quetiapine 105, 154, 209, 252, 304, 306, 307 rage attacks 251 Ramsay-Hunt syndrome 260 ranitidine 182, 209 rapamycin 219 rapid eye movem ent (REM) sleep 327, 328, saccadic eye movements 7, 142, 217 SACS gene 294 salmeterol 308 Sandhoff disease 205 Sandif er syndrome 184 Sanger sequencing 53 \200\2234, 58 sarcoidosis 319 scaling of movement 24 333, 334, 335 promethazine 209, 304, 305 propionic acidaemia 208 propofol 261, 308 propranolol behavior disorder (RBD) dementia with Lewy bodies 152, 154, 155 functional imaging 47 Parkinson \200\231s disease 73, 74 \200\2235, 99, 100 cerebellar ataxias 286 cerebellar tremor 170 index 359 SCA1 225, 282, 2994, 295 SCA2 225, 282, 294, 295 SCA3 (Machado \200\223Joseph disease) 225, 282, sleep disturbances scans without evidence of dopaminergic defi cit Huntington \200\231s disease 217, 218 Parkinson \200\231s disease 74 \200\2235, 77, 99 \200 \223101 tics 251 see also sleep-related movement disorders (SWEDDs) 35, 66, 68, 69, 70 schizophrenia 228 school phobia 251 secondary (acquired) dystonia 177, 178, 182, 294, 296 SCA6 275, 282, 294, 296 SCA7 282, 294, 296 SCA12 296 SCA17 225, 229, 230, 294, 296 SCA31 29 6 topography and pathophysiology 284 tremor 170 sleep jerks 258 sleep-related movement disorders 327 \200\22335 208 \200\2239 diff erential diagnosis 184 treatment 185 bruxism 334 \200\2235 fragmentary myoclonus 335 hypnagogic foot tremor 335 key points 335 p ropriospinal myoclonus at sleep Segawa \200\231s syndrome 120 \200\2231 segmental dystonia 177 segmental myoclonus 37 \200 \2238, 258, 262, 264 seizures 243 selection of action 24 selective serotonin-reuptake inhib itors (SSRIs) spinocerebellum 17 sporadic CJD (sCJD) 290 Stalevo 78 static myoclonic encephalopathy 261 Steele \200\223Richardson \200\223Olszewski syndrome onset 332 \200\2233 restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements 327 \200\22332 chorea 236 drug-induced movement disorders 209, 303, rhythmical movement disorder of sleep 333 \200\2234 (Richardson syndrome) 139, 140, 141 304, 305 dystonia 182, 209 frontotemporal dementia 159 Parkinson \200\231s disease 78, 104, 106 progressive supranuclear palsy 146 restless legs syndrome and periodic limb sleep starts 332 stereotactic surgery 169 stereotypies 247 \200\2239 sleep starts 332 sleepwalking 329, 330 smell loss see hyposmia Smith \200\223Magenis syndro me 248 smoking 7, 129 SNCA gene 56, 58, 102, 120, 129, 134 Sniffi n Sticks 66 social histor y 7 sodium oxybate 101, 218, 265 sodium valproate 218, 309 SOLiD sequencer 56 solifenacin 1 03 solvent toxicity 290 somatization disorder 343, 345 somatoform disorders 343 somatosenso ry evoked potentials (SSEPs) clinical features and course 248 defi nition 6, 247, 248 diff erential diagnosis 247 epidem iology 247 \200\2238 evaluation 248 \200\2239 neurobiology 247 in neurodevelopmental and movements 332 sleep bruxism 334 stereotypies 247, 249 tics 251 neurodegenerative disorders 248 selegiline 78, 79, 84, 87, 89, 99 self-abusive tics 251 sensory ataxic neuropathy, dysarthr ia, and tardive 307, 309 \200\22310 treatment 249 steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT) 318 ophthalmoparesis (SANDO) 122 separation anxiety 251 serotonergic antagonists 305 serotonin stiff person syndrome (SPS) 40, 184 paraneoplastic 315, 316 dementia with Lewy bodies 152 Parkinson \200\231s disease 48, 93 stereotypies 247 synthesis 181 sertraline 218, 304 SETX gene 292 sexual dysfunction cerebellar ataxias 286 myoclonus 36, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266 streptococcal infections 237, 249 \200\22350, 322 \200\2233 streptococcus-related chorea 23 7 streptomycin 323 stretching exercises 146 striatal limb deformity 94 striatum