hypercalcemia of, 552 pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas, 219 Danazol, for gynecomastia, abdominal CT for, 120, SIADH due to ectopic 121 vasopressin production, 550 \200\2232 adrenal. See Adrenal 305 Cushing \200\231s syndrome adrenalectomy for, 122 causes of, 118 endogenous, 117 chest CT/M RI, 121 clinical features of, 117 corticotropin-releasing hormone test, 121 gonadotropins and Decongestants, for gonadal steroids, 559 pheochromocytoma, 214 growth hormone, 559 and hormone Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 541, 584 for Addison \200\231s disease, replacement, 559 liver disease, 554 \200\2235 adrenal hormones, 555 sex hormones, 554 \200\2235 thyroid, 555 metabolism, 559 203 for glucocorticoid de \201 ciencies, 207 CRH test for, 91 de \201 ned, 116 119-Draznin-Index.indd 705 4/2/2011 8:17:20 PM INDEX 706 type 1, 587 type 2, 587 suppression test, for Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 361, 541 Cushing \200\231s syndrome, 92, 118, 121 Dexamethasone- Diabetic amyotrophy. See Proximal motor neuropathy Delayed puberty, 453. See corticotropin-releasing hormone (DEX-CRH) suppression test, for Cushing \200\231s syndrome, 92 also Puberty causes of, 453 clinical investigations for, Diabetic cheiroarthropathy, 650 Diabetic eye disease, 604 clinical and histological features of, 605 \200\2236 epidemiology of, 604 eye screening, 607 \200\2238 surgery for, 610 \200\22311 ca taract extraction, 611 laser treatment, 610 vitrectomy, 611 treatment for, 609 \200\22310 453 \200\2234 de \201ned, 453 management of, 453 Diabetes duration, as diabetic foot risk factor, 637 Dementia, associated with Diabetes insipidus (DI), menopause, 266 Denosumab (Prolia), 151 classi \201 cation of, 151 clinical features of, 152 de \201 ned, 151 diagnosis of, 153 e tiologies of, 152 treatment for, 154 adequate \202 uid input, 413 \200\22315 Dent \200\231s disease, 510 Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) excess, 183. See also Mineralocorticoid excess Diabetic foot, 636 clinical features of, 636 risk factors of, 637 treatment for, 638 \200\22340 Wagner \200 \231s classi \201 cation Deoxypyridinoline cross- maintenance of, 154 links, 369 drug therapy, 154 water deprivation test Depot octreotide, for Graves \200\231 ophthalmopathy, 41 de Quervain thyroiditis, 49, 51. S ee also Thyroiditis of, 636 Diabetic ketoacidosis, for, 153 caveats for, 155 651 \200\2234 additional therapies Diabetes mellitus, 586 background, 586 classi \201 cation of, 587, of, 653 interleukin 2-induced thyroiditis, 5 interferon-A-induced thyroiditis, 52 lithium-induced t hyroiditis, 52 scintiscanning for, 12 Desamino-D-arginine clinical features of, 651 diagnosis of, 651 \200\2232 epidemiology of, 652 initial treatmen t for, 654 management of, 652 monitoring of, 653 pathogenesis of, 652 precipitants of, 653 subsequent treatment 588 \200\2239 as coronary heart disease risk factor, 662 diagnosis of, 586 general management and treatment for, 593 background, 593 dietary advice, 595 insulin, 599, 600 newly diagnosed patients, assessment of, 594 \200\2235 oral hypoglycemic agents, vasopressin, 562. See also Vasopressin for, 654 Desmopressin Diabetic maculopathy, 606 Diabetic nephropathy, (1-deamino-8-D- arginine-vasopressin), for neurogenic diabetes insipidus, 54 Desogestrel, 2 75 612, 619 autonomic neuropathy, 595 \200\2239 624 \200\2236 suggested aims of, 600 genetic syndromes associated with, 587, 590 classi \201 cation of, 619 de \201 ned, 619 pathogenesis of, 620 pathology of, 619 periph eral sensorimotor neuropathy, 621 Diabetic patients, newly diagnosed, 594 \200\2235 examina tion of, 594 history of, 594 treatment for, 594 \200\2235 Diabetic renal disease, 612 for amenorrhea, 236 Dexamethasone for Addison \200\231s disease, 203 for anterior pituitary and hypertension, 632 epidemiology of, 632 management of, 632 \200\2233 pathogenesis of, 63 2 treatment for, 633 \200\2235 and lipid abnormalities in, hormone de \201 ciencies, 98, 99 for apparent mineralocorticoid excess, 183 629 \200\22331 for congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 245 investigations of, 631 lipid reduction studies, for diabetic ketoacidosis, background, 612 de \201 ned, 612 diagnosis of, 613 epidemiology of, 613 natural history of , 615 pathogenesis of, 614 \200\22315 pathology of, 614 treatment for, 616 \200\22318 630 653 management of, 629 \200\22333 treatment aims for, 631 during pregnancy, 641 background, 641 monitoring during pregnancy, 643 for glucocorticoid de \201 ciencies, 206 for primary aldosteronism, 176 for primary hyperaldosteronism, 180 risks, 641 119-Draznin-Index.indd 706 4/2/2011 8:17:20 PM INDEX 707 SIADH due to ectopic for diabetic ketoacidosis, blood pressure control, vasopressin production, 550 \200\2232 653 616 on fetus, effect of, 354 for gonadotropinomas, dietary protein Ectopic thyroid tissue, 18 E \202 ornithine, for polycystic ovary syndrome, 235 Ellsworth \200\223Howard test, restriction, 617 126 glycemic control, 616 \200\22317 lipid lowering, 617 Diabetic retinopathy, classi \201 cat ion and features of, 605 for hyperprolactinemia, 106, 107 modi \201 ed, 393 Empty sella syndrome in \202 uence on thyroid function tests, 8 for prolactinomas, 103, (ESS), 95 Diazoxide, for Enalapril, for diabetic renal 144 pheochromocytoma, 214 disease, 616 Endocrine disorders, formulations/doses, 144 mechanism of action, Diet and dietary advice for dyslipidemia, differential diagnosis of, 571 \202 ushing, 572 general malaise, tiredness, 572 palpitati ons, 571 \200\2232 sweating, 571 144 management of, 677 \200\2238 and obesity management, side effects of, 144 Down syndrome, antibody 530 \200\2231 for secondary screening for, 10 Doxazosin, for primary hyperlipidemias, 675 Dietary phytoestrogens, effect on menopausal women, 273 hyperaldosteronism, 174 Doxycycline, for acne, 237 Drug-induced thyroiditis. See also Thyro iditis Endocrine disorders and osteoporosis, 407 \200\2238 Endocrine tests, for thyroid Differentiated thyroid causes of, 49, 52 characteristics of, 49 cancer (DTC), TNM staging for, 69 Diffuse glomerular sclerosis, 614 Digoxin, for thyroid disease, 15 Endocrine tumors, Dual energy associated with carney complex syndrome, 496 absorptiometry (DXA), for bone density measurement, 371 Endocrinology and aging, crisis, 28 534 Dual-energy X-ray Dihydrotestosterone, 455 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), 598 \200\2239 Dipsogenic diabetes adrenal function, 541 aldosterone, 535 \200\2236 cortisol, 541 dehydroepiandrosterone absorptiometry (DXA), 410 Duloxetine, for peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, 623 insipidus, 151. See also Diabetes insipidus clinical features of, 152 diagnosis of, 153 eti ologies of, 152 sulfate, 541 bone disease, 537 osteoporosis, 537 Paget \200\231s disease, see Paget \200 \231s disease Dyslipidemia associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, 230 management of, 685 aim of treatment, 684 background, 677 dietary advice, 677 \200\2238 drug therapy for, 678 \200\22383 physical activity, 678 primary and secondary prevention of, 67 7 \200\2238 Disorders of sex primary development (DSD), 457 \200\2238 hyperparathyroidism, 537 ambiguous genitalia, vitamin D de \201ciency and osteomalacia, 537 \202 uid and electrolyte management of, 458 46XX DSD, 457 46XY DSD, 457 \200\2238 homeostasis, 535 \200\2236 Diuretics hypernatremia and dehydration, 535 hyponatremia, 535 \200\2236 vasopressin and ADH, 535 gon adal function, 538 men, 539 \200\22340 women, 539 growth hormone and weight control, 678 potassium-sparing, for Bartter \200\231s syndrome, 191 for primary Ectopic ACTH production, 552 \200\2233 Ectopic ACTH syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, 174, 180 183. See also Mineralocorticoid excess Dobutamine, for diabetic ketoacidosis, 653 IGF-1, 538 Ectopic hormone Domperidone thyroid disease, 542 abnormal thyroid production, syndromes of, 550 \200\2233 for gastroparesis, 626 hyperprolactinemia, 105 for pheochromocytoma, function tests, 542 glucose homeostasis, 543 goiter, 542 hyperthyroidism, 542 \200\2233 hyp othyroidism, 542 thyroid cancer, 543 Cushing \200\231s syndrome due to ectopic ACTH production, 552 \200\2233 214 Dong quai (Angelica sinensis), 581 de \201ned, 550 humeral hypercalcemia of Dopamine agonists (DA) for acromegaly, 115 malignancy, 552 119-Draznin-Index.indd 707 4/2/2011 8:17:20 PM INDEX 708 Familial defective Endocrinopathies, in McCune-Albright syndrome, for anterior pituitary apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB), 671 hormone de \201 ciencies, 99 Familial Endometrial cancer. See also Cancer de \201 ciency, associated with premature ovarian insuf \201 ciency, 260 for hyperprolact inemia, dysbetalipoproteinemia, 672 Familial associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, 231 hypercholesterolemia (FH), 669 105 effect of hormone in \202 uence on thyroid function tests, 8 metabolism in males, 283 replacement therapy in, 270 Familial hypertriglyceridemia, 671 Endometrial hyperplasia, associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, 231 Endometriosis, 324 minimal/mild, 324 moderate/severe, 324 effect of hormone Familial hypocalciuric Ethinylestradiol (EE2), 75 Etidronate, for Paget \200\231s hypercalcemia (FHH), 379, 387 Familial isolated disease, 426 Etomidate hyperparathyroidism (FIHP), 508 associated with primary adrenal insuf \201 ciency, 196 \200\2237 Familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) de \201 ciency, 673 replacement therapy in, 271 B-Endorphins, 575 Eplerenone, for primary for Cushing \200\231s syndrome, 123 Familial paraganglionoma, Euvolemic hyponatremia. See also Hyponatremia 211. See also Paragangliomas Fanconi syndrome, 400 Fat-free mass (FFM), 526 Fat mass, 526 F emale factors, in hyperaldosteronism, 180 clinical features of, 157 treatment for, 158 Eponymous syndromes, 199 Excessive alcohol consumption, in secondary hyperlipidemias, 676 Erectile dysfunction, 306 causes of, 309 de \201 ned, 306, 540 evaluation for, 308 \200\22310 history, 308 investiga tion, 309 \200\22310 physical examination, infertility, 319 \200\22323 history of, 319 drug history, 319 exclude tubal disease, 319 family history, 319 medical h istory, 319 Excessive thyroid stimulation, 18 Exenatide, 598 \200\2239 Exercise and obesity management, 531 Existing ulcers, with 308 menstrual history, 319 secondary infertility, 319 investigations for, 320 \200\2231 ovulato ry function, assessing, 320 postcoital test, 321 tubal patency, assessing, male sexual function, physiology of, 306 management of, 311 alprostadil, 311 androgens, 311 intracavernous injection, diabetic feet, 638 \200\2239 infection control, 639 reducing trauma and pressure relief, 639 revascularization, 639 Exogenous thyroid hormones, 18 External genitalia, 311 \200\22312 321 PDE-5 inhibitors, 312 penile prosthesis, 313 phosphodiesterase (PDE) physical examination for, 319 \200\22320 development of, 455 External irradiation, for Female partner, infertility inhibitors, 311 in, 324 \200\2235 thyroid carcinogenesis, 67 psychosexual counseling, anovulation, 324 hypergonadotropic, 324 hypogonadotropic, 324 normogonadotropic, 324 endome triosis, 324 minimal/mild, 324 moderate/severe, 324 tubal infertility, 324 uterine factors, 324 \200\2235 vaginal and cervical factors, 324 Female-to-male transsexuals 313 surgical, 313 vacuum device, 312 pathophysiology of, 307 Ergocalciferol, for vitamin D de \201 ciency, 399 Eruptive xanthomata, Eyelid surgery, 42 Eye screening, 607 \200\2238 eye examination, 607 reasons for, 608 retinal photographs, 607 \200\2238 visual acuity, 607 650, 671 Erythromycin, for Familial alphalipoprotein gastroparesis, 626 de \201 ciency. See Tangier disease Esmolol, for pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas, 218 Familial carotid body gender reassignment surgery, 342 tumor, 211 Familial combined Estradiol vaginal ring (Estring ), 269 hormonal manipulation, hyperlipidemia (FCHL), 672 Estrogen, 443 \200\2234 341 \200\2232 action in males, 283 119-Draznin-Index.indd 708 4/2/2011 8:17:20 PM INDEX 709 Fluocinolone acetonide, Gallstones Fenugreek (Trigonella Graves \200\231 dermopathy, 43 effect of hormone foenum-gracum), 578 Fertile eunuch syndrome, Fluoride, 582 Fluorinated steroids, for Graves \200\231 dermopathy, 43. See also Steroids replacement therapy in, 271 286 oral contraceptive pill Fertility, 540. See also for, 278 Infertility 5-Fluorouracil Gangliocytomas, 134 Gastric inhibitory Fetal hyperthyroidism, 348 Fetal hypothyroidism, 348 Fetal thyroid function, 346 Fetoplacen tal unit, 361 for adrenal carcinoma, 186 for carcinoid tumors, 470 for glucagonomas, 480 for somatostatin syndrome, 485 for VIPomas, 482 polypeptide (GIP), 598 \200\2239 Gastrin, 475 Gastrinomas, 475 fetal adrenal gland, 361 placenta, 361 biochemical investigations Fetus, management of, 33 \200\2234 FGFR4 mutations, associated with pituitary adenomas, 102 for, 476 Fluoxetine, for vasomotor clinical presentation symptoms, 268 of, 475 de \201ned, 475 prevalence of, 475 treatment for, 477 Flutamide, for congenital Fibrates, 679 \200\22381 adrenal hyperplasia, 244 indications for, 679 interactions, 681 mechanism of action, 680 side effects of, 680 Final height, 430, 433 Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) Fluvastatin, 679 Follicle-stimulating Gastrointestinal disorders and osteoporosis, 407 \200\2238 hormone (FSH), 31 \200\2232, 83, 84, 90, 281 for infertility, 236 Follicular thyroid Gastroparesis, 626 Gender and reconstructive surgery, assignment of, 337 carcinoma (FTC), 66, 75. See also Thyroid cancer follow-up of 6 \200\22312 months, 76 years 2 \200\22310, 76 years 11 \200\22320, 76 years 21+, 77 pathology of, 75 treatment for, 75 for thyroid disease, 14, 26 \200\2237 diagnostic features of, 14 for thyroid cancer, 77 undervirilized males, 337 virilized females, 337 Gender reassignment Fish eye disease, 673 Flucloxacillin, in diabetic feet infection control, 639 Fluconazole, associated with primary adrenal insuf \201 ciency, 196 \200\2237 surgery, 342 female to male transsexuals, 342 male-to-female transsexuals, 342 Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone (GRTH), 36, 37. See also Thyroi d hormone resistance 46XX disorders of sex development, 457, 0 46XY disorders of sex Fludrocortisone for acute adrenal insuf \201 ciency, 202 for Addison \200\231s disease, 203 for congenital adrenal hyperplas ia, 244 for hyporeninemic development, 457 \200\2238, 460 Fosinopril, for primary Genetic predisposition, for diabetic renal disease, 614 \200\22315 hyperaldosteronism, 174 FRAX , 411 \200\22312 Free androgen index hypoaldosteronism, 192 Genital tract abnormalities, 318 for management of (FAI), 232 Genitourinary symptoms, treatment for, 268 Germ cell tumor (GCT), adrenal insuf \201 ciency during pregnancy, 362 Functional hypoparathyroidism, 565 Furosemide for perioperative 134, 314 management of patients undergoing adrenalectomy, 189 intracranial, 161 Gestational diabetes, 641. See also Diabetes:during pregnancy in \202 uence on thyroid function tests, 8 suppression test, for primary aldosteronism, 177 for primary aldosteronism, 176 Fluid and electrolyte contraception and, Gabapentin homeostasis, 535 \200\2236 645 \200\2237 for peripheral hypernatremia and dehydration, 535 hyponatremia, 535 \200\2236 vasopressin and ADH, 535 epidemiology of, 644 high-risk groups, 645 OGTT, interpretation sensorimotor neuropathy, 627 for vasomotor of, 646 symptoms, 268 GADD45G mutations, associated with pituitary adenomas, 102 Fluid balance, screening methods postoperative disorders of, 142 for, 646 treatment for, 645 119-Draznin-Index.indd 709 4/2/2011 8:17:20 PM INDEX 710 for bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, 186 in \202 uence on thyroid function tests, 8 Gonadoblastoma, 314 Gonadotropes, 84 de \201 ciency, 90 basal testing for, 89, 90 dynamic testing for, Gestational hyperthyroidism, 347 \200\2239 causes of, 349 incidence of, 347 \200\2238 Graves \200\231 disease, 347 \200\2238 hyperemesis gravidarum, for perioperative management of patients undergoing adrenalectomy, 189 89, 90 Gonadotropin de \201ciency, 348 458 transient hyperthyroidism Gonadotropinomas, 125 for primary of, 31. See also Pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis in clinical features of hormone effects, 125 mass effects, 125 epidemiology of, 125 follow-up of, 126 medical treatment for, 126 pathology of, 125 pituitary function testing hypogonadism, 291 for sarcoidosis, 138 for subacute thyroiditis, Ghrelin, 526 Ginseng, 579, 580 Gitelman \200\231s syndrome, 190 Glibenclamide, for 51 \200\2232 synthesis of, 165, 166 for thyroid crisis, 28 \200\2239 Glucocorticoid suppressible hyperal dosteronism, 172 hypoglycemia, 657 \200\2238 Glucagon-like GlucoGel , 658 Glucokinase, 591 Glucomannan for, 126 polypeptide-1 (GLP-1), 598 \200\2239 pituitary imaging for, 126 prognosis of, 126 radiotherapy for, 126 transsphenoidal resectio n Glucagonomas, 478 biochemical investigations (Amorphophallus konjac), 579 for, 479 for, 126 clinical presentation of, Glucose visual \201 elds assessment 478, 479 de \201ned, 478 incidence of, 478 treatment for, 480 tumor localization, 479 Gluc agon test protocol, for growth hormone de \201 ciency, 93 control, physiology for, 126 of, 516 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 90, 281 homeostasis, in elderly patients, 543 supplementation, analogs, for polycystic for acute adrenal insuf \201 ciency, 202 ovary syndrome, 235 treatment for ovulation induction, 330 \200\2231 Gossypol, for adrenal carcinoma, 186 Gout, in secondary Glucose-dependent A-Glucosidase inhibitors, insulinotropic peptide, 598 \200\2239 597 \200\2238 Glucocorticoid-induced Glycemic control, as osteoporosis diabetic risk factor, 628 hyperlipidemias, 675 etiological factors for, Glyceryltrinitrate, for Granulomatous 415 pheochromocytoma, 214 hypophysitis, 136 Graves \200\231 autoimmune management of, 416 Glucocorticoid-remedial aldosteronism (GRA), 173 Glycogen storage thyroid disease, 3, 17, 347 \200\2238 diseases, in secondary hyperlipidemias, 675 antibody screening Glucocorticoid replacement GNAS1 mutations, associated with McCune \200\223Albright syndrome, 486 for, 10 block and replace regimen for, 23 conditions associated for Addison \200\231s disease, 203 for anterior pituitary Goiter, 542 with, 20 hormone de \201 ciencies, 98 antibody screening CTLA-4 genes associated for, 10 with, 17 regimens, 99 safety and stress-dose steroids for, 98 Glucocorticoid resistance, multinodular, 30 retrosternal, 11 scintiscanning for, 11 toxic nodular, 11 dose titration regime for, 23 hyperthyroidism due to, 34 569 Goitrogens, 4 Gonadal development, infants born to mothers Glucocorticoids with, 348 for acute adrenal 455 fetal hyperthyroidism, 348 fetal hypothyroidism, 348 neonatal thyrotoxicosis, insuf \201 ciency, 202 administration, long- Gonadal failure, 318 and osteoporosis, 407 \200\2238 term, 206 Gonadal function, 557 348 for amenorrhea, 244 \200\2235 for amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, 64 in elderly people, 538 men, 539 \200\22340 women, 539 uncontrolled thyrotoxicosis, 348 management of, 347 \200\2238 for apoplexy, 95 Gonadectomy, 337 119-Draznin-Index.indd 710 4/2/2011 8:17:20 PM INDEX 711 investigation of, 304 management of, 305 medical, 305 surgical, 305 medical treatment for, 305 and growth retardation, manifestations of, 19 \200\22320 MHC genes associated 557 random, associated with acromegaly, 113 replacement for anterior pituitary hormone de \201 ciencies, 99 with, 17 in mother, management of, 32 in pregnancy, natural history of, 31 Hair growth androgen-independent, treatment and radioiodine therapy for, 226 monitoring for, 99 24 \200\2236 physiology of, 222 Growth hormone scintiscanning for, 11, 12 thyroidectomy for, 26 \200\2237 thyrotoxicosis due to, 30 Hamartomas, 135 Hashimoto \200\231s thyroiditis, 50, 64. See also Thyroiditis de \201 ciency, 435, 437 \200\22344 celiac disease, 441 growth hormone Graves \200\231 dermopathy, 43 assessment, 440 treatment for, 43 hCG stimulation test, for male primary hypogonadism, 295 HDL hyperlipoproteinemia, growth hormone resistance, 440 hypothyroidism, 440 \200\2231 intrauterine growth Graves \200\231 ophthalmopathy, 19 \200\22320, 39 \200\22342 clinical features of, 39 \200\22340 impact of radioiodine therapy on, 24 incidence of, 39 \200\22342 ophthalmoplegia, 673 restriction (IUGR), 442 Hematological tests, for thyroid disease, 15 Hemochromatosis, 139 clinical features of, 139 treatment for, 139 primary, 437 secondary, 437 \200\2238 brain tumors and cranial examination for, 40 irradiation, 437 optic neuropathy, psychosocial deprivation, examination for, 41 proptosis, investigation Hemodynamic alterations, for diabetic renal disease, 614 438 skeletal dysplasias, 442 small for gestational age of, 40 surgery for, 42 for decompression, 42 eyelid surgery, 42 for strabismus, 42 treatmen t for, 41, 42 active ophthalmopathy threatening sight, 41 Heparin (SGA), 442 for diabetic ketoacidosis, stimulation tests for, 93 treatment for, 438 \200\22340 dose, 438 retesting in adulthood, 653 impact on mineralocorticoid de \201 ciency, 192 439 \200\22340 side effects, 439 Turner \200\231s syndrome, Hepatic disease, oral contraceptive pill for, 278 depot octreotide, 41 lid retraction, 41 orbital radiotherapy, 41 442 \200\2234 Hepatic nuclear factor (HNF) 4A gene, 591 Growth hormone receptor Growth, 430 antagonists, for acromegaly, 146 assessment of, 431 \200\2233 bone age, 432 \200\2233 \201 nal height prediction, Heroin, in \202 uence on thyroid function tests, 8 Hertel exophthalmometer formulations and doses of, 146 issues of, 146 mechanism of action, 146 side effects of, 146 433 documentation, for Graves \200\231 ophthalmopathy, 40 growth charts, 431, 432 measurement, 431 mid-parental height (MPH), 432 \201 nal height, 430 and puberty, Hess chart, 40 Hesx1 mutations, Growth hormone therapy, for wasting syndrome, 544 \200\2235 associated with growth hormone de \201 ciencies, 437 Guanethidine, for constitutional delay of, 436 pheochromocytoma, 214 High-density lipoproteins Guar gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), 579 Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre), 578 Gynecomastia, 301 causes of, 302 de \201 ned, 301 evaluation of, 303 \200\2234 history, 303 investigations, 303 \200\2234 physical examination, 303 hormonal in \202 uences clinical features of, 436 management of, 436 regulation of, 430 childhood, 430 infancy, 430 puberty, 430 secular trends, 433 sex differences, 430 tempo, 430 (HDLs), 661 Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), for AIDS, 544 Hirsutism, 222, 230 \200\2231 androgen-dependent, 224 androgen production in women, regulation of, 223 Growth hormone (GH), 83, 84 assessment of, 225 causes of, 222 adenoma, 102 in critical illness, 559 on, 301 119-Draznin-Index.indd 711 4/2/2011 8:17:20 PM INDEX 712 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2B, effect on prolactinomas, 108 sequential cyclical, 272 side effects of, 272 for osteoporosis, 413, 417 Hirsutism (Cont.) de \201 ned, 222 hair growth androgen-independent, Hyperaldosteronism Hot \202 ashes primary, 170 secondary, 170 associated with 226 menopause, 266 effect of hormone physiology of, 222 history of, 224 laboratory investigation Hyperalphali- poproteinemia, 673 Hyperandrogenism, 228, replacement therapy on, 268 for, 224 \200\2235 pharmacological 250 24-Hour urinary free Hypercalcemia, 15, 376 cortisol (UFC) test, for Cushing \200\231s syndrome, 118 treatment for, 244 \200\2235 causes of, 376 hypercalcemia of and polycystic ovary syndrome, 234 \200\2235 physical examination malignancy, 385 \200\2236 Houssay phenomenon, 95 Human leukocyte antigens clinical features of, for, 224 377 \200\2238 (HLA), 590 Human menopausal virilization, signs of, 224 investigation, 377 \200\2238 epidemiology of, 376 familial hypocalciuric HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), 678 \200\2239 gonadotropin (HMG), for infertility, 236 hypercalcemia (FHH), 387 Humeral hypercalcemia of indications of, 678 interactions, 679 mechanism of action, 678 side effects of, 679 malignancy, 552 hyperparathyroidism, Humulin , 600 Hungry bone syndrome, 379 \200\22381 abnormal parathyroid glands, localization of, 381 565 Homeostatic control tests, Hydralazin, for for thyroid, 7 Hook effect, 106 Hops (Humulus lupulus), pheochromocytoma, 214 clinical features of, 379 end-organ damage Hydrocortisone for acute adrenal with estrogenic activity, 580 in, 380 insuf \201 ciency, 202 for Addison \200\231s disease, investigations for, 379 natural history of, 379 pathology of, 379 underlying condition, exc lusion of, 381 parathyroidectomy, Hormonal emergency contraception, oral contraceptive pill for, 278 \200\2239 203, 204 for adrenal insuf \201 ciency during pregnancy, 362 for anterior pituitary Hormonal manipulation, hormone de \201 ciencies, 98, 99 340 \200\2232 complications of, 384 contraindications to, 340 female-to-male mechanical, 384 metabolic, 384 outcome after surgery, for apoplexy, 95 for congenital adrenal transsexuals, 341 \200\2232 hyperplasia, 244, 460 \200\2231 male-to-female 384 primary for corticotrope de \201 ciency, 92 for Cushing \200\231s disease, transsexuals, 340 \200\2231 Hormone concentration tests, for thyroid, 7 Hormone replacement and hyperparathyroidism, 379 \200\22381 diagnosis of, 380 indications for surgery 562 \200\2233 for glucocorticoid critical illness, 559 Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) de \201 ciencies, 206, 207 in, 382 \200\2233 sarcoidosis, 388 secondary raised PTH, causes of, 380 severe hypercalcemi a, management of hypercalcemia, treating, for hypopituitarism during pregnancy, 359 for myxedema coma, 58 \200\2239 for perioperative for gestational diabetes, 647 for gonadotropinomas, management of patients undergoing adrenalectomy, 189 for thyroid crisis, 28 \200\2239 126 for hypercalcemia, 382 for menopause, 268 areas of uncertainty with, 386 11B-Hydroxylase resistant hypercalcemia, treatment of, 386 271 \200\2232 de \201ciency ( 5%), 49 bene \201 ts of, 268 \200\2239 continuous combined, 17A-hydrolxylase de \201ciency, 460 stabilization, 386 treatment for, 382 \200\2233 conservative 272 21-Hydroxylase de \201ciency, contraindications to, 269 endometrial assessment, management, 383 medical management, 459 3B-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase de \201ciency, 460 272 382 regimens, 273, 274 risks of, 269 \200\22371 observation, 382 119-Draznin-Index.indd 712 4/2/2011 8:17:20 PM INDEX 713 Hypertonic saline, causes of, 105 effects of, 104 idiopathic, 106 treatment for, 107 \200\2238 primary for syndrome of inappropriate ADH, 160 hyperparathyroidism, indications for surgery in, 382 \200\2233 surgery, 382 types associate d with Hyperuricemia, as coronary heart disease risk factor, 662 Hypertension as coronary heart disease Hypervolemic risk factor, 662 as diabetic risk factor, cancer, 385 hyponatremia. See also Hyponatremia vitamin D intoxication, 628 387 clinical features of, 157 treatment for, 158 oral contraceptive pill Hyperemesis gravidarum, for, 278 16, 31 \200\2232, 348 Hypobetalipoproteinemia, Hyperthyroidism, 350, Hypergastrinemia, causes 673 542 \200\2233 in children clinical features of, 35 epidemiology of, 35 investigations for, 35 treatment for, 35 de \201 ned, 17 excessive thyroid of, 476 Hypocalcemia, 389 Hyperglycemia, 614 Hypergonadotropic anovulation, 324 Hypergonadotropic acute hypocalcemia, treatment for, 394 causes of, 389, 389 \200\22390, 565 \200\2236 hypogonadism, 289 \200\22391 chronic hypocalcemia, Hyperinsulinemia, 229 Hyperlipidemia treatment for, 394 \200\2235 calcium-sensing receptor, overactivity of, 395 stimulation and, 18 antibody screening fetal, 348 gestational, 348 gestational for, 10 hypoparathyroidism, as coronary heart disease risk factor, 661, 662 as diabetic risk factor, 394 \200\2235 pseudo- hyperthyroidism, transient hyperthyroidism of, 31 \200\2232 hypoparathyroidism, 395 628 Hypernatremia and clinical features of, dehydration, in aging, 535 391 \200\2232 due to Graves \200\231 disease, 34 manifestations of, 19 \200\22320 medical treatment for, Albright \200\231s hereditary Hyperosmolar, nonketotic hyperglycemia, 655 \200\2236 clinical features of, 655 diagnosis o f, 655 epidemiology of, 655 management of, 655 pathogenesis of, 655 subsequent treatment osteodystrophy, 392 pseudo- 21 \200\2233 hypoparathyroidism, 391 action of drugs, 21 aims and principles of, 21 atrial \201 brillation, 22 block and repla ce regimen for, 23 choice of drugs, 21 dose and effectiveness, Ellsworth \200\223Howard test, modi \201 ed, 393 investigations for, 393 symptoms of, 565 \200\2236 Hypoglycemia, 514, 65 6 \200\2238 for, 656 Hyperparathyroidism, causes of, 514 \200\22315 clinical features of, 517 \200\22319, 657 21 \200\2232 379 \200\22381 dose titration regime abnormal parathyroid glands, localization of, 381 for, 23 de \201ned, 514 diagnosis of, 656 epidemiology of, 515 fasting, 517, 518 \200\22319 manage ment of, 519, side effects of, 22 \200\2233 in pregnancy, clinical features of, 379 end-organ damage in, 380 investigations for, 379 natural history of, 379 pathology of, 379 primary, 379 diagnosis of, 380 indications for surgery maternal and fetal complications in, 33 primary, 8 secondary, 8, 36 differential diagnosis 658 non-islet cell tumor, 518 pathogenesis of, 657 \200\2238 pathophysiology of, 516 glucose co ntrol, of, 36 resistance to thyroid hormones, 37 in, 382 \200\2233 physiology of, 516 TSH-secreting pituitary secondary, 379 \200\22381 tertiary, 379 \200\22381 underlying condition, exclusion of, 381 Hyperparathyroidism \200\223jaw tumor syndrome (HPT-JT), 507 mechanisms, 516 symptoms, 516 types, 516 postprandial reactive, tumors, 36 \200\2237 subclinical, 8 surgery for, 26 \200\2237 indications of, 26 \200\2237 preparation of patien ts 520 signs and symptoms for, 27 of, 657 thyroid nodules with Hyperprolactinemia, 95 subsequent management autonomous function and, 18 antidepressants for, 106 antipsychotics for, 106 of, 658 119-Draznin-Index.indd 713 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 714 hypogonadism (IHH), 285 \200\2236 pre-existing Hypoglycemic agents, 578 banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa), 578 hypopituitarism, management of, 359 Sheehan \200\231s syndrome, 359 treatment for, 97 Idiopathic semen abnormalities, 325 bitter melon (Momordica obstructive azoospermia, charantia), 578 fenugreek (Trigonella 325 Hyporeninemic varicocele, 325 hypoaldosteronism, 192 foenum-gracum), 578 Idiopathic waldosteronism, gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre), 578 Hypothalamic hormones, 172 281 Imipramine, for peripheral Hypogonadism Hypothyroidism, 53, 350, sensorimotor neuropathy, 623 in AIDS, 546, 547 hypogonadotropic. See Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and renal disease, 55 7 440 \200\2231, 542 in adults, 55 autoimmune, 10 classi \201 cation of causes Impotence, 625 \200\2236 Incretin system, 598 \200\2239 dose, 599 indications for, 599 side effects of, 599 of, 54 Hypogonadotropic anovulation, 324 Hypogonadotropic congenital, 4, 60 clinical features of, 60 Pendred \200\231s syndrome, 60 thyroid agenesis, 60 thyroid hormone dysgenesis, 60 epidemiology of, 53 fetal, 348 hematological tests Indometacin, for Bartter \200\231s syndrome, 191 hypogonadism, 285 \200\2238 111InDTPA octreotide, 470 Infancy, growth regulation causes of, 285 \200\2238 de \201 ned, 285 diagnosis of, 285 in, 430 Infarction, associated Hypokalemia, 171, 173 Hypomagnesemia causes of, 403 \200\2234 treatment for, 404 Hyponatrem ia, 15, 156, with primary adrenal insuf \201 ciency, 196 \200\2237 Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IP SS), for Cushing \200\231s disease, 120 for, 15 laboratory tests for, 60 treatment for, 61 maternal. See Maternal hypothyroidism 550 \200\2232 Infertility, 236. See also causes of, 156 classi \201 cation of, 157 clinical features of, 157 clinical investigation s Fertility myxedema, 53 myxedema coma, 55 management of, 58 \200\2239 myxoedema, 55 overt, 10 primary, 8 after radioiodine therapy, assisted reproduction techniques (ART), 326 for, 158 causes of, 317 clomifene citrate for, 236 de \201 nition, 316 evaluation of, 319 \200\2232 3 female, 319 \200\22323 causes of, 317 history, 319 investigations, 320 \200\2231 physical examination, in elderly patients, 535 \200\2236 etiologies of, 156 incidence of, 156 neurosurgical, 157 etiologies, 157 after transsphenoidal adenectomy, 562 \200\2233 25 secondary, 8 in secondary hyperlipidemias, 675 subclinical, 8, 29 \200\22330, 53 management algorithm treatment for, 158 Hypoparathyroidism, 319 \200\22320 gonadotropin 389 \200\22390, 391 \200\2232, 394 \200\2235 Hypophosphatemia, 401 treatment for, 401 cause s of, 401 for, 57 treatment for, 57 treatment for, 56 combined T4 and T3 replacement, 56 preparations for, 236 in vitro fertilization for, 237 Hypophysitis, classi \201 cation male causes of, 318 history and physical examination, 321 investigations, 322 \200\2233 man agement of, 324 \200\2237 female partner, 324 \200\2235 idiopathic semen of, 136 Hypovolemic Hypopituitarism, 94, 149 basal testing for, 97 clinical features of, 95, 96 de \201 ned, 9 4 dynamic testing for, 97 etiologies of, 94 posterior pituitary function, 97 hyponatremia. See also Hyponatremia clinical features of, 157 treatment for, 158 Ibuprofen, for Bartter \200\231s syndrome, 191 abnormalities, 325 Idiopathic male partner, 325 unexplained infertility, during pregnancy, 358 causes of, 358 lymphocytic hypophysitis, hyperprolactinemia, 106. See also Hyperprolactinemia 325 \200\2237 metformin for, 236 ovulation induction, 328 clomifene citrate, 328 \200\2239 358 pre-existing Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypopituitarism, 358 119-Draznin-Index.indd 714 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 715 Iodide, in \202 uence on clinical presentation cryopreservation, fertility, and cancer treatment, 331 thyroid function tests, 8, 11 of, 472 de \201ned, 472 incidence of, 472 pancreatic insulinomas, 123Iodine-metaiodo- GnRH treatment, 330 \200\2231 gonadotropins, 329 \200\22330 indications, 328 ovarian drilli ng, 329 pretreatment assessment, benzylguanidine (MIBG) imaging radiological localization of, 473 for adrenal adenomas, prognosis of, 474 treatment for, 474 tumor localization, 473 169 for pheochromocytoma, 328 216 \200\22317, 219 sexual history, 319 surgery for, 237 In \201 ltrative pituitary diseases, 136 Insulin regimens, 599 for thyroid disease, 11 basal bolus regimen, 602 continuous SC insulin infusion (CSII), 602 insulin and oral agent mixtures, 602 Ipri \202 avone, for osteoporosis, 582 Irbesartan, for primary hyperaldosteronism, 174 classi \201 cation of, 136 clinical investigations for, 137 In \202 ammatory conditions twice-daily \201 xed mixture, Irregular vaginal bleeding, and osteoporosis, 407 \200\2238 602 associated with hormone replacement therapy, 272 In \202 ammatory pituitary twice-daily free mixing, diseases, 136 601 Ischemic heart disease classi \201 cation of, 136 clinical investigations Insulin sensitizers, 578 \200\2239 (IHD), associated with menopause, 266 Cassia cinnamon for, 137 (Cinnamomum aromaticum), 578 Iso \202 avones, for In \202 iximab, for sarcoidosis, osteoporosis, 582 Isolated ACTH de \201 ciency, 138 chromium, 578 Ginseng, 579 prickly pear cactus for sarcoidosis, 138 194 Inherited primary Isotope bone scanning, 370 Isotretinoin, for acne, 237 IV Bicarbonate, for diabetic hyperparathyroidism, 507 (Opuntia \201 cus-indica), 579 causes of, 507 epidemiology of, 507 familial isolated vanadium, 579 ketoacidosis, 653 IV Broad-spectrum antibiotics, 653 IV Nicardipine, for Insulin tolerance test (ITT), for corticotrope de \201 ciency, 91 hyperparathyroidism, 508 contraindications to, 91 Intermediate-acting hyperparathyroidism \200\223jaw tumor syndrome, 507 pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas, 218 (isophane) insulins, 601. See also Insulin Intermediate-density Insulin, 599, 600 IV 0.9% saline, as aspart (NovoRapid ), ketoacidosis initial treatment, 654 lipoproteins (IDLs), 660 601 biphasic/mixed insulins, Internal genitalia, Kallmann syndrome, 286 \200\2237 601 detemir (Levemir ), 601 glargine (Lantus ), 601 glulisine (Apidra ), 601 insulin analogs , 601 intermediate-acting (isophane), 601 as ketoacidosis initial treatment, 654 lispro (Hu malog ), 601 resistance, 591 \200\2232 as diabetic risk factor, 628 short-acting type, 600 Insulin-like growth factor-1 development of, 455 diagnosis of, 286 epidemiology of, 286 genetic factors associated Interstitial cells, 280 Intracavernous injection, 311 \200\22312 with, 286 \200\2237 management of, 287 Intracranial germ cell tumors, 161. See also Germ cell tumor Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), for Klinefel ter \200\231s syndrome, 289 \200\22390 Karyotype with phenotype, correlation of, 258 Ketoconazole associated with primary adrenal insuf \201 ciency, 196 \200\2237 Intrauterine contraceptive devices (lUD), 647 for Cushing \200\231s syndrome, 123 Intrauterine growth Ki67, 4 Klinefelter \200\231s syndrome, 284, 289 \200\22391, 323 in adolescents, 289 in adu lts, 289 diagnosis of, 289 management of, 289 \200\22390 risks of, 289 (IGF-), 93, 229 restriction (IUGR), 442 for acromegaly, 112, 145 in elderly people, 538 In vitro fertilization (IVF) Insulinomas, 472 for infertility, 237 for premature ovarian insuf \201 ciency, 262 \200\2233 biochemical features of, 517 biochemical investigations superovulation, 330 for, 472 119-Draznin-Index.indd 715 4/2/2011 8:17:21 PM INDEX 716 Lingual thyroid, 4. See also Kudzu (Pueraria lobata), Macronodular adrenal hyperplasia, 553 Thyroid with estrogenic activity, 580 Lipemia retinalis, 671 LIPID (Long-term Macroprolactinoma, 354 \200\2235 Macroprolactinomas Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease), 629 \200\22333 Lipid abnormalities, Laboratory endocrinology, clinical features of, 104 treatment for, 107 pitfalls in, 688 analytical factors, 690 disastrous outcomes, Macrovascular disease, 627 diabetes, and lipid investigations of, 612 Lipid-lowering drugs, 680 and macrovascular disease, 627 692 abnormalities in, 629 \200\22331 factors of, 688 post-analytical factors, epidemiology of, 627 hypertension, 632 \200\2235 pathogenesis of, 628 691 Lipids and coronary heart pre-analytical errors, examples of, 689 pre-analytical factors, disease, 660 Magnesium, 582 pathogenesis of, 661 physiology of, 660 blood concentration 689 \200\22390 of, 373 Lipodystrophies, in secondary hyperlipidemias, 675 within-person (biological) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for acromegaly, 113 of adrenal glands, 168 chest, for Cush ing \200\231s disease, 121 variation, 689 Lack of monitoring, as Lipodystrophy, 545 A-Lipoic acid, 579 Lipoprotein lipase, 671 Liposuction, 531 Lithium, in \202 uence on diabetic foot risk factor, 637 Lactotropes, 84 de \201 ciency basal testing for, 89 dynamic testing for, 89 for craniopharyngiomas, 88, 131 for Graves \200\231 thyroid function tests, 8 Liver disease Langerhans \200\231 cell ophthalmopathy, 40 for hemochromatosis, 139 for microadenomas, 87 for multinodular goiter, effect of hormone histiocytosis, 139 clinical features of, 139 treatment for, 139 replacement therapy in, 271