bleeding time 406 blood \200\223brain barrier (BBB) 216 blood \202 ow imaging see Doppler ultrasound blood gasses, sampling for 393 blood pressure cardiac arrhythmias \200\230at-risk \200\231 patients, outreach 582 \200\2235 atelectasis 252 \200\2233 atenol ol 182 ATLS (advanced trauma life support) 482 \200\2233 atracurium 210 atrial \201 brill ation (AF) 53, 99, 176, 288 atrial \202 utter 53, 99 \200\223100, 288 atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 312 atrial (supraventricular) tachycardia 53, de \201 brillation 52 \200\2233, 240 ECG results 99 \200\223100, 288t heart block 99, 290, 291 pacing 54 \200\2235, 180, 291 pharmacotherapy 176 \200\22380, 288, 289, 291 see also s peci \201 c patterns cardiac assist devices 58 \200\2239 cardiac contusion 489 cardiac fai lure 49f, 182 acute 190 \200\2231, 300 \200\2236 levosimendan 190 \200\2231 nitric oxide 15 6 ventilatory support and 6, 22, 304 \200\2235 cardiac ischaemia 99, 182 \200\2233, 184, 23 4, 292 arterial pressure monitoring 102 \200\2233 high see hypertension; vasodilators low see hypo tension blood transfusions 150 in anemia 392 \200\2233, 394 \200\2235 dilutional coagulopathy 388 in hematological maligna ncies 401 incompatible 396 in postpartum hemorrhage 524 bone marrow transplants 401, 404 bo tulinum toxin, pyloric injection 199, 319 botulism 380 \200\2231 bowels 99, 176, 288 atrioventricular (AV) node block 99, 290 atropine 178, 200, 291 audit 570 \200\2231, 584 \200\2235 autoantibodies 374, 389, 396, 470 automatic tube compensation (ATC) 11 autonomic hyper-re \202 exia 487 autonomy 542, 544, 562 autotriggering 9 see also myocardial infarction cardiac monitoring anastomosis 512 \200\22313 colitis 322, 328, 329, 334 \200\2235, 514 decontamination 474 \200\2235 irrigation 440 ischaemia 323, 342 \200\2233, 515 lower GI bleeding 332 \200\2233, 335, 514 obstruction/pseudo-obstruction 323, 330 \200\2231, ECG 98 \200\223100, 274, 288t, 292, 498f echo/Doppler 112 \200\22319, 122, 124, 127, 293, 303 B babies electric impedance 122 partial CO2 rebreathing 93, 122 pulmonary artery catheters 108 \200 \22311, 110f pulse pressure algorithms 120 \200\2231, 126 infant botulism 380 oxygen toxicity 4 respiratory distress/failure 156, 161 514 \200\22315 perforation 328 \200\2239 bradycardia 99, 290 \200\2231 brain monitoring 130 \200\2239 brai n natriuretic peptide (BNP) 302 \200\2233, 312 brainstem death 136, 530 \200\2231, 534 \200 \2236 breathing exercises 44 bronchial artery embolization 271 bronchiectasis 158 broncho-p ulmonary dysplasia 4 bronchodilators 154 \200\2235, 255, 262 \200\2233 bronchoscopy 42 \200 \2233 cardiac output differential diagnosis of shock 446, 447 low, as contraindication to vasopressor baclofen 197 balloon pumps, intra-aortic 56 \200\2237, 453 balloon tamponade for oesophagea l use 174 cardiac pacing 54 \200\2235, 180, 291 cardiac physiology 48 \200\2239, 56, 126 \200\2237 ca rdiac preload 48, 116 \200\22317, 124 \200\2235 \202 uid responsiveness 126 \200\2237, 24 4 varices 326 barbiturates for ICP reduction 132, 136, 352 for seizures 213, 362 cardiac shunt 6, 297 cardiac surgery pacing 54, 291 pharmacotherapy 167, 168, 184, 226, 389 barotrauma 7, 14 \200\22315 barrier nursing 465, 546 bedside rationing 544 bedside services 546 \200\2237 bendro \202 uazide 187 bene \201 cence 532 \200\2233, 544 benzoate 353 ben zodiazepines 208, 209t in burns patients 494 in haemoptysis 270 \200\2231 in pulmonary collapse 253 in tracheostom y placement 35 in upper airway obstruction 248 \200\2239 cardiac tamponade 117, 489 cardiac valves 113, 290, 308 \200\2239 cardiogenic pulmonary oed ema 24, 31 cardiogenic shock 167, 301, 447, 452 \200\2234 cardiopulmonary bypass 32 \200 \2233, 389 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 52, burns 273, 492 \200\2235, 576 overdose 442 for pain management 508 for seizures 212, 362, 363 see also smoke inhalation buspirone 197 240, 241 CardioQ Doppler device 122 cardiovascular drugs 166 \200\22391 best interests 532 \200\2233, 543 -adrenergic agonists C C-reactive protein (CRP) 476 Cesarean sections 519, 522 calcium 411 \200\22312, 503 calci um channel blockers 170 \200\2231, 176, 179, 183, see also individual drugs or classes of drug for ARDS 258 as bronchodilators 154, 263, 265 cardiovascular uses 166 \200\2237, 178, 241, 291 for shock 450, 453t, 456 \200\2237 cardiovascular effects abdominal hypertension 344 brainstem death 534 burns 493 drowning 501 hypothermia 498f live r failure 350 \200\2231, 355 cardioversion 52 \200\2233, 240 carvedilol 171, 182 caspofungi n 231 catheterization arterial 102 in burns patients 492 central venous lines 104 \200\2237 , 492 infected lines 107, 402, 464, 473, 477 PCI 184, 295, 296 \200\2237, 453 pulmonary art ery 108 \200\22311, 110f urinary 464 -adrenergic antagonists ( -blockers) 284, 369 for angina/MI 182 \200\2233, 294, 296 for arrhythmias 176 \200\2237, 179 for hypertension 1 71, 287, 518 for thyroid storm 432 calcium sensitizers (levosimendan) 190 \200\2231, 453t candidiasis 230, 231, 401, 477 canna binoid CB1 receptor agonists 197 cannulation bicarbonate 146 \200\2238, 429, 440, 503 bilevel ventilation (BiPAP) 11 biliary disorders arterial 102 in burns patients 492 central venous lines 104 \200\2237, 492 infected lines 1 07, 402, 464, 473, 477 pulmonary artery 108 \200\22311, 110f cholecystitis 340 \200\2231, 477, 515 cholestasis 348, 349 bilirubin 95, 348, 356 bivalirud in 222 black ethnic groups 284 bladder injury 491 bladder pressure 342 bleach 441 bleeding canrenone 187 CAP (community-acquired pneumonia) 276 \200\2237 capacity for giving consent 542 \200\2233 CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal central venous catheterization 104 \200\2237, 492 central venous pressure (CVP) 124, 493 ce phalosporins 229, 365 cerebellar infarction 371 cerebral blood \202 ow dialysis) 70 \200\2231 capnography 35, 92 \200\2233, 122 capnometry 92 carbapenems 229 carbimazole 432 carbon diox ide during bronchoscopy 43 gastrointestinal, lower 332 \200\2233, 335, 514 gastrointestinal, up per see gastrointestinal after cardiac arrest 242 hypertensive encephalopathy 286 monitoring 132 \200\2233, 138, 485 PEEP and 23 see also cerebroprotection bleeding, upper GI tract haemoptysis 270 \200\2231 haemorrhagic shock 450, 482 \200\2233 haemostatic therapy 150 \200\2231, 226, 326, 367, capnography/capnometry 35, 92 \200\2233, 122 cerebral blood \202 ow and 132 hypercapnia 1 3, 30 removal from blood 18, 32 \200\2233 525, 536 cerebral function monitors (CFMs)/cerebral function analyzing monitors (CFAMs) 134 intra-abdominal 512 in major trauma 482 \200\2233, 488, 490 \200\2231 postpartum 524 \200 \2235 carbon monoxide poisoning 94, 273, 441, 494 carboprost 525 cerebral malaria 468 595 INDEX colloids 144 \200\2235, 244 \200\2235 cryoprecipitate 151 cryptococcal meningitis 365, 466 \200\2237 crystalloids see saline CT s cans cerebral oedema 286, 352, 431 avoidance in burns patients 492 \200\2233 see also \202 uid therapy treatment 216 \200\22317 cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 371 cerebroprotection 60 \200\2231, 175, 214 \200\22315 colon see bowels color \202 ow mapping (CFM) 112, 113 coma, survival post-cardiac arrest 243 communication, aids to 383, 554 community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) 276 \200\2237 compar tment syndrome alveolar recruitment 26 cerebral hemorrhage 366, 368 haemoptysis 270 pneumothorax 14 CURB-6 5 score 276 Curling \200\231s ulcers 321 Cushing \200\231s ulcers 321 CVVH (continuous veno venous post-cardiac arrest 242 \200\2233 post-head injury 485 post-SAH 369 cerebrovascular accident see stroke cervical spinal injury 486 chemotherapy, complications and side abdominal 336, 342, 344 \200\2235, 495 in rhabdomyolysis 503 effects 197, 400 \200\2232, 514 chest drains 38 \200\2239, 267, 269 chest physiotherapy 25, 44 \200\2235, 253, 255 chest trauma 482, 483f, 488 \200\2239 chest X-rays see radiography, chest children competence (in decision-making) 532 \200\2233, 542 complaints procedures 561 complementary medicine 207 compliance, arterial 120 compliance, respiratory 22, 90 computed tomography se e CT scans con \201 dentiality 561 confusion 360 \200\2231 congestive heart failure see he art failure consciousness, impaired 360 \200\2231, 500 consent 35, 532 \200\2233, 542 \200 \2233, 562 consequentialism 544 constipation 202 \200\2233, 353 continuous ambulatory perit oneal dialysis haemo \201 ltration) 69 CVVHD (continuous venovenous haemodialysis) 69 CVVHDF (continuous venovenous haemodia \201 ltration) 69 cyanide poisoning 2, 272, 273 cyclizine 196 cyclophosphamide 47 1 cystatin C 314 cystic \201 brosis 158 cytokines 458, 462 cytomegalovirus (CMV) 232 cannulation 102 consent in 542, 562 \202 uid replacement 142 infant botulism 380 meningit is 364, 365 resources in major incidents 573 sepsis 236 see also neonates chiropodists 554 chloride (CAPD) 70 \200\2231 D D-dimer test 274 danaparoid 221, 388 dantrolene 211, 385 daptomycin 229 David, Dr Ann 533 death continuous positive airways pressure hyperchloraemic acidosis 418, 421 metabolic alkalosis 422 \200\2233 chlorpromazine 196, 208 , 361 choking 162, 248 \200\2239, 272 cholecystitis 340 \200\2231, 477, 515 cholescintigrap hy 340 cholestasis 348, 349 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (CPAP) 11, 24 \200\2235, 162 continuous venovenous haemodia \201 ltration (CVVHDF) 69 continuous venovenous haemodialysis (CVVHD) 69 continuous venovenous haemo \201 ltration (CVVH) 69 Coroners and 560 \200\2231 diagnosis of 136, 500 \200\2231, 530 \200\2231, 539 organ donati on and 531, 534 \200\2239, 561 withdrawing/withholding treatment 532 \200\2233, contrast-induced nephropathy 312 controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) 10 conventional mec hanical ventilation (COPD) 254 \200\2235 pharmacotherapy 154, 155, 158, 255 ventilatory support 22 \200\2233, 30, 46, 255 (CMV) 19t chronotropic agents 178 \200\22380, 291 cidofovir 232 \200\2233 CINM (critical illness neur omyopathy) 139, 538 \200\2239, 562 debridement 472 \200\2233 decision-making convulsions see seizures cooling for hyperthermia 384 therapeutic 60 \200\2231, 132, 211, 214, 243, 485 211, 376 \200\2237 competence and consent 35, 532 \200\2233, 542 \200\2233 end of life issues 562 rationing 54 4 \200\2235 withdrawing/withholding treatment 532 \200\2233, cirrhosis 186, 354 \200\2235, 389 cisapride 198, 319 cisatracurium 210 citrate anticoagulat ion 64, 69 CK-MB (creatine kinase-MB) 292 CK-MM (creatine kinase-MM) 502 clinical governanc e COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) 254 \200\2235 pharmacotherapy 154, 155, 158, 255 ventilatory support 22 \200\2233, 30, 46, 255 538 \200\2239, 562 decubitus ulcers 504 \200\2235 de \201 brillation 52 \200\2233, 240 delirium 360 \200\2231 design of the ICU 546 \200\2237, 556 \200\2237 desmopressin 175 dexamethasone 197, 437 dex medetomidine 208 \200\2239 dextrans 144, 245 dextrose 142 diabetes mellitus co-phenotrope 200 cor pulmonale 113, 117 coronary artery disease (CAD) 184, 292 audit 570 \200\2231, 584 \200\2235 outreach 582 \200\2235 patient safety 564 \200\2236 staf \201 ng levels 548 \200\22355 validation of medical devices 574 \200\2235 PCI 184, 295, 296 \200\2237, 453 Coroners 560 \200\2231 corticosteroids acute liver failure 352 antiemetic properties 197 ARDS 258 asthma 263 COPD 255 GvHD 404 hyp oadrenalism 437, 478 for organ donors 536 vasculitis 471 cortisol 437, 478 cost-effective a nalysis 544 co-trimoxazole 466 coumarins (warfarin) 221 \200\2232, 367, 388, 406 COX-2 inhi bitors 206 CPAP (continuous positive airways clonidine 171 clopidogrel 184, 185, 294 Clostridium dif \201 cile colitis 322, 328, 329 CM V (controlled mandatory ventilation) 10 CMV (conventional mechanical gastroparesis and 199 hyperosmolar non-ketotic state 430 \200\2231 hypertension 284 ketoaci dosis (DKA) 420, 428 \200\2239 ventilation) 19t CMV (cytomegalovirus) 232 co-phenotrope 200 co-trimoxazole 466 coagulation dialysis bicarbonate use 147 \200\2238 haemodia \201 ltration 69, 441 haemodialysis 64 \200\2236 pe ritoneal 70 \200\2231 bleeding disorders 388 \200\22390, 398, 535 haemostatic therapy 151, 226, 326, 367, diaphragmatic rupture 483f, 488 diarrhea 200 \200\2231, 322 \200\2233, 421 525, 536 liver disorders and 350, 357, 388 \200\2239 monitoring 150, 220, 221, 406 \200\2237 in orga n donors 535, 536 pH and 194 procoagulant state in sepsis 459, 463 see also anticoagulants; antiplatelet drugs; bloody 334 pressure) 11, 24 \200\2235, 162 diazepam 208, 209t, 212, 362 diazoxide 170 DIC (disseminated intravascular CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) 52, 240, 241 craniectomy, decompressive 215 creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) 292 creatine kinase-MM (CK-MM) 50 2 creatinine 314 cricothyroidotomy 34 cricothyrotomy 249 critical care technologists 555 cr itical illness neuromyopathy (CINM) 139, coagulation) 388, 398 dietitians 554 Dieulafoy lesions 325 diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) 471 diffusion 64f, 6 8 digoxin 176, 179 \200\22380 diltiazem 171, 179, 183 dipyridamole 169, 184, 185 direct mus cle stimulation (DMS) 377 disaster planning 572 \200\2233 disseminated intravascular coagul ation thrombolysis cocaine 286, 441 codeine phosphate 200 cognitive defects post-discharge 383, 5 86 colchicine 203 cold shock re \202 ex 500 colitis 334 \200\2235 211, 376 \200\2237 Crohn \200\231s disease 331 CRP (C-reactive protein) 476 Crs (respiratory compliance) 22, 9 0 C. dif \201 cile 322, 328, 329 neutropenic 514 collapsed lung 252 \200\2233 (DIC) 388, 398 596 INDEX \201 bre replacements 200 \200\2231, 202 \201 brinolysis see thrombolysis Fick \200\231 s principle 122 \201 nancial issues end-tidal CO2 monitoring 92 \200\2233 endocarditis, infective 113, 290, 308 \200\2239 endoc rine system distributive shock 447 \200\2238 anaphylactic 166, 456 \200\2237 septic 6 \200\2237, 167, 1 75, 277, 458 \200\2239 diuretics 186 \200\2237, 284, 305, 312, 423 diverticular disease 332 diving response 500 dobutamine 167, 178, 453t doctors 548 \200\2239 docusate 202 domperido ne 198, 319 dopamine 166 \200\2237, 450, 453t dopamine receptor antagonists 196, 198, pre-transplant donor support 535 \200\2236 septic shock 459 see also adrenal disorders; thy roid disorders device procurement 575 rationing of care 544, 545 \201 re safety in the ICU 556 \200\2237 \201 re victims see burns; smoke inhalation \201 stulae 512 5-HT3 receptor antagonists 197, 318 \202 ail chest 488 Flotrac system (cardiac monitor) 121 \202 ow time (FTc) 11 9 \202 uconazole 230 \202 ucytosine 231 \202 uid challenge/responsiveness 126 \200 \2237, 244 \200\2235 \202 uid therapy endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) 338, 341, 349 endoscopy see bronchoscopy; gastrointestinal endoscopy endothelium, in sepsis 459, 463 endotoxin 458, 476 endotracheal tubes (ETTs) 34 \200\2237, 92, 241 208, 319 dopexamine 167 Doppler ultrasound brain 132 \200\2233, 138 cardiovascular 113, 116 \200\22317, 118 \200\22319, 122, 127 theory 112, 118 in burns patients 494 in upper airway obstruction 249 enemas 203 enoximone 169 enteral nutrition 82 \200\2233 in ARDS 258 in burns patients 273, 492 \200\2233 colloids 144 \200\2235, 492 \200\2233 crys talloids 142 \200\2233, 493 in diabetic emergencies 428, 430 in pre-eclampsia 519, 522 in r enal failure 312 in rhabdomyolysis 503 see also hypovolaemia/hypovolaemic shock doxapram 255 dressings in ARDS 258 diarrhea caused by 322 \200\2233 in gastroparesis 319 nasojejunal feeding 78 \200\2239 in neutropenic sepsis 402 in pancreatitis 338 burns 495 pressure sores 505 drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA) 236 \200\2237 drowning 500 \200\2231 drugs of abuse cocaine 286, 441 Ecstasy 385, 441 withdrawal 361 wound botulism 381 environment of the ICU 546 \200\2237, 556 \200\2237 ephedrine 167, 175 epidural analgesia/a nesthesia 509, 525 epilepsy 134, 135f, 212 \200\22313, 242, 362 \200\2233 epinephrine see a drenaline eplerenone 294 epoprostenol 185 ERCP (endoscopic retrograde \202 umazenil 442 Flutter valve device 44 folate 150 follow-up procedures 382 \200\2233 , 586 \200\2237 fomepizole 441 fondaparinux 222, 297 food poisoning (botulism) 380 foramen ovale, patent 6 foscarnet 232 fosphenytoin 212 \200\22313, 362 Frank \200\223Starling curve 124f, 126f fresh frozen plasma (FFP) 151, 222, 388 frusemide 187 functional residual capac ity (FRC) 90 fungal infections 230 \200\2231, 401, 477 futility of treatment 532, 562 Duke classi \201 cation (endocarditis) 309t duty rosters 552t dyspnoea in COPD 254 in heart failure 302 cholangiopancreatography) 338, 341, 349 ergometrine 525 errors/error avoidance 564 \200\2236 erythrocytes E EACA ( -aminocaproic acid) 226 ECG see electrocardiography echinocandins 231 echocardiog raphy 112 \200\22319, 122, 124, 127, haemolysis 396 \200\2237, 522 salvage 525 transfusion 150, 151 erythromycin 198, 319 erythr opoietin 214, 313, 393 escharotomy 494 \200\2235 esmolol 177, 179, 182, 287, 432 ethics 293, 303 eclampsia 286, 520 ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) 32 \200\2233, 59, 260, 265 G gallbladder disorders 340 \200\2231, 477, 515 gallstones 338, 515 -glutamyltransferase ( GT) 356 -linolenic acid (GLA) 86 ganciclovir 232 gas exchange 18, 22, 91, 251 gas tran sportation 18 gastric cancer 325 gastric lavage 440 gastric ulcers 77, 194 \200\2235, 320 \200\2231, 324 \200\2235 gastroenteritis 195 gastrointestinal anastomoses 512 \200\22313 ga strointestinal bleeding, lower GI tract 332 \200\2233, consent 35, 532 \200\2233, 542 \200\2233, 562 end of life issues 562 organ donation 538, 53 9 patient transfer 577 rationing 544 \200\2235, 573 withdrawing/withholding treatment 532 \200\2233, economic issues device procurement 575 rationing of care 544, 545 Ecstasy (MDMA) 385, 441 edrophonium (Tens ilon ) test 374 \200\2235 EEG (electroencephalography) 134 \200\2236, 363 effectiveness an d ef \201 cacy of medical 538 \200\2239, 562, 573 ethnicity 284 ethylene glycol 441 etomidate 208 ETTs see endotracheal tubes euthanasia 562 evacuation procedures 557 expectorants 158 expert opinions 561, 562 external jugular vein c annulation 104, 105 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation devices 574 \200\2235 Ehlers \200\223Danlos syndrome 390 elderly patients, hypertension in 284 electric impedance 122 electrocardiography (ECG) 98 \200\223100, 98f arrhythmias 99 \200\223100, 288t hypothermia 498f MI 292 PE 274 335, 514 gastrointestinal bleeding, upper GI tract aspirin and 184 as a complication of other conditions 355, electroencephalography (EEG) 134 \200\2236, 363 electrolytes 410 \200\22317 anion gap 418, 440 daily requirements 84 in diabetic emergencies 428 \200\2239, 430 \200\2231 drowning 501 (ECMO) 32 \200\2233, 59, 260, 265 extrahepatic jaundice 348, 349 extubation 17, 31, 37 eye disorders, neonatal 4 514 non-variceal 194, 195, 320 \200\2231, 324 \200\2235 treatment 74 \200\2237, 195, 320 \200 \2231, 324 \200\2235, 326 \200\2237 variceal 74 \200\2235, 326 \200\2237 gastrointestinal complications 514 \200\22315 of liver disorders 353 electromyography (EMG) 139, 374, 377 embolism air 488 amniotic \202 uid 526 \200\2237 pul monary 113, 225, 274 \200\2235 thromboembolism after trauma 487, 491 F facilities and layout of the ICU 546 \200\2237, 556 \200\2237 factor VII, recombinant 367 , 388, 525 fecal impaction 323 families gastrointestinal decontamination for infection control 474 \200\2235 gastrointestinal endoscopy 76 \200\2237, 195, 324, 326 \200\2237 gastrointestinal in \202 ammation 322, 328, 329, facilities for 547 organ donation and 534, 536, 539 334 \200\2235, 514 empyema 40, 268 \200\2239 encephalitis, toxoplasmosis 467 encephalopathy gastrointestinal ischaemia 323, 342 \200\2233, 515 gastrointestinal obstruction/pseudo- obs truction 323, 330 \200\2231, 514 \200\22315 gastrointestinal perforation 328 \200\2239 gast rointestinal tube insertion feeding see nutrition femoral vein catheterization 105, 110 fentanyl 206 fetal monitoring 5 18, 520 fever 60, 61, 384 hepatic 203, 326, 350, 352 \200\2233 hypertensive 286 end of life issues nasojejunal 78 \200\2239 Sengstaken \200\223Blakemore 74 \200\2235 decision-making 532 \200\2233, 542, 562 palliation 203, 255 malignant hyperpyrexia/hyperthermia 211, 385 FFP (fresh frozen plasma) 151, 222, 388 gastro-oesophageal varices 74 \200\2235, 76 \200\2237, 326 \200\2237 end stage renal disease (ESRD) 64 \200\22371 597 INDEX in burns patients 493 \202 uid challenge 245 in hyponatraemia 414 for raised ICP 216 \200 \22317, 352, 485 heart failure 49f, 182 acute 190 \200\2231, 300 \200\2236 levosimendan 190 \200\2231 nitric oxide 156 ventilatory support and 6, 22, 304 \200\2235 gastroparesis 198 \200\2239, 318 \200\22319 gelatins 144, 244 \200\2235 GGT ( -glutamyltra nsferase) 356 Gilbert \200\231s syndrome 348 GLA ( -linolenic acid) 86 global end-diastoli c index (GEDVI) 125 glucagon 178 \200\2239, 182 glucocorticoids see corticosteroids glucose control hyperventilation 352, 485 hypoadrenalism 351, 436 \200\2237 sepsis and 354 \200\2235, 478 \200\2239 hypoalbuminaemia 356, 423 hypocalcaemia 411 \200\22312 hypoglycaemia 426, 435 hyp okalaemia 410 hypomagnesaemia 411 hyponatraemia 354, 414, 435 hypophosphataemia 412 hypoten sion heart \200\223lung interactions 48 \200\2239, 126 \200\2237 HeartMate cardiac assist device 58, 59 heat and moisture exchangers 46 \200\2237 heat stroke 384 Helicobacter pylori 324 h elicopters 580 helium \200\223oxygen mixtures 162 \200\2233, 265 HELLP syndrome 522 Hemoson ic Doppler device 122 heparin 220 \200\2231 DIC 388 in extracorporeal circuits 69, 389 MI 2 94, 297 monitoring 406 PE 275 pre-eclampsia 519 after cardiac arrest 243 in critical illness 377, 426 \200\2237 in diabetic emergencies 429 , 431 gastric emptying and 199, 318 in myxoedema coma 435 in parenteral nutrition 84, 85 acute heart failure and 301, 304, 306 during ventilatory support 6, 7 in heart-beating orga n donors 535 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase de \201 ciency 396 glutamine 83, 86 glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) 170, 183, 287, 294 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa recepto r antagonists 184 \200\2235, hypothermia 498 \200\2239, 535 in drowning 500, 501 in myxoedema 435 therapeutic 60 \200 \2231, 132, 211, 214, 243, 485 294, 297 heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 220 \200\2231 hepatic disorders ascites and 186 cirrhosis 186, 354 \200\2235, 389 coagulopathy and 350, 357, 388 hepatic encephalopathy 203, 326, 350 , 352 \200\2233 jaundice 348 \200\2239 liver failure 234, 343, 350 \200\2231, 354 \200\2235 liver function tests 356 \200\2237, 522 paracetamol overdose 234, 351, 442 parenteral nutr ition causing 85 PEEP causing 23 variceal bleeding and 326 hepatorenal syndrome 355 hepatot oxic drugs 348t, 349 hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia 389 herpes simplex virus 232t h igh-frequency ventilation (HFV) 18 \200\22320, 260 hirudin 222, 388 histamine receptor-2 bl ockers (H2Bs) 194, glycopyrrolate 178, 291 Glypressin (terlipressin) 75, 175 graft vs host disease (GvHD) 401, 404 Gram-negative bacteria hypothyroidism 434 \200\2235 hypotonic saline 142, 416, 422 hypovolaemia/hypovolaemic shock 244, 446 \200\2237, 450 \200\2231 MDR strains 229, 474, 588 sepsis 458, 476 burns patients 492 \200\2233 hemorrhage 450, 482 \200\2233 vasopressor use 174, 450 \200 \2231 see also \202 uid therapy Gram-positive bacteria MRSA 228 \200\2239, 276, 588 sepsis 458 granisetron 197 granulocyte-colony stimulating fact or 401 growth factors 313 GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) 170, 183, 287, 294 Guillain \200\223Bar r syndrome 31, 139, 372 \200\2233 gut motility agents 198 \200\2239, 319 hypoxaemia pulse oximetry 94 \200\2235 ventilation for 6 \200\2237, 13, 18 hypoxaemic (type 1) respiratory failure 6, 7, 24, 30 \200\2231, 250, 251 hypoxia in near-drowning 500 oxygen therapy 2 \200\2234, 162 H H2 blockers (histamine receptor-2 I IAH (intra-abdominal hypertension) 344 \200\2235, blockers) 194, 195, 321 haematemesis 76, 324, 326 haemodialysis 64 \200\2236, 147 \200\2238 , 503 haemodynamics 48 \200\2239, 108t haemo \201 ltration 68 \200\2239, 147 \200\2238, 44 1 hemoglobin, in pulse oximetry 94 \200\2235 haemolysis 396 \200\2237, 522 haemolytic \200 \223uraemic syndrome 396 \200\2237 hemophilia 389, 406 haemoptysis 270 \200\2231 hemorrhage see bleeding; gastrointestinal 195, 321 HIV/AIDS 234, 365, 466 \200\2237 hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) 515 ICP see intracranial pressure ICU diaries 587 immune-enhancing nutrition (IEN) 86 \200\2237 , 258 immune system (also VAP) 278 \200\2239 diagnosis 278 \200\2239, 464, 477 reducing risk of 7, 47, 278, 464 stress ulcer prophylaxis and 195, 321 treatment 279 glucocorticoids and 478 sepsis and 400 \200\2232, 462 \200\2233 human resources see staff humidi \201 cation 46 \200\2237 HVHF (high volume haemo \201 lt ration) 69 hydralazine 170 hydrocephalus 368 hydrocortisone 437 hydroxyethyl starches 144 \200\2235, 245 hydroxyurea 394 hygiene 464 \200\2235 hyoscine 200 hyperbaric oxygen therapy 4, 273, 441 hypercalcaemia 412, 502 hypercapnia 13, 30 hypercapnic (type 2) respiratory fa ilure 6, 30, immunoglobulin therapy 373, 375 Impella cardiac assist device 59 incentive spirometry 44 in competence/incapacity (in decision- bleeding haemorrhagic shock 450, 482 \200\2233 haemostasis making) 533, 542 anti \201 brinolytic drugs 226, 525 clotting factors 151, 326, 367, 525 during bronchoscop y 43 in haemorrhagic stroke 367 upper GI bleeds 74 \200\2237, 324, 326 indocyanine green clearance 357 indomethacin 352 infants see babies; children infection con trol 464 \200\2235, 547 SDD 474 \200\2235 source control 472 \200\2233 see also antibiotics; antifungal drugs; anti viral haemothorax 488 haloperidol 208, 209t, 360, 361 hand washing 465 HAP see hospital-acquired pneumonia Hartmann \200\231s solution 142, 245 head injury 483, 484 drugs infection markers 476 \200\2237 infective endocarditis 113, 290, 308 \200\2239 in \202 amm ation, in sepsis 458, 462 \200\2233 in \202 ammatory bowel disease 331, 334 \200\2235 in \202 uenza 233 250 \200\2231, 255 hyperchloraemic acidosis 418, 421 hyperglycaemia 199, 243, 318, 377, 426 hyperin \202 atio n, pulmonary 23, 44, 264 hyperkalaemia 410 \200\22311, 501 hyperlactataemia 357, 420, 446 h ypermagnesaemia 411 hypernatraemia 416 \200\22317, 428, 431 hyperosmolar non-ketotic state 430 \200\2231 hyperphosphataemia 413 hypertension 284 \200\2237 management 245, 485 monitoring 130 \200\2231, 484 \200\2235 headache 368 healing process 505 health and safety pandemics 572 \200\2233 informed consent 35, 532 \200\2233, 542 \200\2233, 562 infrastructure device performance 574 \201 re safety 556 \200\2237 helium 162 oxygen 3, 52 of patients 5 64 \200\2236 of staff 240, 465, 577, 581 in disaster planning 572, 573 layout of the ICU 546 \200\2237, 556 \200\2237 inhalation injury carbon monoxide 94, 273, 441, 494 smoke 272 \200\2233, 494 water 501 inquests 561 inspirato ry/expiratory insuf \202 ators 44 insulin 429, 431 intermittent positive pressure ventilat ion acute heart failure and 301, 302, 305 management see vasodilators pre-eclampsia 286, 518 \200\22319 pulmonary 171, 280 \200\2231, 395 stroke and 286, 366 health technology assessment 574 \200\2235 healthcare assistants 551 healthcare scientists 555 heart see entries at cardiac; myocardial hyperthermia 242 \200\2233, 384 \200\2235 malignant hyperpyrexia 211, 385 infarction (IPPV) 8 \200\22317, 162 \200\2233 hyperthyroidism 432 \200\2233 hypertonic saline 143 heart block 99, 290, 291 internal jugular vein cannulation 104, 105 598 INDEX leukemia 389, 404 \200\2235 Levitronix cardiac assist device 58 levosimendan 190 \200\2231, 453t LiDCO \204 system (cardiac monitor) 121 lignocaine 177 linezolid 229 lipids, in nutr itional formulations 83, 84, 86 lithium carbonate 433 liver disorders see hepatic disorders liver function tests (LFTs) 356 \200\2237, 522 LMWH (low molecular weight heparin) 221, mivacurium 210 monoethylglycinxylidide (MEG-X) test 357 morphine 206, 394 motor neuron dise ase 139 MPMs (Mortality Probability Models) 569, 570 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) 95, 3 66 MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus international normalized ratio (INR) 406 intestines see bowels intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) 344 \200\2235, 515 intra-aortic balloon pumps 56 \200\2237, 453 intracerebral hemorrhage 366 \200\2237 intracr anial pressure (ICP) aureus) 228 \200\2239, 276, 588 in hepatic encephalopathy 352 management of raised ICP 134, 136, 211, mucolytics 158 \200\2239, 253 multi-drug resistance (MDR) 216 \200\22317, 366 \200\2237, 485 Gram-negative bacteria 229, 474, 588 MRSA 228 \200\2239, 276, 588 multi-organ failure 167, 568 muscle necrosis 502 \200\2233 muscle relaxants 93, 210 \200\22311, 264 \200\2235 monitoring 130 \200\2231, 352, 484 \200\2235 294, 297, 388, 406, 519 loop diuretics 187, 305, 312 loperamide 200 lorazepam 208, 209t, 21 2, 362 Lorraine Smith effect 4 low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) 221, intrahepatic jaundice 348 intrapulmonary percussive ventilators 44 intrathoracic blood volu me index (ITBVI) 125 intrathoracic pressure (ITP) 6, 22, 48 \200\2239, 124 intubation, endo tracheal 34 \200\2237, 92, 241 CINM and 211, 376, 377 muscular spasms, tetanus 378 myasthenia gravis 139, 374 \200\2235 my ocardial contusion 489 myocardial infarction (MI) in burns patients 494 NIPPV as an alternative 31 in upper airway obstruction 249 294, 297, 388, 406, 519 lumbar puncture 364, 368 Lund and Browder Chart (burns iodine 433 IPPV (intermittent positive pressure assessment) 494 cardiogenic shock 452, 453 complications 297 \200\2238 diagnosis 292 \200\2233 NSTEMI 184, 185, 294 \200\2235 PCI 184, 295, 296 \200\2237, 453 pharmacotherapy 184, 185, 224, 286, 294 , Lundberg pressure waves 131 lung see entries at pulmonary lung function tests 7, 90 \200 \2231 Lyme disease 290 lymphoma 404 \200\2235 ventilation) 8 \200\22317, 162 \200\2233 iron 150 ischaemia bowel 323, 342 \200\2233, 515 cardiac 99, 182 \200\2233, 184, 234, 292 see also myocardial infarction 296 \200\2237, 453 post-discharge 298 risk strati \201 cation 294, 296, 297 STEMI 184, 185 , 224, 286, 292, 296 \200\2238 temporary cardiac pacing 54, 291 cerebral 214, 370 \200\2231 limb 57, 224 \200\2235 iso \202 uorane 209 isolation nursing 4 65, 546 isoprenaline 166, 178, 291 isosorbide dinitrate 170 isosorbide mononitrate 170 isot onic saline 142, 245, 493 ispaghula husk 200 \200\2231 ITP (intrathoracic pressure) 6, 22, 48 \200\2239, 124 itraconazole 230 ivabridine 183 IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin) M magnesium as an electrolyte 411 as a cardiovascular drug 177, 179 as a cerebroprotectant 214, 369, 51 9, 520 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 95, 366 major incident planning 572 \200\2233 malar ia 468 \200\2239 malignant hyperpyrexia/hyperthermia 211, 385 malignant hypertension 286 ma lignant status epilepticus 363 mannitol 187, 216, 312, 352, 503 masks myoclonus 242 myoglobulinuria 495, 502 myopathy, critical illness (CIM/CINM) 139, 211, 376 \200\2237 myxoedema coma 434 \200\2235 N nabilone 197 NAC (N-acetylcysteine) 158, 234, 312, therapy 373, 375 351, 442 for infection control 465 for ventilation 2 \200\2233, 25, 162 NAG (N-acetylglucosaminidase) 315 naloxone 442 nasojejunal feeding 78 \200\2239 nausea 196 \200\2237, 318 near-drowning 500 \200\2231 near-infrared spectroscopy 138 nebulized drug ad ministration bronchodilators 154, 255 mucolytics 158 \200\2239, 234 using heliox21 162 J Jarvik 2000 cardiac assist device 58 \200\2239 jaundice 348 \200\2239 jugular vein cannul ation 104, 105 jugular venous oximetry (SjvO2) 133 justice 544 \200\2235 MDMA (Ecstasy) 385, 441 MDR (multi-drug resistance) Gram-negative bacteria 229, 474, 588 MRSA 228 \200\2239, 276, 588 mechanical ventilation see ventilatory support medical emergency teams (METs) 584 \200\2235 medical errors/error avoidance 564 \200\2236 medical staff 548 \200\2239 medicolegal issue s see legal issues Medtronic Bio-pump 58 MEG-X (monoethylglycinxylidide) test 357 melaena 3 24 meningitis 232, 364 \200\2235 K ketamine 132, 206 \200\2237 ketoacidosis 420 \200\2231, 428 \200\2239 kidney disorders se e renal disorders KIM-1 protein 315 Klebsiella pneumoniae, MDR 229 neck injury 486 necrotic tissue, removal 472 \200\2233 necrotizing fasciitis 459, 515 \200 \22316 needle thoracostomy 15 negligence claims 561 \200\2232 neonates HIV-associated 365, 466 \200\2237 Mental Capacity Act 543 Mental Health Act 542 metabolic acidosis 146 \200\2237, 357, 418 \200\22321, 428 \200\2239 metabolic alkalosis 422 \200\2234 metaraminol 174 \200\2235 metha nol 441 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus oxygen toxicity 4 respiratory distress/failure 156, 161 L labetolol 171, 182, 287, 518 labor, induced 519 lactic acidosis 357, 420, 446 lactulose 2 02, 353 language therapists 383, 554 laparotomy 482 \200\2233, 490, 491 laryngoscopy 248 \200\2239 Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA) 542, 543 laxatives 202 \200\2233, 353 layout and facilities of the ICU 546 \200\2237, 556 \200\2237 left ventricular end-diastolic area (LVE DA) 124 legal issues nerve conduction studies 138 \200\2239, 372, 377 nerve injury, traumatic 486 \200\2237, 491 neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonists 197 neuroleptic drugs 208, 360 \200\2231, 385 neur oleptic malignant syndrome 385 neurological monitoring 138 \200\2239 neuromuscular blockade 93, 210 \200\22311, 264 \200\2235 (MRSA) 228 \200\2239, 276, 588 methylcellulose 201 methyldopa 171 methylene blue 175 metoclopramide 196, 198, 319 metolazo ne 187 metoprolol 179, 182, 432 MI see myocardial infarction micafungin 231 microangiopathi c haemolytic anemia 396 \200\2237 microdialysis, cerebral 138, 485 Micromed DeBakey cardiac assist device 59 micronutrients 84 \200\2235, 86, 150, 312 midazolam 208, 209t, 212, 363 m ilrinone 168 \200\2239, 453t mini-tracheostomy 34 misoprostil 203 mitral valve 113 CINM and 211, 376, 377 neuro(myo)pathies CINM 139, 211, 376 \200\2237 Guillain \200\223Barr syndrome 31, 139, 372 \200\2233 myasth enia gravis 374 \200\2235 neuropathic pain 207, 508 neurorehabilitation 382 \200\2233 neuro surgery 365, 366 \200\2237, 371, 485 neurotransmitters 196 neutropenia 404 neutropenic coli tis 514 neutropenic sepsis 400 \200\2232 NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated civil actions 561 \200\2232 consent 35, 542 \200\2233, 562 Coroners 560 \200\2231 end of li fe care 562 patient transfer 577 \200\2238 withdrawing/withholding treatment 533 Legionella pneumonia 276, 277 lepirudin 222, 388 leucocytes 462 \200\2233 lipocalin) 315 NICO system (partial CO2 rebreathing) 122 599 INDEX disaster planning 572 \200\2233 error avoidance 564 \200\2236 \201 re safety 556 \200\223 7 follow-up 382 \200\2233, 586 \200\2237 layout of the unit 546 \200\2237, 556 \200\2237 me dical emergency teams 584 \200\2235 outreach 582 \200\2235 patient transfer 576 \200\22381 staf \201 ng levels 548 \200\22355 validation of medical devices 574 \200\2235 percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy 341 nicorandil 183 nicotine replacement therapy 361 nifedipine 170, 183 nimodipine 170 \200\223 1, 369 NIPPV (non-invasive positive pressure peritoneal dialysis 70 \200\2231, 147 \200\2238, 503 peritonitis 328, 329, 334, 336, 354 post-operative 512 \200\22313 personal protective equipment 465 pH 146 \200\2237, 418 pharmacists 554 phenobarbitone 213, 362 phenothiazines 196, 208, 361 phenoxybenzamine 171 phentolamine 171 phenylephrine 175 p henytoin 212, 362 phosphate 412 \200\22313, 429 phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors non-sele ctive 155, 168, 255, 312 type 3 168 \200\2239, 184, 453t type 4 169 type 5 157, 169 physiot herapists 554 physiotherapy 383 ventilation) 30 \200\2231 nitrates 156 \200\2237, 170, 183, 287, 294 nitric oxide (NO) 156 \200\2237, 459 nitric oxid e synthases (NOS) 156, 459, 463 nitroprusside 170, 286 \200\2237 NIV (non-invasive ventilat ion) 17, 47, organophosphates 442 orlistat 203 oseltamivir 233 osmolal gap 440 osmolality of urine 414, 416 outreach 582 \200\2235 overdose 440 \200\2231 255, 304 \200\2235 NMDA (N-methyl-[D]-aspartate) antagonists 214 non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) 30 \200\2231 non-invasive ventilation (NIV) 17, 47, antidepressants 442 \200\2233 aspirin 147, 442 benzodiazepines 442 -blockers 182 \200\223 3 calcium channel blockers 183 drugs of abuse 286, 385, 441 opioids 442 paracetamol 234, 35 1, 442 255, 304 \200\2235 non-male \201 cence 532 \200\2233, 544 non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) 184, 185, 294 \200\2235 non-steroidal anti-in \202 ammatory drugs chest 25, 44 \200\2235, 253, 255 (NSAIDs) 206, 508 PiCCO system (cardiac monitor) 120 \200\2231, 125 plasma exchange 373, 375 platelets norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 166, 174, 450, 453t oxygen nosocomial infections antiplatelet agents 184 \200\2235, 294, 370, 388 dysfunctional 389 thrombocytopenia 185, 22 0 \200\2231, 388, 401, 406, cerebral perfusion and 132, 133, 138, 484, antibiotic resistance 228 \200\2239, 588 \200\2239 pneumonia see hospital-acquired pneumoni a prevention 464 \200\2235 noti \201 able illnesses 365 Novacor left ventricular assist de vice 58 NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-in \202 ammatory 485 gas exchange 18, 91 SpO2 monitoring 94 \200\2235 518, 522 transfusion 150, 151, 388, 401 oxygen therapy 2 \200\2234 for COPD 254 helium \200\223oxygen mixtures 162 \200\2233, 265 h yperbaric, for CO poisoning 4, 273, 441 during patient transfer 577, 580, 581 safety consid erations 3, 52 toxicity 4, 7 see also ventilatory support pleural effusions 41f, 252t aspiration 40 \200\2231, 268 empyema 268 \200\2239 parapneumoni c 277 drugs) 206, 508 NSTEMI (non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) 184, 185, 294 \200\2235 plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy (PPA) 280 Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystis carinii) 2 30, NT-proBNP peptide 302 \200\2233 nucleotides 86 nursing care 550 \200\2232 nutrition 466 pneumonia oxytocin 525 community-acquired 276 \200\2237 HIV-associated 230, 466 hospital-acquired see hospital-acq uired in ARDS 258 dietitians 554 enteral 78 \200\2239, 82 \200\2233, 322 \200\2233 in gastropares is 319 immune-enhancing 86 \200\2237 in liver disorders 85, 353, 354 in neutropenic sepsis 402 in pancreatitis 338 parenteral 84 \200\2235, 421 P pacemakers pneumonia pneumothorax 40, 106, 266 \200\2237 permanent 180 temporary 54 \200\2235, 180, 291 barotrauma 14 \200\22315 tension 266, 488 pediatrics see children; neonates pain 508 podiatrists 554 poisoning 272, 440 \200\2233 analgesics 206 \200\2237, 394, 508 \200\2239 chronic 207, 491 carbon monoxide 94, 273, 441, 494 cyanide 2, 272, 273 food poisoning (botulism) 380 ketoaci dosis and 420 \200\2231 palliative care O obstetric emergencies decision-making 532 \200\2233, 542, 562 palliative measures 203, 255 liver failure caused by 234, 348t, 351, 442 amniotic \202 uid embolism 526 \200\2237 eclampsia 286, 520 HELLP syndrome 522 postpartum hemorrhage 524 \200\2235 pre-eclampsia 286, 518 \200\22319 pancreatitis 338 \200\2239 pancuronium 210 pandemics 572 \200\2233 paracentesis 355 paracet amol 508 see also overdose police, helping with their enquiries 561 portal vein 326 portosystemic shunt 327 posaconazo le 231 positioning of the patient obstructive shock 447 obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome overdose 234, 351, 442 paraproteinaemia 389 parenteral nutrition (TPN) 84 \200\2235, 421 Parkland formula ( \202 uid replacement in burns cases 495 ventilation and 28 \200\2239, 45, 260 (OSAHS) 25 occupational therapists 554 oedema positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 12, burns) 492 13, 14, 22 \200\2233 ARDS 22, 260 asthma 23, 264 COPD 22 \200\2233 intrinsic (PEEPi) 23, 90 recruitment and 26, 93