CANADIAN universities have become increasingly diverse since the turn of the century, with international students accounting for over one-quarter of new master’s students nationally in 2016, up from just over one-fifth in 2011. Data on international student pathways in master’s degree programs shed light on pre-pandemic trends in Canadian postsecondary education by showing the time it took to complete a program of study and graduation rates. These data come from the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform (ELMLP), an innovative dataset that allows for a more complete understanding of student pathways and outcomes, and will serve as a baseline for future analyses on the pandemic’s effects on postsecondary education in Canada, says Statistics Canada.
International students have been enrolling in increasing numbers at every level in Canadian universities, and they were more likely to graduate and finish their programs earlier than their Canadian counterparts. While 15% of new students were international students in 2016, these students comprised a larger share of enrolments in graduate (master’s and doctoral) programs. Previous research has shown that although higher levels of education generally lead to higher earnings, a master’s degree provides a sizable earnings premium compared with other types of postsecondary credentials.
JUST over 43,000 students entered a master’s degree program at a Canadian university in 2016. Over one-quarter (12,195) were international students, and 30,873 were Canadian students. The number of new entrants to master’s programs rose 51% from 2011 among international students, and 11% among Canadian students.
The proportion of women enrolled in Canadian universities has been increasing over the past few years. However, among international students, men were more likely to enrol in master’s programs. Women (60%) accounted for the majority of new entrants to a master’s degree program among Canadian students in 2016. In contrast, less than half (46%) of new international master’s students were women.
The growth in international students entering science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and computer science (STEM) master’s programs and business, humanities, health, arts, social science, education, legal studies, trades, services, natural resources and conservation (BHASE) master’s programs has rapidly outpaced that of new Canadian entrants. From 2011 to 2016, for example, enrolments of new international students entering a STEM master’s program in Canada rose four times faster than those of their Canadian counterparts (+56% versus +14%)—almost five times faster in BHASE programs (+47% versus +10%).
INTERNATIONAL students graduated earlier and were more likely to complete their master’s program than their Canadian counterparts. Almost two-thirds of international master’s degree students who started their program in 2013 (65%) had graduated within two years, compared with 58% of Canadian students. Most international (87%) and Canadian (83%) master’s students had graduated within four years of starting the program.
International students’ earlier graduation and higher graduation rate may be the result of various factors, such as educational qualifications or qualifying programs started or completed outside Canada before attending a Canadian university. International graduate students may also be more likely to complete their studies in less time because of their higher tuition fees, the costs of living away from home and the terms of their study permits. In 2013, international students in graduate programs paid an average of $13,490 in tuition, more than double what Canadian students paid ($6,038). A recently published research article found that Canadian students may also take longer to complete their studies because they are more likely to combine school and work and to study part time at the master’s level. Future research using the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform and other sources will be able to examine the impact of the pandemic on international student pathways in the years to come, says Statistics Canada.