Med Klin (Munich). 2001;96:708 12. 58. Lee SH, Chen SA, Wu TJ, et al. Effects of pregnancy on first onset and symptoms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:675 8. 59. Walfridsson U, Str mberg A, Janzon M, et al. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia in a Swedish population: consequences on health-related quality of life. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32:1299 306. 60. Cain N, Irving C, Webber S, et al. Natural history of Wolff- Parkinson-White syndrome diagnosed in childhood. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:961 5. 61. Lessmeier TJ, Gamperling D, Johnson-Liddon V, et al. Unrecognized par- oxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: potential for misdiagnosis as panic disorder. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:537 43. 62. Laurent G, Leong-Poi H, Mangat I, et al. Influence of ventriculoatrial tim- ing on hemodynamics and symptoms during supraventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:176 81. 63. Abe H, Nagatomo T, Kobayashi H, et al. Neurohumoral and hemodynamic mechanisms of diuresis during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycar- dia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997;20:2783 8. 64. Auricchio A, Klein H, Trappe HJ, et al. Lack of prognostic value of syncope in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:152 8. 65. Drago F, Turchetta A, Calzolari A, et al. Reciprocating supraventricular tachycardia in children: low rate at rest as a major factor related to propen- sity to syncope during exercise. Am Heart J. 1996;132:280 5. 66. Kalusche D, Ott P, Arentz T, et al. AV nodal re-entry tachycardia in elderly patients: clinical presentation and results of radiofrequency catheter abla- tion therapy. Coron Artery Dis. 1998;9:359 63. 67. Haghjoo M, Arya A, Heidari A, et al. Electrophysiologic characteris- tics and results of radiofrequency catheter ablation in elderly patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. J Electrocardiol. 2007;40:208 13. 68. Leitch JW, Klein GJ, Yee R, et al. Syncope associated with supraventricu- lar tachycardia: an expression of tachycardia rate or vasomotor response? Circulation. 1992;85:1064 71. 69. Razavi M, Luria DM, Jahangir A, et al. Acute blood pressure changes after the onset of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: a time-course analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:1037 40. 70. Sganzerla P, Fabbiocchi F, Grazi S, et al. Electrophysiologic and hae- modynamic correlates in supraventricular tachycardia. Eur Heart J. 1989;10:32 9. 71. Hamdan MH, Zagrodzky JD, Page RL, et al. Effect of P-wave timing dur- ing supraventricular tachycardia on the hemodynamic and sympathetic neural response. Circulation. 2001;103:96 101. 72. Walfridsson U, Walfridsson H. The impact of supraventricular tachycar- dias on driving ability in patients referred for radiofrequency catheter ablation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28:191 5. 73. Brugada P, Brugada J, Mont L, et al. A new approach to the differential diagnosis of a regular tachycardia with a wide QRS complex. Circulation. 1991;83:1649 59. 74. Vereckei A, Duray G, Sz n si G, et al. New algorithm using only lead aVR for differential diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:89 98. 75. Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, et al. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovas- cular life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardio- pulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122:S729 67. 76. Knight BP, Zivin A, Souza J, et al. Use of adenosine in patients hospital- ized in a university medical center. Am J Med. 1998;105:275 80. 77. Willems S, Shenasa M, Borggrefe M, et al. Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia: electrophysiologic comparisons in patients with and without 2:1 infra-His block. Clin Cardiol. 1993;16:883 8. 78. Pava LF, Peraf n P, Badiel M, et al. R-wave peak time at DII: a new cri- terion for differentiating between wide complex QRS tachycardias. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:922 6. 79. Letsas KP, Weber R, Siklody CH, et al. Electrocardiographic differen- tiation of common type atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia from atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia via a concealed accessory path- way. Acta Cardiol. 2010;65:171 6. 80. Knight BP, Ebinger M, Oral H, et al. Diagnostic value of tachycardia fea- tures and pacing maneuvers during paroxysmal supraventricular tachycar- dia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:574 82. 81. Murman DH, McDonald AJ, Pelletier AJ, et al. US emergency department visits for supraventricular tachycardia, 1993 2003. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:578 81. 82. Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, et al. Comparison of treatment of supraventricular tachycardia by Valsalva maneuver and carotid sinus mas- sage. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31:30 5. 83. Luber S, Brady WJ, Joyce T, et al. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycar- dia: outcome after ED care. Am J Emerg Med. 2001;19:40 2. 84. Waxman MB, Wald RW, Sharma AD, et al. Vagal techniques for ter- mination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1980;46:655 64. 85. Tav anoglu S, Ozenel E. Ice-water washcloth rather than facial immer- sion (diving reflex) for supraventricular tachycardia in adults. Am J Cardiol. 1985;56:1003. 86. Wayne MA. Conversion of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia by facial im- mersion in ice water. JACEP. 1976;5:434 5. 87. Brady WJ, DeBehnke DJ, Wickman LL, et al. Treatment of out-of-hos- pital supraventricular tachycardia: adenosine vs verapamil. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3:574 85. 88. Gausche M, Persse DE, Sugarman T, et al. Adenosine for the prehospital treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;24:183 9. 89. Madsen CD, Pointer JE, Lynch TG. A comparison of adenosine and vera- pamil for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in the prehospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:649 55. 90. McCabe JL, Adhar GC, Menegazzi JJ, et al. Intravenous adenosine in the prehospital treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:358 61. 91. Rankin AC, Oldroyd KG, Chong E, et al. Value and limitations of ad- enosine in the diagnosis and treatment of narrow and broad complex tachycardias. Br Heart J. 1989;62:195 203. 92. Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, et al. Slow infusion of calcium chan- nel blockers compared with intravenous adenosine in the emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Resuscitation. 2009;80:523 8. 93. Adenoscan IV (adenosine injection) for rapid bolus intravenous use. US Food and Drug Administration. 2015. Available at: http://www.access- July 29, 2015. 94. Roth A, Elkayam I, Shapira I, et al. Effectiveness of prehospital syn- chronous direct-current cardioversion for supraventricular tachyar- rhythmias causing unstable hemodynamic states. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:489 91. 95. Stec S, Kry ski T, Ku akowski P. Efficacy of low energy rectilinear biphasic cardioversion for regular atrial tachyarrhythmias. Cardiol J. 2011;18:33 8. 96. Gupta A, Naik A, Vora A, et al. Comparison of efficacy of intravenous diltiazem and esmolol in terminating supraventricular tachycardia. J Assoc Physicians India. 1999;47:969 72. 97. Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS. Slow-infusion of calcium channel blockers in the emergency management of supraventricular tachycardia. Resuscitation. 2002;52:167 74. 98. Mauritson DR, Winniford MD, Walker WS, et al. Oral verapamil for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a long-term, double-blind ran- domized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:409 12. 99. Winniford MD, Fulton KL, Hillis LD. Long-term therapy of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a randomized, double-blind comparison of digoxin, propranolol and verapamil. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54:1138 9. 100. Hindricks G. The Multicentre European Radiofrequency Survey (MERFS): complications of radiofrequency catheter ablation of ar- rhythmias. The Multicentre European Radiofrequency Survey (MERFS) Investigators of the Working Group on Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 1993;14:1644 53. 101. Hindricks G. Incidence of complete atrioventricular block following at- tempted radiofrequency catheter modification of the atrioventricular node in 880 patients. Results of the Multicenter European Radiofrequency Survey (MERFS) The Working Group on Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:82 8. 102. Spector P, Reynolds MR, Calkins H, et al. Meta-analysis of abla- tion of atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:671 7. 103. Calkins H, Yong P, Miller JM, et al. Catheter ablation of accessory path- ways, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, and the atrioventricu- lar junction: final results of a prospective, multicenter clinical trial. The Atakr Multicenter Investigators Group. Circulation. 1999;99:262 70. 104. Scheinman MM, Huang S. The 1998 NASPE prospective catheter abla- tion registry. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23:1020 8. 105. Cheng CH, Sanders GD, Hlatky MA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of radio- frequency ablation for supraventricular tachycardia. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:864 76. 106. Bohnen M, Stevenson WG, Tedrow UB, et al. Incidence and predictors of major complications from contemporary catheter ablation to treat cardiac arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:1661 6. 107. Tendera M, Wnuk-Wojnar AM, Kulakowski P, et al. Efficacy and safety of dofetilide in the prevention of symptomatic episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a 6-month double-blind comparison with propafenone and placebo. Am Heart J. 2001;142:93 8. 108. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of propafenone in the pro- phylaxis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. UK Propafenone PSVT Study Group. Circulation. 1995;92:2550 7. 109. Chimienti M, Cullen MT, Casadei G. Safety of flecainide versus propafenone for the long-term management of symptomatic paroxys- mal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Report from the Flecainide and Propafenone Italian Study (FAPIS) Group. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:1943 51. 110. Anderson JL, Platt ML, Guarnieri T, et al. Flecainide acetate for paroxys- mal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. The Flecainide Supraventricular Tachycardia Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:578 84. 111. Pritchett EL, DaTorre SD, Platt ML, et al. Flecainide acetate treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and paroxysmal atrial fibrilla- tion: dose-response studies. The Flecainide Supraventricular Tachycardia Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:297 303. 112. Pritchett EL, McCarthy EA, Wilkinson WE. Propafenone treatment of symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmias. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in patients tolerating oral therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:539 44. 113. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Mortality and morbid- ity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:781 8. 114. Wanless RS, Anderson K, Joy M, et al. Multicenter comparative study of the efficacy and safety of sotalol in the prophylactic treatment of pa- tients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am Heart J. 1997;133:441 6. 115. Gambhir DS, Bhargava M, Nair M, et al. Comparison of electrophysi- ologic effects and efficacy of single-dose intravenous and long-term oral amiodarone therapy in patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. Indian Heart J. 1996;48:133 7. 116. Rathore SS, Curtis JP, Wang Y, et al. Association of serum digoxin concentration and outcomes in patients with heart failure. JAMA. 2003;289:871 8. 117. Domanovits H, Laske H, Stark G, et al. Adenosine for the manage- ment of patients with tachycardias-a new protocol. Eur Heart J. 1994;15:589 93. 118. Turakhia MP, Santangeli P, Winkelmayer WC, et al. Increased mortality associated with digoxin in contemporary patients with atrial fibrillation: findings from the TREAT-AF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:660 8. 119. Steinwender C, H nig S, Kypta A, et al. Pre-injection of magnesium sul- fate enhances the efficacy of ibutilide for the conversion of typical but not of atypical persistent atrial flutter. Int J Cardiol. 2010;141:260 5. 120. Tercius AJ, Kluger J, Coleman CI, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate enhances the ability of intravenous ibutilide to successfully convert atrial fibrillation or flutter. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30:1331 5. 121. P rez FJ, Schubert CM, Parvez B, et al. Long-term outcomes after cath- eter ablation of cavo-tricuspid isthmus dependent atrial flutter: a meta- analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2:393 401. 122. de Loma-Osorio F, Diaz-Infante E, et al. Spanish Catheter Ablation Registry. 12th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Electrophysiology and Arrhythmias (2012). Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2013;66:983 92. 123. Chen SA, Chiang CE, Yang CJ, et al. Sustained atrial tachycardia in adult patients. Electrophysiological characteristics, pharmacological response, possible mechanisms, and effects of radiofrequency ablation. Circulation. 1994;90:1262 78. 124. Biviano AB, Bain W, Whang W, et al. Focal left atrial tachycardias not associated with prior catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: clinical and electrophysiological characteristics. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35:17 27. 125. Kalman JM, Olgin JE, Karch MR, et al. Cristal tachycardias : origin of right atrial tachycardias from the crista terminalis identified by intracar- diac echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:451 9. 126. Kistler PM, Sanders P, Fynn SP, et al. Electrophysiological and electro- cardiographic characteristics of focal atrial tachycardia originating from the pulmonary veins: acute and long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation. Circulation. 2003;108:1968 75. 127. Kistler PM, Fynn SP, Haqqani H, et al. Focal atrial tachycardia from the ostium of the coronary sinus: electrocardiographic and electrophysio- logical characterization and radiofrequency ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1488 93. 128. Natale A, Breeding L, Tomassoni G, et al. Ablation of right and left ec- topic atrial tachycardias using a three-dimensional nonfluoroscopic map- ping system. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:989 92. 129. Goldberger J, Kall J, Ehlert F, et al. Effectiveness of radiofrequency catheter ablation for treatment of atrial tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:787 93. 130. Collins KK, Van Hare GF, Kertesz NJ, et al. Pediatric nonpost-operative junctional ectopic tachycardia medical management and interventional therapies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:690 7. 131. Hamdan M, Van Hare GF, Fisher W, et al. Selective catheter ablation of the tachycardia focus in patients with nonreentrant junctional tachycar- dia. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:1292 7. 132. Law IH, Von Bergen NH, Gingerich JC, et al. Transcatheter cryother- mal ablation of junctional ectopic tachycardia in the normal heart. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:903 7. Page et al 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS SVT Guideline e561 133. Akar JG, Kok LC, Haines DE, et al. Coexistence of type I atrial flut- ter and intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia in patients with surgically cor- rected congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:377 84. 134. Ja s P, Shah DC, Ha ssaguerre M, et al. Mapping and ablation of left atrial flutters. Circulation. 2000;101:2928 34. 135. Coffey JO, d Avila A, Dukkipati S, et al. Catheter ablation of scar-related atypical atrial flutter. Europace. 2013;15:414 9. 136. Triedman JK, Bergau DM, Saul JP, et al. Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation for control of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1032 8. 137. Nakagawa H, Shah N, Matsudaira K, et al. Characterization of reentrant circuit in macroreentrant right atrial tachycardia after surgical repair of congenital heart disease: isolated channels between scars allow focal ablation. Circulation. 2001;103:699 709. 138. Chan DP, Van Hare GF, Mackall JA, et al. Importance of atrial flutter isthmus in postoperative intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia. Circulation. 2000;102:1283 9. 139. Stevenson IH, Kistler PM, Spence SJ, et al. Scar-related right atrial macroreentrant tachycardia in patients without prior atrial surgery: electroanatomic characterization and ablation outcome. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:594 601. 140. Baker BM, Lindsay BD, Bromberg BI, et al. Catheter ablation of clini- cal intraatrial reentrant tachycardias resulting from previous atrial sur- gery: localizing and transecting the critical isthmus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:411 7. 141. Haines DE, Beheiry S, Akar JG, et al. Heart Rythm Society expert con- sensus statement on electrophysiology laboratory standards: process, pro- tocols, equipment, personnel, and safety. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:e9 51. 142. Knight BP, Zivin A, Souza J, et al. A technique for the rapid diagnosis of atrial tachycardia in the electrophysiology laboratory. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:775 81. 143. Horowitz LN, Kay HR, Kutalek SP, et al. Risks and complications of clinical cardiac electrophysiologic studies: a prospective analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9:1261 8. 144. Asirvatham S, Narayan O. Advanced catheter mapping and navigation system. In: Huang SW, Wood M, editors. Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier, 2006:135 61. 145. Sporton SC, Earley MJ, Nathan AW, et al. Electroanatomic versus fluoro- scopic mapping for catheter ablation procedures: a prospective random- ized study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15:310 5. 146. Kopelman HA, Prater SP, Tondato F, et al. Slow pathway catheter ab- lation of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia guided by elec- troanatomical mapping: a randomized comparison to the conventional approach. Europace. 2003;5:171 4. 147. Hindricks G, Willems S, Kautzner J, et al. Effect of electroanatomically guided versus conventional catheter ablation of typical atrial flutter on the fluoroscopy time and resource use: a prospective randomized multi- center study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:734 40. 148. Mah DY, Miyake CY, Sherwin ED, et al. The use of an integrated electro- anatomic mapping system and intracardiac echocardiography to reduce radiation exposure in children and young adults undergoing ablation of supraventricular tachycardia. Europace. 2014;16:277 83. 149. Alvarez M, Tercedor L, Almansa I, et al. Safety and feasibility of catheter ablation for atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia without fluoro- scopic guidance. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:1714 20. 150. Casella M, Pelargonio G, Dello RA, et al. Near-zero fluoroscopic ex- posure in supraventricular arrhythmia ablation using the EnSite NavX mapping system: personal experience and review of the literature. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2011;31:109 18. 151. Razminia M, Manankil MF, Eryazici PLS, et al. Nonfluoroscopic cath- eter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in adults: feasibility, safety, and ef- ficacy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:1078 86. 152. Earley MJ, Showkathali R, Alzetani M, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of arrhythmias guided by non-fluoroscopic catheter location: a prospective randomized trial. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1223 9. 153. Xu D, Yang B, Shan Q, et al. Initial clinical experience of remote magnetic navigation system for catheter mapping and ablation of supraventricular tachycardias. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2009;25:171 4. 154. Sommer P, Wojdyla-Hordynska A, Rolf S, et al. Initial experience in ab- lation of typical atrial flutter using a novel three-dimensional catheter tracking system. Europace. 2013;15:578 81. 155. Cummings JE, Pacifico A, Drago JL, et al. Alternative energy sources for the ablation of arrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28:434 43. 156. Hanninen M,Yeung-Lai-Wah N, Massel D, et al. Cryoablation versus RF ablation forAVNRT: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24:1354 60. 157. Friedman PL, Dubuc M, Green MS, et al. Catheter cryoablation of su- praventricular tachycardia: results of the multicenter prospective frosty trial. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1:129 38. 158. Rodriguez-Entem FJ, Exp sito V, Gonzalez-Enriquez S, et al. Cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of atrio- ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: results of a prospective random- ized study. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2013;36:41 5. 159. Eckhardt LLL, Leal M, Hollis Z, et al. Cryoablation for AVNRT: im- portance of ablation endpoint criteria. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:729 34. 160. Olshansky B, Sullivan RM. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:793 801. 161. Marcus B, Gillette PC, Garson A. Intrinsic heart rate in children and young adults: an index of sinus node function isolated from autonomic control. Am Heart J. 1990;119:911 6. 162. Jose AD, Collison D. The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man. Cardiovasc Res. 1970;4:160 7. 163. Alboni P, Malcarne C, Pedroni P, et al. Electrophysiology of nor- mal sinus node with and without autonomic blockade. Circulation. 1982;65:1236 42. 164. Winum P-F, Cayla G, Rubini M, et al. A case of cardiomyopathy induced by inappropriate sinus tachycardia and cured by ivabradine. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32:942 4. 165. Romeo E, Grimaldi N, Sarubbi B, et al. A pediatric case of cardiomyopa- thy induced by inappropriate sinus tachycardia: efficacy of ivabradine. Pediatr Cardiol. 2011;32:842 5. 166. Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, et al. Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary ar- tery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a ran- domised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:807 16. 167. Swedberg K, Komajda M, B hm M, et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2010;376:875 85. 168. Cappato R, Castelvecchio S, Ricci C, et al. Clinical efficacy of ivabradine in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia: a prospective, random- ized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1323 9. 169. Benezet-Mazuecos J, Rubio JM, Farr J, et al. Long-term outcomes of iv- abradine in inappropriate sinus tachycardia patients: appropriate efficacy or inappropriate patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2013;36:830 6. 170. Ptaszynski P, Kaczmarek K, Ruta J, et al. Metoprolol succinate vs. ivabradine in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in pa- tients unresponsive to previous pharmacological therapy. Europace. 2013;15:116 21. 171. Ptaszynski P, Kaczmarek K, Ruta J, et al. Ivabradine in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in patients after successful radiofre- quency catheter ablation of atrioventricular node slow pathway. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2013;36:42 9. 172. Ptaszynski P, Kaczmarek K, Ruta J, et al. Ivabradine in combination with metoprolol succinate in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2013;18:338 44. 173. Cal L, Rebecchi M, Sette A, et al. Efficacy of ivabradine administration in patients affected by inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:1318 23. 174. Kaplinsky E, Comes FP, Urondo LSV, et al. Efficacy of ivabradine in four patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia: a three month-long experience based on electrocardiographic, Holter monitoring, exercise tolerance and quality of life assessments. Cardiol J. 2010;17:166 71. 175. Rakovec P. Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia with ivabradine. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2009;121:715 8. 176. Zellerhoff S, Hinterseer M, Felix Krull B, et al. Ivabradine in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2010;382:483 6. 177. Man KC, Knight B, Tse HF, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of inappropriate sinus tachycardia guided by activation mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:451 7. 178. Lin D, Garcia F, Jacobson J, et al. Use of noncontact mapping and saline-cooled ablation catheter for sinus node modification in medically refractory inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30:236 42. 179. Lee RJ, Kalman JM, Fitzpatrick AP, et al. Radiofrequency catheter modification of the sinus node for inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Circulation. 1995;92:2919 28. 180. Marrouche NF, Beheiry S, Tomassoni G, et al. Three-dimensional nonfluoroscopic mapping and ablation of inappropriate sinus tachycar- dia. Procedural strategies and long-term outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1046 54. 181. Callans DJ, Ren JF, Schwartzman D, et al. Narrowing of the superior vena cava-right atrium junction during radiofrequency catheter ablation for inappropriate sinus tachycardia: analysis with intracardiac echocar- diography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1667 70. 182. Frankel DS, Lin D, Anastasio N, et al. Frequent additional tachyar- rhythmias in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia undergoing sinus node modification: an important cause of symptom recurrence. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:835 9. 183. Takemoto M, MukaiY, Inoue S, et al. Usefulness of non-contact mapping for radiofrequency catheter ablation of inappropriate sinus tachycardia: new procedural strategy and long-term clinical outcome. Intern Med. 2012;51:357 62. 184. Koplan BA, Parkash R, Couper G, et al. Combined epicardial-endocardi- al approach to ablation of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15:237 40. 185. Klein I, Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:501 9. 186. Steinbeck G, Hoffmann E. True atrial tachycardia. Eur Heart J. 1998; 19 Suppl E:E48 9. 187. Wren C. Incessant tachycardias. Eur Heart J. 1998;19 Suppl E:E54 9. 188. Medi C, Kalman JM, Haqqani H, et al. Tachycardia-mediated cardio- myopathy secondary to focal atrial tachycardia: long-term outcome after catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1791 7. 189. Tang CW, Scheinman MM, Van Hare GF, et al. Use of P wave configura- tion during atrial tachycardia to predict site of origin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1315 24. 190. Kistler PM, Roberts-Thomson KC, Haqqani HM, et al. P-wave morphol- ogy in focal atrial tachycardia: development of an algorithm to predict the anatomic site of origin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1010 7. 191. Liu X, Dong J, Ho SY, et al. Atrial tachycardia arising adjacent to non- coronary aortic sinus: distinctive atrial activation patterns and anatomic insights. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:796 804. 192. Morton JB, Sanders P, Das A, et al. Focal atrial tachycardia arising from the tricuspid annulus: electrophysiologic and electrocardiographic char- acteristics. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12:653 9. 193. Kistler PM, Sanders P, Hussin A, et al. Focal atrial tachycardia arising from the mitral annulus: electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characterization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:2212 9. 194. Gonzalez MD, Contreras LJ, Jongbloed MRM, et al. Left atrial tachy- cardia originating from the mitral annulus-aorta junction. Circulation. 2004;110: 3187 92. 195. Ouyang F, Ma J, Ho SY, et al. Focal atrial tachycardia originating from the non-coronary aortic sinus: electrophysiological characteristics and catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:122 31. 196. Roberts-Thomson KC, Kistler PM, Haqqani HM, et al. Focal atrial tachycardias arising from the right atrial appendage: electrocardiograph- ic and electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18:367 72. 197. Walters TE, Kistler PM, Kalman JM. Radiofrequency ablation for atrial tachycardia and atrial flutter. Heart Lung Circ. 2012;21:386 94. 198. Lee G, Sanders P, Kalman JM. Catheter ablation of atrial arrhythmias: state of the art. Lancet. 2012;380:1509 19. 199. Markowitz SM, Nemirovksy D, Stein KM, et al. Adenosine-insensitive focal atrial tachycardia: evidence for de novo micro-re-entry in the hu- man atrium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1324 33. 200. Engelstein ED, Lippman N, Stein KM, et al. Mechanism-specific effects of adenosine on atrial tachycardia. Circulation. 1994;89:2645 54. 201. Coss SF, Steinberg JS. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias involving the sinus node: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1998;41:51 63. 202. Goya M, Iesaka Y, Takahashi A, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation for sinoatrial node reentrant tachycardia: electrophysiologic features of ablation sites. Jpn Circ J. 1999;63:177 83. 203. Saoudi N, Cos o F, Waldo A, et al. A classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia according to electrophysiological mechanisms and anatomical bases: a statement from a joint expert group from the Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1162 82. 204. Gillette PC, Garson A Jr. Electrophysiologic and pharmacologic charac- teristics of automatic ectopic atrial tachycardia. Circulation. 1977;56:571 5. 205. Mehta AV, Sanchez GR, Sacks EJ, et al. Ectopic automatic atrial tachy- cardia in children: clinical characteristics, management and follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;11:379 85. 206. Eidher U, Freihoff F, Kaltenbrunner W, et al. Efficacy and safety of ibu- tilide for the conversion of monomorphic atrial tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29:358 62. 207. Markowitz SM, Stein KM, Mittal S, et al. Differential effects of ad- enosine on focal and macroreentrant atrial tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10:489 502. 208. Reisinger J, Gstrein C, Winter T, et al. Optimization of initial energy for cardioversion of atrial tachyarrhythmias with biphasic shocks. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28:159 65. 209. Kunze KP, Kuck KH, Schl ter M, et al. Effect of encainide and fle- cainide on chronic ectopic atrial tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:1121 6. 210. Creamer JE, Nathan AW, Camm AJ. Successful treatment of atrial tachy- cardias with flecainide acetate. Br Heart J. 1985;53:164 6. 211. von Bernuth G, Engelhardt W, Kramer HH, et al. Atrial automatic tachy- cardia in infancy and childhood. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:1410 5. 212. Lucet V, Do Ngoc D, Fidelle J, et al. [Anti-arrhythmia efficacy of propafenone in children. Apropos of 30 cases]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1987;80:1385 93. 213. Heusch A, Kramer HH, Krogmann ON, et al. Clinical experience with propafenone for cardiac arrhythmias in the young. Eur Heart J. 1994;15:1050 6. 214. Janousek J, Paul T. Safety of oral propafenone in the treatment of ar- rhythmias in infants and children (European retrospective multicenter study). Working Group on Pediatric Arrhythmias and Electrophysiology of the Association of European Pediatric Cardiologists. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:1121 4. 215. Colloridi V, Perri C, Ventriglia F, et al. Oral sotalol in pediatric atrial ectopic tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1992;123:254 6. 216. Guccione P, Paul T, Garson A Jr. Long-term follow-up of amiodarone therapy in the young: continued efficacy, unimpaired growth, moderate side effects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15:1118 24. 217. Coumel P, Fidelle J. Amiodarone in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in children: one hundred thirty-five cases. Am Heart J. 1980;100:1063 9. 218. Miyazaki A, Ohuchi H, Kurosaki K, et al. Efficacy and safety of so- talol for refractory tachyarrhythmias in congenital heart disease. Circ J. 2008;72:1998 2003. 219. Kang KT, Etheridge SP, Kantoch MJ, et al. Current management of focal atrial tachycardia in children: a multicenter experience. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7:664 70. 220. Kothari SA, Apiyasawat S, Asad N, et al. Evidence supporting a new rate threshold for multifocal atrial tachycardia. Clin Cardiol. 2005;28:561 3. 221. Yokoshiki H, Mitsuyama H, Watanabe M, et al. Swallowing-induced multifocal atrial tachycardia originating from right pulmonary veins. J Electrocardiol. 2011;44:395.e1 5. 222. Marchlinski FE, Miller JM. Atrial arrhythmias exacerbated by theophyl- line. Response to verapamil and evidence for triggered activity in man. Chest. 1985;88:931 4. 223. Wang K, Goldfarb BL, Gobel FL, et al. Multifocal atrial tachycardia. Arch Intern Med. 1977;137:161 4. 224. Bittar G, Friedman HS. The arrhythmogenicity of theophylline. A multi- variate analysis of clinical determinants. Chest. 1991;99:1415 20. 225. Iseri LT, Fairshter RD, Hardemann JL, et al. Magnesium and potassium therapy in multifocal atrial tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1985;110:789 94. 226. Kastor JA. Multifocal atrial tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1713 7. 227. Hazard PB, Burnett CR. Verapamil in multifocal atrial tachycardia. Hemodynamic and respiratory changes. Chest. 1987;91:68 70. 228. Mukerji V, Alpert MA, Diaz-Arias M, et al. Termination and suppres- sion of multifocal atrial tachycardia with verapamil. South Med J. 1987;80:269 70. 229. Arsura EL, Solar M, Lefkin AS, et al. Metoprolol in the treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia. Crit Care Med. 1987;15:591 4. 230. Hazard PB, Burnett CR. Treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia with metoprolol. Crit Care Med. 1987;15:20 5. 231. Kouvaras G, Cokkinos DV, Halal G, et al. The effective treat- ment of multifocal atrial tachycardia with amiodarone. Jpn Heart J. 1989;30:301 12. 232. Levine JH, Michael JR, Guarnieri T. Treatment of multifocal atrial tachy- cardia with verapamil. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:21 5. 233. Salerno DM, Anderson B, Sharkey PJ, et al. Intravenous verapamil for treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia with and without calcium pre- treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:623 8. Page et al 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS SVT Guideline e563 234. Mehta D, Wafa S, Ward DE, et al. Relative efficacy of various physi- cal manoeuvres in the termination of junctional tachycardia. Lancet. 1988;1:1181 5. 235. Wen ZC, Chen SA, Tai CT, et al. Electrophysiological mechanisms and determinants of vagal maneuvers for termination of paroxysmal supra- ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1998;98:2716 23. 236. Glatter KA, Cheng J, Dorostkar P, et al. Electrophysiologic effects of adenosine in patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1999;99:1034 40. 237. Dougherty AH, Jackman WM, Naccarelli GV, et al. Acute conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with intravenous diltiazem. IV Diltiazem Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:587 92. 238. Waxman HL, Myerburg RJ, Appel R, et al. Verapamil for control of ven- tricular rate in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibril- lation or flutter: a double-blind randomized cross-over study. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:1 6. 239. Amsterdam EA, Kulcyski J, Ridgeway MG. Efficacy of cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenously administered metoprolol in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31:714 8. 240. Das G, Tschida V, Gray R, et al. Efficacy of esmolol in the treatment and transfer of patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias to alternate oral antiarrhythmic agents. J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;28:746 50. 241. Alboni P, Tomasi C, Menozzi C, et al. Efficacy and safety of out-of- hospital self-administered single-dose oral drug treatment in the man- agement of infrequent, well-tolerated paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:548 53. 242. Yeh SJ, Lin FC, Chou YY, et al. Termination of paroxysmal supraven- tricular tachycardia with a single oral dose of diltiazem and propranolol. Circulation. 1985;71:104 9. 243. Rinkenberger RL, Prystowsky EN, Heger JJ, et al. Effects of intravenous and chronic oral verapamil administration in patients with supraventricu- lar tachyarrhythmias. Circulation. 1980;62:996 1010. 244. D Este D, Zoppo F, Bertaglia E, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia. Int J Cardiol. 2007;115:350 3. 245. Langberg JJ, Leon A, Borganelli M, et al. A randomized, prospective comparison of anterior and posterior approaches to radiofrequency cath- eter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. Circulation. 1993;87:1551 6. 246. Kalbfleisch SJ, Strickberger SA, Williamson B, et al. Randomized com- parison of anatomic and electrogram mapping approaches to ablation of the slow pathway of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:716 23. 247. Kay GN, Epstein AE, Dailey SM, et al. Selective radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway for the treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Evidence for involvement of perinodal myocardium within the reentrant circuit. Circulation. 1992;85:1675 88. 248. Bogun F, Knight B, Weiss R, et al. Slow pathway ablation in patients with documented but noninducible paroxysmal supraventricular tachy- cardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:1000 4. 249. O Hara GE, Philippon F, Champagne J, et al. Catheter ablation for car- diac arrhythmias: a 14-year experience with 5330 consecutive patients at the Quebec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital. Can J Cardiol. 2007;23 Suppl B:67B 70B. 250. Gambhir DS, Bhargava M, Arora R, et al. Electrophysiologic effects and therapeutic efficacy of intravenous flecainide for termination of paroxys- mal supraventricular tachycardia. Indian Heart J. 1995;47:237 43. 251. Musto B, Cavallaro C, Musto A, et al. Flecainide single oral dose for management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children and young adults. Am Heart J. 1992;124:110 5. 252. Wellens HJ. Should catheter ablation be performed in asymptomatic pa- tients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome? When to perform catheter ablation in asymptomatic patients with a Wolff-Parkinson-White electro- cardiogram. Circulation. 2005;112:2201 7. 253. Munger TM, Packer DL, Hammill SC, et al. A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953 1989. Circulation. 1993;87:866 73. 254. Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Manguso F, et al. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the era of catheter ablation: insights from a registry study of 2169 patients. Circulation. 2014;130:811 9. 255. Timmermans C, Smeets JL, Rodriguez LM, et al. Aborted sud- den death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:492 4. 256. Klein GJ, Bashore TM, Sellers TD, et al. Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:1080 5. 257. Bromberg BI, Lindsay BD, Cain ME, et al. Impact of clinical history and electrophysiologic characterization of accessory pathways on man- agement strategies to reduce sudden death among children with Wolff- Parkinson-White syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:690 5. 258. Santinelli V, Radinovic A, Manguso F, et al. The natural history of asymptomatic ventricular pre-excitation: a long-term prospective follow-up study of 184 asymptomatic children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:275 80. 259. Smith GD, Dyson K, Taylor D, et al. Effectiveness of the Valsalva manoeuvre for reversion of supraventricular tachycardia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;3:CD009502. 260. Delaney B, Loy J, Kelly A-M. The relative efficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for the treatment of stable paroxysmal supraventricular tachy- cardia in adults: a meta-analysis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2011;18:148 52. 261. Furlong R, Gerhardt RT, Farber P, et al. Intravenous adenosine as first-line prehospital management of narrow-complex tachycardias by EMS personnel without direct physician control. Am J Emerg Med. 1995;13:383 8. 262. Schatz I, Ordog GJ, Karody R, et al. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome presenting in atrial fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:574 8. 263. Mittal S, Ayati S, Stein KM, et al. Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: comparison of rectilinear biphasic versus damped sine wave monophasic shocks. Circulation. 2000;101:1282 7. 264. Glatter KA, Dorostkar PC, Yang Y, et al. Electrophysiological ef- fects of ibutilide in patients with accessory pathways. Circulation. 2001;104:1933 9. 265. Sellers TD Jr., Campbell RW, Bashore TM, et al. Effects of procain- amide and quinidine sulfate in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation. 1977;55:15 22. 266. Huycke EC, Sung RJ, Dias VC, et al. Intravenous diltiazem for termination of reentrant supraventricular tachycardia: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:538 44. 267. Hamer A, Peter T, Platt M, et al. Effects of verapamil on supraventricular tachycardia in patients with overt and concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am Heart J. 1981;101:600 12. 268. Hombach V, Braun V, H pp HW, et al. Antiarrhythmic effects of acute beta blockade with atenolol on supraventricular tachycardias at rest and during exercise. Klin Wochenschr. 1981;59:123 33. 269. Morady F, DiCarlo LA Jr., Baerman JM, et al. Effect of propranolol on ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1987;10:492 6. 270. Wellens HJ, Durrer D. Effect of digitalis on atrioventricular conduction and circus-movement tachycardias in patients with Wolff-Parkinson- White syndrome. Circulation. 1973;47:1229 33. 271. Sellers TD Jr., Bashore TM, Gallagher JJ. Digitalis in the pre-ex- citation syndrome. Analysis during atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1977;56:260 7. 272. Sheinman BD, Evans T. Acceleration of ventricular rate by fibrillation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:999 1000. 273. Boriani G, Biffi M, Frabetti L, et al. Ventricular fibrillation after intrave- nous amiodarone in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with atrial fibril- lation. Am Heart J. 1996;131:1214 6. 274. Shiraishi H, Ishibashi K, Urao N, et al. Two cases of polymorphic ven- tricular tachycardia induced by the administration of verapamil against paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Intern Med. 2002;41:445 8. 275. Sch tzenberger W, Leisch F, Gmeiner R. Enhanced accessory pathway conduction following intravenous amiodarone in atrial fibrillation. A case report. Int J Cardiol. 1987;16:93 5. 276. Jackman WM, Wang XZ, Friday KJ, et al. Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) by radio- frequency current. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1605 11. 277. Calkins H, Langberg J, Sousa J, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections in 250 patients. Abbreviated therapeutic approach to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation. 1992;85:1337 46. 278. Dagres N, Clague JR, Kottkamp H, et al. Radiofrequency catheter abla- tion of accessory pathways. Outcome and use of antiarrhythmic drugs during follow-up. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:1826 32. 279. Schl pfer J, Fromer M. Late clinical outcome after successful ra- diofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:605 9. 280. Belhassen B, Rogowski O, Glick A, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways: a 14 year experience at the Tel Aviv Medical Center in 508 patients. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007;9:265 70. 281. Kugler JD, Danford DA, Deal BJ, et al. Radiofrequency catheter abla- tion for tachyarrhythmias in children and adolescents. The Pediatric Electrophysiology Society. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1481 7. 282. Kugler JD, Danford DA, Houston K, et al. Radiofrequency cath- eter ablation for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in chil- dren and adolescents without structural heart disease. Pediatric EP Society, Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Registry. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:1438 43. 283. Aguinaga L, Primo J, Anguera I, et al. Long-term follow-up in pa- tients with the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycar- dia treated with radiofrequency ablation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21:2073 8. 284. Kang KT, Potts JE, Radbill AE, et al. Permanent junctional reciprocat- ing tachycardia in children: a multicenter experience. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:1426 32. 285. McClelland JH, Wang X, Beckman KJ, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of right atriofascicular (Mahaim) accessory pathways guided by accessory pathway activation potentials. Circulation. 1994;89:2655 66. 286. M nnig G, Wasmer K, Milberg P, et al. Predictors of long-term suc- cess after catheter ablation of atriofascicular accessory pathways. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:704 8. 287. Sakurai M, Yasuda H, Kato N, et al. Acute and chronic effects of vera- pamil in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1983;105:619 28. 288. Hopson JR, Buxton AE, Rinkenberger RL, et al. Safety and utility of fle- cainideacetateintheroutinecareofpatientswithsupraventriculartachyar- rhythmias: results of a multicenter trial. The Flecainide Supraventricular Tachycardia Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:72A 82A. 289. Feld GK, Nademanee K, Weiss J, et al. Electrophysiologic basis for the suppression by amiodarone of orthodromic supraventricular tachy- cardias complicating pre-excitation syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;3:1298 307. 290. Feld GK, Nademanee K, Stevenson W, et al. Clinical and electrophysi- ologic effects of amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation complicat- ing the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am Heart J. 1988;115:102 7. 291. Gemma LW, Steinberg LA, Prystowsky EN, et al. Development of rapid preexcited ventricular response to atrial fibrillation in a patient with in- termittent preexcitation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24:347 50. 292. Bauernfeind RA, Wyndham CR, Dhingra RC, et al. Serial electrophysi- ologic testing of multiple drugs in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant paroxysmal tachycardia. Circulation. 1980;62:1341 9. 293. Hung JS, Kou HC, Wu D. Digoxin, propranolol, and atrioventricular re- entrant tachycardia in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:175 82. 294. Sharma AD, Yee R, Guiraudon G, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of invasive and noninvasive testing for risk of sudden death in Wolff- Parkinson-White syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10:373 81. 295. Gaita F, Giustetto C, Riccardi R, et al. Stress and pharmacologic tests as methods to identify patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome at risk of sudden death. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64:487 90. 296. Spar DS, Silver ES, Hordof AJ, et al. Relation of the utility of exercise testing for risk assessment in pediatric patients with ventricular preexci- tation to pathway location. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:1011 4. 297. Wackel P, Irving C,Webber S, et al. Risk stratification inWolff-Parkinson- White syndrome: the correlation between noninvasive and invasive test- ing in pediatric patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35:1451 7. 298. Beckman KJ, Gallastegui JL, Bauman JL, et al. The predictive value of electrophysiologic studies in untreated patients with Wolff-Parkinson- White syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15:640 7. 299. Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Manguso F, et al. Risk of malignant arrhyth- mias in initially symptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syn- drome: results of a prospective long-term electrophysiological follow-up study. Circulation. 2012;125:661 8. 300. Rinne C, Klein GJ, Sharma AD, et al. Relation between clinical presenta- tion and induced arrhythmias in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1987;60:576 9. 301. Brembilla-Perrot B, Holban I, Houriez P, et al. Influence of age on the potential risk of sudden death in asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001;24:1514 8. 302. Pappone C, Santinelli V, Manguso F, et al. A randomized study of pro- phylactic catheter ablation in asymptomatic patients with the Wolff- Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1803 11. 303. Pappone C, Santinelli V, Rosanio S, et al. Usefulness of invasive elec- trophysiologic testing to stratify the risk of arrhythmic events in as- ymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern: results from a large prospective long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:239 44. 304. Epstein AE, Miles WM, Benditt DG, et al. Personal and public safety issues related to arrhythmias that may affect consciousness: implications for regulation and physician recommendations. A medical/scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation. 1996;94:1147 66. 305. Pelliccia A, Zipes DP, Maron BJ. Bethesda Conference #36 and the European Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations revisited a comparison of US and European criteria for eligibility and disqualifica- tion of competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1990 6. 306. Klein GJ, Yee R, Sharma AD. Longitudinal electrophysiologic assess- ment of asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White electro- cardiographic pattern. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1229 33. 307. Leitch JW, Klein GJ, Yee R, et al. Prognostic value of electrophysiology testing in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. Circulation. 1990;82:1718 23. 308. Milstein S, Sharma AD, Klein GJ. Electrophysiologic profile of asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57:1097 100. 309. Satoh M, Aizawa Y, Funazaki T, et al. Electrophysiologic evaluation of asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1989;12:413 20. 310. Havr nek S, Simek J, St ov ek P, et al. Distribution of mean cycle length in cavo-tricuspid isthmus dependent atrial flutter. Physiol Res. 2012;61:43 51. 311. Waldo AL, Feld GK. Inter-relationships of atrial fibrillation and atri- al flutter mechanisms and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:779 86. 312. Ellis K, Wazni O, Marrouche N, et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation post- cavotricuspid isthmus ablation in patients with typical atrial flutter: left- atrial size as an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18:799 802. 313. Hsieh M-H, Tai C-T, Chiang C-E, et al. Recurrent atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus: a very long-term follow-up of 333 patients. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2002;7:225 31. 314. Tai CT, Chen SA, Chiang CE, et al. Long-term outcome of radiofrequen- cy catheter ablation for typical atrial flutter: risk prediction of recurrent arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998;9:115 21. 315. Paydak H, Kall JG, Burke MC, et al. Atrial fibrillation after radiofre- quency ablation of type I atrial flutter: time to onset, determinants, and clinical course. Circulation. 1998;98:315 22. 316. Chinitz JS, Gerstenfeld EP, Marchlinski FE, et al. Atrial fibrillation is common after ablation of isolated atrial flutter during long-term follow- up. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4:1029 33. 317. Reithmann C, Hoffmann E, Spitzlberger G, et al. Catheter ablation of atrial flutter due to amiodarone therapy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:565 72. 318. Bertaglia E, Bonso A, Zoppo F, et al. Different clinical courses and pre- dictors of atrial fibrillation occurrence after transisthmic ablation in pa- tients with preablation lone atrial flutter, coexistent atrial fibrillation, and drug induced atrial flutter. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27:1507 12. 319. Satomi K, Chun KRJ, Tilz R, et al. Catheter ablation of multiple un- stable macroreentrant tachycardia within the right atrium free wall in patients without previous cardiac surgery. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3:24 31. 320. Seiler J, Schmid DK, Irtel TA, et al. Dual-loop circuits in postoperative atrial macro re-entrant tachycardias. Heart. 2007;93:325 30. 321. Roberts-Thomson KC, Kistler PM, Kalman JM. Focal atrial tachycar- dia I: clinical features, diagnosis, mechanisms, and anatomic location. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29:643 52. 322. Barbato G, Carinci V, Tomasi C, et al. Is electrocardiography a reli- able tool for identifying patients with isthmus-dependent atrial flutter? Europace. 2009;11:1071 6. 323. Akar JG, Al-Chekakie MO, Hai A, et al. Surface electrocardiographic patterns and electrophysiologic characteristics of atrial flutter fol- lowing modified radiofrequency MAZE procedures. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18:349 55. 324. Chugh A, Latchamsetty R, Oral H, et al. Characteristics of cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter after left atrial ablation of atrial fibrilla- tion. Circulation. 2006;113:609 15. 325. Shah D. ECG manifestations of left atrial flutter. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2009;24:35 41. Page et al 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS SVT Guideline e565 326. Nakagawa H, Jackman WM. Use of a 3-dimensional electroanatomi- cal mapping system for catheter ablation of macroreentrant right atrial tachycardia following atriotomy. J Electrocardiol. 1999;32 Suppl:16 21. 327. Delacretaz E, Ganz LI, Soejima K, et al. Multi atrial maco-re-entry cir- cuits in adults with repaired congenital heart disease: entrainment map- ping combined with three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1665 76. 328. Magnin-Poull I, De Chillou C, Miljoen H, et al. Mechanisms of right atrial tachycardia occurring late after surgical closure of atrial septal de- fects. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:681 7. 329. Kanagasundram AN, Baduashvili A, Liu CF, et al. A novel criterion for conduction block after catheter ablation of right atrial tachycardia after mitral valve surgery. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6:39 47. 330. Teh AW, Medi C, Lee G, et al. Long-term outcome following ablation of atrial flutter occurring late after atrial septal defect repair. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34:431 5. 331. McElderry HT, McGiffin DC, Plumb VJ, et al. Proarrhythmic aspects of atrial fibrillation surgery: mechanisms of postoperative macroreentrant tachycardias. Circulation. 2008;117:155 62. 332. Wazni OM, Saliba W, Fahmy T, et al. Atrial arrhythmias after sur- gical maze: findings during catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1405 9. 333. Gerstenfeld EP, Callans DJ, Dixit S, et al. Mechanisms of organized left atrial tachycardias occurring after pulmonary vein isolation. Circulation. 2004;110:1351 7. 334. Chugh A, Oral H, Lemola K, et al. Prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical significance of macroreentrant atrial tachycardia during and following left atrial ablation for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:464 71. 335. Veenhuyzen GD, Knecht S, O Neill MD, et al. Atrial tachycardias en- countered during and after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: part I: classification, incidence, management. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32:393 8. 336. Karch MR, Zrenner B, Deisenhofer I, et al. Freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmias after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a random- ized comparison between 2 current ablation strategies. Circulation. 2005;111:2875 80. 337. Sawhney N, Anousheh R, Chen W, et al. Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation with additional linear ablation results in an increased incidence of left atrial flutter compared with segmental pulmonary vein isolation as an initial approach to ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3:243 8. 338. Neumann T, Vogt J, Schumacher B, et al. Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation with the cryoballoon technique results from a prospective 3-center study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:273 8. 339. Calkins H, Kuck KH, Cappato R, et al. 2012 HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques, patient management and follow-up, definitions, endpoints, and research trial de- sign: a report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on Catheter and SurgicalAblation ofAtrial Fibrillation. Developed in partnership with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS); and in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:632 96.e21. 340. Ellenbogen KA, Stambler BS, Wood MA, et al. Efficacy of intravenous ibutilide for rapid termination of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a dose-response study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:130 6. 341. Suttorp MJ, Kingma JH, Jessurun ER, et al. The value of class IC antiar- rhythmic drugs for acute conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter to sinus rhythm. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;16:1722 7. 342. Stambler BS, Wood MA, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of repeated intravenous doses of ibutilide for rapid conversion of atrial flut- ter or fibrillation. Ibutilide Repeat Dose Study Investigators. Circulation. 1996;94:1613 21. 343. Kingma JH, Suttorp MJ. Acute pharmacologic conversion of atrial fibril- lation and flutter: the role of flecainide, propafenone, and verapamil. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:56A 60A. 344. Vos MA, Golitsyn SR, Stangl K, et al. Superiority of ibutilide (a new class III agent) over DL-sotalol in converting atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. The Ibutilide/Sotalol Comparator Study Group. Heart. 1998;79:568 75. 345. Volgman AS, Carberry PA, Stambler B, et al. Conversion effica- cy and safety of intravenous ibutilide compared with intravenous procainamide in patients with atrial flutter or fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1414 9. 346. Singh S, Zoble RG, Yellen L, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: the Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigative Research on Dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study. Circulation. 2000;102:2385 90. 347. Blackshear JL, Stambler BS, Strauss WE, et al. Control of heart rate dur- ing transition from intravenous to oral diltiazem in atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:1246 50. 348. Singh BN, Hecht HS, Nademanee K, et al. Electrophysiologic and hemo- dynamic effects of slow-channel blocking drugs. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1982;25:103 32. 349. Akhtar M, Tchou P, Jazayeri M. Use of calcium channel entry blockers in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Circulation. 1989;80:IV31 9. 350. Delle Karth G, Geppert A, Neunteufl T, et al. Amiodarone versus diltia- zem for rate control in critically ill patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1149 53. 351. Ellenbogen KA, Dias VC, Plumb VJ, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of continuous intravenous diltiazem infusion for 24-hour heart rate control during atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:891 7. 352. Ellenbogen KA, Dias VC, Cardello FP, et al. Safety and efficacy of in- travenous diltiazem in atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:45 9. 353. Platia EV, Michelson EL, Porterfield JK, et al. Esmolol versus verapamil in the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63:925 9. 354. Salerno DM, Dias VC, Kleiger RE, et al. Efficacy and safety of intra- venous diltiazem for treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. The Diltiazem-Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63:1046 51. 355. Basta M, Klein GJ, Yee R, et al. Current role of pharmacologic therapy for patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Cardiol Clin. 1997;15:587 97. 356. Gallagher MM, Guo XH, Poloniecki JD, et al. Initial energy setting, out- come and efficiency in direct current cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1498 504. 357. Botkin SB, Dhanekula LS, Olshansky B. Outpatient cardiover- sion of atrial arrhythmias: efficacy, safety, and costs. Am Heart J. 2003;145:233 8. 358. Pizzale S, Lemery R, Green MS, et al. Frequency and predictors of tachy- cardia-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with persistent atrial flutter. Can J Cardiol. 2009;25:469 72. 359. Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJ, Van Gilst WH, et al. Prediction of uneventful cardioversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm from direct-current elec- trical cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation and flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:41 6. 360. Boriani G, Tukkie R, Manolis AS, et al. Atrial antitachycardia pacing and managed ventricular pacing in bradycardia patients with paroxysmal or persistent atrial tachyarrhythmias: the MINERVA randomized multicen- tre international trial. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2352 62. 361. Mitchell ARJ, Spurrell PAR, Cheatle L, et al. Effect of atrial antitachy- cardia pacing treatments in patients with an atrial defibrillator: ran- domised study comparing subthreshold and nominal pacing outputs. Heart. 2002;87:433 7. 362. Gillis AM, Unterberg-Buchwald C, Schmidinger H, et al. Safety and ef- ficacy of advanced atrial pacing therapies for atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with a new implantable dual chamber cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1653 9. 363. Waldo AL, MacLean WA, Cooper TB, et al. Use of temporarily placed epicardial atrial wire electrodes for the diagnosis and treatment of cardi- ac arrhythmias following open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1978;76:500 5. 364. Peters RW, Shorofsky SR, Pelini M, et al. Overdrive atrial pacing for conversion of atrial flutter: comparison of postoperative with nonpostop- erative patients. Am Heart J. 1999;137:100 3. 365. Ghali WA, Wasil BI, Brant R, et al. Atrial flutter and the risk of throm- boembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2005;118:101 7. 366. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:857 67. 367. Gallagher MM, Hennessy BJ, Edvardsson N, et al. Embolic complica- tions of direct current cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias: association with low intensity of anticoagulation at the time of cardioversion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:926 33. 368. Schmidt H, von der Recke G, Illien S, et al. Prevalence of left atrial chamber and appendage thrombi in patients with atrial flutter and its clinical significance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:778 84. 369. Lanzarotti CJ, Olshansky B. Thromboembolism in chronic atrial flutter: is the risk underestimated? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:1506 11. 370. Clemo HF, Wood MA, Gilligan DM, et al. Intravenous amiodarone for acute heart rate control in the critically ill patient with atrial tachyar- rhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:594 8. 371. Roberts SA, Diaz C, Nolan PE, et al. Effectiveness and costs of digoxin treatment for atrial fibrillation and flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:567 73. 372. Natale A, Newby KH, Pisan E, et al. Prospective randomized compari- son of antiarrhythmic therapy versus first-line radiofrequency ablation in patients with atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1898 904. 373. Bastani H, Drca N, Insulander P, et al. Cryothermal vs. radiofrequency ablation as atrial flutter therapy: a randomized comparison. Europace. 2013;15:420 8. 374. Poty H, Saoudi N, Nair M, et al. Radiofrequency catheter abla- tion of atrial flutter. Further insights into the various types of isth- mus block: application to ablation during sinus rhythm. Circulation. 1996;94:3204 13. 375. Schwartzman D, Callans DJ, Gottlieb CD, et al. Conduction block in the inferior vena caval-tricuspid valve isthmus: association with outcome of radiofrequency ablation of type I atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:1519 31. 376. Da Costa A, Th venin J, Roche F, et al. Results from the Loire-Ard che- Dr me-Is re-Puy-de-D me (LADIP) trial on atrial flutter, a multicentric prospective randomized study comparing amiodarone and radiofrequency ablation after the first episode of symptomatic atrial flutter. Circulation. 2006;114:1676 81. 377. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Keller N, et al. Efficacy of dofetilide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation-flutter in patients with reduced left ven- tricular function: a Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND) substudy. Circulation. 2001;104:292 6. 378. Benditt DG, Williams JH, Jin J, et al. Maintenance of sinus rhythm with oral d,l-sotalol therapy in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter. d,l-Sotalol Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:270 7. 379. Huang DT, Monahan KM, Zimetbaum P, et al. Hybrid pharmacologic and ablative therapy: a novel and effective approach for the management of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998;9:462 9. 380. Schumacher B, Jung W, Lewalter T, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter due to administration of class IC antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:710 3. 381. Mohanty S, Mohanty P, Di Biase L, et al. Results from a single-blind, randomized study comparing the impact of different ablation approaches on long-term procedure outcome in coexistent atrial fibrillation and flut- ter (APPROVAL). Circulation. 2013;127:1853 60. 382. Wazni O, Marrouche NF, Martin DO, et al. Randomized study compar- ing combined pulmonary vein-left atrial junction disconnection and ca- votricuspid isthmus ablation versus pulmonary vein-left atrial junction disconnection alone in patients presenting with typical atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2003;108:2479 83. 383. Aliot E, Denjoy I. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of flecainide versus propafenone in hospital out-patients with symptomatic paroxys- mal atrial fibrillation/flutter. The Flecainide AF French Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:66A 71A. 384. Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJ, Van Gilst WH, et al. Efficacy and safety of flecainide acetate in the maintenance of sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64:1317 21. 385. Pietersen AH, Hellemann H. Usefulness of flecainide for prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and flutter. Danish-Norwegian Flecainide Multicenter Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:713 7. 386. Crijns HJ, Van Gelder IC, Kingma JH, et al. Atrial flutter can be termi- nated by a class III antiarrhythmic drug but not by a class IC drug. Eur Heart J. 1994;15:1403 8. 387. Alboni P, Botto GL, Baldi N, et al. Outpatient treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with the pill-in-the-pocket approach. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2384 91. 388. Ruder MA, Davis JC, Eldar M, et al. Clinical and electrophysiologic char- acterization of automatic junctional tachycardia in adults. Circulation. 1986;73:930 7. 389. Villain E, Vetter VL, Garcia JM, et al. Evolving concepts in the manage- ment of congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia. A multicenter study. Circulation. 1990;81:1544 9. 390. Raja P, Hawker RE, Chaikitpinyo A, et al. Amiodarone management of junctional ectopic tachycardia after cardiac surgery in children. Br Heart J. 1994;72:261 5. 391. Wyndham CR, Dhingra RC, Smith T, et al. Concealed nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia. Circulation. 1979;60:707 10. 392. Konecke LL, Knoebel SB. Nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia com- plicating acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1972;45:367 74. 393. Fishenfeld J, Desser KB, Benchimol A. Non-paroxysmal A-V junctional tachycardia associated with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1973;86:754 8. 394. Breslow MJ, Evers AS, Lebowitz P. Successful treatment of acceler- ated junctional rhythm with propranolol: possible role of sympathetic stimulation in the genesis of this rhythm disturbance. Anesthesiology. 1985;62:180 2. 395. Lee KL, Chun HM, Liem LB, et al. Effect of adenosine and verapamil in catecholamine-induced accelerated atrioventricular junctional rhythm: insights into the underlying mechanism. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22:866 70. 396. Padanilam BJ, Manfredi JA, Steinberg LA, et al. Differentiating junctional tachycardia and atrioventricular node re-entry tachycardia based on re- sponse to atrial extrastimulus pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1711 7. 397. Kumagai K,Yamato H,YamanouchiY, et al. Automatic junctional tachy- cardia in an adult. Clin Cardiol. 1990;13:813 6. 398. Cook JR, Steinberg JS. An incessant form of junctional ectopic tachycardia in an adult responsive to a class 1C agent. Am Heart J. 1991;122:1487 9. 399. Kuck KH, Kunze KP, Schl ter M, et al. Encainide versus flecainide for chronic atrial and junctional ectopic tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:37L 44L. 400. Paul T, Reimer A, Janousek J, et al. Efficacy and safety of propafe- none in congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:911 4. 401. Sarubbi B, Musto B, Ducceschi V, et al. Congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia in children and adolescents: a 20 year experience based study. Heart. 2002;88:188 90. 402. Mamchur SE, Kurilin MY. High-amplitude pace mapping increases safe- ty of radiofrequency catheter ablation of parahisian ectopic foci. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35:1458 63. 403. Scheinman MM, Gonzalez RP, Cooper MW, et al. Clinical and electro- physiologic features and role of catheter ablation techniques in adult patients with automatic atrioventricular junctional tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:565 72. 404. Fan R, Tardos JG, Almasry I, et al. Novel use of atrial overdrive pacing to rapidly differentiate junctional tachycardia from atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:840 4. 405. Srivathsan K, Gami AS, Barrett R, et al. Differentiating atrioventricu- lar nodal reentrant tachycardia from junctional tachycardia: novel application of the delta H-A interval. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:1 6. 406. Field ME, Miyazaki H, Epstein LM, et al. Narrow complex tachy- cardia after slow pathway ablation: continue ablating? 