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"    Zirconium Complexes of Cyclopentene-Bridged Diamidophosphine Ligands for Dinitrogen Activation  by  TING ZHU  B.Sc., Nankai University, 2007     A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of  MASTER OF SCIENCE  in  THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES  (CHEMISTRY)      THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver)  August 2010  \u00A9 Ting Zhu, 2010     ii  Abstract  The synthesis of two new diiminophosphine proligands, CY5[NPN]DMPH2  (DMP = 2,6-Me2C6H3) and CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 (DIPP = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), is reported.  These two proligands feature a cyclopentane ring linker between the phosphine and imino donors.  The precursors of the proligands were prepared from cyclopentanone and the corresponding substituted aniline.  After lithiation and slow addition of PhPCl2, the diiminophosphine proligands could be obtained.  It is easy to vary the bulkiness of the proligands in this synthetic strategy.  The synthesis of a diamidodioxo ligand based on the scaffold of calix[4]arene was also attempted.  The bis(dimethylamido)zirconium complexes of the two ligands, CY5[NPN]DMP and CY5[NPN]DIPP, were prepared via protonolysis from the proligands and Zr(NMe2)4.  The dichlorozirconium or diiodozirconium species could be obtained from the corresponding bis(dimethylamido)zirconium complex upon addition of excess Me3SiCl or Me3SiI.  Most of the zirconium complexes are well characterized in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction.   A Zr-N2 complex, {CY5[NPN]DMPZr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2), was synthesized from CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 and 2.2 equivalents of KC8 in THF under 4 atm of N2.  By single crystal X-ray analysis, N2 has been reduced to an N24- unit and is side-on bound to two Zr atoms.  However, large number of side products was observed in the reaction.  The reduction of CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2 was also attempted.  From the minor product identified from single crystal X-ray diffraction, the cyclopentene ring linker was cleaved in the reduction of CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2.     iii  Table of Contents  Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... xiii Statement of Co-authorship ....................................................................................................... xv  Chapter 1: Dinitrogen Activation and Ligand Design  1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1  1.2 Activation of Molecular Nitrogen  ...........................................................................3  1.3 Reactivity of Coordinated Dinitrogen Complexes ...................................................8  1.4 Ligand Design and Evolution in the Fryzuk Group ...............................................10  1.5 Scope of Thesis ......................................................................................................14  1.6 References ..............................................................................................................16  Chapter 2: Ligand Design and Synthesis for Activation of Dinitrogen  2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................18  2.2 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................25   2.2.1 Synthesis of CY5[NPN]DMPH2 and Its Analogue CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 .................25   2.2.2 Attempts to Synthesize a NONO Type Proligand Based on the Scaffold of      iv                       Calix[4]arene.................................................................................................28  2.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................31  2.4 Experimental ..........................................................................................................32   2.4.1 General Experimental ...................................................................................32   2.4.2 Starting Materials and Reagents ...................................................................33  2.5 References ..............................................................................................................39  Chapter 3: Zirconium Complexes of the Cyclopentenyl-linked Diamidophosphine ligands and Attempts to Activate Dinitrogen  3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................41  3.2 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................46   3.2.1 Synthesis of Zirconium Complexes of CY5[NPN]DMPH2 ...............................46   3.2.2 Synthesis of Zirconium Complexes of CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 ...............................51   3.2.3 Synthesis of Zirconium Dinitrogen Complexes ............................................56  3.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................63  3.4 Experimental ..........................................................................................................65   3.4.1 General Experimental ...................................................................................65   3.4.2 Starting Materials and Reagents ...................................................................65  3.5 References ..............................................................................................................72  Chapter 4: Thesis Summary and Future Work  4.1 Thesis Summary .....................................................................................................74  4.2 Future Work ...........................................................................................................75 v   4.3 References ..............................................................................................................80 Appendix: X-ray Crystal Structure Data and Analysis  A.1 X-ray Crystal Structure Data .................................................................................81  A.2 X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis ..........................................................................85  A.3 References .............................................................................................................86              vi  List of Tables  Table 1.1 Bonding modes of dinitrogen complexes and the corresponding   activation level ...........................................................................................4  Table A.1 Crystal Data and Structure Refinement for 2.5 and   CY5[NPN]DMPZr(NMe2)2 (3.1) ..................................................................81  Table A.2 Crystal Data and Structure Refinement for CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 (3.2)   and CY5[NPN]DMPZrI2 (3.3). .....................................................................82  Table A.3 Crystal Data and Structure Refinement for   CY5[NPN]DIPPZr(NMe2)2 (3.4) and CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2 (3.5) ...................83  Table A.4 Crystal Data and Structure Refinement for    {CY5[NPN]DMPZr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) (3.7)  ............................................84             vii  List of Figures  Figure 1.1 Nitrogenase enzymes and the Haber-Bosch process to fix nitrogen   (Pi = inorganic phosphate)  ........................................................................2  Figure 1.2 a) The first transition metal dinitrogen compound; b) Dinitrogen   bound in an end-on mode by two metal centres ........................................4  Figure 1.3 Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson synergistic bonding model (alternatively,   dz2 can form a \u03C3-bond with the \u03C3-orbital of N2) .........................................5  Figure 1.4 Orbital interactions between two metal centres and the side-on   bound N2 ....................................................................................................6  Figure 2.1 Three multidentate ligand systems studied in the Fryzuk group .............20  Figure 2.2 New designs of diamidophosphine ligand ...............................................21  Figure 2.3 A tridentate methylene-linked aryloxide ligand ......................................23  Figure 2.4 Two examples of calix[4]arene-ligated complexes that activate   dinitrogen. ................................................................................................24  Figure 2.5 The possible isomers of the diiminophosphine proligand,   CY5[NPN]DMPH2 ..................................................................................................................................... 27  Figure 2.6 Solid-state molecular structure of 1,3-dimethoxy-2-monotriflated  calix[4]arene, 2.5 (t-butyl groups are represented   by single carbon atoms for simplicity).....................................................30  Figure 3.1 N2 activated from late transition metal complexes ..................................42  Figure 3.2 Activation of N2 through reduction of metal halide   (silyl methyl substituents of [P2N2] omitted) ...........................................43  Figure 3.3 Activation of N2 by early transition metal halides ...................................44  Figure 3.4 Activation of N2 through elimination of hydrocarbon .............................44  viii  Figure 3.5 Activation of N2 with low-valent metal complexes .................................45  Figure 3.6 ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of    CY5[NPN]DMPZr(NMe2)2, 3.1 ....................................................................47  Figure 3.7 ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of   CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2, 3.2 ............................................................................49  Figure 3.8 ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of   CY5[NPN]DMPZrI2, 3.3 ..............................................................................50  Figure 3.9 ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of    CY5[NPN]DIPPZr(NMe2)2, 3.4 ....................................................................53  Figure 3.10 ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of   CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2, 3.5 ............................................................................55  Figure 3.11 ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of   {CY5[NPN]DMPZr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2), 3.7 ..............................................58  Figure 3.12 The side view of the stereochemistry around Zr in 3.7 ............................59  Figure 3.13 ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of 3.8 .................62  Figure 3.14 The minor byproduct observed in the preparation of   ([P2N2]Zr)2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) (silyl methyl substituents of [P2N2] omitted) ....65           ix  Abbreviations  Anal. analysis   Ar aryl group or argon   atm atmosphere   BINAP 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl   Bn benzyl   b.p. boiling point   bs broad singlet   nBu normal butyl group (-CH2CH2CH2CH3)   \u00B0C degrees Celsius   ca. approximately   Calcd. calculated   Cp* pentamethylcyclopentadienyl group ([C5Me5]-)   cryst crystal   d doublet   dba dibenzylideneacetone   deg (\u00B0) degree   D deuterium    EA elemental analysis   EI-MS electron impact mass spectrometry   Et ethyl group (-CH2CH3)   Et2O diethyl ether   x  FW formula weight   g gram(s)   GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry   gof goodness of fit   hr hour(s)   1H proton   {1H } proton decoupled   HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital   Hz hertz   K kelvin   kJ kilojoules   L neutral two-electron donor   LDA lithium diisopropylamide   LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital   LutH 2,6-lutidinium   m multiplet   m- meta position of aryl ring   M metal (or molar if referring to concentration)   M+ parent ion   Me methyl group (-CH3)   m/z mass/charge (mass spectrometry unit)   Mes or mesityl 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl   MHz megahertz   xi  mol mole(s)   MW molecular weight   NMR nuclear magnetic resonance   [NPN] [PhP(CH2SiMe2NPh)2]2- unless referring to the family of NPN ligands   [NPN]* [{N-(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)(2-N-5-MeC6H3)}2PPh]2-   [NPN]S [{N-(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)(3-N-SC4H2)}2PPh]2-   o- ortho position of aryl ring   OBu butoxide   ORTEP oakridge thermal ellipsoid plotting program   R alkyl or aryl group   p- para position of aryl ring   Ph phenyl ring (-C6H5)   pH negative logarithm of the proton concentration (-log [H+])   pKa negative logarithm of the acidity constant (-log Ka)   [PNP] [N(SiMe2CH2P iPr 2)2]-   [P2N2] [PhP(CH2SiMe2NSiMe2CH2)2PPh]2-   ppm parts per million   iPr isopropyl group (-CH(CH3)2)   Py pyridine   R alkyl or aryl group   reflns reflections   Rf retention factor   rt room temperature xii  s singlet   sept septet   sys system   t triplet   T temperature   THF tetrahydrofuran   TLC thin layer chromatography   TMS trimethylsilyl group (-Si(CH3)3)   tol tolyl group (-C6H4CH3)   V unit cell volume   X halide substituent, unless specified otherwise   Z number of formula units in the unit cell   \u00C5 angstr\u00F6m   \u03B4 chemical shift in ppm   \u0394 heat   \u03B7n hapticity of order n   \u03BC bridging   \u03C1calc calculated density        xiii  Acknowledgements   I would like to thank Professor Michael Fryzuk for all of his continuous support, guidance and patience in my research.  It has been a delight to work in his laboratory to study the dinitrogen chemistry.  I have learned so much during my studies, not only in chemistry, but also as a life experience.     I am highly grateful to past and present members of the Fryzuk group for creating such a pleasant and supportive environment to work in, and for all the great help showing me techniques and giving suggestions.  I would like to thank Dr. Maria Jo\u00E3o Ferreira and Fiona Hess.  I could not have started my research without their guidance and help.  Special thanks to Nathan Halcovitch and Dr. Howie Jong for the numerous hours spent on my crystals.  Thanks to Rui F. Munh\u00E1 and Dr. Joachim Ballmann for the productive discussions about chemistry and crystallography.  Thanks very much to Fiona Hess, Dr. Joachim Ballmann, Truman Wambach, Kyle Parker, Rui F. Munh\u00E1 and Dr Patricia Horrillo-Martinez for reading my thesis and giving excellent suggestions.  Many thanks to past and present members Bryan Shaw, Lee Wence, Dr. Owen Summerscales,and Dr. J\u00F6rg Schachner.  Many thanks are due to the excellent support staff at the Chemistry Department at U.B.C.  Great thanks to Dr. Brian Patrick for his patient instruction and help solving my X-ray structures.  Thanks to Ken Love and the mechanical shop for their excellent help fixing and maintaining different facilities.  I am very grateful to the NMR team Dr. Neal, Dr. Maria Ezhova and Zorana Danilovic for their friendly help with the instruments.  I also appreciate very much the great help from Marshall Lapawa (MS), David Wong (EA) and Brian Ditchburn (glassblower).  I would xiv  also like to thank Dr. Subramanian Iyer for being a great supervisor for the inorganic undergraduate labs.  Finally, I would like to thank my parents as well as my brother Qiming for always being there to support me.  I would like to thank my good friend Veeru for his friendship and encouragement, which carried me through the most difficult time of my research.                xv  Statement of  Co-authorship   This thesis was written by Ting Zhu under the supervision of Professor Michael D. Fryzuk, who assisted with the development of related work.  All research was performed by Ting Zhu.  The X-ray crystal structures were processed by Nathan Halcovitch and Dr. Howie Jong.  The X-ray data were solved in the assistance of Rui Munha, Nathan Halcovitch and Dr. Brian O. Patrick.    1  Chapter 1 Dinitrogen Activation and Ligand Design  1.1 Introduction  Nitrogen is an essential component of the building blocks for life.  Although the majority of the air we breathe is dinitrogen, this material is unavailable for direct use by most organisms.  It must first be converted into a chemically available form such as ammonia.1  Only certain bacteria, known as diazotrophs, are capable of this transformation (Figure 1.1), in which the nitrogenase enzyme is capable of overcoming the high activation barrier required to produce ammonia from dinitrogen.2  The nitrogenase enzyme consists of two proteins: the Fe protein, which uses ATP to supply the electrons necessary for the reduction of dinitrogen, and the MoFe protein, which contains the active site for dinitrogen binding and reduction, known as the FeMo cofactor.  The latter\u2019s cofactor consists of a MoFe7S9 cluster, where a histidine and a cysteine ligand on Mo and Fe, respectively, anchor the cofactor to the protein.3  The site for N2 coordination and activation within the MoFe7S9 cluster is uncertain.4   The presence of eight transition metals in the FeMo cofactor is a clear indication that metal atoms play a significant role in the catalytic fixation of dinitrogen.  This has inspired research into iron and molybdenum complexes, in addition to other transition metal complexes, as synthetic models of nitrogenase.5  Since the industrial revolution, the production of nitrogen-containing chemicals from N2 has increased significantly.  The Haber-Bosch process produces millions of tons of ammonia annually (Figure 1.1), which is used in agriculture as fertilizer and in other industries as a starting 2  material for the synthesis of nitrogenous products.  The fertilizers made from ammonia are estimated to be responsible for sustaining roughly 40% of the world\u2019s population.1  The Haber-Bosch process employs heterogeneous iron or ruthenium catalysts to combine H2 and N2 under high temperatures (400 \u2013 600 \u00B0C) and pressures (400 -500 atm).1  It is highly energy-intensive and is estimated to consume about 1% of the world\u2019s annual energy supply.6  At the same time, the combustion of natural gas to supply the intensive energy demand generates large amounts of the greenhouse gas CO2.  Figure 1.1. Nitrogenase enzymes and the Haber-Bosch process to fix nitrogen (Pi = inorganic phosphate).  The great concern regarding pollution of the environment, depletion of global energy resources and the ever growing world population requires a better solution for dinitrogen fixation.  Organometallic chemistry has facilitated industrial and synthetic production of many desired organic compounds.  Nitrogenase enzymes and the Haber-Bosch process require the presence of metal compounds.  Therefore, scientists are devoting great effort to explore the role that transition metals can play in the fixation of dinitrogen.    3  1.2 Activation of Molecular Nitrogen  In principle, dinitrogen can offer its lone pairs or its \u03C0 electrons for bonding to a metal, but in practice it is both a poor  -donor and a poorer \u03C0-acceptor.  Several factors contribute to its inert nature: the molecule has a strong triple bond and lacks a dipole moment; the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (-15.6 eV) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (7.3 eV) in N2 is large.7  Therefore, the chemistry of dinitrogen activation is not simple. The extent of activation can be quantified by infrared or Raman spectroscopy.  Upon coordination, an activated dinitrogen unit has a lower energy stretching frequency than free molecular nitrogen.  X-ray or neutron diffraction is the most straightforward way to tell the N-N bond length which correlates to the bond order.  Generally, the greater the bond is lengthened from free dinitrogen (1.0975 \u00C5), the greater the degree of activation.  A metal-bound dinitrogen unit with a bond length approximating that of hydrazine (1.449\u00C5) is considered strongly activated and referred to as a hydrazido or N24- ligand.  Similarly, a metal-bound dinitrogen unit with a double bond displays properties that resemble diazo compounds and is referred to as a diazenido or N22- ligand.  The dinitrogen ligand can bridge two or more metal centres and the bonding modes can be end-on and side-on.  The end-on fashion is by far most prevalent, especially in late metal chemistry.  However, dinitrogen bound in this way is not extensively activated.  Greater activation can be achieved via reaction with low valent early transition metal complexes, where a variety of bonding modes are observed.  The bonding modes of coordinated dinitrogen complexes and the corresponding level of activation are illustrated in Table 1.1.   4  Weak Activation Strong Activation Bonding Mode M N N  End-on Mononuclear M N N M M N N M End-on Dinuclear   M NN M M NN M M NN MMNN M Side-on Dinuclear  NNM M Side-on End-on Dinuclear  Table 1.1. Bonding modes of dinitrogen complexes and the corresponding activation level.  The first dinitrogen complex, [Ru(NH3)5N2]2+, was reported by Bert Allen and Caesar Senoff in 1965 (Figure 1.2a),8 in which N2 is coordinated end-on to a mononuclear ruthenium centre.  This landmark discovery showed that dinitrogen can coordinate to a metal centre as a ligand.  Since then, further research into the chemistry of N2 complexes started to emerge.    Figure 1.2. a) The first transition metal dinitrogen compound; b) Dinitrogen bound in an end-on mode by two metal centres.9  The Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson synergistic bonding model can explain the activation of N2 in the end-on bonding mode (Figure 1.3).10  The filled N2 \u03C3 orbital forms a dative bond with an 5  empty metal orbital (dz2 or dx2-y2).  Back donation of electron density from the filled dxz, dyz or dxy orbitals of the metal into empty \u03C0* orbitals of the N2 moiety can weaken the N-N bond and activate the ligand for further reactivity.  As mentioned above, this terminal bonding mode is by far the most common in the late transition metal chemistry.  Dinitrogen coordinated in this way is not particularly activated as typically the N-N bond length is similar to that found in free dinitrogen.  In the same end-on mode, greater activation of dinitrogen can be achieved by coordinating to two metal centres as shown in Figure 1.2b.9                   dx2-y2                                         \u03C3-orbital                           dxy, dxz or dyz       \u03C0*-orbital                                    \u03C3-bonding                                                              \u03C0-bonding Figure 1.3.  Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson synergistic bonding model (alternatively, dz2 can form a \u03C3-bond with the \u03C3-orbital of N2).   In 1988, [(C5Me5)2Sm]2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) was prepared for the first time and a new bonding mode for dinitrogen was discovered.  The N2 core is bound side-on to two metal centers in a planar and symmetrical array (Scheme 1.1a).  The N-N bond length is 1.088(12) \u00C5, shorter than free N2 (1.0975 \u00C5).  Therefore, the N2 unit in this complex is very weakly activated.11  Two years later, the first strongly activated side-on bound N2 complex was first reported by the Fryzuk group.  The Zr-N2 complex was prepared by reduction of [N(SiMe2CH2PiPr2)2]ZrCl3 by two equivalents Na(Hg) amalgam under 4 atmospheres of N2 in toluene (Scheme 1.1b).  The N-N bond length is 1.548(7) \u00C5, which is even longer than the single bond in hydrazine.  The Zr centres are each assigned +4 oxidation state with the N2 moiety designated a hydrazido unit.12 6   Scheme 1.1 For an N2 unit that is bound side-on, the filled \u03C0-orbital of N2 and a vacant dz2 or dx2-y2 orbital on the metal have the proper symmetry for the formation of \u03C3-bonds.  Back donation of the available d-orbital of a metal to the \u03C0*-orbitals of N2 forms molecular orbitals with \u03C0- and \u03B4-symmetry, which further weaken the N-N bond (Figure 1.4).13  Since the discovery of these two dinitrogen complexes, many other transition metals with side-on bound N2 have been found.14   Figure 1.4.  Orbital interactions between two metal centres and the side-on bound N2. 7  In 1998, another new bonding mode of dinitrogen complex was discovered, in which the dinitrogen unit is side-on end-on bound to two tantalum centres.  As shown in scheme 1.2, hydrogenation of [NPN]TaMe3 (where [NPN] = PhP(CH2SiMe2NPh)2) produced the dinuclear tetrahydride ([NPN]Ta)2(\u00B5-H)4.  In the presence of N2, this tetrahydride derivative reacts with N2 to give ([NPN]Ta)2(\u00B5-H)2(\u00B5-\u03B71:\u03B72-N2), with the loss of H2.  The N-N bond length was shown to be 1.319(4) \u00C5, indicating that the N2 unit was activated to a hydrazido unit.15  This reaction is intriguing for two reasons, namely no harsh reducing agents were required to generate this N2 complex and that bimetallic tetrahydrides could serve as precursors for dinitrogen activation.  Scheme 1.2     8  1.3 Reactivity of Coordinated Dinitrogen Complexes Coordinated dinitrogen complexes can react with electrophiles to form new bonds between nitrogen and other elements.  Previously, functionalization of N2 complexes generally involved addition of acids to form hydrazine, ammonia or a hydrazido metal complex stoichiometrically.  In 1975, Chatt and co-workers quantitatively converted one N2 ligand in cis-[W(N2)2(PMe2Ph)4] into NH3 by treatment with sulfuric acid in MeOH at room temperature.16  Related systems of this type, [M(N2)2(P)4] (M = W, Mo; P = tertiary phosphine), showed similar reactivity in N2 activation and produced NH3 through protonolysis.17  A few catalytic processes for the formation of nitrogenous compounds have been discovered.  The Hidai group have been able to produce silyl amines catalytically with molybdenum and tungsten nitrogen complexes (cis-Mo(N2)2(PMe2Ph)4 or cis-W(N2)2(PMe2Ph)4) using sodium amalgam as the reductant and Me3SiCl as the electrophile.  This reaction produces N(SiMe3)3 with 24 turnovers, but a side reaction occurs between the reducing agent and the electrophile Me3SiCl to generate Me3SiSiMe3,18 limiting further silylamine production. The Schrock group has reported a triamidoamine molybdenum catalyst that is able to generate NH3 from N2, although the catalytic activity is limited to 4-7 turnover cycles.  This system makes use of the different solubilities of the reducing reagent ([Cr(\u03B72-C5Me5)2]) and the proton source {LutH}{BAr4} (LutH = 2,6-lutidinium, Ar = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) to prevent competitive side reaction, and promotes protonation of the coordinated N2 to produce ammonia.19 Since the discovery of the first side-on bound N2 complex [(C5Me5)2Sm]2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2),11 the reactivity of side-on bound N2 complexes has been studied extensively.  The first functionalization of a side-on N2 moiety was discovered by Fryzuk and co-workers in 1997.  The 9  N2 complex ([P2N2]Zr)2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) can add one equivalent of H2 to form an N-H bond and a bridging hydride.  Such a direct hydrogenation of an activated N2 unit was previously unprecedented in the literature (Scheme 1.3).20  Another side-on bound Zr-N2 complex, ([NPN]*Zr)2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2), explored in recent years by the Fryzuk group shows similar reactivity towards dihydrogen.  H2 reacts with ([NPN]*Zr(PMe3))(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2)(Zr[NPN]*) to yield an N-H bond and a bridging hydride akin to the [P2N2] system (Scheme 1.3).21   Scheme 1.3 Direct formation of NH3 from H2 and N2 was reported by Chirik and co-workers in 2003.  In the presence of 1 atm of H2, the side-on bound N2 species [(\u03B75-C5Me4H)2Zr]2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) in pentane formed [(\u03B75-C5Me4H)2ZrH]2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2H2) as a white precipitate at ambient temperature.  Gentle warming of this compound in heptane resulted in the formation of ammonia in low yield along with the dihydride (\u03B75-C5Me4H)2ZrH2 and other zirconium(IV) compounds (Scheme 1.4).  This example features the direct formation of NH3 from N2 and H2.22 10   Scheme 1.4 Functionalization of the side-on end-on bound N2 complex ([NPN]Ta)2(\u00B5-H)2(\u00B5-\u03B71:\u03B72-N2) was extensively studied in the Fryzuk group.  Reactions with boranes, silanes, or alanes were shown to completely cleave the N-N bond.23  However, the rearrangement and decomposition of the [NPN] ligand sometimes accompanied these transformations.  In several cases, after successful functionalization of the coordinated dinitrogen via formation of new N-E (E = H, Si, Al, B, C) bond, the new N-E containing unit usually could not be released from the bimetallic complexes, which presents a significant barrier to developing catalytic processes that form nitrogenous compounds.    1.4 Ligand Design and Evolution in the Fryzuk Group Research in the Fryzuk laboratory is focused on hybrid ligands that combine hard amide donors and soft phosphine donors to stabilize a variety of metals with different oxidation states and degree of coordinative unsaturation.24-31  These multidentate amidophosphine ligands allow simultaneous coordination of amide donors, which stabilize high-valent, electron-poor metal complexes, and phosphine donors, which stabilize low-valent, electron-rich metal complexes.  In the presence of strong reducing reagents, these ligands allow for dinitrogen activation by early transition metals.   The [PNP] ligand ([PNP] = [N(SiMe2CH2PR2)2]-, R = iPr) was the first to be studied, utilizing a central amido donor and two flanking phosphine groups.  The preparation of this 11  ligand is shown in Scheme 1.5, and involves the addition of three equivalents of LiPiPr2 to the commercially available disilazane derivative HN(SiMe2CH2Cl)2 to generate the lithiated [PNP] ligand.24  Starting from the lithium salt, the dinitrogen complex ([PNP]ZrCl)2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) can be synthesized in two steps, which features a bridging N2 unit in a side-on bonding mode, the N-N bond in this complex (1.548(7) \u00C5) is elongated beyond that of hydrazine (Scheme 1.1b).12  One drawback in using this [PNP] ligand for early metal complexes is the propensity for phosphine\u2019s dissociation.  In several early metal complexes, one arm of the tripodal ligand dissociates, giving a bidentate ligand with a pendant phosphine donor arm.25  Scheme 1.5  A strategy for preventing this phosphine dissociation led to the design and synthesis of the [P2N2] macrocyclic ligand ([P2N2] = PhP(CH2SiMe2NSiMe2CH2)2PPh)2-), as shown in Scheme 1.6.26  The synthesis of [P2N2] involved linking the two phosphine donors with two disilazane moieties.  The lithium salt of the ligand was isolated as a 1,4-dioxane adduct.  Because of the stereochemistry at the phosphorus atoms, two isomers are possible.  The syn-isomers can be prepared exclusively using diethyl ether as the solvent while carefully regulating temperature.  Salt metathesis with ZrCl4(THF)2 led to the isolation of [P2N2]ZrCl2, which was reduced to generate the side-on bound dinitrogen complex.20  However, [P2N2]-ligated complexes of group 5 revealed a drawback of this tetradentate macrocycle ligand; the [P2N2]Nb derivative formed less reactive end-on dinuclear complexes,27 while certain [P2N2] complexes of tantalum exhibited a lack of reactivity.28  These findings were attributed to coordinative and electronic saturation of the metal centres. 12   Scheme 1.6 To circumvent this problem, the dianionic diamidophosphine ligand [NPN] ([(PhNSiMe2CH2)2PPh]2-) was developed.  This design solved the problems encountered with the reactivity of [P2N2] and still maintained the dianionic nature of the ligand.  The synthesis of the Li2[NPN] ligand involved the addition of four equivalents of n-BuLi to a mixture of one equivalent of PhPH2 and two equivalents of PhNSiMe2CH2Cl (Scheme 1.7).14  Through a salt metathesis reaction with ZrCl4, [NPN]ZrCl2 was readily synthesized.  This complex could be reduced in the presence of N2 to form the side-on bound dinitrogen complex.29  The end-on side-on bound N2-derivative ([NPN]Ta)2(\u00B5-H)2(\u00B5-\u03B71:\u03B72-N2) was discovered upon exposure of ([NPN]Ta)2(\u00B5-H)4 to an atmosphere of N2 as shown in Scheme 1.2.14  As mentioned in section 1.3, rearrangement and decomposition of the NPN moiety was a major barrier to developing catalytic processes with this ligand system.  Therefore, the synthesis of a more robust tridentate diamidophosphine ligand was proposed.  13   Scheme 1.7  An arene-bridged ligand [NPN]* ([NPN]* = {[N-(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)(2-N-5-MeC6H3)]2PPh}2-) was synthesized in two steps (Scheme 1.8).  After the bromination of mesityltolylamine, the brominated diarylamine was treated with two equivalents of nBuLi. 0.5 equivalent of diluted dichlorophenylphosphine was then added dropwise to the lithiated amine.30  The resulting arene-bridged diamidophosphine ligand with N-aryl and P-aryl substituents mimics the electronic and steric properties of the original [NPN] ligand, but lacks the reactive and extremely moisture-sensitive N-Si bonds.  The reduction of the corresponding [NPN]*ZrCl2 complex with KC8 under 4 atmospheres of N2 yielded the side-on bridged dinitrogen complex.20  Scheme 1.8 A thiophene-bridged diamidophosphine ligand [NPN]SH2 ([NPN]SH2 = {N-(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)(3-NH-SC4H2)}2PPh) was also synthesized and its coordination chemistry with early transition metals was explored.31  The synthetic route to this ligand is showed in Scheme 1.9.  14  However, no conclusive evidence indicated the formation of a Zr2-N2 complex from the reduction of [NPN]SZrCl2 or [NPN]SZrI2.    Scheme 1.9   1.5 Scope of Thesis This thesis focuses on the synthesis of new diamidophosphine ligands and their Zr-complexes, designed to activate N2.  In chapter two, the synthesis of two cyclopentyl linked diiminophosphine proligands is presented, which are denoted as CY5[NPN]DMPH2 (DMP = 2,6-Me2C6H3) and CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 (DIPP = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), respectively.  They can be considered as analogues of the [NPN]* ligand previously reported by the Fryzuk group.  These new proligands are very straightforward to synthesize and their intrinsic steric bulk around the amide can be fine-tuned quite readily.  Attempts to prepare a diamidodioxo ligand based on calix[4]arene are also described.  In chapter three, the synthesis and characterization of Zr(IV) complexes of both cyclopentenyl-linked diamidophosphine ligands are discussed.  The synthesis of {CY5[NPN]DMPZr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) from CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2, KC8 and N2 in THF is introduced.  15  In chapter four, conclusions from this thesis are drawn and future work that can be undertaken with these two ligands is discussed.                 16  1.6 References  1 Smil, V. Enriching the Earth; The MIT Press: Cambridge, 2001.  2 Howard, J. B.; Rees, D. C. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 2965.                  3 a) Kim, J.; Rees, D. C. Nature 1992, 360, 553.  b) Einsle, O.; Tezcan, F. A.; Andrade, S. L. A.; Schmid, B.; Yoshida, M.; Howard, J. B.; Rees, D. C. Science 2002, 297, 1696.               4 a) Howard, J. B.; Rees, D. C. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 2965.  b) Barri\u00E9re, F. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 236, 71.                          5 a) Holland, P. L. Can. J. Chem. 2005, 83, 296.  b) Hidai, M.; Mizobe, Y. Can. J. Chem. 2005, 83, 358.                         6 Smith, B. E. Science 2002, 297, 1654.                   7 Yamabe, I.; Hori, K.; Minato, T.; Fukui, K. Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 2154.                          8 Allen, A. D.; Senoff, C. V. Chem. Commun. 1965, 621.                 9 Rocklage, S. M.; Turner, H. W.; Fellmann, J. D.; Schrock, R. R. Organometallics 1982, 1, 703.  10 a) Yamabe, T.; Hori, K.; Minato, T.; Fukui, K. Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 2154.  b) Blomberg, M. R. A.; Siegbahn, P. E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6908.              11 Evans, W. J.; Ulibarri, T. A.; Ziller, J. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 6877.     12 Fryzuk, M. D.; Haddad, T. S.; Rettig, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 8185.  13 Fryzuk, M. D.; Haddad, T. S.; Mylvaganam, M.; McConville, D. H.; Rettig, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 2782. 14 MacLachlan, E. A.; Fryzuk, M. D.; Organometallics 2006, 25, 1530.  15 Fryzuk, M. D.; Johnson, S. A.; Rettig, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11024.  16 Chatt, J.; Pearman, A. J.; Richards, R. L. Nature 1975, 253, 39.               17 Albertin, G.; Bordignon, E.; Tonel, F. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 660, 55.              17  18 Komori, K.; Oshita, H.; Mizobe, Y.; Hidai, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 1939.             19 Yandulov, D. V.; Schrock, R. R. Science 2003, 301, 76.                20 Morello, L.; Ferreira, M. J.; Patrick, B. O.; Fryzuk, M. D. Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 1319.          21 Maclachlan, E. A.; Hess, F. M.; Patrick, B. O.; Fryzuk, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10895.                        22 Pool, J. A.; Lobkovsky, E.; Chirik, P. J. Nature 2004, 427, 527.              23 a) Fryzuk, M. D.; MacKay, B. A.; Johnson, S. A.; Patrick, B. O. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3709.  b) Fryzuk, M. D.; MacKay, B. A.; Patrick, B. O. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3234.  c) MacKay, B. A.; Patrick, B. O.; Fryzuk, M. D. Organometallics 2005, 24, 3836.            24 Fryzuk, M. D.; MacNeil, P. A.; Rettig, S. J.; Secco, A. S.; Trotter, J. Organometallics 1982, 1, 918.                        25 Fryzuk, m. D.; Love, J. B.; Rettig, S. J. Organometallics 1992, 11, 469.              26 Fryzuk, M. D.; Love, J. B.; Rettig, S. J. Chem. Commun. 1996, 2783.                27 Fryzuk, M. D.; Kozak, C. M.; Bowdridge, M. R.; Patrick, B. O.; Rettig, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8389.               28 Fryzuk, M. D.; Johnson, S. A.; Rettig, S. J. Organometallics 2000, 19, 3931.             29 Morello, L.; Yu, P.; Carmichael, C. D.; Patrick, B. O.; Fryzuk, M. D.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12796.                        30 MacLachlan, E. A.; Fryzuk, M. D. Organometallics 2005, 24, 1112.                              31 Menard, G.; Fryzuk, M. D. Organometallics 2009, 28, 5253.    18  Chapter 2 Ligand Design and Synthesis for Activation of Dinitrogen  2.1 Introduction Ancillary ligand structure is an important factor in determining the reactivity of a metal complex.  A dramatic example of the effect of small changes in ligand structure is the reduction of (\u03B75-C5Me4H)2ZrCl2 versus Cp*ZrCl2 (Cp* = \u03B75-C5Me5) under N2 as shown in Scheme 2.1.  Treatment of the former complex with Na amalgam yields [(\u03B75-C5Me4H)2Zr]2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2), in which N2 bridges two Zr atoms in a side-on mode.  Subsequent hydrogenation of this N2 complex generates [(\u03B75-C5Me4H)2ZrH]2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2H2) with two new N-H bonds (Scheme 2.1a).1  However, the analogous reduction of Cp*ZrCl2 (Cp* = \u03B75-C5Me5) produces an end-on dinuclear complex, [Cp*Zr(\u03B71-N2)]2(\u00B5-\u03B71:\u03B71-N2), which gives Cp*2ZrH2 upon addition of H2 (Scheme 2.1b).2  The only difference between the two aforementioned ancillary ligands is the presence of an extra methyl on the Cp* unit as opposed to C5Me4H.  However, the extent of activation of N2, the bonding mode to Zr, and the reactivity of N2 complexes are totally changed.  The above example shows how important the role of ancillary ligands can be in the reactivity of metal complexes.        *A version of this chapter will be submitted for publication.  Co-authors: Ting Zhu, Michael D. Fryzuk, Nathan Halcovitch.   19   Scheme 2.1 Ligand design and modification also play a fundamental role in dinitrogen activation research in the Fryzuk group.  This work has focused on multidentate ligands combining amide and phosphine donors as discussed in chapter 1.4.  Zirconium complexes, bearing [PNP], [P2N2], and [NPN] ligands (Figure 2.1), can form highly activated side-on bound dinitrogen complexes.3  The [NPN]-coordinated tantalum complex ([NPN]Ta)2(\u00B5-H)2(\u00B5-\u03B71:\u03B72-N2) is another fascinating example, as it comprises a unique end-on side-on bound N2-unit.4  In this remarkable case, the dinitrogen is highly activated even though no harsh reducing agents were used during its synthesis.  However, ligand rearrangement has been observed in some attempts to functionalize the coordinated N2 unit.5   20   Figure 2.1. Three multidentate ligand systems studied in the Fryzuk group.  In order to prevent these undesired side reactions of the [NPN] ligand, studies were undertaken to substitute the labile -CH2-SiMe2- backbone for a -CH2-CH2- linker.  Although a trimethyl tantalum complex was synthesized employing this modified ligand, preparation of the corresponding tantalum tetrahydride failed.6  [NPN]* and [NPN]S are two newer modifications of diamidophosphine ligands (Figure 2.2).7  The [NPN]* ligand forms early transition metal complexes that can be used to activate and functionalize N2.8  This arene-bridged diamidophosphine ligand has been designed to prevent the side reactions encountered with the original [NPN] ligand.  Secondary alkylamines are generally stronger bases than secondary silyl-substituted amines, while diphenylamine has similar basicity to secondary silyl-substituted amines.  Therefore, compared to the more electron-donating alkylamide substituents on the -CH2-CH2- linked diamidophosphine ligand, the phenylamide of [NPN]* better mimics the electronic property of the slightly electron-withdrawing silylamide substituents of [NPN].  21   Figure 2.2. New designs of diamidophosphine ligand.  As even minor changes can introduce an unexpected effect on the reactivities of metal complexes, ligand modification studies are of significant importance.  In our group, diamidophosphine ligands are further modified at the aryl groups on the amido donors or at the substituent on the phosphine in order to vary the steric and electronic effects.  [NPN]TMS, which bears silyl substituents on the amido donors, was synthesized to test its reactivity with early transition metals in activating N2 as well (Figure 2.2).9  However, excluding [NPN]S, changes at the arene bridges that connect the amido and phosphine donors have not been investigated.  To this end, three diamidophosphine ligands bearing suitable alternatives for the arene bridge were proposed based on a cyclohexene, a cyclopentene or an alkene bridge, and their syntheses were planned as shown in Scheme 2.2.  In each case, only two steps can give the protonated proligand.  The double bond linker could be introduced upon deprotonation of the proligands, and would mimic the aromatic double bond in [NPN]* and [NPN]S.  These synthetic strategies are much simpler than the one for [NPN]*.  The required starting materials are cheap and readily available as well.  More importantly, the steric bulk at the aryl group can be varied easily.  Even in the presence of bulky substituents at the ortho position of aniline, the 22  condensation reaction of cyclopentanone and substituted anilines can generate the corresponding precursor arylamines in high yields.  In the end, the cyclopentenyl linked ligand was chosen as the target molecule, as compared to the rest two systems a five-membered ring linker would widen the area around the metal centre.  A phenyl group was selected as the substituent on the phosphine, and the aryl groups on the amido donors are 2,6-dimethylphenyl and 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, respectively.  These two proligands are denoted as CY5[NPN]DMPH2, 2.2 (DMP = 2,6-Me2C6H3) and CY5[NPN]DIPPH2, 2.4 (DIPP = 2,6-iPr2C6H3).   Scheme 2.2 Recently, multidentate methylene-bridged aryloxide ligands have been studied in the Fryzuk group as shown in Figure 2.3.10  These studies were inspired by an aryloxide ligand system reported by Kawaguchi and co-workers.11  The ortho-substituted bulky adamantyl group of the phenol can be easily installed, and the resulting dianionic ligand was designed for group 4 and 5 metal complexes to activate N2.  However, attempts to form early transition metal complexes (Ti, Zr, Ta) based on this ligand were not successful.12   23   Figure 2.3. A tridentate methylene-linked aryloxide ligand.  As an extension of the study of this aryloxide coordination chemistry, part of this research project focused on the synthesis of a tetradentate sterically bulky ligand based on calix[4]arene.  Calix[4]arene is a macrocycle with four oxygen donors, and can be synthesized by condensation of substituted phenols and formaldehyde.13   Floriani and coworkers successfully prepared early transition metal dinitrogen complexes using this oxygen-rich ligand in a variety of anionic forms.  A notable example is a niobium complex which binds N2 in a end-on fashion and displays an N-N bond length of 1.390(17) \u00C5.  This supports the presence of a formally N24- unit (Figure 2.4a).14  Another example is a \u00B53-\u03B72:\u03B72:\u03B72-hydrazido tetraanion bound to three SmIII centers with an overall butterfly-type arrangement (Figure 2.4b).15   The N-N bond distance is elongated to 1.611(16) \u00C5 which is one of the longest N-N bond in the cases of four-electron-reduced dinitrogen complexes.  Because of the outstanding properties of calix[4]arene we intended to further explore this ligand by changing two of its four phenol donors to amine donors, and to examine the resulting N2 chemistry after coordination of this proposed ligand to early transition metals. 24    Figure 2.4. Two examples of calix[4]arene-ligated complexes that activate dinitrogen.  In this chapter, the synthesis of two tridentate diiminophosphine proligands, 2.2 and 2.4, is introduced.  The attempted synthesis of a NONO type ligand based on calix[4]arene is also discussed.     25  2.2 Results and Discussion 2.2.1  Synthesis of CY5[NPN]DMPH2 and Its Analogue CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 The precursor cyclopentylidene aniline 2.1 can be prepared from 2,6-dimethylaniline and cyclopentanone in the presence of catalytic amounts of p-tolylsulfonic acid under reflux in toluene for 6 hours.16  As the starting materials disappear and the product accumulates, the aldol condensation product A is also formed.  Mass spectroscopy and 1H NMR analysis confirms the formation of A in addition to the desired product 2.1 (Equation 2.1).  Pure 2.1 is separated through distillation under vacuum.  The unreacted 2,6-dimethylaniline can also be separated by distillation and recycled.  The product is characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS).  Equation 2.1 To form the diiminophosphine proligand CY5[NPN]DMPH2, the non-nucleophilic base LDA is made in situ to deprotonate 2.1; afterwards, 0.5 equivalents of a dilute solution of  PhPCl2 is added slowly at low temperature (Equation 2.2).  Upon work up, an oily yellow compound is obtained containing a mixture of six different species, with 31P{1H} NMR signals at \u03B4 -5.6, -6.0, -8.5, -12.1, -32.1, and -36.7.  The species at \u03B4 - 8.5 ppm can be isolated through precipitation from a pentane solution of the mixture.  1H {31P} NMR, electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) and elemental analysis (EA) study showed that the solid obtained was the desired diiminophosphine complex 2.2.   26   Equation 2.2 It is difficult to purify and characterize the remaining five species.  Based on the fact that enamine can be formed from the tautomerization of cyclopentylidene aniline, there are at least three different isomers for proligand CY5[NPN]DMPH2 (Figure 2.5a).  In addition, stereoisomers of CY5[NPN]DMPH2 also contribute to the number of the 31P{1H} signals.  Also, the carbon of the cyclopentane ring adjacent to the phosphorus atom can be in R or S configuration (Figure 2.5b), and the aryl group on the amido donor and phosphorus atom can be in a cis or trans positions of the C=N double bond (Figure 2.5c).  Combining all these facts, it is possible that the other five 31P{1H} peaks could be attributed to the different isomers of proligand CY5[NPN]DMPH2.  This interpretation is supported by the fact that the reaction of the mixture of these six species with Zr(NMe2)4 forms the same metal complex, {CY5[NPN]DMP}Zr(NMe2)2 (3.1), as that of compound 2.2.  While stable for months in the solid state, benzene solution of pure 2.2 will eventually tautomerize into a mixture of all six isomers over the course of several weeks.  27   Figure 2.5. The possible isomers of the diiminophosphine proligand, CY5[NPN]DMPH2.  The more sterically congested analogue of 2.1, N-cyclopentylidene-2,6-diisopropylaniline, 2.3, was synthesized in the same way (Equation 2.3).  Purification via distillation afforded large amounts of pure product.  The formation of the aldol condensation product B was observed in this case as well.  Equation 2.3  The details for the synthesis of the new CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 (DIPP = 2.6-Pr2iC6H3) proligand, 2.4, are shown in the Equation 2.4.  All steps are done in situ beginning with the lithiation via LDA, followed by the slow addition of PhPCl2.  Upon work up, the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of 28  the oily yellow residue shows similar result as that of CY5[NPN]DMPH2: five different phosphorus signals are seen at \u03B4 -2.9, -3.8, -8.8, -28.5, and -37.2.  Only the species at \u03B4 -8.8 can be separated in a manner similar to that of 2.2.  1H NMR spectrum, electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) and elemental analysis (EA) were used to confirm that the desired proligand 2.4 was formed.  Again, the reaction of the mixture of these five species with Zr(NMe2)4 formed the same metal complex {CY5[NPN]DIPP}Zr(NMe2)2, 3.4, as that of compound 2.4.   Equation 2.4  2.2.2 Attempts to Synthesize a NONO Type Proligand Based on the Scaffold of Calix[4]arene The initial idea for the calix[4]arene project was to change two opposing oxygen donors to amido donors while protecting the other two oxygen donors by methylation.  It is known that the two triflated phenols can be converted into amine groups under Buchwald-Hartwig reaction conditions.17  Therefore, we proposed a strategy to protect two phenol groups via methylation, then convert the two remaining phenols into triflates by reaction with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, and finally complete the coupling reaction to obtain the NONO type proligand (Scheme 2.3).    29   Scheme 2.3 Unexpectedly, after successful methylation, only one phenol can be triflated even after refluxing at high temperatures in either xylene or DMF.  Structure elucidation (Figure 2.6) via X-ray diffraction of the product indicates that the triflated phenol has rotated.  The sterically demanding t-butyl group of the rotated phenol moiety assumingly protects the other phenol group to prevent it from being triflated. 30   Figure 2.6. Solid-state molecular structure of 1,3-dimethoxy-2-monotriflatocalix[4]arene, 2.5 (t-butyl groups are represented by single carbon atoms for simplicity).  In order to solve this problem, a second synthetic route was examined.  As shown in scheme 2.4, two phenols in the opposite position were first triflated by trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride.  Then acetic acid was utilized to protect the two remaining phenol groups.  Compound 2.7 was successfully synthesized in this way, and conversion of the triflated phenol group into an amine was then attempted via a Pd-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig amination.  With Pd2(dba)3/BINAP as the catalyst and NaOtBu as the base, N-arylation of aniline by the triflated phenol was attempted in toluene by heating to 80\u00B0C.  According to GC-MS and 1H NMR analysis, amination to substitute the triflated phenol barely took place.  Bitriflated calix[4]arene or calix[4]arene was the major product.  It seems that the intrinsic bulkiness of the ligand makes it very difficult to add any large substituent, such as aniline.  Apparently, acetylated and triflated phenols are prone to cleavage of the C-O and S-O bonds under the employed reaction conditions.  31  Even with weak bases such as Cs2CO3 or K3PO4, the starting materials calix[4]arene or the bitriflated species were always recovered.    Scheme 2.4   2.3 Conclusions In this chapter, the synthesis of two new diiminophosphine proligands has been discussed.  Compared to the previously reported diamidophosphine ligands, these two ligands, CY5[NPN]DMP (DMP = 2,6-Me2C6H3) and CY5[NPN]DIPP (DIPP = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), feature a cyclopentene ring instead of the o-thiophene or o-phenylene linker.  The precursors of the proligands were synthesized by condensation of cyclopentanone and the corresponding diortho-substituted 32  aniline.  The diiminophosphine proligands were generated readily from the corresponding lithiated cyclopentylideneaniline (in situ) and 0.5 equivalent of PhPCl2.   As an extension of the study of aryloxide coordination chemistry, the synthesis of an diamidodioxo ligand based on the scaffold of calix[4]arene was attempted.  Due to the bulkiness created by the four t-butyl groups on the aryl rings, modifications on the phenol donors were unsuccessful via the chosen synthetic routes.    2.4 Experimental 2.4.1 General Experimental  Unless otherwise stated, all manipulations were performed under an atmosphere of dry, oxygen-free N2 or Ar by means of standard Schlenk or glovebox techniques.  N2 and Ar were dried and deoxygenated by passing the gases through a column containing molecular sieves and activated CuO.  Hexanes, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and diethyl ether were purchased anhydrous from Aldrich, sparged with N2, and passed through columns containing activated alumina and Ridox catalyst.  CDCl3, THF-d8 and C6D6 were dried over activated 4 \u00C5 molecular sieves and freeze-pump-thaw degassed three times.  Dichloromethane and acetonitrile were dried over CaH2 and distilled prior to use.  Pentane and benzene were dried over Na/benzophenone and distilled prior to use.  1H, 31P{1H}, and 13C{1H} NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV-300 or a Bruker AV-400 spectrometer, operating at 300.1 and 400.0 MHz for 1H spectra, respectively.  All spectra were recorded at room temperature.  1H NMR spectra were referenced to residual protons in the deuterated solvent: C6D6 (\u03B4 7.16), CDCl3 (\u03B4 7.26).  31P{1H} NMR spectra were referenced to external P(OMe)3 (\u03B4 141.0 with respect to 85% H3PO4 at \u03B4 0.0).  13C{1H} NMR spectra are referenced to residual solvent: C6D6 (\u03B4 128.0) or CDCl3 (\u03B4 77.23).  Chemical shifts (\u03B4) 33  listed are in ppm, and absolute values of the coupling constants are in Hz.  Mass spectrometry (EI-MS), elemental analysis (C, H, N) and X-ray crystallography were all performed at the Department of Chemistry of the University of British Columbia.   2.4.2 Starting Materials and Reagents  Starting materials including trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, methyl iodide, 2,6-dimethylaniline, 2,6-diisopropylaniline, cyclopentanone, dichlorophenylphosphine and diisopropylamine were purchased from Aldrich.  Dichlorophenylphosphine was distilled prior to use.  2,6-Dimethyaniline, 2,6-diisopropylaniline, and diisopropylamine were dried over CaH2 and distilled prior to use.  n-Butyllithium was purchased from Aldrich and the molarity was determined via direct titration with diphenylcarboxylic acid.18  Compounds calix[4]arene\u2219toluene13 and1,3-dimethoxycalix[4]arene13 were prepared according to the literature procedures.  Synthesis of N-cyclopentylidene-2,6-dimethylaniline (2.1).  2,6-Dimethylaniline (18.2 g, 0.15 mol, 18.4 ml), cyclopentanone (12.6 g, 0.15 mol, 13.3 ml), and p-tolylsulfonic acid (0.5 g, 2.91 mmol) in toluene (200 ml) were refluxed using an azeotropic distillation apparatus for 8 hours.  The solution was concentrated and a dark-red oil was distilled under reduced pressure giving three distinct fractions.  The first fraction is unreacted 2,6-dimethylaniline, followed by the colorless liquid of 2.1 (18.2 g, 97.5 mmol, 65%).  The highest boiling fraction is the aldol condensation side product A.  1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.01 (d, 2H, 6 Hz, m-Ar), 6.88 (t, 1H, 6 Hz, p-Ar), 2.59 (t, 2H, 6 Hz, CH2), 2.04 (s, 6H, CH3), 1.83 (m, 6H, CH2).  34  EI-MS (m/z): 187 [M]+ Side product A 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.02 (d, 2H, 6 Hz, m-Ar), 6.86 (t, 1H, 6 Hz, p-Ar), 2.93 (m, 2H), 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.39 (m, 2H), 2.04 (s, 6H, ArCH3), 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.77 (m, 6H).  EI-MS (m/z): 253 [M]+  The procedure to prepare 2.3 is analogous to 2.1.  1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.10 (m, 3H, m,p-Ar), 2.82 (sept, 2H, 6 Hz, CH), 2.61 (t, 2H, 6 Hz, CH2), 1.90 (m, 4H, CH2), 1.78 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.17 (d, 6H, 6 Hz, CH3), 1.15 (d, 6H, 6 Hz, CH3).   EI-MS (m/z): 243 [M]+  Synthesis of CY5[NPN]DMPH2 (2.2).  In a round bottomed flask, lithium diisopropylamide was prepared by slow addition of 1.63 M n-butyllithium (8.72 ml, 14.2 mmol) to diisopropylamine (2.00 ml, 14.2 mmol) in 20 ml diethyl ether at -78 \u00B0C.  The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 minutes while warming up to -50 \u00B0C.  The solution was cooled to -78 \u00B0C again, and neat N-cyclopentylidene-2,6-dimethylaniline, 2.1 (2.66 g, 14.2 mmol), was added in dropwise. Thereafter the reaction mixture was warmed to -40 \u00B0C over 1 hr.  Afterwards, the mixture was cooled again to -78\u00B0C and a solution of dichlorophenylphosphine (0.96 ml, 7.10 mmol) in 80 ml diethyl ether was added over 1 hr.  The colorless solution gradually changed to pale yellow.  Upon completion, the reaction vessel was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight.  The volatiles were then removed in vacuo and 20 ml toluene was added to the mixture, which was filtered through celite using a glass frit.  Toluene was removed in vacuo giving a yellow oil 35  consisting of a mixture of isomers (31P{1H} NMR signals at \u03B4 -5.6, -6.0, -8.5, -12.1, -32.1, and -36.7 in toluene).  10 ml pentane was added to the mixture, which resulted in a white precipitate.  The suspension was cooled to - 40 \u00B0C overnight, and the precipitate was collected on a glass frit and dried in vacuo. Yield: (1.62 g, 41%).  1H NMR (C6D6, 300 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.74 (m, 2H, o-PPh), 7.18 (m, 3H, m, p-PPh), 7.05 (d, 4H, 6 Hz, m-NAr), 6.94 (t, 2H, 6 Hz, p-NAr), 3.88 (t, 2H, 6 Hz, CH), 2.19 (s, 6H, ArCH3), 2.09 (s, 6H, ArCH3), 2.05 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.68 (m, 6H, CH2), 1.45 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.30 (m, 2H, CH2). 31P {1H} NMR (C6D6, 161 MHz): \u03B4 = -9.4 (s).                        13C{1H} NMR (C6D6, 101 MHz): \u03B4 = 181.2 (d, 9 Hz), 151.0,135.7, 135.6 (d, 36 Hz), 129.3, 128.5, 128.3, 128.1, 127.8, 125.5 (d, 23 Hz), 122.9, 42.4 (d, 19 Hz), 32.6, 28.4 (d, 6 Hz), 23.6 (d, 5 Hz), 18.9, 18.3 (ArCH3).                                      EI-MS (m/z): 480 [M]+.                                Anal. Calcd. for C32H37N2P: C, 79.97; H, 7.76; N, 5.83; Found: C, 80.06; H, 7.88; N, 5.70.    Synthesis of CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 (2.4).  In a round bottomed flask, lithium diisopropylamide was prepared by slow addition of 1.6 M n-butyllithium (7.04 ml, 11.5 mmol) to diisopropylamine (1.62 ml, 11.5 mmol) in 20 ml diethyl ether at -78 \u00B0C.  The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 minutes while warming up to -50 \u00B0C.  The solution was cooled to -78\u00B0C again, and neat N-cyclopentylidene-2,6-diisopropylaniline, 2.3 (2.81 g, 11.5 mmol), was added dropwise.  Thereafter the reaction mixture was warmed to -40 \u00B0C over 1 hr.   The mixture was cooled to -78 \u00B0C again, and a solution of dichlorophenylphosphine (0.78 ml, 5.75 mmol) in 80 ml diethyl ether was added over 1 hr.  The colorless solution gradually changed to pale yellow.  Upon completion, the reaction vessel was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight.  The 36  volatiles were then removed in vacuo and 20 ml toluene was added to the mixture, which was filtered through celite using a glass frit.  Toluene was removed in vacuo giving a yellow oil, which consists a mixture of isomers (31P{1H} NMR signals at \u03B4 -2.9, -3.8, -8.8, -28.5, and -37.2 in toluene).   10 ml pentane was added to the residue, which resulted in a white precipitate. The suspension was cooled to -40 \u00B0C overnight, and the precipitate was collected on a glass frit and dried in vacuo. Yield: (1.64g, 48%).                                          1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.71 (dd, 2H, JHP = 8 Hz, JHH = 8 Hz, o-PPh), 7.19 \u2013 7.09 (m, overlap with the solvent peak), 3.83 (t, 2H, 8 Hz, CH), 3.05 (sept, 4H, 4 Hz, CH), 2.10 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.89 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.70 (m, 4H, CH2), 1.46 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.35 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.29 (d, 6H, 4 Hz, CH3), 1.24 (d, 6H, 4 Hz, CH3), 1.16 (d, 6H, 4 Hz, CH3), 1.15 (d, 6H, 4 Hz, CH3).                  31P{1H} NMR (C6D6, 161 MHz): \u03B4 = - 8.8 (s).              13C{1H} NMR (C6D6, 75 MHz): \u03B4 = 181.3 (d, 8 Hz), 148.2, 136.2, 136.0, 135.8, 135.6, 135.4 (d, 26 Hz), 129.3, 128.0, 123.5 (d, 25 Hz), 123.2, 42.8 (d, 20 Hz), 33.0, 28.4, 28.2 (d, 6 Hz), 27.8, 24.6, 23.7 (d, 5 Hz), 23.4, 23.1, 22.9.                EI-MS (m/z): 592 [M]+, 549 [M - CH(CH3)2]+.                         Anal. Calcd. for C40H53N2P: C, 81.04; H, 9.01; N, 4.73; Found: C, 81.16; H, 8.86; N, 4.85.  Synthesis of 1,3-dimethoxy-2-monotriflatocalix[4]arene (2.5).  Dichloromethane (10 ml) and pyridine (1 ml, 12.4 mmol ) were added to 1,3-dimethylcalix[4]arene (677 mg, 1.00 mmol) in a 50ml round bottomed flask.  The solution was cooled to 0\u00B0C.  After trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.40 ml, 2.40 mmol) was added dropwise, the mixture was warmed to room temperature for 2 hr, and refluxed for six hours.  The reaction progress was monitored via TLC and after the starting material was consumed, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and 37  poured into saturated aqueous solution NaHCO3.  The aqueous layer was extracted with (3 \u00D7 10 ml) dichloromethane and the organic fractions were combined and dried with MgSO4.  After filtration, the solution was concentrated in vacuo and the product was crystallized (620 mg, 77%)  1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz):  \u03B4 = 7.19 (0.08 - 1.35 (m, 36H, -C(CH3)3), 2.34 (s, 1H, OH), 3.2 - 3.73, 4.25 - 4.45 (m, 8H, CH2), 3.65 - 3.97 (m, 6H, CH3), 6.44 - 7.34 (m, 8H, Ar).                          EI-MS (m/z): 808 [M]+.  Synthesis of 1,3-ditriflatocalix[4]arene (2.6).  Calix[4]arene\u00B7toluene (1.11 g, 1.50 mmol) was dissolved in 30 ml pyridine.  The solution was cooled to 0 \u00B0C.  Trifluromethanesulfonic anhydride (0.60 ml, 3.60 mmol) was added and stirred for 5 hours at room temperature.  The white precipitate which formed (pyridine salt) was filtered off, and the pale yellow filtrate was poured onto approximately 48 g ice.  Immediately, a white precipitate was formed which was filtered and washed with cold water.  The crude product was dried and subjected to column chromatography (silica gel, eluent chloroform) giving the pure product (1.25 g, 91%). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.19 (s, 4H), 6.80 (s, 4H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 3.57 (s, 2H), 3.52 (s, 2H), 1.35 (s, 18H), 0.92 (s, 18H).  EI-MS (m/z): 912 [M]+.  Synthesis of 1,3-diactetylato-2,4-ditriflatocalix[4]arene (2.7).  A mixture of 2.6 (0.86 g, 0.94 mmol), 6 ml acetic anhydride and 3 ml pyridine was reluxed for two hours.  The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into 5 ml ethyl acetate, and washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution (3\u00D75 ml).  The organic layer was separated, and dried with MgSO4.  The pure product was recrystallized from ethyl acetate.  Yield (0.40, 43%). 38  1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): [ppm] \u03B4 = 7.54 (s, 2H), 7.28 (s, 2H), 6.90 (s, 2H), 6.89 (s, 2H), 4.24 (s, 1H), 4.19 (s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 1H), 3.69 (s, 1H), 3.64 (s, 1H), 3.59 (s, 1H), 3.41(s, 1H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 1.65 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.38 (s, 9H), 1.10 (s, 18H).  EI-MS (m/z): 912 [M]+.                  39  2.5 References 1 Pool, J. A.; Lobkovsky, E.; Chirik, P. J. Nature 2004, 427, 527.                2 a) Manriquez, J. M.; Sanner, R. D.; Marsh, R. E.; Bercaw, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 6229.  b) Manriquez, J. M.; McAlister, D. R.; Sanner, R, D.; Bercaw, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 2716.  3 MacLachlan, E. A.; Fryzuk, M. D. Organometallics 2006, 25, 1530.                   4 Fryzuk, M. D.; Johnson, S. A.; Rettig, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11024.               5 Fryzuk, M. D.; Mackay, B. A.; Johnson, S. A.; Patrick, B. O. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2709. 6 Corkin, J. R.; Fryzuk, M. D. unpublished results.                     7 a) MacLachlan, E. A.; Fryzuk, M. D. Organometallics, 2005, 24, 1112.  b) Menard, G.; Fryzuk, M. D. Organometallics 2009, 28, 5253.            8 MacLachlan, E. A.; Hess, F. M.; Patrick, B. O.; Fryzuk, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10895. 9 Balmann, J.; Fryzuk, M. D. unpublished results. 10 M\u00E9nard, G. Ligand Design and Synthesis for Early Metal Complexes; Master thesis, University of British Columbia: Vancouver, 2007.  11 Kawaguchi, H.; Matsuo, T. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2792.                12 M\u00E9nard, G. Synthesis of Group 4 or 5 [NPN]S or [OOO] complexes for the Activation of Dinitrogen; Master thesis, University of British Columbia: Vancouver, 2007.  13 Arduini, A. and Casnati, A. in Macrocycle Synthesis: a practical approach (Ed. Parker, D.); Oxford University Press: New York, 1996.                                40  14 Zanotti-Gerosa, A.; Solari, E.; Giannini, L.; Floriani, C.; Chiesi-Villa, A.; Rizzoli, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 437.  15 Guillemot, G.; Castellano, B.; Prange, T.; Solari, E.; Floriani, C. Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46, 5154. 16 Keim, W.; Killat, S.; Nobile, C. F.; Suranna, G. P.; Englet, U.; Wang, R.; Mecking, S.; Schroder, D. L. J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 662, 150.  17 Ahman, J.; Buchwald, S. L. Tetrahedron Letters, 1997, 38, 6363. 18 Kofron, W. G.; Baclawski, L. M. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 1879.                   41  Chapter 3 Zirconium Complexes of the Cyclopentenyl-linked Diamidophosphine Ligands and Attempts to Activate Dinitrogen  3.1 Introduction Since the serendipitous discovery of the first dinitrogen complex, [Ru(NH3)5(\u03B71-N2)]2+ in 1965, 1 many synthetic strategies have been developed to make dinitrogen complexes.  Most late transition metal dinitrogen complexes are electronically saturated species prepared through ligand substitution reactions.2  As shown in Figure 1a, [Mn(CO)(dppe)2(N2)]+ weakly bonds N2 in the end-on mode.  In solution this compound is in equilibrium with the electron deficient [Mn(CO)(dppe)2]+, which is stabilized by two agostic interactions with the supporting dppe ligands.3  Some late transition metal dinitrogen complexes are formed from coordinatively unsaturated intermediates.  For instance, Cl- abstraction by Ag+ in the piano-stool complex CpRu(dippe)Cl in the presence of N2 generates the 18-electron dinitrogen compound [CpRu(dippe)N2]+ (Figure 1b).4  The weakly coordinated N2 unit is very easily released under reduced pressure,5 or displaced by other ligands.6        *A version of this chapter will be submitted for publication.  Co-authors: Ting Zhu, Michael D. Fryzuk, Nathan Halcovitch.   42   Figure 3.1. N2 activated from late transition metal complexes.   Dinitrogen complexes of the early transition metals are usually synthesized by reducing a metal halide precursor complex with a strong alkali metal reagent in the presence of N2.  In the Fryzuk lab, most of the dinitrogen species are generated using this methodology.  Reduction of [PNP]ZrCl3 with Na amalgam produces side-on bound ([PNP]ZrCl)2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) (Scheme 1.1),7 while [P2N2]ZrCl2,8 [NPN]ZrCl2,9 and [NPN]*ZrCl210 can be reduced by KC8 to provide the corresponding side-on bound N2 complexes (Figure 3.2).  43   Figure 3.2. Activation of N2 through reduction of metal halide (silyl methyl substituents of [P2N2] omitted).  Early transition metal hydrides can also activate N2 to produce dinitrogen-containing complexes.  The side-on end-on dinitrogen complex, ([NPN]Ta)2(\u00B5-H)2(\u00B5-\u03B71:\u03B72-N2), was produced by treating ([NPN]Ta)2(\u00B5-H)4 under one atmosphere of N2 (Figure 3.3a).11  The end-on bound dinitrogen complex [(C5Me4H)2Ti]2(\u00B5-\u03B71:\u03B72-N2) can also be generated via the titanium 44  hydride, (C5Me4H)2TiH, which reacts with N2 to produce the dinuclear dinitrogen complex and one equivalent of H2 (Figure 3.3b).12   Figure 3.3. Activation of N2 by early transition metal hydrides.  Some early transition metal complexes eliminate hydrocarbons to give coordinatively unsaturated intermediates that activate dinitrogen.  The dinitrogen zirconium complex with end-on bound dinitrogen ligands was generated from the complex Cp*2ZrH[CH2C(CH3)3].  The elimination of a molecule of CMe4 acts as the driving force in this reaction (Figure 3.4),13 although the N2 units are only weakly coordinated in this zirconium complex.  Figure 3.4. Activation of N2 through elimination of hydrocarbon. 45   Strong activation of N2 by low-valent metal complexes can also be achieved without using external reducing reagents.  For example, complex [Ar(R)N]3Mo\u2261N was generated from the reduced metal complex [Ar(R)N]3Mo(III) (Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3, R= C(CD3)2CH3) and N2 (Figure 3.5).14  The N-N triple bond was cleaved completely in this reaction.   Figure 3.5. Activation of N2 with low-valent metal complexes.  In this chapter, the synthesis and characterization of Zr complexes from the proligands CY5[NPN]DMPH2 and CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 are described.  A dinuclear Zr-N2 complex is obtained by the reduction of CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 in the presence of N2, and shows that the N2 unit is coordinated side-on to the two Zr atoms as indicated by the single crystal X-ray analysis.  The tentative reduction of CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2 by KC8 is also discussed.        46  3.2 Results and Discussion 3.2.1 Synthesis of Zirconium Complexes of CY5[NPN]DMPH2   Scheme 3.1 Diamidozirconium, dichlorozirconium and diiodozirconium complexes of CY5[NPN]DMP are prepared as shown in scheme 3.1.  CY5[NPN]DMPZr(NMe2)2, 3.1 is generated by adding one equivalent of 2.2 to Zr(NMe2)4 in toluene, and heating for 12 hours at 60\u00B0C; upon workup, 3.1 is obtained as a yellow powder in high yield.  Through protonolysis, the imine group in the proligand converts into an enamido moiety via rehybridization of the sp3 carbon next to phosphorus to sp2.  The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of 3.1 in C6D6 shows a singlet at \u03B4 -38.9, in the 1H {31P} NMR spectrum, and there are two singlets for the ArCH3 groups, indicating that the 47  aryl groups on the amido donor do not rotate freely.  The two NMe2 resonances at \u03B4 2.90 and 2.24 correspond to two different amido methyl environments.  Complex 3.1 appears to be a Cs symmetric complex in solution.    Figure 3.6. ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of CY5[NPN]DMPZr(NMe2)2, 3.1 (ellipsoids at 50% probability level).  All hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity.  Selected bond length (\u00C5) and angles (\u00B0): Zr1-N1 2.1727(10), Zr1-N2 2.1740(10), Zr1-P1 2.7756(3), Zr1-N3 2.0191(10), Zr1-N4 2.0670(10), C1-C2 1.3618(16), C20-C21 1.3570(16), N1-Zr1-N2 123.52(4), N3-Zr1-N4 104.88(4), N1-Zr1-P1 73.78(3), N2-Zr1-P1 72.59(3), N1-Zr1-N3 111.36(4), P1-Zr1-N3 89.90(3), P1-Zr1-N4 164.75(3), N1-Zr1-N4 103.49(4), N2-Zr1-N4 97.75(4), N2-Zr1-N3 112.54(4), C2-C1-N1 126.20(10), C21-C20-N2 125.67(10), C6-N1-Zr1 124.83(7), C25-N2-Zr1 118.89(7).  48  Similar to two previously reported diamidophosphine ligand systems in the Fryzuk group, [NPN]SZr(NMe2)215and [NPN]*Zr(NMe2)2,16 in the solid state this complex is a distorted trigonal bipyramid with the N1, N2 and N3 donors at equatorial position, while P1 and N4 are apical.  The N1-Zr1-P1 and N2-Zr1-P1 angles are 73.78(3) and 72.59(3)\u00B0, and these make the two amido donors extend out of the equatorial plane.  The sum of the angles about N1 and N2 are 359.33 and 359.62\u00B0, respectively, indicating that the amide atoms are planar and sp2 hybridized.  The bond length for Zr-N, and Zr-P are within the values observed in Zr(IV) complexes.17 CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 can be obtained from 3.1 with excess Me3SiCl in toluene and is isolated as an orange solid.  The volatile by-product, Me3SiNMe2, is eliminated once the reaction mixture is left under vacuum.  The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of 3.2 in C6D6 shows a singlet at \u03B4 -31.9.  Similar to CY5[NPN]DMPZr(NMe2)2, there are two singlets in 1H{31P} NMR spectrum for the ortho-methyl groups on the arylamide donors, which indicates hindered rotation about the N-Ar bond.  Dissolution of 3.2 in THF results in sharp color change from orange to deep red, suggesting that THF may coordinate to 3.2.  This is supported by the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum in which a downfield shift to \u03B4 -21.4 is observed.  Surprisingly, no change in the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of 3.1 is observed when THF is added, which indicates that the bulkier dimethylamido donors prevent THF from coordination.   49   Figure 3.7. ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2, 3.2 (ellipsoids at 50% probability level).  All hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity. Selected bond length (\u00C5) and angles (\u00B0): Zr1-N1 2.0844(11), Zr1-P1 2.7689(8), Zr1-Cl1 2.3887(10), Zr1-Cl2 2.4088(8), C1-C2 1.3512(16), N1-Zr1-N1* 120.12(6), Cl1-Zr1-Cl2 100.771(19), N1-Zr1-P1 73.22(3), N1-Zr1-Cl1 112.84(3), P1-Zr1-Cl1 86.401(16), P1-Zr1-Cl2 172.828(18), N1-Z1-Cl2 103.63(3), C2-C1-N1 124.83(11), C6-N1-Zr1 116.55(7).  The ORTEP representation of the solid-state molecular structure of 3.2 is shown in Figure 3.7.  The geometry around the metal centre is best described as a distorted trigonal bipyramid similar to the diamido complex.  The N1-Zr1-P1 angle at 73.22(3)\u00B0 deviates from 90\u00B0 due to the strain imposed by the cyclopentene bridge.  The C2-C1-N1 angle at 124.83(11)\u00B0 is much larger than the corresponding bond angles in [NPN]*ZrCl2, which average 118\u00B0.16  This 50  was expected in the five-membered cyclopentene linker as it enforces a wider angle around the metal centre compared to the arene ring bridged [NPN]*ZrCl2.   CY5[NPN]DMPZrI2 3.3 can be synthesized from CY5[NPN]DMPZr(NMe2)2 3.1 and excess Me3SiI.  Upon addition of excess Me3SiI to a toluene solution of 3.1, an immediate colour change from yellow to slight red is observed.  Pure orange power is obtained following workup.  The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum in C6D6 shows a singlet at \u03B4 -30.1, slightly downfield compared to the dichloro species.  The 1H{31P} NMR is analogous to 3.2, with two singlets for the ortho-methyl groups on the arylamido donors at \u03B4 2.63 and 2.36, respectively.  Proton NMR data suggests the complex is Cs symmetric in solution.   Figure 3.8. ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of CY5[NPN]DMPZrI2, 3.3 (ellipsoids at 50% probability level).  All hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity. Selected bond length (\u00C5) and angles (\u00B0): Zr1-N1 2.0837(19), Zr1-N2 2.0810(19), Zr1-P1 2.7536(8), Zr1-51  I1 2.7859(17), Zr1-I2 2.7966(6), C1-C2 1.348(3), C20-C21 1.352(3), N1-Zr1-N2 120.44(8), I1-Zr1-I2 99.59(2), N1-Zr1-P1 72.94(5), N2-Zr1-P1 72.96(5), N1-Zr1-I1 109.59(6), P1-Zr1-I1 84.54(3), P1-Zr1-I2 175.773(16), N1-Zr1-I2 106.29(5), N2-Zr1-I2 104.31(5), N2-Zr1-I1 113.98(6), C6-N1-Zr1 117.04(14), C25-N2-Zr1 117.44(14), C2-C1-N1 124.6(2), C21-C20-N2 124.2(2)  As with 3.1 and 3.2, the structure of 3.3 is a distorted trigonal bipyramid (Figure 3.8), with the two iodides cis-disposed.  The Zr-I bond lengths average 2.79 \u00C5, which agrees well with others reported in the literature.18   3.2.2 Synthesis of Zirconium Complexes of CY5[NPN]DIPPH2  Scheme 3.2 52  Similar to the Zr complexes incorporating CY5[NPN]DMP, CY5[NPN]DIPPZr(NMe2)2, 3.4, is synthesized in the same way as the diamido species 3.1 by adding one equivalent of 2.4 to Zr(NMe2)4 in toluene (Scheme 3.2).  However, due to the bulkier ortho-diisopropylphenyl group on the two imine donors of the proligand, the protonolysis reaction with Zr(NMe2)4 requires heating for two weeks at 100\u00B0C in toluene to go to completion.  Upon work up, complex 3.4 is obtained as a yellow solid, which is very soluble in both pentane and hexanes.  The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of 3.4 in C6D6 shows a singlet at \u03B4 -35.5, more downfield compared to the less bulkier analogue 3.1 at \u03B4 -38.9.  The 1H {31P} NMR spectrum features four doublets that are assigned to the methyl groups on Ar[CH(CH3)2]2, indicating the hindered rotation of the aryl group on the amido donor.  Two inequivalent NMe2 groups are assigned to two singlets at \u03B4 2.71 and 2.51.  The multiple peaks for four protons at \u03B4 3.60 are attributed to the methine group on Ar[CH(CH3)2]2.  All the data combined suggest a Cs symmetric complex.  53   Figure 3.9. ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of CY5[NPN]DIPPZr(NMe2)2, 3.4 (ellipsoids at 50% probability level).  All hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity. Selected bond length (\u00C5) and angles (\u00B0): Zr1-N1 2.157(2), Zr1-N2 2.184(2), Zr1-P1 2.8643(8), Zr1-N3 2.057(2), Zr1-N4 2.042(2), C1-C2 1.358(4), C24-C25 1.352(4), N1-Zr1-N2 120.69(9), N3-Zr1-N4 93.94(9), N2-Zr1-P1 71.84(6), N1-Zr1-P1 72.26(6), N2-Zr1-N3 112.17(9), P1-Zr1-N3 90.22(7), P1-Zr1-N4 175.75(7), N2-Zr1-N4 105.67(9), N1-Zr1-N4 106.75(9), N1-Zr1-N3 113.53(9), C2-C1-N1 126.1(3), C6-N1-Zr1 119.71(18), C29-N2-Zr1 118.78(17).  The ORTEP representation of the solid-state molecular structure of 3.4 is shown in Figure 3.9.  The geometry around Zr is a distorted trigonal bipyramid with the diamidophosphine ligand coordinated facially to the metal centre.  Because of the strain created by the cyclopentene bridge, the N1-Zr1-P1 and N2-Zr1-P1 angles deviate greatly from 90\u00B0.  Compared to its 54  analogue, 3.1, the N3-Zr1-N4 angle of 3.4 at 93.94(9)\u00B0 is much smaller than its analogue 3.1 at 104.88(4)\u00B0, while the P1-Zr1-N4 angle of 3.4 at 175.75(7)\u00B0 is larger than 164.75(3)\u00B0 observed in 3.1.  The Zr-P and Zr-N bond lengths are in agreement with reported complexes.17  As shown in Scheme 3.2, CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2, 3.5, can be isolated as an orange powder in high yield from the reaction of 3.4 with excess Me3SiCl in toluene.  A singlet at \u03B4 -32.3 is observed in the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum.  Similar to the 1H {31P} NMR spectrum of complex 3.4, there are four doublets for the methyl groups on Ar[CH(CH3)2]2.  A remarkable feature is that there are two methine signals at \u03B4 3.68 and 3.44, respectively, due to the different electronic environments of the ortho-isopropyl groups as a result of hindered rotation of the aryl groups; this is not observed for CY5[NPN]DIPPZr(NMe2)2, 3.4, which could be due to the overlap of the methine signals.      55   Figure 3.10. ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2, 3.5 (ellipsoids at 50% probability level). All hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity. Selected bond length (\u00C5) and angles (\u00B0): Zr1-N1 2.0987(18), Zr1-N2 2.0775(18), Zr1-P1 2.7770(6), Zr1-Cl1 2.3845(6), Zr1-Cl2 2.3989(6), C1-C2 1.357(3), C24-C25 1.354(3), N1-Zr1-N2 118.46(7), Cl1-Zr1-Cl2 97.61(2), N1-Zr1-P1 73.90(5), N2-Zr1-P1 74.33(5), N1-Zr1-Cl1 116.09(5), P1-Zr1-Cl1 87.602(19), P1-Zr1-Cl2 173.53(2), N1-Zr1-Cl2 100.25(5), N2-Zr1-Cl2 106.80(5), N2-Zr1-Cl1 113.64(5), C6-N1-Zr1 119.86(13), C29-N2-Zr1 117.10(13), C2-C1-N1 125.00(19), C25-C24-N2 124.34(19).   The ORTEP representation of the solid-state molecular structure of 3.5 is shown in Figure 3.10.  The structure of 3.5 resembles that of 3.2 with minor differences in bond lengths and angles.  The geometry around the Zr is a distorted trigonal bipyramid, with two chlorides in 56  cis position.  The C6-N1-Zr1 and C29-N2-Zr1 angles open wider than those in 3.2, most likely due to the bulky Ar[CH(CH3)2]2 group  on the amido donors. CY5[NPN]DIPPZrI2, 3.6, is prepared from 3.4 and excess Me3SiI, and is isolated as a yellow powder.  Compared to similar reactions, it is hard to force the reaction to completion even when a large excess of Me3SiI is used.  Upon workup, the product is always mixed with CY5[NPN]DIPPZr(NMe2)2 and  CY5[NPN]DIPPZr(NMe2)I.  Due to the low solubility of 3.6 in pentane, the mono, or bi-substituted amido Zr complexes can be washed away easily to get the pure diiodo Zr complex 3.6.  The 31P{1H} spectrum of 3.6 in C6D6 shows a singlet at \u03B4 3.4, more downfield compared to 3.3 at \u03B4 -30.1.  The 1H{31P} NMR spectrum closely resembles that of 3.5, and suggests a Cs symmetric trigonal-bipyramidal structure for 3.6.    3.2.3 Synthesis of Zirconium Dinitrogen Complexes   As mentioned earlier, most dinitrogen species discovered in Fryzuk group were generated from reduction of a metal halide complex by strong alkali metal reducing agents, such as KC8 or Na/Hg amalgam.  The reduction conditions involve vacuum transfer of water- and oxygen-free solvent, usually THF, diethyl ether, or toluene to an intimate mixture of the metal halide and reducing agent at -197 \u00B0C.  The mixture is pressurized with 1 atmosphere of N2 and slowly 57  warmed slowly to room temperature in an EtOH/dry ice/liquid nitrogen bath, which generates approximately 4 atmospheres at room temperature.  During the whole process, the solution is stirred vigorously to increase the concentration of the N2 in the solution.  Several attempts were made to obtain a dinitrogen complex by reduction of CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 with 2.2 equivalents of KC8 in THF under 4 atmospheres of N2.  In each case, a deep green solution was obtained, typically indicative of a dinitrogen complex.  The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum showed the formation of multiple products, and featured no signal for the starting material CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2.  The observation of a deep green coloured solution is characteristic of the formation of an N2 complex; however, attempts to isolate a single product were unsuccessful.  When treating the concentrated deep green THF solution with pentane, a blue colored solid quickly precipitated out.  This blue solid was insoluble in all solvents tested, and could be a result of decomposition.  However, some black crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained from the THF solution of the original reaction mixture in an NMR tube.  Through single crystal X-ray analysis, it was shown that a dinitrogen complex with N2 bound in a side-on mode was generated.   58   Figure 3.11. ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of {CY5[NPN]DMPZr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2), 3.7 (ellipsoids at 50% probability level).  All hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity.  Carbons of the 2,6-dimethylphenyl substituent (except Cipso) on N2 donor are omitted for clarity, Selected bond length (\u00C5) and angles (\u00B0): Zr1-P1 2.7136(9), Zr1-N1 2.237(3), Zr1-N2 2.189(3), Zr1-O1 2.348(2), Zr1-N3 2.017(3), Zr1-N3* 2.073(3), N3-N3* 1.508(5), P1-Zr1-N1 74.35(7), P1-Zr1-N2 74.61(7), N3-Zr1-N3* 43.25(14), Zr1-N3-Zr1* 136.75(14), O1-Zr1-P1 152.32(6), P1-Zr1-N3 82.54(8).   The ORTEP representation of the solid-state molecular structure of 3.7 is shown in Figure 3.11.  The side view of the arrangement of P, N, and O donors about Zr is illustrated in Figure 3.12.  Compound 3.7 displays a side-on bound N2 unit to two zirconium centres with 59  almost no distortion.  The dihedral angle of the two ZrN2 planes is 179.5\u00B0.  Similar to that reported for {[NPN]*Zr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) with an N-N bond at 1.503(6) \u00C5,7 the N-N bond in 3.7 is 1.508(5) \u00C5, corresponding to the reduction of N2 to N24-.  One THF molecule is coordinated to each Zr centre, and overall, 3.7 displays C2 symmetry in the solid state.  A two-fold rotation axis bisects the N-N bond, while perpendicular to the plane of Zr2N2 core.  The Zr-N bond lengths of the N2 core are slightly different from each other: Zr1-N3 is 2.017(3) \u00C5, while Zr1-N3* is 2.073(3) \u00C5.  The Zr1-N1 and Zr1-N2 bonds are 2.237(3) \u00C5 and 2.189(3) \u00C5, respectively.  Compared to the Zr-Namido bond length at about 2.1 \u00C5 in the zirconium complexes 3.1 - 3.6, these bond lengths are quite elongated.  The Zr1-P1 bond is 2.7136(9) \u00C5, and the Zr1-O1 bond is 2.348(2) \u00C5, which are typical.  As observed in other CY5[NPN]DMPZr complexes, the P1-Zr1-N1 and P1-Zr-N2 angles are at 74.35(7)\u00B0 and 74.61(7)\u00B0.  Figure 3.12. The side view of the stereochemistry around Zr in 3.7.  The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of the black crystals analyzed by X-ray diffraction shows a singlet at \u03B4 -25.2 in THF-d8, indicating that both of the phosphines in the dinulcear complex are 60  equivalent.  Despite many efforts, the acquisition of a good quality 1H NMR spectrum was unsuccessful.  The N2 complex, 3.7, is extremely unstable; upon isolation from a THF solution, the black powder decomposes to an unidentified blue residue within minutes in the glovebox.  It is know that dissociation of THF can lead to the decomposition of the N2 complex {[NPN]*Zr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2).7  The decomposition of 3.7 was also observed in THF over the course of a few days, changing from green coloured solution to brown.  Due to this fact and the presence of impurities, other spectroscopic and analytical data could not be obtained. In an attempt to improve the yield of the N2 complex and reduce the formation of by-products, a wide range of different reaction conditions were attempted.  For example, several attempts were made to change the concentration of the reactants in THF.  The resulting reaction mixtures were generally a dark green/brown color.  Four peaks were consistently seen in the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum at \u03B4 -25.0, -31.9, -32.7, and -44.4; the peak at \u03B4 -25.0 is assumed to correspond to the N2 complex.  Compared to the [NPN]*ZrCl2 system, where the concentration of zirconium dichloride is 100mg/ml, a very concentrated solution of 3.2 was not beneficial for the formation of N2 complex; through several attempts, it was found that 40 mg/ml gave the optimal result in which the number of by-products were minimized. Changing the solvent from THF to diethyl ether also reduced the number of by-products.  Only three peaks appeared in the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum at \u03B4 -25.0, -32.9, and -32.6.  The color of the reaction mixture was bright green, slightly different from that in THF.  The peak at \u03B4 -25.0 is possibly attributed to the desired N2 complex. Diiodide metal complexes have been shown to improve the yield of the corresponding dinitrogen complexes compared to dichloro metal complexes in these reduction reactions.19  For this reason, the reaction of CY5[NPN]DMPZrI2 with 2.2 equivalents of KC8 in THF was performed 61  under the same conditions used for the dichloro metal complex.  After workup, the solution was brown. 31P{1H} NMR analysis of the crude reaction mixture clearly showed the formation of two products at \u03B4 -30.9 and -46.2, with minor impurities.  No peak showed up around \u03B4 -25.0, where the N2 complex signal is assumed to appear.  The reduction of CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 was also performed with reducing reagent sodium naphthalenide, and the result was a mixture of several species without any peaks observed at \u03B4 -25.0 in the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum. Attempts were also made to prepare a zirconium-dinitrogen compound from CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2 and KC8 in diethyl ether.  After warming to room temperature overnight, the solution was brown in colour.  31P{1H} NMR spectrum of the crude reaction mixture in diethyl ether showed the presence of two doublets at \u03B4 89.1, 76.4 and one singlet at \u03B4 -27.1.  The coupling constants for the two doublets are 52 Hz and 48 Hz, respectively.  A black colored solid was obtained after workup in diethyl ether.  Attempts to purify the reaction mixture by washing the solid with pentane were unsuccessful.  However, some orange crystals suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained by vapour diffusion of pentane into a concentrated THF solution of the reaction mixture.  The solid-state molecular structure of these crystals 3.8 is shown in Figure 3.13.  This dimeric complex is formally a dianionic complex.20  It is generated via ligand cleavage during reduction by KC8.  The 31P{1H} NMR signal of this single product corresponds to the singlet at \u03B4 -27.1 in the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of reaction mixture.  62    Figure 3.13. ORTEP drawing of the solid-state molecular structure of 3.8 (ellipsoids at 50% probability level).  All hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity.  Selected bond length (\u00C5) and angles (\u00B0): C1-C2 1.382(3), C1-N1 1.379(2), Zr1-N1 2.1532(16), Zr1-N2 1.8762(18), Zr1-P1 63  2.6651(5), Zr1-P1* 2.7873(5), Zr1-C18 2.3411(17), P1-C36 1.829 (2), C2-P1 1.824(2), C24-N2 1.381(3), N1-C6 1.432(2), Zr1-N1-C6 143.40(13), Zr1-N1-C1 94.86(11), C6-N1-C1 117.95(16), N1-C1-C2 124.60(18), N1-C1-C5 123.66(17), C2-C1-C5 111.42(17),  P1-Zr1-P1* 65.670(17), Zr1-P1-Zr* 114.330(17), P1-Zr1-N1 83.14(5).   3.3 Conclusions  In this chapter, zirconium complexes of the proligands CY5[NPN]DMPH2 and CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 can be prepared by protonolysis and metathesis reactions in high yield.  Zirconium bis(dimethylamido) complexes of these ligands are prepared from the two proligands and Zr(NMe2)4.  The reaction of proligand CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 with Zr(NMe2)4 needs a higher temperature and a longer reaction time due to the bulkiness of the two ortho-isopropyl groups on the amidoaryl substituent.  Reactions of CY5[NPN]DMPZr(NMe2)2 and CY5[NPN]DIPPZr(NMe2)2 with excess Me3SiCl generate the corresponding dichloride complexes.  The diiodide complexes can also be prepared in high yield from the corresponding diamido Zr derivatives and excess Me3SiI.  Both the zirconium diamide complexes and dichloride complexes, as well as CY5[NPN]DMPZrI2, have been characterized in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.  The attempted reduction reactions of CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 by KC8 to form a dinitrogen complex generally led to a mixture of products.  However, the formation of the zirconium dinitrogen complex, {CY5[NPN]DMPZr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2), is confirmed in the solid state.  It shows that the N2 moiety is coordinated side-on to two Zr atoms, with the N-N bond length of 1.509(5) \u00C5, corresponding to reduction to N24-.  64  Diethyl ether was also tried in the reduction of CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 with KC8 in the presence of N2.  Although the reduction in diethyl ether reduced the number of generated by-products, the yield of the dinitrogen complex did not improve.  Changing the zirconium halide to CY5[NPN]DMPZrI2 or using other reducing reagents like sodium naphthalenide was also tried, in an attempt to generate the anticipated dinitrogen complex.  However, both these routes led to unidentifiable products. The reduction of CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2 using 2.2 equivalents of KC8 in diethyl ether led to a mixture of products.  A single product identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction proves the formation of a dimeric zirconium species due to the cleavage of the ligand.  No definitive evidence was found for the formation of a dinitrogen complex.  In light of the evidence from the reduction of both dichlorozirconium complexes 3.2 and 3.4, it seems that the cyclopentene ring linker is not robust enough to sustain such harsh reduction conditions.   The complexity of products that can result by the use of strong reducing agents in the preparation of dinitrogen complexes has been illustrated previously in other systems.21  During the preparation of dark blue ([P2N2]Zr)2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) (Figure 3.2), a small amount of a yellow crystalline byproduct was observed as shown in Figure 3.14.  This byproduct does not contain dinitrogen; instead, a phosphorus-phenyl group on one [P2N2]Zr unit is bound to the zirconium center of another [P2N2]Zr fragment.  Because dinitrogen is not a particularly good ligand, highly reduced complexes can undergo other competing reactions rather than activate N2.  This may be one reason for the formation of multiple by-products in the reduction of 3.2 and 3.4.  65   Figure 3.14. The minor byproduct observed in the preparation of ([P2N2]Zr)2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) (silyl methyl substituents of [P2N2] omitted).  3.4 Experimental 3.4.1 General Experimental General experimental conditions are given in chapter two.    3.4.2 Starting Materials and Reagents KC8 was prepared according to literature procedure;22 sodium naphthalenide was prepared and titrated according to a literature procedure.23  Me3SiCl and Me3SiI were purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification.  Zn(NMe2)4 was purchased from Strem and used without further purification.   Synthesis of CY5[NPN]DMPZr(NMe2)2 (3.1) Zr(NMe2)4 (1.463 g, 3.05 mmol) and 2.2 (0.815 g, 3.05 mmol) were mixed together, and dissolved in toluene(20 ml).  The reaction mixture was then transferred to a 100-ml Kontes-sealed reaction vessel (bomb), and stirred in oil bath at 60\u00B0C for 12 h.  The resulted yellow solution was taken to dryness to obtain a yellow residue.  Upon addition of pentane (10 ml), a 66  light yellow precipitate formed, and was collected on a frit and dried (1.71 g, 2.60 mmol, 85%).  Yellow single crystals of 3.1 suitable for X-ray diffraction were grown by slow evaporation of a pentane solution of the compound.                  1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.58 (dd, 2H, JHP = 8 Hz, JHH = 8 Hz, o-PPh), 7.25 (t, 2H, 8 Hz, m-PPh), 7.11(t, 1H, 8 Hz, p-PPh), 7.05 (d, 2H, 8 Hz, m-NAr), 7.03 (d, 2H, 8 Hz, m-NAr), 6.92 (t, 2H, 8 Hz, p-NAr), 2.90 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 2.74 (m, 2H), 2.53 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 6H, ArCH3), 2.33 (s, 6H, ArCH3), 2.24 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 2.08 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 6H).                                                                                                                                31P{1H} NMR (C6D6, 162 MHz): \u03B4 = -38.9 (s).       13C{1H} NMR (C6D6, 101 MHz): \u03B4 = 173.1 (d, 37 Hz), 148.9, 135.7, 134.7, 133.9 (d, 32 Hz), 131.2 (d, 12 Hz), 128.7, 128.6, 128.1, 127.8, 124.3, 93.5 (d, 32 Hz), 42.8, 42.2, 34.2 (d, 11 Hz), 31.0 (d, 3 Hz), 24.3 (d, 6 Hz), 19.5, 19.4.                                                                                  EI-MS (m/z): 656 [M]+, 612 [M - NMe2]+.                         Anal. Calcd. for C36H47N4PZr: C, 65.71; H, 7.20; N, 8.51; Found: C, 65.36; H, 7.30; N, 8.24.     Synthesis of CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 (3.2) To a stirred yellow toluene solution (30 ml) of 3.1 (1.53 g, 2.33 mmol) was added trimethylsilane chloride (2.53 g, 23.3 mmol) dropwise.  The solution was stirred for overnight.  An orange precipitate gradually formed.  The reaction mixture was taken to dryness to get an orange powder that was collected on a frit, washed with pentane (3 \u00D7 5 ml), and dried (1.42 g, 2.22 mmol, 95%).  X-ray quality orange crystals of 3.2 were grown by slow evaporation of a benzene solution of the compound.                       1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.58 (dd, 2H, JHP = 8 Hz, JHH = 8 Hz, o-PPh), 7.16 (t, 2H, 8 Hz, m-PPh), 7.06 (t, 1H, 8 Hz, p-PPh), 6.96 (m, 6H), 2.64 (m, 2H), 2.48 (s, 6H, ArCH3), 2.50 (m, 67  2H), 2.43 (s, 6H, ArCH3), 1.91 (m, 2H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.69 (m, 4H).       31P{1H} NMR (C6D6, 162 MHz): \u03B4 = -31.9 (s)       13C{1H} NMR (C6D6, 101 MHz): \u03B4 = 172.4 (d, 51 Hz), 143.5, 135.8 (d, 35 Hz), 130.7 (d, 15 Hz), 129.7, 129.4, 129.2, 129.1, 128.7, 128.4, 127.4, 103.6 (d, 53 Hz), 32.5 (d, 18 Hz), 30.6 (d, 5 Hz), 24.0 (d, 9 Hz), 19.7, 19.0.                                                          EI-MS (m/z): 640 [M]+, 532 [M-PPh]+.                         Anal. Calcd. for C32H35Cl2N2PZr\u20220.73 toluene: C, 62.93; H, 5.82; N, 3.96; Found: C, 62.58; H, 5.79; N, 3.88.    Synthesis of CY5[NPN]DMPZrI2 (3.3) To a stirred yellow toluene solution (5 ml) of 3.1 (0.276 g, 0.421 mmol) was added trimethylsilane iodide (0.842 g, 4.21 mmol) dropwise.  The solution was stirred for overnight. An orange precipitate gradually formed.  The reaction mixture was taken to dryness to give a deep orange powder that was collected on a frit, washed with pentane (3 \u00D7 1 ml), and dried (0.318 g, 0.387 mmol, 92%).  X-ray quality crystals of 3.3 were grown by slow diffusion of pentane into a benzene solution of the compound.              1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.49 (dd, 2H, JHP = 8 Hz, JHH = 8 Hz, o-PPh), 7.18 (t, 2H, 8 Hz, m-PPh), 7.07 (t, 1H, 8 Hz, p-PPh), 7.05 (t, 2H, 8 Hz, p-NAr), 6.98 (m, 4H, m-NAr), 2.63 (s, 6H, ArCH3), 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.39 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 6H), 1.92 (m, 2H), 1.74 (m, 6H).      31P{1H} NMR (C6D6, 162 MHz): \u03B4 = -30.1 (s)       13C{1H} NMR (C6D6, 101 MHz): \u03B4 = 172.8 (d, 36 Hz), 142.8, 136.2 (d, 30 Hz), 130.6 (d, 10 Hz), 129.8, 129.7, 129.2, 129.1, 129.0, 128.0, 127.8, 105.7 (d, 38 Hz), 32.9 (d, 12 Hz), 31.1 (d, 3 Hz), 24.30 (d, 6 Hz), 21.1, 20.8.                                68  EI-MS (m/z): 822 [M]+, 695 [M - I]+.                                   Anal. Calcd. for C32H35I2N2PZr: C, 46.66; H, 4.28; N, 3.40; Found: C, 46.64; H, 4.58; N, 3.27.     Synthesis of CY5[NPN]DIPPZr(NMe2)2 (3.4) Zr(NMe2)4 (0.186 g, 0.699 mmol) and 2.4 (0.414 g, 0.699 mmol) were mixed together, and dissolved in toluene(10 ml).  The reaction mixture was then transferred to a 100-ml Kontes-sealed reaction vessel (bomb), and stirred in oil bath at 100\u00B0C for ten days.  The resulted yellow solution was taken to dryness to obtain a yellow residue.  Upon addition of pentane (5 ml), a light yellow precipitate formed, and was collected on a frit and dried (0.435 g, 0.566 mmol, 81%).  Yellow single crystals of 3.4 suitable for X-ray diffraction were grown by slow evaporation of a pentane solution of the compound. 1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.58 (dd, 2H, JHP = 8 Hz, JHH = 8 Hz, o-PPh), 7.28 (t, 2H, 8 Hz, m-PPh), 7.18 (t, 2H, 8 Hz, p-NAr), 7.16 (t, 2H, 8 Hz, p-PPh), 7.10 (m, 4H, m-NAr), 3.60 (sept, 4H, 4 Hz, CH), 2.71 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 2.70 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 2.49 (m, 2H), 2.17 (m, 4H, CH2), 1.88 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.76 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.32 (d, 6H, 4 Hz, CCH3), 1.30 (d, 6H, 4 Hz, CCH3), 1.21 (d, 6H, 4 Hz, CCH3), 1.10 (d, 6H, 4 Hz, CCH3).      31P{1H} NMR (C6D6, 162 MHz): \u03B4 = -35.5 (s).       13C{1H} NMR (C6D6, 101 MHz): \u03B4 = 173.9 (d, 33 Hz), 146.3, 144.9, 134.2, 131.4 (d, 13), 128.6 (d, 9 Hz), 128.1, 127.8, 125.3, 123.8, 123.4, 90.6 (d, 35), 42.3, 40.5, 34.8 (d, 9 Hz), 31.3 (d, 3 Hz), 27.9, 27.7, 25.7, 25.2, 24.6 (d, 5 Hz), 23.7.                     EI-MS (m/z): 768 [M]+, 725[M- CH(CH3)2]+.                         Anal. Calcd. for C44H63N4PZr: C, 68.62; H, 8.24; N, 7.27; Found: C, 68.37; H, 7.86; N, 6.94.   69  Synthesis of CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2 (3.5) To a stirred yellow toluene solution (10 ml) of 3.4 (0.601g, 0.782 mmol) was added trimethylsilane chloride (0.845 g, 7.82 mmol) dropwise.  The solution was stirred for overnight.  An orange precipitate gradually formed.  The reaction mixture was taken to dryness to get an orange powder that was collected on a frit, washed with pentane (3 \u00D7 2 ml), and dried (0.563 g, 0.751 mmol, 96%).  X-ray quality orange crystals of 3.5 were grown by slow evaporation of a benzene solution of the compound. 1H NMR (C6D6, 300 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.63 (dd, 2H, JHP = 6 Hz, JHH = 6 Hz, o-PPh), 7.19 \u2013 7.14 (m, overlap with the solvent peak), 7.08 (m, 3H), 3,68 (sept, 2H, 6 Hz, CH), 3.44 (sept, 2H, 6 Hz, CH), 2.60 (m, 2H), 2.49 (m, 2H), 2.14 (m, 2H), 1.78 (m, 4H), 1.64 (m, 2H), 1.53 (d, 6H, 6 Hz, CH3), 1.42 (d, 6H, 6 Hz, CH3), 1.19 (d, 6H, 6 Hz, CH3), 1.09 (d, 6H, 6 Hz, CH3).      31P{1H} NMR (C6D6, 121 MHz): \u03B4 = -32.3 (s)       13C{1H} NMR (C6D6, 101 MHz): \u03B4 = 172.3 (d, 48 Hz), 146.3, 145.0, 141.9, 131.2 (d, 16 Hz), 129.9, 128.9 (d, 13 Hz), 128.0, 127.7, 124.9, 124.4, 102.4 (d, 50 Hz), 34.1 (d, 17 Hz), 31.0 (d, 4 Hz), 29.0, 28.5, 25.7, 25.6, 24.4, 24.3(d, 8 Hz), 24.0.                      EI-MS (m/z): 752 [M]+                           Anal. Calcd. for C40H51Cl2N2PZr: C, 63.81; H, 6.83; N, 3.72; Found: C, 63.54; H, 6.63; N, 3.72.    Synthesis of CY5[NPN]DIPPZrI2 (3.6) To a stirred yellow toluene solution (10 ml) of 3.4 (0.500 g, 0.651 mmol) was added trimethylsilane iodide (2.60 g, 13.0 mmol) dropwise.  The solution was stirred for overnight. A yellow precipitate gradually formed.  The reaction mixture was taken to dryness to get yellow color residue that was washed with pentane (3 \u00D7 2 ml), and dried (0.255 g, 0.273 mmol, 42%). 70  1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): \u03B4 = 7.45 (dd, 2H, JHP = 8 Hz, JHH = 8 Hz, o-PPh), 7.17 (m, overlap with the solvent peak), 7.12 \u2013 7.02 (m, 7H), 3,60 (bs, 2H, CH), 3.50 (bs, 2H, CH), 2.40 (m, 6H), 2.08 (m, 2H), 1.74 (m, 2H), 1.56 (m, 2H), 1.59 (d, 6H, 8 Hz, CH3), 1.30 (d, 6H, 8 Hz, CH3), 1.25 (d, 6H, 8 Hz, CH3), 1.08 (d, 6H, 8 Hz, CH3).              31P{1H} NMR (C6D6, 162 MHz): \u03B4 = 3.4 (s)               EI-MS (m/z): 934 [M]+, 807 [M - I]+.                                    Anal. Calcd. for C40H51I2N2PZr: C, 51.34; H, 5.49; N, 2.99; Found: C, 51.56; H, 5.69; N, 3.00.    General Procedure for the Reduction Reactions The general procedure is given for the reduction of CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 (3.2) with 2.2 equivalent of KC8 in THF.  All the other reductions introduced in this Chapter use the similar reaction procedure unless described specifically.    Compound CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 (3.2) (0.296 g, 0.463 mmol) and KC8 (0.137 g, 1.02 mmol) were added to a 200 ml thick-walled Kontes-sealed reaction vessel (bomb) and shaken to mix thoroughly.  THF (10 ml) was vacuum-transferred to the solid mixture at -196\u00B0C.  The flask was filled with N2 at -196\u00B0C, sealed, and warmed slowly to room temperature in a liquid-N2/dry ice/EtOH slurry behind a blast shield.  After the mixture gradually melted in one hour, it was stirred vigorously.  The solution was stirred overnight.  The next day, the bomb was depressurized by first cooling to -196\u00B0C, opening the seal to N2 and allowing the bomb to warm to room temperature.  The green solution was filtered through Celite to remove all the residual graphite and salt.  The filtrate was concentrated to about 3 ml and pentane (5 ml) was added.  71  Some blue color solid quickly precipitated out.  Crystals of 3.7 suitable for X-ray analysis were grown in an NMR tube by slow evaporation of THF solution. Compound 3.7 31P{1H} NMR (d8-THF, 162 MHz): \u03B4 = -25.2 (s)                  72  3.5 References 1 Allen, A. D.; Senoff, C. V. Chem. Commun. 1965, 621.                 2 Fryzuk, M. D.; Johnson, S. A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200, 379.  3 King, W. A.; Scott, B. L.; Eckert, J.; Kubas, G. J. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 1069.             4 de los Rios, I.; Tenoria, M. J.; Padilla, J.; Puerta, M. C.; Valerga, P. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4565.                      5 Manriquez, J. M.; Bercaw, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 6229.              6 Hidai, M.; Tominari, K.; Uchida, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 110.                 7 Fryzuk, M. D.; Haddad, T. S.; Rettig, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 8185.              8 Morello, L.; Ferreira, M. J.; Patrick, B. O.; Fryzuk, M. D. Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 1319.                      9 Morello, L.; Yu, P.; Carmichael, C. D.; Patrick, B. O.; Fryzuk, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12796                        10 Maclachlan, E. A.; Hess, F. M.; Patrick, B. O.; Fryzuk, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10895.                         11 Ballmann, J.; Munh\u00E1, R. F.; Fryzuk, M. D. Chem. Comm. 2010, 46, 1013.                         12 de Wolf, J. M.; Blaauw, R.; Meetsma, A.; Teuben, J. H.; Gyepes, R.; Varga, V.; Mach. K.; Veldma, N.; Spek, A. L. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4977.                13 Pool, J. A.; Lobkovsky, E.; Chirik, P. J. Organometallics 2003, 22, 2797.             14 Laplaza, C. E.; Cummins, C. C. Science 1995, 268, 861.                 15 Menard, G.; Fryzuk, M. D. Organometallics 2009, 28, 5253.              16 MacLachlan, E. A.; Fryzuk, M. D. Organometallics 2005, 24, 1112.             17 a) Skinner, M. E. G.; Li, Y.; Mountford, P. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41, 1110. b) Chien, P-S; Liang, L-C, Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 5147.                    73  18 King, W. A.; Di Bella, S.; Gulino, A.; Lanza, G.; Fragala, I. L.; Stern, C. L.; Marks, I. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 355.                                   19 Fryzuk, M. D.; Corkin, J. R.; Patrick, B. O. Can. J. Chem. 2003, 81, 1376.                  20 The contrary cation could not be identified because the collected X-ray data is not good enough.  cryst. sys. = monoclinic, space group = P 21/c, a = 13.7517(4) \u00C5, b = 18.2284(6) \u00C5, c = 17.4805(6) \u00C5, \u03B1 = 90\u00B0, \u03B2 = 111.3290(10)\u00B0, \u03B3 = 90\u00B0, V = 4066.7(6) \u00C5, final R indices [I &gt; 2sigma(I)]: R1 = 0.0433, wR2= 0.1317, R indices (all data): R1 = 0.0561, wR2 = 0.1399.  21 Fryzuk, M. D.; Kozak, C. M.; Mehrkhodavandi, P.; Morello, L.; Patrick, B. O.; Rettig, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 516. 22 Bergbreiter, D. E.; Killough, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 2126.      23 Adam, W.; Arce, J. J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 507.               74  Chapter 4 Thesis Summary and Future Work   4.1 Thesis Summary  In this thesis, two new diiminophosphine proligands were synthesized.  These two proligands, CY5[NPN]DMPH2 (DMP = 2, 6-Me2C6H3) and CY5[NPN]DIPPH2 (DIPP = 2, 6-iPr2C6H3), featuring a five-membered cyclopentyl linker, were investigated to determine their effect on zirconium to activate N2.  The two-step synthetic strategy for these proligands is simple and straightforward.  Zirconium complexes bearing these two ligands, CY5[NPN]DMP and CY5[NPN]DIPP, were synthesized.  Through the comparison of the solid-state structures between the corresponding zirconium complexes, [NPN]*ZrCl2 and CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2, it is shown that this cyclopentenyl linked diamidophosphine ligand, CY5[NPN]DMP, can expose the zirconium metal centre more than [NPN]*.1  Reduction of the CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 complex using KC8 in THF under 4 atmospheres of N2 can produce a side-on bound dinitrogen complex, {CY5[NPN]DMPZr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2), which is confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction.  Similar to the reported {[NPN]*Zr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2),2 the triple N-N bond is reduced to a single bond.  The N2-unit is bound to two zirconium centres without any significant distortion.  Due to the large number of side products observed in the reaction and the facile decomposition of the N2 complex, it is impossible to obtain pure dinitrogen complex necessary to do further reactivity test.   The reduction of CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2 was performed with 2.2 equivalents of KC8 in diethyl ether, which led to a mixture of products.  One minor product could be partially identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction.  It was confirmed to be a dimeric zirconium species formed 75  from the cleavage of the ligand.  Combining the evidence from the reduction of both the dichloro Zr complexes, it seems that the cyclopentene ring linker is not robust enough to sustain such harsh reduction conditions. The synthesis of a diamidodioxo ligand based on the scaffold of the macrocycle compound calix[4]arene was attempted.  Modification of the phenol-donors to amine donors was generally unsuccessful due to the bulkiness created by the four t-butyl groups on the aryl rings.  4.2 Future Work A new reaction for the activation of N2 emerged in the late 1990s when a early transition-metal alkyl complex reacted with H2 gas, followed by N2 gas.3  The synthesis of N2 complexes by the hydrogenolysis of early transition-metal alkyl complexes is attractive because H2 is the only reagent used besides N2.  There are many examples of early transition metal complexes that activate N2 by an alkali metal reagent, such as potassium graphite (KC8) or sodium amalgam.  The use of strong reductants is one of the major barriers to the development of industrially applicable homogeneous catalysis for N2 fixation.    An ansa-zirconocene dinitrogen complex, [rac-(Bp)Zr]2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) (rac-Bp = [Me2Si(-2-SiMe3-4-tBu-\u03B75-C5H2)2]2-) was prepared by hydrogenolysis of an alkylzirconium complex.  When a solution of (rac-Bp)ZrMe2 was exposed to H2 gas, (rac-Bp)ZrH2 was formed.  Exposure of the dihydride to N2 gas yielded [rac-(Bp)Zr]2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2) with loss of H2 (Scheme 4.1).4  The advantage to use H2 as the reductant in the synthesis of N2 complexes is the compatibility of H2 with a range of reagents that functionalize coordinated N2. 76   Scheme 4.1 Further efforts using these two ancillary ligands (CY5[NPN]DMP and CY5[NPN]DIPP) will concentrate on synthesizing Zr hydride complexes to determine if a Zr-N2 complex could be generated through the elimination of H2.  The synthetic strategy for the ligand CY5[NPN]DMP is proposed as shown in Scheme 4.2.  Zr alkyl complexes, CY5[NPN]DMPZrR2 (R = Me, Bn), would be generated from CY5[NPN]DMPZrR2 and RMgCl.  Upon exposure to H2,  a Zr-dihydride species could be obtained, which will be used to test its reactivity towards N2.   77   Scheme 4.2 In recent years, the Milstein group reported one PNN-type ruthenium pincer complex 4.1 (Scheme 4.1) which could catalytically facilitate the dehydrogenative coupling of primary alcohols to give esters,5 the dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols to give ketones,6 the hydrogenation of esters to give alcohols,7 and the coupling of alcohols with amines to form amides with the liberation of H2.8  This catalyst features a \u201Cdearomatizable\u201D aminomethyl phosphinomethyl pyridine pincer ligand (Scheme 4.3),7 and is remarkable for its versatile functions useful in forming fine chemicals.  All the reactions are based on metal-ligand cooperation during the reversible deprotonation of a pyridinyl methylene group in which dearomatization/aromatization are key catalytic steps. 78   Scheme 4.3  Based on the notable feature that enamine and imine equilibrium can happen in the cyclopentane linked diiminophosphine proligands, its ruthenium chemistry similar to the PNN-type ligand system in dehydrogenation and hydrogenation could be the focus of further study.  One possible strategy to synthesize the ruthenium metal catalyst 4.4 is proposed in Scheme 4.4.  Addition of the diiminophosphine proligand to RuHCl(PPh3)3(CO) would lead to metal complex 4.3, which could generate compound 4.4 upon deprotonation by one equivalent of base.  Metal-ligand cooperation during the reversible deprotonation of one imine group of the ligand as shown between compounds 4.4 and 4.5 would be the key step to promote the whole catalytic cycle.    79   Scheme 4.4          80  4.3 References 1 MacLachlan, E. A.; Fryzuk, M. D. Organometallics, 2005, 24, 1112.   2 MacLachlan, E. A.; Hess, F. M.; Patrick, B. O.; Fryzuk, M. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10895. 3 Ballmann, J.; Munh\u00E1, R. F.; Fryzuk, M. D. Chem. Comm. 2010, 46, 1013.  4 Chirik, P. J.; Henling, L. M.; Bercaw, J. E. Organometallics 2001, 20, 534.  5 Zhang, J.; Leitus, G.; Ben-David, Y.; Milstein, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 10840.  6 a) Zhang, J.; Gandelman, M.; Shimon, L. J. W.; Milstein, D. Dalton Trans. 2007, 107.  b) Gunanathan, C.; Shimon, L. J. W.; Milstein, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 3146.  7 Zhang, J.; Leitus, G.; Ben-David, Y.; Milstein, D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 1113.  8 Gunannathan, Y.; Ben-David, Y.; Milstein, D. Science 2007, 317, 790.            81  Appendix X-ray Crystal Structure Data and Analysis  A.1 X-ray Crystal Structure Data  Table A.1. Crystal Data and Structure Refinement for 2.5 and CY5[NPN]DMPZr(NMe2)2 (3.1).  compound 2.5 3.1 formula C47H59F3O6S C36H47N4PZr FW 809.00 657.97 T, K 173 173 cryst. sys. triclinic triclinic space group P-1 P-1 a, \u00C5 12.404(3) 11.5299(4) b, \u00C5 14.603(3) 11.7212(4) c, \u00C5 15.070(4) 12.9070(5) \u03B1, \u00BA 61.255(10) 89.473(2) \u03B2, \u00BA 69.429(11) 88.110(2) \u03B3, \u00BA 72.545(11) 72.927(2) V, \u00C53 2211.9(9) 1666.53(10) Z 2 2 \u03C1calc, g/cm3 1.215 1.311 abs. coeff., mm-1 0.132 0.408 F(000) 864 692 cryst. size, mm 0.32 x 0.11 x 0.07 0.60 x 0.50 x 0.44 radiation Mo Mo \u03B8 range, \u00BA 1.72 \u2013 22.48 1.82 \u2013 28.02 total no. of reflns 23666 43830 no. of unique reflns 5719 7969 completeness to  \u03B8 = 22.48\u00BA, 98.9% \u03B8 = 28.02\u00BA, 98.7% max and min. trans. 0.9908 and 0.8833 0.8408 and 0.7918 gof 1.013 1.062 final R indices [I &gt; 2sigma(I)] R1 = 0.0472, wR2 = 0.0995 R1 = 0.0209, wR2 = 0.0543 R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0943, wR2 = 0.1179 R1 = 0.0229, wR2 = 0.0553 largest diff. peak and hole, e/\u00C53 0.535 and -0.260 0.363 and -0.297  82  Table A.2. Crystal Data and Structure Refinement for CY5[NPN]DMPZrCl2 (3.2) and CY5[NPN]DMPZrI2 (3.3).  compound 3.2 3.3 formula C32H35Cl2N2PZr C32H35I2N2PZr FW 640.74 823.61 T, K 173 173 cryst. sys. orthorhombic monoclinic space group Pcmn P_21/c a, \u00C5 12.976(4) 19.192(5) b, \u00C5 14.267(5) 7.563(5) c, \u00C5 19.098(7) 22.219(5) \u03B1, \u00BA 90 90.000(5) \u03B2, \u00BA 90 91.090(5) \u03B3, \u00BA 90 90.000(5) V, \u00C53 3536(2) 3224(2) Z 8 4 \u03C1calc, g/cm3 1.350 1.697 abs. coeff., mm-1 0.536 2.328 F(000) 1488 1608 cryst. size, mm 0.40 x 0.40 x 0.35 0.35 x 0.24 x 0.20 radiation Mo Mo \u03B8 range, \u00BA 1.90 \u2013 27.89 1.83 \u2013 25.07 total no. of reflns 46631 37845 no. of unique reflns 4392 5702 completeness to  \u03B8 = 27.89\u00BA, 100.0% \u03B8 = 25.07\u00BA, 99.9% max and min. trans. 0.8346 and 0.8142 0.7452 and 0.6152 gof 1.053 1.127 final R indices [I &gt; 2sigma(I)] R1 = 0.0216, wR2 = 0.0590 R1 = 0.0193, wR2 = 0.0486 R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0260, wR2 = 0.0610 R1 = 0.0214, wR2 = 0.0499 largest diff. peak and hole, e/\u00C53 0.339 and -0.306 0.979 and -0.348      83  Table A.3. Crystal Data and Structure Refinement for CY5[NPN]DIPPZr(NMe2)2 (3.4) and CY5[NPN]DIPPZrCl2 (3.5).  compound 3.4 3.5 formula C44H63N4PZr C40H51Cl2N2PZr FW 770.20 752.95 T, K 173 173 cryst. sys. triclinic monoclinic space group P_-1 P 21/c a, \u00C5 10.9990(4) 16.5347(14) b, \u00C5 17.8520(6) 19.8606(16) c, \u00C5 21.4760(9) 12.7659(10) \u03B1, \u00BA 99.108(2) 90 \u03B2, \u00BA 99.135(2) 91.719(4) \u03B3, \u00BA 90.293(2) 90 V, \u00C53 4108.9(3) 4190.3(6) Z 2 5 \u03C1calc, g/cm3 1.245 1.317 abs. coeff., mm-1 0.341 0.462 F(000) 1640 1744 cryst. size, mm 0.30 x 0.20 x 0.08 0.20 x 0.10 x 0.04 radiation Mo Mo \u03B8 range, \u00BA 0.97 \u2013 25.03 1.23 \u2013 27.46 total no. of reflns 52990 101430 no. of unique reflns 14397 9540 completeness to  \u03B8 = 25.03\u00BA, 99.1% \u03B8 = 27.46\u00BA, 99.3% max and min. trans. 0.9732 and 0.9046 0.9818 and 0.9133 gof 0.982 1.105 final R indices [I &gt; 2sigma(I)] R1 = 0.0407, wR2 = 0.0809 R1 = 0.0364, wR2 = 0.0874 R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0742, wR2 = 0.0882 R1 = 0.0510, wR2 = 0.0977 largest diff. peak and hole, e/\u00C53 0.508 and -0.512 1.519 and -0.322      84  Table A.4. Crystal Data and Structure Refinement for {CY5[NPN]DMPZr(THF)}2(\u00B5-\u03B72:\u03B72-N2)  (3.7)*.  compound 3.7\u2219 formula C72H86N6O2P2Zr2 FW 1311.89 T, K 173 cryst. sys. monoclinic space group C 2/c a, \u00C5 25.1464(7) b, \u00C5 17.1479(5) c, \u00C5 18.2636(5) \u03B1, \u00BA 90 \u03B2, \u00BA 107.6160 (10) \u03B3, \u00BA 90 V, \u00C53 7506.1(4) Z 8 \u03C1calc, g/cm3 1.225 abs. coeff., mm-1 0.368 F(000) 2904 cryst. size, mm 0.40 x 0.30 x 0.20 radiation Mo \u03B8 range, \u00BA 1.70 \u2013 27.91 total no. of reflns 33430 no. of unique reflns 8934 completeness to  \u03B8 = 27.91\u00BA, 99.7% max and min. trans. 0.9300 and 0.8667 gof 1.179 final R indices [I &gt; 2sigma(I)] R1 = 0.0512, wR2 = 0.1736 R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0705, wR2 = 0.1950 largest diff. peak and hole, e/\u00C53 3.032 and -1.018     *Residual electron density consistent with disordered solvent was evident, however, no reasonable model could be established.  Instead, the program SQUEEZE was used to generate a data set that corrects for the scattering contribution from this disordered solvent.  85  A.2 X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis Selected crystals were coated in oil, mounted on a glass fiber, and placed under an N2 stream.  Measurements for compounds were made on a Bruker X8 Apex II diffractometer or a Bruker X8 Apex DUO diffractometer, both with graphite-monochromated Mo K\u03B1 radiation (\u03BB = 0.71073 \u00C5).  The data were collected at a temperature of 173 \u00B1 1 K.  Data were collected and integrated using the Bruker SAINT software package.1  Data were corrected for absorption effects using the multi-scan technique (SADABS)2 and for Lorentz and polarization effects.  Neutral atom scattering factors were taken from Cromer and Waber.3  Anomalous dispersion effects were included in Fcalc;4 the values for \u0394f '' and \u0394f''' were those of Creagh and McAuley.5  The values for the mass attenuation coefficients are those of Creagh and Hubbell.6  All refinements were performed using the SHELXTL crystallographic software package of Bruker-AXS.  The structure was solved by direct methods.  All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically using SHELXL-97.  Except where noted, hydrogen atoms were included in fixed positions.  Structures were solved and refined using the WinGX software package version 1.70.01.        86  A.3 References 1 SAINT. Version 6.02. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. (1999). 2 SADABS. Bruker Nonius area detector scaling and absorption correction - V2.05, Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 3 Cromer, D. T.; Waber, J. T. International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, Vol. IV; The Kynoch Press: Birmingham, England, 1974, Table 2.2 A. 4 Ibers, J. A.; Hamilton, W. C. Acta Crystallogr. 1964, 17, 781. 5 Creagh, D. C.; McAuley, W.J. International Tables for Crystallography, Vol C; Wilson, A. J. C., ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, 1992, Table 4.2.6.8, pp. 219-222. 6 Creagh, D. C.; Hubbell, J.H. International Tables for Crystallography, Vol C; Wilson, A.J.C, ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, 1992, Table 4.2.4.3, pp. 200-206.   "@en
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