syndrome 80 gelsolin, hereditary amyloidosis 155 gemcitabine 703 gene-protein-phenotype 582 general exa mination of patient 5 \200\2237 GeneTests database 582 genetic counseling 588 genetic defec ts see also inherited diseases acute kidney injury 318 animal models, renal disease 582 \200 \223583 Bartter \200\231s syndrome 217 cystinuria 202 Gitelman \200\231s syndrome 217 Hartn up disease 203 immune response gene polymorphisms 579 lysinuria 203 molecular genetic diagn ostics 582 \200\223583 monogenic diseases 582 mutations -Gal A 620 AH1 604 COL4A34 COl4A4 606, 608 LMX1B 614 NPHP1-6 88 NPHS2 88, 616, 617 rare s yndromes, with renal glomerular proteinuria, urinalysis 9 glomerulocystic kidney disease (GCKD) 589 glomerulonep hritis acute 5, 375 acute capillary 116 \200\223118 acute kidney injury 340 \200\223343, 341, 355 in children 462 chronic 189 clinical features 134 \200\223135 crescentic 120 \200\223123 de novo, in pregnancy 381 in elderly patients 385 epidemiology 134 hepatitis-B-associated 573 infection-related 128 \200\223132, 340 leprosy and renal disease 258, 259 leprosy-associat ed 141 mesangiocapillary 6, 112 \200\223115 nephritic sediment marker 11 nonstreptococcal i nfection-associated 116 pathogenesis 134 post-streptococcal 3, 116 primary 340 renal biopsy requirement 134 secondary 141 systemic sclerosis 340 glomerulopathy 150 \200\223156 glucoc orticoids 183, 399 glucose 9, 200, 508 glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase disease-speci \201 c 96 follow-up 98 general 96 initial approach 96 \200\22397 second-line 97 viral-mediated 93 involvement 640 TRPC6 92 URAT-1 639 nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 223 polygenic diseases 582 positional cloning of disease gen es 582 in pre-eclampsia 311 proximal RTA 211 single nucleotide polymorphisms 582 thin membr ane nephropathy 606 full blood count sarcoidosis 165 uremic bleeding 445 fundoscopy eye symptoms 6 hypertension 287 genetic testing fungal infections Alport \200\231s syndrome 610 direct and indirect 582 polycystic kidney disease 591 \200 \223592 see also infection; urinary tract infection (UTI) endemic 265 \200\223266 granulomata, necr otizing 257 laboratory diagnosis of renal mycosis 266 opportunistic 264 \200\223265 periton itis 513 transplantation, following 266 in transplants 567 furosemide 17, 278 genitourinary disease, transplantation, selection of patient 544 \200\223545 genotype-phenotype correlation 584 gentamicin 694 geranium nephropathy 240 \200\223241 GFR (glomerular \201 ltration rate) and acute kidney injury 3 and age 724 calculations 722 Cockcroft-Gault formula 13 cystatin C 13 \200\22314 de \201 ned 12 dialysis 483 in elderly patients 18 endogenous \201 ltrat ion markers 12 \200\22314 estimation, in nuclear medicine 26 exogenous \201 ltration mark ers 12 Modi \201 cation of Diet in Renal Disease G6PD (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) 370, 624 gadodiamide 29, 30 gadopentetic acid 29 Galloway syndrome 618 ganciclovir 701 gastric empty ing and gastroesophageal (G6PD) 370, 624 GLUT1 and GLUT2 (glucose transporters) 200 gluteraldehyde, electron microscopy 33 glycemic control, in diabetics 147, 472 glycogen sto rage disease type V (McArdle re \202 ux 418 gastrointestinal bicarbonate, excessive loss in disease) 625 metabolic acidosis 65 glycoprotein llb/Illa inhibitors 448 \200\223449, 534 glycosuria 17, 86, 200 gold 237 gastrointestinal system disorders Study 13 amyloid deposition 154 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 and nephrolithiasis 632 INDEX 744 homeostasis dialyzate composition 499 dose 499 duration 496 in elderly patients 469 EM disease 259 freq uency of 495 \200\223496 home 483, 500 hypermagnesemia 63 hyperphosphatemia 58 intermittent 328 \200\223329, 330 machine monitors and alarms 497 membranes 330 minimum and target dial ysis dose 520 nephrogenic systemic \201 brosis 30 patient safety 497 \200\223499 prescrip tion 494 principles 494 progressive CKD 633 reuse of dialyzers 497 schistosomiasis 263 sick le cell nephropathy 193 small solute clearance 494 \2372M, use of 521 studies 494, 495, 49 6, 499, 521 treatment time 495 ultra \201 ltration 496 unit-based 483 vascular access 497 vascular access planning 483 \200\223484 water quality 497 \200\223498 Goodpasture \200\231s disease 32, 124 \200\223127 acid-base see acid-base balance calcium 52 \202 uid 535 magnesium 60 normal 444 phosphate 56 primary 444 salt and water balance 524 \200\223525 secondary 444 sodium 16 water 16, 18 , 42 and anti-GBM disease 610 and transplantation 572 gout 233, 452, 639, 711 grafts acute graft dysfunction 558 delayed function 576 \200\223577 \201 stula, types of 488 \200\223489 HLA typing, transplantation 577 outcome 576 prosthetic and biological 488, 489, 490 granular casts, urine microscopy 11 granulomatous interstitial nephritis hormone therapy 685 hormones (GIN) 164, 165, 166 see also endocrine disorders abnormalities 402 adrenal 399 antidiuretic 42 growth 398 parat hyroid 165, 432, 441 \200\223442 thyroid 398 growth hormone 398 Gullner \200\231s syndrome 218 gut, calcium homeostasis 52 gynecologic h istory 4 HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) 131, 141 horseshoe kidney 661 hospital admission hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy 552 hantavirus infection 5, 344 Hartnup disease 203 HCDD (heavy chain depositio n disease) 160 HDL (high density lipoprotein), malignant hypertension 301 renal failure 538 \200\223539 urinary tract infection 248 HPRT ( hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) de \201 ciency 636 hyperlipidemia 81 HPTH (tertiary hyperparathyroidism) 570 HSP (Henoch-Sch lein purpura) 6, 100, hearing loss, Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 heart 104 \200\223105 hemodynamic AKI 385 hemo \201 ltration 499 \200\223500 complications 501 \200\223503 inter mittent 329 \200\223330, 330 membranes 330 water quality 498 see also cardiac arrhythmias; cardiac failure; human immunode \201 ciency virus (HIV) 131 cardiovascular system focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 93, 94 renal disease, HIV-associated 140 transplantation , selection of patient 546 in tropics 138 cardiac toxicity 50 general examination 6 systemic lupus erythematosus 184 heavy chain deposition disease (HCDD) 160 HELLP syndrome 350, 379 hematocrit 444 hematologi cal disorders, chronic kidney humanized anti-CD25 monoclonal hemoglobin, in urine 8 \200\2239 hemolysis 362, 501 hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) see HUS antibodies 560 \200\223561 humoral immunity, Goodpasture \200\231s disease 124 HUS (hemolytic uremic syndrome) 350 (hemolytic uremic syndrome) disease 426 \200\223431 acute kidney injury 348 \200\223350 acute kidney injury in children 375 and diarrhea 375 et iology 348 in pregnancy 380 recurrent disease, post-transplantation 573 tropical-related ac ute kidney injury 369 hemoperfusion 334, 336 \200\223338 hemoperitoneum 516 hemorrhage 35, 502, 593 hemorrhoids 4 18 Henoch-Sch lein purpura 6, 100, 104 \200\223105, 573 heparin 447, 534, 695 hematological effects, hypophosphatemia 57 hematuria AA amyloidosis 154 Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 analgesic nephropathy 227 benign familial 606, 608 bladder cancer 680 glomerular 76 \200\22379 interpreting evidence of 76 \200\22377 investigations 76 isolated 32, 78, 550 macroscopic 3, 35, 79, 102 low molecular weight 332, 497, 694 hyaline casts, urine microscopy 10 hydrogen, loss of, in metabolic alkalosis 70 hydrogen io ns, excretion 64 \200\22365 hydronephrosis 196, 378 hydrothorax 515 hyperaldosteronism 48 h ypercalcemia 53 \200\22355, 164, 166, 196 hypercalciuria 164, 204 in children 282, 283 chro nic, diuretic use 711 idiopathic/hypercalcemic 271 heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) 447 hepatic adenomas 624 hepatitis B virus (HBV) 129 \200\223130 glomerulonephritis 573 hepatitis C compared 423 membranous nephropathy 109 mesangiocapillar y glomerulonephritis 115 polyarteritis nodosa 173 transplantation, selection of patient 546 tropical-related glomerular disease 140 vaccinations 441 unexplained 27 microscopic 4, 32, 76, 78, 102 physical characteristics of urine 8 polycystic kidney diseas e 587, 593 with proteinemia 77 \200\22378 see also proteinuria hypercoagulability, nephrotic syndrome 81, renal biopsy 35, 78 sickle cell nephropathy 192, 193 stones 3, 275 urinary composition, alt eration in 3 urological evaluation 78 hemodia \201 ltration 499 \200\223503 complications 501 \200\223503 water quality 498 hemodialysis 500 \200\223503 83 \200\22384 hepatitis C virus (HCV) 130 \200\223131, 140 hypereosinophilia 170 hyper \201 ltration, glomerular, in proteinuric chronic kidney disease 423 and cryoglobulinemeia 160, 176 \200\223179 glomerulonephritis 57 3 HCV-related disease (without cryoglobulinemia) 179 CKD 407 hyperglycemia 9, 145 hyperhomocysteinemia 413, 446 hyperinsulinemia 414 hyperkalemia 18, 48 , 49, 50 \200\22351 schistosomiasis 262 transplantation, selection of patient 546 hepatitis D 425 hepatocellular cancer, screening for 423 hepatorenal syndrome see also hypokalemia acute kidney injury 325, 373 dialysis-related 503 diuretics 695 and NS AIDs 229 peritoneal dialysis 328 and sickle cell nephropathy 192 see also peritoneal dialysis acute poisoning, hemoperfusion 336 adequacy 499, 518 \200\2235 20 anticoagulation during 448, 497 blood pressure 499 center 500 chemotherapy 714 in childr en 465 choice of dialyzer 494 \200\223495 clearance of drugs in 693 clinical outcomes 498 \200\223499 clinical trials 496 complications 501 \200\223503 contraindications 483 daily s trategies 495 \200\223496 in diabetics 474 acute kidney injury 352 \200\223355 obstructive jaundice 354 herbal medicine 704 Heymann nephritis 106 high blood pressure see hypertension hirudin, ant icoagulation 332 histopathology 257, 266 histoplasmosis 265 history, clinical 4 \200\2235, 76 HIT (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia) 447 HLA typing, transplantation 545 Hodgkin \200 \231s lymphoma, minimal change hyperlactinemia 399 hyperlipidemia acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis 117 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 96 inherited diseases 624 membranous nephropathy 109, 114 nephrotic syndrome 81, 83 hyperlipoproteinemia, nephrotic syndrome 3 hypermagnesemia 62 \200\22363 disease 135 INDEX 745 polycystic kidney disease 592 radioisotope studies 26 retrograde pyelography 22 stones 271 tuberculosis 257 \200\223258 ultrasound scanning 20 \200\22321 urinary tract infection 247 venography/ \201 stulography 28, 29 zygomycosis 265 iminoglycinuria 203 immune complex dis ease 122 immune function, in chronic kidney hypokalemia/hypokalemic tubular disorders hypernatremia 44 \200\22345, 373 see also hyponatremia hyperoxalurias 272, 283 see also hyperkalemia clinical manifestations 49 de \201 nitions 214 distal nephron 216 di stal RTA 210 diuretics, induced by 711 extrarenal potassium loss 217 and Fanconi syndrome 2 06 and hypomagnesemia 62 intercalated cells 216 minimal change disease 86 pathophysiology 2 14, 215 potassium loss/shifts 47, 216 \200\223217 principal cells 216 redistribution 46 tre atment 48 dermatologic disorders 452 primary hyperoxalurias 632 \200\223634 stones 282 hyperparathyroidism cardiovascular risk factors 414 cystic brown tumors of 27 hypercalcemia 53 of malignancy 196 and hypophosphatemia 201 skin symptoms 6 stones 282 tertiary, transplantation in 570 hyperp hosphatemia 52, 58 \200\22359, 414 hyperpigmentation, cutaneous 450 hypertension disease 440 \200\223442 immune response modi \201 ers 715 immune therapy, fungal infections 267 immunization 423, 441, 465, 482 immunoadsorption 334 immuno \202 uorescence microscopy hypomagnesemia 46, 60 \200\22362, 217 hyponatremia 42 \200\22344, 43 see also hypernatremia acute kidney injury 373 minimal change disease 86 and newborn infant 16 and NSAIDs 229 pol ycystic kidney disease 587 renal tuberculosis 256 and replacement \202 uids 224 acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis 117 acute nephrotic syndrome 139 Alport \200\231s sy ndrome 610 cell biological phenotyping 584 cryoglobulinemia 178 \201 brillary glomerulone phritis 151 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 93 IgA nephropathy 102, 103 immunotactoid gl omerulopathy 151 nail-patella syndrome 614 pre-eclampsia 313 \200\230ACD \200\231 rule 288 acute kidney injury 374 Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 analge sic nephropathy 226 antiplatelet agents 289 arterial, in progressive kidney disease 407 \200\223409 assessment of patient 286 \200\223288 atherosclerotic renovascular disease see ARVD (athero sclerotic renovascular disease) hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia 52 hypophosphatemia 56 \200\22358, 200 \200\223201, 206 hy poproteinemia, edema in 3 hyposthenuria, Sj gren \200\231s syndrome 190, 192 hypotension, dialysis-related 502 hypothalamus, osmoreceptors in 42 hypotonic \202 uids 224 hypouricem ia, of renal tubular origin 639 hypovascular medullary or cortical tumors, immunoglobulin A nephropathy 100 \200\223104 immunoglobulin-associated auscultation, examination, clinical 5 beta blockers 289, 307, 533 cardiovascular risk facto rs 288, 414 catecholamine-driven 307 in children 304 \200\223308, 464 chronic, in pregnancy 310 chronic kidney disease 395, 406 \200\223410 clinical approach to 286 \200\223290 in el derly patients 18 endocrine disorders 286, 305 in end-stage renal disease 409 \200\223410 e xamination 287 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 96 history of current complaint 4 intrave nous treatment 302 investigations 287 \200\223288 and lead 237 malignant 300 \200\223302 me dical management 532 \200\223533 mild-moderate 307 minimal change disease 86 and NSAIDs 229 oral treatment 302 polycystic kidney disease 589, 592 \200\223593 in pregnancy 310 \200 \223315 primary and secondary prevention 289 pulmonary 188 renal blood \202 ow, autoregul ation of 406 renovascular disease 27, 292 \200\223298 glomerulopathies 150 \200\223153 immunohistology 107, 113 immunological investigations, renal disease acute kidney injury 381 ADAMTS13, autoantibodies against 39 anti-C1q antibodies 39 anti-DNA antibodies 39 anti-glomerular basement antibodies 39 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 39 antiphospholipid antibodies 39 clinical context 36, 37 complement 36 cryoglobulins 36 f actor H de \201 ciency 36, 38 nephritic factor 36 other autoantibodies 38, 39 renal mycosi s 266 serum and urine protein electrophoresis 36 serum immunoglobulins 36 CT scanning 23 hypovolemia 320, 385 hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase de \201 ciency 636 hypoxemia, respiratory alkalosis 73 icodextrin 509, 514 idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) 618 IDL (intermediate density lipop rotein), hyperlipidemia 81 IDUC (indwelling urinary catheter), urinary tract infection 249 ifosfamide 703, 715 IgA nephropathy 5, 100 \200\223102 acute kidney injury 355 as contraind ication to live donation 550 malignancy-associated 136 para-neoplastic conditions and kidne y 197 recurrent disease, post-transplantation 573 and thin membrane nephropathy 606 immunosuppression clinical use of agents 563 \200\223564 cryoglobulinemia 178 lupus nephritis 183 maintenance therapy 561 \200\223563 and renal tuberculosis 257 skin symptoms 6 transplantation 557, 56 0 \200\223564 ileus, in renal transplants 557 imaging, in renal disease see also CT (computed tomography); MRI (magnetic resonance imaging); ultrasound scanning (U SS) immunotactoid glomerulopathy (ITG) see ITG in children 305, 307 (immunotactoid glumerulopathy) resistant 533 salt sensitivity 407 secondary 287, 301 sickle cell nephropathy 193 statins 2 89 sustained 304 transient 304 in transplant donors 548 in transplant recipients 578 \200 \223579 venous 490 impotence treatment 402 indinavir 701 indomethacin 17, 223 induction therapy, antibody-base d 563 infants 372 \200\223376 acute kidney injury 324 Alport \200\231s syndrome 610 antegrade pyelography 22 \200\22323 a rteriography 27 \200\22328, 29 ascending urethography 23 Balkan nephropathy 238 chest radio graphy 170 computed tomography see CT (computed see also newborn infant infection see also urinary tract infection (UTI) access-related 501 catheter-related 511 \200\223514 in children 464 chronic, in AA amyloidosis 154 congential and infantile nephrotic tomography) hypertrichosis lanuginosa 451 hyperuricemia 197, 233, 452 contrast radiography 22 \200\22323 contrast-induced nephrotoxicity 28 cystography 23 DEXA s canning 570 in diabetics 472 intravenous urography 22 magnetic resonance imaging see MRI (m agnetic resonance imaging) familial 639 hyperuricosuria 272 hyperventilation syndrome 74 hypervolemic hypernatremia 44 hypoalbumine mia/hypalbuminemic edema, syndrome 618 \201 stulas 489 fungal 264 \200\223267 glomerulonephritis 116 membranous nephropathy 106 mycobacterial 256 \200\223259 nephrotic syndrome 81 opportunistic 264 \200\223265 polycysti c kidney disease 587, 593 and transplantation 546, 549, 554, 566 \200\223567 nephrotic syndrome 3, 80, 82 hypoaldosteronism 50 hypocalcemia 52 \200\22353, 62 acute kidney injury 373 with Bartter \200\231s syndrome 217 nephrocalcinosis 279 nephrogenic systemic \201 brosis 29 \200\22330 nuclear medicine 26 \200\22327 percutaneous nephrostomy 27, 28 plain X-ray KUB (kidney, ureters, bladder) 20 hypocapnia 73 hypoglycemic drugs 695 INDEX 746 natural history 152 \200\223153 plasma cell dyscrasias 160 renal biopsy 151 transplantation , recurrence following 153 Balkan nephropathy 238 \200\223239 drug-induced 241 metals 236 \200\223237 nephrotoxic meta ls 236 \200\223237 nonsteroidal anti-in \202 ammatory drugs see in \202 ammation 414, 444 in \202 uenza vaccinations 441 information resources clinical practice guidelines, and renal IVIG (high dose intravenous immunoglobulin) 704 registries 734 NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-in \202 ammatory drugs) Internet 730 patient counseling tools 740 \200\223742 for patients and carers 731 professio nal societies 728 for professionals 730 IVU (intravenous urography) 22 NSAIDs and kidney 228 \200\223230 uric acid, and kidney 232 \200\223234 JAG1 gene, mutation 640 JBTS (Jourbert syndrome) 602 Jeune syndrome 602, 642 Joubert syndro me (JBTS) 602 jugular venous pulse (JVP) 320 juxtamedullary glomeruli, focal segmental interstitial nephritis, allergic exanthema 6 intestinal pseudo-obstruction 419 intimal \201 broplasia 292 intracompartment pressure, measurement 363 intratubular obstruction 385 intravenous urography (IVU) 22, 257 \200\223258 inulin, GFR measurement 12 investigations inherited diseases see also genetic defects AA amyloidosis 154, 155 Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 \200\223612, 609 amyloidosis 155 \200\223156 ANCA-associated vasculitis 168 autosomal dominant polycyst ic kidney glomerulosclerosis 93 JVP (jugular venous pulse) 320 kala-azar 369 Kearn-Sayre syndrome 218 Kelly-Seegmiller syndrome 636 ketoacidosis 67, 68 \200\22369 ketones, in urine 9 ketonuria, urine odor 8 kidneys see also imaging, in renal disease; renal biopsy AA amyloidosis 154 acute kidney injury 323 , 341 \200\223342, 344 \200\223345 disease 588 \200\223589, 590 \200\223595 bladder cancer 680 classi \201 cation 5 congenital abnormalities 462 congenital and infant ile nephrotic in children 372 in elderly patients 386 hepatorenal syndrome 353 pigment-induced 362 \200 \223363 in pregnancy 381 \200\223382 renal replacement therapies 321 \200\223324, 323 syndrome 616 \200\223619 cystinosis 628 \200\223630 diabetes mellitus 144 distal RTA 209 Fabry disease 6, 11, 620 \200\223622 familial juvenile hyperuricemic acid-base metabolism, role in 64 \200\22365 acute injury 3 anatomy 718 \200\223719 ANCA-ass ociated vasculitis 168 \200\223169 bioarti \201 cial 334 calcium homeostasis 52 cancer 196 \200\223198 chronic disease of see chronic kidney AEGN (acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis) 116 \200\223117 atherosclerotic renovascular disease 294 \200\223295 chronic kidney disease 393 nephropathy 233 family history 5, 582 family screening 595 Fanconi syndrome 205 focal segme ntal glomerulosclerosis 92 \200\22393, 573 hereditary conditions 462 investigations 582 \200\223584 kidney tumors 668 metabolic storage disorders with renal in children 463 crescentic glomerulonephritis 121 distal RTA 210 Fabry disease 620 \200\223621 Fanconi synd rome 206 Goodpasture \200\231s disease 125 hematuria 76 Henoch-Sch lein purpura 104 hyperc alcemia 54, 196 hypermagnesemia 63 hypertension 287 \200\223288, 301 hypocalcemia 53 hypoma gnesemia 62 hypophosphatemia 57 \200\22358 IgA nephropathy 101 immunoglobulin-associated gl omerulopathies 152 disease (CKD) concentrating ability, loss of 700 of elderly patients 18 \200\22319, 384 enlargement of, i n diabetes 145 functional changes 18 and fungal infections 264 \200\223267 massive polycyst ic 593 multicystic dysplastic 591 and NSAIDs 228 \200\223230 and para-neoplastic conditions 197 \200\223198 polycystic kidney disease see polycystic involvement, other 624 \200\223625 molecular genetic diagnostics 582 \200\223583 nail-patella syndrome 614 \200\223615 nephron ophthisis 602 \200\223604, 605 phenotyping 584 polycystic kidney disease 586 \200\223589 kidney disease in pregnancy 310 autosomal dominant 588 \200\223589, 590 \200\223595 autosomal recessive 586 \200\223588, 59 1 in children 586 \200\223589 pre-eclampsia 313 structural changes 18 tumors of 668 \200\223671 primary hyperoxalurias 632 \200\223634 proteins 583 \200\223584 proteomics 584 of purine me tabolism and transportation 636 \200\223639, immunological see immunological investigations, renal disease inherited renal disease 582 \200\223584 ischemic acute kidney injury 357 laboratory see laboratory studies membranous n ephropathy 107 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 113 metabolic acidosis 70 \200\22371 pr e-eclampsia 313 proteinuria 76 proximal RTA 211 renal biopsy see renal biopsy respiratory a cidosis 72 respiratory alkalosis 73 \200\22374 scleroderma-systemic sclerosis 186 sickle ce ll nephropathy 193 systemic lupus erythematosus 181 tuberous sclerosis 599 von Hippel \210 \222Lindau disease 600 Wilms \200\231 tumor 672 \200\223675 types 577 ultrasound scanning, indications for 20 \200\22321 and uric acid see uric acid, a nd kidney 637 rare syndromes, with renal involvement 640 \200\223644 renal biopsy indications 32 renal ur ate handling 639 sarcoidosis 164 screening, genetic 218 sickle cell disorders 192 thin memb rane nephropathy 606 \200\223607 tuberous sclerosis 598 \200\223599 Wilms \200\231 tumor 67 2 Klebsiella infection 244, 252 Korotkoff sounds 310 Kussmaul \200\231s respiration 6 laboratory studies hypokalemia 46 hyponatremia 43 minimal change disease 86 \200\22387 neph rotoxic metals 236 polycystic kidney disease 591 \200\223592 renal mycosis 266 renal tuberc ulosis 257 vasculitis 170 INS (idiopathic nephrotic syndrome) 618 inspection, examination of kidneys and urinary tract 5 insulin lactic acidosis 67, 68, 69 lamivudine, chronic kidney disease 423 lanthanum carbonate 433 l aser lithotripsy, in situ 276 LCDD (light chain deposition disease) 160, 161 LDL (low densi ty lipoprotein), see also diabetes mellitus and carbohydrate metabolism 399 \200\223400 excess, in hypokalem ia 46 hyperinsulinemia 414 resistance, in chronic kidney disease 400, 414 iron see also anemia and ESAs 442 management 528 utilization 430 interferon- hyperlipidemia 81 LEA29Y (belatacept) 561 lead/lead nephropathy 5, 236 \200\223237, 240 lea ks ischemia reperfusion injury 578 ischemic acute kidney injury 356 \200\223359 ischemic bowel disease 418 ischemic heart disease 226, 534, 544 ischemic nephropathy, pathogenesis of ren al chronic kidney disease 423, 425 cryoglobulinemia 179 disorders induced by 704 drug-induced disorders 701 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 114 catheters 515 transplant complications 555, 556 Leber \200\231s congenital amaurosis 602, 6 03 left ventricular dilatation 415 left ventricular dysfunction 534, 544 left ventricular h ypertrophy (LVH) 415 legionellosis 344 lepirudin, anticoagulation 332 dysfunction 296 interleukin-2 (IL-2) 704 Internet resources 727 interstitial disease, acute, in elderly isotope bone scintigraphy 26 isotope renography (MAG3) 254 ita -ita disease ( \200\230ou ch-ouch \200\231 disease) 237, 240 ITG (immunotactoid glumerulopathy) 150 \200\223156 patients 385 interstitial disease, chronic B-cell proliferative disorder 150 chemotherapy 153 analgesic nephropathy 226 \200\223227 aristolochic acid nephropathy 240 \200\223241 INDEX 747 melioidosis 369 melphalan, oral, immunoglobulin-associated malacoplakia, renal 250 malaria 132, 140, 366 \200\223367 males leprosy and renal disease 141, 258 \200\223259, 369 leptospirosis 344 Lesch \210\222Nyhan s yndrome 232, 233, 636 lesions, skeletal 432 leukemia 150, 232 leukocyte casts, urine micros copy 11 leukocyte esterase, in urine 9 leukocytes glomerulopathies 153 membranes, rental replacement therapy 330 membranous glomerulopathy 699 membranous nephropa thy see MN (membranous nephropathy) Alport \200\231s syndrome 612 as donors 578 sexual disorders in 402 UTIs, lower incidence o f 244, 248 mercaptamine 629 mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG) 26 mercury 237 mesangial IgA deposition, Ig A nephropathy 101 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis see malignancy see cancer/malignant conditions malignant hypertension 300 \200\223302 malnutrit ion abnormalities 431 adhesion molecules 444 cystinosis 628 urine microscopy 10, 245 in diabetics 474 in elderly patients 471 in end-stage renal disease 531 malnutrition in \202 ammation and atherosclerosis (MIA) 442 MCGN (mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis) leukocyturia 3, 9 levamisole, minimal change disease 88, 89 levo \202 oxacin, urinary trac t infection 248 Liddle \200\231s syndrome 46 light chain deposition disease (LCDD) 160, 161 light microscopy mesna, ANCA-associated vasculitis 173 metabolic acidosis 6 in peritoneal dialysis 511 mannitol, transplantation 554 MARS (molecular adsorbent recircul ating acid-base balance, in newborn 16 algorithm 66 ethylene glycol 69 etiology 65, 67 evaluation 67 hyperchloremic, in Fanoni syndrome 206 investigations 67 ketoacidosis 68 \200\22369 lac tic acidosis 67, 68 methanol 69 renal tubular acidosis 67 salicylate 69 systemic effects 65 treatment principles in 69 \200\22370 uremic acidosis 67 system) 354 McArdle disease 625 MCD (minimal change disease) 86 \200\22390 acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis 117 acute nephrotic syndrome 139 Alport \200\231s sy ndrome 610 \201 brillary glomerulonephritis 151 IgA nephropathy 101, 103 immunotactoid gl omerulopathy 151 membranous nephropathy 107 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 113 nail-p atella syndrome 614 pre-eclampsia 313 blood chemistry 86 \200\22387 clinical presentation 86 diagnosis 87 epidemiology 86 etiolog y 86 and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 92 hematology 87 malignancy-associated 135 \200 \223136 natural history 87 para-neoplastic conditions and kidney 197 pathology 87 relapsing -remitting course of 87, 88 \200\230second-line \200\231 agents 88 steroid-resistant 88, 8 9 treatment 87 \200\22389 Lignac-de-Toni-Debr -Fanconi syndrome see Fanconi syndrome limbs, general examination 6 lipids 11, 534 lithium 704 \200\223705 liver disorders metabolic alkalosis algorithm 71 diuretics, induced by 711 etiology 70 investigations 70 sy stemic effects 70 treatment 71 metabolic diseases acute fatty liver of pregnancy 379 amyloid deposition 154 and chronic kidney disease 422 \200\223425 cysts 593 \200\223594 nephronophthisis 603 and polycystic kidney disease 587 \200\223588 adults 89 children 88 \200\22389 follow-up 89 \200\22390 urinalysis 86 see also metabolic acidosis hypermagnesemia 63 inherited diseases 624 \200\223625 nephrotic syndrome 81 \200\22382 odor of urine 8 tumor lysis syndrome 197 MCGN (mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis) liver transplantation 354 \200\223355, 633 LMWHs (low molecular weight acute kidney injury 355 cryoglobulin-associated 113 de \201 ned 112 differential diagnosis 113 disease-speci \201 c measures 114 drug treatment 114 \200\223115 epidemiology 112 eti ology 112 facial appearance 6 follow-up 115 general investigations 113 infection-related gl omerulonephritis 130 malignancy-associated 136 natural history 112 \200\223113 nonspeci \201 c measures 114 pathogenesis 112 patient advice 114 in pregnancy 114 prognosis 115 recu rrent disease 115 recurrent disease, post-transplantation 574 renal biopsy \201 ndings 11 3 risk strati \201 cation 113 \200\223114 signs and symptoms 113 special investigations 11 3 types I, II and III 112, 113, 114, 115, 574 underlying disease 114 \200\223115 heparins) 332, 497 LMWPs (low molecular weight proteins) 14, 204 Lowe syndrome 204, 206 lower GI tract disorders 418, 420 lower limb \201 stulae, AVF 488 lower urinary tract infection metallothionein 237 metals 236 \200\223237, 240 \200\223241 metformin 473, 695 methanol 69 methotrexate 171, 703, 715 methylprednisolone in adults 244 \200\223250 asymptomatic bacteriuria 245 \200\223246 dipstick testing of urin e 245 prostatitis 249 schistosomiasis 261 \200\223262 uncomplicated 246 \200\223247 urine m icroscopy 245 cryoglobulinemia 178 immunosuppression 560 lupus nephritis 183 membranous nephropathy 109 m esangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 114 minimal change disease 89 transplant complications 554 lung function tests, acute kidney injury 342 lungs 168, 170, 184 lupus anticoagulant 181 lu pus nephritis 32, 182 \200\223184 MGUS (monclonal gammopathy of uncertain signi \201 cance) 36 MIA (malnutrition in \202 ammation and in pregnancy 381 atherosclerosis) 442 lupus-like syndrome, infection-related micafungin, fungal infections 266 Michaelis \210\222Gutman bodies 250 microalbuminuria glomerulonephritis 131 LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy) 415 lymphadenectomy 677 lymphocele 555 lymphocytes 86, 1 80, 561 lymphoma, acute uric acid nephropathy 232 lymphoma cells, hypercalcemia 53 \200\223 54 lysinuria 203 lysozyme, hereditary amyloidosis 156 and diabetes 145 diabetes mellitus 144, 146 in elderly patients 18 positive diagnosis 146 p roteinuria 76 urinalysis 9 MCKD (medullary cystic kidney disease) 604 MCTD (mixed connective tissue disease) 188, 190 MCUG (micturating microangiopathic hemolytic anemia cystourethrography) 253, 254 (MAHA) 186 M-6-G (morphine-6-glucuronide) 694 macrophages, urine microscopy 10 MAG (mercaptoacetyltrig lycine) 26 magnesium 60, 432 magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) 295 magnetic resonance im aging see MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Magnevist (gadopentetic acid) 29 MAHA (microangi opathic hemolytic MDRD (Modi \201 cation of Diet in Renal Disease) microangiopathic syndromes, in Study, GFR measurement 13, 18 pregnancy 380 \200\223381 mechanical obstruction, in cancer 196 \200\223197 Meckel-Gruber syndrome 602 medial \201 broplasia 292 medical expulsive therapy, stones 276 medullary carcinoma, renal, sickle cell microbiology, acute kidney injury 341, 344, 353, 362 microglobulin, low molecular weight proteins 14 microscopy nephropathy 193 bacteria/other organisms 11 casts 10 \200\22311 cells 10 medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD) 604 medullary sponge kidney 664 \200\223665 anemia) 186 Mainzer-Saldino syndrome 602 INDEX 748 Myodes glareolus (bank voles) 5 myoglobinuria 362, 363 myopathy 454 \200\223455 hyperlipidemia 81, 83 hypoalbuminemia 80 IgA nephropathy 102 infection 81 management 82 \200\22384 and mercury 237 metabolic disorders 81 \200\22382 and NSAIDs 229 NSAIDs, therape utic use 230 presenting features 80 protein wasting/negative nitrogen balance 82 proteinuri a 80, 82 \200\22383 quartan malarial 139 renal biopsy indications 32 renal dysfunction 82 s chistosoma mansoni-associated microscopy (cont.) crystals 11 general procedure 10 lipids 11 phase-contrast, of fresh urine 9, 10 N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 354, 703 NAG (N-Acetyl-b-glucosaminidase), tubular micturition disorders 2 MIDD (monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition damage markers 14 nails disease) 36, 150, 151, 160 middle aortic syndrome 292 midrodine, hepatorenal syndrome 354 m ineral metabolism 473 \200\223474 mineralocorticoids 399 minimal change disease see MCD (mi nimal general examination 6 half-and-half 450 nail-patella syndrome (NPS) 608, 614 \200\223615 ND I (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) 220 \200\223224 diagnostic procedures 221 disorders induced by 705 water deprivation test 223 change disease) Mini-Mental State Examination 456 mithramycin 703 mitomycin 703 mixed connective tissue dis ease (MCTD) 188 MMF see mycophenolate/mycophenolate necrosis 380, 570 needle phobia 540 neonates, renal function in 16 \200\22317 nephrectomy 8 3, 552 \200\223553 nephritic factor 36 nephritic sediment, glomerulonephritis nephropathy 140 steroid-resistant, in children 88 thrombosis 81 nephrotoxic metals 236 \200\223237 nephroureterectomy 677 Nernst equation, hypokalemic tubu lar mofetil MN (membanous nephropathy) marker 11 atypical deposits 108 de novo disease, post-transplantation 109, nephritis disorders 214 acute tubulointerstitial 228 \200\223229, 344 \200\223346 Heymann 106 interstitial see inte rstitial disease, acute; nervous system, metabolic alkalosis 70 neuro \201 bromatosis type 1 642 neurological syste m hypercalcemia 54 metabolic acidosis, systemic effects 65 polyarteritis nodosa 173 574 de \201 ned 106 differential diagnosis 107 as \200\230disease of thirds \200\231 106 drug treatment 108 \200\223109 epidemiology 106 etiology 106 follow-up 109 general investig ations 107 histological variants 107 \200\223108 infection-related glomerulonephritis 130 m alignancy 106, 109 malignancy-associated 135 natural history 106 \200\223107 and nephrotic syndrome 81 para-neoplastic conditions and kidney 197 pathogenesis 106 patient advice 108 p rimary (idiopathic) 106, 109 prognosis 109 recurrent disease, post-transplantation 574 rena l biopsy \201 ndings 107 \200\223108 risk strati \201 cation 108 secondary 106, 109 sign s and symptoms 107 special investigations 107 third-line strategies 109 underlying disease 109 interstitial disease, chronic lupus 182 \200\223184, 381 shunt 128 \200\223129 tuberculosis interstitial 256 neuromuscular system hypermagnesemia 62 hypocalcemia 53 hypomagnesemia 62 respiratory acido sis 72 neuropathy 177, 451, 454 neuropsychiatric disorders 454 \200\223458, 471 neutrophils 10, 168 newborn infant 16 \200\22317, 375 \200\223376 NF1 gene, mutation 642 NFD (nephroge nic \201 brosing dermopathy) 453 nifedipine, malignant hypertension 302 NIPD (nocturnal i ntermittent PD) 508 nitric acid 413 \200\223414 nitrites, in urine 9 nocturnal intermittent PD (NIPD) 508 nonconcordance 540 \200\223541 non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas 150, 561 non-nep hrotic proteinuria, renal biopsy nephrocalcinosis cortical 278 in malignancy 197 medullary 278 sarcoidosis 164, 166 nephrogenesis, in newborn infant 17 nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) see NDI (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) nephrogenic \201 brosing dermopathy (NFD) 453 nephrogenic systemic \201 brosis (NSF) 25 , 29 \200\22330 nephrographic phase, CT scanning 23 nephrolithiasis and normal GFR 632 \200\223633 polycystic kidney disease 593 sarcoidosis 164 stones 273 in transplant donors 548 uric acid 233 \200\223234 nephrolithotomy, percutaneous 276, 282 nephron mass 578 nephronophthisis 602 \200\223604, 6 05 nephropathy indications 32 Noonan syndrome 642 \200\223643 NPHP1-6 genes, nephronophthisis 602, 603 \200\223604 molecular adsorbent recirculating system analgesic 226 \200\223227 aristolochic acid 240 \200\223241 Balkan 238 \200\223239 chronic allograft 568 diabetic see diabetic nephropathy (DN) drug-induced 698 \200\223706 geranium 240 \200\223241 HIV-associated 131 IgA see IgA nephropathy ischemic 296 membranous see MN ( membanous NPHS2 gene, mutations 88, 616, 617 NPS (nail-patella syndrome) 608, 614 \200\223615 NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-in \202 ammatory (MARS) 354 molecular investigations, renal mycosis 266 monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (M IDD) 36, 150, 151, 160 drugs) avoidance in signi \201 cant impairment 694 cancer therapies 716 disorders induced by 705 and kidney 228 \200\223230 nephrocalcinosis 278 nephrotic syndrome 83 pharmacokinetics 228 safe, myth of 229 \200\223230 stones 275 monogenic diseases 582 mood disorders 442 morphine 694 MRA (magnetic resonance angiography) 295, 358 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) 25 \200\22326 -2 microglobulin amyloidosis, in CKD 437 kidney tumors 668 polycystic kidney disease 587, 592 tuberculosis, renal 258 zygomycosis 265 nephropathy) ochratoxin 240 \200\230scarring \200\231 304 schistosoma mansoni-associated 1 40 snakebite 369 \200\223370 NSF (nephrogenic systemic \201 brosis) 29 \200\22330 nuclear medicine 26 \200\22327, 258 nucleic acid detection, hepatitis C virus 425 nutrition see dietary factors mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) 598 nephrostomy and contrast studies, acute mTOR inhibitors 563 kidney injury 324 nephrotic syndrome 3 Muckle-Wells syndrome 155 mucormycosis 369 multisystem disorders 462 MURCS Association 642 muscle biopsy 358, 363 muscle cramps 711 muscoskeletal system 57, 177 mycophenolate/mycophe nolate mofetil obesity 415, 546, 548 obstetric history 4 obstetric practice, AKI 366 obstruction acute see acute nephrotic syndrome acute kidney injury 82, 340 \200\223343 Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 clinical features, complications and intestinal pseudo-obstruction 419 intratubular 385 mechanical, in cancer 196 \200\223197 re nal tract 20, 23 stones 275, 276 urethral 386 urinary tract 555 pathogenesis 80 \200\22382 complications 86 congenital and infantile 616 \200\223619 drug treatment 83 edema 80 \200 \22381, 82, 83 etiology 80, 139 glomerular disease 80 \200\22384 hypercoagulability 81, 83 \200\22384 chronic calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity 568 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 97 minimal change disease 88, 89 vasculitis 171 obstructive jaundice, hepatorenal syndrome 354 myeloma kidney 158 \200\223159, 204 INDEX 749 or immunadsorption 334 in pregnancy 380 peptic ulcer disease 418 occupational background of patient 5 ochratoxin nephropathy 240 OCPD (optimized cycling per itoneal analgesic nephropathy 226 plasma K+, in newborns 16, 17 plasmapheresis 97, 126, 178 platelet dysfunction 431, 445 pne umaturia, urinary composition, percussion, examination of kidneys and urinary tract 5 dialysis) 508, 523 octreotide, hepatorenal syndrome 354 ocular defects, Alport \200\231s syndrome 608 ocular f undus examination, diabetes percutaneous nephrostomy 27, 28 percutaneous renal angioplasty (PTRA) 293 pericarditis, per icardial rub indicating 6 peripheral neuropathy 454 peripheral vascular disease 474, 544 pe ritoneal cavity 506 peritoneal dialysis alteration in 3 Pneumocysitis jiroveci 557, 567 podocin (protein) 92 podocytes, role 145 poisoning, hemoper fusion treatment 336 \200\223338 complications of extracorporeal circuits 337 continuous ex tracorporeal therapies 337 mellitus 147 OG see serum osmolal gap (OG) OKT3 (muromonab-CD3) 560 oligoanuria 556 oliguria, urine volu me disorder 2 Omniscan (gadolinium-containing contrast