genetic 22 early epilepsy 249 pre-conception 151 folic acid 151 index 381 hypothermia 346 hypoventilation 345 IPOLE (idiopathic photosensitive occipital lobe Fragile X syndrome 65 , 196 frontal lobe epilepsies 74 , 76 frontal lobe pathology, cogniti ve epilepsy) 137 , 138 irritative zone 292 , 295 \200\2236 , 292 , 307 iso \202 urane 346 isolated seizures, clas si \201 cation 79 ictal functioning 368 aggression 196 differential diagnosis 86 , 87 EEG 100 \200\2233 , 103 , 163 \200\2234 , 164 , 167 , 312 mood/anxiety symptoms 211 , 211 \200\22312 psychosis 212 \200\22313 functional de \201 cit zone 292 , 292 \200\2233 , 307 functional imaging 113 \200\22321 , 114 \200\22320 juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) classi \201 cation 74 , 77 remission 263 treatment 190 GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) 3 , 27 \200\22331 , 33 , 370 gabapentin ictal-onset zone 292 , 292 , 296 idiopathic childhood occipital epilepsy (ICOE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) breast milk 154 elderly populations 206 pharmacology/clinical classi \201 cation 74 , 75 idiopathic epilepsies 11 \200\22318 etiology 51 , 61 \200\2233 , 62 de \201 nitions 61 ILAE classi \201 cation 72 neurogenetics 12 classi \201 cation 74 , 77 neurogenetics 12 remission 263 treatment 190 therapeutics 280 , 282 pregnancy 149 tumoural epilepsy 230 GABRG2 gene 18 gastrointestinal motility 346 generalized absence seizures, AEDs 254 general ized convulsive status epilepticus kainate receptors 28 K-complex, neurophysiology 3 ketamine 346 ketogenic diet 140 \200\2231 , 190 kidney disease 239 , 240 \200\2231 idiopathic focal epilepsies 74 , 75 , 188 idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) 62 , 62 \200\2233 , 63 children/adolescents, (GCSE) 343 \200\2238 , 344 , 347 treatment 189 \200\22390 generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus classi \201 cation 74 , 77 neurogenetics 16 \200\22318 remission 263 see also juvenile abs ence epilepsy; juvenile (GEFS +) 12 , 13 , 78 , 132 lacosamide 207 , 230 , 280 , 282 \200\2233 Lafora body disease 64 , 132 lamotrigine generalized seizures AEDs 247 \200\2238 classi \201 cation 73 , 74 EEG 101 \200\2233 ILAE classi \201 cation 71 breast milk 154 elderly populations 205 pharmacology/clinical therapeutics 283 pregnancy 14 7 , 149 myoclonic epilepsy idiopathic photosensitive occipital lobe epilepsy (IPOLE) 137 , 138 generalized tonic \200\223clonic seizures (GTCSs) ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy) 40 , 71 \200\2232 , 160 , 160 AEDs 253 \200\2234 classi \201 cation 77 EEG 102 \200\2233 , 103 therapy, non-pharmacologi cal 135 Landau \200\223Kleffner syndrome 180 language functions AEDs in pregnancy 150 \200\2231 fMRI 116 immunological diseases of the nervous system 68 genetics 11 \200\22326 , 12 , 14 \200\22317 , 19 , 20 , 128 \200\22334 , 132 , lateral temporal lobe epilepsy, immunological investigations 128 , 131 immunosuppression 345 \200\2236 incidence 52 \200 \2235 , 53 133 , 248 \200\2239 classi \201 cation 74 , 76 glial cells 1 , 2 , 4 \200\2236 , 5 , 6 , 7 glutamate neurotransmission 28 \200\2239 , 31 , 33 glycine neurotransmitters 31 \200\2232 lateralization of seizures 293 learning disability 195 \200\2239 , 198 legal aspects of epi lepsy 373 Lennox \200\223 Gastaut syndrome 1 elderly populations 202 neonatal/infantile-onset epilepsy 159 tumoural epilepsy 228 \200 \2239 hematological tests 127 , 127 \200\2238 , causality 63 , 64 epileptic encephalopathy 179 , 179 \200\22380 remission 264 individual patient needs 255 , 255 induction mechanisms/interactions, 129 , 130 head trauma 66 , 202 , 203 , 221 , 221 \200\2234 heavy metals 68 hemimegalencephaly 182 \200\2233 hemispherectomy 332 , 332 \200\2233 hepatic disease 239 , 241 \200\2232 high-freq uency oscillations (HFOs) 105 \200\2237 , 106 AEDs 271 \200\2235 , 274 , 275 levetiracetam infantile spasms 12 , 140, 177 \200\2239; see also West breast milk 154 elderly populations 205 , 207 pharmacology/clinical therapeutics 280 , syndrome infantile-onset epilepsy. see neonatal/infantile- onset epilepsy 283 \200\2234 infections, CNS 67 , 221 , 226 \200\2238 , 227 , 228 in \202 ammatory diseases of the nerv ous pregnancy 149 , 151 tumoural epilepsy 230 system 68 hippocampus lidocaine 346 lifestyle factors inhibition interactions, AEDs 271 , 271 \200\2233 intelligence quotient (IQ) 150 \200\2231 intensive care units 343 \200\2238 , 344 , 347 interictal deep brain stimulation 322 neurochemistry 28 \200\2239 neuropathology 43 \200\2238 , 46 , 4 7 sclerosis 66 , 369 transection 328 \200\22330 , 330 , 331 histological investigations 128 , 131 history-taking 82 , 84 \200\2236 , 85 hoarseness, vagus nerve stimulation 319 homeos tasis chronic epilepsy 258 elderly populations 208 linguistic features, differential diagnosis 85 , aggression 197 differential diagnosis 86 EEG 99 , 102 , 163 mood/anxiety symptoms 211 \200 \22312 psychosis 213 sexual/emotional behavior 362 \200\2233 intermediate frontal lobe seiz ures 74 , 76 intermittent explosive disorder 196 \200\2237 International League Against Epi lepsy 85 , 88 lissencephaly (LIS) 18 , 19 lithium 215 \200\22316 , 276 liver disease 239 , 241 \200\2232 liver transplantation 242 lobar epilepsies 74 , 75 localization of seizures 293 localizatio n rules, EEG 96 \200\2237 , 97 lysosomal storage disorders 133 , 134 elderly populations 204 peritumoural 229 hormonal effects, AEDs 145 \200\2236 Horsley, Victor 292 , 299 \200\223300 hot-water epilep sy (HWE) 137 , 138 , 139 human variome project 22 Huntington disease 203 hyperperfusion enc ephalopathy 243 hyperventilation 88 , 97 hypoglycaemia 68 , 91 hypotension 345 hypothalamic amenorrhea 145 \200\2236 (ILAE) 40 , 71 \200\2232 , 160 , 160 intracranial EEG 295 , 297 , 296 \200\2237 , 301 \200\2232 intractable epilepsy 258, 264; s ee also chronic MAE (epilepsy with myoclonic-astatic epilepsy seizures) 77 , 140 , 181 \200\2232 intraoperative electrocorticography 104 , 104 invasive EEG 104 investigations 127 \200\2233 4, 127 \200\22333 ; see also magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 109 \200\22311 , 110 , 111 case studies 311 , 312 , 313 , 314 neonatal/infantile-onset epilepsy 169 diagnosis index 382 myoclonus epilepsy and ragged red \201 bres parasomnias, differential diagnosis 88 \200\2239 , 339 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (cont.) (MERRF) 132 resective surgery 300 surgery 294 , 294 vagus nerve stimulation 320 parietal lobe epilepsies 74 , 76 paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS) 3 , 28 paroxysmal dysk inesias (PDs) 89 \200\22390 paroxysmal neurological disorders, differential narcolepsy 89 NEAD (Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic drugs) study 150 \200\2231 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) 31 , 118 \200\22319 , 119 necrosis 345 neocortical pathology, focal epilepsies 40 \200\2233 , 41 neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy 74 , 76 neonatal period, classi \201 cation 73 neonatal/infantile-onset epi lepsy 159 \200\22375 , 160 , diagnosis 82 magnetoencephalography (MEG) 119 \200\22321 , 301 major congenital malformations 148 , 148 \200\22350 , partial (focal, local) seizures 71 pathophysiology 152 , 153 malaria 226 malformations of cortical development (MCDs) 18 \200\22321, 19 , 20 , 39 , 40, 40 , 41 ; see also cortical dysplasia management epilepsy and systemic diseases 239 \200\22340 neonatal/infantile-onset epilepsy 167 \200 \2239 161 , 163 \200\2239 , 171 PBDs (peroxisome biogenesis neoplasm 66 \200\2237 , 221 , 228 \200\22333 , 229 , 232 , 233 neuroacanthocytosis 133 neur oanatomy 39 \200\22341 , 39 \200\22350 , 44 \200\2237 neurochemistry 27 \200\22337 neurocut aneous conditions 64 , 64 , 133 neurocysticercosis 226 , 228 neurodegenerative disease 202 , 203 Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic disorders) 133 \200\2234 PCDH19 gene 15 \200\22316 PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) 145 \200\2236 peri-ictal elderly populations 208 emergency departments 337 \200\22342 , 338 , mood/anxiety symptoms 211 , 211 \200\22312 psychosis 212 \200\22313 see also ictal; postict al phases 339 , 341 learning disability 197 \200\2238 , 198 postpartum period 153 \200\2234 , 154 see also anti epileptic drugs; treatment perinatal injury 66 peritumoural homeostasis 229 periventricular nodular heterotopia drugs (NEAD) study 150 \200\2231 medical history-taking 82 , 84 \200\2236 , 85 medication resistant epilepsy 258, 264; see a lso neuro \201 bromatosis type 1 (NF1) 64 , 133 neurogenetics 11 \200\22326 , 12 , 14 \200\223 17 , 19 , 20 , (PNH) 18 \200\22320 , 19 chronic epilepsy peroxisomal disorders 133 \200\2234 , 133 PET (positron emission tomography) 114 \200\22316 , MEG (magnetoencephalography) 119 \200\22321 , 301 membrane potentials, glial cells 4 \200 \2235 , 5 , 6 memory 367 \200\22372 , 368 , 369 meningitis 226 , 228 MERRF (myoclonus epile psy and ragged red 128 \200\22334 , 132 , 133 , 248 \200\2239 neuroimaging 109 , 109 \200\22326 , 110 , 111 , 112 115 , 294 , 300 \200\2231 differential diagnosis 86 resective surgery 300 \200\2232 surgery 294 , 294 \200\2237 see a lso speci \201 c modalities pharmacodynamic interactions, AEDs 272 \200\2236 , 274 , 275 pharmacokinetic interactions, \201 bres) 132 AEDs 269 \200\22372 , 270 mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses 64 , 132 neuropathology 39 \200\22341 , 39 \200\22350 , 44 \200\2237 neurophysiology 1 \200\22310 , 2 , 4 neuropsychological rehabilitation 370 \200 \2231; pharmacokinetics, AEDs 153 , 256 , classi \201 cation 74 , 76 neurochemistry 29 neuropathology 43 \200\2236 , 45 , 47 mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with 279 \200\22389 , 280 pharmacology AEDs 279 \200\22389 , 280 elderly populations 204 , 204 \200\2238 , 205 , see also cognitive functioning neurostimulation 317 \200\22326 , 318 , 322 neurotransmitter receptors 229 new onset seizures 245 \200\2237 , 261 \200\2232 , 262 newborns. see neonata l/infantile-onset epilepsy NF1 (neuro \201 bromatosis type 1) 64 , 133 NF1 gene 64 , 133 N FLE (nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy) 89 nicotinic receptors 15 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors 28 , hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) 264 mesial temporal sclerosis 223 , 228 meta-analysis of regulatory drug trials 256 metabolic d isorders 21 , 68 , 91 , 182 metabolic drug interactions 270 , 270 \200\2231 , 274 metabolic or toxic factors, classi \201 cation 79 microdialysis 30 \200\2231 microelectrode arrays 31 migraine, differential diagnosis 90 migrating partial seizures of infancy 74 , 76, 160, 172; see also neonatal/infantile-onset epilepsy 206 \200\2237 , 208 phenobarbital breast milk 154 drug interactions 274 elderly populations 206 neonatal/infantile-onset epil epsy 169 pharmacology/clinical therapeutics 280 , 284 \200\2235 pregnancy 148 tumoural epilepsy 229 29 , 32 nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) 89 nocturnal seizures 339 , 369 non-pharmacological therapy 135 \200\22343 , 136 noradrenaline 32 , 318 phenytoin minicolumns, neocortical pathology 42 mitochondrial disorders 63 mood disorders 211 , 211 \200\22312 , 367 \200\2239 mortality 55 , 55 \200\2236 movement disorders 89 \200\22390 MRI . see magnetic resonance imaging MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) 31 , breast milk 154 drug interactions 274 elderly populations 206 neonatal/infantile-onset epil epsy 169 neurochemistry 33 \200\2234 pharmacology/clinical occipital lobe epilepsies, classi \201 cation 74 , 76 Ohtahara syndrome. see epileptic encephalopathies onset of attack, differential diagnosis 84 oral contraceptives 146 \200\2237 , 275 , 275 or ganic acid/amino acid/peroxisomal 118 \200\22319 , 119 therapeutics 280 , 285 MTLE. see mesial temporal lobe epilepsy multilobar brain malformations 182 \200\2233 multip le hippocampal transection 328 \200\22330 , 330 , pregnancy 148 \200\2239 tumoural epilepsy 229 disorders 133 \200\2234 , 133 phlebitis 345 photic stimulation 97 photo-sensitive epilepsy 78 , 139 , 139 , 190 PME (prog ressive myoclonus epilepsies) PNES (psychogenic non-epileptic seizures) outcomes 331 neonatal/infantile-onset epilepsy 170 \200\2232 , 171 post-stroke seizures 225 post-traumat ic epilepsy 222 \200\2233 resective surgery 302 \200\2233 , 311 \200\22313 surgery 300 multiple subpial transection (MST) 327 \200\2238 , 327 \200\2238 , 329 multiplex ligand-dependent probe ampli \201 cation (MLPA) 21 82 \200\2235 , 83 , 87 , 338 , 338 PNH (periventricular nodular heterotopia) M nchhausen syndrome by proxy 91 myoclonic seizures AEDs 254 , 254 classi \201 cation 74 EEG 102 ILAE classi \201 cation 71 18 \200\22320 , 19 oxcarbazepine 205 , 207 polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) 145 \200\2236 polymicrogyria (PMG) 19 , 20 , 21 porphyri a 130 , 133 positron emission tomography (PET) 114 \200\22316 , pharmacology/clinical therapeutics 280 , 284 pregnancy 149 seizure exacerbation 255 myoclonic-astatic seizures (MAE) 77 , 140 , 115 , 294 , 300 \200\2231 P450 enzyme system 229 palliative surgery 191 panic disorder 88 , 88 posterior frontal lobe seizures, 181 \200\2232 classi \201 cation 74 , 76 myoclonus, differential diagnosis 90 index 383 slow sleep oscillation 1 \200\2235 , 2 , 4 , 6 \200\2237 slowing, EEGs 99 , 101 social cogn ition 360 , 360 \200\2232 , 361 \200\2232 social impacts 370 sodium ions 4 , 5 , 14 source localization, EEGs 104 \200\2235 , 106 SPECT (single-photon emission computed re \202 ex epilepsies 68 , 74 , 78 , 137 \200\2239 , 138 , 139 refractory epilepsy 258, 26 4; see also chronic posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) 243 epilepsy postictal aggression 196 \200\2237 postpartum period 153 \200\2234 , 154 post-stroke seizur es 221 , 224 \200\2235 post-traumatic epilepsy 66 , 202 , 203 , 221 , rehabilitation, neuropsychological 370 \200\2231 relapse, chronic epilepsy 258 remission 56 , 258 , 261 , 261 \200\2237 , 262 , 265 remote symptomatic epilepsy 51 renal disease 239 , 240 \200\2231 renal excretion interactions, AEDs 270 reproduction 145 , 145 \200\22357 , 1 48 resective surgery 291 221 \200\2234 tomography) 113 \200\22314 , 114 , 295 spike wave (SW) seizures 1 \200\2237 , 4 , 8 spontan eous remission 262 SSRIs (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) 214 \200\22315 , 215 post-vaccination encephalitic encephalomyelitis 66 potassium ions glial cells 5 \200\2236 , 7 neurophysiology 1 , 3 \200\2234 , 7 , 8 neurogenetics 13 \200 \22314 Prader Willi syndrome 196 pregabalin children/adolescents 191 extratemporal epilepsy 307 \200\22315 , 308 , 309 , SMEI (severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy). 311 \200\223314 see Dravet syndrome temporal lobe epilepsy 299 \200\223306 , 300 Standard And New Antiepileptic Drugs retigabine 280 , 286 Rett syndrome causality 65 genetics 133 elderly populations 207 pharmacology/clinical therapeutics 280 , 285 (SANAD) study 368 startle-induced epilepsy 78 status epilepticus pregnancy 145 , 145 \200\22357 , 148 , 248 PRES (posterior reversible encephalopathy classi \201 cation 73 intensive care unit management 343 \200\2238 , 344 , syndrome) 243 rhabdomyolysis 345 rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata presumed symptomatic seizures 347 (RCDP) 134 etiology 52 , 61 de \201 nitions 61 ILAE classi \201 cation 72 neonatal/infantile-onset epilepsy 162 ring chromosome 20 65 risk bene \201 ts, AEDs 245 \200\2237 , 246 risk factors stereo-EEG 296 , 296 stimulus attenuation and sensory prevalence 52 \200\2235 , 54 protection 139 neonatal/infantile-onset epilepsy 165 \200\2237 , 168 recurrence 341 risk strati \201 cati on stimulus avoidance 139 stiripentol 280 , 286 stress 135 stroke 52 , 67 \200\2238 , 202 , 20 2 , 208 , 221 , 224 \200\2235 structural neuroimaging 109 , 109 \200\22313 , 110 , elderly populations 201 learning disability and epilepsy 195 \200\2236 psychiatric co-morbi dity 211 primary generalized epilepsy. see idiopathic post-traumatic epilepsy 222 tumoural epilepsy 228 generalized epilepsies 111 , 112 primary reading epilepsy (PRE) 137 , 138 primidone ru \201 namide 280 , 286 Sturge \200\223Weber syndrome 64 STXBP1 gene 11 , 12 , 16 subcortical band heterotopia (SBH ) 18 subdural EEG 296 \200\2237 , 297 subtraction SPECT 113 \200\22314 suicide 213 \200\223 14 surgery 291 \200\2238 , 291 \200\2238 breast milk 154 drug interactions 274 pharmacology/clinical therapeutics 280 , SANAD (Standard and New Antiepileptic Drugs) study 368 SBH (subcortical band heterotopia) 18 scalp EEG 96 \200\2239 , 97 Schaffer collaterals 29 s chizencephaly 132 SCN1A gene 129 second seizures 247 seizure onset zone 307 serotonin 32 se rotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 214 \200\22315 , 215 serum level monitoring 258 service s, learning disability 197 severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy. see Dravet 285 \200\2236 prodromes 136 , 137 , 139 prognosis 56 children/adolescents 190 \200\2231 chronic epilepsy 258 corpus callosotomy 330 \200\2232 , 331 extratemporal epilepsy 307 \200\22315 , 309 , 311 \200\22314 hemispherectomy 332 , 332 \200\2233 infections, CNS 228 multiple hippocampal transection 328 \200\22330 , chronic epilepsy 258 , 258 early epilepsy 249 neonatal/infantile-onset epilepsy 170 \200 \2232 , 171 and remission 264 \200\2235 progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs) causality 63 \200\2234 classi \201 cation 74 , 78 neurogenetics 11 , 16 , 16 , 17 testing for 132 , 132 330 , 331 syndrome multiple subpial transection 327 \200\2238 , propofol 345 protein binding displacement interactions, sexual behavior 357 \200\22366 , 358 , 359 , 360 , 361 , 327 \200\2238 , 329 362 , 363 psychiatric co-morbidity 214 sexual/emotional behavior 362 \200\2233 tumoural epilepsy 231 \200\2233 see also neurostimulation; resective surgery AEDs 269 \200\22370 sialidosis 64 , 132 side effects provoked epilepsy 68 causality 61 , 62 de \201 nitions 51 , 61 neurochemistry 29 , 32 AEDs 255 \200\2236 status epilepticus treatment 345 \200\2236 vagus nerve stimulation 319 \200\22320 symptomatic epilepsies 11 causality 61 , 63 \200\2238 classi \201 cation 72 , 74 , 75 \200\2236 de \201 nitions 51 , neurogenetics 18 \200\22322 , 19 , 20 simple partial seizure, ILAE classi \201 cation 71 single gene epilepsies 61 \200\2232 , 6 2 , 64 \200\2235 , 133 , 133 \200\2234 single gene severe epilepsies 15 \200\22316 single s eizures 245 \200\2237 , 261 \200\2232 , 262 single-photon emission computed tomography psychiatric co-morbidity 211 , 211 \200\22319 , 214 , 215 , 216 psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) 82 \200\2235 , 83 , 87 , 338 , 338 symptomatic focal epilepsies classi \201 cation 74 treatment 188 \200\2239 psychological impacts 370 (SPECT) 113 \200\22314 , 114 , 295 psychosis 212 \200\22313 , 215 \200\22316 , 216 single-positron emission computed symptomatic seizures 51 , 2 , 202 symptomatogenic zone 292 , 292 , 307 \200\2239 , 309 sync ope 82 \200\2235 , 83 , 87 , 338 systemic diseases 239 , 239 \200\22344 , 242 systemic lupu s erythematosus (SLE) 242 \200\2233 pure epilepsy 62 , 62 \200\2233 causality 61 \200\2233 , 62 genetics 129 , 132 see also ben ign partial epilepsy; idiopathic tomography 301 SLC2A1 gene 21 SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) 242 \200\2233 sleep generalized epilepsies pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy 133 cycles 135 deprivation 97 disorders 88 \200\2239 patterns 369 slow-wave 1 \200\2235 , 2 , 4 T2-weighted images 110 Taenia solium 226 , 228 tailored drugs 255 , 255 tapeworm 226 , 228 RCDP (rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata) 134 recurrence, risk factors 341 index 384 transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) 82 , pharmacology/clinical therapeutics 280 , TBI (traumatic brain injury) 202 , 203 , 221 , 83 , 85 287 \200\2238 221 \200\2234 traumatic brain injury (TBI) 66 , 202 , 203 , 221 , pregnancy 149 , 150 tumoural epilepsy 230 temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) classi \201 cation 74 , 75 \200\2236 dentate gyrus pathology 46 \200\2238 EEG 105 EEG-fMRI 117 hippocampal sclerosis 66 intracranial EEG 297 \200\2238 m agnetic resonance imaging 110 resective surgery 299 \200\223306 , 300 221 \200\2234 treatment valproic acid 276 VBM (voxel-based children/adolescents 187 \200\22394 chronic epilepsy 256 , 256 \200\2238 and cognitive func tioning 370 elderly populations 204 , 204 \200\2238 , 205 , 206 \200\2237 , morphometry) 110 \200\22311 , 111 video EEG monitoring 103 \200\2234 , 300 vigabatrin pharmacology/clinical therapeutics 280 , 288 pregnancy 150 viral encephalitis 228 visual se nsitive epilepsy 78 , 139 , 139 , 190 vitamin D 208 vitamin K 153 VNS (vagus nerve stimulat ion) 191 , 317 \200\22320 , 208 emergency departments 340 \200\2231 infections, CNS 227 \200\2238 learning disability and e pilepsy 197 \200\2238 , 198 post-stroke seizures 225 post-traumatic epilepsy 223 \200\2234 status epilepticus 344 , 345 \200\2236 tumoural epilepsy 229 \200\22333 , 231 , 233 see als o antiepileptic drugs; management; temporal lobe pathology 368 temporal lobectomy 214 , 302 temporary loss of consciousness (T LOC) 82 , 83 , 85 teratogenicity, AEDs 147 \200\22351 , 148 , 152 , 153 testing for epilepsy 127 \200\22334, 127 \200\22333 . see also 318 , 323 diagnosis voltage-gated sodium channel 14 voxel-based morphometry (VBM) 110 \200\22311 , 111 TGA (transient global amnesia) 91 thalamus 6 \200\2237 , 8 therapy, non-pharmacological 135 \200\22343 , 136 TIAs (transient ischaemic attacks) 90 tiagabine 33 \200\2234 , 280 , 286 \200\2237 tissue necrosis 345 TLE. see temporal lobe epilepsy TLOC (temporary loss of consc iousness) 82 , surgery TSC1 and TSC2 genes 133 tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 64 Wada test 309 \200\22310 websites, pregnancy/reproduction 146 West syndrome diagnostic criteria 64 genetics 132 , 133 and learning disability 196 causality 63 , 63 epileptic encephalopathy 177 \200\2239 , 179 ketogenic diet 140 neurogene tics 12 tumoural epilepsy 66 \200\2237 , 202 , 203 , 221 , 228 \200\22333 229 , 232 , 233 83 , 85 two-thirds dictum 262 tonic-clonic seizures classi \201 cation 71 , 74 pregnancy 148 Wilson disease (WD) 133 , 241 \200\2232 unemployment 348 \200\22355 , 350 , 351 , 352 , 354 Unverricht \200\223Lundborg disease 63 , 132 urea cycle disorders 133 , 133 urinary biochemical tests 127 , 128 tonic seizures, classi \201 cation 71 , 74 topiramate X-linked adrenoleucodystrophy (X-ALD) 134 breast milk 154 elderly populations 205 , 207 neonatal/infantile-onset epilepsy 170 pharmac ology/clinical therapeutics 280 , 287 pregnancy 147 , 149 \200\22350 tractography 112 , 112 \200\22313 transient global amnesia (TGA) 91 transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) 90 zonisamide elderly populations 207 pharmacology/clinical therapeutics 280 , vaccine-induced encephalopathy 66 vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) 191 , 317 \200\22320 , 288 \200\2239 pregnancy 149 318 , 323 valproate 153 breast milk 154 elderly populations 204 , 205 , 206