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"&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Anyone who has ever taken a psychology probably has at least a basic understanding of Abraham Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.verywell.com/hierarchy-of-needs-2795947&amp;quot; data-component=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; data-source=&amp;quot;inlineLink&amp;quot; data-type=&amp;quot;internalLink&amp;quot; data-ordinal=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;hierarchy of needs&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;. Maslow suggested that needs at the base of the pyramid, which include such things as food, water, and sleep, must be met before people can move on to needs higher up on the hierarchy.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;After fulfilling these fundamental needs, people move on to the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.verywell.com/maslows-needs-hierarchy-2795961&amp;quot; data-component=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; data-source=&amp;quot;inlineLink&amp;quot; data-type=&amp;quot;internalLink&amp;quot; data-ordinal=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;need for safety&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; and security, then belonging and love and then esteem. Finally, once all these lower-level needs are met, Maslow suggested that people move on the need at the peak of the pyramid, which is known as self-actualization.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A 1976 paper by Wahba and Bridwell suggested that the uncritical acceptance of Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s hierarchy needed to be addressed by additional research. Their review of the research available at the time found &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;little support&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; for the accuracy of the hierarchy.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Some more recent research has offered some support for Maslow\u2019s original hierarchy, but many suggest that the theory might be in need updated to reflect better the needs of modern life.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Does Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy Hold Up?&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs continues to be widely popular and mostly well-accepted, but the available evidence does not necessarily support Maslow\u2019s theory.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#34;Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s need hierarchy theory presents the student of work motivation with an interesting paradox,&amp;amp;#34; Wahba and Bridwell wrote. &amp;amp;#34;The theory is widely accepted, but there is little evidence to support it.&amp;amp;#34;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;In their review of the available research, Wahba and Bridwell found that there &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;was little empirical support suggesting that needs exist in a hierarchy at all&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Other critics have also suggested that the original hierarchy does not account for the fact that &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;needs tend to change based on the situation&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s theory also does not account for &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;differences between &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.verywell.com/what-are-individualistic-cultures-2795273&amp;quot; data-component=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; data-source=&amp;quot;inlineLink&amp;quot; data-type=&amp;quot;internalLink&amp;quot; data-ordinal=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;individualist&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.verywell.com/what-are-collectivistic-cultures-2794962&amp;quot; data-component=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; data-source=&amp;quot;inlineLink&amp;quot; data-type=&amp;quot;internalLink&amp;quot; data-ordinal=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;collectivist cultures&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Does Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy Need to Be Updated?&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;In 2010, a team of psychologists attempted to modernize Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s hierarchy. Their renovated version of the classic needs pyramid was published in an issue of &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Perspectives on Psychological Sciences&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;. While the original hierarchy contained five levels, this revised version included seven.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The bottom four levels of this new version are quite similar to Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s, but big changes can be seen at the top levels of the proposed new version. Most surprisingly perhaps was that it eliminated the very highest levels of the original version - that of &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.verywell.com/hierarchy-of-needs-2795947&amp;quot; data-component=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; data-source=&amp;quot;inlineLink&amp;quot; data-type=&amp;quot;internalLink&amp;quot; data-ordinal=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;self-actualization&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Why eliminate self-actualization? The authors of the article suggested that while self-actualization is still significant and interesting, but it is not an evolutionarily fundamental need.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Instead, the authors suggested, many of the activities and pursuits that Maslow initially identified as self-actualizing represent basic biological drives, such as attracting a mate and having children.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;So what replaces self-actualization at the top of this revised hierarchy?&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Parenting&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; takes the top spot, followed by&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Mate retention&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;,&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Mate acquisition&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;, and&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Status/esteem&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;Following those needs is &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;affiliation and self-protection&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt; &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Immediate physiological needs&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; make up the very base of the pyramid.&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#34;Among human aspirations that are most biologically fundamental are those that ultimately facilitate reproduction of our genes in our children&amp;amp;#39;s children,&amp;amp;#34; explained the study&amp;amp;#39;s lead author Douglas Kenrick of Arizona State University in a press release. &amp;amp;#34;For that reason, parenting is paramount.&amp;amp;#34;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The proposed revisions to Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s original hierarchy did not come without controversy, however.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The journal issue containing the revised hierarchy also included four different commentary pieces that offered perspectives on the original and revised versions of the hierarchy. While many agreed with the basic premise of the revised version, particularly the evolutionary basis for the revisions, many took issue with the removal of self-actualization as a key motivating need.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Do People In Different Cultures Have Similar Needs?&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Despite the popularity of the theory, there has been surprisingly little research supporting the hierarchy\u2019s accuracy. For this reason, psychologist Ed Diener of the University of Illinois led a &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21688922&amp;quot; data-component=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; data-source=&amp;quot;inlineLink&amp;quot; data-type=&amp;quot;externalLink&amp;quot; data-ordinal=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;study&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; that put the famous hierarchy of needs to the test in different countries all over the world.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Researchers conducted surveys on food, shelter, safety, money, social support, respect, and emotions in 155 different countries between 2005 and 2010. While some aspects of their findings are consistent with Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s theory, there were also some notable departures. The needs described in the theory appear to be universal. However, the order in which these needs are met had little impact on people&amp;amp;#39;s satisfaction with life.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#34;Our findings suggest that Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s theory is largely correct. In cultures all over the world the fulfillment of his proposed needs correlates with happiness,&amp;amp;#34; Diener explained in a press release. &amp;amp;#34;However, an important departure from Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s theory is that we found that a person can report having good social relationships and self-actualization even if their basic needs and safety needs are not completely fulfilled.&amp;amp;#34;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;While the recent research seems to support the idea of universal human needs, support for Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s ranked hierarchy remains elusive.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;More About the Hierarchy of Needs:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.verywell.com/hierarchy-of-needs-2795947&amp;quot; data-component=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; data-source=&amp;quot;inlineLink&amp;quot; data-type=&amp;quot;internalLink&amp;quot; data-ordinal=&amp;quot;7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;What Is the Hierarchy of Needs&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.verywell.com/biography-of-abraham-maslow-1908-1970-2795524&amp;quot; data-component=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; data-source=&amp;quot;inlineLink&amp;quot; data-type=&amp;quot;internalLink&amp;quot; data-ordinal=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Biography of Abraham Maslow&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://www.verywell.com/maslows-needs-hierarchy-2795961&amp;quot; data-component=&amp;quot;link&amp;quot; data-source=&amp;quot;inlineLink&amp;quot; data-type=&amp;quot;internalLink&amp;quot; data-ordinal=&amp;quot;9&amp;quot;&amp;gt;A Closer Look at Maslow&amp;amp;#39;s Needs Hierarchy&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;References:\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;Kendrick, D.T., Vladas, G., Neuberg, S.L., &amp;amp;amp; Schaller, M. (2010). Renovating the pyramid of needs: Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations. Perspectives in Psychological Sciences, 5(3), 292-314. doi:\u00A0 10.1177/1745691610369469.&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;Tay, L., &amp;amp;amp; Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 354-365. DOI: 10.1037/a0023779.&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;Wahba, M.A., &amp;amp;amp; Bridwell, L.G. (1976). Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 15, 212-240.&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string>
<https://www.verywell.com/updating-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-2795269>