34. Fekete R, Jankovic J. Psychogenic chorea associated with family history of Huntington disease. Mov Disord 2010; 25 : 503 \200\2234 . 57. Anderson KE, Gruber-Baldini AL, Vaughan CG, et al. Impact of psycho- genic movement dis orders versus Parkinson \200\231s on disability, quality of life, and psychopathology. Mov Disord 2007; 22 : 2204 \200\2239 . 35. Mejia NI, Jankovic J. Secondary tics and tourettism. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2005; 27 : 11 \200\22317 . 36. Fahn S, Williams DT. Psychogenic dystonia. Adv Neurol 1988; 50 : 58. Feinstein A, Stergiopoulos V, Fine J, Lang AE. Psychiatric outcome in patients with a p sychogenic movement disorder: a prospective study. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neuro l 2001; 14 : 169 \200\2237 6 . 431 \200\2235 5 . 37. Gupta A, Lang AE. Psychogenic movement disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 2009; 22 : 430 \200\2236 . 59. Th omas M, Vuong KD, Jankovic J. Long-ter m prognosis of patients with psychogenic move ment disorders. 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Index ancillary investigations 8 anhidrosis 131 antecollis 64 anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) 25 anterocollis 179, 195, 197 anterolaterocollis 64 anticholinergics cerebellar degeneration (ACD) 281, 284, 290 drug-induced movement disorders 308 history tak ing 7 sensitivity 2-oxoglutaric aciduria 207 3-methylglutaconic acidaemia 207 4-aminopyridine 275 4-hydroxybu tyric aciduria 207 5-fl uorouracil 290 5-hydroxytryptophan 134, 170 12sRNA gene 122 1000 Ge nomes Project 58 cerebellar tremor 170 myoclonus \200\223dystonia (essential tremor) 164, 165, 180, 258 drug-induced movement disorders 209, 304, task-specifi c tremor 170 alcoholic encephalopathy 236 allopurinol 207 -adrenergic agents 249, 251 \200\2232 -interferon 290, 308 -methyl para-tyrosine 309 -motor neurons 11, 12 -synuclein 129, 134, 151, 152, 154, 155 alprazolam 167 alternating leg muscle activat ion (ALMA) 335 Alzheimer, Alois 3 Alzheimer \200\231s disease (AD) 305, 306, 309, 310 dystonia 184 \200\2235, 196, 209 dystonic tremor 170 Holmes tremor 171 multiple system atro phy 133 parkinsonian tremor 169 Parkinson \200\231s disease 79, 86, 93, 99 thalamic tremor 171 anticholinesterases 305 anticonvulsants see antiepileptics antidepressants ABCD1 gene 296 abductor dysphonia 179 abetalipoproteinaemia (ABL) 294 accelerometry 33, 165 , 166, 168 acebutolol 169 aceruloplasminaemia 123, 227, 243 acetazolamide 185, 270, 271, 27 2, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 291 acetylcholine 23 acetylcholinesterase 48 acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 92, 159 acquired h epatocerebral degeneration corticobasal degeneration 146 drug-induced movement disorders 209, 303, corticobasal syndrome 145 and dementia with Lewy bodies 152 diff erential diagnosis 152, 15 3 \200\2234, 260 functional imaging 48 genetics 54, 56 parkinsonism 64, 123 Parkinson \200 \231s disease dementia 107 304, 305 dystonia 209 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 Parkinson \200\231s disease 93, 104, 106 progressive supranuclear palsy 146 psychogenic movement disorders 172, 344 restless le gs syndrome and periodic limb (AHD) 320 \200\2231 acquired immune defi ciency syndrome see AIDS action dystonia 177 action myoclonus renal fa ilure syndrome (AMRFS) 260 amantadine action selection 24 acupuncture 146 acute disseminated encephalomyelitis cerebellar ataxias 286 cerebellar tremor 170 drug-induced movement disorders 305, 306, movements 332 sleep bruxism 335 see also selective serotonin-reuptake (ADEM) 289 310 acute dystonic reactions 182, 209 acute rheumatic fever (ARF) 231, 234 adalimumab 318 Adams , R.D. 257 addiction 25 adductor dysphonia 179 adductor laryngeal dystonia 197 adherence to therapy 8 adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 316 adrenoleucodystrophy (ALD) 296 advanced directives 219 aff ective disorders see mood disorders AIDS 321, 322 inhibitors; tricyclic antidepressants Huntington \200\231s disease 218 multiple system atrophy 133 parkinsonian tremor 169 Parkin son \200\231s disease 47, 79, 80, 87, 88, 90, 93 non-motor symptoms 99, 10, 105, 106 antiemetics 209 antiepileptics cerebellar ataxias 289 chorea 236 cortical myoclonus 260 drug-induced movement disorders 20 9, 310 dystonia 209 episodic ataxia 291 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 myoclonus 260, 261 paroxysmal movement disorders 269, 270, Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia 108 progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal de generation 145 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) 244 amine depleters 182 amino aciduria 207 \200\2238 4-aminopyridine 275 amiodarone 7, 290, 305 , 308 amisulpiride 218 amitriptyline 146, 159, 245, 308 ammonium tetrathiomolybdate 244 amp hetamines 236, 251, 307 amphotericin B 305, 308 amyloid plaques 152, 153 \200\2234 amyotrop hic lateral sclerosis 158 \200\2239 anesthetic agents 182, 209 271, 272, 273 chorea 236, 237, 238 drug-induced movement disorders 303, 304 stereotypies 249 tics 251 AIDS dementia complex (ADC) 321 akathisia 304 \200\2235, 309, 310 akinesia, defi nition 5 a kinetic \200\223rigid disorders 5 albendazole 323 albuterol 308 alcohol (ethanol) 321 anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies, ataxia associated with 291 antihistamines 304, 307, 332 antimalarials 209 anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) recept or encephalitis 248 antiphospholipid syndrome 290, 319 cerebellar ataxia 284, 289 Index 348 tics 250 \200\2231 ATXN1 gene 295 ATXN2 gene 295 ATXN3 gene 296 ATXN7 gene 296 atypical par kinsonian disorders see benign hereditary chorea 228 benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood 275 benserazide 85 benz odiazepines antipsychotics see neuroleptics antispasmodics 154 anxiety myoclonus \200\223dystonia 180 Parkinson \200\231s disease 75, 99, 100, 104 Parkinson \200 \231s disease dementia 107 paroxysmal movement disorders 269 rhythmical movement disorder o f sleep 334 tics 251 Wilson disease 243 alcohol withdrawal 321 corticobasal degeneration 146 drug-induced movement disorders 304, 3 05, corticobasal degeneration/syndrome; multiple system atrophy; progressive supranuclear palsy auditory startle refl ex 6, 37 autism 248, 249 autoimmune diseases 318 \200\22319 310, 311 dystonia 182, 185 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 myoclonus \200\223dystonia 202 paraneoplastic opsoclonus \200\223myoclonus anxiolytics 344 apathy 104, 106, 107, 243 aphasia choreas 231 \200\2235, 237 \200\2238 syndrome 317 autonomic dysfunction paroxysmal movement disorders 270, 271 progressive supranuclear palsy 146 renal disease 320 rhythmical movement disorder of primary progressive 159 progressive non-fl uent 144, 158 dementia with Lewy bodies 152, 154 multiple system atrophy 130 \200\2231, 132 \200\2233 par kinsonism 64 \200\2235 Parkinson \200\231s disease 75 \200\2236, 102 \200\2233 progressive supranuclear palsy 142, 143 autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias see APOE gene 107 apomorphine 65, 86, 87, 89, 90, 133, 332 APP gene 56 Applied Biosystem 56 apr axia sleep 334 sleep bruxism 335 sleep starts 332 stereotypies 249 stiff person syndrome 316 spinocerebellar ataxias frontotemporal dementia 158 parkinsonism 64 of speech 144 APTX gene 292 ARHGEF9 gene 262 ar ipiprazole 307 aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) 272, 273 autosomal recessive ce rebellar ataxias benztropine 79, 169, 185, 209, 304, 305 Bereitschaft spotential (BP) 38 \200\2239, 262, (ARCAs) 282, 283, 284, 286, 292 \200\2234, 297 333, 341 autosomal recessive dystonia in gypsies 195 autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of -adrenergic antagonists 93 beta-blockers 249, 305, 321 beta-carbolines 163 Bickerstaff \200\231s encephalitis 289 bilateral striopallidodentate calcifi cation 124 bimanual moveme nts, control of 25 \200\2236 biotin 292 biperiden 169, 271, 305 bladder dysfunction Charlevois \200\223Saguenay (ARSACS) 293 \200\2234 defi ciency 207 Avicenna 2 ASA gene 294 Ashkenazi Jews baclofen dystonia 179, 192, 193, 206 Gaucher disease 122 Niemann Pick disease type C 205 Parkinson \200\231s disease 74 dystonia 184, 185, 198, 204 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 paraneoplastic opsoclonus \200 \223myoclonus syndrome 317 dementia with Lewy bodies 152, 154 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 multiple system atrophy 13, 131, 133 Parkinson \200\231s disease 77, 99, 103 aspirin 129, 319 associative circuit (basal ganglia) 21, 22 astasia \200\223abasia 341 aste rixis (fl apping tremor) 260, 262 \200\2233, 264, 320 astrocytic plaques 140, 141 ataxia paroxysmal movement disorders 272, 273 psychogenic movement disorders 345 stiff person synd rome 316 tics 252 blepharospasm 179, 195 drug-induced 303 electrophysiology 40 functional imaging 49 geste an tagoniste 192 Meige \200\231s syndrome 180 progressive supranuclear palsy 143 psychogenic 3 40 treatment 196, 197 bacterial infections 322 \200\2233 ballism with co-enzyme Q10 defi ciency 286, 294 myoclonus 260 with oculomotor apraxia (AOA) 284, 28 6, defi nition 6, 231 hyperthyroidism 237 vascular chorea 235 \200\2236 292 \200\2233 paraneoplastic 315 \200\22316 parkinsonism 64 telangiectasia (AT) 203, 282, 284, 286, 292 a taxia telangiectasia-like disorder 292 with vitamin E defi ciency (AVED) 203, 286, basal ganglia (BG) action selection and scaling of movement 24 anatomy 15 \200\22317, 21 \200\2233 and cerebel lum, interactions between 23 control of bimanual movements 25 \200\2236 functional aspects 21 \200\2236 general circuit anatomy 21 \200\2233 inhibition of thalamocortical activities 24 interneurons and neuromodulators 23 motor input 15 \200\22316 nomenclature 2 non-motor f unctions 26 parkinsonism 62 \200\2233 procedural learning 25 response inhibition 24 \200 \2235 reward learning 25 thalamostriatal projections 23 blindness 248 blip syndrome 332 Blocq, Paul Oscar 2 body rocking in sleep 334 bornaprine tr emor 169 botulinum toxin (BoNT) 292 Wilson disease 242 \200\2233 ataxic cerebral palsy 288 Ataxin8 gene 121 atenolol 167, 169 a thetoid cerebral palsy 182 athetosis 3, 177 ATM gene 292 ATN1 gene 226, 296 ATP1A3 gene 121 , 181, 202 ATP7B gene 123, 182, 203, 228, 241, 242, 243, corticobasal degeneration 146 drug-induced movement disorders 310 dystonia 185, 186, 196, 1 97, 202, 204 dystonic tremor 170 electrophysiology 39 essential tremor 167 multiple system atrophy 134 myoclonus 265 palatal tremor 171 Parkinson \200\231s disease 88, 94, 102 paroxy smal movement disorders 271 progressive supranuclear palsy 146 psychogenic dystonia 341 sle ep bruxism 335 task-specifi c tremor 170 tics 251, 252 293 ATP13A2 (PARK9) gene 118 \200\22320 ATPP gene 292 attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder basilar migraine 284, 289 basket cells 17 Batten \200\231s disease 205 BEAN gene 296 behavi oral therapies 251, 252 Beh et \200\231s disease 290, 319 belly dancer \200\231s dyskinesi a 333 Benedikt \200\231s syndrome 171 benign familial chorea (BFC) 49 (ADHD)/attention defi cit disorder basal ganglia 24, 26 response inhibition 24 rhythmical movement disorder of sleep 334 stere otypies 248 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 233 brachial dystonia 195 index 349 chorea cerebellar abscess 290 cerebellar ataxias 281 \200\22398 bradykinesia autoimmune 231 \200\2235 defi nition 6, 231 diff erential diagnosis 257 drug-induced 236 fu nctional imaging 49 gravidarum 236 history taking 6 Huntington \200\231s disease 216, 218 i nfectious 236 in metabolic and toxic defi nition 5 frontotemporal dementia 158 Huntington \200\231s disease 216 parkinsonism 63 \200\2234 Parkinson \200\231s disease 76 progressive supranuclear palsy 142 etiology and genetics 283 alcohol intoxication 321 classifi cation 284 clinical features 28 4 \200\2236 epidemiology 281 \200\2233 future developments 298 investigations 286, 287 \200 \2238 key advances 297 \200\2238 key points 298 management 286 \200\2238 multiple system at rophy 130, 131, 134 progressive supranuclear palsy 142 specifi c disorders 288 \200\22397 t opography and pathophysiology 283 \200\2234 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 219, 232 brain imaging chorea 237 parkinsonism 66 see also functional imaging; structural encephalopathy 236 \200\2237 non-genetic 231 \200\2238 paralytica 233 paraneoplastic 317 psychogenic 342 vascular 235 \200\2236 Wilson disease 242 imaging brain injury/infection 182, 289 brain iron accumulation disorders 123, 226 \200\2238 brain neoplasms 238 brainstem (reticular) myoclonus 37, 258, 261, cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and bilateral vestibular arefl exia syndrome (CANVAS) 291 choreoacanthocytosis 227, 228 choreoathetosis 242 CHRNA2 gene 273 CHRNA4 gene 273 CHRNB2 ge ne 273 chronic infl ammatory demyelinating 265 cerebellar dysfunction/atrophy 315 \200\22316 brainstem pattern generators for rhythmic myoclonus 262, 263, 266 paroxysmal movement disorders 272, 274, movements 17 \200\22320 brainstem reticular refl ex myoclonus 263 \200\2234 Briquet \200\231s syndrome 343 British anti-lewisite (BAL) 243 bromocriptine 78, 84, 89, 133, 310, 311 Brown, Denny 243 bruxism, s leep (SB) 334 \200\2235 budipine 169 Burdach, Karl Friedrich 2 buspirone 286, 304 butyrophe nones 209 275, 276 stereotypies 248 Wilson disease 242 \200\2233 neuropathy 171 cimetidine 307, 308 cingulate sulcus 12 cinnarizine 7, 304, 305, 308 cirrhosis 320 cisaprid e 305 citalopram 218, 304, 344 classifi cation of movement disorders 5 \200\2236 clebopride 102, 305 clonazepam cerebellar function, examination of 7 cerebellar infarction 281, 288 \200\2239 cerebellar t remor 164, 170 cerebellitis, acute 281 cerebellum and basal ganglia, interactions between 23 dystonia, secondary 209 excitatory output 17 mot or input 17, 18 neuroanatomy 15, 17, 18 C9orf72 repeat expansion 157, 158 \200\2239 cabergoline 78, 84 \200\2235, 89 CACNA1A gene 2 75, 276, 291, 296 CACNB4 gene 276 caff eine 93 calcitonin 308 calcium antagonists 182, 209, 305 camptocormia 64, 77, 94 cannabis 170 capillary sequencing 53 \200\2234 carbamazepine cerebellar ataxias 286 cerebellar tremor 170 corticobasal degeneration 146 dementia with Le wy bodies 154 drug-induced movement disorders 305, 308, cerebral cortex deep brain stimulation 197 cerebral palsy 185, 196, 237, 288 cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) analysis/markers Alzheimer \200\231s disease 154 autoimmune diseases 318, 319 cerebellar ataxias 286 cortico basal degeneration 145 dementia with Lewy bodies 154 frontotemporal dementia 159 paroxysmal movement disorders 272 progressive supranuclear palsy 145 sarcoidosis 319 tuberculosis 323 309, 310 dystonia 184 essential tremor 167 Falciparum malaria 323 fragmentary myoclonus 335 Holmes tremor 171 myoclonus 265 myoclonus \200\223dystonia 202 orthostatic tremor 171 pala tal tremor 171 Parkinson \200\231s disease 100 paroxysmal movement disorders 271, 274 propr iospinal myoclonus at sleep cerebellar tremor 170 chorea 236 drug-induced movement disorders 209, 304, 308, 310 dystonia 182, 185, 209 fragmentary myoclonus 335 Huntington \200\231s disease 218 myoclonus 265, 333 paroxysmal movement disorders 185, 269, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) 286, 294 ceruloplasmin gene 123, 243 cervical dystonia 179, 194, 195 onset 333 geste antagoniste 192 myoclonus \200\223dystonia 201 overfl ow 192 secondary 209 treatment 197 tremor 170 270, 271, 273, 274 propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset 333 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 235 rhythmical movement disorder of sleep 334 thalamic tremor 171 clonidine 252, 310, 320, 335 clozapine carbidopa 78, 84, 85, 90 \200\2231, 145 carbon monoxide 251 cardiovascular dysfunction 102, 103, 130 \200\2231 cardiovascular refl ex testing 66 carers of people with Parkinson \200 \231s disease 77 catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) CHAC gene 124, 227 Charcot \200\223Marie \200\223Tooth disease 58 chemotherapy 317 chenodeo xycholic acid 294 Chiari malformation 283, 286, 288 chlorambucil 308 chlorpromazine 303, 30 5 choline 286 cholinergic function 48 cholinergic interneurons 23, 25 cholinesterase inhibi tors 105, 108, 152, 154, dementia with Lewy bodies 154 drug-induced movement disorders 305, 306, 307, 309 inhibitors 78 \200\2239, 84, 85, 88, 89, 91 parkinsonian tremor 169, 170 Parkinson \200\231s disease 88, 90, 93, 105 caudal zone incerta (CZi) 92, 167, 168 caudate nucleus (CN) 15, 23, 25, 249 CDKL5 gene 248 ceft riaxone 323 central motor conduction time 286 central pattern generators (CPGs) 17, 19 centromedian nucleus (CM) 23, 26 CEP1347 47 co-activation sign 172 cobalamin defi ciency 290 cocaine 182, 209, 303, 304, 307, 308 coeli ac disease 260, 262, 266, 291, 318 co-enzyme Q10 79, 146, 286, 292, 294 cognitive assessmen t 7 cognitive \200\223behavioral therapy (CBT) 344 155 Index 350 diff erential diagnosis 75, 152, 153 \200\2234 future directions 155 key advances 155 manag ement 108, 154 myoclonus 260 pathophysiology 151 \200\2232 cerebellar ataxias 286, 290 chorea 236 electrophysiology 37 myoclonus 260 cognitive impairment dementia with Lewy bodies 152 frontotemporal dementia 156, 158 Huntington \200\231s disease 215, 217, 218 Parkinson \200\231s disease 75, 91, 92, 100, 105, Crick, Francis 3 cri du chat 248 Critchley, MacDonald 3 CSTB gene 260 Cummings, J.N. 241 cy clophosphamide 305 cyclosporin 305, 308 CYP27 gene 294 cyproheptadine 305 cytarabine 308 Cy tochrome b gene 122 cytosine arabinoside 305 106 \200\2238 dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy progressive supranuclear palsy 142 \200\2233 see also dementia coiled bodies 140, 141 compr ehensive behavioral intervention for tics (DRPLA) 226, 260 cerebellar ataxias 294, 296 functional imaging 49 depression (CBIT) 252 basal ganglia 26 in carers of people with Parkinson \200\231s compulsions see obsessive and compulsive behaviors computed tomography (CT) disease 77 dementia with Lewy bodies 152 dystonia 177 Huntington \200\231s disease 217 myoclonus \200 \223dystonia 180 Parkinson \200\231s disease 47 \200\2238, 75, 91, 99, 100, paraneoplastic movement disorders 317 parkinsonism 67, 68 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 234 Wil son disease 243 Dandy \200\223Walker syndrome 283, 286, 288 dantrolene 311 darifenacin 103 deep brain stimu lation (DBS) cerebellar tremor 170 chorea in cerebral palsy 237 corticobasal degeneration 1 46 drug-induced movement disorders 310 dystonia Constantine 2 constipation 104, 106 Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia 107 tics 251 under-diagnosis and under-treatment 9 Wil son disease 243 desmopressin 103, 133 diabetes mellitus 237, 238, 320 Diagnostic and Statis tical Manual (DSM) psychogenic movement disorders 343 stereotypies 247 tardive dyskinesia 3 06 diagnostic formulation 7 \200\2238 diagnostic issues advances 53 future challenges and p rospects 58 massively parallel sequencing 56 \200\2237 Sanger sequencing 53 \200\2234 singl e-molecule sequencing 57 whole-genome genotyping 54 \200\2236 Huntington \200\231s disease 217, 218 multiple system atrophy 131, 133 Parkinson \200\231s disease 75, 86, 99, 102 continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 133 conversion disorder 177, 343, 344 \200\2235 conversion reaction 289 copper chelation therap y 185 coprolalia 249, 250 copropraxia 249, 250 copulatory dyskinesias 306, 307 cortical myo clonus 34, 35 \200\2237, 257 \200\2238 etiology and genetics 260 \200\2231 clinical feature s 264 key advances 266 management 265 pathophysiology 262 \200\2233 dystonia-plus syndromes 202 primary 184, 185, 196 \200\2237 secondary/heredodegenerative 18 5, 203, 204 tardive 209 dystonic tremor 170 essential tremor 166, 167 Holmes tremor 171 Huntington \200\231s diseas e 218 myoclonus 26, 266 orthostatic tremor 171 parkinsonian tremor 169, 170 Parkinson \200 \231s disease 86, 89, 91 \200\2232, 93, 94, 95 corticobasal degeneration/syndrome (CBD/ diaphragmatic fl utter 333 diazepam 304, 305 diclofenamide 272, 274 diet and nutrition CBS) 139 \200\22347 etiology 139 \200\22340 aetiopathogenesis 61 \200\2232 clinical feature s 64, 74, 101, 142 \200\2235, 156 diagnosis 145 diff erential diagnosis 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 dystonia 208 electrophysiology 37 epidemiology 61, 139 examination of patient 7 frontot emporal dementia 158 future developments 147 genetics 139 \200\22340, 147 key advances 146 \200\2237 key points 147 management 145 \200\2236 myoclonus 260 pathophysiology 140 \200 \2232 structural imaging 43, 67, 68, 69 corticomotoneuronal connections 11 corticopontine t ract 17 corticospinal tract 11 corticosteroids 235, 316, 317 corticostriatal pathway (basal ganglia) 23 corticosubthalamic (hyperdirect) pathway non-motor symptoms 99, 104, 106 paroxysmal movement disorders 271 progressive supranuclear palsy 146 task-specifi c tremor 170 thalamic tremor 171 tics 251, 252 \200\2233 tremor in p eripheral neuropathy 171 Wilson disease 185 abetalipoproteinaemia 294 chorea 237 dystonia 185 gluten ataxia/enteropathy 291, 318 Huntin gton \200\231s disease 218 nutritional defi ciencies 321 Parkinson \200\231s disease 86 par oxysmal movement disorders 272 Refsum \200\231s disease 294 Wilson disease 244 deep nuclei 17 deferipone 204 defi nitions of movement disorders 5 \200\2236 degenerative p arkinsonism 61, 62 delirium tremens 321 delusions diff usion tensor imaging (DTI) 50 dystonia 44 myoclonus 264 parkinsonian disorders 43 parkinsonism 67, 68 propriospinal myocl onus at sleep onset 333 dementia with Lewy bodies 152 frontotemporal dementia 156, 158, 159 Parkinson \200\231s dis ease 105 Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia 107 dementia diff usion-weighted imaging (DWI) 67, 68 diltiazem 304, 305, 308, 310 dimercaptopropanol 24 3 diphenhydramine 304 direct pathway (basal ganglia) 21 \200\2232, 24 dissociative disorder s 343 \200\2234 disulfi ram 305 DJ-1 (PARK7) gene 44, 118 domperidone 65, 86, 102 donepezil 108 dopamine familial 123 Huntington \200\231s disease 217 myoclonus 260 and parkinsonism 64, 151 \200 \22360 dementia with Lewy bodies 151 \200\2235 frontotemporal dementia 155 \200\22360 (basal ganglia) 22 \200\2233, 24 covert dyskinesia 306, 307, 310 CP gene 227 CR1 gene 54 cr aniocervical dystonia 195 C-refl ex 36 \200\2237, 260, 262, 265 Creutzfeldt \200\223Jakob d isease 123 Parkinson \200\231s disease 99, 100, 106 \200\2238 see also specifi c dementias dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) 151 \200\2235, 160 clinical presentation 64, 75, 102, 152 clinical tips 155 diagnosis 152 \200\2234 basal ganglia 16, 23, 25 index 351 electrophysiology 39 \200\22340 frontotemporal dementia 158 functional imaging 49 \200\2235 0 heredodegenerative 182 \200\2233, 202 \200\2238 Huntington \200\231s disease 216 multiple system atrophy 134 paraneoplastic 317 parkinsonism 64 Parkinson \200\231s disease 87, 88 P arkinson \200\231s look-alike syndromes 120 \200\2231 paroxysmal 182 pathophysiology 183 \200\2234 primary 178 \200\22380, 191 \200\2238 psychogenic 340 \200\2231 secondary 182, 20 8 \200\2239 structural imaging 43 \200\2234 tardive (TDt) 308 \200\2239, 310 treatment 184 \200\2236 Wilson disease 242 dopa-responsive dystonia 201 essential tremor 166 parkinsonian tremor 166 parkinsonism 68, 70 Parkinson \200\231s disease 74, 76 psychogenic parkinsonism 341 dopa-responsive dystonia 50 historical perspective 1 parkinsonism 61, 62 Parkinson \200\231 s disease 73 depression 48 early diagnosis 76 levodopa-induced dyskinesias 47 modifying progression of P arkinson \200\231s dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) 120 \200\2231, 180 \200\2231, 201, 209 diff erential diagnosis 184 functional imaging 50 paroxysmal moveme nt disorders 272 disease 47 motor complications 87 postsynaptic dopaminergic receptor dorsal cingulate motor area 12 dorsal premotor cortex 11 Down \200\231s syndrome 248, 251 D RD5 gene 180 driving and Parkinson \200\231s disease 77, 78, 101 droperidol 305 droxidopa 1 33 drug challenge testing in parkinsonism 65 drug history 6 \200\2237 drug-induced choreas 236, 238 drug-induced dystonia 209 drug-induced movement disorders 303 \200\22311 dopamine- receptor blocking agents binding 46 presynaptic dopaminergic system 45 \200\2236 striatal dopamine measurement 46 \200\2237 restless legs syndrome 330 \200\2231 reward learning 25 stereotypies 247 synthesis 181 tics 249 dystonia-parkinsonism 64, 65, 120, 180 \200\2231 dopamine agonists chorea 238 corticobasal degeneration 145 Holmes tremor 171 multiple syste m atrophy 133 parkinsonian tremor 169 Parkinson \200\231s disease functional imaging 50 rapid-onset (RDP) 202 X-linked 202 \200\2233 dystonia-plus syndromes 120, 177, 178, 180 \200\2231, 201 \200\2232 303 \200\22310 history taking 6 \200\2237 neuroleptic malignant syndrome 310 \200\22311 wit hdrawal emergent syndrome 310 classifi cation 192, 194 dystonia \200\223parkinsonism 180 \200\2231 myoclonus \200\223dyst onia 180 treatment 185 early management 78, 79, 80 infusional levodopa \200\223carbidopa intestinal drug-induced myoclonus (DIM) 261 drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) 305 \200\2236 gel 91 dystonic tremor 35, 170, 191 diff erential diagnosis 166 treatment 170 motor complications 84 \200\2235, 87, 88, 89, 90, clinical features 102, 305 \200\2236 diff erential diagnosis 66 drug cessation, review of 9 epidemiology 61, 305 historical perspective 1 management 306 pathophysiology 305 92, 93 non-motor symptoms 99, 101, 104, 106 postural deformity 94 DYT genes 177 \200\2238, 194 DYT1 179, 180 periodic limb movements 328 progressive supranuclear palsy 145 renal disease 320 restless l egs syndrome and periodic limb etiology 192 \200\2233, 195 depression 177 electrophysiology 39 functional imaging 49, 50 p athophysiology 183 \200\2234, 196 structural imaging 44 \200\2235 treatment 185, 197 duloxetine 93 Dynactin gene 123 dysarthria movements 330, 332 stereotypies 247 thalamic tremor 171 cerebellar ataxias 283 multiple system atrophy 130 parkinsonism 64 Parkinson \200\231s dise ase 93 \200\2234 progressive supranuclear palsy 142, 143 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 233 Wils on disease 242 dysarthrophonia 146 dysautonomia see autonomic dysfunction dyscalculia 158 d ysexecutive syndrome 233 dysgammaglobulinaemia 171 dyskinesia dopamine antagonists DYT2 179, 195 DYT3 120, 180, 202 \200\2233 DYT4 179, 195 DYT5/14 120 \200\2231, 180 \200 \2231, 201 DYT6 179, 180 acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 321 chorea 236 diabetes mellitus 320 dystonia 182, 209 movement disorders due to 303 \200\22310 etiology 193 \200\2234, 195 functional imaging 49 pathophysiology 196 structural imaging 44 , 49 akathisia, acute 304 \200\2235 dystonia, acute 209, 303 \200\2234 parkinsonism 305 \200\223 6 tardive syndromes 306 \200\22310 DYT7 180, 194 DYT8 182, 270 DYT9 182, 273 DYT10 182 DYT11 180, 202, 258 DYT12 120, 121, 180 , 181 DYT13 179, 194 DYT15 180, 194 DYT16 120, 180, 181, 202 DYT17 179, 194 DYT18 182 DYT19 182 DYT20 182 DYT21 180, 194 \200\2235 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 235 thyroid disease 319 tics 249, 252 vascular chorea 236 levodopa-induced 47, 77 \200\2238, 87 \200\2239, 95 paraneoplastic 317 dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) dysphagia functional imaging 47 Parkinson \200\231s disease 78, 105, 106 drug-induced 303 Huntington \200\231s disease 217 multiple system atrophy 131, 133, 134 par kinsonism 64 Parkinson \200\231s disease 92, 94 progressive supranuclear palsy 142, 146 Wil son disease 242 dopaminergic drugs dementia with Lewy bodies 154, 155 FBXO7-associated neurodegeneration 124 GBA gene mutation s 122 Parkinson \200\231s disease 99, 102 Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia 107 progress ive supranuclear palsy 142, 143 see also dopamine agonists; dopamine dysthymia 104 dystonia 177 \200\22386, 201 \200\22310 echolalia 249 ecstasy 182, 209, 308 EIF2B 1 \200\2235 genes 294 electrocardiography (ECG) 3 28 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 306, 311 classifi cation 177 \200\2238, 191 defi nition 177 diff erential diagnosis 184 drug-induced 303 \200\2234, 308 \200\2239, 310 dystonia-plus syndromes 180 \200\2231, 201 \200\2232 antagonists; levodopa dopamine transporter defi ciency syndrome 202 dopamine transporter single photon emission c omputed tomography (DAT SPECT) dementia with Lewy bodies 153 Index 352 type 6: 276 type 7: 276 \200\2237 erythromycin 102 erythropoietin 133 essential myoclonus s ee myoclonus \200\223dystonia essential palatal tremor (EPaT) 171 essential tremor (ET) 34, 35, 163 \200\2237 electroencephalography (EEG) autoimmune diseases 318 cerebellar ataxias 286 dementia with L ewy bodies 154 essential tremor 163 fragmentary myoclonus 335 myoclonus 36, 37, 38, 257 \200\2238, 259, 260, 261, focal dystonia 64, 177 formes frustes 192 FOXG1 gene 248 fragile X-associated tremor \200 \223ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) 122, 170, 282, 286, 296, 297 fragile X syndrome 122, 248 fragmentary myoclonus 335 FRDA gene 228, 292 freezing of gait ( FoG) parkinsonism 64 Parkinson \200\231s disease 76, 86 \200\2237, 92 \200\2233 progressive supranuclear palsy 143 \200\2234 etiology and genetics 163 ancillary tests 165 \200\2236 clinical features 102, 164 \200\223 5 diagnosis 164 diff erential diagnosis 165 \200\2236, 191 epidemiology 163 management 166 \200\2237 pathology 163 pathophysiology and pathogenesis 163 \200\2234 263, 265, 266 paroxysmal movement disorders 269, 273, 275 periodic limb movements 328 psychogenic myoclonus 341 psychogenic paroxysmal movement Friedreich, N. 257 Friedreich \200\231s ataxia (FRDA) 228, 282, 283, 284, disorders 342 286, 292 sleep bruxism 334 \200\2235 sleep starts 332 Sydenham \200\231s chorea 234 tics 251 Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) 7 frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 151, 155 \200\22360 ethanol see alcohol ethical issues in genetics 58 ethnic factors, GBA gene mutations 122 et hosuximide 304 ethyleicosapentaenoic acid 219 etomidate 308 examination of patient 7, 8 exc essive daytime sleepiness (EDS) 75, 77, 99, C9orf72 158 \200\2239 corticobasal degeneration 144, 145 diagnosis 159 future developments 160 key advances 159 management 159 microtubule-associated protein tau 155 \200\2236 parkin sonism 123 progranulin 156 \200\2238 progressive supranuclear palsy 144, 145 frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism electromyography (EMG) cerebellar ataxias 286 dystonia 39, 40, 192 fragmentary myoclonus 33 5 myoclonus 35 \200\2236, 37 \200\2238, 257 \200\2238, 262 \200\2233, 264, 265, 266 100 \200\2231 paraneoplastic stiff person syndrome 316 paroxysmal movement disorders 273, 274, excessive fragmentary myoclonus (EFM) 335 exercise-induced dystonia 272 exercise therapy 77 , 345 exome sequencing 57, 58 eye abnormalities 276 propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset 332, 333 linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) 123, 155 clinical presentation 64, 156 diagnosis 159 psychogenic myoclonus 341 psychogenic tremor 340 rigidity 40 sleep bruxism 335 sleep starts 332 tics 251 tremor 33, 165, 166, 168, 171, 340 Huntington \200\231s disease 217 progressive supranuclear palsy 142 Wilson disease 243 frontotemporal lobe degeneration (FTLD) 155 with tau-positive inclusions (FTLD-tau) 155 wit h ubiquitin-positive and TDP-43-positive Fabry \200\231s disease 205 facial appearance, progressive supranuclear inclusions (FTLD-TDP) 155 palsy and corticobasal degeneration 142 electrophysiology 33 \200\22340 FTL gene 226 FTL1 gene 123, 204 fucosidoses 205, 206 functional imaging 45, 50 Fahn \200\223Tolosa \200\223Marin scale 165 Fahr \200\231s disease 124, 204 \200\2235 Falci parum malaria 323 falls dystonia 39 \200\22340 myoclonus 35 \200\2239 rigidity 40 tremor 33 \200\2235 see also elec troencephalography; dementia with Lewy bodies 153 dopa-responsive dystonia 201 drug-induced movement disorders 304, 306 dystonia 196, 202 frontotemporal dementia 159 HIV 321 Huntington \200\231s disease 215 involuntary movement disorders 49 \200\22350 myoclonus 263 paraneoplastic movement dis orders 317, 318 parkinsonism 67 \200\2239, 341 Parkinson \200\231s disease 45 \200\2239 par oxysmal movement disorders 273 psychogenic movement disorders 341, 344 Sydenham \200\231s c horea 234, 322 tics 249 multiple system atrophy 130 orthostatic tremor 171 Parkinson \200\231s disease 92 progressi ve supranuclear palsy 142 \200\2233 familial acanthocytosis with paroxysmal exertion-induce d dyskinesias and epilepsy (FAPED) 272 electromyography embouchure dystonia 177 encephalitides 234 encephalitis lethargica 248 end ocrine disorders 319 \200\22321 enhanced physiological tremor (EPT) 34, familial cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy 167 \200\2239 (FCMTE) 260, 262, 266 diff erential diagnosis 165 treatment 169 familial dementias 123 familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) 275 familial prion disease 224, 2 29 familial striatal necrosis 203 family-based linkage 54 family history 7 fastigial nucleu s 17 fatigue 99, 104 \200\2235 fatty acid hydroxylase-associated entacapone 78 \200\2239, 84, 85, 89 entrainment maneuver 172 ephedrine 133 epilepsia partia lis continua 257 epilepsy dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy 226 frontotemporal dementia 156 Huntington \200\231s d isease 217 myoclonus 258, 259 \200\22360, 262, 265 paroxysmal movement disorders 269, 272 e pisodic ataxias (EAs) 269, 273 \200\2237, 291, 292 gabapentin drug-induced movement disorders 308 essential tremor 167 myoclonus 265 orthostatic tremor 1 71 paroxysmal movement disorders 271 propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset 333 renal disea se 320 restless legs syndrome and periodic limb neurodegeneration (FAHN) 227 FBXO7-associated neurodegeneration 124 18F-dopa PET 306 18F-FDG PET 153, 154 fl apping trem or see asterixis fl udrocortisone 103, 132 fl unarizine 171, 274, 276, 304, 305, 307 5-fl u orouracil 290 fl uoxetine 304, 305 fl upenthixol 305 FMR1 gene 122, 296 investigations 286 management 286 topography and pathophysiology 284 type 1: 273 \200\2235, 291 type 2: 275 \200\2236, 291 type 3: 276 type 4: 276 type 5: 276 movements 332 gait abnormalities cortical myoclonus 260 gait ignition failure 64, 76, 143 index 353 head banging in sleep 334 head drop in Parkinson \200\231s disease 94 head tremor 167, 170 heat stroke 289 heavy metal poisoning 290 Helicobacter pylori infection 86, 102 hemiballism 235, 236, 237 geste antagoniste 177, 179, 192, 257 Gillespie syndrome 283, 291 glial cytoplasmic inclusio ns (GCIs) 129, 131 glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) 47 globoid cell leucodystrophy 206 globus pallidus (GP) anatomy 16, 22 bimanual movements, control of 25 Huntington \200\231s disease 216, 218 orthostatic tremor 171 progressive supranuclear palsy 142 psychogenic gait disorder 341 gait assessment 7 gait training 92 galantamine 108 Galen, Claudius 1, 2 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) paraneoplastic hemiballismus 317 hemiballism \200\223hemichorea (HB \200\223HC) 320 hemidys tonia 177, 209 hepatic encephalopathy 320, 321 hereditary ataxia 58 hereditary chorea-acant hocytosis 203 hereditary haemochromatosis 124 hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy globus pallidus externus (GPe) action selection and scaling of movement 24 anatomy 15, 16, 21 \200\2232 inhibition 23, 24 interneurons 23, 24 globus pallidus internus (GPi) -hydroxybutyrate 202, 308 -motor neurons 11, 12 gangliosidoses 205 gastrointestinal dys function 102 gastroparesis 102 Gaucher \200\231s disease 54, 74, 122 gaze paresis 142, 146 GBA gene 54, 74, 122 GCH1 gene 120, 121, 201 general anesthetic agents 209 generalized anxi ety disorder 104 generalized dystonia 177 gene therapy 245 genetic anticipation action selection and scaling of movement 24 anatomy 15, 21 \200\2232, 23 deep brain stimula tion drug-induced movement disorders 310 dystonia 184, 185, 196 \200\2237, 202, 203 myoclonus 26 5 parkinsonian tremor 169, 170 Parkinson \200\231s disease 91 \200\2232, 106 paroxysmal mov ement disorders 271 Wilson disease 185 (HMSN) 171 hereditary spastic paraplegia 58, 124 heredodegenerative dystonia 177, 178, 182 \200\2233, 202 \200\2238 classifi cation 194 diff erential diagnosis 184 treatment 185 parkinsonism 62 tics 249 Herophilus 1 herpes simplex encephalitis 236, 248, 260 HEXA gene 294 HFE gene 124 HiSeq2000 56, 57 historical perspective 1 \200\2233 history taking 6 \200\2237 HIV 321, 322 GLRA1 gene 261 GLRB gene 262 GLUT1 defi ciency syndrome 272 GLUT1 gene 271, 272 glutamate b lockers 159 glutaric aciduria type 1: 207 gluten ataxia/enteropathy 291, 318 GLYT2 gene 262 , 265 GM1 gangliosidosis 205 GM2 gangliosidosis 205, 294 Gorman, Charles 3 Gowers, W.R. 3 G PHN gene 262 granule cells 17 GRN gene 156 growth factors 219 GS FLX sequencer 56 GTPCH1 ge ne 181, 184 guanfacine 251 \200\2232 dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy 226, 228 Huntington \200\231s disease 213 spinocerebellar ataxias 294 genetics cerebellar ataxias 289 \200\22390 chorea 236, 237, 238 advances 53 corticobasal degeneration 139 \200\22340, 147 dystonia 177 \200\2238, 184, 194 Holmes tremor 171 homocystinuria 207 HTT gene 53, 124, 213 \200\22315, 219, 223 dystonia-plus syndromes 180 \200\2231, 192, 201, 202 functional imaging 49 repeat detection 54 structural imaging 45 heredodegenerative 182, 183, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207 \200\2238 paroxysmal 182 primary 180, 184, 192 \200\2235 Human Genome Project 54, 58 human immunodefi ciency virus see HIV Huntington, George 3 Hunt ington \200\231s disease (HD) 124, 213 \200\22320 episodic ataxias 273, 274 \200\2235, 276, 277 essential tremor 163 frontotemporal dementia 155 \200\2239, 160 future challenges and prospects 58 Huntington \200\231s disease 213 \200 \22315, 218, 219 Huntington \200\231s disease look-alikes 223, 224, etiology 213 clinical features 216 \200\22317 clinical tips 220 diagnosis 218 epidemiology 213 examination of patient 7 functional imaging 49 future developments 219 genetics 53, 213 historical perspective 3 key advances 219 look-alike syndromes 223 \200\22330 management 2 18 \200\22319 myoclonus 260 pathophysiology 214 \200\22316 procedural learning 25 sleep 327 structural imaging 45 Westphal variant 124, 216, 224 habit reversal 249, 252 haemochromatosis, hereditary 124 Hainan 2 Hallervorden \200\223Spat z disease 204, 226 hallucinations 225, 226, 227, 228 \200\22330 massively parallel sequencing 56 \200\2237 multiple system atrophy 129, 134 myoclonus 257, 258 \200\22362, 265, 266 parkinsonism 65 \200\2236, 67, 70 Parkinson \200\231s disease 74, 76 Parkinson \200\231s disease dementia 107 Parkinson \200\231s disease look-alikes 117 \200\22324 paroxysmal dyskinesias 269, 270, 271, 272 periodic limb movements 331 \200\2232 progressive supranuclear palsy 139 \200\22340, 147 restless legs syndrome 331 \200\2232 San ger sequencing 53 \200\2234 single-molecule sequencing 57 stereotypies 247 whole-genome gen otyping 54 \200\2236 Wilson disease 241 frontotemporal dementia 156, 158, 159 parkinsonism 64 Parkinson \200\231s disease 99, 105, 107 haloperidol drug-induced movement disorders 209, 305, 306, 307, 308 dystonia 209 paroxysmal movement disorders 270, 272 sleep bruxism 334 Sydenham \200\231s ch orea 235 systemic lupus erythematosus 317 tics 252 Huntington \200\231s disease-like 1 (HDL1) 224, 229 Huntington \200\231s disease-like 2 (HD L2) 224 \200\2235, Hammond, William 3 hand tremor 166 \200\2237 HapMap project 54, 58 harmoline 163 HARP syndr ome 204, 226 Hartnup disease 207 Hashimoto \200\231s thyroiditis/encephalopathy 290, genitourinary dysfunction see urogenital 229, 230 dysfunction Huntington \200\231s disease-like 3 (HDL3) 225 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria 207 5-hydroxytrypt ophan 134, 170 hyperactivity 233 hyperdirect (corticosubthalamic) pathway Genome Analyzer 56 \200\2237 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) 54 \200\2235, 58 Parkinson \200\231s disease 61 318 Gerstmann \200\223Str ussler \200\223Scheinker (GSS) Haw River syndrome 226 disease 295, 296 (basal ganglia) 22 \200\2233, 24 Index 354