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"An anisotropic surface analysis method based on the mother\u2013daughter (MD) approach has been developed\nto spread valley station observations to grid points in circuitous steep valleys. In this paper, the MD\napproach is further refined to allow spreading the mountain-top observations to grid points near neighboring\nhigh ridges across valleys. Starting with a 3D first guess from a high-resolution mesoscale model\nforecast, surface weather observations are assimilated into the boundary layer, and pseudo-upper-air data\n(interpolated from the coarser-resolution analyses from major operational centers) are assimilated into the\nfree atmosphere. Incremental analysis updating is then used to incorporate the final analysis increments (the\ndifference between the final analysis and the first guess) into a high-resolution numerical weather prediction\nmodel. The MD approaches (including one with shoreline refinement) are compared with other objective\nanalysis methods using case examples and daily mesoscale real-time forecast runs during November and\nDecember 2004. This study further confirms that the MD approaches outperform the other methods, and\nthat the shoreline refinement achieves better analysis quality than the basic MD approach. The improvement\nof mountain-top refinement over the basic MD approach increases with the percentage of mountaintop\nstations, which is usually low. Higher skill in predicting near-surface potential temperature is found\nwhen surface information is spread upward throughout the boundary layer instead of at only the bottom\nmodel level. The results show improved near-surface forecasts of temperature and humidity that are directly\nassimilated into the model, but poorer forecasts of near-surface winds and precipitation, which are not\nassimilated into the model.  Copyright 2007 American Meteorological Society (AMS). Permission\nto use figures, tables, and brief excerpts from this work in scientific and educational\nworks is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in\nthis work that is determined to be \u201Cfair use\u201D under Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act\nor that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17\nUSC \u00A7108, as revised by P.L. 94-553) does not require the AMS\u2019s permission.\nRepublication, systematic reproduction, posting in electronic form, such as on a web site\nor in a searchable database, or other uses of this material, except as exempted by the\nabove statement, requires written permission or a license from the AMS. Additional\ndetails are provided in the AMS Copyright Policy, available on the AMS Web site\nlocated at (http://www.ametsoc.org/) or from the AMS at 617-227-2425 or\ncopyright@ametsoc.org."@en
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