Kazi DS, Penko J, Coxson PG, Guzman D, Wei PC, Bibbins-Domingo K. Cost-effectiveness of alirocumab: A just-in-time analysis based on the ODYSSEY outcomes trial. Ann Intern Med. Jan 1 2019. PMID: 30597485. 73. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. Oct 8 2005; 366(9493):1267-1278. PMID: 16214597. 74. Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: Meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet. Aug 11 2012;380(9841):581-590. PMID: 22607822. 75. Bohula EA, Morrow DA, Giugliano RP, et al. Atherothrombotic risk stratification and ezetimibe for secondary prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb 28 2017;69(8):911-921. PMID: 28231942. 76. Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, Blazing MA, et al. Benefit of adding ezetimibe to statin therapy on cardiovascular outcomes and safety in patients with versus without diabetes mellitus: Results from IMPROVE-IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial). Circulation. Apr 10 2018;137(15):1571-1582. PMID: 29263150. 77. de Vries FM, Kolthof J, Postma MJ, Denig P, Hak E. Efficacy of standard and intensive statin treatment for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in diabetes patients: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e111247. PMID: 25372483. 78. Koskinas KC, Siontis GCM, Piccolo R, et al. Effect of statins and non-statin LDL-lowering medications on cardiovascular outcomes in secondary prevention: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J. Apr 7 2018;39(14):1172-1180. PMID: 29069377. 79. Khan SU, Rahman H, Okunrintemi V, et al. Association of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with contemporary lipid-lowering therapies and risk of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. Apr 2 2019;8(7):e011581. PMID: 30898075. 80. Hong N, Lee YH, Tsujita K, et al. Comparison of the effects of ezetimibe-statin combination therapy on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with and without diabetes: A meta-analysis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). Jun 2018;33(2):219-227. PMID: 29766679. 81. Zhan S, Tang M, Liu F, Xia P, Shu M, Wu X. Ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and all- cause mortality events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Nov 19 2018;11:CD012502. PMID: 30480766. 82. Leiter LA, Tinahones FJ, Karalis DG, et al. Alirocumab safety in people with and without diabetes mellitus: Pooled data from 14 ODYSSEY trials. Diabet Med. Dec 2018;35(12):1742-1751. PMID: 30183102. 83. Harvey PD, Sabbagh MN, Harrison JE, et al. No evidence of neurocognitive adverse events associated with alirocumab treatment in 3340 patients from 14 randomized phase 2 and 3 controlled trials: A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Eur Heart J. Feb 1 2018;39(5):374-381. PMID: 29186504. 84. Bai J, Gong LL, Li QF, Wang ZH. Long-term efficacy and safety of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 monoclonal antibodies: A meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials. J Clin Lipidol. Mar - Apr 2018; 12(2):277-291 e273. PMID: 29428832. 85. Robinson JG, Rosenson RS, Farnier M, et al. Safety of very low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with alirocumab: Pooled data from randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb 7 2017;69(5):471-482. PMID: 28153102. 86. Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, Bhatt DL. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. Nov 29 2018;379(22):2097-2107. PMID: 30403574. 87. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. May 4 2017;376(18):1713-1722. PMID: 28304224. 88. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. Apr 8 2004;350(15):1495-1504. PMID: 15007110. 89. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. Apr 7 2005;352(14):1425-1435. PMID: 15755765. 90. Keene D, Price C, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis DP. Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments niacin, fibrates, and CETP inhibitors: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117,411 patients. BMJ. Jul 18 2014;349:g4379. PMID: 25038074. 91. Schandelmaier S, Briel M, Saccilotto R, et al. Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jun 14 2017;6:CD009744. PMID: 28616955. 92. Kaur N, Pandey A, Negi H, et al. Effect of HDL-raising drugs on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-regression. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e94585. PMID: 24728455. 93. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Withdrawal of approval of indications related to the coadministration with statins in applications for niacin extended-release tablets and fenofibric acid delayed release capsules. approval-of-indications-related-to-the-coadministration-with-statins. Accessed November 1, 2019. 94. Jakob T, Nordmann AJ, Schandelmaier S, Ferreira-Gonzalez I, Briel M. Fibrates for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Nov 16 2016;11:CD009753. PMID: 27849333. 95. Shao K, Tang Y, Zhou D, Huang S. Comparison of the safety of statin monotherapy and coadministration with fenofibrate in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia: A meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2016 2016;9(3):5291- 5300. 96. Murray AM, Hsu FC, Williamson JD, et al. ACCORDION MIND: Results of the observational extension of the ACCORD MIND randomised trial. Diabetologia. Jan 2017;60(1):69-80. PMID: 27766347. 97. Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. Apr 29 2010;362(17):1563-1574. PMID: 20228404. 98. Ray KK, Bays HE, Catapano AL, et al. Safety and efficacy of bempedoic acid to reduce LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med. Mar 14 2019;380(11):1022-1032. PMID: 30865796. 99. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. Jan 3 2019;380(1):11-22. PMID: 30415628. 100. Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Nov 30 2018;11:CD003177. PMID: 30521670. 101. Hartley L, May MD, Loveman E, Colquitt JL, Rees K. Dietary fibre for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jan 7 2016(1):CD011472. PMID: 26758499. 102. Sahebkar A, Serban C, Ursoniu S, Banach M. Effect of garlic on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Nutrition. Jan 2016;32(1):33-40. PMID: 26522661. 103. Ried K, Travica N, Sali A. The effect of aged garlic extract on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in uncontrolled hypertensives: The AGE at Heart trial. Integr Blood Press Control. 2016;9:9-21. PMID: 26869811. 104. Zhu J, Chen H, Song Z, Wang X, Sun Z. Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on type 2 diabetes mellitus and components of the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:5692962. PMID: 29541142. 105. Onakpoya I, Spencer E, Heneghan C, Thompson M. The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Aug 2014;24(8):823-836. PMID: 24675010. 106. Fogacci F, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Safety of red yeast rice supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. May 2019;143:1-16. PMID: 30844537. 107. National Institutes of Health. Red yeast rice fact sheet. 2013; www.nccih.nih.gov/health/red-yeast-rice. Accessed April 17, 2020. 108. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary supplements: What you need to know. 2011. www.ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/DS_WhatYouNeedToKnow.aspx. Accessed September 4, 2019. 109. Shin J, Chung JW, Jang HS, et al. Achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and stroke risk: A meta- analysis of 23 randomised trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Feb 20 2019:2047487319830503. PMID: 30782002. 110. Sabatine MS, Wiviott SD, Im K, Murphy SA, Giugliano RP. Efficacy and safety of further lowering of low- density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients starting with very low levels: A meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. Sep 1 2018;3(9):823-828. PMID: 30073316. 111. Navarese EP, Robinson JG, Kowalewski M, et al. Association between baseline LDL-C level and total and cardiovascular mortality after LDL-C lowering: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. Apr 17 2018; 319(15):1566-1579. PMID: 29677301. 112. Silverman MG, Ference BA, Im K, et al. Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. Sep 27 2016; 316(12):1289-1297. PMID: 27673306. 113. Cai R, Yuan Y, Zhou Y, et al. Lower intensified target LDL-c level of statin therapy results in a higher risk of incident diabetes: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104922. PMID: 25122464. 114. Zhang H, Plutzky J, Skentzos S, et al. Discontinuation of statins in routine care settings: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med. Apr 2 2013;158(7):526-534. PMID: 23546564. 115. Zhang H, Plutzky J, Shubina M, Turchin A. Continued statin prescriptions after adverse reactions and patient outcomes: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med. Aug 15 2017;167(4):221-227. PMID: 28738423. 116. Mampuya WM, Frid D, Rocco M, et al. Treatment strategies in patients with statin intolerance: The Cleveland Clinic experience. Am Heart J. Sep 2013;166(3):597-603. PMID: 24016512. 117. Riaz H, Khan AR, Khan MS, et al. Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials on the prevalence of statin intolerance. Am J Cardiol. Sep 1 2017;120(5):774-781. PMID: 28779871. 118. Law M, Rudnicka AR. Statin safety: A systematic review. Am J Cardiol. Apr 17 2006;97(8A):52C-60C. PMID: 16581329. 119. Kang JH, Nguyen QN, Mutka J, Le QA. Rechallenging statin therapy in Veterans with statin-induced myopathy post vitamin D replenishment. J Pharm Pract. Oct 2017;30(5):521-527. PMID: 27798247. 120. Khayznikov M, Hemachrandra K, Pandit R, Kumar A, Wang P, Glueck CJ. Statin intolerance because of myalgia, myositis, myopathy, or myonecrosis can in most cases be safely resolved by vitamin d supplementation. N Am J Med Sci. Mar 2015;7(3):86-93. PMID: 25838999. 121. van Driel ML, Morledge MD, Ulep R, Shaffer JP, Davies P, Deichmann R. Cochrane corner: Interventions to improve adherence to lipid-lowering medication. Heart. Mar 2018;104(5):367-369. PMID: 29440453. 122. Fischer MA, Choudhry NK, Bykov K, et al. Pharmacy-based interventions to reduce primary medication nonadherence to cardiovascular medications. Med Care. Dec 2014;52(12):1050-1054. PMID: 25322157. 123. Vollmer WM, Owen-Smith AA, Tom JO, et al. Improving adherence to cardiovascular disease medications with information technology. Am J Manag Care. Nov 2014;20(11 Spec No. 17):SP502-510. PMID: 25811824. 124. National Center for Health Statistics. National health expenditures, average annual percent change, and percent distribution, by type of expenditure: United States, selected years 1960 2014. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2015. 125. Rodriguez F, Maron DJ, Knowles JW, Virani SS, Lin S, Heidenreich PA. Association of statin adherence with mortality in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA Cardiol. Mar 1 2019;4(3):206-213. PMID: 30758506. 126. Mann DM, Woodward M, Muntner P, Falzon L, Kronish I. Predictors of nonadherence to statins: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. Sep 2010;44(9):1410-1421. PMID: 20702755. 127. Pittman DG, Chen W, Bowlin SJ, Foody JM. Adherence to statins, subsequent healthcare costs, and cardiovascular hospitalizations. Am J Cardiol. Jun 1 2011;107(11):1662-1666. PMID: 21439533. 128. Hooper L, Martin N, Abdelhamid A, Davey Smith G. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jun 10 2015(6):CD011737. PMID: 26068959. 129. Rees K, Takeda A, Martin N, et al. Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Mar 13 2019;3:CD009825. PMID: 30864165. 130. Wu Y, Qian Y, Pan Y, et al. Association between dietary fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. Aug 2015;34(4):603-611. PMID: 24929874. 131. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Medical nutrition therapy effectiveness (MNT) systematic review (2013-2015). 2015. 132. King AC, Whitt-Glover MC, Marquez DX, et al. Physical activity promotion: Highlights from the 2018 physical activity guidelines advisory committee systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Jun 2019;51(6):1340-1353. PMID: 31095090. 133. Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA. Nov 20 2018; 320(19):2020-2028. PMID: 30418471. 134. Hupin D, Roche F, Gremeaux V, et al. Even a low-dose of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity reduces mortality by 22% in adults aged >/=60 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. Oct 2015;49(19):1262-1267. PMID: 26238869. 135. Stamatakis E, Lee IM, Bennie J, et al. Does strength-promoting exercise confer unique health benefits? A pooled analysis of data on 11 population cohorts with all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality endpoints. Am J Epidemiol. May 1 2018;187(5):1102-1112. PMID: 29099919. 136. Arem H, Moore SC, Patel A, et al. Leisure time physical activity and mortality: A detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship. JAMA Intern Med. Jun 2015;175(6):959-967. PMID: 25844730. 137. Patel AV, Hildebrand JS, Leach CR, et al. Walking in relation to mortality in a large prospective cohort of older U.S. adults. Am J Prev Med. Jan 2018;54(1):10-19. PMID: 29056372. 138. Kamada M, Shiroma EJ, Buring JE, Miyachi M, Lee IM. Strength training and all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality in older women: A cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. Oct 31 2017;6(11). PMID: 29089346. 139. Dohrn IM, Sjostrom M, Kwak L, Oja P, Hagstromer M. Accelerometer-measured sedentary time and physical activity-a 15 year follow-up of mortality in a Swedish population-based cohort. J Sci Med Sport. Jul 2018; 21(7):702-707. PMID: 29128418. 140. Gebel K, Ding D, Chey T, Stamatakis E, Brown WJ, Bauman AE. Effect of moderate to vigorous physical activity on all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Australians. JAMA Intern Med. Jun 2015;175(6):970- 977. PMID: 25844882. 141. Schnohr P, O'Keefe JH, Lange P, Jensen GB, Marott JL. Impact of persistence and non-persistence in leisure time physical activity on coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality: The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Oct 2017;24(15):1615-1623. PMID: 28728482. 142. Chastin SFM, De Craemer M, De Cocker K, et al. How does light-intensity physical activity associate with adult cardiometabolic health and mortality? Systematic review with meta-analysis of experimental and observational studies. Br J Sports Med. Mar 2019;53(6):370-376. PMID: 29695511. 143. Loprinzi PD, Cardinal BJ. Association between biologic outcomes and objectively measured physical activity accumulated in >/= 10-minute bouts and <10-minute bouts. Am J Health Promot. Jan-Feb 2013;27(3):143- 151. PMID: 23286590. 144. Zou Z, Cai W, Cai M, Xiao M, Wang Z. Influence of the intervention of exercise on obese type II diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes. Jun 2016;10(3):186-201. PMID: 26553963. 145. Hayashino Y, Jackson JL, Fukumori N, Nakamura F, Fukuhara S. Effects of supervised exercise on lipid profiles and blood pressure control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Dec 2012;98(3):349-360. PMID: 23116535. 146. Cui J, Yan JH, Yan LM, Pan L, Le JJ, Guo YZ. Effects of yoga in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta- analysis. J Diabetes Investig. Mar 2017;8(2):201-209. PMID: 27370357. 147. Abell B, Glasziou P, Hoffmann T. The contribution of individual exercise training components to clinical outcomes in randomised controlled trials of cardiac rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-regression. Sports Med Open. Dec 2017;3(1):19. PMID: 28477308. 148. Ambrosius WT, Polonsky TS, Greenland P, et al. Design of the value of imaging in enhancing the wellness of your heart (VIEW) trial and the impact of uncertainty on power. Clin Trials. Apr 2012;9(2):232-246. PMID: 22333998. 149. Agency for Health Research and Quality. The effective health care program stakeholder guide appendix d: Research questions & PICO(TS) 2011. https://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/evidence-based- reports/stakeholderguide/appendixc.html. 150. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. Apr 2011;64(4):395-400. PMID: 21194891. 151. Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: The significance and presentation of recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. Jul 2013;66(7):719-725. PMID: 23312392. 152. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. Jun 18 2019;139(25):e1082-e1143. PMID: 30586774. 153. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jun 25 2019;73(24):3168-3209. PMID: 30423391. 154. Lloyd-Jones DM, Braun LT, Ndumele CE, et al. Use of risk assessment tools to guide decision-making in the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A special report from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jun 25 2019;73(24):3153-3167. PMID: 30423392. 155. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Mediterranean diet. Nutrition and Food Services 2015; www.nutrition.va.gov/docs/UpdatedPatientEd/Mediterraneandiet.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2020.