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"The e\uFB00ects of the mechanical performance and alignment of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope on the sensitivity of microwave observations A. D. Hincks,a P. A. R. Ade,b C. Allen,c M. Amiri,d J. W. Appel,a E. S. Battistelli,d, e B. Burger,d J. A. Chervenak,c A. J. Dahlen,a S. Denny,a M. J. Devlin,f S. R. Dicker,f W. B. Doriese,g R. D\u00A8 unner,h T. Essinger-Hileman,a R. P. Fisher,a J. W. Fowler,a M. Halpern,d P. C. Hargrave,b M. Hassel\uFB01eld,d G. C. Hilton,g K. D. Irwin,g N. Jarosik,a M. Kaul,f J. Klein,f J. M. Lau,i M. Limon,j R. H. Lupton,k T. A. Marriage,k K. L. Martocci,l P. Mauskopf,b S. H. Moseley,c C. B. Netter\uFB01eld,m M. D. Niemack,a M. R. Nolta,n L. Page,a L. P. Parker,a A. J. Sederberg,a S. T. Staggs,a O. R. Stryzak,a D. S. Swetz,f E. R. Switzer,a R. J. Thornton,f C. Tucker,b E. J. Wollack,c and Y. Zhaoa a Dept.  of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-0708, USA; of Physics &amp; Astronomy, Cardi\uFB00 University, 5 The Parade, Cardi\uFB00, CF24 3AA, UK; c Code 665, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; d Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; e Dept. of Physics, University of Rome \u201CLa Sapienza\u201D, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy; f Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; g National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; h Dept. de Astronom\u00B4 \u0131a y Astrof\u00B4\u0131sica, Facultad de F\u00B4\u0131sica, Ponti\uFB01cia Universidad Cat\u00B4olica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile; i Stanford University Physics Dept., 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; j Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, 550 W. 120th St. Mail Code 5247, New York, NY 10027, USA; k Dept. of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; l Dept. of Physics, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, Suite 6412, New York, NY 10016, USA; m Dept. of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada; n Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, 60 St. George St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada b Dept.  ABSTRACT The Atacama Cosmology Telescope is a six meter, o\uFB00-axis Gregorian telescope for measuring the cosmic microwave background at arcminute resolutions. The Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera (MBAC) is its current science instrument. Erected in the Atacama Desert of Chile in early 2007, it saw \uFB01rst light with the MBAC on 22 October 2007. In this paper we review its performance after one month of observing, focusing in particular on issues surrounding the alignment of the optical system that impact the sensitivity of the experiment. We discuss Send correspondence to ahincks@Princeton.EDU.  Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IV edited by William D. Duncan, Wayne S. Holland, Stafford Withington, Jonas Zmuidzinas Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7020, 70201P, (2008) \u00B7 0277-786X/08/$18 \u00B7 doi: 10.1117/12.790020 Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7020 70201P-1 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 13 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms  \u000CGround screcnm  Primary mirror Secondary nlirrol \u2014  Ground screen  Receiver cabin \u2014I  t-- -;c  4----  Elevation frame Azimuth structure  \u2014 P10 r  Base  ri LA -  Jt  Figure 1. The Atacama Cosmology Telescope. Left: Drawings of the telescope. The full height of the telescope is 12 m The entire upper structure (\u201Cazimuth structure\u201D and above) rotates during scanning motion. The focus of the secondary mirror is below the primary mirror in the receiver cabin. The telescope is surrounded by a ground screen to block radiation from the earth. Another ground screen is mounted on the sides of the telescope itself. Right: The telescope in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The generators, fuel tank and shipping containers for storage, equipment and o\uFB03ce space also appear in this photograph.  the telescope motion, pointing, and susceptibility to thermal distortions. We describe the mirror alignment procedure, which has yielded surface deviations of 31 \u00B5m rms on the primary and 10 \u00B5m rms on the secondary. Observations of planets show that the optical performance is consistent with the telescope design parameters. Preliminary analysis measures a solid angle of about 215 nanosteradians with a full width at half maximum of 1.44 arcminutes at 145 GHz. Keywords: Microwave Telescopes, CMB Observations  1. INTRODUCTION The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is a six meter, o\uFB00-axis Gregorian telescope designed for observing the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at arcminute resolutions.1, 2 It was built by AMEC Dynamic Structures Ltd.\u2217 (DS) in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, and installed on Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile in 2007 with on-site assistance from Con Pax.\u2020 The low levels of water vapor and the high altitude (5190 m) make this location ideal for millimeter astronomy.3 Fig. 1 shows drawings and a photograph of the telescope. Table 1 summarizes its important parameters. Following the installation a period of commissioning began. Two items in particular were important to assess the performance of the telescope: the tuning of the telescope motion and the alignment of the primary and secondary mirror panels. Extensive work on both of these areas ensured that the design speci\uFB01cations were met by the austral spring, in time for the arrival of the receiver in October. The receiver is called the Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera (MBAC).4\u20136 For the 2007 season, it contained a 1024-element array of transition edge sensors (TES) operating at 145 GHz. Two more arrays at 220 GHz and 280 GHz will be installed in June of 2008 for subsequent observations.7\u201310 It saw \uFB01rst light on 22 October 2007 and continued observing until mid-December. Analysis of these data is ongoing. \u2217 Formerly owned by AMEC Inc., it was acquired by Empire Industries Ltd. in 2007 and is now named Empire Dynamic Structures Ltd. Business address: 1515 Kingsway Ave., Port Coquitlam BC V3C 1S2, Canada. Internet URL: http://www.dynamicstructuresltd.com. \u2020 Internet URL: http://www.con-pax.cl.  Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7020 70201P-2 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 13 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms  \u000CTelescope Properties  Location  Total maximum height  12 m  Ground screen height  13 m  Total mass  52 t  Mass of moving structure  40 t  Optics  Altitude  5190 m \u25E6  Longitude  67 47 15 W 22\u25E6 57 31 S  Latitude  Motion  Focal ratio  \u223C 2.5  Azimuth range  Field of view at focusa  \u223C 1\u25E62  Maximum azimuth speed  Primary mirror maximum diameter Number of primary mirror panels  71  Secondary mirror maximum diameter Number of secondary mirror panels a  6m 2m  \u2212220\u25E6 \u2013 +220\u25E6 2\u25E6/s 10\u25E6/s2  Maximum azimuth acceleration Elevation range  \u25E6  30.5 \u2013 60\u25E6  Maximum elevation speed  0.2\u25E6/s  11  De\uFB01ned as the region with 280 GHz Strehl ratio &gt; 0.9, according to design.  Table 1. Important telescope parameters. The optics are discussed in more detail in Ref. 6.  This paper is one in a series of papers in these proceedings which describe the technical ascpects of the ACT: the MBAC receiver, the detectors, and the data acquisition systems.4, 5, 7, 10, 11 In this paper we discuss the telescope\u2019s mechanical performance after its \uFB01rst season. Section 2 reports on the quality of the telescope motion; Section 3 describes our panel alignment procedure and surface rms; Section 4 shows the diurnal thermal changes that the telescope structure undergoes; Section 5 outlines the telescope pointing model. In Section 6 we present a preliminary beam map. We conclude in Section 7.  2. TELESCOPE MOTION Most CMB instruments observe in a manner such that the input celestial signal is at a frequency high enough to separate it from 1/f noise in the data analysis. The ACT does this by rotating the telescope back and forth in azimuth. The speci\uFB01cations called for constant-velocity motion with rapid turn-arounds at the endpoints of the scans. The scan was to be smooth enough that the pointing rms was at most 6 arcseconds from the commanded position. Given that the moving part of the telescope, which includes all of the optics, weighs about 40 metric tons, this was a considerable engineering challenge. The motion system was subcontracted to KUKA, a robotics systems company.\u2021 The hardware\u2014resolvers, encoders, current drivers, etc.\u2014as well as the motion control software are commercial products. Signi\uFB01cant extensions to the KUKA software were required to meet the stringent demands of our instrument. The control software is a proprietary package, and as such, the ACT collaboration has little control over the details of its operation. Motion is commanded to the KUKA system over a combination of ethernet and DeviceNet, a robotics communication standard.11, 12 A pair of 27-bit Heidenhain absolute encoders on the azimuth and elevation axes are used to monitor the telescope position. The KUKA control system uses an identical pair of encoders mounted next to these, but their readout and control loop is kept strictly separate. Clinometers measure the tilt of the base and the rotating structure. Accelerometers are mounted near the secondary mirror and at four positions up the center of the primary mirror. The readout of all these instruments is synchronized to detector data to within 5 \u00B5s.11 A maximum scan speed of 2\u25E6/s with turn-arounds of 400 ms (or 10\u25E6/s2 ) has been achieved. Fig. 2 shows velocity and position residual plots for motion at the maximum speed and acceleration. The pointing error during the constant-velocity portion of the scan is well within the 6 arcsecond pointing requirement. A bobbing \u2021  Internet URL: http://www.kuka.com.  Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7020 70201P-3 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 13 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms  \u000CAzimuth Elevation  -120  45.501  Elevation (deg)  Azimuth (deg)  -118  45.5007  -122  45.5004  -124  45.5001  -126  45.4998  -128  45.4995 0  10  20  30  40  50  60  2 3 1 0  0  -1 Residuals Velocity  -3 6.5  7  7.5  8  8.5  9  9.5  10  10.5  -2  Azimuth Velocity (deg/s)  Azimuth Residuals (\u201D)  Time (s)  Time (s)  Figure 2. Motion quality for 2\u25E6/s azimuthal scans, the maximum scan speed. Top: Azimuth and elevation encoder readings. At the end of each scan, the elevation axis bobs by about 0.001\u25E6 or 3.5 arcseconds, well within the 6 arcsecond pointing requirement. Bottom: Residuals of the azimuth position and the azimuth velocity for a single scan in one direction. The residuals are from \uFB01tting a straight line to the azimuth data. The velocity is calculated by taking the time-derivative of the azimuth. The small-amplitude \u223C 5 Hz frequency in the residuals is driven by the control loop.  in elevation of about 3.5 arcseconds occurs at the end of the turn-around. Additionally, there is an overshoot in azimuth at the beginning of the scans (at about 6.3 s in Fig. 2 (bottom)). Though this coupling sometimes encroaches beyond the 6 arcsecond tolerance, the control loop damps it out within 200 ms so that it is not a signi\uFB01cant concern. To achieve the best motion pro\uFB01le, such as shown in Fig. 2, it is necessary to warm up the motors and gears by running azimuthal scans for about forty-\uFB01ve minutes. Due to considerations of the optical time constants of the MBAC detectors, data taken during the 2007 observations used 1\u25E6/s scans. At this speed the smoothness of the scans is improved: the post-acceleration azimuth overshoot all but disappears and the residuals are less than 2 arcseconds.  3. MIRROR SURFACE ALIGNMENT Both of the telescope\u2019s mirrors consist of segmented aluminum panels manufactured by Forcier Machine Design:\u00A7 71 for the primary and 11 for the secondary. The primary panels are roughly rectangular, measuring about 65 \u00D7 85 cm, and are laid out in eight rows (as depicted in Fig. 4). The secondary re\uFB02ector consists of ten trapezoidal panels measuring about 35 \u00D7 75 cm at the widest points, arranged in a petal con\uFB01guration around a central panel, about 50 \u00D7 80 cm. Individual panels weight about 10 kg. Each panel is attached to the mirror back-up structure (BUS) by four connectors, one at each corner, about 6 cm from the panel edge. The connectors have two bolts, accessible from the back side of the BUS, which can be manually turned to make coarse and \uFB01ne adjustments to the panel position in the direction normal to the mirror surface. Coarse adjustments move the connector 529 \u00B5m per turn, while \uFB01ne adjustments yield 117 \u00B5m per turn. Fig. 3 shows drawings of a primary mirror panel and a connector. The surface rms of each panel is 3 \u00B5m, much smaller than the actual rms of the overall surface, which is dominated by the relative alignment of the panels. The surface tolerance a\uFB00ects the forward gain G of the instrument, which is de\uFB01ned as \u00A7  Business address: 123 Marshall Ave, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA.  Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7020 70201P-4 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 13 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms  \u000CPanel connection bolt  S..  Telescope connection bolt  Coarse adjustment bolt Adjustment locking clump Pine adjustment bolt  Figure 3. Drawings of a mirror panel and connector. Left: A primary mirror panel, viewed from the back. The size is about 65\u00D785 cm. The panel is connected to the telescope at the four corners. Right: A panel connector. The large, central telescope connection bolt is secured to the mirror back-up structure (BUS) and the panel connection bolt attaches to the corner of the panel. Coarse and \uFB01ne adjustment bolts located on the back side of the BUS move the panel connection bolt in and out a distance of 529 \u00B5m and 117 \u00B5m, respectively. An adjustment locking clamp secures the adjusters in place to prevent them from slipping. The total length of the connector is about 45 cm.  G=  4\u03C0 \u2126A  ;  \u2126A =  Pn (\u03B8, \u03C6)d\u2126,  (1)  4\u03C0  where \u2126A , the integral over the normalized antenna power Pn , is the beam solid angle.13 The forward gain for an ideal antenna, G0 , is degraded by the presence of surface inaccuracies. The Ruze condition14 relates the surface rms to this loss of forward gain: G = G0 exp \u2212 (4\u03C0\u03C3/\u03BB)2 ,  (2)  where \u03C3 is the surface tolerance and \u03BB is the observed wavelength. In optical astronomy, G/G0 is known as the Strehl ratio when 4\u03C0\u03C3/\u03BB represents the wavefront phase error.15 Eq. 2 assumes that the scales contributing to the rms are small compared to the antenna diameter; more precisely, higher order terms in Eq. 2 go as the square of the ratio of the rms scale to the antenna diameter. Since our panel size (\u223C 0.5 m) is about 10% of the primary mirror diameter (\u223C 6 m), it is appropriate to use this expression to guide our assessment of the panel alignment. Speci\uFB01cally, for our highest frequency (280 GHz), we require an rms of 30 \u00B5m for G/G0 \u2248 90%. We employed a laser tracker manufactured by Faro\u00B6 to measure the relative alignment of our re\uFB02ector panels. This instrument uses a laser to determine the distance to a retrore\uFB02ector. Servo motors allow it to automatically track the retrore\uFB02ector. The tracker can be mounted on the telescope structure between the primary and secondary mirrors, where it has a full view of both surfaces. The re\uFB02ector surfaces are then measured by manually holding a retrore\uFB02ector against the four corners of each panel. In addition to measuring the primary and secondary panel alignments, the laser tracker is used to determine the relative positions of the optics. The secondary mirror position relative to the primary mirror is measured and adjusted as necessary. Similarly, it is used to measure the position of the MBAC relative to the primary and secondary mirrors. \u00B6  Internet URL: http://www.faro.com.  Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7020 70201P-5 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 13 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms  \u000C. 0.00014 0.00012  Scale  Scale  0.0001 8e-05 6e-05 4e-05 2e-05 0 Rotation (arcsec)  10 5  X Y Z  0 -5  -15 22:30:00  Z  Fiducialsi  -10 00:00:00  01:30:00  ___  Time  __x 0  100  Residuals from Fit (pm)  Figure 4. Analysis of the primary mirror surface quality. Left: Thermal changes of the mirror during the panel survey, as measured by the \uFB01ducial points, and referenced to the \uFB01rst \uFB01ducial measurements of the survey. The top plot shows the overall scale of the mirror, i.e., the mirror size scales as (1 \u2212 a), where a is the plotted scale. The bottom plot shows how the mirror rotates about a right-handed coordinate system with \u02C6 z pointing vertically upward, y \u02C6 pointing toward the primary mirror, and x \u02C6 pointed horizontally Right: The residuals of the aligned primary mirror (on 19 Oct. 2007) from the required ellipsoid surface. Darker regions are furthest out of alignment and lighter regions are well aligned. The solid circles show the approximate positions of the \uFB01ducial retrore\uFB02ectors (see text). The total rms is 31 \u00B5m.  Completing a survey of all the panels on both mirrors takes about four hours. Ambient temperature variations on that time scale can cause large-scale thermal expansions and contractions of the telescope structure on the order of hundreds of microns across the primary surface. To account for this deformation, we \uFB01x retrore\uFB02ectors at \uFB01ducial positions around the boundaries of the primary and secondary mirrors, some on the panels themselves and some on the frame beyond the edge of the re\uFB02ector surfaces. Their approximate positions are shown in Fig. 4 (right). Between sets of panel measurements, which were done six panels at a time, the positions of these \uFB01ducial points are measured. This allows us to model the thermal stretching of the surface and remove this drift from the measured panel positions. The model includes a translation, rotation and global scaling of the surface. Fig. 4 (left) shows a selection of these variables during a survey. Given a set of \uFB01ducial-corrected panel measurements, we perform a least-squares best \uFB01t to the functional form of our mirror design (see Ref. 6 for the formulae). The residuals from this \uFB01t prescribe adjustments to be made to the connectors of each panel. The surface errors are reduced by an iterative series of panel measurements and adjustments. After three such iterations we achieved an rms of 31 \u00B5m and 10 \u00B5m on the primary and secondary surfaces, respectively. These values are dominated by the systematic error of the laser tracker\u2019s measurements and the uncertainty of \uFB01ducial correction; for the primary mirror, this combined error was 27 \u00B5m. Fig. 4 (right) shows the quality of the primary mirror surface after this alignment. In preparation for the 2008 observing season, another series of panel measurements and adjustments were performed. Before any adjustments were made, both the primary and the secondary surfaces were measured to have an rms of 35 \u00B5m. This indicates that the primary surface retained its tolerance well over the seven months since the previous adjustments. The cause of the change in the secondary mirror is under investigation. Subsequent adjustments aligned the primary surface to at least 31 \u00B5m and the secondary surface to 12 \u00B5m.  Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7020 70201P-6 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 13 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms  \u000CPosition (mm) Rotation (\u2019)  4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2  X Y Z  3 2 1 0 -1 -2  X Y Z  00:00:00 06/03/07  12:00:00 06/03/07  00:00:00 06/04/07  12:00:00 06/04/07  00:00:00 06/05/07  12:00:00 06/05/07  Figure 5. The di\uFB00erence in the motion between the primary and secondary mirrors as measured by the \uFB01ducial points over three days. The (x, y, z) coordinate system is described in Fig. 4. On these dates, sunrise was at about 7:05 and sunset at 17:50. The structure is most unstable between these times. Top: The di\uFB00erences in rotation about the three axes. Bottom: The di\uFB00erences in position.  4. DIURNAL THERMAL EFFECTS The telescope optics are poorest near sunset and sunrise, when the rapidly changing ambient temperature causes the largest thermal deformations. To quantify the relative diurnal positions of the primary and secondary mirrors, we used the Faro laser tracker to take continuous measurements over several days of the primary and secondary \uFB01ducial points. The six parameter model described in Sec. 3 was applied to both the primary and secondary \uFB01ducial points. Fig. 5 shows the relative rotations and translations of the primary and secondary mirrors. The structure is most stable during the night hours. The most rapid changes take place about an hour after sunrise and an hour before sunset, settling down about two hours after sunset. Analysis of the point-spread function of planet measurements taken during the night and in the morning gives further insight into the thermal e\uFB00ects on the optical quality. After sunrise, the solid angle and asymmetry of the beam increases substantially. Thus, not only are the primary and secondary moving relative to each other, but the surface rms of the mirrors degrades considerably after sunrise. However, it is important to note that the telescope recovers the correct position each night and that the mirror surfaces regain their alignment. Our useable data from the 2007 observations were therefore limited to the night hours. For the coming 2008 season, we will take two steps in an attempt to lengthen the period of structural stability. First, we will re-coat the surface of the telescope (excepting the mirrors) with a paint which is more emissive in the infrared to minimize heating. Second, we will install a lightweight sun-shield over the back of the primary mirror BUS. The shield will be a large polypropylene mesh suspended about 25 cm from the surface of the BUS by an aluminum sca\uFB00old, itself attached to the BUS. The rising sun will strike the shield instead of the BUS, which is expected to lessen and delay the heating of the telescope structure to allow for observations longer into the daylight hours.  5. TELESCOPE POINTING Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Uranus were observed about two hundred times altogether during the 2007 season. By comparing the telescope position reported by the azimuth and elevation encoders with the planets\u2019 true positions as determined from ephemerides, we can develop a pointing model which depends on physical parameters of the telescope. The parameters with signi\uFB01cant contributions to the model are: the o\uFB00set in the azimuth encoder, the tilt of the azimuth plane from the horizontal, and the cant of the elevation axis out of the azimuth plane. Additionally, as shown in Section 4, thermal contraction and expansion changes the relative angle between the primary and secondary mirrors. This has the e\uFB00ect of introducing a temperature dependence in the elevation pointing.  Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7020 70201P-7 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 13 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms  \u000C0  250  Solid Angle Beam Pro\uFB01le  0  -20  0 -30  -5 -10  -10  200  -20  150  -30  100  -40  50  dB  \u2206Alt (arcmin)  5  Response (dB)  -10  10  Solid Angle (nsr)  15  -40  -15 -50 -15  -10  -5  0  5  10  \u2206Az cos(Alt) (arcmin)  15 -50  0 0  2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Radius from Beam Center (arcmin)  18  Figure 6. A map and beam pro\uFB01le of Saturn taken on 16 Nov. 2008 at 145 GHz. Left: The map, created by coadding all working detectors for one six-minute observation, after removing the 1/f drift. The response is plotted as dB referenced to the peak of the planet. Right: The beam pro\uFB01le and accumulated solid angle for this map. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties and do not account for systematic errors. The beam pro\uFB01le is averaged in concentric rings from the center and hence blurs any asymmetry in the beam. Beyond about 10 arcminutes, systematic errors in the background subtraction make the pro\uFB01le inaccurate. The FWHM is about 1.44 arcminutes and the solid angle is about 215 nanosteradians (nsr).  Fits of planet data to our model show that the base of the telescope is tilted about 20 arcseconds from the horizontal. Measurements with inclinometers con\uFB01rm this number. Values for the other parameters show some degeneracy due to the fact that the planets, which are constrained to the ecliptic, cover a limited area of the celestial sphere. Despite a lack of full convergence in the pointing model, it should be remarked that it is possible to correct pointing o\uFB00sets by matching point sources in our maps to catalogue positions. This method will give complementary information for our pointing model, and may in fact make a high precision pointing model from planets unnecessary.  6. PRELIMINARY BEAM ANALYSIS Fig. 6 is a coadded map of Saturn using a single six-minute observation and all working detectors. The solid angle in this map is about 215 nanosteradians (nsr) and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is about 1.44 arcminutes. Averaging beam maps from a few dozen Mars and Saturn observations, we \uFB01nd a solid angle of (216 \u00B1 8) nsr and a FWHM of (1.44 \u00B1 0.02) arcminutes. Our beam analysis is still being developed, and the uncertainties quoted in these parameters are dominated by systematic errors in the background subtraction. Nevertheless, the FWHM is known well enough to compare to a beam model. Integrating Airy functions from a 5.8 m aperture diameter over the 145 GHz bandpass, and then convolving with the shape of a square detector, predicts a FWHM of 1.38 arcminutes.16 The choice of a 5.8 m aperture was motivated by the fact that our cold Lyot stop is designed to illuminate 97% of the six-meter primary mirror.6 The fact that the measured FWHM exceeds the modeled value can be attributed to two e\uFB00ects. First, the measured value is from a map that coadds detectors across the 145 GHz array, which should smear out the beam  Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7020 70201P-8 Downloaded from SPIE Digital Library on 13 Sep 2011 to 137.82.117.28. Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms  \u000Cslightly. Second, in reality, the primary and secondary mirrors are not uniformly illuminated. This e\uFB00ectively decreases the aperture size in the naive Airy model, and hence increases the FWHM of the beam, which goes as the inverse of the aperture size. Our understanding of the beam is still preliminary at this time. More precise beam analysis coupled with more sophisticated modeling of the optics are still required. Fig. 6, together with qualitative comparison to the Airy model shows, however, that the telescope optics are performing well at a fundamental level.  7. CONCLUSIONS After one season in the \uFB01eld, the ACT is now working. The azimuth scanning motion is su\uFB03ciently smooth at the speeds required for our observations. The mirror surfaces were successfully aligned, with the primary surface rms at 31 \u00B5m and the secondary at 10 \u00B5m. Seven months after alignment, both surfaces were measured to have an rms of 35 \u00B5m, demonstrating that the primary tolerance is retained well, while the change in the secondary needs to be investigated further. Thermal distortion of the structure did not permit observations between sunrise and sunset, but we have plans to minimize solar heating during the day for future observing seasons in an e\uFB00ort to extend the length of observations. Our pointing model con\uFB01rms the measured base tilt of 20 arcseconds. Reduction of the 2007 data is ongoing. Preliminary beam analysis shows that the optics are performing according to their design. We conclude that we have a functioning instrument which is capable of making an important contribution to CMB physics, and millimeter-wave astronomy at large.  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This results in this paper represent the work of a large group of people. We thank all of the employees of Dynamic Structures, KUKA Robotics, Forcier Machine Design, and Con Pax. Walter Brzezik (formerly DS), Cristi\u00B4 an P\u00B4erez Rossi (Con Pax), Mel Yargeau (DS), and Ye Zhao (DS) provided essential oversight during the construction in Chile. David Woody gave an insightful review of our mirror panel and adjuster design. We thank Je\uFB00rey Funke and Michael Gerstenberger of KUKA, and especially Michael Cozza, also of KUKA, who worked indefatigably at perfecting the telescope motion. We bene\uFB01ted greatly from the conversations, advice, and informal support from our colleagues at other experiments in the Atacama, namely, ALMA, APEX, ASTE, CBI, and Nanten. This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation through awards AST-0408698 for the ACT project and PHY-0355328. Funding was also provided by Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania. A. Hincks received additional support from a Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) PGS-D scholarship.  REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.  Kosowsky, A., \u201CThe Atacama Cosmology Telescope,\u201D New Astron. Rev. 47, 939\u2013943 (2003). Fowler, J. W., \u201CThe Atacama Cosmology Telescope Project,\u201D Proc. SPIE 5498, 1\u201310 (2004). Marriage, T. A., Detectors for the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, PhD thesis, Princeton University (2006). Swetz, D. S., Ade, P. A. R., Allen, C., Amiri, M., Appel, J. W., Battistelli, E. S., Burger, B., Chervenak, J. A., Dahlen, A. J., Das, S., Denny, S., Devlin, M. J., Dicker, S. R., Doriese, W. B., D\u00A8 unner, R., EssingerHileman, T., Fisher, R. P., Fowler, J. W., Gao, X., Hajian, A., Halpern, M., Hargrave, P. C., Hassel\uFB01eld, M., Hilton, G. C., Hincks, A. D., Irwin, K. D., Jarosik, N., Kaul, M., Klein, J., Knotek, S., Lau, J. M., Limon, M., Lupton, R. H., Marriage, T. A., Martocci, K. L., Mauskopf, P., Moseley, S. 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<https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0107587>