infection 642, 643 premature 818 ejaculation 590 \200\2231 phimosis 228 phosphodiesterase type-5 system 304, 305 glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) 324 growth factors 294 high intensity focused pressure \202 ow studies 68, 69 priapism 27, 584 \200\2236, 587 primary epispadias 690 pr imary hyperoxaluria 436 primary nocturnal inhibitors 76, 77 photodynamic detection 275 photodynamic therapy 349 phytotherapy 92 placental alkaline ultrasound (HIFU) 349 enuresis 129, 694 hormonal factors 294 hormone therapy 352 \200\2237 human kallikrein 2 (hK2) 325 primary survey 506 prion disease 736 \200\2237 pronephros 646 propiverine 149 prostate phosphatase 384 plain abdominal radiography 46, 47 imaging 306 incidence 296 intermittent hormone plasma cell (Zoon \200\231s) balanitis 231, 364 pneumatic (ballistic) biopsy 326, 327, 328 digital rectal therapy 357 LHRH agonists and examination 30 \200\2231 lithotripsy 450, 451 high riding 528 \200\22330 tenderness 30 \200\2231 ultrasound 44 see also benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic obstruction polyuria 18 antagonists 354 \200\2235 lifestyle intervention 298 locally advanced disease 302 nocturnal 18 \200\22319, 79, 116, 117 pop-off valve syndrome 674 positron emission tomography 57 posterior tibial nerve stimulati on 636 posterior urethral stenosis 124 posterior urethral valves 674 locally advanced non- prostate cancer metastatic disease 350 active surveillance 333 adenocarcinoma 302 adjuvant radiotherapy 341 etiology 294 age 294 a nemia 363 androgen ablation 354 antiandrogens 299, 300, lower urinary tract symptoms 363 maximal androgen blockade 354 metastatic disease 302, posterior wall prolapse 170 post-gonococcal urethritis 601 315 -methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR) 324 355 bilateral post-micturition dribble 129 post-prostatectomy incontinence 154 post-vasectomy pain syndro me 27 microseminoprotein-beta orchidectomy 354, 355 (MSMB) 324 minimally invasive management of localized and radio- recurrent disease 348 bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy 336 biochemical relapse post-RP 341 biopsy protocol 326, post-void residual urine volume 66 potassium regulation 803 pouch of Douglas 817 pregnancy 639 \200\22346 mortality 296 MRI-guided biopsy 327 non-PSA diagnostic markers 324 327, 328 brachytherapy 346 castrate-resistant acute pyelonephritis 642 acute urinary disease 356, 360 novel therapies 359, 360 oncological outcomes chemoprevention 299, 300 clinical presentation 315 coagulopathy 363 counseling pre-PSA test ing 322 retention 641 antibiotic prescribing 643 asymptomatic of radical prostatectomy 340, 342 bacteriuria 642 cystitis 642 pain control 358, 362 INDEX 828 epidemiology 208 in \202 ammatory and non- in \202 ammatory 209 pathophysiology 208 segme nted urine cultures 208 renal blood \202 ow 801 urinary tract palliative care 351, 358 \200\2239, 362 obstruction 498 renal cell carcinoma 246 active surveillance 256 etiology 250 environmental factors 250 epidemiology 250 Fuhrman grading system 246 genetic factors 250 histological Partin \200\231s nomograms 309 perineural invasion 302 PET 58 photodynamic therapy 349 prev alence 296 prevention 298, 300 prostate cancer antigen 3 prosthetic heart valves 702 proteinuria 40 Provenge 360 pseudotumour 242 psoas abscess 33 psoas hitch 523 psoriasis 231, 364 pubovaginal slings 143 pulmonary embolism 706 \200\2239 pyelolysis 413 pyelonephritis (PCA3) 324 prostate-speci \201 c antigen (PSA) 318, 319, 320 classi \201 cation 246 incidence 250 investigation 253 locally advanced 257 local recurrence 256 lymphadenectomy 2 56 metastatic disease 257, radical external beam radiotherapy 344 radical prostatectomy 334, 335, 338, 350 acute 176, 190, 193, 642 chronic 196 emphysematous 193, salvage radiotherapy 341 saturation needle biopsy 329 screening 316 staging 306, 307, 308, 258 194, 195 pregnancy 642 xanthogranulomatous 194 minimally invasive treatment 256 mortality 250 non-surgical alternatives pyeloplasty 413, 782 \200\2233 pyonephrosis 192, 193 pyuria 176 310 \200\22315 statins 299 survival 296 suspicious lesions 330 systemic for localized disease 256 papillary variant 251 paraneoplastic Q Q-tip test 136 syndromes 252 partial nephrectomy 254 post-operative prognosis (Leibovich score) 255 chemotherapy 356 thrombocytopenia 363 transrectal ultrasonography and biopsy 326, 327, 328 transurethral resection R radical cystectomy 283, presentation 252 prognosis 247, 249 radical nephrectomy 254 screening 251 spread 246 stagin g 247, 248 surgery for localized disease 254, 256 biopsy 329 284, 768 \200\22370 ureteric obstruction 363 urinary retention 363 watchful waiting 332 prostate cancer antigen 3 radical external beam radiotherapy 286, 344 radical nephrectomy 254 radical orchidectomy 385, (PCA3) 324 758 \200\2239 prostate pain syndrome 212 prostate-speci \201 c antigen survival 250 radical prostatectomy 154, 334, 335, 338, 350, 766 \200\2237 renal CT 56 renal cysts 242, 396 \200\2237, 398, (PSA) 43 radioisotope imaging 60 radium-223 360 record keeping 4 \200\2235, 741 red blood cell casts 41 red blood cell age-adjusted normal 402 \200\2236, 676 range 43 benign prostatic renal fusion anomalies 416 renal masses benign 244 radiological hyperplasia 76 density 320 doubling time 320 free-to-total ratio 320 prostate cancer 318, morphology 41 assessment 242, 243 5 -reductase 72 de \201 ciency 686 renal physiology 800 \200\2235 renal plasma clearance 800 renal replacement therapy 806 \200\2237 5 -reductase inhibitors 88, 319, 320 velocity 320 299 refractory shock 198 Reiter \200\231s syndrome 231 renal agenesis 420 renal anatomy 796 \200\2237, renal transplant donor 810 \200\22311 recipient 808 rejection 813 surgery and prostatic abscess 211 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia 330 prostatitis 208 797, 798 bacterial 208, 210 chronic prostatitis/ renal arteriovenous \201 stula 517, 518 complications 812 \200\22313 renal trauma 508 \200\22319 renal tubular acidosis 437, chronic pelvic pain syndrome 212 classi \201 cation 208 renal ascent anomalies 416 441 INDEX 829 Burch sex chromosome disorders of sex development 682, 685 renal ultrasound 44 renin-angiotensin- colposuspension 140 categorization 128 children 692 conservative aldosterone system 803 sexual health 567 \200\223602 Sexual Health Inventory for renogram 60 reproduction 552, 553, treatment 137 Men (SHIM) 575 553, 553 de \201 nition 24 injection therapy 138 investigation 136 \200\2237 Marshall-Marchetti-Kra ntz shock 710 \200\22311 Shy-Drager syndrome 632 simple orchidectomy 758 \200\2239 simple renal cysts 396 \200\2237, resuscitation 506 \200\2237 retention cysts 364 retrograde ejaculation 588 procedure 141 398 retrograde mini tapes 143 pregnancy 641 pubovaginal slings 143 retropubic suspension procedures 140 re tropubic tapes 142 risk factors 136 signi \201 cance 24 suburethral tapes and slings 142, 144, 145 transobturator tapes 142 urodynamic 128 vagino-obturator shelf/ sipuleucel-T 360 sleep apnoea 117 Snodgrass procedure 679 sodium regulation 803 sodium urat e 436 solifenacin 148 solubility product 434 soot wart 374 sperm 552, 553 extraction ureterography 52 retroperitoneal \201 brosis 502 \200\2233 retroperitoneal lymph node dissection 391 retropubic tapes 142 rigid cystoscopy 742 \200\2233 Rigiscan 573 robot-assis ted partial nephrectomy 254 robot-assisted radical techniques 565 granuloma 756 motility grading 557 retrieval from urine 588 prostatectomy 336, 339 paravaginal repair 140 struvite stones 437 suburethral tapes and slings 142, 144, 145 spermatocele 34 spermatocelectomy 752 spermatogenesis 552, 553 spermicides 187 sphincter S sacral nerve modulation 636 safety issues 6, 712 SANS \204 150 Santorini \200\231s plexus 818 saphena v arix 32 Saw palmetto 92 Scarpa \200\231s fascia 818 schistosomiasis 222, 223 screening suprapubic catheterization 110 supra-12th rib incision 761 surgery, see urological intrinsic de \201 ciency 128, 131 surgery neurological disease 610 overactive/ swimmer \200\231s itch 222 syphilis 35 systemic in \202 ammatory response syndrome (SIRS) 198 underactive 610 somatic motor innervation 604 sphincteric ureterocele 670 sphincterostenotic ureterocele 670 prostate cancer 316 renal cell carcinoma 251 scrotal carcinoma 374 scrotal exploration 788 \200\2239 scrotal lumps 34 \200\2235 scrotal pain 26, 26 \200\2237 scrotal skin carcinoma 35 sebaceous cyst 35 secondary T tamsulosin 87 technetium scan 60 teratoma 35 testicular adnexa tumors 374 testicular appe ndage torsion 544 testicular cancer etiology 377 clinical presentation 380 cryptorchidism 3 77 differential diagnosis 384 epidemiology 377 incidence 377 intratubular germ cell neoplas ia 377, 378, 390 spina bi \201 da 633 spinal cord compression 548 spinal nucleus X (Onuf \200\231s nucleus) 605, 794 spleen enlargement 28 SR Y gene 648 stab wounds 508, 542 staghorn calculi 433, 445, hypogonadism 564 secondary nocturnal enuresis 129, 694 secondary survey 507 segmented urine cultures 208 462 standard operating procedures (SOPs) 6 statins, prostate cancer prevention 299 semen analysis 556, 557 seminoma 35, 390, 392 semi-rigid sterile pyuria 182 sterilization of ureteroscopes 778 sepsis 198, 198 septicaemia 198 septic shock 198 Sertoli cells 552, 818 serum creatinine 38 severe sepsis 198 equipment 736 \200\2237 stinging nettle 92 stress urinary investigations 384 \200\2235 mortality 377 non-seminomatous germ cell tumors 388 incontinence 136 \200\2237 arti \201 cial urinary sphincter 146, 147 INDEX 830 U ultra-low dose CT 56 ultrasonic lithotripsy 450, aspirin 699 clot retention 722 hemorrhage 744 \200\2235 urinary retention 107 transurethral resection syndrome 713 pathology 378, 380 primary treatment 385 prognostic staging for metastatic germ cell tumors 386, 389 451 ultrasound 44, 45, 242 umbilical cyst/sinus 29 umbilicus 29 underactive bladder 610, radical inguinal transurethral ultrasound- guided laser-induced prostatectomy (TULIP) 96 orchidectomy 385 retroperitoneal lymph node dissection 391 692, 693 seminoma 390, 392 serum markers 384, 387 signs 384 staging 378, 381, 382 symptoms 381 ultra sound 384 \200\2235 testicular injuries 540 testicular intraepithelial underactive sphincter 610 undescended testes 33, transverse myelitis 634 trauma 650, 652 bladder injuries 532, 533 cauda equina upper urinary tract duplication 422 \200\2235 compression 548 \200\2239 complications of renal upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma 260, 261, 262 injury 517 conservative management of renal injuries 516 neoplasia (TIN) 377, 378 Uprima 576 urachus 29 ureter testicular lymphoma 390 testicular pain de \201 nitive survey 507 grading renal injury 509 haematuria 512, 513 haemodynamically st able patients 512, 513 syndrome 26 \200\2237 ectopic 668 innervation 500 malignant obstruction 546 megaureter 666 peristalsis 499 post-p elvic fracture injuries 526 \200\22330 ureteric access sheaths 779 ureteric duplication 422 \200\2235 ureteric implantation into testicular torsion 26, 544, 788 \200\2239 testicular tumors 26, 26, 35; see also testicular cancer haemodynamically unstable patients 513 \200\22314 testis pediatric renal injuries 509 acquired undescended 650 pelvic fractures 526 \200\22330 penile injuries 542, 543 post-traumatic biopsy 557, 558 gumma 35 ultrasound 44 undescended 33, 650, 652 neobladder 497 ureteric injuries 520 \200\2235 ureteric obstruction 363, hypertension 518 primary survey 506 renal 508 \200\22319 resuscitation 506 \200\2237 secondary survey 507 sp inal cord testosterone 72, 552 assessment 595 498 ureteric pressure 498 ureteric stones testosterone therapy 577, 596 \200\2237, 598 3-swab test 156 Tile classi \201 cation 528 tolterodine 148 Tookad 34 9 total body water 802 transobturator tapes 142 transplacental acute management 470 bacteriuria 472 de \201 nitive treatment 472, compression 548 surgical exploration 516 testicular injuries 540 ureteric injuries 520 \200 \2235 urethral injuries 535 \200\2237, 473 diagnostic and radiological imaging 468, 469 dipstick or microscopic haematuria 466 539 urinalysis 507 urinary extravasation 517 androgens 387 emergency transuretero- temporizing 472, 473 emergency treatment of obstructed infected kidney 473, 474 Trendelenburg position 818 ureterostomy 252 transurethral trigone 794 trimethoprim 187 triple phosphate stones 437 electrovaporization of prostate (TUVP) 96 transurethral microwave examination 466 extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESWL) 478, 479 thermotherapy (TUMT) 94 Tristel 736 trospium 149 tuberculosis 220 tuberculous epididymo- indications for transurethral radiofrequency intervention 472 indications for stone removal 476 JJ stents 472, 473 KUB X-ray 46 medical expulsive therapy 470 needle ablation (TUNA) 94 orchitis 35 transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) 276, 746 \200\2237 transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) 100, 744 \200\2235 tuberous sclerosis 405, 677 tumor colic 20 tumor \202 are 354 Turner \200\231s syndrome 685 pain 20 INDEX 831 isolated 176 microbiology 178, 179 neuropathic patients 628, urinary incontinence (UI) ureteric stones: (continued) children 692 classi \201 cation 128 coital 129 continuous 129 de \201 nition 24, 128 detr usor overactivity 128, post-ureteroscopy stenting 479 in pregnancy 488 pregnancy test 466 presentation 466 tempera ture 466 treatment options 478, 629 post-stenting 726 pregnancy 642, 643 preventative advice 184 recurrent 176, 186 re-infectio n 186 treatment guidelines 184, 130 elderly patients 158, 164 giggle UI 692, 693 history 132, 133 ICS management recommen- dati ons 160 \200\2234 479 ureteroscopic stone 185 extraction 478, 479 uncomplicated 176, 178 unresolved 177 watchful waiting 470 ureteric strictures 496 \200\2237 ureterocele 670 ureteroenteric urine inhibitors of insensible 129 intrinsic sphincter crystallization 434 strictures 497 ureteropelvic junction obstruction 20 \200\2231 ureteroscopes 778 \200\22381 ureteroscopic irrigation leakage 25 metastable 434 pH 40, 183, 441 saturated 434 storage 608 supersaturated 434 unde rsaturated 434 urine cytology 42, 274 urine dipstick test 8, 40, de \201 ciency 128, 131 investigations 133 \200\2234 low bladder compliance 131 mixed UI 24, 128, 137 neuropathic patients 624, systems 778 ureteroscopy 778 \200\22381 627 stenting after 727, 780 ureterosigmoidostomy 290 urethra over \202 ow 128 pathophysiology 130 patient 182, 272, 466 embryology 647 physiology 794 sensory innervation 605 ultrasound 44 urine \202 ow questionnaires 132, 133 measurement 62, 63 physiology 499 physical examination 132 post-prostatectomy 154 pregnancy 641 prevalence 128, 129 red \202 ags 132 risk factors 130 stress UI, see stress urine microscopy 41, urethral cancer 362, 365, 183, 272 urine molecular markers 274 366 urethral catheterization 108, 111, 527 urinoma 517 urodynamic stress urethral diverticulum 166, urinary incontinence incontinence 128 uro \202 owmetry 62, 63 urological 168 urethral urethral hypermobility 131 urethral injuries 535 \200\2237, 539 hypermobility 131 urgency UI 24, 128 urinary retention, see investigations 37 \200\22369 post-pelvic urological surgery fracture 526 \200\22330 urethral sling (male) 626 urethral sphincter acute urinary retention; chronic urinary retention urinary schistosomiasis 222, antibiotic prophylaxis 702 \200\2233, 704 aspirin and intrinsic de \201 ciency 128, 223 antiplatelets 699 131 urinary sepsis 198 urinary tract bladder washout \202 uids and techniques 722, 723 bowel preparation 700 catheters 714, 71 5 consent 740 \200\2231 deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 706 \200\2239 neurological disease 610 overactive/ embryology 646, 647 pathophysiology of obstruction 498 urinary tract infection antibiotic underactive 610 somatic motor innervation 604 urethral stenosis 124 urethral stricture 124 urethral syndrome 602 urethrit is 600 \200\2231 prophylaxis 187 \200\2238 antimicrobial therapy 184, diathermy 732 \200\2235 drains 714 \200\22316, 717, 719 endoscopy telescopes and light sour ces 738 \200\2239, 739 185 non-speci \201 c 602 urethrography 52, 53 urgency urinary bacterial persistence 186 bacterial resistance 184 catheter-related 112 \200\22313 children 654, 656 complicated 176, 178 de \201 nition 176 diagnostic criteria 177 investigation 18 2 \200\2233 incontinence 24, 128 uric acid stones 436, 464, \202 uid balance 710 guidewires 720 \200\2231, 721 incisions 760 \200\2231 joint replacem ent patients 702 \200\2233 484 urinary diversion 150, 290 urinary extravasation 517 INDEX 832 lasers 730 \200\2231, 731 pacemakers and ICDs 734 \200\2235 vasectomy 756 \200\2237 vasopressin 802 vasovasostomy 756 \200\2237 vegetarian diet 483 ven ous thromboem- bolism 706 \200\2239 Weigert-Meyer rule 422, 425, 662, 668 Weigert \200\231s law 819 white blood cell casts 41 white blood cells 40, 182 Wickham \200\231s striae 231 Wilm \200\231s tumor 238, 819 Wolf \201 an ducts 646, 648 Wu nderlich \200\231s patient preparation 698 \200\223700 patient safety 712 prosthetic heart valves 702 shock 710 \200\22311 sterilization of verrucous hyperplasia 365 vesicourachal diverticulum 29 vesicoureteric syndrome 245 equipment 736 \200\2237 transurethral resection syndrome 713 re \202 ux 408 \200\22310, 662, 664, 665 X xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis 194 vesicovaginal \201 stula 156, warfarin 157 anticoagulation 708 \200\2239 videocystometry 68, 69 videocystoure- see also speci \201 c procedures urothelium 794 thrography 52, 53 visual laser ablation of Y Young-Dees-Leadbetter procedure 690 prostate 96 voiding postponement 692 von Hippel-Lindau V vacuum erection devices 577 vaginal re \202 ux 692 vagino-obturator shelf/ Young \200\231s syndrome 250, 405, 677, 817 prostatectomy 819 Z zipper injuries 543 Zoon \200\231s balanitis 231, 364 W warfarin 708 \200\2239 water balance 802 paravaginal repair 140 variant CJD 736 \200\2237 varicocele 35, 562