83 antibodies see also autoantibodies anti-HLA 545, 578 humanized anti-CD25 monoclonal 560 \200\223561 im munological investigations, renal disease 39 induction therapy, rationale for 563 malignancy-associated glomerular disease 135 as molecular probes 583 monoclonal 715 Sj gren \200\231s syndrome 190 systemic lupus eryth ematosus 181 aging kidney 18, 19 acute kidney injury 384 chronic kidney disease 390 \200\223397 clinical assessment of renal function 12 \200\22315 history and examination, clinical 2 \200\2237 imaging, in renal disease 20 \200\22331 immun ological investigations 36 \200\22339 in newborn infant 16 \200\22317 renal biopsy 32 \200 \22335 urinalysis and microscopy 8 \200\22311 vascular access 488 anti-C1q antibodies 39 anticardiolipin antibodies 181 anti-CD25 induction 563 anticoagulati on 332 \200\223333 acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis 118 for CRRT 331 \200\223332 drug recommendations 69 4 \200\223695 hemodialysis 448, 497 lupus anticoagulant 181 INDEX 739 captopril, scleroderma-systemic sclerosis 186 carbon dioxide, acid-base homeostasis 64 carb onic acid, acid-base homeostasis 64 carboplatin 714 cardiac arrhythmias 46, 61 cardiac dise ase, in transplant donors 548 cardiac failure 294, 490 cardiac state 536 cardiac toxicity 5 0 cardiovascular system disorders cadmium 237, 240 Caenorhabditis elegans 582 calceneurin inhibitors 561 \200\223562 calci \201 c uremic arteriolopathy biocompatible dialysis membranes 494 biomarkers, urinary electrolytes 321 \200\223322 biops y bladder cancer 680 bone 433 muscle 358, 363 renal see renal biopsy skin 358, 610 temporal a rtery 342 tissue 170 tumors of kidney 668 Wilms \200\231 tumor 673 \200\223674 biphosphonat es 196, 715 bipolar disorder 455 bisphosphonates 434 BK virus nephropathy 568 bladder (CUA) 416, 435 calci \201 cation, cutaneous 451 calcineurin inhibitors 561, 563 \200\223564 chronic nephrotoxicity 568 drug-induced disorders 701 \200\223702 calcinimetics 434 calciphylaxis 451 calcitonin, hypercalcemia of malignancy 196 calcium -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 chronic kidney disease, risk factors in 412 \200\223416 functions 52 homeostasis 52, 164 ionized 86 medical management 529 and parathyroid hormone 432 PD solutions 508 in skeletal disorders 432, 433 stones 271 \200\223272 urinary excretio n 165 calcium carbonate 433 calcium oxalate crystals, urine microscopy 11 calcium oxalate s tones 274, 277 calcium phosphate product 530 calcium-channel antagonists, edema 3 calculi, renal 249 campath-1H, immunosuppression 561 cancer/malignant conditions diabetics, risks in 147, 472, 474 drug treatment 695 elderly patients, disease in 471 \202 uid and electrolyte hypercalcemia 54 hypermagnesemia 63 hypocalcemia 53 hypomagnesemia 61 hypophosphatemia 57 abnormalities, ultrasound indications 20 frequency in emptying of 2 in \202 ammation 3 tum ors of 680 \200\223682 blastomycosis 265 bleeding hypertension, risk factors in 288, 306 metabolic acidosis, systemic effects 65 metabolic al kalosis 70 nephronophthisis 603 and transplantation 544, 566, 569 carpal tunnel syndrome (C TS) 436 cast nephropathy 158 \200\223159 casts, urine microscopy 10 \200\22311 catecholamin es 307, 399, 672 catheters see also hematuria; hemorrhage gastrointestinal 419 \200\223420 renal biopsy contraindicati ons 33 transplant complications 554 uremic 444 \200\223446 bleeding time 445 blood group ty ping, transplantation 545 blood lead levels 236 blood loss, in anemia 426 blood pressure AA amyloidosis 154 amyloidosis 136 biological and targeted therapies 715 bladder 680 \200 \223682 carcinoma in situ 680 crescentic glomerulonephritis 136 focal segmental glomerulosc lerosis 136 glomerular disease 134 \200\223137 hematuria 3 hepatocellular cancer, screening for 423 histology 673 humoral hypercalcemia of 196 hypercalcemia 53 IgA nephropathy 136 ki dney tumors 668 \200\223671 kidneys 196 \200\223198 locally advanced disease 685 mechanical obstruction 196 \200\223197 membranous nephropathy 106, 109, 135 mesangiocapillary glomeru lonephritis 136 metastases 196, 687 minimal change disease 135 \200\223136 myeloma kidney 1 58 \200\223159, 204 nephron-sparing techniques 677 nephroureterectomy 677 palpation, examin ation, clinical 5 plasma cell 158 polycystic kidney disease 593 post-transplant lymphoproli ferative bene \201 ts 491 central vein 492 complications, central venous see also hypertension and acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis 117 ambulatory monitoring 304 diabetics, control in 147, 472 drug treatm ent 289 hemodialysis 499 invasive monitoring 304 measurement 7, 287, 288 catheterization 492 disadvantages 491 drainage problems 514 \202 uid leaks 515 indwelling 249 infection 511 \200\223514 insertion 328, 484, 491 peritoneal dialysis 506 \200\223507 temporary 490 tunne led 491 types of 490 \200\223491 in children 304 in pregnancy 310 thresholds and targets 288 blood tests, acute kidney injury acute tubulointerstitial nephritis 344 in elderly patients 386 glomerulonephritis 341 hepat orenal syndrome 353 ischemic 357 pigment-induced 362 thrombotic microangiopathies 349 blood transfusions, in pregnancy 380 BMI (body mass index) 578 body image 540 body temperature 4 42 bone CCBs (calcium channel blockers) 289 CCPD (continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis) 508 CD20 antigen 561 CD2-AP mutations 93 cell biological phenotyping 584 cells, u rine microscopy 10 cellulitis, and nephrotic syndrome 81 central nervous system (CNS) Fabry disease 620 \202 uid and electrolyte disorders 42, 57, 62 hypomagnesemia 62 hypopho sphatemia 57 nephronophthisis 603 respiratory acidosis 72 respiratory alkalosis 73 systemic lupus erythematosus 184 calcium homeostasis 52 density studies 433 metabolic acidosis, systemic effects 65 remodeli ng, in phosphate homeostasis 56 as a tissue 432 disease 567 and primary renal disease 441 prostate cancer 684 \200\223687 renal cell carcinoma 598, 600 , 668 renal cell tumor subtypes 669 renal medullary carcinoma 193 renal pelvis and ureter 6 76 \200\223678 screening for 137 skin 450 \200\223451, 567 \200\223568 staging 669 \200\223 670, 681, 685 systemic therapies and kidney 714 \200\223716 thrombotic microangiopathy 136 \200\223137 transitional cell carcinoma 680, 681 and transplantation 544, 549, 567 \200\223 568 and treatment of renal disease 441 tumor lysis syndrome 197 tumor progression, in ESAs 431 and uremia 441 Wilms \200\231 tumor 672 \200\223675 bone disease biopsy 433 in elderly patients 471 management 528 \200\223529 osteoporosis 570 and transplantation 569 bone marrow 160, 426, 612 bone mineral metabolism abnormalities 41 4 BOR (Branchio-oto-renal) syndrome 640 Bowman \200\231s space 120, 141, 214 brachio-cephal ic AVF 488 brachytherapy 685 Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome 640 breast cancer 544 bullou s disease of HD (pseudoporphyria) 453 cerebrovascular disease, transplantation, selection of patient 544 CGN (crescentic glomerulonephritis) 120 \200\223122, 136, 342, 387 CHARGE syndrome 640 CHD7 gene, mutation 640 chemical dissolution therapy, uric acid stones 276 chemotherapy AL amyloidosis 152, 153 anemia 426 HIV-associated disease 140 plasma cell dyscrasias 159 wi th renal impairment 714 \200\223715 chest Candida, urine microscopy 11 candidiasis 264 CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal general examination 6 radiography of, in vasculitis 170 respiratory acidosis 72 X-rays 165, 672 C1q nephropathy 94 C3 and C4 components, immunological dialysis) 506, 507 \200\223508, 513, 523 investigation 36 capillary permeability 18 CABG (coronary artery bypass grafting) 534 INDEX 740 crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN) 120 \200\223122, tuberous sclerosis 598 uric acid levels 233 children 136, 342, 387 acute kidney injury in 372 \200\223376 chronic kidney disease in 462 \200\223466 prevention of progression 463 crosstransplantation experiments 407 CRRT (continuous renal replacement chronic lead nephropathy 237 chronic prostatitis 249 chronic renal insuf \201 ciency, and ESRD 256 chronic symptomatic hyponatremia 43 chronic urate nephropathy 233 chronicity, de \201 ned 3 Churg-Strauss syndrome 170, 171 cidofovir 701 ciliopathies, nephronophthisis 604 cinacalcet 434 cipro \202 oxacin, urinary tract infection 248 circumcision 252 cisplatin 714 citrate, anticoagulation 332, 333 citrate excretion, decreased 271 \200\223272 Citrobac ter infection 244 CKD see chronic kidney disease (CKD) clean-catch urine specimens 245 clin ical acid-base disorders 64 \200\22374 clinical assessment of renal function 12 \200\22314 clinical phenotyping 584 clinical practice guidelines, and renal therapies) 330 \200\223333 anticoagulation 332 \200\223333 high volume 332 hybrid technique s 333 replacement \202 uids and/or dialyzates 331 super \202 ux membranes 332 \200\22333 3 on dialysis 464 \200\223466 failing renal function 442 Fanconi syndrome 204 growth 464 hype rtension in 304 \200\223308, 464 immunization 465 membranous nephropathy 109, 114 minimal c hange disease 88 \200\22389 nephrotic syndrome, steroid-resistant 88 polycystic kidney dise ase in 586 \200\223589 psychosocial support 466 renal stone disease in 282 \200\223283 tran splantation, renal 464 \200\223466 urinary tract infection in 252 \200\223255 vascular acce ss 490 cryoglobulinemia antibody-antigen interaction-dependent mechanisms 176 classi \201 cation 176, 177, 178 hepatitis C, mixed with 160, 176 \200\223179 immunoglobul in-dependent mechanism 176 plasma cell dyscrasias 160 cryoglobulins 36, 160, 177 see also cryoglobulinemia cryoprecipate 176, 380, 445 Cryptocci infections 265, 567 crystals 11, 629 CT (computed tomography) Chinese herb nephropaphy 240 \200\223241 chlorambucil, membranous nephropathy 109 cholester ol, LDL, nephrotic syndrome 83 chronic allograft dysfunction 568 \200\223569 chronic asympt omatic hypernatremia 45 chronic glomerular disorder, acute nephrotic acute kidney injury 324, 358 in elderly patients 386 registries 729 clinical syndromes 3 \200\2234 clopidogrel 448 CNS (congenital nephrotic syn drome) 616 coagulation/coagulation disorders angiography 295 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 with intravenous contrast enhanc ement 23, 25 kidney tumors 668 noncontrast, for analgesic nephropathy 227 polycystic kidney disease 587, 592 renal biopsy indications 34 tuberculosis, renal 258 urography 25 Wilms t umor 672 \200\223673 without contrast enhancement 23, 24 zygomycosis 265 syndrome 3 chronic hypercalcemia 54 chronic hyperphosphatemia 59 chronic hypocalcemia 53 chronic in \202 ammatory disease, AA see also anticoagulation in chronic kidney disease 444 \200\223449 dialysis 536 tests for c oagulation 445 coccidiomycosis 265 \200\223266 Cockcroft-Gault formula, GFR amyloidosis 154 chronic interstitial disease see interstitial disease, chronic chronic interstitial nephritis 6, 240 \200\223241 chronic kidney disease (CKD) measurement 13, 18 Cogan syndrome 602, 603 cognitive dysfunction 456 \200\223457 co-immunop recipitation 583 COL4A34/COl4A4 mutations 606, 608 colchicine, AA amyloidosis 155 colonic p erforation 418 combination therapy 266, 334 compartment syndrome 324 complications see also kidneys acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis CTLA-4-1g (belatacept) 561 CTS (carpal tunnel syndrome) 436 CUA (calci \201 c uremic arter iolopathy) 415 \200\223416, leading to 117 AL amyloidosis 150 amyloidosis, -2 microglobulin 436 \200\223438, 439 asse ssment 390 \200\223397 atherosclerotic renovascular disease 294 cardiovascular risk factors 412 \200\223416 in children 462 \200\223466 classi \201 cation 3, 726 coagulation disorde rs 444 \200\223449 de \201 nition of chronicity 3 de \201 nitions 390 dermatologic disord ers 450 \200\223453 diabetes mellitus in 472 \200\223475 in diabetics 144 early detection 3 92 \200\223393 edema 3 in elderly patients 468 \200\223471 endocrine disorders 398 \200\223 400 Fanconi syndrome 206 gastrointestinal disorders 418 \200\223421 GFR changes 12 hematolo gical disorders 426 \200\223431 and hyperkalemia 51 hypertension 395, 406 \200\223410 immun e function in 440 \200\223442 investigations 393 lead nephropathy 5 lithium-induced 705 liv er disorders 422 \200\223425 measuring renal function 393 \200\223394 nail abnormalities 6 nephrotic syndrome 82 neuropsychiatric disorders in 454 \200\223458 palliative and supporti ve care 397 polycystic kidney disease 594 in pregnancy 402, 476 \200\223478 progression 393 \200\223394 progressive 480, 633 proteinuria 394 referral to specialist 396 \200\223397 sc reening 393 sexual disorders 402, 403, 474 skeletal disorders 432 \200\223435 and systemic sclerosis 187 and transplantation 569 treatment 395 \200\223396 435 current complaint, history 4 cyclophosphamide ANCA-associated vasculitis 170 cryoglobulinemia 178 disorders induced by 703 lupus nephriti s 183 membranous nephropathy 109 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 114 minimal change di sease 88 polyarteritis nodosa 173 cyclosporin/cyclosporin A Alport \200\231s syndrome 610 f ocal segmental glomerulosclerosis 97 immunosuppression 561 membranous nephropathy 109 minim al change disease 87, 88, 89 nephrotic syndrome 83 acute kidney injury 325 in diabetics 474 extracorporeal circuits 337 \201 stulas 489 \200 \223490 gastrointestinal 420 \200\223421 nephrocalcinosis 279 nephrolithiasis 273 nephrotic syndrome 86 percutaneous nephrostomy 27 renal biopsy 34 \200\22335 transplant surgery 552 \200\223555, 566 \200\223570 conduit artery function, altered 412 Congo Red staining, amyloid 150, 151 conjugated estrog ens 446 connective tissue diseases 188 constipation 516 continuous ambulatory peritoneal di alysis (CAPD) 506, 507 \200\223508, 513, 523 cylous ascites 514 CYP3A gene 561 cystatin C, GFR measurement 13 \200\22314 cystectomy, rad ical 681 cystine stones 202, 273, 274 \200\223275, 277 cystinosis 206, 628 \200\223630 cyst inuria 202 \200\223203, 283 cystitis 2, 246, 264 cystography 23 cystoscopy 680 cysts 5, 20 contraindications 33, 483 contrast agents, and newborn infant 17 contrast-induced nephrotox icity 28 copper 237 CORAL study, renovascular disease 298, 410 coronary artery disease 474, 534 corticomedullary phase, CT scanning 23 corticosteroids see also polycystic kidney disease acquired cystic disease 591 bone 436 extrarenal 588 infe cted 250 large renal 593 liver 593 \200\223594 pancreatic 594 renal 590, 593, 599, 600 dermatomyositis 189 membranous nephropathy 109, 114 minimal change disease 87 minimization of 564 polymyositis 189 withdrawal of 564 cytokine production, systemic lupus cotrimoxazole 126, 171, 173 COX (enzyme cyclo-oxygenase) 228 COX-2 inhibitors 229, 230 cran berry products, UTIs 247, 250 creatinine 12 \200\22313, 17, 521 \200\223522 erythematosus 180 cytomegalovirus 546, 577 cytotoxic agents, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 97 INDEX 741 distal RTA (dRTA) 208 \200\223210 diabetic nephropathy (DN) 144 daclizumab, immunosuppression 560, 561 danaparoid, anticoagulation 332 day surgery, renal b iopsy 34 DCT (distal convoluted tubule) 60 DDAVP (desmopressin) 14, 33 coagulation disorder s 445 test in nephrogenic diabetes drug treatment 700 proximal RTA distinguished 211 Sj gren \200\231s syndrome 190 stones 27 1 see also diabetes mellitus diagnosis 146 evolution of 146 natural history 145 \200\223146 p ost-renal transplantation 572 stages 146 distal ulnar-basilic AVF 488 diuresis, postobstructive 325 diuretics dialysis inspidus 221, 222 abuse of, in edema 3 adverse effects 710 \200\223711 classi \201 cation 708 clinical use 7 08 \200\223711 drug-induced disorders 703 \200\223705 hypertension 307 loop 708 nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 223 nephrotic syndrome 82 osmotic 709 pharmacodynamic considerations 70 9 potassium-sparing 708 \200\223709 proximal RTA 211 recommendations for use 695 thiazide 6 95, 708 see also hemodialysis; peritoneal dialysis; RRT DDS (Denys-Drash syndrome) 618, 640, 641 de novo disease (renal replacement therapy) absolute indications for 482 acute poisoning, hemoperfusion 336 \200\223337 acute uric acid nephropathy 233 adequacy 518 \200\223525 anti-GBM disease 572 diabetic nephropathy 572 hemolytic uremic syndrome 573 membranous neph ropathy 109, 574 in pregnancy 381 calculations 724 \200\22325 albumin 334, 336 amyloidosis 502 children 464 \200\223466 choosing time to start 482 \200 \223483 commencing 482 \200\223483, 525, 538 cryoglobulinemia 179 dementia 457 disequilibri um syndrome 456 \200\223457 dysequilibrium 502 GFR at start 483 hemodialysis 500 \200\22350 3 see hemodialysis hemo \201 ltration 498, 499 \200\223500 hypertension treatment 409 \200 \223410 idiopathic ascites 418 incidence and prevalence of comorbid deafness, Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 deceased donors, renal transplantation 577 dehydrat ion 18, 472 dementia 457 Dent \200\231s disease 204, 206, 278 Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS) 61 8, 640, 641 depression 455, 539 dermatologic disorders, in chronic kidney diverticulitis 594 DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic disease 450 \200\223453 dermatomyositis 188 \200\223189, 190 dermatoses, acquired perforating 452 desferroxamine, n europsychiatric drugs) 188 DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) 26 donors, renal transplants 548 \200\223550, 577 Doppler ul trasound 21, 147 Down syndrome 641 drug treatment disorders 457 desmopressin (DDAVP) see DDAVP (desmopressin) DEXA scanning 570 diabetes insipidus (DI) conditions 503 see also NSAIDs (non-steroidal initiation, in acute kidney injury 326 late referral 485 medical management 528 \200\223536 optimization 532 \200\223533 outcomes, in elderly 469 \200\223470 palliative care 536 \200 \223537 peritoneal 63 see peritoneal dialysis plasma cell dyscrasias 159 postdialysis blood sampling methods 519 \200\223520 postdialysis urea concentration, anti-in \202 ammatory drugs); speci \201 c diseases; speci \201 c medications etiology 220 congenital 220, 223 \200\223224 diagnosis 220 \200\223221 euvolemic hypernatre mia 44 nephrogenic 220 \200\223224, 705 acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis 117 \200\223118 acute kidney injury 374, 700 acute uric acid nephropathy 232 \200\223233 AL amyloidosis 153 allergic reactions, renal biopsy indications 32 anticoagulation see anticoagulation antico nvulsants 695 antiepileptic drugs 52 antimicrobials 693 \200\223694 clinical history 4 coag ulation disorders 446 diabetes mellitus 472 disorders induced by see drug-induced diabetes mellitus see also diabetic nephropathy (DN) blood pressure control 147, 472 cardiovascular risk fact ors 147, 413 chronic kidney disease in 472 \200\223475 complications 474 consequences of de creased kidney equilibrated 520 predialysis care, psychosocial aspects 482 in pregnancy 382 quality of life 525 strategies 480 \200\223487 and transplantation 556 vascular access 488 \200\223492 withdrawal of 486 \200\223487 function 473 \200\223474 de \201 nitions 144 detection of renal injury 146 diagnosis 146 \200\223147 drug treatment 472 end-stage renal disease in 474, 535 epidemiology 144 follow-up 148 genetic and environ mental factors 144 GI complications 421 glomerular hemodynamics 145 glucose, in urine 9 gly cemic control 147 and hypophosphatemia 201 late onset, of the young (MODY3) 200 lifestyle m odi \201 cations and diet 147 maturity onset diabetes of the young 589 metabolic consequen ces 145 ocular fundus examination 147 and other forms of renal disease 144 pathogenesis 145 pathology 145 patient advice 148 podocytes, role 145 polyneuropathy 7 in pregnancy 148, 47 4 \200\223475 proteinuria 145, 147 renal biopsy indications 147 renal dysfunction with 32 r enin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, disorders diuretics see diuretics diuretics, clinical use 708 \200\223711 edema 3 fungal infections 2 66 \200\223267 Goodpasture \200\231s disease 125 \200\223126 handling of drugs in kidney di sease 690 \200\223696 hypercalcemia 166 hypertension 289, 302 immunosuppression 560 \200 \223564 membranous nephropathy 106, 108 \200\223109 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 11 4 \200\223115 minimal change disease 88, 89 mixed connective tissue disease 188 neonatal re nal handling 17 nephrocalcinosis 278 nephrotic syndrome 83, 84 neuropsychiatric disorders 4 57 pharmacokinetic alterations 690 \200\223691 respiratory alkalosis 73 systemic lupus eryt hematosus 181 \200\223182 therapeutic monitoring 693 tuberculosis, renal 258 urinary tract infection 246 \200\223248 dialyzates 331 dialyzer reactions 501 diamorphine 694 diaphragmatic leak 515 diarrhea 366, 375, 420 didanosine 701 dietary factors acute kidney injury 325, 374 chronic kidney disease 442, 463 in diabetics 147, 472 dialysis , effect on requirements 530 hyperoxaluria 272 hypertension 289, 306 low protein, in nephro tic syndrome 83 medical management 530 \200\223531 nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 223 perit oneal dialysis 524 diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA), nuclear medicine 26 digoxin 695 diluted Russell \200\231s viper venom test (DRVVT) 181 dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 26 dimethyl arginine, asymmetric 413 dipstick testing of uri ne in children 253 vasculitis 170 \200\223171 vasopressin receptor antagonists 44 in diabetics 146 false results 9 Fanconi syndrome 206 hematuria 76 for nitrites 9 relative density 8 urinary tract infection 245, 246, 253 activation 145 drug-induced disorders self-help 475 therapeutic management 147 \200\223148 in transplant donors 548 treatment goa ls 147 type I 144, 146, 472 type II 144, 145, 146, 147, 472 urinary tract infection 249 acute CsA nephrotoxicity 701 acute kidney injury 345 acute nephrotoxicity 701 analgesic abu se 226 chronic interstitial disease 241 chronic nephrotoxicity 701 in diabetics 472 distal nephron, hypokalemic tubular disorders 216 diabetic foot 474 INDEX 742 extracellular \202 uid (ECF) 42 endogenous \201 ltration markers, GFR drug-induced disorders (cont.) calculations 720 \200\223721 measurement 12 \200\22314 diuretic or laxative abuse 217 Fanconi syndrome 204, 205 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 93 hypomagnesemia 61 nephropathies 698 \200\223706 renal syndromes 699 stones 270 systemic lupus erythematosus 180 drugs, nonprescription, focal segmental extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular risk (ESWL) 276 factors 413 \200\223414 eyes end-stage renal disease see ESRD (end-stage Fabry disease 620 general examination 6 nephronophthisis 603 ocular defects, in Alport \200 \231s syndrome 608 renal disease) end-stage renal failure see ESRF (end-stage renal failure) ENL (erythema nodosum leprosum) 259 enteric hyperoxaluria 272 Enterococci infection 9, 244, 252 enteropathy, diabetic 421 environmental myobacterial (EM) disease 259 eosinophils, uri ne microscopy 10 epithelial casts, urine microscopy 11 epithelial cells, urine microscopy 1 0 eprodisate, AA amyloidosis 156 EPS (encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis) 516 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 546 erectile dysfunction 474 erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) 259 erythrocyte ca sts, urine microscopy 11 erythrocytes, in urine 8, 10 erythropoietin 426, 446 ESAs (erythop oiesis-stimulating agents) Fabry disease 6, 11, 620 \200\223622 facial appearance, general examination 6 factor H de \201 ciency 36, 38 falciparum malaria 140 familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy glomerulosclerosis 93 DRVVT (diluted Russell \200\231s viper venom test) 181 dry skin (xerosis) 450 \200\230dry weight \200\231, achieving 532 DTPA (diethylenetriamine penta-acetic (FJHN) 233 acid) 26 Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) 155 familial renal disease, renal biopsy Duplex ultrasonography 295 dynamic nuclear medicine 26 dyslipidemia, cardiovascular risk fa ctors 413, 472 dysuria, micturition disorders 2 indications 30 family history 5, 582 Fanconi syndrome and aristolochic acid nephropathy 240 and Bartter \200\231s syndrome 204, 218 causes 200 cl inical features 204 \200\223205 de \201 ned 204 diagnosis 205 \200\223206 genetic causes 2 05 \200\230incomplete \200\231 form 206 investigations 206 management 206 \200\223207 and nephrotic syndrome 82 patient advice 206 prevalence and pathophysiology 204 and proximal RT A 211 treatment 206 E. coli infection 244, 246, 248 in children 252 Eagle-Barrett syndrome 643 eating disorders 418, 541 EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) 546 ECF (extr acellular \202 uid) 42 echinocandins, fungal infections 266 echocardiography 186, 306, 34 2 edema 3 adjusting dosage 430 chronic kidney disease 413, 426 and iron 442 medical management with 5 28 plasma cell dyscrasias 159 sickle cell nephropathy 193 and tumor progression 431 abdominal wall 515 genital 515 nephrotic syndrome 80 \200\22381, 82, 83 pulmonary 325 Escherichia coli 244 ESRD (end-stage renal disease) AA amyloidosis 156 adipokines 400 AL amyloidosis 152 Alport \200\231s syndrome 612 aristolo chic acid nephropathy 240 A \2372M, measures to reduce 437, 439 bleeding, gastrointestinal 419 \200\223420 cardiac state 536 chronic lead nephropathy 237 and chronic renal insuf \201 ciency 256 in diabetics 474, 535 diagnosis 538 dosing recommendations 424 EM disease 2 59 epidemiology 480 ethnic background of patient 5 \201 brillary glomerulonephritis 152 f ocal segmental glomerulosclerosis 96 HPRT de \201 ciency 636 hypertension in 409 \200\2234 10 immunotactoid glomerulopathy 152 malnutrition 531 medical management 529 peritoneal dial ysis 506 sickle cell nephropathy 194 skin disorders 451 \200\223453 surgery 535 in tropics 138 von Hippel \210\222Lindau disease 600 EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid) 26 and lead 236, 240 fatalities, renal biopsy 35 fatty casts, urine microscopy 11 fecal impaction 418 females effusive arthropathy 436 elderly patients acute kidney injury in 384 \200\223387 cardiovascular disease 471 chronic comorbidity 384 c hronic kidney disease in 468 \200\223471 conservative management 470 \200\223471 hemodialys is 469 kidney in 18 \200\22319, 384 malnutrition 471 NSAID-induced renal failure, subject t o 228 outcomes of dialysis 469 \200\223470 peritoneal dialysis 469 recovery of renal functi on 387 transplantation, renal 470 vascular access 490 Alport \200\231s syndrome 612 as donors 578 sexual disorders in 402, 403 urinary tract infe ction in see under urinary tract infections (UTIs fentanyl 694 FGN ( \201 brillary glomerulonephritis) 150 \200\223156 natural history 152 \200\223153 renal biopsy 151 transplantation, recurrence following 153 \201 brates 83, 703 \200\223704 \201 brillary glomerulonephritis (FGN) see FGN ( \201 brillary glomerulonephritis) electrolyte problems, in elderly patients electromyography 363 electron microscopy \201 brinogen A , hereditary amyloidosis 155 \201 bromuscular disease of renal arterie s 292 \200\223 293 acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis 117 acute nephrotic syndrome 139 Alport \200\231s sy ndrome 610 cryoglobulinemia 178 \201 brillary glomerulonephritis 151 focal segmental glom erulosclerosis 93, 94 IgA nephropathy 101, 102, 103 immunoglobulin-associated glomerulopath ies 152 \201 broplasia 292 \201 brosing alveolitis 188 \201 laria 132 Finland, congenital nep hrotic syndrome of (CNF) 616 \201 stulas autogenous AVF 488, 489 complications 489 \200\223490 graft 488 \200\223489 needling 490 ph ysiological changes following surgery 490 ESRF (end-stage renal failure) 106, 107 see also renal failure immunotactoid glomerulopathy 151 membranous nephropathy 107 mesangiocapillary glomeruloneph ritis 113 monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition estrogen therapy, postmenopausal women 250 ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave FJHN (familial juvenile hyperuricemic lithotripsy) 276 nephropathy) 233 disease 152, 160 ethambutol, tuberculosis, renal 258 ethanol 69, 70 ethnic and geographical background of \202 uid and electrolyte disorders acute kidney injury 321 \200\223322 avoidance, in chil dren 464 in diabetics 474 diuretics, induced by 711 electrolyte problems, in elderly nail-patella syndrome 614 pre-eclampsia 313 renal biopsy technique 33 patient 5, 578 ethylene glycol 69 ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) see EDTA (ethyle nediamine tetra-acetic acid) electronic databases, genetic diseases 583 ELISA assays 447 Ellis-van Creveld syndrome 602 EM (environmental myobacterial) disease 259 emergency situations 27, 306 emphysematous pyel onephritis 249 encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) 516 endocrine disorders see also ho rmones in chronic kidney disease 398 \200\223400, 402 hypertension 286, 305, 306 patients 18, 386 euvolemic hypernatremia 44 \200\22345 everolimus, immunosuppression 563 examination of pati ent 5 \200\2237, 76, 287, 301 excretory phase, CT scanning 25 exercise, lack of 414 \200 \223415 exogenous \201 ltration markers, GFR hypercalcemia 53 \200\22355, 164, 166 of malignancy 196 hyperkalemia see hyperkalemia hypermagnesemia 60 \200\22362 hypernatremia 44 \200\22345, 37 3 hyperphosphatemia 52, 58 \200\22359, 414 hypocalcemia 48, 52 \200\22353, 62, 217, 373 measurement 12 INDEX 743 in newborn infant 16 \200\22317 predicting rate of decline in 483 in pregnancy 12 renal fun ction, assessing before bleeding 419 \200\223420 calcium homeostasis 52 chronic kidney disease, disorders in 418 \200\223421 constipation 516 drug recommendations 694 \202 uid and electrolyte disorders \202 uid and electrolyte disorders (cont.) hypokalemia see hypokalemia/hypokalemic tubular disorders hypomagnesemia 46, 60 \200\22362, 217 hyponatremia see hyponatremia hypophosphatemia 56 \200\22358, 200 \200\223201, 206 NSAIDs, imbalance induced by 229 prescribing 691 urea 13 urinary clearance 12 hypercalcemia 54 hypomagnesemia 61 hypophosphatemia 56 GIN (granulomatous interstitial nephritis) 164, \202 uid overload see edema \202 uid retention, in diabetics 474 \202 uoroquinolones 249 165, 166 Gitelman \200\231s syndrome 46, 62, 216, 217 magnesium, gastrointestinal absorption 60 metabolic acidosis, systemic effects 65 phosphate , gastrointestinal absorption 56 polyarteritis nodosa 173 transplantation, selection of pat ient 544 uric acid nephrolithiasis 233 and Fanconi syndrome 204 urinary tract infection 246, 248 glomerular basement membrane (GBM) see GBM (glomerular basement membrane) FMF (Familial Mediterranean Fever) 155 focal sclerosis, membranous nephropathy 107 focal se gmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) see FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) glomerular capillaries, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 93 glomerular capillary wall (GCW), nephrotic gastroparesis, diabetic 421 GBM (glomerular basement membrane) fomepizole 69, 70 forearm grafts 488 \200\223489 foscarnet 701 Frasier syndrome 618, 640, 6 41 \200\223642 FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) 92 \200\223 syndrome 80 glomerular crescents, membranous IgA nephropathy 101 renal AL amyloid deposits found along 151 thin membrane nephropathy 606 nephropathy 107 glomerular disease acute kidney injury 340 AEGN (acute endocapillary GCKD (glomerulocystic kidney disease) 589 GCW (glomerular capillary wall), nephrotic 98 cellular variant 94 clinical presentation 93 collapsing variant 94 diagnosis 94 with diffus e mesangial hypercellularity 94 drug-induced 93 epidemiology 92 etiology 92 \200\22393 gene tic disease 92 \200\22393, 573 HIV-associated disease 93, 94 hyperlipidemia 96 idiopathic 5 72 malignancy-associated 136 minimal change disease 86, 87 natural history 96 not otherwise speci \201 ed (classic) 93, 95 pathology 93 \200\22394 perihilar variant 93 \200\22394 pr imary 92 proteinuria 96 recurrent, post-transplantation 98 relapsing disease 97 secondary 9 2 \200\22393, 94, 96 structural maladaptive 93, 94 tip variant 94 treatment glomerulonephritis) 116 \200\223119 antiglomerular basement membrane disease see Goodpastur e \200\231s disease crescentic glomerulonephritis 120 \200\223123 focal segmental glomerulo sclerosis 92 \200\22399 hematuria see hematuria Henoch-Sch lein purpura 6, 100, 104 \200 \223105 immunoglobulin A nephropathy 100 \200\223104 infection-related glomerulonephritis 1 28 \200\223133 malignancy-associated 134 \200\223137 membranous nephropathy 106 \200\223111 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 112 \200\223115 minimal change disease 86 \200\22390 nephrotic syndrome see nephrotic syndrome para-neoplastic conditions and kidney 197 protein uria see proteinuria schistosomiasis 262 screening for malignancy 137 sickle cell nephropat hy 193 in tropics 138 \200\223141 and tuberculosis 256 syndrome 80 gelsolin, hereditary amyloidosis 155 gemcitabine 703 gene-protein-phenotype 582 general exa mination of patient 5 \200\2237 GeneTests database 582 genetic counseling 588 genetic defec ts see also inherited diseases acute kidney injury 318 animal models, renal disease 582 \200 \223583 Bartter \200\231s syndrome 217 cystinuria 202 Gitelman \200\231s syndrome 217 Hartn up disease 203 immune response gene polymorphisms 579 lysinuria 203 molecular genetic diagn ostics 582 \200\223583 monogenic diseases 582 mutations -Gal A 620 AH1 604 COL4A34 COl4A4 606, 608 LMX1B 614 NPHP1-6 88 NPHS2 88, 616, 617 rare s yndromes, with renal glomerular proteinuria, urinalysis 9 glomerulocystic kidney disease (GCKD) 589 glomerulonep hritis acute 5, 375 acute capillary 116 \200\223118 acute kidney injury 340 \200\223343, 341, 355 in children 462 chronic 189 clinical features 134 \200\223135 crescentic 120 \200\223123 de novo, in pregnancy 381 in elderly patients 385 epidemiology 134 hepatitis-B-associated 573 infection-related 128 \200\223132, 340 leprosy and renal disease 258, 259 leprosy-associat ed 141 mesangiocapillary 6, 112 \200\223115 nephritic sediment marker 11 nonstreptococcal i nfection-associated 116 pathogenesis 134 post-streptococcal 3, 116 primary 340 renal biopsy requirement 134 secondary 141 systemic sclerosis 340 glomerulopathy 150 \200\223156 glucoc orticoids 183, 399 glucose 9, 200, 508 glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase disease-speci \201 c 96 follow-up 98 general 96 initial approach 96 \200\22397 second-line 97 viral-mediated 93 involvement 640 TRPC6 92 URAT-1 639 nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 223 polygenic diseases 582 positional cloning of disease gen es 582 in pre-eclampsia 311 proximal RTA 211 single nucleotide polymorphisms 582 thin membr ane nephropathy 606 full blood count sarcoidosis 165 uremic bleeding 445 fundoscopy eye symptoms 6 hypertension 287 genetic testing fungal infections Alport \200\231s syndrome 610 direct and indirect 582 polycystic kidney disease 591 \200 \223592 see also infection; urinary tract infection (UTI) endemic 265 \200\223266 granulomata, necr otizing 257 laboratory diagnosis of renal mycosis 266 opportunistic 264 \200\223265 periton itis 513 transplantation, following 266 in transplants 567 furosemide 17, 278 genitourinary disease, transplantation, selection of patient 544 \200\223545 genotype-phenotype correlation 584 gentamicin 694 geranium nephropathy 240 \200\223241 GFR (glomerular \201 ltration rate) and acute kidney injury 3 and age 724 calculations 722 Cockcroft-Gault formula 13 cystatin C 13 \200\22314 de \201 ned 12 dialysis 483 in elderly patients 18 endogenous \201 ltrat ion markers 12 \200\22314 estimation, in nuclear medicine 26 exogenous \201 ltration mark ers 12 Modi \201 cation of Diet in Renal Disease G6PD (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) 370, 624 gadodiamide 29, 30 gadopentetic acid 29 Galloway syndrome 618 ganciclovir 701 gastric empty ing and gastroesophageal (G6PD) 370, 624 GLUT1 and GLUT2 (glucose transporters) 200 gluteraldehyde, electron microscopy 33 glycemic control, in diabetics 147, 472 glycogen sto rage disease type V (McArdle re \202 ux 418 gastrointestinal bicarbonate, excessive loss in disease) 625 metabolic acidosis 65 glycoprotein llb/Illa inhibitors 448 \200\223449, 534 glycosuria 17, 86, 200 gold 237 gastrointestinal system disorders Study 13 amyloid deposition 154 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 and nephrolithiasis 632 INDEX 744 homeostasis dialyzate composition 499 dose 499 duration 496 in elderly patients 469 EM disease 259 freq uency of 495 \200\223496 home 483, 500 hypermagnesemia 63 hyperphosphatemia 58 intermittent 328 \200\223329, 330 machine monitors and alarms 497 membranes 330 minimum and target dial ysis dose 520 nephrogenic systemic \201 brosis 30 patient safety 497 \200\223499 prescrip tion 494 principles 494 progressive CKD 633 reuse of dialyzers 497 schistosomiasis 263 sick le cell nephropathy 193 small solute clearance 494 \2372M, use of 521 studies 494, 495, 49 6, 499, 521 treatment time 495 ultra \201 ltration 496 unit-based 483 vascular access 497 vascular access planning 483 \200\223484 water quality 497 \200\223498 Goodpasture \200\231s disease 32, 124 \200\223127 acid-base see acid-base balance calcium 52 \202 uid 535 magnesium 60 normal 444 phosphate 56 primary 444 salt and water balance 524 \200\223525 secondary 444 sodium 16 water 16, 18 , 42 and anti-GBM disease 610 and transplantation 572 gout 233, 452, 639, 711 grafts acute graft dysfunction 558 delayed function 576 \200\223577 \201 stula, types of 488 \200\223489 HLA typing, transplantation 577 outcome 576 prosthetic and biological 488, 489, 490 granular casts, urine microscopy 11 granulomatous interstitial nephritis hormone therapy 685 hormones (GIN) 164, 165, 166 see also endocrine disorders abnormalities 402 adrenal 399 antidiuretic 42 growth 398 parat hyroid 165, 432, 441 \200\223442 thyroid 398 growth hormone 398 Gullner \200\231s syndrome 218 gut, calcium homeostasis 52 gynecologic h istory 4 HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) 131, 141 horseshoe kidney 661 hospital admission hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy 552 hantavirus infection 5, 344 Hartnup disease 203 HCDD (heavy chain depositio n disease) 160 HDL (high density lipoprotein), malignant hypertension 301 renal failure 538 \200\223539 urinary tract infection 248 HPRT ( hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) de \201 ciency 636 hyperlipidemia 81 HPTH (tertiary hyperparathyroidism) 570 HSP (Henoch-Sch lein purpura) 6, 100, hearing loss, Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 heart 104 \200\223105 hemodynamic AKI 385 hemo \201 ltration 499 \200\223500 complications 501 \200\223503 inter mittent 329 \200\223330, 330 membranes 330 water quality 498 see also cardiac arrhythmias; cardiac failure; human immunode \201 ciency virus (HIV) 131 cardiovascular system focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 93, 94 renal disease, HIV-associated 140 transplantation , selection of patient 546 in tropics 138 cardiac toxicity 50 general examination 6 systemic lupus erythematosus 184 heavy chain deposition disease (HCDD) 160 HELLP syndrome 350, 379 hematocrit 444 hematologi cal disorders, chronic kidney humanized anti-CD25 monoclonal hemoglobin, in urine 8 \200\2239 hemolysis 362, 501 hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) see HUS antibodies 560 \200\223561 humoral immunity, Goodpasture \200\231s disease 124 HUS (hemolytic uremic syndrome) 350 (hemolytic uremic syndrome) disease 426 \200\223431 acute kidney injury 348 \200\223350 acute kidney injury in children 375 and diarrhea 375 et iology 348 in pregnancy 380 recurrent disease, post-transplantation 573 tropical-related ac ute kidney injury 369 hemoperfusion 334, 336 \200\223338 hemoperitoneum 516 hemorrhage 35, 502, 593 hemorrhoids 4 18 Henoch-Sch lein purpura 6, 100, 104 \200\223105, 573 heparin 447, 534, 695 hematological effects, hypophosphatemia 57 hematuria AA amyloidosis 154 Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 analgesic nephropathy 227 benign familial 606, 608 bladder cancer 680 glomerular 76 \200\22379 interpreting evidence of 76 \200\22377 investigations 76 isolated 32, 78, 550 macroscopic 3, 35, 79, 102 low molecular weight 332, 497, 694